title: Nissan Caravan

text: The second facelift Caravan was launched for the Japanese market on 20 October 2021. It features the new flat-bottom steering wheel, while the layout of the dashboard remains the same. High-trim variants also get automatic climate control, a touchscreen infotainment system, and copper accents on the air-conditioning vents. The second facelift Caravan also comes with the latest version of the Nissan Intelligent Mobility safety suite of technology. As a result, lane departure warning, intelligent emergency brake, and intelligent around-view monitor are just some of the features that come standard on the second facelift Caravan.


title: Nissan Caravan

text: In the Philippines, the facelifted Caravan was introduced on 24 October 2022 as the Urvan. It is offered in five grades: the entry-level 3-seater Cargo (Hi-roof), the mid-grade 18-seater and 15-seater Standard (Normal roof) and the top-spec 15-seater Premium (Hi-roof), the high-end 3-seater GX (Hi-roof) is also available for Customization and Special Purpose configurations. Escapade, Super Elite and Premium S grades were removed from the lineup. For the Philippine market, the Urvan retains the "YD25DDTi" diesel engine mated to a 5-speed manual transmission for all models and 5-speed automatic transmission which is only available for the GX and Premium grades.


title: Trevor Wallace

text: Trevor Wallace (born December 30, 1992) is an American comedian, writer, and actor from Camarillo, California. Wallace is a regular on the YouTube channel All Def Digital and has been featured on Buzzfeed, Unilad, Funny or Die, Super Deluxe, Fusion TV, Worldstar Hip Hop & MTV2.


title: Trevor Wallace

text: He graduated from San Jose State University. During his time at San Jose State University, he was a member of the Delta Upsilon fraternity.


title: Trevor Wallace

text: Wallace's comedy career began when he started making short videos for the hosting platform Vine while attending San Jose State University. He has created several viral comedy videos about the brand Zumiez that have been viewed more than fourteen million times as of 2017. He also created a comedy video about AirPods that was widely viewed. Wallace's May 2019 video about men named Kyle has furthered its appearance in memes relating the name to "angry, Monster Energy-chugging white boys". In July 2019, Wallace released a viral video satirizing drinkers of White Claw Hard Seltzer, along with a line of t-shirts that read "Ain't No Laws When You're Drinking Claws"; the beverage company responded with a cease and desist order.


title: Trevor Wallace

text: As of 2018, Wallace works for All Def Digital, which is based in Los Angeles. He made regular guest appearances on the All Def comedy YouTube series, Great Taste. He also performs stand-up comedy, including at venues such as San Jose Improv, Zanies Comedy Club in Nashville, and Orpheum Theatre in Arizona. Wallace and comedian Michael Blaustein are the co-hosts of the podcast Stiff Socks, which began in 2019.


title: Plover

text: Plovers ( , ) are a widely distributed group of wading birds belonging to the subfamily Charadriinae.


title: Plover

text: There are about 66 species in the subfamily, most of them called "plover" or "dotterel". The closely related lapwing subfamily, Vanellinae, comprises about 20 species.


title: Plover

text: Plovers are found throughout the world, with the exception of the Sahara and the polar regions, and are characterised by relatively short bills. They hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipes do. They feed mainly on insects, worms or other invertebrates, depending on the habitat, which are obtained by a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other wader groups. Plovers engage in false brooding, a type of distraction display. Examples include pretending to change position or to sit on an imaginary nest site.


title: Plover

text: The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) recognizes these 45 species of plovers and dotterels. They are distributed among 10 genera, some of which have only one species.


title: Plover

text: This list is presented according to the IOC taxonomic sequence and can also be sorted alphabetically by common name and binomial.


title: Plover

text: The European golden plover spends summers in Iceland, and in Icelandic folklore, the appearance of the first plover in the country means that spring has arrived. The Icelandic media always covers the first plover sighting.


title: Plover

text: A rare habit of a species that migrates every year to the Ozogoche lagoons, in southern Ecuador, occurs between September and October, when hundreds of plovers (called 'cuvivíes' in that area) swoop down and dive into the icy waters of the lagoons, where they die of hypothermia, a suicidal behavior for which no scientific explanation has been found so far.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: The Asian Highway Network (AH), also known as the Great Asian Highway, is a cooperative project among countries in Asia and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) to improve their connectivity via highway systems. It is one of the three pillars of the Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development (ALTID) project, endorsed by the ESCAP commission at its 48th session in 1992, comprising Asian Highway, Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) and facilitation of land transport projects.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: Agreements have been signed by 32 countries to allow the highway to cross the continent and also reach to Europe. Some of the countries taking part in the highway project are India (Look-East connectivity projects), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Nepal and Bangladesh. Most of the funding comes from the larger, more advanced Asian nations such as China, South Korea and Singapore as well as international agencies such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).


title: Asian Highway Network

text: The project aims to make maximum use of the continent's existing highways to avoid the construction of newer ones, except in cases where missing routes necessitate their construction. "Project Monitor", an Asian infrastructure news website, has commented that "early beneficiaries of the Asian Highway project are the planners within the national land transport department of the participating countries [since] it assists them in planning the most cost-effective and efficient routes to promote domestic and international trade. Non-coastal areas, which are often negligible, are the other beneficiaries."


title: Asian Highway Network

text: However, in the mid-2000s some transportation experts were skeptical about the viability of the project given the economic and political climate in both South and Southeast Asia.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: The AH project was initiated by the United Nations in 1959 with the aim of promoting the development of international road transport in the region. During the first phase of the project (1960–1970) considerable progress was achieved, however, progress slowed down when financial assistance was suspended in 1975.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: ESCAP has conducted several projects in cooperation with AH member countries step by step after the endorsement of ALTID in 1992.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network (IGA) was adopted on November 18, 2003, by the Intergovernmental Meeting; the IGA includes Annex I, which identifies 55 AH routes among 32 member countries totalling approximately 140,000 km (87,500 miles), and Annex II "Classification and Design Standards". During the 60th session of the ESCAP Commission at Shanghai, China, in April 2004, the IGA treaty was signed by 23 countries. By 2013, 29 countries had ratified the agreement.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: The advanced highway network would provide for greater trade and social interactions between Asian countries, including personal contacts, project capitalizations, connections of major container terminals with transportation points, and promotion of tourism via the new roadways.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: According to Om Prakash, ""It's an excellent step taken by ESCAP to gather all the Asian countries under one crown but the problem with this project is political disputes between some countries, notably Pakistan and Myanmar, which is delaying the project"".


title: Asian Highway Network

text: Route AH1 is proposed to extend from Tokyo to the border with Bulgaria (EU) west of Istanbul and Edirne, passing through both Koreas, China and other countries in Southeast, Central and South Asia. The corridor is expected to improve trade links between East Asian countries, India and Russia. To complete the route, existing roads will be upgraded and new roads constructed to link the network. US$25 billion has been spent or committed as of 2007, with additional US$18 billion needed for upgrades and improvements to 26,000 km of highway.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: The project new highway route numbers begin with "AH", standing for ""Asian Highway"", followed by one, two or three digits. Single-digit route numbers from 1 to 9 are assigned to major Asian Highway routes which cross more than one subregion. Two- and three-digit route numbers are assigned to indicate the routes within subregions, including those connecting to neighbouring subregions, and self-contained highway routes within the participating countries. Route numbers are printed in the Latin script and Hindu-Arabic numerals and may simply be added to existing signage, like the E-road network.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: The actual design of the signs has not been standardized, only that the letters and digits are in white or black, but the color, shape and size of the sign being completely flexible. Most examples feature a blue rectangular shield with a white inscription (similar to German Autobahn signage) with further examples of white on green and black on white rectangular shields.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: What is believed to be the first car crossing of the full extent (East to West) of the new Asian Highway was achieved by Britons Richard Meredith and Phil Colley in 2007 driving an Aston Martin.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: Following the AH1 and the AH5 from Tokyo (the Highway grid's furthest point East) to Istanbul (furthest West), they drove a total of 12,089 km (7,511.8 miles) before joining the European motorway network for another 3,259 km (2,025 miles) to London.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: Including ferry trips and customs clearance delays, the journey took 49 days and crossed 18 countries.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: The completed route was verified by Aston Martin and the UN's Asian Commission (UNESCAP) in Bangkok, whose director of transport and tourism Barry Cable confirmed "I can warrant that, to my best knowledge, this was the first car to undertake this journey".


title: Asian Highway Network

text: Eurowatch in London provided independent corroboration by tracking the car's location from satellite position reports and plotting the vehicle's location throughout the journey.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: Meredith, a travel author and veteran of distance-driving events, agreed to make the attempt after attending the Asian Highway Treaty's "coming into force" ceremony in Bangkok on 4 July 2005.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: He was lent an Aston Martin V8 Vantage, which had previously been the personal transport of the company's chief executive Dr Ulrich Bez and recruited Phil Colley, a linguist and travel expert from Kennington, South London, to be his co-driver. The car was shipped out to Tokyo by the company and they set off on 25 June 2007.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: Although the trip was facilitated by UNESCAP through its member nations, there were still extensive problems including enforced detours and interminable customs clearance delays in China, pot-holed roads in Kazakhstan and leaded-only fuel in Uzbekistan. In Tbilisi, Georgia, the journey car crashed after being left on a hillside with its handbrake unsecured.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: When the record-setting car returned, a welcome-home reception was staged by Aston Martin at the Park Lane Hotel in London and Meredith later received a civic award from his home town of Milton Keynes.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: The car was sold at auction in December 2007 by Bonhams and the proceeds donated to UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund. In March 2008, a total collection of €83,000 was presented to UNICEF China for a campaign to reduce child deaths on the roads of Beijing.


title: Asian Highway Network

text: These routes were set up by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as part of an extension to the Asian Highway Network, known as the ASEAN Highway Network.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: Delbert Bryant West Jr. (July 5, 1938 – May 24, 2017), known professionally as Sonny West, was a friend and bodyguard of the singer Elvis Presley along with his cousin Red West for sixteen years, as part of the Elvis entourage at the Elvis Memphis home Graceland, which became known as "The Memphis Mafia".


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: His parents came from Pontotoc, Mississippi, not far from Tupelo, Elvis Presley's hometown. West was one of two sons and five daughters. Both West and Elvis grew up in different lower income projects in Memphis, Tennessee and, although living near to one another, never actually met in childhood. Before and after Elvis' passing, West wrote several books, and made public appearances at Elvis related conventions and gatherings, speaking out about his time working for Presley and their relationship.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: West's cousin, Red West, worked for Elvis as a companion, driver and bodyguard from 1955 onwards. West met Elvis in 1958 at a roller skating rink. After discharge from the U.S. Air Force as an Airman Third Class (E-2), West, working as a washer and dryer repairman, went to work for Elvis as a bodyguard from 1960 to 1976.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: In December 1970, West married his wife Judy Jordan, an actress and an original "Away We Go" girl from "The Jackie Gleason Show", with Elvis as best man, and Priscilla Presley, then wife of Elvis, serving as Matron of Honor.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: In July 1976, Presley bodyguards Sonny West, Red West, and David Hebler were fired by Elvis' father, Vernon Presley, in what was described as a cost-cutting measure, but was rumored to have been caused by concern over Presley's increased intake and dependence on various prescription drugs, and lawsuits against Presley due to security techniques which caused injury to fans.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: On December 21, 1970, Presley, West, and Elvis insider Jerry Schilling were photographed in the White House with Richard Nixon by Ollie Atkins.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: In July 1977, the bodyguards, led by West, called a press conference coinciding with the release of their tell all book with tabloid writer Steve Dunleavy entitled "" which they claimed to be more of a friendly plea to Elvis to change his drug dependent behavior, rather than a mere money making exercise. The book sold over three million copies. Presley died only two weeks after the publication of the memoir, contributing to public interest, and sales of the book. Film clips from the original press conference promoting the book still exist.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: West appeared in several Elvis movies as an extra. During the time West spent in Hollywood with Elvis, West stuck close to the directors and various other members of the movie crews, and learned about the production end of movie making. In the 1960s, West had a few acting roles under his belt, along with stunt work. West appeared in the following productions, sometimes uncredited:


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: West appeared in two Elvis concert documentaries (listed below) while Elvis was alive, and as himself in many Elvis Presley documentaries after Elvis died, in some cases in archival footage. West also gave many print and film interviews to the press.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: West and his wife ran a company which bred Arabian horses. West later designed and made Western jewelry. In 1982, West served as “Chief of Security” for the “Salem Country Gold ‘82” country music tour. West hosted a local Memphis radio show on WMRO. In his later years, West produced and starred in a show called, “Memories of Elvis: An Evening with Sonny West”.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: In April 2012, West was diagnosed with stage 4 cancer of the tonsils, which was successfully treated, but later recurred. He later also suffered from lung cancer, heart trouble, and pneumonia. He was hospitalized in October 2016, and remained there until he died eight months later on May 24, 2017, two months shy of his 79th birthday.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: In a hospital interview in late 2016, West told Inside Edition “I don’t want to leave my family behind, penniless, leave them with nothing. I just want to be back to where I can carry the love I need to carry.” Before his last diagnosis, he said, “I felt good, ambitious, going around the world doing (my Elvis tribute) shows, entertaining people, standing up for hours [with] all my energy and everything.”


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: Medical bills, both his own and due to his wife's breast cancer, forced West to sell off some of his Elvis memorabilia as partial payment, but he and his wife still faced foreclosure and eviction from their home in Hendersonville, Tennessee. His son founded a Gofundme page to try to help.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: West was buried with full military honors in Crestview Memory Gardens in Gallatin, Tennessee. He was survived by his wife, Judy, his son Bryan, his daughter Alana, and his grandson Tristen.


title: Sonny West (actor)

text: Less than two months after Sonny's death, on July 18, 2017, his cousin Red West died at Baptist Hospital in Memphis, aged 81, after suffering an aortic aneurysm.


title: Octuple champion

text: An octuple champion is a boxer who has won major world titles in eight different weight classes. Manny Pacquiao is the only boxer in history to have won twelve major world titles in eight different weight divisions.


title: Octuple champion

text: Pacquiao achieved the feat when he defeated Antonio Margarito via a unanimous decision to win the WBC super welterweight title on November 13, 2010 at the Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas, USA.


title: Octuple champion

text: Nine of his world championships came from the "Big Four" sanctioning bodies (WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO) and three were from "The Ring".


title: Octuple champion

text: He also won the prestigious and coveted lineal championship in five different weight divisions: flyweight, featherweight, super featherweight, light welterweight, and welterweight.


title: Octuple champion

text: The following are the major world titles won by Pacquiao (arranged chronologically). Titles are listed only once per organization per weight class:


title: Nicki Chapman

text: Nicola Chapman, known professionally as Nicki Chapman (born 14 January 1967) is an English television & radio presenter, talent show judge and public relations agent who previously worked in the British pop music industry.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: Chapman was a judge on the ITV reality shows "Popstars", with Nigel Lythgoe and Paul Adam, and "Pop Idol", along with Simon Cowell, Pete Waterman and Neil Fox. She currently hosts "Wanted Down Under", "Escape to the Country" and its spin-offs "I Escaped to the Country", and "Escape to the Continent" as well as "The RHS Chelsea Flower Show". She regularly presents on BBC Radio 2 as a stand-in presenter.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: Chapman was born in Herne Bay in Kent on 14 January 1967. Her mother was a housewife and her father worked for Rank Xerox.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: Chapman worked her way up in the music industry from being Promotions Assistant at MCA records at the age of 21. She later worked at RCA as Head of Promotions where she first met Simon Cowell. She applied for the promotions job and the next day, called and said: "I need to know if you want me, I've been offered another job, but this is the one I really want." Up until the end of 2000 she was a joint partner in the Brilliant! PR company with Nick Godwyn. They managed Billie Piper and Amy Winehouse as well as representing, among others, the Spice Girls, Kylie Minogue, Charlotte Church, Take That, David Bowie, Van Morrison and Phil Collins as well as the PR for the Brit Awards and "The Big Breakfast". Having met and worked with Simon Fuller in the 1990s she joined his management company 19 Entertainment in January 2001 as Creative Director, working with acts including Annie Lennox, Will Young, S Club 7 and the Spice Girls.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: Chapman rose to fame as a judge on the ITV television series "Popstars" and "Pop Idol", together with Nigel Lythgoe and Paul Adam (on "Popstars"), Simon Cowell, Pete Waterman and Dr Fox (on "Pop Idol"). "Pop Idol" was the top rated TV show in the UK for 2001 and 2003 making Chapman a household name. Chapman was known in particular for her compassionate nature towards contestants on the shows, in contrast to many talent shows of the present day. She once claimed that "What I think and what I say have to be different because people don't need to hear my honest thoughts, you can let them down a lot more gently and it takes a lot of courage to stand up there and do an audition".


title: Nicki Chapman

text: She currently works as a presenter and has fronted a number of lifestyle and current affairs programmes for the BBC and ITV including "Holiday", "BBC Breakfast News", "Holidays at Home", "The Morning Show", "Sunday Style", "RHS Chelsea Flower Show", "Castle in the Country", "Escape to the Sun", "City Hospital", "Holiday Ten Best" and others. She presented a series for Sky One called "Made in LA" which investigated behind the scenes of the rich and famous.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: In 2006, Chapman was one of twelve celebrities in the BBC's Sport Relief showjumping programme "Only Fools on Horses". Despite being a novice, and suffering a shoulder injury as a result of falling from her horse during one of the live broadcasts, she came second, voted by the public.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: In May 2007, Chapman co-hosted the live ITV1 celebrity cookery show "Soapstar Superchef" (the spin off from "Soapstar Superstar").


title: Nicki Chapman

text: In October 2008, Chapman joined her fellow ex-"Pop Idol" judges Pete Waterman and Neil Fox on Peter Kay's "Britain's Got the Pop Factor... and Possibly a New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice", a spoof on the talent show genre of programmes.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: In 2009, she appeared as a judge in Disney Channel's "Hannah-Oke" along with Disney's Brad Kavanagh and "Dancing on Ice" judge Jason Gardiner.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: In 2011, as well as filming another series of "Escape to the Country" and "Wanted Down Under", she was heard on BBC Radio 2 sitting in for Vanessa Feltz on the "Early Breakfast Show", which she has continued to do. She also deputised for Janice Long in 2012, Anneka Rice in 2013 and Sara Cox in 2019. Since 2019, she has also deputised for Zoe Ball on the "Breakfast Show". In early 2021, she presented "The Saturday Show" between Graham Norton leaving the station and Claudia Winkleman taking over the slot.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: In November 2014, Chapman hosted "The Imperial Dream" by the Spanish Riding School of Vienna at the Wembley Arena.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: In January 2012, Chapman appeared on "The Talent Show Story", a documentary for ITV about various entertainment and talent shows. She spoke about her time on "Pop Idol" and "Popstars", as well as working with Nigel Lythgoe and Simon Cowell. The show featured interviews from various talent show judges and stars including Kelly Rowland, Dannii Minogue, Amanda Holden, Piers Morgan, Lenny Henry and Les Dennis as well as her former co-judges Pete Waterman and Neil Fox.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: In May 2019 she revealed she had surgery to remove a non-cancerous brain tumour and later made a good recovery.


title: Nicki Chapman

text: She is an ambassador for British Dressage and a supporter of Teenage Cancer Trust, Childline and Nordoff–Robbins music therapy as well as volunteering for Save the Children in her spare time.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Sanjay Gandhi National Park, also known as SGNP, is an protected area in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was established in 1969 with its headquarters situated at Borivali.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The 2400-year-old Kanheri caves, sculpted by monks out of the rocky basaltic cliffs, lie within the park. The rich flora and fauna of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park attract more than 2 million visitors every year.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The area of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park has a long written history dating back to the 4th Century BCE. In Ancient India, Sopara and Kalyan were two ports in its vicinity that traded with ancient civilisations such as Greece and Mesopotamia. The land route between these two ports was partially passing through this forest.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The Kanheri caves, located centrally in the park, were important Buddhist learning centres and pilgrimage sites sculpted by Buddhist monks (using primitive sculpting tools) between the 9th and the 1st centuries BCE. They were chiselled out of a massive basaltic rock outcropping. The monks carved exquisite Buddhist carvings and designs within the caves, and even had properly built spaces designated as kitchens, dining halls, etc, with drainages built alongside the halls.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (formerly called the Bombay Municipal Corporation) acquired the catchment areas of the Tulsi and Vihar lakes and also included land from the government dairy of Aarey under protection. Hence, the "Krishnagiri National Park" was established under the Bombay National Park Act in 1942. At that time, the area of the park was only . The dairy development board began operations near Krishnagiri National Park in 1954, but outside the area of the park. In 1969, of the land of the Aarey Milk Scheme (now known as Aarey Milk Colony) was transferred to the forest department. However, this area was not notified as reserved or within protected forests. In 1976, an area of was officially designated as Borivali National Park.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The "Forest Development Corporation of Maharashtra Limited" (FDCM) Nagpur, sent an official communication to the Regional Manager, FDCM Thane, on 22 July 1980, stating that the of revenue land that was transferred from the Aarey Milk Colony were to be included in the Borivali National Park. The communication also directed that of the revenue land should be used to build a recreational zone, while the remaining will remain a part of the National Park. On 10 October 1980, another communication from the FDCM Nagpur to Thane, directed the latter to declare the area as either reserved or within protected forests to allow the department to have stricter legal control. However, no such declaration was made. The park was further expanded to a total area of in 1981. In 1996, the park was renamed to its current title, Sanjay Gandhi National Park, after Sanjay Gandhi. The same year, some forests from the Thane division were merged into the park, further expanding its total area to .


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park occupies most of the northern suburbs of Mumbai. To the west lie the suburbs of Goregaon, Malad, Kandivali, Borivali and Dahisar. To the east lie the suburbs of Bhandup and Mulund. To the south lies the Aarey Milk Colony and the university campus of IIT Bombay. The northern reaches of this forest lie in Thane city. The park and the areas surrounding it, except Thane city, are all part of Mumbai. It is the only protected forest located within the limits of a city.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The region is hilly with elevations between . The park has two lakes, Vihar Lake and Tulsi Lake, which meet a part of the city's water requirements. The park is said to be the lungs of the city as it purifies much of the air pollution in the city.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park is forestland, with an estimated 800 types of mauve. This flower is native to the park and the surrounding regions, including Karnala, the Yeoor hills, Tungareshwar, and some parts of Goregaon's Film City. The park is also home to a small population of leopards.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park is home to a number of endangered species of flora and fauna. The forest area of the park houses over 1,000 plant species, 251 species of migratory, land, and water birds, 5,000 species of insects, and 40 species of mammals. In addition, the park also provides shelter to 38 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 150 species of butterflies, and a large variety of fish.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Kadamba, teak, karanj, shisham, and species of acacia, ziziphus, euphorbia, flame of the forest, red silk cotton tree, and a number of other varieties of flowers.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The "karvi" (or "karvy") shrub, as it is locally called in the Marathi language, only blooms once in eight years in a mass flowering covering the forest floor in a lavender blush. It grows in abundance in the Western Ghats hills near Mumbai and throughout the Sanjay Gandhi National Park as in other parts of its natural range. In the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, its last blooming occurred in 2016, and it is scheduled to bloom here again in late August-early October 2024. Termed by nature enthusiasts as 'nature's miracle,' the flowers are densest on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on the vast sloping expanses of the hillsides, with the Kanheri caves area of the park being one of the best places to observe large areas of blooms.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: In the state of Maharashtra, the mass flowering of "karvi" has been observed to occur in Mumbai in the same year as in the hill station of Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and Malshej Ghat, beyond Kalyan. Near Mumbai, the "karvi" is also found in Karnala, the Yeoor hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of Goregaon including Film City.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The forest cover in the park helps provide the ideal habitat for many wild animals. Chital (or spotted deer), rhesus macaque and bonnet macaque are some of the wild mammals often spotted inside the park. Other large mammals found in the park include black-naped or Indian hare, muntjac (barking deer), porcupine, Asian palm civet, chevrotain (mouse deer), "Hanuman" or grey langur, Indian flying fox, sambar deer and leopard.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Reptiles living here include crocodiles in the Tulsi Lake, pythons, cobras, monitor lizards, Russell's vipers, bamboo pit viper and Ceylonese cat snakes.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: In 2003, pugmarks and droppings of a Bengal tiger were found in the park. Although the tiger was never widely sighted, it did bring some excitement to city folks as records of tiger being found here are quite old and forgotten now with the last tiger being shot down 80 years earlier in the region. Conservation was also proposed for the interlinked habitat corridors and nearby forest areas in the state along with upgrading their status as tiger habitat.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: A total 172 species of butterflies have been reported here, of which the spectacular ones are blue Mormon, the phenomenal artist of camouflage, blue oak leaf, bright Jezebel and large yellow and white orange tip, tiger butterfly, eggflies and sailers. There are a number of moths too. The largest moth is the size of a sparrow (30 cm).


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Avifauna: Some of the birds found in the park are jungle owlets, golden orioles, racket-tailed drongos, minivets, magpies, robins, hornbills, bulbuls, sunbirds, peacock, and woodpeckers. Migratory and local birds such as the paradise flycatcher and various species of kingfishers, mynas, drongos, swifts, gulls, egrets, and herons have also been spotted.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park has faced a number of problems similar to those faced by national parks elsewhere in the world, involving conflicts between natural and human interests.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: In the early 2000s, a road, as proposed, would have cut through the park. Animal activist Tarun Nayar went to court to halt this project.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The lack of space in Mumbai has pushed residential colonies right up to the park boundary. This boundary is poorly fenced, and wild animals often wander into human habitations. Slums have mushroomed around the park as well. Corruption among local politicians and Mumbai's influential builder lobby are commonly seen as responsible for a perceived shrinking of the park.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: In June 2004, leopards were responsible for the deaths of 20 humans within the span of a week. This was not the first attack: for the past 10 years, there have been attacks attributed to leopards stalking children and adults outside the park fringes. After an outcry was raised and the situation reached alarming proportions, eight leopards were caught and relocated.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The leopard threat still continues in and around the Thane district today, with repeated sightings as well as attacks on pets and humans. On 16 July 2012, a seven-year-old girl was killed in Mulund right outside her home by a leopard. A year later, a 40-year-old woman was attacked and killed by a leopard in Bhiwandi, Thane City, in 2013. Five days later, a 14-year-old shepherd survived a leopard attack in the same region. In 2014, a two-year-old child went missing from Ghoong village in Wada. August 2015 saw four leopard attacks in Thane city. In one incident, a leopard and her cub dragged a one-year-old Rottweiler off.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Unfortunately, Sanjay Gandhi National Park has seen many poachers in recent years. Usually, leopards are attacked. In many cases, these animals have been poisoned, and claws or other valuable body parts were cut off and presumed sold. Poaching could soon wipe out Mumbai's leopard population.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: During the summer and any time before the monsoon, fires burn in the park, at least once every two weeks. This has resulted in the loss of rare trees and habitats for wild animals. The locals are often suspected of burning the trees on some of the outskirts of the forest to build homes there.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Sanjay Gandhi National Park is said to be one of the most visited national parks in Asia. According to estimates, around 2 million visitors visit this park annually. Collection at the gates in November 2004 touched .


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The Krishnagiri Upavan is an area of approximately reserved as an easily accessible public recreation zone inside the park, while access to the remaining area is restricted. Among the several attractions of the Krishnagiri Upavan is a mini-zoo, a crocodile park, and the lion and tiger safaris through the natural habitats of these animals. A narrow-gauge train travels around the tourist zone, showcasing parts of the forest's rich biodiversity. Boating facilities such as two-person, pedal-powered boats are available for a nominal fee. Two watchtowers afford panoramic views of the park.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Hundreds of thousands of visitors travel to the Kanheri Caves, especially during festivals such as Maha Shivaratri. Nature trails and treks are also popular. Rock climbing enthusiasts often visit the national park as the numerous rock faces there and at the Kanheri Caves offer opportunities for rock climbers. There are many smaller parks within the national park with flower gardens, mini-waterfalls, resting spots, sunrise/sunset views, the occasional deer, and the misty boating lake.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park also features a "toy train" that runs on a narrow gauge railway. Named "Van Rani", which means "jungle queen," it was operational for about twenty-five years before it was discontinued in 2001 because of the poor condition of the track. The circuitous route covers a distance. However, in 2004, fresh bids were announced for the repair of the track, which was estimated to cost around . The tracks were repaired, and the train was restarted. It offers a 15-minute ride along the foothills of the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial at Pavilion Hill traverses a couple of bridges and tunnels and passes over the Deer Park.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Boating services are available near the "Van Rani" starting point with 2- and 4-seater pedalos for sailing in the small lake, which has a view bridge where visitors can stand and watch the boats in the water.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Main attractions of the park are lion and tiger safaris for encouraging eco-tourism. The lion safari is a 20-minute ride through a fenced forest area in one of the park's green buses. The park is home to an estimated 25 lions and lionesses, of which only 2 can be safely seen at close range from the caged buses. The remaining 23 have been relocated or placed in fenced areas far away from the roads used by the green buses. During visiting hours, some of the resident lions are let out into the enclosure and can be viewed from the safety of the bus. There are 4 tigers that are kept semi-confined in a fenced area that is toured by the buses. A high and long protective fencing surrounds the area. This is done so that all visitors can safely view lions and tigers in their natural habitat. Here the visitors are caged in the bus so the big cats can roam like in the wild. Two other tigers roam in a much larger area. There are many claims that these tigers and lions are tranquilized in the interests of tourism.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: There are a number of public walking trails in the national park. The popular "Ashok Van" trail winds through thick forest to a dense cluster of Ashoka trees that are a welcome halfway resting spot. The return journey is usually via the "Gaumukh" trail that leads to an open volcanic rock face and ends at the Kanheri caves. A more challenging route is called the 'View Point' trail and leads to the highest point in Mumbai, which affords a panoramic view of the city and its three lakes – Tulsi Lake, Vihar Lake and Powai Lake. New jungle trails at Sanjay Gandhi National Park allow visitors to see the more unexplored parts of the park for a nominal fee. They are the "Shilonda Trail", the "Malad Trail", and the "Yeoor Trail". The Nagla Forest Block Trail is a famous trail which ends in the mangroves of the Vasai Creek, and is home to many bird species.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Local conservation NGOs such as the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and World Wildlife Fund for Nature-India (WWF-India) bring groups of urban residents from Mumbai and elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organisations, for regular guided nature education walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National Park and organise special trips when the rare "karvi" (Strobilanthes callosa) flowers are in full bloom which only happens once every eight years.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: In the forest, there is a famous Jain temple called "Trimurti" (meaning "three idols") or "Trimurti Digambar Jain Mandir". This temple is widely visited by Digambar sect of the Jain community. It has three huge idols of Lord Adinath and his two sons, Lord Bahubali and Lord Bharata. The statue of Rishabhanatha is in height and the tallest of all the three; on either side are the statues of Bharata and Bahubali, each being . There is a "kirti stambh" (literally meaning "pillar of glory") also present here. Many "muni maharaj" (Jain saints) often stay here and preach to their followers before moving on.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The Kanheri Caves are a protected archaeological site at . The caves were sculpted by Buddhist residents around the 1st century BCE. The area was a settlement that once served as inns for travelers. The word "Kanheri" comes from the Sanskrit word "Krishnagiri" which means "black mountain".


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Seven Buddhist caves older than the Kanheri Caves have been discovered very recently. Detailed exploration and documentation is awaited from The Archaeological Survey of India.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park's main entrance is located in the northern Mumbai suburb of Borivali, east of Borivali railway station, which is connected by road and rail to Mumbai and Maharashtra. The Western Express Highway (NH 8) passes by the park entrance. Buses are available on holidays and Sundays from Mumbai to the park. Also, chartered vehicles can be hired for groups to visit the park.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The park is accessible from the eastern side as well, through Mulund (Vasant Garden) and through Thane from two locations – Yeoor and Tikuji-Ni-Wadi, near the Nature Center.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The nearest airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport at Santa Cruz from the park. The nearest railway stations are Borivali and Goregaon on Western line (Mumbai Suburban Railway), which are connected to Churchgate railway station & also Mulund and Thane on the Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway), which are connected to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: The main gates open at 7.30 a.m. and close at 5.30 p.m. The park also provides monthly and yearly passes for morning walks. The access timing for pass-holders is 5.00 a.m. to 7.30 a.m. only, and personal transport vehicles are allowed within the park to the Kanheri Caves by paying a nominal amount at the main gate.


title: Sanjay Gandhi National Park

text: Kasambe, R. (2012): Butterfly fauna of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and Mumbai. Bionotes. 14 (3): 76–80


title: Nim's Island

text: Nim's Island is a 2008 adventure film written and directed by Jennifer Flackett and Mark Levin, and based on the children's story of the same name by Wendy Orr. A young girl alone on a remote island seeks help from an agoraphobic San Franciscan author. While the author attempts to overcome her agoraphobia to search for her, Nim tries to overcome her fear of losing her father. It stars Abigail Breslin, Jodie Foster, and Gerard Butler, and was released on 4 April 2008 by 20th Century Fox. The film received mixed reviews from critics and earned $100.1 million on a $37 million budget.


title: Nim's Island

text: 11-year-old Nim (Abigail Breslin) lives with her widower marine biologist father Jack Rusoe (Gerard Butler) on a South Pacific island. Jack has told Nim that her mother Emily died when she was swallowed by a blue whale after it was scared by a ship called "The Buccaneer". Nim has several native animals for company: Selkie the sea lion, Fred the bearded dragon, Chica the sea turtle, and Galileo the pelican.


title: Nim's Island

text: Jack takes the boat for a two-day scientific mission to find "Protozoa nim", a new species of plankton he has named after her. He wants to take Nim along but she convinces him she can manage on her own and must stay to oversee the imminent hatching of Chica's eggs. They will be able to communicate by satellite phone.


title: Nim's Island

text: Nim is fond of "Alex Rover" adventure books written by Alexandra Rover (Jodie Foster). Nim receives an email addressed to her father from "Alex Rover" enquiring about Jack's field of knowledge. She imagines it is from the explorer but is actually from the author. The author, in turn, is a neurotic agoraphobe who imagines she is speaking to her fictional hero Alex Rover (also portrayed by Butler). An email conversation follows.


title: Nim's Island

text: Jack’s sailboat has a problem in a cyclone and cannot return on the planned day, nor communicate with Nim. Galileo brings Jack things he needs to fix his ship as sharks begin to circle. Nim tells Alex her father has not returned as planned but she feels powerless to help, given that she can hardly even open her own door.


title: Nim's Island

text: The island is visited by uncouth tourists who Nim believes to be pirates, as the name of their cruise liner is "The Buccaneer." She attempts to make the island unattractive to them by catapulting lizards to shore, and by making a fire in the crater of the volcano and rolling boulders down the slopes to make it appear to be erupting. In so doing she inadvertently triggers an actual eruption. The tourists scramble for the boats. One of them, a boy, Edmund, sees and catches up with Nim. He is confused by her presence and she tells him she lives on the island. He tells the others, but no one believes him.


title: Nim's Island

text: Meanwhile, Alexandra's visions of her character Alex Rover help her to overcome her agoraphobia in order to travel to the island to rescue Nim. Nim, expecting "Alex" (the fictional male character), at first rejects Alexandra, but later relents and they share a meal.


title: Nim's Island

text: The next day, Nim starts to cry, reasoning that if her ever-successful father were still alive he would be back already. Luckily, Jack reaches the island windsurfing on a makeshift catamaran. Jack and Alex meet and begin to get to know each other (Alex amazed at Jack being just as she imagined her fictional character). The film ends with everyone playing on the beach, using a coconut as a ball.


title: Nim's Island

text: Shooting took place on Hinchinbrook Island, off the northeast coast of Queensland, Australia over three weeks and ended in October 2007.


title: Nim's Island

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 51% of 104 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.7/10. The site's consensus reads: "Despite good intentions, "Nim's Island" flounders under an implausible storyline, simplistic stock characters, and distracting product placement." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 55 out of 100 based on 24 reviews. In its opening weekend, "Nim's Island" grossed $13.3 million in 3,513 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #2 at the box office behind "21". The film had a US box office gross of $48 million and a foreign gross of $52 million, for a total gross of $100 million worldwide. The film was nominated by the Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture.


title: Nim's Island

text: "Nim's Island" was released on DVD on 5 August 2008. It opened at #1 at the DVD sales chart, selling 466,326 DVD units and earning $8.4 million. As per the latest figures, 1,013,100 DVD units have been sold, grossing $21.4 million in the US.


title: Nim's Island

text: The score to "Nim's Island" was composed by award-winning composer Patrick Doyle. He recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Sony Scoring Stage during the week of 3 February 2008. This marked the first time in a decade that he recorded a score in Los Angeles.


title: Nim's Island

text: A sequel, "Return to Nim's Island", was released theatrically in Australia on 4 April 2013 in 77 screens with an opening weekend box office take of AUS$176,848. It aired on the Hallmark Channel on 15 March in the U.S. and was released on DVD 19 March 2013, exclusively to Wal-Mart, and two days later on 21 March worldwide. Box Office Mojo reports AUS$1.1 million in revenues overall.


title: Nim's Island

text: Bindi Irwin replaced Abigail Breslin as Nim Rusoe, Toby Wallace replaced Maddison Joyce as Edmund, and Matthew Lillard replaced Gerard Butler as Jack Rusoe, Nim's father.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: Tarrytown is a village in the town of Greenburgh in Westchester County, New York. It is located on the eastern bank of the Hudson River, approximately north of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, and is served by a stop on the Metro-North Hudson Line. To the north of Tarrytown is the village of Sleepy Hollow (formerly "North Tarrytown"), to the south the village of Irvington and to the east unincorporated parts of Greenburgh. The Tappan Zee Bridge crosses the Hudson at Tarrytown, carrying the New York State Thruway (Interstates 87 and 287) to South Nyack, Rockland County and points in Upstate New York. The population was 11,860 at the 2020 census.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: The Native American Weckquaesgeek tribe, who were closely related to the Wappinger Confederacy and further related to the Mohicans, lived in the area prior to European settlement. They fished the Hudson River for shad, oysters and other shellfish. Their principal settlement was at what is now the foot of Church Street near the Hudson River shore, between the current location of Losee Park and the Tappan Zee Bridge, at a place they called "Alipconk", or the "Place of Elms".


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: The first European settlers of Tarrytown were Dutch farmers, fur trappers, and fishermen. Records show that the first Dutch residence in Tarrytown was built in 1645; however, the exact location of this residence is not known. Tarrytown sits within the lands of the former Dutch Colony of New Netherland which became English territory in 1674 with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster. The name may come from the Dutch "tarwe", meaning "wheat".


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: In 1780, in a famous Revolutionary War incident, Major John André was arrested as a spy in Tarrytown, which exposed the plans of his associate Benedict Arnold. André, a British army officer, was traveling south through the village on the Albany Post Road when he was stopped and searched by three local militiamen. When suspicious papers were found in his boot, he was arrested as a spy, later convicted, and hanged. A circumstantial account of André's capture by militiamen David Williams, John Paulding, and Isaac Van Wart was written in 1903 by the owner and publisher of the "Tarrytown Argus", Marcius D. Raymond.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: The writer Washington Irving described Tarrytown in "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820). Irving began his story, "In the bosom of one of those spacious coves which indent the eastern shore of the Hudson, at that broad expansion of the river denominated by the ancient Dutch navigators of the Tappan Zee, and where they always prudently shortened sail and implored the protection of St. Nicholas when they crossed, there lies a small market town or rural port which by some is called Greenburgh, but which is more generally and properly known by the name of Tarry Town." The Underground Railroad ran through Tarrytown prior to the end of the U.S. Civil War.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: Tarrytown later became a favorite residence for many rich New Yorkers, including John D. Rockefeller, who first moved to Tarrytown in 1893. Kykuit, Rockefeller's elaborate mansion, was completed in 1906. In 1914, Kykuit became the site of numerous labor protests by radical anarchists, which protests were broken up by police in a series of violent clashes. Kykuit was the intended target of at least two bombing attacks planned by anarchists associated with the radical journalists Alexander Berkman and Luigi Galleani.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: On November 19, 1915, a powerful dynamite bomb was discovered at Cedar Cliff, the Tarrytown estate of John D. Archbold, President of the Standard Oil Company. Police theorized the bomb was planted by anarchists and Industrial Workers of the World radicals as a protest against the execution of IWW member Joe Hill in Salt Lake City. The bomb was discovered by a gardener, John Walquist, who found four sticks of dynamite, weighing a pound each, half hidden in a rut in a driveway 50 feet from the front entrance of the residence. The dynamite sticks were bound together by a length of wire, fitted with percussion caps, and wrapped with a piece of paper matching the color of the driveway, a path used by Archbold when going to or from his home by automobile. The bomb was later defused by police.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: The Christ Episcopal Church, First Baptist Church of Tarrytown, Foster Memorial AME Zion Church, Washington Irving High School, North Grove Street Historic District, Patriot's Park, and Tarrytown Music Hall are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Lyndhurst and Sunnyside are listed as National Historic Landmarks.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: The General Motors car manufacturing plant North Tarrytown Assembly was located in North Tarrytown until 1996. Today's Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line runs through the abandoned property.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: Sleepy Hollow Mayor Philip Zegarelli, in March 2007, met with Tarrytown Mayor Drew Fixell and district superintendent Howard Smith to discuss forming a blue-ribbon panel that would explore the pros and cons of an intermunicipal agreement. The two villages have shared a school district for 55 years. The villages already shared some services, as well, to lower their expenses, but the greatest reductions, especially in school and property taxes, would come from merging the two villages. However, each village has its own assessment roll. Zegarelli, who led an unsuccessful attempt in the mid-1970s to disaffiliate Sleepy Hollow from the town of Mount Pleasant, continues to advocate for secession – Sleepy Hollow from Mount Pleasant and Tarrytown from Greenburgh – as another way to save money. "If the idea is to save money, why have two levels of government?" he asked. The town of Mount Pleasant blocked Sleepy Hollow's effort to secede, largely because it did not want to lose tax revenue from General Motors, Zegarelli said.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: In 2014, Tarrytown was ranked second in the list of the top 10 places to live in New York, according to the national online real estate brokerage Movoto.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which is land and (47.54%) is water.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 11,090 people, 4,533 households, and 2,765 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,724.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,436.9/km). There were 4,688 housing units at an average density of 1,574.5 per square mile (607.4/km). The racial makeup of the village was 77.44% White, 7.04% African American, 0.22% Native American, 6.49% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 5.29% from other races, and 3.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.17% of the population.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: There were 4,533 households, out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.5% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.95. In the village, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 34.8% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.8 males. The median income for a household in the village was $68,762, and the median income for a family was $82,445. Males had a median income of $61,699 versus $41,054 for females. The per capita income for the village was $39,472. About 1.8% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: Tarrytown has access to highways I-87 and I-287, and is the site of the eastern end of the New York State Thruway's Tappan Zee Bridge. I-87 continues south to New York City, while I-287 heads east across Westchester to link up with the Saw Mill River Parkway, the Taconic State Parkway, the Sprain Brook Parkway, the Merritt Parkway/Hutchinson River Parkway and I-95.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: Tarrytown railway station is served by Metro-North Railroad commuter service. Metro-North trains go to New York City's Grand Central Terminal, and also go as far north as Poughkeepsie. Tarrytown is a major stop on the Hudson Line due to a large number of commuters crossing the Tappan Zee Bridge from Rockland County to catch express service to Manhattan.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: Tarrytown was home to Marymount College, an independent women's college established in 1907. Amid financial struggle, Marymount was taken over by Fordham University in 2002, but the effort was unsuccessful: the last graduates of "Marymount College of Fordham University" received diplomas in 2007. The historic hilltop campus was sold to the Swiss firm EF and became a branch of its foreign exchange secondary school, the EF International Academy.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: Local public schools are operated in concert with the neighboring village of Sleepy Hollow. A joint association, Public Schools of the Tarrytowns, supervises four separate K-8 schools, as well as Sleepy Hollow High School. A Roman Catholic elementary, the Transfiguration School, was established in 1949 and is maintained by the local parish.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: Tarrytown is also home to the Hackley School, a private K–12 college preparatory. Situated on Castle Ridge, the school first opened in 1899.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: The Westchester Library System has its headquarters just outside Tarrytown in an unincorporated area of Greenburgh.


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: In 2018 Brooke Lea Foster of "The New York Times" stated that it was one of several "Rivertowns" in New York State, which she described as among the "least suburban of suburbs, each one celebrated by buyers there for its culture and hip factor, as much as the housing stock and sophisticated post-city life." Of those, Foster stated that Irvington was "the most charming".


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: Tarrytown's churches (many of which are located on Broadway, the village's largest thoroughfare) cover all major denominations. Tarrytown is served by Episcopalian, Baptist, Catholic, Christian Science, Methodist, Reformed, and Korean churches. The Foster Memorial AME Zion Church on Wildey Street is the oldest black church in Westchester County. Tarrytown's single largest religious denomination is Roman Catholicism, with over 60% of residents of Tarrytown and Sleepy Hollow identifying as Catholics. Three Roman Catholic churches (Church of the Transfiguration, Immaculate Conception Church, and St. Theresa's) serve the community's Catholics and provide numerous social services including the Transfiguration School. Tarrytown is also the home of the motherhouse of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary, a Catholic woman's religious order that founded and staffed the now-defunct Marymount College (now EF School).


title: Tarrytown, New York

text: Tarrytown also has a large Jewish community, which encompasses all major denominations. Temple Beth Abraham, located on Leroy Avenue, services both the Reform and Conservative communities. The DoubleTree Inn features a Glatt Kosher kitchen, as well as an Orthodox prayer service (minyan) on the Jewish sabbath (Shabbat). The local Jewish Community Center, JCC on the Hudson, features family programs, camps, and educational opportunities from a non-denominational approach.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Dorchester (colloquially referred to as Dot) is a Boston neighborhood comprising more than in the City of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Originally, Dorchester was a separate town, founded by Puritans who emigrated in 1630 from Dorchester, Dorset, England, to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. This dissolved municipality, Boston's largest neighborhood by far, is often divided by city planners in order to create two planning areas roughly equivalent in size and population to other Boston neighborhoods.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The neighborhood is named after the town of Dorchester in the English county of Dorset, from which Puritans emigrated on the ship "Mary and John", among others.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Founded in 1630, just a few months before the founding of the city of Boston, Dorchester now covers a geographic area approximately equivalent to nearby Cambridge. It was still a primarily rural town and had a population of 12,000 when it was annexed to Boston in 1870. Railroad and streetcar lines brought rapid growth, increasing the population to 150,000 by 1920. In the 2010 United States Census, the neighborhood's population was 92,115.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The Dorchester neighborhood has a very diverse population, which includes a large concentration of African Americans, European Americans (particularly those of Irish, German, Italian, and Polish origin), Caribbean Americans, Latinos, and East and Southeast Asian Americans. Dorchester also has a significant LGBT population, with active political groups and the largest concentration of same-sex couples in Boston after the neighborhoods of South End and Jamaica Plain. Most of the people over the age of 25 have completed high school or obtained a GED.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Prior to European colonization, the region around Dorchester was inhabited by the indigenous Massachusett. They lived in settlements established alongside the Neponset River estuary, which was a plentiful source of fish, including trout; they also gathered shellfish from the riverbed, and hunted beaver and deer. They established farms in nearby hills. During the initial period of colonization of the region by Puritan settlers, the Massachusett suffered a rapid decline in population due to the introduction of foreign infectious diseases to which they had no immunity.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The Massachusett "sachem", Chickatawbut, negotiated land treaties with the Puritan settlers before dying of smallpox in 1633. His brother, Cutshamekin, who succeeded him, deeded further land to the settlers. The remaining Massachusett in the region, including Cutshamekin, accepted some Christianity to become Praying Indians and settled in the town of Natick, likely as a means of survival.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1626 David Thompson settled his family on Thompson Island in what is now Dorchester before Boston's Puritan migration wave began in 1630. May 30, 1630, Captain Squib of the ship "Mary and John" entered Boston Harbor and on June 17, 1630, landed a boat with eight men on the Dorchester shore, at what was then a narrow peninsula known as Mattapan or Mattaponnock. Today it is known as Columbia Point (more popularly since 1984 as Harbor Point). Those aboard the ship who founded the town included William Phelps, Roger Ludlowe, John Mason, John Maverick, Nicholas Upsall, Capt. Roger Fyler, William Gaylord, Henry Wolcott, and other men who would become prominent in the founding of a new nation. The original settlement founded in 1630 was at what is now the intersection of Columbia Road and Massachusetts Avenue. (Even though Dorchester was annexed over 100 years ago into the city of Boston, residents still annually celebrate the founding on Dorchester Day, which includes festivities and a parade down Dorchester Avenue).


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Most of the early Dorchester settlers came from the English West Country, and some from Dorchester, Dorset, where the Rev. John White was chief proponent of a Puritan settlement in the Americas. The town was centered on the First Parish Church of Dorchester. It is now operated as the Unitarian-Universalist church on Meeting House Hill and is the oldest religious organization in present-day Boston.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: On October 8, 1633, the first Town Meeting in the United States was held in Dorchester. Today, each October 8 is celebrated as Town Meeting Day in Massachusetts. Dorchester is the birthplace of the first public elementary school in America, the Mather School, established in 1639. The school still stands as the oldest elementary school in the United States. In 1634 Israel Stoughton built one of the earliest grist mills in America on the Neponset River, and Richard Callicott founded a trading post nearby. In 1641, Dorcas ye blackmore, an enslaved servant to Israel Stoughton, was the first recorded African American to join a church in New England. She served as an evangelist to Stoughton's Native American servants, and the First Parish Church of Dorchester attempted to help Dorcas gain her freedom.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1649, Puritan missionaries, including John Eliot, began a campaign to convert the Indigenous people in Dorchester to Christianity with the help of Cockenoe and John Sassamon, two Indian servants in Dorchester. Eliot was given land by the town of Dorchester for his mission, where he established a church and school.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The James Blake House, oldest surviving home in the city of Boston, is located at Edward Everett Square. This is the historic intersection of Columbia Road, Boston Street, and Massachusetts Avenue, a few blocks from the Dorchester Historical Society. The Blake House was constructed in 1661, as was confirmed by dendrochronology in 2007.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1695, a party was dispatched to found the town of Dorchester, South Carolina. It lasted a half-century before being abandoned.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1765, chocolate was first introduced in the American colonies when Irish chocolate maker John Hannon (or alternatively spelled "Hannan" in some sources) imported beans from the West Indies and refined them in Dorchester, working with Dr. James Baker, an American physician and investor. They soon opened America's first chocolate mill and factory in the Lower Mills section of Dorchester on the Neponset River. The Walter Baker Chocolate Factory, part of Walter Baker & Company, operated until 1965.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Before the American Revolution, "The Sons of Liberty met in August 1769 at the Lemuel Robinson Tavern, which stood on the east side of the upper road (Washington St.) near the present Fuller Street. Lemuel Robinson was a representative of the town during the Revolution and was appointed a colonel in the Revolutionary army." Dorchester (in a part of what is now South Boston) was also the site of the Battle of Dorchester Heights in 1776, which eventually resulted in the British evacuating Boston.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In Victorian times, Dorchester became a popular country retreat for Boston elite. It developed into a bedroom community, easily accessible to the city by streetcar. The mother and grandparents of John F. Kennedy lived in the Ashmont Hill neighborhood while his grandfather John F. "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald was mayor of Boston.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: American poet Oliver Wendell Holmes, wrote a poem called "The Dorchester Giant" in 1830, and referred to the special kind of stone, "Roxbury puddingstone", also quarried in Dorchester, which was used to build churches in the Boston area. Most notable of these is the Central Congregational Church (later called the Church of the Covenant) in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1845, the Old Colony Railroad ran through the area and connected Boston and Plymouth, Massachusetts. The station was originally called Crescent Avenue or Crescent Avenue Depot as an Old Colony Railroad station. The name was changed to Columbia until December 1, 1982, and then again changed to JFK/UMASS. It is a Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority rail line station for both the Red Line subway and the Plymouth/Kingston, Middleborough/Lakeville and Greenbush commuter rail lines.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In the 1840s and 1850s, a new wave of development took place on a strip of waterfront overlooking Dorchester Bay (Park and Mill Streets at the Harrison Square Historic District, later known as Clam Point.) Renowned architects who had contributed to one of the most significant and intact collections of Clam Point's Italianate mansards include Luther Briggs, John A. Fox, and Mary E. Noyes. By the 1890s, Clam Point gained prominence as a summer resort: the Russell House hotel was its centerpiece and the Dorchester Yacht Club was established on Freeport Street.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In the 1880s, the calf pasture on Columbia Point was developed for a Boston sewer line and pumping station. This large pumping station still stands. In its time it was a model for treating sewage and helping to promote cleaner and healthier urban living conditions. It pumped waste to a remote treatment facility on Moon Island in Boston Harbor, and served as a model for other systems worldwide. This system was operated as the Boston Sewer system's headworks, handling all of the city's sewage, until 1968, when a new treatment facility was built on Deer Island. The pumping station is architecturally significant as a Richardsonian Romanesque designed by then Boston city architect, George Clough, then architect for the city of Boston. The only remaining 19th-century building on Columbia Point, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In the history of the United Kingdom, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. Its later half overlaps with the first part of the Belle Époque era of Continental Europe.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Dorchester was annexed by Boston in pieces beginning on March 6, 1804, and ending with complete annexation to the city of Boston after a plebiscite was held in Boston and Dorchester on June 22, 1869. As a result, Dorchester officially became part of Boston on January 3, 1870. This is the historic reason that Dorchester Heights is today considered part of South Boston, not modern-day Dorchester, since it was part of the earliest cession of Dorchester to Boston in 1804. Additional parts of Dorchester were ceded to Quincy (in 1792, 1814, 1819, and 1855). Portions of the original town of Dorchester developed as the separate towns of Hyde Park (1868 and later annexed to Boston in 1912), Milton (1662), and Stoughton (1726, itself later subdivided).


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1895, Frederick Law Olmsted, architect of the Boston Public Garden/Emerald Necklace and Central Park in New York City, was commissioned to create Dorchester Park. It was intended as an urban forest for the residents of a growing Dorchester.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1904, the Dorchester Historical Society incorporated "Dorchester Day", which commemorated the settlement of Dorchester in 1630. Celebrated annually, Dorchester Day is a tableau of community events, highlighted by such activities as the Landing Day Observance, the Dorchester Day Parade along Dorchester Avenue the first Sunday in June, and the Community Banquet.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Dorchester was a site for community activism related to diverse issues. The first racially integrated neighborhood developed on Jones Hill. One of the residents of that neighborhood, William Monroe Trotter, with W.E.B. Du Bois, helped to found the Niagara Movement, the precursor of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Many leading suffragettes also lived in Dorchester, including Lucy Stone.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In the early 20th century, Dorchester received numerous Catholic immigrants from a variety of nations, such as Ireland, French Canada, Poland, and Italy, as well as mostly Protestant African Americans from the South who were part of the Great Migration to northern industrial cities. Numerous three decker apartment buildings were built in Dorchester to house the many industrial workers.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In the early 1950s, Dorchester became a center of civil rights activism by African Americans. Martin Luther King Jr. lived there for much of the time he attended Boston University for his PhD.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: "With Boston's Baptist community riveted by his preaching and Coretta [Scott King] at his side, King's circle grew. The Dorchester apartment drew friends and followers like a magnet, according to [friend and roommate John] Bustamante, with 'untold numbers of visitors coming from the other schools.' The roommates housed and fed the visitors, who would join in civil rights discussions."


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: During the 1960s–1980s, the ethnic landscape of Dorchester changed dramatically. The established descendants of early 20th-century Jewish, Italian, and Irish immigrants generally moved to newer housing, and new African, Asian, and Caribbean immigrants and their descendants settled here in a succession of ethnicities.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The first community health center in the United States was the Columbia Point Health Center in Dorchester. It was opened in December 1965 and served mostly the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it. It was founded by two medical doctors, Jack Geiger, who had been on the faculty of Harvard University and later at Tufts University, and Count Gibson from Tufts University.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Geiger had previously studied the first community health centers and the principles of Community Oriented Primary Care with Sidney Kark and colleagues while serving as a medical student in rural Natal, South Africa. The Columbia Point Health Center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1974, the University of Massachusetts Boston moved from Park Square in downtown Boston to Columbia Point in Dorchester. In 1982, Boston State College was incorporated into UMass Boston. Since the 1970s, UMass Boston has expanded substantially, including building a new campus center in 2004 and a new science center in 2015. It has also hosted numerous important social and civic events. In 2000, for example, the university hosted a presidential candidates’ debate between George W. Bush and Al Gore.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1977, after an unsuccessful bid to have the John F. Kennedy Library located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, close to the late president's alma mater Harvard University, it was sited at the tip of Columbia Point and ground was broken. Designed by architect I. M. Pei, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum was dedicated on October 20, 1979.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: During the 1990s, the city administration increased police presence and invested city money into the area for more street lighting.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: On March 30, 2015, the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate was dedicated by President Barack Obama. The Institute opened to the public on March 31, 2015.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Dorchester is located south of downtown Boston and is surrounded by the neighborhoods of South Boston, Roxbury, Jamaica Plain, Hyde Park and South End, the city of Quincy and the town of Milton. The Neponset River separates Dorchester from Quincy and Milton. According to the U.S. Postal Service, Dorchester includes the ZIP codes 02121, 02122, 02124, and 02125.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Dorchester is Boston's largest and most populous neighborhood and comprises many smaller sections and squares. Due to its size of about , it is often divided for statistical purposes into North and South Dorchester. North Dorchester includes the portion north of Quincy, East and Freeport streets. The main business district in this part of Dorchester is Uphams Corner, at the intersection of Dudley Street and Columbia Road.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: South Dorchester is bordered to the east by Dorchester Bay and to the south by the Neponset River. The main business districts in this part of Dorchester are Fields Corner, at the intersection of Dorchester Avenue and Adams Street, and Codman Square, at the intersection of Washington Street and Talbot Avenue. Adjacent to Fields Corner is the Harrison Square Historic District, also known as Clam Point. It is notable for its collection of substantial Italianate Mansard residences.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Dorchester Avenue is the major neighborhood spine, running in a south–north line through all of Dorchester from Lower Mills to downtown Boston. The southern part of Dorchester is primarily a residential area, with established neighborhoods still defined by parishes, and occupied by families for generations. The northern part of Dorchester is more urban, with a greater amount of apartment housing and industrial parks. South Bay and Newmarket industrial area are major sources of employment.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The Harbor Point area (formerly known as Columbia Point) is home of several large employers, including the Boston campus of the University of Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum, the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, and the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Distinct commercial districts include Bowdoin/Geneva, Fields Corner, Codman Square, Peabody Square, Adams Village and Lower Mills. Primarily residential areas include Savin Hill, Jones Hill, Four Corners, Franklin Field, Franklin Hill, Ashmont, Meeting House Hill, Neponset, Popes Hill and Port Norfolk.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Up until the 1960s, the Blue Hill Avenue part of Dorchester from Roxbury to Mattapan was primarily composed of Jewish Americans whose ancestors had immigrated from eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Neponset neighborhood was primarily Irish-American, most of whom were Catholic.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: During the 1920s–1960s, many African Americans moved from the South to the North during the Great Migration and settled on Blue Hill Avenue and nearby sections. While some Jewish-Americans were moving "up and out" to the suburbs, certain Boston banks and real estate companies developed a blockbusting plan for the area. The Blue Hill Avenue area was "redlined" so that only the newly arriving African Americans would receive mortgages for housing in that section. "White flight" was prevalent.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: After changes to US immigration law in 1965, Dorchester received new waves of migrants from Puerto Rico, and immigrants from the Caribbean and Central America, such as Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. Immigrants also came from Cape Verde and Vietnam, as well as other Latin American, Asian, and African nations. Dorchester also continued to receive immigrants from Northern European countries such as Ireland, Germany and Poland. Dorchester became more diverse than at any point in its long history, with many nationalities represented here. These immigrants have helped revive the economy of the neighborhood by opening ethnic stores and restaurants.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The sections of Dorchester have distinct ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic compositions. The eastern areas of Dorchester (especially between Adams Street and Dorchester Bay) are primarily ethnic European and Asian, with a large population of Irish Americans and Vietnamese Americans. Residents of the western, central and parts of the southern sections of the neighborhood are predominantly African American. In Neponset, the southeast corner of the neighborhood, as well as parts of Savin Hill in the north and Cedar Grove in the south, Irish Americans maintain the most visible identity. In the northern section of Dorchester and southwestern section of South Boston is the Polish Triangle, where recent Polish immigrants are residents. Savin Hill, as well as Fields Corner, have large Vietnamese-American populations. Uphams Corner contains a Cape Verdean-American community, the largest concentration of people of Cape Verdean origin within Boston city limits. Western, central and parts of southern Dorchester have a large Caribbean population (especially people from Haiti, Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago). They are most strongly represented in the Codman Square, Franklin Field and the Ashmont area, although there are also significant numbers in Four Corners and Fields Corner. Significant numbers of African Americans live in the Harbor Point, Uphams Corner, Fields Corner, Four Corners and Franklin Field areas. In recent years Dorchester has also seen an influx of young residents, gay men and women, and working artists (in areas like Lower Mills, Ashmont Hill/Peabody Square, and Savin Hill).


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The American Community Survey (ACS) for Dorchester, from 2007 to 2011, estimates the total population is 113,975 people. Slightly more than half are female, 52.6% or 59,914 and 47.4% or 54,061 are male.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In Dorchester, 68.4% or 77,980 of the residents are native born and 31.6% or 35,995 people are foreign born, of which 50.1% or 18,024 are not U.S. citizens. The largest racial group in the neighborhood is Black or African-American with 49,612 people or 43.05% of the population. People who self-identify as white represent 26,102 or 26.99% of the community. Hispanic/Latino account for 19.09% of the population with 19,295 resident. The Asian enclave represents 9.6% of 10,990 of the citizenry. The smallest racial group is bi/multi-racial and they make up 1.9% (2,174) of the population.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: According to the ACS survey, Dorchester has a large under 25 population with 38.1% or 43,472 people and 33,162 (29.1% of the total population) of them under the age of 19 years old. Between the ages of 25 to 64 years old there are 59,788 or 52.6% people and 10,715 people or 9.3% are over the age of 65 years old. In Dorchester, approximately 61.9% or 70,503 people are over the age of 25, 23.5% or 16,582 people do not have a high school diploma or GED, 30.5% or 21,479 have a diploma or GED, 18.5% or 13,045 people have completed some college, and 27.5% or 19,397 people have a college degree.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The ACS Survey estimates there are 40,443 households in the neighborhood of Dorchester, the per capita income of $22,120 and a median income of $44,136. 13.1% or 5,286 households have reported income of less than $10,000. 27.3% or 11,020 households earn less than $19,999. 19.1% or 7,720 households earn between $20,000 to 39,999.16.5% or 6,651 households in the earn between $40,000 to 59,999. 19.7% or 7,977 households earn between $60,000 to 99,999. 15.3% or 6,174 of household report annual incomes of $100,000 to 199,999. Only 2.2% or 901 households in Dorchester earn $200,000 or more per year. The ACS reports as of 2011, Poverty affects 23.5% or 9,511 households and 24.3% or 9,820 of households are receiving SNAP Benefits.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in ZIP Codes 02121, 02122, 02124, and 02125 are:


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The neighborhood is served by five stations on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Red Line (MBTA) rapid transit service, five stations on the Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line, five stations on the Fairmount Commuter Rail Line, and various bus routes. Over the last decade, the Dorchester branch of the Red Line had major renovations, including four rapid transit stations being rebuilt at Savin Hill, Fields Corner, Shawmut, and Ashmont. At Ashmont station, the city of Boston and the state of Massachusetts partnered with private investors to create The Carruth, one of the state's first Transit-oriented developments (TOD).


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Interstate 93 (concurrent with Route 3 and U.S. 1) runs north–south through Dorchester between Quincy, Massachusetts, and downtown Boston, providing access to the eastern edge of Dorchester at Columbia Road, Morrissey Boulevard (northbound only), Neponset Circle (southbound only), and Granite Avenue (with additional southbound on-ramps at Freeport Street and from Morrissey Blvd at Neponset). Several other state routes traverse the neighborhood, e.g., Route 203, Gallivan Boulevard and Morton Street, and Route 28, Blue Hill Avenue (so named because it leads out of the city to the Blue Hills Reservation). The Neponset River separates Dorchester from Quincy and Milton. The "Dorchester Turnpike" (now "Dorchester Avenue") stretches from Fort Point Channel (now in South Boston) to Lower Mills, and once boasted a horse-drawn streetcar.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: A number of the earliest streets in Dorchester have changed names several times through the centuries, meaning that some names have come and gone. Leavitt Place, for instance, named for one of Dorchester's earliest settlers, eventually became Brook Court and then Brook Avenue Place. Gallivan Boulevard was once Codman Street and Brookvale Street was once Brook Street. Morrissey Boulevard was once Old Colony Parkway.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Throughout its history, Dorchester has had periods of economic revival and recession. In the 1960s and 1970s, Dorchester was particularly hard hit by economic recession, high unemployment, and white flight.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1953, Carney Hospital moved from South Boston to its current location in Dorchester, serving the local communities of Dorchester, Mattapan, Milton and Quincy.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 1953, a major public housing project was completed on the Columbia Point peninsula of Dorchester. There were 1,502 units in the development on of land. It later became known for high rates of crime and poor living conditions, and it went through particularly bad times in the 1970s and 1980s. By 1988, there were only 350 families living there. In 1984, the City of Boston gave control of it to a private developer, Corcoran-Mullins-Jennison, who redeveloped the property into a residential mixed-income community called Harbor Point Apartments which was opened in 1988 and completed by 1990. It was the first federal housing project to be converted to private, mixed-income housing in the United States. Harbor Point has won much acclaim for this transformation, including awards from the Urban Land Institute, the FIABCI Award for International Excellence, and the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: During the housing crisis of 2008 in the United States, Dorchester's Hendry Street became the epicenter in the media In reaction, the city of Boston negotiated to buy several of the houses for as little as $30,000. It is moving to seize other foreclosed properties on which the owners have not paid taxes. The houses were renovated and added to the inventory of subsidized rental housing.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In 2008, plans and proposals were unveiled and presented to public community hearings by the Corcoran-Jennison Company to redevelop the Bayside Exposition Center site on the Columbia Point peninsula into a mixed use village of storefronts and residences, called "Bayside on the Point". However, in 2009, the Bayside Expo Center property was lost in a foreclosure on Corcoran-Jennison to a Florida-based real estate firm, LNR/CMAT, who bought it. Soon after, the University of Massachusetts Boston bought the property from them to build future campus facilities.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The corporate headquarters of "The Boston Globe" was also located in Dorchester, having moved there in 1958 from downtown Boston. In 2009, then-owner The New York Times Company put the paper up for bid, leading to concern from local community members, who had seen other major employers close their doors. After negotiations with their union and cost reduction measures, the owner's plans to sell the "Globe" were abandoned in October 2009. In 2013, the paper was bought by John W. Henry, owner of the Boston Red Sox, and in 2017 the "Globe" headquarters returned to downtown Boston.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: In the 20th century, many of the labor unions in Boston relocated their headquarters to Dorchester. This includes the Boston Teachers Union, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 103, New England Regional Council of Carpenters, International Association of Fire Fighters Local 718, among others.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Dorchester, with a population of approximately 130,000, is home to nearly one-fifth of all Boston residents. In the early 1990s, Dorchester, along with Roxbury and Mattapan neighborhoods, had the highest percentage of victims with violence-related injuries. Since the early 2000s, crime rates across Boston declined. In the first three months of 2013, Boston crime rates reportedly dropped 15 percent, compared to the same time period in 2012.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: According to "Dorchester Reporter" crime maps, the more dangerous areas in Dorchester are located to the west of Columbia Road, with criminal activity centered on Blue Hill Avenue area. Safer parts of the neighborhood include Savin Hill; the historic neighborhood of Clam Point; Columbia Point, which is populated by mostly UMass Boston students; Ashmont Hill; Saint Mark's; Pope's Hill; Cedar Grove; Lower Mills, around the Neponset, Gallivan, and Morrissey Boulevard areas; and the Jones Hill neighborhood (with the third largest percentage of same-sex households in Boston after the South End and Jamaica Plain).


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: According to the website AreaVibes, the overall crime rate in Dorchester is 30% higher than the national average, and for every 100,000 people there are 10.55 daily crimes that occur in the neighborhood, such as violent crimes and property crimes. The rate of property crime is much higher than violent crime. 831 out of 100,000 people are involved in violent crime, and 3,021 out of 100,000 are involved in property crime.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Students in Dorchester are served by Boston Public Schools (BPS). BPS assigns students based on preferences of the applicants and priorities of students in various zones.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Dorchester High School predated the annexation of Dorchester to Boston. At its founding, it was an all-male school, first opened on December 10, 1852. In 1870 Dorchester was annexed to Boston and its schools became managed by the City of Boston. A replacement facility opened in Codman Square on Talbot Avenue 1901. The current Dorchester facility opened in 1925 on Peacevale Road to males, while the Talbot Avenue building was for females. In 1953 Dorchester High School consolidated as a coeducational school.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Carney Hospital is located at 2100 Dorchester Avenue. Carney Hospital provides over 500 physicians with primary care and specialist physicians. They provide a range of services such as behavior health, cancer care, cardiac and vascular, gynecology services, neurology, orthopedics, rehabilitation and physical therapy, along with many more. Carney Hospital is promoting health and wellness. Carney Hospital has been serving the community since 1863. It is affiliated with Tufts University School Of Medicine, and is a teaching and training hospital for physicians in both internal medicine and family medicine.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Codman Square Health Center is a community-based outpatient healthcare located on 637 Washington Street. They have been a functioning clinic since 1979 with the dream "To build the best urban community in America". They employ about 280 multi-lingual staff members, most of whom reside in the neighborhoods surrounding Codman Square.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The Urban Asthma Coalition in Dorchester promotes collaboration among organizations and residents concerned about factors that affect asthma: the environment, quality of health care, access to health care, and education. Residents can join the active committee to promote better health and awareness. They want to change policies through administrative advocacy and reduce the rate of asthma, as well as improve care. They have been successful in providing 1,000 new healthy and affordable housing units in a year, green and healthy cleaners for the local schools, and a city program that works with health professionals and enforcement officers to further the improvement of housing for children of the area.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: The Geiger-Gibson Health Center located in the Harbor Point section near UMass Boston is the oldest Community Health Center in the United States.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Most of Dorchester's population, about 63.3% or 72,239 people, lives in rental housing. The gross median monthly rent is $1,450, which totals $17,400 per year and exceeds the income of almost 30% of the population. An estimated 40,180 people (35.3%) live in owner-occupied homes and 1.4% or 1556 residents live in group homes/shelters.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Excluding government-owned housing, Dorchester has 15,918 residential buildings including 4,344 or 27.3% single-family homes, 3,674 or 23.1% two-family homes, 3,919 or 24.6% three-family homes, and 3,981 or 25.0% condo units. The median sales price for all residential property types is 244,450. In 2013, there were 52 foreclosures petitions reported in Dorchester, representing 22.41% of the 232 foreclosures reported for the entire City Boston. Subsequently, 37 out 147 distressed buildings documented in Boston are located in Dorchester.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Boston Police District C-11 Dorchester, located 40 Gibson St, Dorchester, MA 02122. To create an environment of trust, and empower the neighborhood is the goal. There are over 50 community meetings held monthly that allow the police department to partner with the seniors, community residents, business as well as the faith-based leaders of Dorchester. The police department also works closely to provide the community with crime prevention and safety tips. "Communication is the life-blood of our neighborhood"


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Dorchester has available shelters for those in need, a homeless shelter by the name of Pilgrim church (children's services of Roxbury) that is an adult shelter open to men only. This shelter is located on 540 Columbia Road Dorchester MA The shelter is run by the Pilgrim church and it offers over night shelter, food, clothing, showers, first aid, and other supportive services. The shelter also provides evening transportation from Boston to the shelter. The shelter was originally established in 1990 by positive lifestyles and now is currently under the direction of United Homes Adult services.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Income – Massachusetts sales tax rate is 6.25%, income tax is 5.20%. Income per capita is $18,226 which includes adults and children. Median household income $30,419.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Residents and activists have worked on issues of public safety, high crime rate, poor educational resources, and lack of housing for low-income families. Several organizations are working to provide the neighborhood with


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Mayor Marty Walsh proposed a budget for 2017 which included a five-year capital plan intended to make improvements to the infrastructure of Dorchester. The new projects involve building new libraries and also modernizing the Boston Public Libraries branches in Dorchester. Improvement of City parks is also included. The plans are to add more lights to Doherty-Gibson park in Fields Corner and another $3.7 million to make improvements in Harambee park next to the Franklin Field. The rest of the budget is intended to be used to complete already started projects in Savin Hill, King Street, Hemenway, Dower Avenue, and Ronan Park.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Based on the 2010 Census Dorchester has 114,235 for a total population. Just about 15,530 are under the age of eighteen.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Ella J. Baker House is a community youth center in the Four Corners section of Dorchester. The W. E. B. Du Bois Society, an academic and cultural enrichment program for African American secondary school students, is co-hosted by the W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute along with Ella J. Baker House.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Dorchester has various attractions, including the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate, Boston Winery, Dorchester Brewing Company, Boston Harbor Distillery, Strand Theatre, Commonwealth Museum, Greater Boston House Concert, Franklin Park Zoo, the Neponset Rivery Greenway and Lower Neponset River Trail.


title: Dorchester, Boston

text: Fields Corner is a commercial center that is one of Dorchester's largest business districts. It has numerous restaurants and pubs, and independent clothing stores. Fields Corner is known both for its ethnic Irish residents, who support a variety of Irish pubs, and for Vietnamese restaurants operated by more recent immigrants. Adjacent to Fields Corner is an 11-acre park known as Hilltop Park, which offers a view of Dorchester Bay and plenty of green space.