title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: Novelty frames around Texas license plates were made illegal in Texas on 1 September 2003 by Texas Senate Bill 439 because they caused problems with ANPR devices. That law made it a Class C misdemeanor (punishable by a fine of up to US$200), or Class B (punishable by a fine of up to US$2,000 and 180 days in jail) if it can be proven that the owner did it to deliberately obscure their plates. The law was later clarified in 2007 to allow novelty frames.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: If an ANPR system cannot read the plate, it can flag the image for attention, with the human operators looking to see if they are able to identify the alphanumerics.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: In 2013 researchers at Sunflex Zone Ltd created a privacy license plate frame that uses near infrared light to make the license plate unreadable to license plate recognition systems.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: The introduction of ANPR systems has led to fears of misidentification and the furthering of "1984"-style surveillance. In the United States, some such as Gregg Easterbrook oppose what they call "machines that issue speeding tickets and red-light tickets" as the beginning of a slippery slope towards an automated justice system:


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: Similar criticisms have been raised in other countries. Easterbrook also argues that this technology is employed to maximize revenue for the state, rather than to promote safety.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: The electronic surveillance system produces tickets which in the US are often in excess of $100, and are virtually impossible for a citizen to contest in court without the help of an attorney. The revenues generated by these machines are shared generously with the private corporation that builds and operates them, creating a strong incentive to tweak the system to generate as many tickets as possible.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: Older systems had been notably unreliable; in the UK this has been known to lead to charges being made incorrectly with the vehicle owner having to pay £10 in order to be issued with proof (or not) of the offense. Improvements in technology have drastically decreased error rates, but false accusations are still frequent enough to be a problem.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: Perhaps the best known incident involving the abuse of an ANPR database in North America is the case of "Edmonton Sun" reporter Kerry Diotte in 2004. Diotte wrote an article critical of Edmonton police use of traffic cameras for revenue enhancement, and in retaliation was added to an ANPR database of "high-risk drivers" in an attempt to monitor his habits and create an opportunity to arrest him. The police chief and several officers were fired as a result, and The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada expressed public concern over the "growing police use of technology to spy on motorists."


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: Other concerns include the storage of information that could be used to identify people and store details about their driving habits and daily life, contravening the Data Protection Act along with similar legislation (see personally identifiable information). The laws in the UK are strict for any system that uses CCTV footage and can identify individuals.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: Also of concern is the safety of the data once it is mined, following the discovery of police surveillance records lost in a gutter.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: There is also a case in the UK for saying that use of ANPR cameras is unlawful under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. The breach exists, some say, in the fact that ANPR is used to monitor the activities of law-abiding citizens and treats everyone like the suspected criminals intended to be surveyed under the Act. The police themselves have been known to refer to the system of ANPR as a "24/7 traffic movement database" which is a diversion from its intended purpose of identifying vehicles involved in criminal activities. The opposing viewpoint is that where the plates have been cloned, a 'read' of an innocent motorist's vehicle will allow the elimination of that vehicle from an investigation by visual examination of the images stored. Likewise, stolen vehicles are read by ANPR systems between the time of theft and report to the Police, assisting in the investigation.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: The "Associated Press" reported in August 2011 that New York Police Department cars and license plate tracking equipment purchased with federal HIDTA (High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area) funds were used to spy on Muslims at mosques, and to track the license plate numbers of worshipers.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: Police in unmarked cars outfitted with electronic license plate readers would drive down the street and automatically catalog the plates of everyone parked near the mosque, amassing a covert database that would be distributed among officers and used to profile Muslims in public.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: In 2013 the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) released 26,000 pages of data about ANPR systems obtained from local, state, and federal agencies through freedom of information laws. "The documents paint a startling picture of a technology deployed with too few rules that is becoming a tool for mass routine location tracking and surveillance" wrote the ACLU. The ACLU reported that in many locations the devices were being used to store location information on vehicles which were not suspected of any particular offense. "Private companies are also using license plate readers and sharing the information they collect with police with little or no oversight or privacy protections. A lack of regulation means that policies governing how long our location data is kept vary widely," the ACLU said. In 2012 the ACLU filed suit against the Department of Homeland Security, which funds many local and state ANPR programs through grants, after the agency failed to provide access to records the ACLU had requested under the Freedom of Information Act about the programs.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: In mid-August 2015, in Boston, it was discovered that the license plate records for a million people was online and unprotected.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: In April 2020, The Register UK with the help of security researchers discovered nine million ANPR logs left wide-open on the internet. The 3M Sheffield Council system had been online and unprotected since 2013-2014


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: In the United States, inaccurate results have led to unnecessary stops of innocent people. The most notable case involved a Black family in Aurora, Colorado with four children aged between 6 and 17 being held at gunpoint, and the children placed in handcuffs.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: Many ANPR systems claim accuracy when trained to match plates from a single jurisdiction or region, but can fail when trying to recognize plates from other jurisdictions due to variations in format, font, color, layout, and other plate features. Some jurisdictions offer vanity or affinity plates (particularly in the US), which can create many variations within a single jurisdiction.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: From time to time, US states will make significant changes in their license plate protocol that will affect OCR accuracy. They may add a character or add a new license plate design. ALPR systems must adapt to these changes quickly in order to be effective. Another challenge with ALPR systems is that some states have the same license plate protocol. For example, more than one state uses the standard three letters followed by four numbers. So each time the ALPR systems alarms, it is the user's responsibility to make sure that the plate which caused the alarm matches the state associated with the license plate listed on the in-car computer. For maximum effectiveness, an ANPR system should be able to recognize plates from any jurisdiction, and the jurisdiction to which they are associated, but these many variables make such tasks difficult.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: Currently at least one US ANPR provider (PlateSmart) claims their system has been independently reviewed as able to accurately recognize the US state jurisdiction of license plates, and one European ANPR provider claims their system can differentiate all EU plate jurisdictions.


title: Automatic number-plate recognition

text: A few ANPR software vendors publish accuracy results based on image benchmarks. These results may vary depending on which images the vendor has chosen to include in their test. In 2017, Sighthound reported a 93.6% accuracy on a private image benchmark. In 2017, OpenALPR reported accuracy rates for their commercial software in the range of 95-98% on a public image benchmark. April 2018 research from Brazil's Federal University of Paraná and Federal University of Minas Gerais obtained a recognition rate of 93.0% for OpenALPR and 89.8% for Sighthound, running both on the SSIG dataset; and a rate of 93.5% for a system of their own design based on the YOLO object detector, also using the SSIG dataset. Testing a "more realistic scenario" involving both plate and reader moving, the researchers obtained rates of less than 70% for the two commercial systems and 78.3% for their own.


title: Legendre transformation

text: In mathematics, the Legendre transformation (or Legendre transform), named after Adrien-Marie Legendre, is an involutive transformation on real-valued convex functions of one real variable. In physical problems, it is used to convert functions of one quantity (such as velocity, pressure, or temperature) into functions of the conjugate quantity (momentum, volume, and entropy, respectively). In this way, it is commonly used in classical mechanics to derive the Hamiltonian formalism out of the Lagrangian formalism (or vice versa) and in thermodynamics to derive the thermodynamic potentials, as well as in the solution of differential equations of several variables.


title: Legendre transformation

text: For sufficiently smooth functions on the real line, the Legendre transform formula_1 of a function formula_2 can be specified, up to an additive constant, by the condition that the functions' first derivatives are inverse functions of each other. This can be expressed in Euler's derivative notation as


title: Legendre transformation

text: The generalization of the Legendre transformation to affine spaces and non-convex functions is known as the convex conjugate (also called the Legendre–Fenchel transformation), which can be used to construct a function's convex hull.


title: Legendre transformation

text: Let formula_8 be an interval, and formula_9 a convex function; then its "Legendre transform" is the function formula_10 defined by


title: Legendre transformation

text: The generalization to convex functions formula_16 on a convex set formula_17 is straightforward: formula_18 has domain


title: Legendre transformation

text: The function formula_1 is called the convex conjugate function of formula_2. For historical reasons (rooted in analytic mechanics), the conjugate variable is often denoted formula_26, instead of formula_22. If the convex function formula_2 is defined on the whole line and is everywhere differentiable, then


title: Legendre transformation

text: can be interpreted as the negative of the formula_30-intercept of the tangent line to the graph of formula_2 that has slope formula_26.


title: Legendre transformation

text: The Legendre transformation is an application of the duality relationship between points and lines. The functional relationship specified by formula_2 can be represented equally well as a set of formula_34 points, or as a set of tangent lines specified by their slope and intercept values.


title: Legendre transformation

text: For a differentiable convex function formula_2 on the real line with an invertible first derivative, the Legendre transform formula_36 can be specified, up to an additive constant, by the condition that the functions' first derivatives are inverse functions of each other. Explicitly, for a differentiable convex function formula_2 on the real line with a first derivative formula_38 with inverse formula_39, the Legendre transform formula_36 (with derivative formula_41 with inverse formula_42) can be specified, up to an additive constant, by the condition that formula_38 and formula_41 are inverse functions of each other, i.e., formula_45 and formula_46.


title: Legendre transformation

text: To see this, first note that if formula_47 is differentiable and formula_48 is a critical point of the function of formula_49, then the supremum is achieved at formula_50 (by convexity).


title: Legendre transformation

text: Then for each formula_54, the point formula_55 is the unique critical point of formula_56. Indeed, formula_57 and so formula_58. Hence we have formula_59 for each formula_54.


title: Legendre transformation

text: In practical terms, given formula_15, the parametric plot of formula_73 versus formula_74 amounts to the graph of formula_75 versus formula_26.


title: Legendre transformation

text: In some cases (e.g. thermodynamic potentials, below), a non-standard requirement is used, amounting to an alternative definition of with a "minus sign",


title: Legendre transformation

text: as a Legendre transform, since their respective first derivatives and are inverse functions of each other.


title: Legendre transformation

text: This example illustrates that the respective domains of a function and its Legendre transform need not agree.


title: Legendre transformation

text: For fixed, the function of , has the first derivative and second derivative ; there is one stationary point at , which is always a maximum.


title: Legendre transformation

text: The stationary point at is in the domain if and only if , otherwise the maximum is taken either at , or . It follows that


title: Legendre transformation

text: Assume that it is convex in for all , so that one may perform the Legendre transform in , with the variable conjugate to . Since the new independent variable is , the differentials and devolve to and , i.e., we build another function with its differential expressed in terms of the new basis and .


title: Legendre transformation

text: The function is the Legendre transform of , where only the independent variable has been supplanted by . This is widely used in thermodynamics, as illustrated below.


title: Legendre transformation

text: A Legendre transform is used in classical mechanics to derive the Hamiltonian formulation from the Lagrangian formulation, and conversely. A typical Lagrangian has the form


title: Legendre transformation

text: For every fixed, formula_116 is a convex function of formula_117, while formula_118 plays the role of a constant.


title: Legendre transformation

text: Hence the Legendre transform of formula_116 as a function of formula_117 is the Hamiltonian function,


title: Legendre transformation

text: In a more general setting, formula_122 are local coordinates on the tangent bundle formula_123 of a manifold formula_124. For each , formula_116 is a convex function of the tangent space . The Legendre transform gives the Hamiltonian formula_126 as a function of the coordinates of the cotangent bundle formula_127; the inner product used to define the Legendre transform is inherited from the pertinent canonical symplectic structure. In this abstract setting, the Legendre transformation corresponds to the tautological one-form.


title: Legendre transformation

text: The strategy behind the use of Legendre transforms in thermodynamics is to shift from a function that depends on a variable to a new (conjugate) function that depends on a new variable, the conjugate of the original one. The new variable is the partial derivative of the original function with respect to the original variable. The new function is the difference between the original function and the product of the old and new variables. Typically, this transformation is useful because it shifts the dependence of, e.g., the energy from an extensive variable to its conjugate intensive variable, which can usually be controlled more easily in a physical experiment.


title: Legendre transformation

text: For example, the internal energy is an explicit function of the "extensive variables" entropy, volume, and chemical composition


title: Legendre transformation

text: Stipulating some common reference state, by using the (non-standard) Legendre transform of the internal energy, , with respect to volume, , the enthalpy may be defined by writing


title: Legendre transformation

text: The enthalpy is suitable for description of processes in which the pressure is controlled from the surroundings.


title: Legendre transformation

text: It is likewise possible to shift the dependence of the energy from the extensive variable of entropy, , to the (often more convenient) intensive variable , resulting in the Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies. The Helmholtz free energy, , and Gibbs energy, , are obtained by performing Legendre transforms of the internal energy and enthalpy, respectively,


title: Legendre transformation

text: The Helmholtz free energy is often the most useful thermodynamic potential when temperature and volume are controlled from the surroundings, while the Gibbs energy is often the most useful when temperature and pressure are controlled from the surroundings.


title: Legendre transformation

text: As another example from physics, consider a parallel-plate capacitor, in which the plates can move relative to one another. Such a capacitor would allow transfer of the electric energy which is stored in the capacitor into external mechanical work, done by the force acting on the plates. One may think of the electric charge as analogous to the "charge" of a gas in a cylinder, with the resulting mechanical force exerted on a piston.


title: Legendre transformation

text: Compute the force on the plates as a function of , the distance which separates them. To find the force, compute the potential energy, and then apply the definition of force as the gradient of the potential energy function.


title: Legendre transformation

text: where the dependence on the area of the plates, the dielectric constant of the material between the plates, and the separation are abstracted away as the capacitance . (For a parallel plate capacitor, this is proportional to the area of the plates and inversely proportional to the separation.)


title: Legendre transformation

text: If the capacitor is not connected to any circuit, then the "charges" on the plates remain constant as they move, and the force is the negative gradient of the electrostatic energy


title: Legendre transformation

text: However, suppose, instead, that the "voltage" between the plates is maintained constant by connection to a battery, which is a reservoir for charge at constant potential difference; now the "charge is variable" instead of the voltage, its Legendre conjugate. To find the force, first compute the non-standard Legendre transform,


title: Legendre transformation

text: The force now becomes the negative gradient of this Legendre transform, still pointing in the same direction,


title: Legendre transformation

text: The two conjugate energies happen to stand opposite to each other, only because of the linearity of the capacitance—except now is no longer a constant. They reflect the two different pathways of storing energy into the capacitor, resulting in, for instance, the same "pull" between a capacitor's plates.


title: Legendre transformation

text: In large deviations theory, the "rate function" is defined as the Legendre transformation of the logarithm of the moment generating function of a random variable. An important application of the rate function is in the calculation of tail probabilities of sums of i.i.d. random variables.


title: Legendre transformation

text: Legendre transformation arises naturally in microeconomics in the process of finding the "supply" of some product given a fixed price on the market knowing the cost function , i.e. the cost for the producer to make/mine/etc. units of the given product.


title: Legendre transformation

text: A simple theory explains the shape of the supply curve based solely on the cost function. Let us suppose the market price for a one unit of our product is . For a company selling this good, the best strategy is to adjust the production so that its profit is maximized. We can maximize the profit


title: Legendre transformation

text: If we consider the maximal profit as a function of price, formula_142, we see that it is the Legendre transform of the cost function formula_143.


title: Legendre transformation

text: For a strictly convex function, the Legendre transformation can be interpreted as a mapping between the graph of the function and the family of tangents of the graph. (For a function of one variable, the tangents are well-defined at all but at most countably many points, since a convex function is differentiable at all but at most countably many points.)


title: Legendre transformation

text: The equation of a line with slope formula_26 and formula_30-intercept formula_146 is given by formula_147 For this line to be tangent to the graph of a function formula_2 at the point formula_149 requires


title: Legendre transformation

text: Being the derivative of a strictly convex function, the function formula_38 is strictly monotone and thus injective. The second equation can be solved for formula_153 allowing elimination of formula_154 from the first, and solving for the formula_30-intercept formula_146 of the tangent as a function of its slope formula_157


title: Legendre transformation

text: The family of tangent lines of the graph of formula_2 parameterized by the slope formula_26 is therefore given by


title: Legendre transformation

text: The graph of the original function can be reconstructed from this family of lines as the envelope of this family by demanding


title: Legendre transformation

text: Identifying formula_30 with formula_15 and recognizing the right side of the preceding equation as the Legendre transform of formula_170 yields


title: Legendre transformation

text: For a differentiable real-valued function on an open convex subset of the Legendre conjugate of the pair is defined to be the pair , where is the image of under the gradient mapping , and is the function on given by the formula


title: Legendre transformation

text: is the scalar product on . The multidimensional transform can be interpreted as an encoding of the convex hull of the function's epigraph in terms of its supporting hyperplanes.


title: Legendre transformation

text: Alternatively, if is a vector space and is its dual vector space, then for each point of and of , there is a natural identification of the cotangent spaces with and with . If is a real differentiable function over , then its exterior derivative, , is a section of the cotangent bundle and as such, we can construct a map from to . Similarly, if is a real differentiable function over , then defines a map from to . If both maps happen to be inverses of each other, we say we have a Legendre transform. The notion of the tautological one-form is commonly used in this setting.


title: Legendre transformation

text: When the function is not differentiable, the Legendre transform can still be extended, and is known as the Legendre-Fenchel transformation. In this more general setting, a few properties are lost: for example, the Legendre transform is no longer its own inverse (unless there are extra assumptions, like convexity).


title: Legendre transformation

text: Let formula_174 be a smooth manifold, let formula_175 and formula_176 respectively be a vector bundle on formula_177 and its associated bundle projection, and let formula_178 be a smooth function. We think of formula_179 as a Lagrangian by analogy with the classical case where formula_180, formula_181 and formula_182 for some positive number formula_183 and function formula_184.


title: Legendre transformation

text: As usual, we denote by formula_185 the dual of formula_186, by formula_187 the fiber of formula_188 over formula_189, and by formula_190 the restriction of formula_179 to formula_187.


title: Legendre transformation

text: The "Legendre transformation" of formula_179 is the smooth morphism formula_194 defined by formula_195, where formula_196.


title: Legendre transformation

text: In other words, formula_197 is the covector that sends formula_198 to the directional derivative formula_199.


title: Legendre transformation

text: To describe the Legendre transformation locally, let formula_200 be a coordinate chart over which formula_186 is trivial. Picking a trivialization of formula_186 over formula_203, we obtain charts formula_204 and formula_205. In terms of these charts, we have formula_206, where formula_207 for all formula_208.


title: Legendre transformation

text: If, as in the classical case, the restriction of formula_209 to each fiber formula_187 is strictly convex and bounded below by a positive definite quadratic form minus a constant, then the Legendre transform formula_211 is a diffeomorphism. Suppose that formula_212 is a diffeomorphism and let formula_213 be the “Hamiltonian” function defined by formula_214 where formula_215. Using the natural isomorphism formula_216, we may view the Legendre transformation of formula_217 as a map formula_218. Then we have formula_219


title: Legendre transformation

text: It follows that if a function is homogeneous of degree then its image under the Legendre transformation is a homogeneous function of degree , where . (Since , with , implies .) Thus, the only monomial whose degree is invariant under Legendre transform is the quadratic.


title: Legendre transformation

text: A closed convex function is symmetric with respect to a given set of orthogonal linear transformations,


title: Legendre transformation

text: For any function and its convex conjugate "Fenchel's inequality" (also known as the "Fenchel–Young inequality") holds for every and , i.e., "independent" pairs,


title: Word salad

text: A word salad, or schizophasia, is a "confused or unintelligible mixture of seemingly random words and phrases", most often used to describe a symptom of a neurological or mental disorder. The term schizophasia is used in particular to describe the confused language that may be evident in schizophrenia. The words may or may not be grammatically correct, but are semantically confused to the point that the listener cannot extract any meaning from them. The term is often used in psychiatry as well as in theoretical linguistics to describe a type of grammatical acceptability judgement by native speakers, and in computer programming to describe textual randomization.


title: Word salad

text: Word salad may describe a symptom of neurological or psychiatric conditions in which a person attempts to communicate an idea, but words and phrases that may appear to be random and unrelated come out in an incoherent sequence instead. Often, the person is unaware that he or she did not make sense. It appears in people with dementia and schizophrenia, as well as after anoxic brain injury. In schizophrenia it is also referred to as schizophasia. Clang associations are especially characteristic of mania, as seen in bipolar disorder, as a somewhat more severe variation of flight of ideas. In extreme mania, the patient's speech may become incoherent, with associations markedly loosened, thus presenting as a veritable word salad.


title: Word salad

text: Narcissistic word salad is a type of purposefully confusing speech, using circular reasoning, logical fallacies and other rhetorical devices to disorient and manipulate a person or group. Some antisocial and narcissistic people use it in gaslighting their targets.


title: Word salad

text: Word salad can be generated by a computer program for entertainment purposes by inserting randomly chosen words of the same type (nouns, adjectives, etc.) into template sentences with missing words, a game similar to Mad Libs. The video game company Maxis, in their seminal "SimCity 2000", used this technique to create an in-game "newspaper" for entertainment; the columns were composed by taking a vague story-structure, and using randomization, inserted various nouns, adjectives, and verbs to generate seemingly unique stories.


title: Word salad

text: Another way of generating meaningless text is mojibake, also called "Buchstabensalat" ("letter salad") in German, in which an assortment of seemingly random text is generated through character encoding incompatibility in which characters in one set are replaced by those of another. The effect is more effective in languages where each character represents a word, such as Chinese.


title: Word salad

text: More serious attempts to automatically produce nonsense stem from Claude Shannon's seminal paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" from 1948 in which progressively more convincing nonsense is generated first by choosing letters and spaces randomly, then according to the frequency with which each character appears in some sample of text, then respecting the likelihood that the chosen letter appears after the preceding one or two in the sample text, and then applying similar techniques to whole words. Its most convincing nonsense is generated by second-order word approximation, in which words are chosen by a random function weighted to the likelihood that each word follows the preceding one in normal text:


title: Word salad

text: Markov chains can be used to generate random but somewhat human-looking sentences. This is used in some chat-bots, especially on IRC networks.


title: Word salad

text: Nonsensical phrasing can also be generated for more malicious reasons, such as the Bayesian poisoning used to counter Bayesian spam filters by using a string of words which have a high probability of being collocated in English, but with no concern for whether the sentence makes sense grammatically or logically.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: Grace Ntombizodwa Mugabe (' Marufu"'; born 23 July 1965) is a Zimbabwean entrepreneur, politician and the widow of the late President Robert Mugabe. She served as the First Lady of Zimbabwe from 1996 until her husband's resignation in November 2017, a week after he was ousted from power. Starting as a secretary to Mugabe, she rose in the ranks of the ruling ZANU–PF party to become the head of its Women's League and a key figure in the Generation 40 faction. At the same time, she gained a reputation for privilege and extravagance during a period of economic turmoil in the country. She was given the nickname Gucci Grace due to her extravagance. She was expelled from the party, with other G40 members, during the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: Grace Ntombizodwa was born in Benoni, South Africa to migrant parents as the fourth of five children in the family. In 1970, she moved to Rhodesia, to live with her mother, Idah Marufu in Chivhu while her father stayed and worked in South Africa to support his family. She attended primary school in Chivhu and then the Kriste Mambo secondary school in Manicaland.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: She married air force pilot Stanley Goreraza and they had a son, Russell Goreraza, born in 1984 when Grace was 19-years-old.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: Whilst working as secretary to the president, Robert Mugabe, she became his mistress at a time when she was still married to Stanley Goreraza – and had two children, Bona born in 1988, named after Mugabe's mother, and Robert Peter Jr.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: After the death of Mugabe's first wife, Sally Hayfron, the couple were married in an extravagant Catholic Mass (Robert Mugabe was a devout Catholic) titled the "Wedding of the Century" by the Zimbabwe press. At the time of their marriage, Grace Marufu was 31 and Robert Mugabe was 72 years old.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: Grace Mugabe enrolled as an undergraduate student at the School of Liberal Arts, Renmin University in China in 2007, studying the Chinese language. She graduated in 2011. She admitted, however, that she was not proficient in Chinese after finishing the degree. Her mother Idah Marufu died on 31 August 2018, aged 84.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: In late 2014, Grace Mugabe was critical of Vice-President Joice Mujuru, who allegedly plotted against her husband, President Mugabe. Ultimately, the accusations against Mujuru resulted in her elimination as a candidate to succeed Mugabe and her effectively becoming an outcast within ZANU-PF by the time it held a party congress in December 2014.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: Meanwhile, Grace Mugabe's political prominence increased. She was nominated as head of the ZANU–PF Women's League, and delegates to the party congress approved her nomination by acclamation on 6 December 2014. In becoming head of the women's league, she also became a member of the ZANU-PF Politburo. Since 2016, the first lady's involvement in ZANU-PF in-house politics has seen rumours pointing out that she is fronting one of the party's secretive factions, the G40 (Generation 40). The other faction, Lacoste, assumingly led by the Vice-President Emmerson Mnangagwa. Factionalism in ZANU-PF at the time centered mainly on the Mugabe succession question.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: The feud between Grace Mugabe and Mnangagwa reached a tipping point in late September 2017, with both parties pointing fingers to each other on ZANU PF public gatherings. While addressing an audience at Mahofa's memorial service, Mnangagwa claimed he was poisoned at a ZANU PF Youth Interface rally in Gwanda. Soon after Mnangagwa's remarks, President Robert Mugabe called a shock cabinet reshuffle in what many believe to be power-shifting exercise. Mnangagwa, like fellow suspected allies, lost the justice ministry. October 2017 marked Grace Mugabe's peak political influence in ZANU PF.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: In November 2017, Grace was instrumental in the firing of the then Vice-President, Emmerson Mnangagwa, after reprimanding him for causing divisions in Zanu PF. Shortly thereafter, Grace expressed her intentions of taking up the Vice-Presidency post. The country was in heightened tension and soon after that while Emmerson Mnangagwa had sought refuge outside of Zimbabwe, the military took over in a bloodless coup under General Constantino Chiwenga. Grace Mugabe was notably invisible at this time with various reports of her whereabouts. On 19 November, Grace Mugabe and 20 of her associates were expelled from the ZANU-PF. When Robert Mugabe died on 6 September 2019, both Mugabes were in Singapore.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: After observers from the European Union were barred from examining Zimbabwe's 2002 elections, the EU imposed sanctions on 20 members of the Zimbabwe leadership and then, in July, extended them to include Grace Mugabe and 51 others, banning them from travelling to participating countries and freezing any assets held there. In 2003, the United States instituted similar restrictions.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: During her tenure as first lady, Grace Mugabe oversaw the construction of two palaces. The first, commonly referred to as "Gracelands", was criticised for its extravagance. Grace Mugabe later explained that she had paid for it with her own personal savings. It was later sold to Muammar Gaddafi of Libya. The second was completed in 2007, costing around $50 million. The construction was funded by the ZANU-PF party to thank Robert Mugabe for his political service.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: In 2002, Grace Mugabe toured farm properties in Zimbabwe, looking for a new location for herself and her family. She chose the Iron Mask Estate, which had been previously owned by farmers John and Eva Matthews.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: The family owns property in Malaysia, and in early 2008, it was reported that Grace Mugabe hoped to move there with her children. The intention behind the move was to escape the stress of leadership and to address fears that the first family faces assassination.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: She also acquired property holdings in Hong Kong, including a diamond cutting business and a property at Tai Po, New Territories. IOL news speculated that this property acquisition was intended as both a weekend getaway for their daughter, Bona, who was studying at the University of Hong Kong under an assumed name, and that she and her husband expect to escape to China should they be ousted from power in Zimbabwe. Legislators of the pro-democracy movement urged the Hong Kong government to study whether to follow international practice in barring certain foreign politicians as many people might be looking at buying properties, investments, or education in Hong Kong. Lee Wing-tat said Beijing should be making the decision since this was a foreign affair. Spokesperson Jiang Yu from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China said she was not aware of the Mugabes' alleged house purchase in Hong Kong and would not comment further. A professor at the University of Hong Kong said Beijing was trying to stay out of the controversy. The Beijing central government dismissed the concerns, adding that Falun Gong members were allowed to buy properties in Hong Kong.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: It was reported in 2015 that Zimbabwe was involved in a legal dispute over the ownership of the property in Tai Po in which Bona Mugabe had stayed whilst a student in Hong Kong. The property had been acquired in June 2008 through a company controlled by Taiwanese-born South African businessman Hsieh Ping-sung for HK$40 million ($5.14 million) and transferred into his own name in 2010. The Mugabes allege that the villa belonged to the Zimbabwean government, while Hsieh, who was once a Mugabe confidant, claims there was no question that the house belonged to him.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: In December 2010 U.S. diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks brought up again earlier allegations that high-ranking Zimbabwean government officials and well-connected elites, including Mugabe's wife Grace, are generating millions of dollars in personal income by hiring teams of diggers to hand-extract diamonds from the Chiadzwa mine in eastern Zimbabwe. Grace Mugabe was reported in 2010 to be suing a Zimbabwean newspaper over its reporting of claims released by WikiLeaks that she had made "tremendous profits" from the country's diamond mines. The president's wife is demanding $15m (£9.6m) from the Standard newspaper.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: Grace Mugabe is known for her lavish lifestyle, and Western media has nicknamed her "Gucci Grace". The "Daily Telegraph" called her "notorious at home for her profligacy" in the coverage of a 2003 trip to Paris, during which she was reported as spending £75,000 (approx US$120,000) in a short shopping spree; and in the years leading up to 2004 withdrew over £5 million from the Central Bank of Zimbabwe. When Grace Mugabe was included in the 2002 sanctions, one EU parliamentarian said that the ban would "stop Grace Mugabe going on her shopping trips in the face of catastrophic poverty blighting the people of Zimbabwe". She faces similar sanctions in the United States.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: Controversy ensued when Grace Mugabe was given a doctoral degree in sociology in September 2014 from the University of Zimbabwe two months after entering the programme. She was awarded the degree by her husband and University Chancellor Robert Mugabe. Her doctoral thesis was not published in the university archive along with other graduates and she has faced calls to return her PhD. The awarding of the degree caused a backlash in the Zimbabwean academic community, with some commenting that this could harm the reputation of the university. On 22 January 2018, the University website published Grace Mugabe's PhD thesis (without a signature page of a doctoral committee). Levi Nyagura, the vice chancellor of the University of Zimbabwe, was arrested in 2018 by the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission to be charged with abuse of office following an investigation into the PhD.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: Mugabe's reputation for violence and hot temper earned her the nickname of "Dis-Grace" at home. There have also been incidents abroad: "The Times" reported on 18 January 2009 that, while on a shopping trip in Hong Kong where her daughter Bona Mugabe was a university student, Mugabe ordered her bodyguard to assault "Sunday Times" photographer Richard Jones outside her luxury hotel. She then joined in the attack, punching Jones repeatedly in the face while wearing diamond encrusted rings, causing him cuts and abrasions. She was subsequently granted immunity from prosecution 'under Chinese diplomatic rules' because of her status as Mugabe's wife.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: In August 2017, while visiting South Africa to treat an ankle injury, Grace is said to have assaulted a 20-year-old model, Gabriella Engels, and two friends, who were in the company of her two younger sons, Robert Jr. and Chatunga, at a hotel in Sandton, Johannesburg. It is alleged that Grace hit the women and her sons, with an extension cord, causing various injuries including a deep gash on Engels' forehead. This was after accusing the women of living with her sons. After charges were laid by Engels for "assault with intent to cause grievous bodily harm", Grace was due to appear at a Johannesburg court on 15 August 2017, but failed to do so; she was subsequently granted diplomatic immunity. After President Robert Mugabe got deposed by Emmerson Mnangagwa, Gabriella Engels posted a tweet vowing revenge on Grace Mugabe. On 30 July 2018, the South African High Court stripped Grace of her diplomatic immunity and allowed the case involving her assault against Engels to proceed.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: A police spokeswoman stated on 26 March 2018 that they were investigating a case of alleged ivory smuggling linked to Grace. The spokesman for Zimbabwe's national parks and wildlife agency stated that Mugabe and senior members of her staff had forced parks' officials to sign export permits for ivory pieces during her husband's presidency.


title: Grace Mugabe

text: In 2017, Grace's Mazowe Citrus Estate took control of 60 percent of the Mazowe Dam. On 24 August 2018. Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa issued a provision ordering the Mugabe family to vacate the Dam and return their share to the Environment, Water, and Climate Ministry.


title: Reverse image search

text: Reverse image search is a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) query technique that involves providing the CBIR system with a sample image that it will then base its search upon; in terms of information retrieval, the sample image is very useful in its ways. In particular, reverse image search is characterized by a lack of search terms. This effectively removes the need for a user to guess at keywords or terms that may or may not return a correct result. Reverse image search also allows users to discover content that is related to a specific sample image, popularity of an image, and discover manipulated versions and derivative works.


title: Reverse image search

text: Yandex Images offers a global reverse image and photo search. The site uses standard Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) technology used by many other sites, but additionally uses artificial intelligence-based technology to locate further results based on query. Users can drag and drop images to the toolbar for the site to complete a search on the internet for similar looking images. The Yandex images searches some obscure social media sites in addition to more common ones offering content owners means of tracking plagiarism of image or photo intellectual property.


title: Reverse image search

text: Google's Search by Image is a feature that uses reverse image search and allows users to search for related images by uploading an image or copying the image URL. Google accomplishes this by analyzing the submitted picture and constructing a mathematical model of it. It is then compared with other images in Google's databases before returning matching and similar results. When available, Google also uses metadata about the image such as description. In 2022 the feature was replaced by Google Lens as the default visual search method on Google, and the old Search by Image function remains available within Google Lens.


title: Reverse image search

text: TinEye is a search engine specialized for reverse image search. Upon submitting an image, TinEye creates a "unique and compact digital signature or fingerprint" of said image and matches it with other indexed images. This procedure is able to match even very edited versions of the submitted image, but will not usually return similar images in the results.


title: Reverse image search

text: Pixsy reverse image search technology detects image matches on the public internet for images uploaded to the Pixsy platform. New matches are automatically detected and alerts sent to the user. For unauthorized use, Pixsy offers a compensation recovery service for commercial use of the image owners work. Pixsy partners with over 25 law firms and attorneys around the world to bring resolution for copyright infringement. Pixsy is the strategic image monitoring service for the Flickr platform and users.


title: Reverse image search

text: eBay ShopBot uses reverse image search to find products by a user uploaded photo. eBay uses a ResNet-50 network for category recognition, image hashes are stored in Google Bigtable; Apache Spark jobs are operated by Google Cloud Dataproc for image hash extraction; and the image ranking service is deployed by Kubernetes.


title: Reverse image search

text: SK Planet uses reverse image search to find related fashion items on its e-commerce website. It developed the vision encoder network based on the TensorFlow "inception-v3", with speed of convergence and generalization for production usage. A recurrent neural network is used for multi-class classification, and fashion-product region-of interest detection is based on "Faster R-CNN". SK Planet's reverse image search system is built in less than 100 man-months.


title: Reverse image search

text: Alibaba released the "Pailitao" application during 2014. Pailitao (, literally means shopping through a camera) allows users to search for items on Alibaba's E-commercial platform by taking a photo of the query object. The Pailitao application uses a deep CNN model with branches for joint detection and feature learning to discover the detection mask and exact discriminative feature without background disturbance. GoogLeNet V1 is employed as the base model for category prediction and feature learning.


title: Reverse image search

text: Pinterest acquired startup company "VisualGraph" in 2014 and introduced visual search on its platform. In 2015, Pinterest published a paper at the ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining conference and disclosed the architecture of the system. The pipeline uses Apache Hadoop, the open-source "Caffe" convolutional neural network framework, "Cascading" for batch processing, "PinLater" for messaging, and Apache HBase for storage. Image characteristics, including local features, deep features, salient color signatures and salient pixels are extracted from user uploads. The system is operated by Amazon EC2, and only requires a cluster of 5 GPU instances to handle daily image uploads onto Pinterest. By using reverse image search, Pinterest is able to extract visual features from fashion objects (e.g. shoes, dress, glasses, bag, watch, pants, shorts, bikini, earrings) and offer product recommendations that look similar.


title: Reverse image search

text: LykDat uses reverse image search to find fashion products across various online stores on the web. LykDat also provides a Twitter bot that helps users carry out reverse image searches of photos they find within Twitter.


title: Reverse image search

text: JD.com disclosed the design and implementation of its real time visual search system at the Middleware '18 conference. The peer reviewed paper focuses on the algorithms used by JD's distributed hierarchical image feature extraction, indexing and retrieval system, which has 300 million daily active users. The system was able to sustain 80 million updates to its database per hour when it was deployed in production in 2018.


title: Reverse image search

text: Microsoft Bing published the architecture of their reverse image searching of system at the KDD'18 conference. The paper states that a variety of features from a query image submitted by a user are used to describe its content, including using deep neural network encoders, category recognition features, face recognition features, color features and duplicate detection features.


title: Reverse image search

text: Reverse Image Search Reverse Image Search is a CBI (contact-based image) technology, which reverses images using CBIR system and searches similar photos on google. face recognition features, duplicate detection features.


title: Reverse image search

text: Microsoft Research Asia's Beijing Lab published a paper in the Proceedings of the IEEE on the Arista-SS (Similar Search) and the Arista-DS (Duplicate Search) systems. Arista-DS only performs duplicate search algorithms such as principal component analysis on global image features to lower computational and memory costs. Arista-DS is able to perform duplicate search on 2 billion images with 10 servers but with the trade-off of not detecting near duplicates.


title: Reverse image search

text: In 2007, the Puzzle library is released under the ISC license. Puzzle is designed to offer reverse image search visually similar images, even after the images have been resized, re-compressed, recolored and/or slightly modified.


title: Reverse image search

text: The "image-match" opensource project was released in 2016. The project, licensed under the Apache License, implements a reverse image search engine written in Python.


title: Reverse image search

text: Both the "Puzzle library" and the "image-match" projects use algorithms published at an IEEE ICIP conference.


title: The Masked Singer (Australian TV series)

text: The Masked Singer Australia is an Australian reality television singing competition show hosted that premiered on Network 10 on 23 September 2019. Hosted by Osher Günsberg, the show is based on the international music game show franchise "Masked Singer" which originated from the South Korean television program "King of Mask Singer". The show is filmed at Disney Studios Australia. A fourth season premiered in August 2022.


text: In March 2019, TV Blackbox shared leaked news that Network 10 would be producing a local series of the franchise. The news was officially announced in May 2019 at the network's upfronts. In June 2019, it was revealed that Osher Gunsberg would be the host of the series. On 15 July 2019, it was revealed that American actress Lindsay Lohan would join the show as a panellist. Australian singer Dannii Minogue, comedian Dave Hughes and radio presenter Jackie O were also announced alongside Lohan.


text: At the network's upfronts in October 2019, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season. In April 2020, it was reported that the coronavirus pandemic would force pre-production of the second season to be delayed so filming was postponed from late July to early August 2020. Lindsay Lohan was also unable to fly to Melbourne to take part in the program and was replaced by new panellist, comedian Urzila Carlson.


text: In October 2020, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third season, which premiered on 13 September 2021.


text: On 20 October 2021, it was announced that the series will return with a new season set to air in 2022, with Jackie O, Minogue, and Carlson all not returning. Mel B, Abbie Chatfield, and Chrissie Swan joined the panel as their replacements.


text: The show has an 'extreme security protocol' in effect both during and after filming to protect the celebrity's identities from leaking, with host Günsberg stating that the show "was beyond any kind of security I've been exposed to." Everyone involved in the show signed a non-disclosure agreement which prevented anyone from revealing any information about the shooting dates, costumes or identities of the masks episode until its broadcast. The celebrities who appear on the show are only allowed to inform their spouse about their participation, who must also sign one.


text: In order to keep the identities of the masks secret, audience members and the majority of the production staff were not allowed to watch the unmasking and were removed from the studio moments before the celebrities are revealed, with Günsberg revealing that there were "only 8 people in the room when it [the unmasking] happened."


text: Audience members had to place their phones in a special magnetic locked pouch when they were on set and were frequently sweeped throughout filming by security, which included former ASIO officials, for any devices and hidden cameras to ensure the masks' identities were kept secret.


text: The costumes are designed and created by Australian Academy Award and BAFTA Award-Winning costume designer Tim Chappel, best known for his work on "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" with Lizzy Gardiner.


text: Following the announcement of the series, it was confirmed by Network 10 that the judging panel would consist of international actress and singer Lindsay Lohan, radio personality Jackie O, singer-songwriter Dannii Minogue and comedian Dave Hughes. It was also confirmed that Osher Günsberg would host the show.


text: On 7 July 2020, it was revealed that Lohan would be unable to return to the judging panel in the second season, as she could not travel from Dubai to Melbourne because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the implementation of travel restrictions. She was replaced for season two by new panellist, comedian Urzila Carlson.


text: On 4 May 2022, it was announced on "The Kyle and Jackie O Show" that Carlson would be leaving the show to focus on her comedy tour, with the possibility of Lohan returning after a two-season absence. On 21 May, Minogue announced her departure from the show after three seasons, due to clashing commitments filming a new gay-dating show in the UK, "I Kissed a Boy". On 4 June, Jackie O announced she would also depart from the show. On 9 June, Channel 10 announced that the three new panellists joining Dave Hughes for the fourth season would be television and radio presenter Chrissie Swan, television personality and radio host Abbie Chatfield and international singer Mel B.


text: In October 2019, American band Halocene claimed that the program had stolen "note for note, beat for beat" their arrangement of "Bad Guy" by Billie Eilish, which the Lion (Kate Ceberano) sang during the third episode. The rock trio had released the cover on their YouTube channel, which also included original melodies from an unreleased original song. The band threatened legal action and set up a GoFundMe page, receiving support from their fans.


title: Solomon Thomas

text: Solomon Christopher Thomas (born August 26, 1995) is an American football defensive tackle for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Stanford and was drafted third overall by the San Francisco 49ers in the 2017 NFL Draft.


title: Solomon Thomas

text: Thomas was born in Chicago, Illinois, on August 26, 1995. Thomas and his family moved to Sydney, Australia when he was two years old, where he lived for five years. He attended Coppell High School in Coppell, Texas. He had 78 tackles and 12.5 sacks as a senior and 89 tackles with 8.5 sacks as a junior. He was rated as a four-star recruit and was ranked among the top players in his class. He committed to Stanford University to play college football.


title: Solomon Thomas

text: After redshirting his first year at Stanford in 2014, Thomas played in all 14 games in 2015, starting six, and had 39 total tackles, 10.5 tackles-for-loss, and 3.5 sacks. In recognition of his successful 2015 season, he was named as an honorable mention All-Pac-12 selection. In 2016, Thomas played and started all 13 games and had 62 total tackles with 15.0 TFL and 8.0 sacks. Thomas was named first team All-Pac-12 and won the Morris Trophy. Following the 2016 season, Thomas declared his intentions to enter the 2017 NFL Draft.


title: Solomon Thomas

text: Coming out of Stanford, Thomas was projected to be a first round pick by the majority of analysts and scouts. He was invited to the NFL Scouting Combine, but only chose to participate in the bench, 40-yard dash, vertical, and broad jump. On March 23, 2017, Thomas attended Stanford's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. He was ranked the second best defensive end (behind Myles Garrett) by NFLDraftScout.com, ESPN, and Sports Illustrated.


title: Solomon Thomas

text: Thomas was drafted third overall by the San Francisco 49ers in the 2017 NFL Draft. He became the third consecutive defensive end drafted in the first round by the 49ers, joining Arik Armstead (2015) and DeForest Buckner (2016). The man who drafted Thomas—newly appointed 49ers general manager John Lynch—coincidentally studied alongside Thomas as a mature student while working as a broadcaster for FOX Sports, and counselled Thomas to leave Stanford without knowing he would be in a position to draft him as a member of the 49ers front office the following season.


title: Solomon Thomas

text: On July 28, 2017, the San Francisco 49ers signed Thomas to a fully guaranteed four-year, $28.14 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $18.61 million. He played in 14 games as a rookie with 12 starts, recording 41 tackles and three sacks.


title: Solomon Thomas

text: On May 1, 2020, the 49ers declined the fifth-year option on Thomas' contract, making him a free agent in 2021. During the 49ers' Week 2 matchup against the New York Jets, Thomas suffered a torn ACL and was ruled out for the rest of the season.


title: Solomon Thomas

text: Thomas signed a one-year contract with the Las Vegas Raiders on March 19, 2021. He played in all 17 games, recording 34 tackles, 3.5 sacks, and two forced fumbles.


title: Raman Lamba

text: Raman Lamba (; 2 January 1960 – 23 February 1998) was an Indian cricketer. Raman had played in four Tests and 32 One Day Internationals, mainly as a batsman. He was a popular player in Bangladesh's Dhaka Premier League and has also represented Ireland in unofficial One Day International matches. Lamba died after slipping into a coma, as a result of an internal haemorrhage, three days after being hit on the temporal bone by a cricket ball while fielding in Bangladesh's league cricket.


title: Raman Lamba

text: Raman Lamba was born on 2 January 1960 in Meerut. He was a right-handed batsman who was also noted for his fitness. He commenced his Ranji Trophy career in 1980-81 and continued until his death in the 1997–98 season. He scored 6362 runs at an average of 53.91 in 87 matches, scoring 22 centuries including 5 double centuries and his career highest of 312 versus Himachal Pradesh at Delhi in 1994–95, which is not only his personal highest score but also among the highest individual scores for Delhi. In 1994-95 he aggregated 1034 runs in 10 matches at an average of 73.86 with 3 centuries and 4 half-centuries, which was a record number of runs in a Ranji Trophy season. He led Delhi in 8 matches in the season 1994–95, winning 3 and drawing 5. His 320 in the Duleep Trophy for North Zone against West Zone in the final at Bhilai in 1986-87 still remains among the highest individual scores. In first-class cricket, he scored a total of 8776 runs at 53.84 and his 175 innings including 31 centuries and 27 fifties.


title: Raman Lamba

text: Lamba's highest score 320* came in the Duleep Trophy Final in 1987-88 for North Zone v West Zone. The West might have felt very satisfied with their first innings score of 444, with their captain and Test opener Anshuman Gaekwad making 216. Their opponents, however, had other ideas and replied with 868 all out. Lamba left Gaekwad in the shade with 320 in 720 minutes which was scored off 471 balls including six 6s and thirty 4s. That season he totalled 1097 runs at 84.38. Seven years later he crossed the triple hundred mark again with 312 for Delhi in a Ranji Trophy match versus Himachal Pradesh at Delhi. The hosts ran up 637-3 declared owing much to a first wicket Indian record wicket 464 between Lamba and Ravi Sehgal, who made 216. Lamba's 312 came off 392 balls with two 6s and twenty five 4s and took 567 minutes. These innings and similar knocks, such as his 617 balls 250 for Delhi v Punjab in 1996/97 gained him a somewhat mixed reputation.


title: Raman Lamba

text: Lamba appeared for India as a one-day player in the 1986 Australasia Cup final, when he also took a good catch under pressure to dismiss Abdul Qadir off Kapil Dev, where he played as substitute fielder. He had a great opening in One day cricket as he scored 64 in his first match and 102 in his sixth match as he won the man of the series against Australia for scoring 278 runs at an average of 55.60 per innings with a century and 2 fifties. His scoring pattern in 6 innings were 64, 1, 20*, 74, 17 and 102. Lamba and Krishnamachari Srikkanth were India's openers for the Jawaharlal Nehru Centenary Cup in 1989. Twice they had 100 runs opening partnership, against Australia and Pakistan. Their approach was similar, as both were stroke players. Their aggressive batting approach as openers was later adopted by opening pair Sanath Jayasuriya and Romesh Kaluwitharana in 1996 World Cup.


title: Raman Lamba

text: In 1987 Raman Lamba met his future wife, Irishwoman Kim Michelle Crothers and they were engaged for 3 years before getting married on 7, September 1990. Lamba started playing as an overseas professional cricketer in Ireland with Ulster from 1990. Raman and Kim have two children Jasmyn and Kamran. Kim settled down with both children in Portugal after Raman's demise.


title: Raman Lamba

text: Lamba died on 23 February 1998 in the Post Graduate Hospital in Dhaka in Bangladesh after he was hit on the temple by a cricket ball hit by Mehrab Hossain off left-arm spinner Saifullah Khan while fielding at forward short leg. It is said that Lamba was asked to wear a helmet, but he thought it was unnecessary because only three balls of the over were remaining when he was asked to move to that position. He was known by his teammates not to use a helmet while fielding close in. Lamba was playing for Dhaka's leading club, Abahani Krira Chakra, in the final of the Premier Division cricket match versus Mohammedan Sporting Club at the Dhaka Bangabandhu Stadium on 20 February 1998. The shot was so ferocious that the ball deflected from his head and flew into wicketkeeper Khaled Mashud's gloves. Mohammad Aminul Islam, the former Bangladesh captain, recalled "I was the new man in and asked Raman if he was okay. He said, 'Bulli (Islam's nickname is Bulbul) main to mar gaya' (I am dead, Bulli)". Although the injury did not appear to be particularly serious, Lamba suffered an internal haemorrhage and slipped into a coma. Although a neurosurgeon was flown in from Delhi, all efforts were in vain. After three days, his ventilator was removed and Lamba was declared dead.


title: Raman Lamba

text: There were tributes from all over the world when Lamba died. His wife, Kim, paid him a moving tribute when she put the cap of his local team, Sonnet Club, on Lamba.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: This article is about the demographic features of the population of Morocco, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. The population of Morocco in 2021 is 37.271 million.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: Moroccans are primarily of Arab and Berber origin. Socially, there are two contrasting groups of Moroccans: those living in the cities and those in the rural areas. Among the rural, several classes have formed such as landowners, peasants, and tenant farmers. Moroccans live mainly in the north and west portions of Morocco. However, they prefer living in the more fertile regions near the Mediterranean Sea.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: Between the Nile and the Red Sea were living Arab tribes expelled from Arabia for their turbulence, Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, who often plundered farming areas in the Nile Valley. According to Ibn Khaldun, whole tribes set off with women, children, ancestors, animals and camping equipment. These tribes, along with others, who mass arrived in the region of Morocco in colossal numbers around the 12th-13th centuries, and later the Ma'qil in the 14th century, contributed to a more extensive ethnic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization of Morocco over time, especially beyond the major urban centres and the northern regions well into the countryside. The descendants of the original Arab settlers who continue to speak Arabic as a first language currently form the single largest population group in North Africa.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: About 99% of Moroccans are considered to be Sunni Muslims religiously or culturally. The numbers of the Jewish minority has decreased significantly since the creation of the State of Israel in 1948. Today there are 2,500 Moroccan Jews inside the country. Thousands of Moroccan Jews living in Europe, Israel and North America visit the country regularly. There is a small but apparently growing minority of Moroccan Christians made of local Moroccan converts (not Europeans). In 2014, most of the 86,206 foreign residents are French people, Spaniards, Algerians and sub-Saharan African students.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: Structure of the population (01.07.2013) (Estimates based on the results of the 2004 Population Census) :


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: Moroccans are primarily of Arab and Berber origin as in other neighbouring countries in the Maghreb. Arabs make up 44% of the population of Morocco, Arabized Berbers make up 24%, Berbers make up 21%, the Baydhan make up 10%, and others make up 1%.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: The Arab population of Morocco is a result of the inflow of nomadic Arab tribes from the Arabian Peninsula since the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in the 7th century with a major wave in the 11th century. The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, along with others, were sent by the Fatimids to defeat a Berber rebellion and then settle in the Maghreb. Between the Nile and the Red Sea were Arab tribes expelled from Arabia for their turbulence, Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, who often plundered farming areas in the Nile Valley. According to Ibn Khaldun, whole tribes set off with women, children, ancestors, animals and camping equipment. These tribes, who arrived in the region of Morocco around the 12th-13th centuries, and later the Ma'qil in the 14th century, contributed to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization of Morocco over time, especially beyond the major urban centres and the northern regions which were the main sites of Arabization up to that point.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: The Berber population mainly lives in the mountainous regions of Morocco where some preserve Berber culture, and are split into three groups; Rifians, Shilha, and Zayanes. The Rifians inhabit the Rif mountains, the Shilha inhabit the Anti-Atlas mountains, and the Zayanes inhabit the Middle Atlas mountains. The Arabized Berbers who constitute about a quarter of the population are the Berbers who were Arabized mainly as a result of the Arab nomad inflow, and have adopted Arab culture and the Arabic language as their native language, especially those who sought the protection of the Bedouin. Some parts of the population are descendants of refugees who fled Spain after the Reconquista in the 15th century. The Trans-Saharan slave trade brought a population of Sub-Saharan Africans to Morocco. After the founding of Israel and start of the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1948, many Jews felt compelled to leave Morocco especially after the anti-Jewish riots in Oujda, and many fled to Israel, Europe, and North America, and by 1967 250,000 Jews left Morocco. In a 2021 survey on 1,200 Moroccan adults, 68% were Arab, 25.6% were Berber, 3.6% were Sahrawi, and 2.7% were others.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: Arabic and Berber are the official languages of Morocco. The majority spoken language in Morocco is Arabic which is spoken by 92% of the population and includes the dialects of Moroccan Arabic (Hilalian dialects) and Hassaniya Arabic. Berber languages are spoken by 26% of the population in three varieties (Tarifit, Shilha, and Tamazight).


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: French is an implicitly "official language" of government and big business, and is taught throughout school and still serves as Morocco's primary language of , economics, and scientific university education. French is also widely used in the media. Morocco is a member of La Francophonie. Berber activists have struggled since the 1960s for the recognition of their language as an official language of Morocco, which was achieved in July 2011 following the February 20th 2011 uprising. About 20,000 Moroccans in the northern part of the country speak some Spanish.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: English, while still far behind French in terms of the number of proficient speakers, is rapidly becoming a foreign language of choice among educated youth and business people. It has been taught to Moroccan students after the fourth year of elementary school since the education reforms of 2002.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: Most Moroccans live west and north of the Atlas Mountains, a range that insulates the country from the Sahara Desert. Casablanca is the largest city and the centre of business and industry, and has the leading seaport and airport. Rabat is the seat of government. Tangier and Nador are the two major northern seaports on the Mediterranean. Fez is a cultural, religious and industrial centre. Marrakesh and Agadir are the two major tourist centres. Oujda is the largest city of eastern Morocco. Meknes houses the military academy. Kenitra has the largest military airbase. Mohammedia has the largest oil refineries and other major industrial installations.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: Education in Morocco is free and compulsory through primary school (age 15). Nevertheless, many children—particularly girls in rural areas—still do not attend school. The country's illiteracy rate is usually around 50 percent for most of the country, but reaches as high as 90 percent among girls in rural regions. In July 2006, Prime minister Driss Jettou announced that illiteracy rate has declined by 39 percent, while two million people had attended literacy courses during the past four years.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: Morocco has about 660,000 students enrolled in 14 public universities. One of the oldest and among the most prestigious is Mohammed V in Rabat, with faculties of law, sciences, liberal arts, and medicine. University of Karueein, in Fez, has been a centre for Islamic studies for more than 1,000 years. Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, founded in 1993 by King Hassan II and King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, is an English-medium, American-style university comprising about 1,700 students.


title: Demographics of Morocco

text: note: clusters of cases of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) are occurring in Morocco; as of 6 October 2021, Morocco has reported a total of 936,236 cases of COVID-19 or 2,536.5 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 38.94 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 2 October 2021, 60.91% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine


title: NCIS (season 13)

text: The thirteenth season of the American police procedural drama "NCIS" premiered on September 22, 2015, in the same time slot as in the previous seasons, Tuesdays at 8 pm.


title: NCIS (season 13)

text: "NCIS" revolves around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, which conducts criminal investigations involving the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. The series was renewed for a thirteenth season by CBS on Monday, May 11, 2015. Michael Weatherly, who stars as Anthony DiNozzo on the show, departed the series in the season finale. On February 29, 2016, "NCIS" was renewed for seasons fourteen and fifteen.


title: NCIS (season 13)

text: The series was renewed for a thirteenth season by CBS on Monday, May 11, 2015. Production on this season started in late July. On January 5, 2016, CBS announced Weatherly's departure from the series after thirteen seasons. Scottie Thompson returned as Jeanne Benoit, Tony's ex-girlfriend, in episodes 8 and 16. Scott Bakula, Lucas Black, Zoe McLellan, and Shalita Grant star in a crossover with "", in the episode "Sister City (Part I)", as NCIS Special Agent Dwayne Pride, NCIS Special Agent Christopher LaSalle, NCIS Special Agent Meredith "Merri" Brody, and NCIS Special Agent Sonja Percy, respectively.


title: Chocolate liquor

text: Chocolate liquor (cocoa liquor) is pure cocoa mass (cocoa paste) in solid or semi-solid form. Like the cocoa beans (nibs) from which it is produced, it contains both cocoa solids and cocoa butter in roughly equal proportion.


title: Chocolate liquor

text: It is produced from cocoa beans that have been fermented, dried, roasted, and separated from their skins. The beans are ground into cocoa mass (cocoa paste). The mass is melted to become the liquor, and the liquor is either separated into cocoa solids and cocoa butter, or cooled and molded into blocks of raw chocolate. Its main use (often with additional cocoa butter) is in making chocolate.


title: Chocolate liquor

text: The name "liquor" is used not in the sense of a distilled, alcoholic substance, but rather the older meaning of the word, meaning 'liquid' or 'fluid'.


title: Chocolate liquor

text: Chocolate liquor contains roughly 53 percent cocoa butter (fat), about 17 percent carbohydrates, 11 percent protein, 6 percent tannins, and 1.5 percent theobromine.


title: V1400 Centauri

text: 1SWASP J140747.93−394542.6 (also known as 1SWASP J140747, J1407 and Mamajek's Object) is a star similar to the Sun in the constellation Centaurus at a distance of about 434 light-years from Earth. A relatively young star, its age is estimated to be 16 million years, and its mass is about 90% that of the Sun. The star has an apparent magnitude of 12.3 and requires a telescope to be seen. The star's name comes from the SuperWASP (Wide Angle Search for Planets) program and the star's coordinates. The star is variable due to the planet orbiting around it and has been given the variable star designation V1400 Centauri.


title: V1400 Centauri

text: In 2007, J1407 was observed to be eclipsed and orbited by at least one major body, 1SWASP J1407b (J1407b), thought to be either a large gas giant planet or a brown dwarf, with an immense ring system. Subsequent observations have not successfully detected J1407b, suggesting that it is on a highly eccentric orbit around the star.


title: V1400 Centauri

text: By 2021, it was discovered the parent star is strongly variable, with a 5.4-year long magnetic activity cycle, and no evidence was detected of additional planets or a repeat of the deep eclipses attributed to a transiting ring system.


title: V1400 Centauri

text: The discovery of the J1407 system and its unusual eclipses were first reported by a team led by University of Rochester astronomer Eric Mamajek in 2012. The existence and parameters of the ring system around the substellar companion J1407b were deduced from the observation of a very long and complex eclipse of the parent star lasting 56 days during April and May 2007. The low-mass companion J1407b has been referred to as a "Saturn on steroids" or "Super Saturn" due to its massive system of circumplanetary rings with a radius of approximately 90 million km (0.6 AU). The orbital period of J1407b is estimated to be around a decade (3.5 to 13.8 years), and its most probable mass is approximately 13 to 26 Jupiter masses, but with considerable uncertainty. The ringed body can be ruled out as being a star with mass of over 80 Jupiter masses at greater than 99% confidence. The ring system has an estimated mass similar to that of the Earth. A major gap in the rings at about 61 million km (0.4 AU) from its centre is considered to be indirect evidence of the existence of an exomoon with mass up to 0.8 Earth masses.


title: V1400 Centauri

text: J1407b is the first exoplanet or brown dwarf discovered with a ring system by the transit method. A sequence of occultations (eclipses) of the star occurred over a 56-day period in 2007. The pattern was consistent with that expected for the transit of a large array of multiple rings, indicating the substellar companion dubbed "J1407b". The J1407b ring system has an outer radius of approximately 90 million km (about 640 times the extent of Saturn's rings). Cleared gaps in the rings indicate satellites ("exomoons") have accreted from denser rings. The young age of the stellar system (about 16 million years) and the high mass of the ring system (roughly an Earth mass) are more consistent with it being an early (proto-)exomoon or moons, rather than a long-term stable ring system in an evolved planetary system (such as Saturn's rings).


title: V1400 Centauri

text: J1407b has not been observed since its transit in 2007, suggesting that it is on a highly eccentric orbit around the star. Such an orbit could disrupt the ring system of J1407b. Dynamical simulations run by astronomers Steven Rieder and Matthew Kenworthy indicate that in order for J1407b's ring system to be stable, the rings must orbit J1407b in a retrograde motion, opposite to the direction J1407b orbits its host star. This retrograde solution for the ring system of J1407b allows for longer ring lifetimes as well as further constraints to the age of the ring system. The rings may be replenished over timescales as a result of processes that produce additional debris around J1407b, such as the tidal disruption of comets.


title: V1400 Centauri

text: From Earth's point of view, the ring system of J1407b would have an angular diameter of about 3.7 milliarcseconds across. For comparison, if Saturn were as many light years away, its rings in full breadth would be 0.006 milliarcseconds across, and the diameter of Pluto from earth varies between 60 and 110 milliarcseconds across.


title: V1400 Centauri

text: No additional transits from Jupiter-sized or larger planets were discovered in a 19-year long observational series by 2021.


title: Richard Kline

text: Richard Kline (born April 29, 1944) is an American actor and television director. His roles include Larry Dallas on the sitcom "Three's Company", Richie in the later seasons of "It's a Living" and Jeff Beznick in "Noah Knows Best".


title: Richard Kline

text: Kline was born in New York City. He was raised in Queens by parents who practiced Reform Judaism. He attended Queens College and has a Master of Fine Arts degree in theater from Northwestern University. After graduation, he joined the United States Army and served in Vietnam during the Vietnam War as a lieutenant.


title: Richard Kline

text: Kline became involved in theater and made his professional debut in 1971 as part of the Lincoln Center Repertory Company. Regional theater productions during this period included "Chemin de Fer" (in Chicago with actor Dennis Franz), "Death of a Salesman", and "Love's Labour's Lost". A classically trained singer, Kline made his Broadway career debut in the 1989 musical "City of Angels".


title: Richard Kline

text: On "Three's Company", Kline played Larry Dallas, a playboy neighbor, used car salesman, and best friend to John Ritter's Jack Tripper. Kline appeared in 110 episodes of "Three's Company" from 1977 to 1984, also appearing as Larry Dallas in the spin-off shows "The Ropers" (1979) and "Three's a Crowd" (1985). Larry has the distinction of being the only other character besides Jack Tripper to appear on "Three's Company" and both of its spin-offs.


title: Richard Kline

text: In addition to his television and big screen appearances, Kline has hosted two game show pilots, "Jumble" in 1988 and "To Tell the Truth" in 1990. The show's rights were then sold to NBC with Gordon Elliott, then Lynn Swann and Alex Trebek later hosting. Kline's "TTTT" pilot did air on the East Coast as a mistake on September 3, 1990, the day the show debuted. He also subbed for Charles Nelson Reilly as a guest panelist on "Sweethearts" for a week of shows in December 1988. His game show celebrity appearances included both "The $25,000 Pyramid" and "The $100,000 Pyramid", "Super Password", and multiple appearances on the "Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour". Kline told SitcomsOnline.com he would like to compete on "Jeopardy!", joking, "but I'm afraid I would take all their money!"


title: Richard Kline

text: Kline was seen next in October 2011 in "It Shoulda Been You", directed by David Hyde Pierce and starring Tyne Daly. In 2016, Kline appeared in a movie directed by and starring Mike Birbiglia called "Don't Think Twice".


title: Richard Kline

text: Kline reunited with "Three's Company" cast members Joyce DeWitt, Jenilee Harrison and Priscilla Barnes in September 2016 at "The Hollywood Show" in suburban Chicago, an autograph and memorabilia event, meeting fans and signing autographs.


title: Richard Kline

text: Kline played Kid Twist in the Paper Mill Playhouse world premiere production of "The Sting" starring Harry Connick Jr. which ran April 8–29, 2018. In December 2018, he joined the national tour of the musical "Waitress" through August 2019. He reprised the role in the Broadway cast from August 20, 2019, until the show closed on January 5, 2020.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: It's Such a Beautiful Day is a 2012 American experimental animated film directed, written, animated, photographed, and produced by Don Hertzfeldt, his first feature film.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The film is divided into three chapters, all of which were originally released in theaters as animated short films. The first part, "Everything Will Be OK", was released in 2006 and received the Grand Prize at the Sundance Film Festival. The second short, "I Am So Proud of You", was released in 2008, and the titular third film, "It's Such a Beautiful Day", was released in 2011. The three short films received over 90 film festival awards upon their original releases. In 2012, Hertzfeldt seamlessly edited all three chapters together and it was released as a new feature film.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Many film critics listed the feature film version as one of the best films of 2012, and the L.A. Film Critics Association named it runner-up for Best Animated Film of the year. Since then, "It's Such a Beautiful Day" has appeared on several film critics' "Best Of" lists, including #1 on the Film Stage's list of "The 50 Best Animated Films of the 21st Century Thus Far", #1 on The Wrap's list of the "Best Animated Films of the 2010s", and #1 on IGN's list of the "Top 10 Animated Films of All Time".


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The movie tells the story of a character named Bill, who struggles with failing memory and surreal visions, among other symptoms of an unknown neurological problem. The film employs both offbeat humor and serious philosophical musings.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Bill is a young man whose daily routines, perceptions, and dreams are illustrated onscreen through multiple split-screen windows, which are in turn narrated (by Don Hertzfeldt). Bill suffers from an unnamed illness which interferes with his seemingly mundane life. Bill often has meetings with his ex-girlfriend and had been recently referred to a clinic for his condition. He begins to have intense hallucinations and becomes sicker.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: To recuperate, Bill's mother comes to take care of him. Bill is then taken to a hospital, where his health fluctuates, confusing his doctor. Bill's doctor concludes that Bill will not die, surprising and inconveniencing his relatives. Bill then goes back to work.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The film flashes back to Bill's childhood, with the Narrator explaining the death of Bill's half-brother Randall, who disappeared into the sea as a child. After Randall's death, Bill's mother soon became fiercely protective of Bill and rarely left home, eventually causing Bill's stepfather to leave. The Narrator also details the history of Bill's family, many of whom died young in odd or unpleasant ways.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: A few days after leaving the hospital, Bill receives a call telling him that his mother had died in a "fit of senile hysterics." Bill sees his doctor again, unexpectedly finding nothing wrong with him. On his way to lunch, Bill suffers a seizure and collapses. During the seizure, various memories of his infancy and childhood flash before him. Bill is again taken to the hospital, where his ex-girlfriend frequently visits him. Bill's new doctor questions him, revealing that Bill cannot remember basic information about his life. Bill has a brain exam, after which he is asked various questions and shown photographs that appear irregular or nonsensical.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Bill's doctor explains that Bill is having trouble understanding past tense and present tense, and it is implied that many of his childhood memories and family history could have been confabulated. Bill is allowed to go home for family care but, when he arrives home, no one is there to take care of him. He starts to repeat and then forget various tasks, such as buying food and taking walks, and he does not seem to understand that he is ill. Bill's doctor explains that he doesn't have long to live.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Bill's outlook on life starkly changes, and he notices more of life's small details. This change is complemented by a change in the film's animation: full-color photography is merged into the scenery. Bill rents a car and drives to his childhood home on instinct. His uncle gives him an address to where he can find his real father, whom he has not seen since childhood. Bill shares a tender moment with his father, forgiving him. The Narrator explains that they will never see each other again. Bill continues driving on, more frenzied now, and stops in a forest. He lies down underneath a tree, and the screen cuts to black.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The Narrator realizes that Bill may die there and refuses to believe that he will. Instead, Bill seems to become immortal. He outlives the human race and the earth's future inhabitants, surviving until the slow death of the universe, watching the stars blink out one at a time.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Six years in the making, the completed picture was captured entirely in camera on a 35mm rostrum animation stand. Built in the 1940s and used by Hertzfeldt on every project since 1999, it was one of the last surviving cameras of its kind still operating worldwide. The picture blended traditional hand-drawn animation, experimental optical effects, trick photography, and digital hybrids that were printed for photography, one frame at a time.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The film's signature "split screen" effect was achieved by framing the drawn animation through tiny holes placed beneath the camera lens during photography, with each element in the film frame individually composited through careful multiple exposures.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Towards the end of production of the final chapter, the old camera's motor began to fail. It could no longer advance the film properly, riddling the final reels with unintentional light leaks.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The three chapters of the film were originally produced and released as three animated short films, photographed entirely on 35mm film with in-camera special effects. The three short films were edited together and re-released for the first time as the full-length "It's Such a Beautiful Day" in 2012.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The first installment, "Everything Will Be OK", was released theatrically in 2006 and won the 2007 Sundance Film Festival Grand Prize for Short Film. Despite the film's short running length, "Variety" film critic Robert Koehler named "Everything Will Be OK" one of the "Best Films of 2007". The film was extremely well received by critics, describing it as "essential viewing" and, "simply one of the finest shorts produced over the past few years, be it animated or not." The Boston Globe called the film a "masterpiece" with the Boston Phoenix declaring Hertzfeldt a "genius." The short film was a cover story on the Chicago Reader, receiving four stars from critic J.R. Jones.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: "Everything Will Be OK" advanced to the final round of voting for Best Animated Short Film at the 2007 Academy Awards, but did not make the final list of five nominees.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Outside of theaters, "Everything Will Be OK" was first released as a limited edition DVD "single" in 2007. The DVD featured an extensive "archive" of over 100 pages of deleted scenes, Don's production notes, sketches, and layouts, as well as a hidden Easter egg that plays an alternate, narration-free version of the film to highlight the sound design.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The second installment, "I Am So Proud of You" was released theatrically in 2008. It continued the dark and philosophical humor of the first film, seeing Bill's recovery haunted by the apparently genetic inevitability of his mental illness, the lack of control over his own fate, and the sudden death of a loved one. The short suggests "simultaneous" connections throughout time, through his strange family history, his childhood, the present, and his old age.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: For the first time, Hertzfeldt embarked on a solo tour with the film, presenting a special "Evening with Don Hertzfeldt" program in multiple cities.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: "I Am So Proud of You" received similar critical praise and received 27 film festival awards, including the Grand Jury Prize at the Florida Film Festival and the Golden Starfish at the Hamptons Film Festival.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Director David Lowery wrote, ""I Am So Proud Of You" is, I think, as good a pick as any for film of the year... full of grand and complex thoughts about life and death and bodily fluids and years rapidly advancing, coming to ends and beginnings, back and forth, over and over, until one slips indistinguishably into the next." Chris Robinson, author and director of the Ottawa International Animation Festival described "I Am So Proud of You" as "a masterpiece."


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Following its theatrical release, a DVD "single" of "I Am So Proud of You" was released in August 2009, featuring another extensive "archive" of production materials.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The final chapter of the trilogy, "It's Such a Beautiful Day", was released in 2011, winning several awards, including a Special Jury Prize from the Hiroshima Animation Festival.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: In 2011 and 2012, Hertzfeldt again toured the United States and Canada to support the final chapter in another "Evening with Don Hertzfeldt" program. While this theatrical program presented all three of the short films together for the first time, it still presented them as individual shorts, not yet as a unified feature film.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The final, unified feature film version, "It's Such a Beautiful Day", shared the same title as the third short film and had a more limited theatrical release in 2012. It was nominated for Best Animated Feature Film by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association. It later became available on DVD, Vimeo On-Demand, iTunes, and streamed for a two year period on Netflix.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: In 2015, a Blu-ray of the remastered, feature-length version of "It's Such a Beautiful Day" was released.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: "It's Such a Beautiful Day" was acclaimed by film critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100% based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A collection of three shorts by Don Hertzfeldt, "It's Such a Beautiful Day" is an impossibly dense and affecting piece of animated art." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100, based on 7 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Steven Pate of "The Chicagoist" wrote of the trilogy, "There is a moment in each installment of Don Hertzfeldt's masterful trilogy of animated shorts where you feel something in your chest. It's an unmistakably cardiac event that great art can elicit when something profound and undeniably true is conveyed about the human condition. That's when you say to yourself: are stick figures supposed to make me feel this way? In the hands of a master, yes. And Hertzfeldt is to stick figures what Franz Liszt was to planks of ebony and ivory and what Ted Williams was to a stick of white ash: someone so transcendentally expert that to describe what they do in literal terms is borderline demeaning."


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Mike McCahill of The Guardian called it "Funny, oddly affecting and cherishably personal: in a better world, this would be on 300 screens, and filler such as The Croods would have to be smuggled in under the radar."


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Paul Bradshaw of "Total Film" called it "An existential flip book and a heartbreaking black joke: stickmen have never looked so alive."


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: Glenn Heath Jr. of "Little White Lies" gave it 5 out of 5 and called it "One of the great films about memory, perspective, and past history."


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: The Los Angeles Film Critics Association named it their runner-up for Best Animated Feature Film of the year, behind "Frankenweenie". Indiewire ranked Hertzfeldt the 9th best Film Director of the Year in its annual poll (tied with Wes Anderson), and film critics for "The A.V. Club" ranked the film #8 on their list of the Best Films of 2012. Slate Magazine named "It's Such a Beautiful Day" their pick for Best Animated Feature Film of 2012.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: In the United Kingdom, the film was ranked #3 on Time Out London's list of the 10 Best Films of 2013 and #4 on The London Film Review's list of the same. In 2014, "Time Out" ranked "It's Such a Beautiful Day" #16 on their list of the "100 Best Animated Movies Ever Made." Critic Tom Huddleston described it as "one of the great outsider artworks of the modern era, at once sympathetic and shocking, beautiful and horrifying, angry and hilarious, uplifting and almost unbearably sad."


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: In 2016, "The Film Stage" critics ranked the film #1 on their list of the "Best Animated Films of the 21st Century (So Far)." That same year, three critics polled by the BBC named "It's Such a Beautiful Day" one of the greatest films made since 2000.


title: It's Such a Beautiful Day (film)

text: In 2019, "The Wrap" named "It's Such a Beautiful Day" the #1 "Best Animated Film of the 2010s." The "Vulture" film critics also ranked it #12 on their overall list of the "Best Movies of the Decade."


title: Mumbai Diaries 26/11

text: Mumbai Diaries 26/11 is an Indian Hindi-language medical drama streaming television series on Amazon Prime Video.The series is directed by Nikhil Advani and Nikhil Gonsalves. Shooting has taken place in locations that were part of the 2008 Mumbai attacks including Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Gateway of India and Leopold Café. The first season of "Mumbai Diaries 26/11" released on 9 September 2021 on Amazon Prime Video platform.The show was renewed for a second season .


title: Mumbai Diaries 26/11

text: Set during the 2008 Mumbai attacks, it follows the staff of Bombay General Hospital and their travails during the fateful night of November 26, 2008. It also shows incidents happening at the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, and how a journalist tries to report all these incidents.


title: Mumbai Diaries 26/11

text: The show was called a commendable effort towards a different genre with great sets and fast paced writing. Bhavna Agarwal from "Bollywood Bubble" gave the web-series a rating of 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Mohit Raina, Konkona Sen Sharma starrer is an uplifting re-telling of the frightening terror attack. Mumbai Diaries 26/11 is undeniably a medical drama you won’t regret seeing. It is attention-grabbing and impactful." Overall the show has received generally positive reviews.


title: Gary Hooper

text: Gary Hooper (born 26 January 1988) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for Cypriot club Omonia.


title: Gary Hooper

text: Hooper started his career at League Grays Athletic in 2003. While there he won the 2004–05 Conference South, as well as the FA Trophy twice in 2005 and 2006. After this Championship club Southend United signed him on a free transfer in 2006. He was loaned out twice by the club, on a three-month loan to League One club Leyton Orient in 2007 and a six-month loan to League Two club Hereford United in 2008. Scunthorpe United signed him in 2008, for a fee of £175,000. After two years he was signed by Scottish Premier League club Celtic for £2.4 million. In his first season with the club he was the top scorer (22 goals in all) and also won the 2011 Scottish Cup.