title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The real projective plane can be thought of as the Euclidean plane with additional points added, which are called points at infinity, and are considered to lie on a new line, the line at infinity. There is a point at infinity corresponding to each direction (numerically given by the slope of a line), informally defined as the limit of a point that moves in that direction away from the origin. Parallel lines in the Euclidean plane are said to intersect at a point at infinity corresponding to their common direction. Given a point on the Euclidean plane, for any non-zero real number "Z", the triple is called a "set of homogeneous coordinates" for the point. By this definition, multiplying the three homogeneous coordinates by a common, non-zero factor gives a new set of homogeneous coordinates for the same point. In particular, is such a system of homogeneous coordinates for the point .


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: For example, the Cartesian point can be represented in homogeneous coordinates as or . The original Cartesian coordinates are recovered by dividing the first two positions by the third. Thus unlike Cartesian coordinates, a single point can be represented by infinitely many homogeneous coordinates.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The equation of a line through the origin may be written where "n" and "m" are not both 0. In parametric form this can be written . Let "Z" = 1/"t", so the coordinates of a point on the line may be written . In homogeneous coordinates this becomes . In the limit, as "t" approaches infinity, in other words, as the point moves away from the origin, "Z" approaches 0 and the homogeneous coordinates of the point become . Thus we define as the homogeneous coordinates of the point at infinity corresponding to the direction of the line . As any line of the Euclidean plane is parallel to a line passing through the origin, and since parallel lines have the same point at infinity, the infinite point on every line of the Euclidean plane has been given homogeneous coordinates.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The triple is omitted and does not represent any point. The origin of the Euclidean plane is represented by .


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Some authors use different notations for homogeneous coordinates which help distinguish them from Cartesian coordinates. The use of colons instead of commas, for example ("x":"y":"z") instead of , emphasizes that the coordinates are to be considered ratios. Square brackets, as in emphasize that multiple sets of coordinates are associated with a single point. Some authors use a combination of colons and square brackets, as in ["x":"y":"z"].


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The discussion in the preceding section applies analogously to projective spaces other than the plane. So the points on the projective line may be represented by pairs of coordinates , not both zero. In this case, the point at infinity is . Similarly the points in projective "n"-space are represented by ("n" + 1)-tuples.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The use of real numbers gives homogeneous coordinates of points in the classical case of the real projective spaces, however any field may be used, in particular, the complex numbers may be used for complex projective space. For example, the complex projective line uses two homogeneous complex coordinates and is known as the Riemann sphere. Other fields, including finite fields, can be used.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Homogeneous coordinates for projective spaces can also be created with elements from a division ring (a skew field). However, in this case, care must be taken to account for the fact that multiplication may not be commutative.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: For the general ring "A", a projective line over "A" can be defined with homogeneous factors acting on the left and the projective linear group acting on the right.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Another definition of the real projective plane can be given in terms of equivalence classes. For non-zero elements of R, define to mean there is a non-zero "λ" so that . Then ~ is an equivalence relation and the projective plane can be defined as the equivalence classes of If is one of the elements of the equivalence class "p" then these are taken to be homogeneous coordinates of "p".


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Lines in this space are defined to be sets of solutions of equations of the form where not all of "a", "b" and "c" are zero. Satisfaction of the condition depends only on the equivalence class of so the equation defines a set of points in the projective plane. The mapping defines an inclusion from the Euclidean plane to the projective plane and the complement of the image is the set of points with . The equation is an equation of a line in the projective plane (see definition of a line in the projective plane), and is called the "line at infinity".


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The equivalence classes, "p", are the lines through the origin with the origin removed. The origin does not really play an essential part in the previous discussion so it can be added back in without changing the properties of the projective plane. This produces a variation on the definition, namely the projective plane is defined as the set of lines in R that pass through the origin and the coordinates of a non-zero element of a line are taken to be homogeneous coordinates of the line. These lines are now interpreted as points in the projective plane.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Again, this discussion applies analogously to other dimensions. So the projective space of dimension "n" can be defined as the set of lines through the origin in R.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Homogeneous coordinates are not uniquely determined by a point, so a function defined on the coordinates, say , does not determine a function defined on points as with Cartesian coordinates. But a condition defined on the coordinates, as might be used to describe a curve, determines a condition on points if the function is homogeneous. Specifically, suppose there is a "k" such that


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: If a set of coordinates represents the same point as then it can be written for some non-zero value of λ. Then


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: A polynomial of degree "k" can be turned into a homogeneous polynomial by replacing "x" with "x"/"z", "y" with "y"/"z" and multiplying by "z", in other words by defining


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The resulting function "f" is a polynomial, so it makes sense to extend its domain to triples where . The process can be reversed by setting , or


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The equation can then be thought of as the homogeneous form of and it defines the same curve when restricted to the Euclidean plane. For example, the homogeneous form of the equation of the line is


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The equation of a line in the projective plane may be given as where "s", "t" and "u" are constants. Each triple determines a line, the line determined is unchanged if it is multiplied by a non-zero scalar, and at least one of "s", "t" and "u" must be non-zero. So the triple may be taken to be homogeneous coordinates of a line in the projective plane, that is line coordinates as opposed to point coordinates. If in "sx" + "ty" + "uz" = 0 the letters "s", "t" and "u" are taken as variables and "x", "y" and "z" are taken as constants then the equation becomes an equation of a set of lines in the space of all lines in the plane. Geometrically it represents the set of lines that pass through the point and may be interpreted as the equation of the point in line-coordinates. In the same way, planes in 3-space may be given sets of four homogeneous coordinates, and so on for higher dimensions.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The same relation, , may be regarded as either the equation of a line or the equation of a point. In general, there is no difference either algebraically or logically between homogeneous coordinates of points and lines. So plane geometry with points as the fundamental elements and plane geometry with lines as the fundamental elements are equivalent except for interpretation. This leads to the concept of "duality" in projective geometry, the principle that the roles of points and lines can be interchanged in a theorem in projective geometry and the result will also be a theorem. Analogously, the theory of points in projective 3-space is dual to the theory of planes in projective 3-space, and so on for higher dimensions.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Assigning coordinates to lines in projective 3-space is more complicated since it would seem that a total of 8 coordinates, either the coordinates of two points which lie on the line or two planes whose intersection is the line, are required. A useful method, due to Julius Plücker, creates a set of six coordinates as the determinants from the homogeneous coordinates of two points and on the line. The Plücker embedding is the generalization of this to create homogeneous coordinates of elements of any dimension "m" in a projective space of dimension "n".


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Bézout's theorem predicts that the number of points of intersection of two curves is equal to the product of their degrees (assuming an algebraically closed field and with certain conventions followed for counting intersection multiplicities). Bézout's theorem predicts there is one point of intersection of two lines and in general this is true, but when the lines are parallel the point of intersection is infinite. Homogeneous coordinates are used to locate the point of intersection in this case. Similarly, Bézout's theorem predicts that a line will intersect a conic at two points, but in some cases one or both of the points is infinite and homogeneous coordinates must be used to locate them. For example, and have only one point of intersection in the finite (affine) plane. To find the other point of intersection, convert the equations into homogeneous form, and . This produces and, assuming not all of "x", "y" and "z" are 0, the solutions are and . This first solution is the point in Cartesian coordinates, the finite point of intersection. The second solution gives the homogeneous coordinates which corresponds to the direction of the "y"-axis. For the equations and there are no finite points of intersection. Converting the equations into homogeneous form gives and . Solving produces the equation which has a double root at . From the original equation, , so since at least one coordinate must be non-zero. Therefore, is the point of intersection counted with multiplicity 2 in agreement with the theorem.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: The homogeneous form for the equation of a circle in the real or complex projective plane is . The intersection of this curve with the line at infinity can be found by setting . This produces the equation which has two solutions over the complex numbers, giving rise to the points with homogeneous coordinates and in the complex projective plane. These points are called the circular points at infinity and can be regarded as the common points of intersection of all circles. This can be generalized to curves of higher order as circular algebraic curves.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Just as the selection of axes in the Cartesian coordinate system is somewhat arbitrary, the selection of a single system of homogeneous coordinates out of all possible systems is somewhat arbitrary. Therefore, it is useful to know how the different systems are related to each other.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Multiplication of by a scalar results in the multiplication of by the same scalar, and "X", "Y" and "Z" cannot be all 0 unless "x", "y" and "z" are all zero since "A" is nonsingular. So are a new system of homogeneous coordinates for the same point of the projective plane.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Möbius's original formulation of homogeneous coordinates specified the position of a point as the center of mass (or barycenter) of a system of three point masses placed at the vertices of a fixed triangle. Points within the triangle are represented by positive masses and points outside the triangle are represented by allowing negative masses. Multiplying the masses in the system by a scalar does not affect the center of mass, so this is a special case of a system of homogeneous coordinates.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Let "l", "m", "n" be three lines in the plane and define a set of coordinates "X", "Y" and "Z" of a point "p" as the signed distances from "p" to these three lines. These are called the "trilinear coordinates" of "p" with respect to the triangle whose vertices are the pairwise intersections of the lines. Strictly speaking these are not homogeneous, since the values of "X", "Y" and "Z" are determined exactly, not just up to proportionality. There is a linear relationship between them however, so these coordinates can be made homogeneous by allowing multiples of to represent the same point. More generally, "X", "Y" and "Z" can be defined as constants "p", "r" and "q" times the distances to "l", "m" and "n", resulting in a different system of homogeneous coordinates with the same triangle of reference. This is, in fact, the most general type of system of homogeneous coordinates for points in the plane if none of the lines is the line at infinity.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Homogeneous coordinates are ubiquitous in computer graphics because they allow common vector operations such as translation, rotation, scaling and perspective projection to be represented as a matrix by which the vector is multiplied. By the chain rule, any sequence of such operations can be multiplied out into a single matrix, allowing simple and efficient processing. By contrast, using Cartesian coordinates, translations and perspective projection cannot be expressed as matrix multiplications, though other operations can. Modern OpenGL and Direct3D graphics cards take advantage of homogeneous coordinates to implement a vertex shader efficiently using vector processors with 4-element registers.


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: For example, in perspective projection, a position in space is associated with the line from it to a fixed point called the "center of projection". The point is then mapped to a plane by finding the point of intersection of that plane and the line. This produces an accurate representation of how a three-dimensional object appears to the eye. In the simplest situation, the center of projection is the origin and points are mapped to the plane , working for the moment in Cartesian coordinates. For a given point in space, , the point where the line and the plane intersect is . Dropping the now superfluous "z" coordinate, this becomes . In homogeneous coordinates, the point is represented by and the point it maps to on the plane is represented by , so projection can be represented in matrix form as


title: Homogeneous coordinates

text: Matrices representing other geometric transformations can be combined with this and each other by matrix multiplication. As a result, any perspective projection of space can be represented as a single matrix.


title: Exile (song)

text: "Exile" (stylized in all lowercase) is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, featuring American band Bon Iver. It is the fourth track on Swift's eighth studio album, "Folklore" (2020), which was released on July 24, 2020. "Exile" was written by Swift, Joe Alwyn (under the pseudonym William Bowery), and the band's frontman Justin Vernon, with production by Aaron Dessner and Alwyn. Republic Records sent "Exile" to US alternative radio stations on August 3, 2020.


title: Exile (song)

text: Depicting an imaginary narrative of two estranged lovers having an unspoken dialogue, "Exile" is a minimal, but cinematic, indie-folk ballad with gospel, orchestral and chamber pop elements, combining Swift's honeyed vocals and Vernon's deep baritone into a melancholic duet propelled by a plodding piano, swirling strings, and soaring harmonies. Upon release, "Exile" garnered widespread critical acclaim, with emphasis on the duo's vocal chemistry, the agonizing lyricism, rich instrumentals and bleak atmosphere. Music critics picked it as a standout on "Folklore" and named it one of Swift's best collaborations to-date, comparing it to her 2012 single "Safe & Sound". Several publications listed "Exile" as one of the best songs of 2020.


title: Exile (song)

text: Commercially, "Exile" reached top-tier chart positions in various countries. It debuted at number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100, giving Swift her 28th top-10 hit and eighteenth top-10 debut in the United States. Elsewhere, it landed inside the top-five in Australia, Ireland and New Zealand; top ten in Canada, Malaysia, Singapore and the United Kingdom; top 20 in Estonia, Israel and Scotland; and top 40 in Belgium, Portugal and Sweden. The song also became Bon Iver's highest-charting song and first top-ten song in all of the countries in which it charted. "Exile" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Exile (song)

text: All tracks on "Folklore", the eighth studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, were conceived by as imageries and visuals from Swift's deep subconscious, a result of her imagination "running wild" while isolating herself during the COVID-19 pandemic; "Exile" rose out of one such imagery—a exiled man, who is "walking the bluffs of a land that isn't his own, wondering how it all went so terribly, terribly wrong".


title: Exile (song)

text: Upon release, the song featured a songwriting credit from William Bowery, who had no online presence, and thus, was presumed to be a pseudonym. Swift later revealed that Bowery was actually a pseudonym for her boyfriend, English actor Joe Alwyn, who wrote the song's piano melody and Bon Iver's first verse. "Exile" was then developed into a rough demo of a duet, where Swift was singing both the male and female parts, and she sent it to American musician Aaron Dessner—one of two producers Swift picked for "Folklore". Dessner developed a piano template of the song with Swift's rerecorded vocals. Swift and Dessner went through several candidates for the male partner on the duet, and Swift favored the voice of Bon Iver's frontman Justin Vernon, who is also, along with Dessner, a part of the American indie band Big Red Machine. Dessner forwarded the song to Vernon, who enjoyed the song, contributed his own lyrics and recorded his part.


title: Exile (song)

text: On July 23, 2020, Swift revealed the track listing of "Folklore", where "Exile" placed fourth; the album was released on July 24, 2020. "Exile" impacted US Adult Alternative radio as a single on August 3, 2020. The song was also included in "Folklore: The Escapism Chapter" and "Folklore: The Sleepless Nights Chapter" streaming compilations by Swift, released on August 20 and August 23, 2020, respectively.


title: Exile (song)

text: "Exile" is a minimal, indie-folk ballad, with gospel, orchestral pop and chamber pop influences. Lyrically, it discusses two estranged lovers discussing their former relationship, in which one has not moved on (sung by Vernon), while the other one (Swift) has. Vernon delivers a "growling" vocal performance while "bemoaning a betrayed love", as Swift portrays the lover over "honeyed yet crisp" vocals. The duo's vocal range in the song spans between C to E. The song is written in the key of G major and has a slow tempo of 76 beats per minute. The soaring instrumentals contain stirring strings and a plodding piano.


title: Exile (song)

text: The song is a melancholic duet that fuses Swift's soft vocals with Vernon's low-register baritone, serving as an unarticulated conversation between two former lovers, setting forth their lack of communication. This thematic aspect reflects in the melody and lyrics of "Exile" as well: Melodically, the song is characterized by two voices in counterpoint—alternating while remaining as separate melodies. Similarly, the lyricism is structured after a call-and-response format, seeing Swift and Vernon singing over each other rather than fully listening and responding to each other, giving the song an argumentative tone with no fruitful end. The looped piano starts-off "Exile", which then grows into a climax of chorused vocals, "glorious" harmonies and synths, mimicking the rising heat in the estranged lovers' conversation. "Exile" drew comparisons to Swift's older songs: "The Last Time" (2013) from her fourth studio album, "Red", and "Safe & Sound" (2011) from "." Like the majority of "Folklore", "Exile" also infuses a cinematic quality to its lyrics evoking visuals that allude to films, such as in the lines "I think I've seen this film before / and I didn't like the ending".


title: Exile (song)

text: The song received widespread critical acclaim upon release. "E! Online"s Billy Nilles described "Exile" as a "devastating dream" that "hits like a punch to the gut". Praising the song's passion and conversational lyricism, "Clash" writer Valerie Magan called the song a "scintillating" duet and "a wintry, tortured monster of a song" that best showcases the "sonic beauty" of "Folklore". Writing for "Consequence of Sound", Matt Melis named "Exile" the Song of the Week upon the album's release, and called the duo's pairing a "minor miracle in 2020". Reviewing for the same publication, Katie Moulton stated that "Exile" portrays a "dissolving" romance with two voices in counterpoint, and remarked the lyrics as "clever but restrained" with maturity, observing the song's emotions to be "not only high-pitched" but possessing "complex, shifting depths".


title: Exile (song)

text: Christopher Roberts of "Under the Radar" included it in his list of the nine best songs of "Folklore"s release week; he noted that Swift and Vernon's voices "mesh together well" and the latter sounds like Peter Gabriel on the track. Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" dubbed "Exile" a "lovely, anguished duet" that acts a "stark and unsettling back and forth of recriminations", with lyrics channeling distance and skepticism. He complimented the song's climax especially, where Swift and Vernon sing over each other in a style of "hard-whiskey country, desperate R&B and black-box-theater dialogue", making the listeners feel "the full emotional corrosion". Caramanica described the piano in the song as stern and fatalistic, gonging like grandfather clocks.


title: Exile (song)

text: Michael Sumsion of "PopMatters" proclaimed "Exile" an "obvious standout" on "Folklore", defining it as a mournful examination of dissolution that juxtaposes Vernon's low bass register with Swift's "mid-range, conversational cadences and sharp-eyed observation to thrilling effect". He noted that the song begins as a "plaintive hush", growing into "a gleaming swarm of orchestral-gospel-flavored testifying that suggests the physical space of a cathedral", all whilst radiating a rich swell. Sumsion commented that "Exile" could easily fit on "I, I", Bon Iver's fourth studio album. "Los Angeles Times" writer Jody Rosen deemed the song a "stormy duet" and "a tortured call-and-response between estranged lovers", adding that the song hits hard because of its essence of reality. Justin Curto of "Vulture" opined that Swift has been productive in the pandemic, creating her most contemplative album yet, with "Exile" as a prime result.


title: Exile (song)

text: Terming it "a rich, textured track" of two "unlikely" voices together in "glorious" harmony, Giselle Au-Nhien Nguyen of "The Sydney Morning Herald" found the song's mythology mesmerising, building "a whole world in under five minutes", and wrote that the effect erects a climax that dies down again, resulting in "a spectrum of sound and emotion" that resonates across "Folklore". "Uproxx" writer Philip Cosores regarded Vernon sounding "like himself" a flex, as he avoids his characteristic falsetto present in Bon Iver's music. Bobby Olivier of "Spin" picked the track as "the grandest highlight" of "Folklore", complimenting the production as a "sweeping, cinematic panorama". He further named it one of Swift's "most arresting" collaborations to-date and as an "worthy successor" to her 2011 collaboration, "Safe & Sound". NPR's Kim Ruehl thought that the song creates a "windswept sonic landscape", conveying "overlapping" sadness and sagacity, atypical of Swift's most radio hits. "The Independent" critic Ed Power lauded "Exile" as a "Folklore" highlight, boosted by "Swift and Vernon's stormy chemistry"; He underscored the former's "steely earnestness" and the latter's "enigmatic presence", and regarded the song the "millennial equivalent" of "Islands in the Stream" (1983) by Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers.


title: Exile (song)

text: "Elle" named the song as the second-best of 2020, while "Men's Health" included it in its ranking of best 25 songs of 2020. "NME" writer Hannah Mylrea placed the song at number 20 on her list ranking all 161 songs by Swift, praising it as one of Swift's most impressive collaborations. Laura Paterson, editor at "Vogue", listed "Exile" as one of the 29 best songs of 2020, and christened it "the melancholic duo that 2020 deserved", merging "an angsty, sing-your-guts-out Taylor anthem" with "mid-2000s nostalgia for the folksy sounds of Bon Iver". Surprised by a Swift-Vernon duet, NBHAP named the song the eleventh best of 2020, and welcomed Vernon's return to his "pure and deep voice". "Slant" named "Exile" as the fourth-best song of 2020. "Complex" critic Aia Adriano placed "Exile" at number 4 on her list ranking the best songs of 2020. In August 2022, "Billboard" ranked all of Swift's 29 collaborations with other artists, placing "Exile" first.


title: Exile (song)

text: The song reached high positions in many countries worldwide. In the United States, "Exile" debuted at number six on the "Billboard" Hot 100, giving Swift her twenty-eighth top-ten hit and Bon Iver's first. The song is one of Swift's record-extending eighteen top-ten debuts on the chart. Marking both Swift's and Bon Iver's first appearance on "Billboard" Adult Alternative Songs airplay chart, "Exile" debuted at number 37 on the chart dated August 15, 2020. It debuted at number two on "Billboard" Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart and placed number five in its second week—the smallest drop of any of Swift's songs on the chart; "Billboard" opined that "the budding airplay could bode well for "Exile" in terms of chart longevity". The song was one of three "Billboard" Hot 100 top-10 hits from "Folklore" and its third-highest peaking track on the chart, behind "Cardigan" (number one) and "The 1" (number 4). "Exile" also debuted at number 5 on the "Billboard" Digital Song Sales chart. It reached number 10 on "Billboard" Adult Alternative Songs, giving Swift her first top-10 entry on the chart.


title: Exile (song)

text: The song reached number 3 in Australia's ARIA Singles, Irish Singles, Malaysia's RIM Singles, and Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming charts; number 5 in New Zealand Top 40 Singles chart; number 6 on Canadian Hot 100; number 8 on UK Singles; 17 on Israel's Media Forest and Scottish Singles; 32 on Denmark's Hitlisten; 37 on Belgium's Ultratop 50; 38 on Sweden's Sverigetopplistan charts; and number 40 on Portugal's AFP Top 200 Singles chart. In Australia and Malaysia, "Exile" was one of five tracks from "Folklore" to land in the top-10. In Ireland, it was one of three songs from "Folklore" to chart in the top ten, increasing Swift's total of Irish top-ten hits to 15. In the UK, "Exile" opened in the top ten alongside "Cardigan" and "The 1", making Swift the sixth artist in the UK history to chart three songs in the top ten simultaneously and the first artist ever to debut three in the region; this extended Swift's UK top-10 hits total to 16.


title: Exile (song)

text: Seven weeks after the release of "Folklore", the "Billboard" Global 200 chart was inaugurated, on which "Exile" appeared at number 133 on the week of September 19, 2020.


title: Exile (song)

text: "Exile" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, becoming Swift's third nomination in the category, following "Breathe" featuring Colbie Cailat (2008) and "Bad Blood" featuring Kendrick Lamar (2015).


title: Exile (song)

text: English singer-songwriters Griff and Maisie Peters covered "Exile" for a YouTube special in December 2020. "Exile" is featured in the twelfth episode of the fourth season of American medical drama series "The Resident", and the final (tenth) episode of the third season of American psychological thriller series "You", where it soundtracks the end of Joe Goldberg and Love Quinn's marital life. The song eventually topped the "Billboard" Top TV Songs chart. English indie pop band Bastille covered "Exile" on Sirius XM.


title: Exile (song)

text: Vernon brought out Swift at his Bon Iver concert at OVO Arena Wembley, London, on October 26, 2022. He surprised the crowd with Swift as a guest act, and they performed "Exile" for the first time in front of an audience. Dessner was also on-stage during the performance.


title: Œ

text: Œ (minuscule: œ) is a Latin alphabet grapheme, a ligature of "o" and "e". In medieval and early modern Latin, it was used to represent the Greek diphthong "οι" and in a few non-Greek words, usages that continue in English and French. In French, it is also used in some non-learned words, representing then mid-front rounded vowel-sounds, rather than sounding the same as "é" or "è", those being its traditional French values in the words borrowed from or via Latin.


title: Œ

text: It is used in the modern orthography for Old West Norse and is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent the open-mid front rounded vowel. In English runology, "œ" is used to transliterate the Runic letter odal (Old English ' "estate, ancestral home"). Its traditional name in English is still ethel, ēðel, or œ̄þel.


title: Œ

text: Classical Latin wrote the "o" and "e" separately (as has today again become the general practice), but the ligature was used by medieval and early modern writings, in part because the diphthongal sound had, by Late Latin, merged into the sound . The classical diphthong had the value , similar to (standard) English oi as in "choice". It occurs most often in borrowings from Greek, rendering that language's οι (= in majuscule: ΟΙ), although it is also used in some native words such as "coepi".


title: Œ

text: In French, "œ" is called ' , which means "e in the o" (a mnemotechnic pun used first at school, sounding like ', meaning "eggs in water") or sometimes ', (literally "o and e glued") and is a true linguistic ligature, not just a typographic one (like the "fi" or "fl" ligatures), reflecting etymology. It is most prominent in the words ' ("mores"), ' ("heart"), ' ("sister"), ' ("egg"), ' ("beef", "steer"), ' ("work") and ' ("eye"), in which the digraph "œu", like "eu", represents the sound (in other cases, like plurals ' ("eggs") and ' ("steers"), it stands for ).


title: Œ

text: French also uses "œ" in direct borrowings from Latin and Greek. So, "coeliac" in French is '. In such cases, the "œ" is classically pronounced , or, sometimes, in modern pronunciation, . In some words, like ' and "", the etymological "œ" is changed to a more French "é".


title: Œ

text: In French placenames of German origin (mostly in and around Alsace-Lorraine, historically Germanic-speaking areas that have changed hands between France and Germany (or Prussia before 1871) a number of times), "œ" replaces German "ö" and is pronounced . Examples include Schœneck (Moselle), Kœtzingue (Haut-Rhin), and Hœrdt (Bas-Rhin).


title: Œ

text: When "oe" occurs in French without the ligature, it is pronounced , just like words spelt with "oi". The most common words of this type are ' ("stove", "frying pan") and ' ("soft"). Note that "poêle" is itself an etymological spelling, with the "ê" reflecting its derivation from Latin '. If the "oe" is not to be pronounced thus, then a diaeresis, acute or grave accent needs to be added in order to indicate that the vowels should be pronounced separately. For example, ', ', '. The exception to this rule is when a morpheme ending in "o" is joined to one beginning in "e", as in ', or with the prefix "co-", which is always pronounced in hiatus with the following vowel, as in ' ("ratio", "coefficient").


title: Œ

text: In Lombard "œ" represents in many writing systems, sometimes along with "u", the phoneme. For example: (bat).


title: Œ

text: A number of words written with "œ" were borrowed from French and from Latin into English, where the "œ" is now rarely written. Modern American English spelling usually substitutes "e", so "diarrhœa" has become "diarrhea", although there are some exceptions, such as "phoenix". In modern British English, the spellings generally keep the "o" but remove the ligature (e.g. "diarrhoea").


title: Œ

text: The "œ" ~ "oe" ~ "e" is traditionally pronounced as "short E" , as "long E" , or as an (unrounded) unstressed vowel. These three Modern-English values interchange with one another in consistent ways, just as do the values within each of the sets from the other vowel-spellings that at the Middle English stage likewise represented non-diphthongs — except for, as was recognised particularly in certain positions by Dobson a tendency whereby


title: Œ

text: There are a few words that English has recently borrowed from contemporary French. The pronunciation of these English words is generally an approximation to that of the French word (the French use or in terms of the International Phonetic Alphabet). English-speakers use a variety of substitutions for these sounds. The words involved include , , , and .


title: Œ

text: However, most "œ" words use the traditional English pronunciation of borrowings from/via pre-modern French and from/via Latin. Examples are listed in the following categories, into which they have been divided by developments in our pronunciation since Middle English.


title: Œ

text: The likes of "fɶ̯tid", though superficially exceptional here, do indeed belong here in this category because the counting properly includes also final "-e" that has gone silent since Middle English (and therefore has been left out by some spellings) in those situations where speakers before the "-e"s demise, such as Chaucer (who did not drop it in rhymes), would have had the "-e" as an intrinsic part of the word (rather than as just a suffix) — save for its regularly disappearing where followed with no pause by a word beginning with a vowel or sometimes .


title: Œ

text: As less-circumstantial evidence (than this word's Modern short E ) that it contained the final "-e", consider both the spelling of its earliest attestation in English recorded by the "NED", within ""It maketh to blister both handes, & feet, out of which issueth "foetide", and stinckinge water."" (in a text dating to 1599). And from the immediate ancestor of the word, lying between it and Latin's ", -a, -um", namely, Anglo-Norman "fetide", attested 13th century.


title: Œ

text: "Œ" is used in the modern scholarly orthography of Old West Norse, representing the long vowel , contrasting with "ø", which represents the short vowel . Sometimes, the "ǿ" is used instead for Old West Norse, maintaining consistency with the designation of the length of the other vowels, e.g."" "mothers".


title: Œ

text: "Œ" is also used to express long in the modern scholarly orthography of Middle High German. It contrasts "ö", pronounced as a short .


title: Œ

text: "Œ" is not used in modern German. Loanwords using "œ" are generally rendered ö, e.g. '. A common exception is the French word ' and its compounds (e.g. "" It remains used in Swiss German, especially in the names of people and places.


title: Œ

text: "Œ" is not used in Danish, just like German, but unlike German, Danish replaces "œ" or "œu" in loan-words with ø, as in ' "economy" from Greek via Latin ' or ' "beef" from French '. "œ", mainly lowercase, has historically been used as a typeface alternative to "æ" in Danish.


title: Œ

text: The symbol is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for the open-mid front rounded vowel. This sound resembles the "œu" in the French ' or the "ö" in the German '. These contrast with French ' and German ', which have the close-mid front rounded vowel, .


title: Œ

text: In Unicode, the characters are encoded at and . In ISO-8859-15, "Œ" is 0xBC and "œ" 0xBD. In Windows-1252, at positions 0x8C and 0x9C. In Mac-Roman, they are at positions 0xCE and 0xCF.


title: Œ

text: "Œ" and "œ" were omitted from ISO-8859-1 (as well as derived standards, such as IBM code page 850), which are still widespread in internet protocols and applications. Œ is the only character in modern French that is not included in ISO-8859-1, and this has led to it becoming replaced by 'oe' in many computer-assisted publications (including printed magazines and newspapers). This was due, in part, to the lack of available characters in the French ISO/IEC 646 version that was used earlier for computing. Another reason is that "œ" is absent from most French keyboards, and as a result, few people know how to input it.


title: Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey

text: Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey is an American documentary miniseries on Netflix, surrounding the polygamous Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, an offshoot of mainstream Mormonism, and its current leader Warren S. Jeffs. The series was released on June 8, 2022, on Netflix. It is directed by Rachel Dretzin, who began interviewing survivors after visiting Short Creek, Utah, the headquarters of the FLDS Church.


title: Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey

text: Between June 5, 2022, and June 19, 2022, the docuseries was watched for 58.78 million hours on Netflix globally.


title: Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey

text: The title of the series is derived from the motto ""Keep Sweet, Pray, and Obey,"" coined by the preceding president Rulon Jeffs, and used to convey how women should behave in relation to their husband. According to a woman going by the name "Charlene", who was interviewed in the series, the mantra was frequently sung aloud, and meant "to be in control of your emotions and you didn't display things like anger or resentment or frustration." The latter part of the motto, ""Pray and Obey"" is shown to adorn the chimney of a house belonging to Warren Jeffs.


title: Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey

text: Several former FLDS members, or survivors, are interviewed by Dretzin on both their experiences inside the church, as well providing testimony to Jeffs' systematic coercion and exercises of power toward the members of the congregation. Rebecca Musser, a former wife of Rulon, appears in each of the episodes, as does her sister Elissa Wall. People outside of the church, either related to the events transpiring following the church's move from Salt Lake City to Short Creek, the move of headquarters from Short Creek to the Yearning for Zion Ranch, or for their previous work covering the FLDS, were also interviewed. These people include both the investigative journalist Mike Watkiss, who had previously done several reports on the church, private investigator Sam Brower, who has investigated the church for several years, and attorney Roger Hoole.


title: Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey

text: According to Dretzin herself, the focus "[is] not only the experience of being in that cult", but instead "It's on the people, particularly the women who managed to defy it and escape it, which — if you know anything about the FLDS — is a pretty miraculous and incredible thing to do.” The series also featured background film with actors portraying both Jeffs and relatives of interviewees in all of the episodes.


title: Keep Sweet: Pray and Obey

text: Dretzin has also expressed interest in making a second season, albeit stating that the decision is ultimately up to Netflix.


title: Cengiz Ünder

text: Cengiz Ünder (; born 14 July 1997) is a Turkish professional footballer who plays as a right winger for Ligue 1 club Marseille and the Turkey national team.


title: Cengiz Ünder

text: Ünder began his professional career at Altinordu, and later transferred to Başakşehir. In his breakout season with Başakşehir, Ünder established himself as one of the best players in the league, scoring 7 goals in 32 games in his debut season in the Süper Lig.


title: Cengiz Ünder

text: On 16 July 2017, he became a Roma player for a €13.4 million fee. He scored his first goal for Roma in a 1–0 win over Hellas Verona in the Serie A on 4 February 2018. In the same month, he marked his Champions League debut with a goal; the opener in a 1–2 loss to Shakhtar Donetsk in the first leg of the first round of knockout fixtures, becoming the youngest Turkish player ever to score in the Champions League.


title: Cengiz Ünder

text: On 20 September 2020, Ünder signed for Premier League club Leicester City on a season-long loan, with the option of a permanent transfer. He made his debut in a 3–0 defeat to West Ham United, coming on as a substitute. On 25 October, he made his first goal contribution for Leicester when he assisted Jamie Vardy's winning goal in a 1–0 away win over Arsenal, which ended Leicester's 47 year wait for a victory away at Arsenal. On 10 December, Ünder scored his first Leicester goal in a 2–0 home win over AEK Athens in the UEFA Europa League.


title: Cengiz Ünder

text: On 4 July 2021, he signed on loan for Ligue 1 club Marseille, with an option to be bought of €9 million.


title: Cengiz Ünder

text: Ünder has represented the U18 and U19 levels of the Turkey national youth football team. He most recently was called up to the Turkey national under-21 football team.


title: Cengiz Ünder

text: In November 2016 Ünder received his first call-up to the senior Turkey squad for the match against Kosovo. He scored his first international goal in his second cap for his country in a friendly victory against Moldova in March 2017.


title: Cengiz Ünder

text: Following the Afrin offensive in Northern Syria, which was carried out by the Turkish Armed Forces in January 2018, on 11 February, Ünder performed a military salute as a goal celebration after netting in Roma's 5–2 home win over Benevento in Serie A. In October 2019, following the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, Ünder posted a picture of the aforementioned celebration on Twitter; his controversial post drew criticism on social media from Roma fans.


title: Invasion

text: An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either: conquering; liberating or re-establishing control or authority over a territory; forcing the partition of a country; altering the established government or gaining concessions from said government; or a combination thereof. An invasion can be the cause of a war, be a part of a larger strategy to end a war, or it can constitute an entire war in itself. Due to the large scale of the operations associated with invasions, they are usually strategic in planning and execution.


title: Invasion

text: Archaeological evidence indicates that invasions have been frequent occurrences since prehistory. In antiquity, before radio communications and fast transportation, the only way for a military to ensure adequate reinforcements was to move armies as one massive force. This, by its very nature, led to the strategy of invasion. With invasion came cultural exchanges in government, religion, philosophy, and technology that shaped the development of much of the ancient world.


title: Invasion

text: Before the days of package tours and cut-price airlines, military invasions functioned as a standard major form of proto-tourism – bringing large numbers of foreign visitors into new environments, with the consequential social, cultural and economic impacts on indigenous populations and on the invaders.


title: Invasion

text: States with potentially hostile neighbors typically adopt defensive measures to delay or forestall an invasion. In addition to utilizing geographical barriers such as rivers, marshes, or rugged terrain, these measures have historically included fortifications. Such a defense can be intended to actively prevent invading forces from entering the country by means of an extended and well-defended barrier; the Great Wall of China, Hadrian's Wall, and the Danewerk are famous examples. Such barriers have also included trench lines and, in more modern times, minefields, cameras, and motion-sensitive sensors. However, these barriers can require a large military force to provide the defense, as well as maintain the equipment and positions, which can impose a great economic burden on the country. Some of those same techniques can also be turned against defenders, used to keep them from escape or resupply. During Operation Starvation, Allied forces used airdropped mines to severely disrupt Japanese logistical operations within their own borders.


title: Invasion

text: Alternatively, the fortifications can be built up at a series of sites, such as castles or forts placed near a border. These structures are designed to delay an invasion long enough for the defending nation to mobilize an army of a size sufficient for defense or, in some cases, counter-invasion—such as, for example, the Maginot Line. Forts can be positioned so that the garrisons can interdict the supply lines of the invaders. The theory behind these spaced forts is that the invader cannot afford to bypass these defenses, and so must lay siege to the structures.


title: Invasion

text: In modern times, the notion of constructing large-scale static defenses to combat land-based threats has largely become obsolete. The use of precision air campaigns and large-scale mechanization have made lighter, more mobile defenses desirable to military planners. The obsolescence of large fortifications was displayed by the failure of the Maginot Line in the beginning of World War Two. Nations defending against modern invasions normally use large population centers such as cities or towns as defensive points. The invader must capture these points to destroy the defender's ability to wage war. The defender uses mobile armored and infantry divisions to protect these points, but the defenders are still very mobile and can normally retreat. A prominent example of the use of cities as fortifications can be seen in the Iraqi Army's stands in the 2003 invasion of Iraq at Baghdad, Tikrit, and Basra in the major combat in the Iraq War. A defender can also use these mobile assets to precipitate a counteroffensive like the Soviet Red Army at the Battle of Kursk or the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan.


title: Invasion

text: However, static emplacements remain useful in both defense against naval attacks and defense against air attacks. Naval mines are still an inexpensive but effective way to defend ports and choke off supply lines. Large static air defense systems that combine antiaircraft guns with missile launchers are still the best way to defend against air attacks. Such systems were used effectively by the North Vietnamese around Hanoi. Also, the United States has invested considerable time and money into the construction of a National Missile Defense system, a static defense grid intended to intercept nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles.


title: Invasion

text: Island nations, such as the United Kingdom or Japan, and continental states with extensive coasts, such as the United States, have utilized a significant naval presence to forestall an invasion of their country, rather than fortifying their border areas. A successful naval defense, however, usually requires a preponderance of naval power and the ability to sustain and service that defense force.


title: Invasion

text: In particularly large nations, the defending force may also retreat to facilitate a counterattack by drawing the invaders deeper into hostile territory. One effect of this tactic is that the invading force becomes too spread out, making supply difficult and making the lines more susceptible to attack. This tactic, although costly, helped the Soviets stop the German advance at Stalingrad. It can also cause the invading force to extend too far, allowing a pincer movement to cut them off from reinforcements. This was the cause of the British defeat at the Battle of Cowpens during the American Revolutionary War. Finally, sending too many reinforcements can leave too few defenders in the attackers' territory, allowing a counter-invasion from other areas, as happened in the Second Punic War.


title: Invasion

text: There are many different methods by which an invasion can take place, each method having arguments both in their favour and against. These include invasion by land, sea, or air, or any combination of these methods.


title: Invasion

text: Invasion over land is the straightforward entry of armed forces into an area using existing land connections, usually crossing borders or otherwise defined zones, such as a demilitarized zone, overwhelming defensive emplacements and structures. Although this tactic often results in a quick victory, troop movements are relatively slow and subject to disruption by terrain and weather. Furthermore, it is hard to conceal plans for this method of invasion, as most geopolitical entities take defensive positions in areas that are most vulnerable to the methods mentioned above.


title: Invasion

text: In modern warfare, invasion by land often takes place after, or sometimes during, attacks on the target by other means. Air strikes and cruise missiles launched from ships at sea are a common method of "softening" the target. Other, more subtle, preparations may involve secretly garnering popular support, assassinating potentially threatening political or military figures, and closing off supply lines where they cross into neighboring countries. In some cases, those other means of attack eliminate the need for ground assault; the 1945 atomic-bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ultimately made it unnecessary for the Allies to invade the Japanese home islands with infantry troops. In cases such as this, while some ground troops are still needed to occupy the conquered territory, they are allowed to enter under the terms of a treaty and as such are no longer invaders. As unmanned, long-range combat evolves, the instances of basic overland invasion become fewer; often the conventional fighting is effectively over before the infantry arrives in the role of peacekeepers (see "Applications regarding non-state combatants" in this article).


title: Invasion

text: Invasion by sea is the use of a body of water to facilitate the entry of armed forces into an area, often a landmass adjoining the body of water or an island. This is generally used either in conjunction with another method of invasion, and especially before the invention of flight, for cases in which there is no other method to enter the territory in question. Arguments in favor of this method usually consist of the ability to perform a surprise attack from sea, or that naval defenses of the area in question are inadequate to repel such an attack. However, the large amount of specialized equipment, such as amphibious vehicles and the difficulty of establishing defenses—usually with a resulting high casualty count—in exchange for a relatively small gain, are often used as arguments against such an invasion method. Underwater hazards and a lack of good cover are very common problems during invasions from the sea. At the Battle of Tarawa, Marine landing craft became hung up on a coral reef and were shelled from the beach. Other landers were sunk before they could reach the shore, and the tanks they were carrying were stranded in the water. Most of the few survivors of the first wave ended up pinned down on the beach. The island was conquered but at a heavy cost, and the loss of life sparked mass protests from civilians in the United States.


title: Invasion

text: Invasion by air is an invention of the 20th century and modern warfare. The idea involves sending military units into a territory by aircraft. The aircraft either land, allowing the military units to debark and attempt their objective, or the troops exit the aircraft while still in the air, using parachutes or similar devices to land in the territory being invaded. Many times air assaults have been used to pave the way for a ground- or sea-based invasion, by taking key positions deep behind enemy lines such as bridges and crossroads, but an entirely air-based invasion has never succeeded. Two immediate problems are resupply and reinforcement. A large airborne force cannot be adequately supplied without meeting up with ground forces; an airborne force too small simply places themselves into an immediate envelopment situation. Arguments in favor of this method generally relate to the ability to target specific areas that may not necessarily be easily accessible by land or sea, a greater chance of surprising the enemy and overwhelming defensive structures, and, in many cases, the need for a reduced number of forces due to the element of surprise. Arguments against this method typically involve capacity to perform such an invasion—such as the sheer number of planes that would be needed to carry a sufficient number of troops—and the need for a high level of intelligence in order for the invasion to be successful.


title: Invasion

text: The closest examples to a true air invasion are the Battle of Crete, Operation Thursday (the Chindits second operation during the Burma Campaign) and Operation Market Garden. The latter was an assault on the German-occupied Netherlands conducted in September 1944. Nearly 35,000 men were dropped by parachute and glider into enemy territory in an attempt to capture bridges from the Germans and make way for the Allies' advance. However, even with such a massive force taking the Germans completely by surprise, the assault was a tactical failure and after 9 days of fighting the Allies managed only to escape back to their own lines, having sustained over 18,000 casualties. In the 21st century, as vast improvements are made in anti-aircraft defenses, it seems that the air invasion is a strategy whose time may never come.


title: Invasion

text: Once political boundaries and military lines have been breached, pacification of the region is the final, and arguably the most important, goal of the invading force. After the defeat of the regular military, or when one is lacking, continued opposition to an invasion often comes from civilian or paramilitary resistance movements. Complete pacification of an occupied country can be difficult, and usually impossible, but popular support is vital to the success of any invasion.


title: Invasion

text: Media propaganda such as leaflets, books, and radio broadcasts can be used to encourage resistance fighters to surrender and to dissuade others from joining their cause. Pacification, often referred to as "the winning of hearts and minds", reduces the desire for civilians to take up resistance. This may be accomplished through reeducation, allowing conquered citizens to participate in their government, or, especially in impoverished or besieged areas, simply by providing food, water, and shelter. Sometimes displays of military might are used; invading forces may assemble and parade through the streets of conquered towns, attempting to demonstrate the futility of any further fighting. These displays may also include public executions of enemy soldiers, resistance fighters, and other conspirators. Particularly in antiquity, the death or imprisonment of a popular leader was sometimes enough to bring about a quick surrender. However, this has often had the unintended effect of creating martyrs around which popular resistance can rally. An example of which was Sir William Wallace, who, centuries after his execution by the English, is still a symbol of Scottish nationalism.


title: Invasion

text: Without a steady flow of supplies, an invading force will soon find itself retreating. Before his invasion of Greece, Xerxes I spent three years amassing supplies from all over Asia; Herodotus wrote that the Persian army was so large it "drank the rivers dry".


title: Invasion

text: In most invasions, even in modern times, many fresh supplies are gathered from the invaded territories themselves. Before the laws of war, invaders often relied heavily on the supplies they would win by conquering towns along the way. During the Second Punic War, for example, Hannibal diverted his army to conquer cities simply to gather supplies; his strategy in crossing the Alps necessitated traveling with as few provisions as possible, expecting the Roman stores to sustain them when they had breached the border. The scorched earth tactics used in Russia forced Napoleon to withdraw his forces due to lack of food and shelter. Today, the Law of land warfare forbids looting and the confiscation of private property, but local supplies, particularly perishables, are still purchased when possible for use by occupying forces, and airplanes often use parachutes to drop supplies to besieged forces. Even as rules become stricter, the necessities of war become more numerous; in addition to food, shelter, and ammunition, today's militaries require fuel, batteries, spare mechanical parts, electronic equipment, and many other things. In the United States, the Defense Logistics Agency employs over 22,000 civilians with the sole task of logistics support, and 30,000 soldiers graduate from the U.S. Army Logistics Management College each year.


title: Invasion

text: Another consideration is the importance of leadership being able to communicate with the invasion force. In ancient times, this often meant that a king needed to lead his armies in person to be certain his commands were timely and followed, as in the case of Alexander the Great (356–323 BCE). At that time, the skills needed to lead troops in battle were as important as the skills needed to run a country during peacetime. When it was necessary for the king to be elsewhere, messengers would relay updates back to the rear, often on horseback or, in cases such as the Battle of Marathon (490 BCE), with swift runners.


title: Invasion

text: When possible, sloops and cutters were used to relay information by sea. brought Britain the first news that Nelson had defeated the French forces at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.


title: Invasion

text: The development of Morse Code, and later of voice communications by radio and satellite, have allowed even small units of skirmishers to remain in contact with a larger invasion force, to verify orders or to call for artillery support and air strikes. These communications were critical to the German blitzkrieg strategy, as infantry commanders relayed defensive positions to tanks and bombers.


title: Invasion

text: In diplomatic, public-relations and propaganda terms, it may help an invader (or a potential invader) to have an invitation as an excuse to intervene with a view to "restoring order" or "righting wrongs". Dissident groups, fifth columns or official circles may conspire to "call in" foreign assistance. Cases include:


title: Invasion

text: National foundation-legends can echo the theme of inviting foreign warriors to come and rule a people: note the traditional account in the "Tale of Bygone Years" of how Varangian invaders came establish long-term rule in Novgorod (and subsequently throughout Russia).


title: Invasion

text: In the 20th and 21st centuries, questions arose regarding the effectiveness of the invasion strategy in neutralizing non-state combatants, a type of warfare sometimes referred to as "fourth generation warfare". In this case, one or more combatant groups are controlled not by a centralized state government but by independent leadership, and these groups may be made up of civilians, foreign agents, mercenaries, politicians, religious leaders, and members of the regular military. These groups act in smaller numbers, are not confined by borders, and do not necessarily depend on the direct support of the state. Groups such as these are not easily defeated by straightforward invasion, or even constant occupation; the country's regular army may be defeated, the government may be replaced, but asymmetric warfare on the part of these groups can be continued indefinitely. Because regular armed forces units do not have the flexibility and independence of small covert cells, many believe that the concept of a powerful occupying force actually creates a disadvantage.


title: Invasion

text: An opposing theory holds that, in response to extremist ideology and unjust governments, an invasion can change the government and reeducate the people, making prolonged resistance unlikely and averting future violence. This theory acknowledges that these changes may take time—generations, in some cases—but holds that immediate benefits may still be won by reducing membership in, and choking the supply lines of, these covert cells. Proponents of the invasion strategy in such conflicts maintain the belief that a strong occupying force can still succeed in its goals on a tactical level, building upon numerous small victories, similar to a war of attrition.


title: Invasion

text: Contemporary debate on this issue is still fresh; neither side can claim to know for certain which strategies will ultimately be effective in defeating non-state combatants. Opponents of the invasion strategy point to a lack of examples in which occupying or peacekeeping forces have met with conclusive success. They also cite continuing conflicts such as Northern Ireland, Israel, Chechnya, and Iraq, as well as examples which they claim ultimately proved to be failures, such as Lebanon, and Afghanistan. Supporters of the invasion strategy hold that it is too soon to call those situations failures, and that patience is needed to see the plan through. Some say that the invasions themselves have, in fact, been successful, but that political opponents and the international media skew the facts for sensationalism or political gain.


title: Invasion

text: The outcomes of an invasion may vary according to the objectives of both invaders and defenders, the success of the invasion and the defense, and the presence or absence of an agreed settlement between the warring parties. The most common outcome is the loss of territory, generally accompanied by a change in government and often the loss of direct control of that government by the losing faction. This sometimes results in the transformation of that country into a client state, often accompanied by requirements to pay reparations or tribute to the victor. In other cases the results of a successful invasion may simply be a return to the status quo; this can be seen in wars of attrition, when the destruction of personnel and supplies is the main strategic objective, or where a nation previously subdued and currently occupied by an aggressive third party is restored to control of its own affairs (i.e. Western Europe following the Normandy landings in 1944, or Kuwait following the defeat of Iraq in 1991). In some cases, the invasion may be strategically limited to a geographical area, which is carved into a separate state as with the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.


title: 2023 United States gubernatorial elections

text: United States gubernatorial elections are scheduled to be held on November 7, 2023, in the states of Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi. In addition, special elections may take place (depending on state law) if other gubernatorial seats are vacated. These elections form part of the 2023 United States elections. The last regular gubernatorial elections for all three states were in 2019.


text: Governor Andy Beshear was elected in 2019 with 49.2% of the vote and is running for reelection to a second term. Kentucky attorney general Daniel Cameron, former US Ambassador to the UN Kelly Craft, retired attorney Eric Deters, Kentucky State Auditor Mike Harmon, state representative Savannah Maddox, and Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture Ryan Quarles are running for the Republican gubernatorial nomination.


text: Governor John Bel Edwards was re-elected to a second term in 2019 with 51.3% of the vote. He will be term-limited by the Louisiana Constitution in 2023, and will therefore be unable to seek re-election for a third consecutive term. Attorney General Jeff Landry and Lieutenant Governor Billy Nungesser are running for the Republican gubernatorial nomination. Potential Republican candidates include U.S. Representative Garret Graves, state senator Sharon Hewitt, Treasurer John Schroder, and U.S. Senator John Kennedy.


text: Governor Tate Reeves was elected in 2019 with 51.9% of the vote. He is eligible to run for re-election, but has not yet stated whether he will do so.


title: Aaron Stanford

text: Aaron Stanford (born December 27, 1976) is an American actor best known for his roles as Pyro in "X2" and "", and Doug in the 2006 remake of "The Hills Have Eyes". From 2010 to 2013, he starred as Birkhoff in "Nikita". He has also starred as James Cole on the television series "12 Monkeys", based on the 1995 film of the same name.


title: Aaron Stanford

text: Stanford was born in Westford, Massachusetts, the son of Judith (née Dupras), an English professor, and Don Stanford, who works in publishing. His brother David is a musician. Stanford attended Westford Academy in Westford Massachusetts for high school and met his first acting teacher there. He initially attended SUNY Purchase, but transferred to Rutgers University Mason Gross School of Arts. He graduated in 2000, magna cum laude.


title: Aaron Stanford

text: Stanford's first major film role was in the low-budget indie film "Tadpole" (2002), in which he portrays Oscar Grubman, a precocious 15-year-old with a crush on his stepmother, played by Sigourney Weaver. For this performance he earned a nomination for the Golden Satellite Award. In 2001 and 2002 he appeared multiple times on the television series "Third Watch" as Russian teen Sergei. In the same year he was named as one of "Daily Variety's" "Top Ten Actors to Watch" and included on "Entertainment Weekly"'s "It List". In 2004 he appeared in Christopher Shinn's play "Where Do We Live" at the Vineyard Theatre. Stanford also starred as Anthony LaPaglia's son in the 2004 film "Winter Solstice".


title: Aaron Stanford

text: Director Bryan Singer was impressed with Stanford's performance in "Tadpole", and cast him as Pyro in the 2003 blockbuster "X2", a sequel to "X-Men". He continued the role in the third installment, "", released in May 2006. Both movies are based on the Marvel Comics series "X-Men". Stanford also starred in ABC's midseason replacement "Traveler", a drama about two friends who believe they are set up by their good friend (Stanford) in order to make them look like the conspirators of a terrorist attack.


title: Aaron Stanford

text: Stanford appeared in the 2006 remake of Wes Craven's "The Hills Have Eyes". He also won the "One To Watch" award at the 2006 Young Hollywood Awards. And in that same year, he starred in the New Hampshire–based comedy, "Live Free or Die", playing a wannabe tough-guy criminal named John Rudgate. Aaron also was the voice actor for Pvt. Polonsky in "". In 2009, he played a troubled poker genius in a season eight episode of "", as well as Horace Cook Jr. in an episode of AMC's acclaimed show "Mad Men". In 2010, he joined the CW's "Nikita" as Birkhoff. His character from the film "The Hills Have Eyes" appears in the 2012 video game "" via Zombies Mode.


title: Aaron Stanford

text: Stanford played the lead role of James Cole in the television adaptation of the movie "12 Monkeys", which premiered January 2015 on Syfy. He also was cast in the AMC series "Fear the Walking Dead" as the recurring character Jim, first appearing in the episode that aired on August 26, 2018.


title: The Great Hunt

text: The Great Hunt is a fantasy novel by American author Robert Jordan, the second book of "The Wheel of Time" series. It was published by Tor Books and released on November 15, 1990. "The Great Hunt" consists of a prologue and 50 chapters. In 2004 "The Great Hunt" was re-released as two separate books, "The Hunt Begins" and "New Threads in the Pattern".


title: The Great Hunt

text: The story features young heroes Rand al'Thor, Mat Cauthon, and Perrin Aybara, who join Shienaren soldiers in a quest to retrieve the Horn of Valere. At the same time, Egwene al'Vere, Nynaeve al'Meara, and Elayne Trakand go to the White Tower in Tar Valon to learn Aes Sedai ways. Finally, an exotic army invades the western coast.


title: The Great Hunt

text: Ba'alzamon presides over a clandestine meeting. In addition to Forsaken and Darkfriends (the antagonist's known subordinates), the meeting includes two Aes Sedai.


title: The Great Hunt

text: At Fal Dara in Shienar, following the events in "The Eye of the World", the protagonists are visited by the Amyrlin Seat, Siuan Sanche, who identifies Rand al'Thor as the Dragon Reborn. Mat's condition worsens through his psychic attachment to a parasitic dagger. Lan Mandragoran instructs Rand in sword fighting. Darkfriend Padan Fain is imprisoned but subsequently freed by Darkforces, stealing the Horn of Valere and the tainted dagger. Rand, Perrin Aybara, and Mat accompany a Shienaran party southbound in pursuit, under the leadership of Lord Ingtar and guided by a tracker named Hurin. Nynaeve al'Meara and Egwene al'Vere accompany Moraine to Tar Valon for Aes Sedai training, where they befriend Elayne Trakand and the clairvoyant Min. There, Nynaeve passes the test to become Accepted, a rank in the White Tower below Aes Sedai and above a Novice.


title: The Great Hunt

text: Rand, Loial, and Hurin are separated from the Shienaran party and transported to an alternate world; similar to their own, but deserted and distorted. Rand suspects that he activated the portal stone by unconsciously channeling "saidin" in his sleep, although Egwene dreams that a mysterious woman (later identified as Lanfear) is responsible. Rand's struggle to accept his channeling ability is a recurring element in the novel. In this alternate world, Rand meets Ba'alzamon and has a heron's image (the crest of his sword) branded into his palm in a fight. Later, with the help of the mysterious but beautiful Selene, they return to their own world, ahead of Fain's and Ingtar's groups. This done, they recover the Horn and dagger. At a loss to explain Rand's disappearance, Lord Ingtar's group pursue Padan Fain with the aid of Perrin, who uses a telepathic ability to communicate with wolves.


title: The Great Hunt

text: Rand's party journeys to Cairhien, where Rand finds gleeman Thom Merrilin, whom he thought dead in "The Eye of the World". Rand and Loial are attacked by Trollocs (the Dark One's bestial foot-soldiers) and, during their escape, destroy the Chapter House of the Illuminator's Guild, a society retaining knowledge of fireworks. The Horn and dagger are again lost. Later, Thom's apprentice Dena is murdered for Thom's involvement with Rand.


title: The Great Hunt

text: With the aid of Perrin, Ingtar's group is reunited with Rand, and they learn that the Horn has been taken to the port city of Falme in Toman Head. To gain time, Rand tries to lead them through an alternate world; but instead loses time. Meanwhile, the invading Seanchan and their exotic beasts have occupied Falme. Geofram Bornhald, leader of the zealous religious group Children of the Light, is preparing to attack the Seanchan. At the White Tower, Liandrin lures Egwene and Nynaeve, along with Elayne and Min, to Toman Head, where Min is captured by the Seanchan and Egwene is collared with an "a'dam": a device used by the Seanchan to control channelers. Nynaeve and Elayne escape.


title: The Great Hunt

text: At Falme, Rand slays High Lord Turak of the Seanchan before escaping with the Horn and dagger. Ingtar reveals himself as a Darkfriend, but redeems himself when he dies fighting for Rand's group. Elayne and Nynaeve rescue Egwene from the Seanchan and attempt to flee the city. At this moment the Whitecloaks also attack, leaving the heroes trapped between the Seanchan and the Whitecloaks; whereupon Mat blows the Horn of Valere, resurrecting dead heroes including Artur Hawkwing, which overcome the Seanchan and vanish. Rand himself vanquishes Ba'alzamon, but is himself wounded, and in doing so projects an image of their duel to numerous peoples.


title: Chris Pronger

text: Christopher Robert Pronger ( or ; born October 10, 1974) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman and a former advisor to the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL).


title: Chris Pronger

text: Originally selected second overall by the Hartford Whalers in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, Pronger has played for Hartford, the St. Louis Blues, Edmonton Oilers and Anaheim Ducks before being traded to the Philadelphia Flyers before the 2009–10 season. He was captain of the Blues, Ducks and Flyers. He has appeared in the Stanley Cup finals with three different teams (Edmonton, Anaheim and Philadelphia), winning the Cup with the Ducks in 2007. Pronger won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player for the 1999–2000 season, becoming the first defenceman to win the award since Bobby Orr in 1971–72. A mainstay on Team Canada, Pronger won Olympic gold medals at the 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympics and is a member of the Triple Gold Club. In 2017, he was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history.


title: Chris Pronger

text: Pronger's playing career ended in November 2011 due to post-concussion syndrome related to three separate hits suffered during his career; he also suffers from vision impairment due to being hit in the eye(s) by the blade of another player's stick. In October 2014, Pronger signed a contract with the NHL to assist its Player Safety Division, and he assists the NHL's Player Safety Division involving St. Louis Blues.


title: Chris Pronger

text: Pronger was born in Dryden, Ontario, to Jim and Eila Pronger, an immigrant from Pori, Finland. Before entering the junior ranks in Ontario, he grew up playing minor hockey in his hometown. As a 15-year-old, he was identified through the Ontario U-17 program and signed with the Stratford Cullitons Jr. B (OHA) club for the 1990–91 season. One of his defence partners in Stratford was future NHLer Greg de Vries.


title: Chris Pronger

text: In May 1991, Pronger indicated he was going to join his older brother Sean at Bowling Green State University to play in the NCAA instead of opting to play in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Regardless of his pre-draft indications, the Peterborough Petes selected Pronger in the sixth round in the OHL Priority Selection. Contrary to his initial intentions, Pronger reported to Peterborough.


title: Chris Pronger

text: After two stand-out seasons with Peterborough, and because of being highly regarded for his rare combination of imposing size, speed, offensive skill (particularly on the power play) and physicality, Pronger was selected second overall by the Hartford Whalers in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, behind Alexandre Daigle, who made the infamous statement, "I'm glad I got drafted first, because no one remembers number two."


title: Chris Pronger

text: Pronger made his debut in the 1993–94 NHL season, playing 81 games for the Whalers and earning a spot on the NHL All-Rookie Team. However, he was one of multiple Whalers that season with off-ice issues, being one of six players arrested for a barroom brawl in Buffalo in late March (the brawl also involved a Whalers assistant coach), and then being arrested for drunk driving in Ohio three days after his rookie season ended, leading some to consider Pronger impatient and immature. On his rookie season, then-teammate Kelly Chase said, "You could see [Pronger] had talent, but it was a ho-hum thing. He really didn't have any direction. He was under a lot of pressure and just wasn't ready for the responsibility. Of course that team wasn't exactly overloaded with players who knew how to win" (the Whalers finished second-last in the Eastern Conference that season). After a second season in Hartford, on July 27, 1995, he was traded to the St. Louis Blues in exchange for star forward Brendan Shanahan.


title: Chris Pronger

text: In the early years of his St. Louis career, Pronger played under coach and general manager Mike Keenan, who insisted he improve his conditioning and reduce his mistakes. Late in his first season in St. Louis, the acquisition of Wayne Gretzky took pressure off Pronger which, combined with Keenan's practices, allowed Pronger to concentrate on improving his defensive play.


title: Chris Pronger

text: In his third season with St. Louis and first as team captain, Pronger was again named to the All-Star team. That year, he also had a brief cardiac arrest during the 1998 Stanley Cup playoffs when he was hit in the chest with a puck in a game against the Detroit Red Wings. Prior to this, he played for the Canadian Olympic team in Nagano. In 1999–2000, Pronger recorded a career-high 62 points and a +52 rating. His efforts won him the Norris and Hart trophies at the end of the season. Pronger beat Art Ross winner Jaromír Jágr by just one point in Hart Trophy voting, which was, at the time, the smallest margin of victory in the history of the award. (Two years later, Jarome Iginla and José Théodore tied in overall voting; Théodore won with more first-place votes.) Pronger was also named to the first All-Star team.


title: Chris Pronger

text: Pronger scored 47 points the next season, but appeared in only 51 games due to injury problems. In February 2002, he won a gold medal with the Team Canada at the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. That same year in the NHL, he had another fine season and played in the All-Star Game once again. But injuries became a problem again in 2002–03, limiting him to just five games played, during which time Al MacInnis replaced him as captain. Pronger bounced back with another quality season in 2003–04. Following the 2004–05 NHL lockout and the imposition of an NHL salary cap, the Blues traded Pronger to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for defencemen Eric Brewer, Jeff Woywitka and Doug Lynch. While the Blues needed to reduce team salaries to make it easier to sell the team, the Oilers were able to sign Pronger to a five-year, $31.25 million contract.


title: Chris Pronger

text: Pronger was selected to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics, marking his third consecutive Olympic Games. The Oilers went to the Stanley Cup Finals that same year. On June 5, 2006, in Game 1 of the Stanley Cup Finals against the Carolina Hurricanes, Pronger became the first player in NHL history to score a penalty shot goal in a Stanley Cup Final game. The Oilers lost in Game 7, with Pronger scoring a team-high 21 points (5 goals and 16 assists) in 24 playoff games, as well as a team-leading plus/minus rating of +10 during the playoffs.


title: Chris Pronger

text: On June 23, 2006, Pronger requested a trade through his agent, Pat Morris, from the Edmonton Oilers. Edmonton GM Kevin Lowe said the request was due to personal reasons, while media outlets reported that Pronger's wife, Lauren, was not happy in Edmonton. The controversy surrounding Pronger's trade request has led many to describe him as "Public Enemy No. 1" in Edmonton.


title: Chris Pronger

text: On July 3, Pronger was traded to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for forward Joffrey Lupul, defensive prospect Ladislav Šmíd, Anaheim's 2007 first-round draft pick (traded to the Phoenix Coyotes, which selected Nick Ross), a conditional first-round draft pick (contingent on the Ducks reaching the Stanley Cup Finals within the next three seasons, which they did; the pick was used to select Jordan Eberle), and Anaheim's 2008 second-round draft pick (later traded to the New York Islanders).


title: Chris Pronger

text: In 2007, Pronger played an important role for the Ducks run as they won the Stanley Cup. It was also Pronger's second-straight finals appearance. During the Conference Finals, Pronger was suspended for one game for a check on Detroit Red Wings winger Tomas Holmström. He later criticized the Canadian media's coverage of the incident. In the final round, Pronger was suspended for one game for elbowing Ottawa Senators winger Dean McAmmond in the head during Game 3. With the Stanley Cup victory, he became a member of the Triple Gold Club.


title: Chris Pronger

text: On September 28, 2007, Pronger was named captain of the Ducks, replacing Scott Niedermayer, who sat out the beginning of the 2007–08 season. Although Niedermayer returned to the lineup later in the season, Pronger remained captain until the start of next season, when Niedermayer was renamed captain. Pronger retained a role as alternate captain.


title: Chris Pronger

text: On March 12, 2008, Pronger was involved in an incident with Vancouver's Ryan Kesler. Pronger, after being tangled up with Kesler behind the Anaheim blue line, stomped unnecessarily on Kesler's leg. Kesler was not injured and upon initial review the NHL did not suspend Pronger. However, upon new video evidence which provided a better angle, the NHL again reviewed the incident and issued Pronger an eight-game suspension. The suspension was criticized by some as insufficient, as Chris Simon had received a 30-game suspension for a stomp earlier that season, with some suggesting the NHL gave preferential treatment towards Pronger as an NHL MVP and an "ambassador for the game". He returned to the ice April 6 against the Phoenix Coyotes in Anaheim's last regular-season game of the year.


title: Chris Pronger

text: The 2008–09 season was quite successful for Pronger, who played his 1,000th career game on February 20, 2009. The Ducks would rally late in the season to jump into eighth place of the Western Conference. They dispatched the Presidents' Trophy-winning San Jose Sharks in six games before falling to the Detroit Red Wings in seven games. Pronger had 2 goals and 8 assists in 13 playoff games.


title: Chris Pronger

text: On June 27, 2009, Pronger along with forward Ryan Dingle was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Joffrey Lupul (earlier traded to Edmonton for Pronger in 2006), defenceman Luca Sbisa, two first-round draft picks and a conditional third-round draft pick. Ten days later, Pronger signed a seven-year contract extension. Nearly a month after signing, the NHL announced they had launched an investigation on Pronger's contract to determine whether it circumvented the NHL collective bargaining agreement's salary cap. Because the contract was front-loaded, with annual salaries of just $525,000 in the final two years and was set to expire when Pronger turned 42, the investigation was launched with the focus on the potential for negotiations between Pronger and the Flyers to retire before the contract expired. However, as Pronger's contract took effect after his 35th birthday, under the terms of the current collective bargaining agreement, his over-35 contract cannot be deleted from the Flyers' cap space unless he is placed on long-term injured reserve, and even then it would come back on the team's cap space during the off-season.


title: Chris Pronger

text: On December 30, 2009, Pronger was selected to play for Team Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. He served as one of the team's alternate captains, along with Sidney Crosby and Jarome Iginla. The team won the gold medal that year. After playing in his 25th Olympic game for Canada on February 28, 2010, Pronger became Canada's all-time leader in Olympic games played.


title: Chris Pronger

text: In the NHL regular season, the Flyers qualified for the 2010 playoffs on the last day of the season with a shootout win against the New York Rangers. A playoff run marked by an upset of the New Jersey Devils, a historic comeback against the Boston Bruins from down three games to none in the series and a five-game win over the Montreal Canadiens culminated in the Flyers playing the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals. Although the Flyers lost the series four games to two, Pronger had a strong playoff performance and led a team that traded for him to the Finals for the third time in a row. Conversely, no team that traded Pronger away qualified for the playoffs the following year.


title: Chris Pronger

text: Following the playoffs, Pronger underwent arthroscopic knee surgery. He missed the first two games of the season. Various other injuries would limit Pronger to just 50 games, marking the first time that he missed significant time since the season (when he missed 77 games). On September 16, 2011, Pronger was named the 18th captain in Flyers history, replacing Mike Richards (who was traded to the Los Angeles Kings just prior to the 2011 NHL Entry Draft). On Oct. 24, 2011, Maple Leafs center Mikhail Grabovski caught Pronger’s right eye with his stick while following through on a shot. He would miss the next six games with a serious eye injury and concussion. Multiple hits resulting in post-concussion syndrome (the last being a collision with Martin Hanzal) limited Pronger to 13 games for the season in mid-December, placing Pronger's playing career in jeopardy. He also continued to have problems in his right eye.


title: Chris Pronger

text: With a resumption of his playing career looking unlikely, Pronger stepped down as team captain and was succeeded by Claude Giroux on January 15, 2013. However, Pronger did not officially retire from the NHL because his contract ran through to the 2016–17 season. Under the terms of the NHL collective bargaining agreement, because he was at least 35 years old before the contract began, the Flyers were on the hook for the $4.9 million cost against the salary cap each season, though they were able to receive relief by placing Pronger on long-term injured reserve at the start of each season. Had Pronger formally retired, the Flyers would lose that ability and his contract amount would have counted in full against the cap and he would not receive the remainder of the amounts owed to him under the contract ($12.15 million at the start of the 2013–14 season).


title: Chris Pronger

text: On June 27, 2015, the Philadelphia Flyers traded Pronger's playing rights (alongside Nicklas Grossmann) to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for Sam Gagner and a conditional draft pick. The deal was made to the benefit of salary cap implications to each club, as Pronger never played for Arizona. Three days later, on June 30, 2015, he was named to the Hockey Hall of Fame; because the Hall only counts games played as its criteria for the minimum waiting period, Pronger was eligible for induction even though he was still technically an active player, as he had not played a game in three full seasons at the time of his induction.


title: Chris Pronger

text: After his contract expired following the 2017 NHL Entry Draft, on June 22, Pronger was able to officially retire and he signed with the Florida Panthers to become the organization's senior advisor of hockey operations.


title: Chris Pronger

text: Pronger married his wife Lauren in 1999, and together the couple have three children. He lived in Irvine, California, while playing for the Anaheim Ducks. Pronger now resides in Chesterfield, Missouri where he runs a travel agency alongside his wife.


title: Chris Pronger

text: Oct. 11, 2000: with St. Louis — one game, leaving bench for altercation (Los Angeles' Kelly Buchberger)


title: Sue Nicholls

text: Susan Frances Harmar Nicholls (born 23 November 1943) is an English actress, known for her roles on British television in "Crossroads" (1964–1968), "The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin" (1976–1979) and, "Rentaghost" (1981–1984), and especially for her long-running part as Audrey Roberts in the soap opera "Coronation Street" (1979–1982, 1984–present). She also appeared on Broadway in the 1974 revival of the comedy "London Assurance".


title: Sue Nicholls

text: Nicholls first appeared as Audrey in "Coronation Street" in 1979 and played the role intermittently for six years, before joining the cast permanently in 1985. She won the 2000 British Soap Award for Best Comedy Performance and the 2003 British Soap Award for Best Dramatic Performance, and received the Outstanding Achievement Award in 2019.


title: Sue Nicholls

text: Susan Frances Harmar Nicholls was born in Darlaston, Walsall. She was educated at the School of St Mary and St Anne (now known as Abbots Bromley School for Girls), and is a graduate of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.


title: Sue Nicholls

text: Nicholls first became known as Marilyn Gates on "Crossroads", a role she played from 1964 to 1968. A song she first sang on the programme, "Where Will You Be?", charted on 3 July 1968, eventually reaching number 17 in the UK Singles Chart.


title: Sue Nicholls

text: Nicholls's second single was less successful and she embarked on a career in a cabaret, performing her solo act all over the country. She returned to the stage in a variety of popular plays and pantomimes. During the 1970s, she had two very different stints abroad. In Vienna she sang between strip acts at a nightclub while in 1974 she toured America and Canada with the Royal Shakespeare Company in "London Assurance", finishing with a six-week run on Broadway.


title: Sue Nicholls

text: She played the role of the secretary, Joan Greengross (later Webster and Millbeck) in the sitcom "The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin" (1976–1979) and its sequel "The Legacy of Reginald Perrin" (1996), as well as Nadia Popov in "Rentaghost" and Mrs Muddle in "Pipkins" (1973) and appeared as Derinda Forbes in the hard-hitting police drama "The Professionals"; episode "The Acorn Syndrome" (1980).


title: Sue Nicholls

text: She has played Audrey in "Coronation Street" as an occasional visitor since April 1979, and a full-time permanent character since 1985.


title: Sue Nicholls

text: Nicholls' father was Sir Harmar Nicholls, later Lord Harmar-Nicholls, the former Conservative MP for Peterborough (1950–1974) and MEP for Greater Manchester South (1979–1984), and subsequently a life peer; she is thus entitled to be addressed as "The Honourable Susan Nicholls". Nicholls was married to Mark Eden from 1993 until his death in 2021; Eden appeared as Alan Bradley on "Coronation Street" from 1986 until 1989.


title: Sue Nicholls

text: In 2011, while watching an episode of "Coronation Street", Sister Anna Bianconi-Moore, a Senior nurse at the dermatology department at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, noticed a mole on Nicholls' shoulder. The nurse contacted the show immediately via email to express her concerns. Nicholls was seen by Zeena Islam – "Coronation Street's" in-house doctor, who referred her to a skin cancer specialist, where she was diagnosed with malignant melanoma. After the mole was surgically removed, ITV contacted Bianconi-Moore to inform her of the situation, and she was invited to the "Coronation Street" set to meet Nicholls.


title: Odelay

text: Odelay is the fifth studio album by American musician Beck, released on June 18, 1996, by DGC Records. The album featured several successful singles, including "Where It's At", "Devils Haircut", and "The New Pollution", and peaked at number sixteen on the "Billboard" 200. As of July 2008, the album had sold 2.3 million copies in the United States, making "Odelay" Beck's most successful album to date. Since its release, the album has appeared in numerous publications' lists of the greatest of the 1990s and of all time.


title: Odelay

text: The sessions for what would become "Odelay" originally began as a subdued, acoustic affair. In 1994, Beck started to record tracks for his follow-up to "Mellow Gold" with Bong Load producers Tom Rothrock and Rob Schnapf. Only the tracks "Ramshackle", "Feather in Your Cap", and "Brother" from these sessions have been released, all of which are acoustic, sparse, and melancholic. He would eventually abandon work with Rothrock and Schnapf, opting to work with the Dust Brothers instead. The Dust Brothers' production style was hip-hop-focused yet more layered; their résumé included notable work with Beastie Boys, Tone Lōc and Young MC.


title: Odelay

text: The title is a phonetic English rendering of the Mexican slang interjection ""órale"", which translates roughly to "listen up" or "what's up?" The phrase "odelay" is repeated in the lyrics during the outro of the song "Lord Only Knows". According to Stephen Malkmus, the title is a pun on "Oh Delay", since the album took very long to record. The album's cover is a photo of a Komondor, a rare Hungarian breed of dog with a heavy, corded coat. The original photo was shot by canine photographer Joan Ludwig (1914–2004) for the July 1977 issue of the American Kennel Club’s "Gazette".


title: Odelay

text: The promotional tour for the album began in May-June 1996, appearing in several record stores and Radio Stations in the U.S. Throughout the rest of the year followed numerous U.S. tours and European festival dates.


title: Odelay

text: However it was as the tour continued into 1997 that Beck began playing larger venues in America. The tour unofficially ended on September 5th, 1997, with a taped band performance at "Sessions at West 54th" in New York, after over 150 shows from July '96 until September '97.


title: Odelay

text: It was on the "Odelay" tour that earned Beck a wide reputation as an energetic and impeccable performer, and his profile rose after multiple appearances on MTV, the Howard Stern Radio Show, the 1997 Grammys, Later with Jools Holland and more.


title: Odelay

text: Upon release, "Odelay" received almost unanimous critical acclaim. "Odelay" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and won a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 1997, as well as a Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance for "Where It's At". It was ranked 16 in "Spin"'s "100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005". Odelay was awarded Album of the Year by the American magazine Rolling Stone. It was voted as the best album of the year in "The Village Voice" Pazz & Jop critics poll, and also in "NME"s annual critics poll. In 1998, "Q" magazine readers voted "Odelay" the 51st greatest album of all time. The album was ranked number 306 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2013, and later ranked number 424 in the 2020 edition, and number 9 on its list of the 100 best albums of the nineties. Voters in Channel 4's 2005 "100 Greatest Albums" poll placed it at number 73. The music website "Pitchfork" ranked it at #19 on their top 100 albums of the 1990s. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Odelay

text: Rob Sheffield in an AllMusic review feels that, like "Mellow Gold", "Odelay" incorporates elements from various genres, including "folk and country, grungy garage rock, stiff-boned electro, louche exotica, old-school rap and noise rock." Additional influences include punk rock, bossa nova, Latin soul and mainstream R&B.


title: Odelay

text: On January 29, 2008, "Odelay – Deluxe Edition" was released. The two-disc set contains the original album, plus 19 B-sides, remixes and previously unreleased songs. The liner notes feature complete lyrics and artwork as well as an essay from Thurston Moore and the transcript of 15 high school students interviewed by Dave Eggers. The cover art was deliberately edited to appear as if it was a personalized copy of the album, with stickers carelessly half-ripped off and various doodles on it (such as a face drawn on the dog and rainbows behind it) and including the phrase "Property of Michael" written on the back. The exclusion of "Diskobox" may have been done as a deliberate nod to the cover art having the 'strictly limited edition bonus track' sticker partly torn off.


title: Odelay

text: "Diskobox", which appeared on the original UK and Japanese pressings of "Odelay", was not included on the deluxe edition for unknown reasons. The "Odelay" sessions version of "Debra" (later re-recorded for "Midnite Vultures") is also absent, despite initial statements to the contrary.


title: Odelay

text: Some of the bonus tracks on the Deluxe Edition (specifically "Deadweight" and "Clock") appear to be from lossy (e.g. MP3) sources. Some of the tracks included have been altered beyond simple remastering. No official explanation for these changes has been given. Some of these alterations are listed below:


title: Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah

text: "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" is a song composed by Allie Wrubel with lyrics by Ray Gilbert for the Disney 1946 live action and animated movie "Song of the South", sung by James Baskett. For "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah", the film won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and was the second Disney song to win this award, after "When You Wish upon a Star" from "Pinocchio" (1940). In 2004, it finished at number 47 in "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs", a survey of top tunes in American cinema.


title: Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah

text: Disney historian Jim Korkis said the word "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" was reportedly invented by Walt Disney, who was fond of nonsense words such as "Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo" from "Cinderella" (1950) and "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" from "Mary Poppins" (1964). Ken Emerson, author of the book "Doo-dah!: Stephen Foster And The Rise Of American Popular Culture", believes that the song is influenced by the chorus of the pre-Civil War folk song "Zip Coon", a "Turkey in the Straw" variation: "O Zip a duden duden duden zip a duden day".


title: Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah

text: Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans, a Phil Spector-produced American rhythm and blues trio from Los Angeles, recorded "Zip-a-Dee Doo-Dah" using the Wrecking Crew in late 1962. According to the Beatles' George Harrison: "When Phil Spector was making 'Zip-A-Dee Doo-Dah', the engineer who's set up the track overloaded the microphone on the guitar player and it became very distorted. Phil Spector said, 'Leave it like that, it's great.' Some years later everyone started to try to copy that sound and so they invented the fuzz box." The song also marked the first time his Wall of Sound production formula was fully executed.


title: Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah

text: In 1963, Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans took their version of the song to number 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and number 7 on the Hot R&B Singles chart. Their song also peaked at number 45 in the UK Singles Chart the same year. The song was included on the only album the group ever recorded, "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah", issued on the Philles Records label.