text: The Grand Duchess supports the UNESCO “Breaking the Poverty Cycle of Women” project in Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. The purpose of this project is to improve the living conditions of girls, women and their families. As honorary president of her own foundation, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa set up a project called "Projet de la Main Tendue" after visiting the Bujumbura prison in 2009 in Burundi. The purpose of this project is to liberate minor people from prison and to give them new opportunities for their future.


title: Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

text: In October 2016, Maria Teresa accepted an invitation to join the eminent international Council of Patrons of the Asian University for Women (AUW) in Chittagong, Bangladesh. The university, which is the product of east-west foundational partnerships (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Open Society Foundation, IKEA Foundation, etc.) and regional cooperation, serves extraordinarily talented women from 15 countries across Asia and the Middle East.


text: In 2019, Maria Teresa presented her initiative "Stand Speak Rise Up!" to end sexual violence in fragile environments, launched in cooperation with the Women’s Forum and with the support of the Luxembourg government. The conference is in partnership with the Dr. Denis Mukwege Foundation and We Are Not Weapons of War.


text: In 2020 the Prime Minister of Luxembourg commissioned a report into the Cour le Grand Ducal following concerns over its working. The report found that up to 1/3 of employees had left since 2015 and that "The most important decisions in the field of personnel management, whether at the level of recruitment, assignment to the various departments or even at the dismissal level are taken by HRH the Grand Duchess.” Several newspaper reports at the time highlighted a 'culture of fear' around the Grand Duchess and "that no-one bar the Prime Minister dared confront her". The report also raised concerns about the use of public funds to pay for the Grand Duchess' personal website and that this had been prioritised over the Cour's own official website. There were also allegations that staff at the Court has been subject to physical abuse and these reports were investigated by the Luxembourg judicial police.


text: Maria Teresa married Prince Henri of Luxembourg in a civil ceremony on 4 February 1981 and a religious ceremony on 14 February 1981, since Valentine's Day was their favourite holiday. The consent of the Grand Duke had been previously given on 7 November 1980. She received a bouquet of red roses and a sugarcane as a wedding gift from Cuban leader Fidel Castro. The couple has five children: Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Prince Félix of Luxembourg, Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Princess Alexandra of Luxembourg, and Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg, They were born at Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Steven Weinberg (; May 3, 1933 – July 23, 2021) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: He held the Josey Regental Chair in Science at the University of Texas at Austin, where he was a member of the Physics and Astronomy Departments. His research on elementary particles and physical cosmology was honored with numerous prizes and awards, including the 1979 Nobel Prize in physics and the 1991 National Medal of Science. In 2004, he received the Benjamin Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society, with a citation that said he was "considered by many to be the preeminent theoretical physicist alive in the world today." He was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Britain's Royal Society, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Weinberg's articles on various subjects occasionally appeared in "The New York Review of Books" and other periodicals. He served as a consultant at the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, president of the Philosophical Society of Texas, and member of the Board of Editors of "Daedalus" magazine, the Council of Scholars of the Library of Congress, the JASON group of defense consultants, and many other boards and committees.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Steven Weinberg was born in 1933 in New York City. His parents were Jewish immigrants; his father, Frederick, worked as a court stenographer, while his mother, Eva (Israel), was a housewife. Becoming interested in science at age 16 through a chemistry set handed down by a cousin, he graduated from Bronx High School of Science in 1950. He was in the same graduating class as Sheldon Glashow, whose research, independent of Weinberg's, resulted in their (and Abdus Salam's) sharing the 1979 Nobel in physics.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Weinberg received his bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1954. There he resided at the Telluride House. He then went to the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen, where he started his graduate studies and research. After one year, Weinberg moved to Princeton University, where he earned his Ph.D. in physics in 1957, completing his dissertation, "The role of strong interactions in decay processes", under the supervision of Sam Treiman.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: After completing his Ph.D., Weinberg worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Columbia University (1957–59) and University of California, Berkeley (1959) and then was promoted to faculty at Berkeley (1960–66). He did research in a variety of topics of particle physics, such as the high energy behavior of quantum field theory, symmetry breaking, pion scattering, infrared photons and quantum gravity. It was also during this time that he developed the approach to quantum field theory described in the first chapters of his book "The Quantum Theory of Fields" and started to write his textbook "Gravitation and Cosmology", having taken up an interest in general relativity after the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. He was also appointed the senior scientist at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. "The Quantum Theory of Fields" spanned three volumes and over 1,500 pages, and is often regarded as the leading book in the field.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: In 1966, Weinberg left Berkeley and accepted a lecturer position at Harvard. In 1967 he was a visiting professor at MIT. It was in that year at MIT that Weinberg proposed his model of unification of electromagnetism and nuclear weak forces (such as those involved in beta-decay and kaon-decay), with the masses of the force-carriers of the weak part of the interaction being explained by spontaneous symmetry breaking. One of its fundamental aspects was the prediction of the existence of the Higgs boson. Weinberg's model, now known as the electroweak unification theory, had the same symmetry structure as that proposed by Glashow in 1961: both included the then-unknown weak interaction mechanism between leptons, known as neutral current and mediated by the Z boson. The 1973 experimental discovery of weak neutral currents (mediated by this Z boson) was one verification of the electroweak unification. The paper by Weinberg in which he presented this theory is one of the most cited works ever in high-energy physics.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: After his 1967 seminal work on the unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions, Weinberg continued his work in many aspects of particle physics, quantum field theory, gravity, supersymmetry, superstrings and cosmology. In the years after 1967, the full Standard Model of elementary particle theory was developed through the work of many contributors. In it, the weak and electromagnetic interactions already unified by the work of Weinberg, Salam and Glashow, are made consistent with a theory of the strong interactions between quarks, in one overarching theory. In 1973, Weinberg proposed a modification of the Standard Model that did not contain that model's fundamental Higgs boson. Also during the 1970s, he proposed a theory later known as technicolor, in which new strong interactions resolve the hierarchy problem.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Weinberg became Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics at Harvard University in 1973, a post he held until 1983. In 1979 he pioneered the modern view on the renormalization aspect of quantum field theory that considers all quantum field theories effective field theories and changed the viewpoint of previous work (including his own in his 1967 paper) that a sensible quantum field theory must be renormalizable. This approach allowed the development of effective theory of quantum gravity, low energy QCD, heavy quark effective field theory and other developments, and is a topic of considerable interest in current research.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: In 1979, some six years after the experimental discovery of the neutral currents—i.e. the discovery of the inferred existence of the Z boson—but after the 1978 experimental discovery of the theory's predicted amount of parity violation due to Z bosons' mixing with electromagnetic interactions, Weinberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics with Glashow and Salam, who had independently proposed a theory of electroweak unification based on spontaneous symmetry breaking.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: In 1982 Weinberg moved to the University of Texas at Austin as the Jack S. Josey-Welch Foundation Regents Chair in Science, and started a theoretical physics group at the university that now has eight full professors and is one of the leading research groups in the field in the U.S.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Weinberg is frequently listed among the top scientists with the highest research effect indices, such as the h-index and the creativity index. The theoretical physicist Peter Woit called Weinberg "arguably the dominant figure in theoretical particle physics during its period of great success from the late sixties to the early eighties", calling his contribution to electroweak unification "to this day at the center of the Standard Model, our best understanding of fundamental physics". Science News named him along with fellow theorists Murray Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman the leading physicists of the era, commenting, "Among his peers, Weinberg was one of the most respected figures in all of physics or perhaps all of science". Sean Carroll called Weinberg one of the “best physicists we had; one of the best thinkers of any variety” who “exhibited extraordinary verve and clarity of thought through the whole stretch of a long and productive life”, while John Preskill called him "one of the most accomplished scientists of our age, and a particularly eloquent spokesperson for the scientific worldview". Brian Greene said that Weinberg had an “astounding ability to see into the deep workings of nature” that “profoundly shaped our understanding of the universe". Upon the awarding of the Breakthrough Prize in 2020, one of the founders of the prizes, Yuri Milner, called Weinberg a “key architect” of “one of the most successful physical theories ever”, while string theorist Juan Maldacena, the chair of the selection committee, said, “Steven Weinberg has developed many of the key theoretical tools that we use for the description of nature at a fundamental level".


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Besides his scientific research, Weinberg was a public spokesman for science, testifying before Congress in support of the Superconducting Super Collider, writing articles for "The New York Review of Books", and giving various lectures on the larger meaning of science. His books on science written for the public combine the typical scientific popularization with what is traditionally considered history and philosophy of science and atheism. His first popular science book, "" (1977), described the start of the universe with the Big Bang and enunciated a case for its expansion.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Although still teaching physics, in later years he turned his hand to the history of science, efforts that culminated in "To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science" (2015). A hostile review in the Wall Street Journal by Steven Shapin attracted a number of commentaries, a response by Weinberg, and an exchange of views between Weinberg and Arthur Silverstein in the "NYRB" in February 2016.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: In 2016, Weinberg became a default leader for faculty and students opposed to a new law allowing the carrying of concealed guns in UT classrooms. He announced that he would prohibit guns in his classes, and said he would stand by his decision to violate university regulations in this matter even if faced with a lawsuit. Weinberg never retired and taught at UT until his death.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: In 1954 Weinberg married Louise Goldwasser and they had a daughter, Elizabeth. Louise Weinberg went on to become a law professor at the University of Texas.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Weinberg died on July 23, 2021, at age 88 at a hospital in Austin, where he had been undergoing treatment for several weeks.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Weinberg was an atheist. Before he was an advocate of the Big Bang theory, Weinberg stated: "The steady-state theory is philosophically the most attractive theory because it least resembles the account given in Genesis."


title: Steven Weinberg

text: Weinberg was known for his support of Israel, which he characterized as "the 'most exposed salient' in a war between liberal democracies and Muslim theocracies." He wrote the 1997 essay "Zionism and Its Adversaries" on the issue.


title: Steven Weinberg

text: In the 2000s, Weinberg canceled trips to universities in the United Kingdom because of the British boycotts of Israel. At the time, he explained: "Given the history of the attacks on Israel and the oppressiveness and aggressiveness of other countries in the Middle East and elsewhere, boycotting Israel indicated a moral blindness for which it is hard to find any explanation other than antisemitism."


title: Tyler Perry's Young Dylan

text: Tyler Perry's Young Dylan is an American comedy television series created by Tyler Perry that premiered on Nickelodeon on February 29, 2020. The series stars Dylan Gilmer, Celina Smith, Hero Hunter, Jet Miller, Mieko Hillman, Aloma Lesley Wright, and Carl Anthony Payne, II.


title: Tyler Perry's Young Dylan

text: Young Dylan is an aspiring hip-hop artist. When his mother doesn't come home one day, his grandmother Viola moves him in with his uncle Myles and aunt Yasmine to have parental figures in his life. His style clashes with the styles of Myles' family.


title: Tyler Perry's Young Dylan

text: On October 2, 2019, it was announced on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" that Nickelodeon and Tyler Perry were teaming up to create a comedy series about a 10-year-old rapper with a working title of "Young Dylan". Tyler Perry serves as writer for the series, while Tyler Perry Studios produces the series. The series stars Dylan Gilmer as Young Dylan. On January 23, 2020, the cast for the series was announced. In addition to Dylan Gilmer, the cast also includes Carl Anthony Payne II, Mieko Hillman, Celina Smith, Hero Hunter, and Aloma Wright. Tyler Perry also serves as executive producer and director for the series. Michelle Sneed serves as executive producer. Will Areu and Mark E. Swinton serve as producers. Jet Miller was also included in the principal cast as Rebecca's friend Bethany. On February 19, 2020, it was announced that "Tyler Perry's Young Dylan", previously "Young Dylan", would premiere on February 29, 2020. The series has been given a 14-episode order.


title: Tyler Perry's Young Dylan

text: On March 18, 2021, the series was renewed for a second season of 20 episodes, which premiered on June 12, 2021. On November 11, 2021, the series was renewed for a third season of 20 episodes, which premiered on June 19, 2022.


title: Kensington Security Slot

text: A Kensington Security Slot (also called a K-Slot or Kensington lock) is part of an anti-theft system designed in the mid 1980s and patented by Kryptonite in 1999–2000, assigned to Schlage in 2002, and since 2005 owned and marketed by Kensington Computer Products Group, a division of ACCO Brands.


title: Kensington Security Slot

text: The system consists of a small, metal-reinforced hole found commonly on small or portable computers and electronics equipment such as laptops, computer monitors, desktop computers, gaming consoles, and video projectors, combined with a metal anchor attached to a rubberized metal cable secured with a key or combination lock. The end of the cable has a small loop that allows the cable to be looped around a permanent object, such as a heavy table or other similar equipment.


title: Kensington Security Slot

text: The hole is found in most laptops, although a lock for it is typically not included. Occasionally, the slot is located so that installing a lock will also prevent the removal of a valuable subcomponent, such as a rechargeable battery or a memory module. The Kensington slot may be marked with a small icon that looks like a padlock with a capital "K", or the slot may be unlabelled.


title: Kensington Security Slot

text: While Kensington locks can discourage quick grab-and-run, opportunistic thefts of equipment from public locations such as coffee shops or libraries, they are not designed to be impervious protection measures or intended to secure equipment in unattended locations, as they can be torn out of equipment, the cases of which are typically plastic or thin metal (albeit not without visibly damaging the equipment), and the cable can be cut with wire or bolt cutters. More simply, the non-locking, loop end of the cable is dependent upon the availability of a suitable anchoring point on a virtually immovable base object, or a thief may just shift that object, and then take the protected device with cable attached.


title: Kensington Security Slot

text: The lock mechanism is typically a tubular pin tumbler lock or, less frequently, a flat key lock or numeric combination lock with no key.


title: Kensington Security Slot

text: Several manufacturers offer similar locking mechanisms that do not require a special lock hole. They attach to a popular port, such as the VGA or printer port, and have special screws to secure locks in place.


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: Yoon Sang-hyun (born September 21, 1973) is a South Korean actor and singer. He is best known for his roles in "Queen of Housewives" (2009), "My Fair Lady" (2009), "Secret Garden" (2011) and "I Can Hear Your Voice" (2013).


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: Yoon Sang-hyun made his show business debut relatively late at age 32, in the 2005 television series "Marrying a Millionaire". This was followed by forgettable supporting roles, until his breakout as the immature chaebol Tae-bong in "Queen of Housewives" in 2009. Later that year, he was cast in his first lead role as a rich woman's butler in "My Fair Lady".


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: In early 2010, Yoon released the Japanese single "Saigo no Ame" ("The Last Rain"), which debuted at 11th place on the Oricon Chart. He released his second single "Oath" on June 24.


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: This was followed by hit TV series "Secret Garden" with Kim Sa-rang, in which he played the protagonist's cousin and Hallyu star Oska. He released a single titled "Looking at U" for the soundtrack of the drama.


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: In 2011, he released his Japanese debut studio album "Precious Days", followed by concerts and showcases in Tokyo (February 25, 2011) and Osaka (February 27, 2011), which sold out after only one day. He then starred in romantic comedy "Can't Lose", about a lawyer couple facing their own divorce suit.


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: Yoon appeared in his first major film role in 2012's "Tone-deaf Clinic" (released internationally as "Love Clinique"), playing a vocal coach who gives a tone-deaf woman voice lessons so that she can sing well in front of her crush.


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: In 2013, he returned to the small screen with the popular series "I Can Hear Your Voice", playing a well-meaning but bumbling cop-turned-public defender. He later reunited with the director of "I Can Hear Your Voice" in the 2014 cable drama "Gap-dong", in which he played a detective out to capture a serial killer and clear his father's name. He then starred in the comedy film, "My Dynamite Family".


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: In 2016, Yoon starred in the romantic comedy drama "My Horrible Boss". He starred in another rom-com the same year, playing the second lead role in "Shopaholic Louis".


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: In 2018, Yoon starred in the melodrama "Let's Look at the Sunset Holding Hands" alongside Han Hye-jin.


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: In 2020 he appeared in "18 Again" a television series based on the 2009 film "17 Again" opposite Kim Ha-neul.


title: Yoon Sang-hyun

text: Yoon married singer MayBee (Kim Eun-ji) on February 8, 2015 at the Walkerhill Hotel in Seoul. A day later, they released the duet "Balsam Colors" to commemorate the occasion, with sales from the digital single going to charity. The couple became engaged in November 2014 after eight months of dating. The couple's first daughter Na-gyeom was born in December 2015, while their second daughter was born in May 2017.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud (; "Sulṭān bin Salmān Āl Suʿūd"; born 27 June 1956) is a Saudi prince and former Royal Saudi Air Force pilot who flew aboard the American STS-51-G Space Shuttle mission as a payload specialist. He is the first member of a royal family to fly in space, the first Arab to fly in space, and the first Muslim to fly in space, as well as (at 28 years old) the youngest person ever to fly on the Space Shuttle. On 27 December 2018, he was appointed as chairman of the Board of Directors of the Saudi Space Commission at the rank of minister. He is the eldest surviving son of King Salman.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: Sultan was born in Riyadh on 27 June 1956, as the second son of Prince Salman, then governor of Riyadh province (currently King of Saudi Arabia). His mother was Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi. She was a daughter of King Salman's uncle, Turki bin Ahmed Al Sudairi, who was one of the former governors of al-Jouf, Jizan and Asir Province and was a participant in the unification campaign under his cousin, the founder of the Kingdom Abdulaziz ibn Saud. Prince Sultan is a full brother of Fahd, Ahmed, Abdulaziz, Faisal and Hassa.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: Sultan completed his elementary and secondary education in Riyadh, He received a bachelor's degree in mass communications from the University of Denver and a master's degree in social and political science with distinction from Syracuse University in 1999.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: Sultan bin Salman started his career in 1982 as a researcher in the department of international communications at the Ministry of Information in Saudi Arabia. His tenure lasted until 1984. He served as deputy director of the Saudi media committee for the Saudi athletes participating in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Later that year, the department of TV advertising was created at the Ministry of Information, and he was appointed its acting director.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: From 17 June through 24 June 1985, he flew as a payload specialist on STS-51-G "Discovery". As one of a seven-member international crew, which also included American and French astronauts, he represented the Arab Satellite Communications Organization (ARABSAT) in deploying its satellite, ARABSAT-1B.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: Later, he assisted in establishing the Association of Space Explorers, an international organization comprising all astronauts and cosmonauts who have been in space. Currently, Sultan is a member of ASE's International Executive Committee.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: In 1985, Sultan recorded a commercial message that was broadcast on MTV during the Live Aid concert event. His message mentioned his recent trip on the Space Shuttle and was one of 33 such by notable individuals including Shimon Peres, Cesar Chavez, Sean Penn, Coretta Scott King, Leonard Nimoy, Sting, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, David Bowie, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Bono, Patsy Mink, Erich Honecker, Boy George, O.J. Simpson, Mick Jagger, Tom Cruise, Carl Sagan, Margaret Thatcher, Jimmy Carter, Jesse Jackson, Ronald Reagan, David Lee Roth, and Peter Ueberroth. Sultan bin Salman served in the Royal Saudi Air Force beginning in 1985 and held the rank of lieutenant colonel. He retired from the air force in 1996 with the rank of colonel.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: At the time of his space flight, Sultan had over 1,000 cumulative hours of flight time; as of February 2020, he has over 8,000 flight hours as a military and civilian pilot.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: In December 2018, he was the chairman of the board of the Saudi Space Commission. From 2009 until joining the space commission, Sultan bin Salman served as the president and chairman of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage (SCTH). He served as the commission's secretary general since its inception in 2000. As secretary-general, he contributed significantly to the improvement of Saudi Arabia's tourism and national heritage strategy, and organizational building and innovation in the Saudi government.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: On 3 May 2021, Sultan bin Salman was appointed as special advisor to the King with a rank of minister, and chairman of the board of trustees of King Salman Foundation, a newly established non-profit organization.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: He also edited the book by Facey, William, "Back to Earth: Adobe Building in Saudi Arabia", Riyadh: Al Turath Foundation (2015).


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: Sultan bin Salman is married to Princess Haifa, daughter of Prince Saud bin Faisal, the former minister of foreign affairs of Saudi Arabia and the son of King Faisal. They have three children. His son, Salman (born 1990), attended St. Andrew's University in Scotland and Oxford University and married a daughter of Prince Khalid bin Saud Al Saud, a great-grandson of Mohammed bin Abdul Rahman, the brother of King Abdulaziz, in Riyadh on 5 December 2012. His daughter (born 1994) also attended St. Andrews University.


title: Sultan bin Salman Al Saud

text: Sultan enjoys flying, gliding, skiing, and exploring nature in his spare time. He owns a farm in Diriyah which is a model of modern facilities in a historical setting. His farm reflects his attempt to retrace the origins of the Al Saud family, and to document the Al Saud's claims over the Najd.


Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), is a rare condition in which parts of the brain are affected by swelling, usually as a result of an underlying cause. Someone with PRES may experience headache, changes in vision, and seizures, with some developing other neurological symptoms such as confusion or weakness of one or more limbs. The name of the condition includes the word "posterior" because it predominantly though not exclusively affects the back of the brain (the parietal and occipital lobes). Common underlying causes are severely elevated blood pressure, kidney failure, severe infections, certain medications, some autoimmune diseases, and pre-eclampsia. The diagnosis is usually made by brain scan (MRI) on which areas of swelling can be identified.


title: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome

text: The treatment for PRES is supportive: removal of the cause or causes and treatment of any of the complications, such as anticonvulsants for seizures. PRES may be complicated by intracranial hemorrhage, but this is relatively rare. The majority of people recover fully, although some may experience some residual symptoms. PRES was first described in 1996.


text: PRES usually has an acute onset. Most people with PRES experience headaches and seizures; many also experience visual changes, confusion and drowsiness, weakness of the arm and/or leg on one side of the body (hemiplegia), difficulty speaking, or more rarely other neurological symptoms. The visual changes in PRES may include hemianopsia (inability to see the left or right part of the visual field), blurred vision, lack of visual awareness on one side, visual hallucinations, and cortical blindness.


text: Seizures occur in about two thirds of cases. In children this is more common still, at 90%. If seizures occur they may be focal or generalized. A small proportion develops status epilepticus, where seizures are not controlled with simple measures.


text: Causes that may contribute to the development of PRES are: immunosuppression (especially for organ transplantation, e.g. with tacrolimus), severe infection and/or sepsis, chemotherapy, autoimmune disease, and pre-eclampsia. High blood pressure is often present. Similarly, the majority of people with PRES have an impaired kidney function, and 21% are receiving regular hemodialysis. In PRES related to medications, there may be an interval of weeks to months between the initiation of the treatment and the development of PRES. After a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (bone marrow transplant) the risk of PRES is approximately 8%, whereas the risk is lower (0.4-6%) after a solid organ transplant.


text: The following autoimmune conditions have been found to be associated with PRES: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), Crohn's disease and neuromyelitis optica (NMO), as well as hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). A number of other associations have also been reported, including some other groups of medications, blood transfusion, elevated calcium levels, decreased magnesium levels, postpartum cerebral angiopathy, and drugs of abuse (cocaine and amphetamine).


text: It has been suggested that PRES is identical or closely related with hypertensive encephalopathy, the presence of neurological symptoms in those with a hypertensive emergency.


text: The precise mechanism is PRES is not fully understood, it is considered to be related to a problem with the blood vessels of the brain. There are several theories as to why these blood vessels may become inappropriately permeable and allow the surrounding brain tissue to become swollen. The "vasogenic" theory posits that elevated blood pressure overcomes the normal capability of blood vessels in the brain to maintain a normal cerebral blood flow. The excessive pressure damages the endothelial layer and the blood–brain barrier, leading to swelling (edema). The predilection toward the posterior brain may be explained by the reduced density of sympathetic innervation in the posterior circulation compared to the anterior circulation. The "vasogenic" theory seems to explain the almost 50% of cases of PRES where there had been severely elevated blood pressure. It is also called the "breakthrough" theory, or the "hyperperfusion theory". This theory does not explain the edema in many other cases where the blood pressure has been normal or even low; in fact, the edema tends to be more severe in those without abnormally elevated blood pressure.


text: In PRES secondary to other causes, the blood vessel damage has been attributed to other mechanisms. The "cytotoxic" theory suggests that it is direct cell damage by toxins (usually medications) that precipitates the edema. The "immunogenic" theory suggests a role for the immune system (specifically T cells). Some consider the cytotoxic and immunogenic theories together as a single "toxic" theory. There appears to be a role of cytokines in causing endothelial dysfunction.


text: Finally, according to the "neuropeptide/cerebral vasoconstriction" theory, some specific substances (endothelin 1, thromboxane A2) trigger spasm of the blood vessels with resultant vessel wall damage and edema. The latter hypothesis is supported by the frequent finding of diffuse blood vessel spasms (vasoconstriction) in many people with PRES, and the evidence for decreased perfusion, although the spasm may also be a consequence of the blood vessel damage rather than the cause. Some, therefore, include the vasospasm in the "toxic" theory. It is considered likely that these multiple mechanisms all potentially play a role in the development of PRES.


text: There are no formal diagnostic criteria for PRES, but it has been proposed that PRES can be diagnosed if someone has developed acute neurological symptoms (seizure, altered mental state, headache, visual disturbances) together with one or more known risk factors, typical appearance on brain imaging (or normal imaging), and no other alternative diagnosis. Some consider that the abnormalities need to be shown to be reversible. If lumbar puncture is performed this may show increased protein levels but no white blood cells. Computed tomography scanning may be performed in the first instance; this may show low density white matter areas in the posterior lobes.


text: The diagnosis is typically made with magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. The findings most characteristic for PRES are symmetrical hyperintensities on "T"-weighed imaging in the parietal and occipital lobes; this pattern is present in more than half of all cases. FLAIR sequences can be better at showing these abnormalities. Some specific other rare patterns have been described: the superior frontal sulcus (SFS) watershed pattern, a watershed pattern involving the entire hemisphere (holohemispheric), and a central pattern with vasogenic oedema in the deep white matter, basal ganglia, thalami, brainstem and pons. These distinct patterns do not generally correlate with the nature of the symptoms or their severity, although severe edema may suggest a poorer prognosis. If the appearances are not typical, other causes for the symptoms and the imaging abnormalities need to considered before PRES can be diagnosed conclusively. In many cases there is evidence of constriction of the blood vessels (if angiography is performed), suggesting a possible overlap with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). Diffusion MRI may be used to identify areas of cytotoxic edema caused by poor blood flow (ischemia) but it is not clear if this prognostically relevant. Abnormal apparent diffusion coefficient is seen in about 20% of cases.


text: In 10–25% of cases of PRES there is evidence of hemorrhage on neuroimaging. Various types of hemorrhage may occur: hemorrhage into the brain tissue itself (intraparenchymal hemorrhage), sulcal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and microbleeds.


text: There is no direct treatment for PRES, other than removing or treating any underlying cause. For instance, immunosuppressive medication may need to be withheld. 40% of all people with PRES are unwell enough to require intensive care unit admission for close observation and treatment of complications. Those with seizures are administered anticonvulsants.


text: If there is a hypertensive emergency, the blood pressure is lowered by 20-30% using continuous infusion of a blood pressure lowering drug with close monitoring. Of the blood pressure lowering agents available, nitrates may need to be avoided as there is a concern that this may aggravate the PRES even while lowering the blood pressure. In PRES secondary to pre-eclampsia, magnesium sulfate may be administered.


text: With adequate treatment, 70-90% of people with PRES make a full recovery within hours to days. 8–17% of people with PRES die, although this is not always a direct consequence of the PRES. Of those who have residual symptoms after PRES, this is attributable largely to hemorrhage. Non-resolution of MRI abnormalities has been linked with poorer outcomes. If PRES was caused by pre-eclampsia the prognosis is better than in PRES due to other causes.


text: Factors that predict poorer prognosis are the person's age, the level of C-reactive protein in the blood (a marker of inflammation), altered mental state at the time of diagnosis, and altered markers of coagulation. People with diabetes may have a worse outcome, and abnormalities in the corpus callosum on MRI have been linked with worse prognosis. Some patterns on electroencephalography (EEG) are also associated with a poorer outcome.


text: After an episode of PRES, even when it was associated with seizure activity, only a small proportion of people remains at risk of ongoing seizures and the majority can eventually discontinue anticonvulsant treatment.


text: The incidence (number of cases per year) of PRES is not known, but increasing use of MRI scans has led to increased recognition.


text: PRES was first described in 1996 in a group of 15 patients identified retrospectively in the records of the New England Medical Center in Boston and Hôpital Sainte Anne in Paris. The name was revised in 2000 from "leukencephalopathy" to "encephalopathy" as the former suggested that it only affects the white matter of the brain, which is not the case.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Steven Williams (May 14, 1960 – December 29, 2009), better known by his ring name, "Dr. Death" Steve Williams, was an American professional wrestler, collegiate football player, and amateur wrestler. He was best known for his time in All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) throughout the 1990s and early 2000s.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams was a three-time professional wrestling world heavyweight champion, having won the UWF World Heavyweight Championship twice and in 1994, the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship once. In addition to his singles success, Williams achieved notoriety in Japan in tag team competition, winning the World Tag Team Championship eight times with notable tag team partners Terry Gordy, Gary Albright and Vader. His tag team success continued in North America, winning tag team titles in the Mid-South (UWF), World Championship Wrestling, and NWA United States Tag Team Championship as well as winning the World's Strongest Tag Determination League twice with Gordy and Mike Rotunda.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: In 2004, Williams was diagnosed with throat cancer, and underwent successful surgery the following year. He continued to wrestle on the independent circuit until his cancer returned in 2009, dying that year at the age of 49. Williams was posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2021 as part of the Legacy Wing.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams was born and raised in the Denver suburb of Lakewood, Colorado. Williams attended Lakewood High School, graduating in 1978. He was the youngest of four children born to Gerald (died 1985) and Dottie Williams (died 2016). He grew up in Lakewood where he also was living at time of his death with his mother. He was on the track & field team, played football, and wrestled all four years. Williams graduated from the University of Oklahoma in 1981 where he played football and also competed as an amateur wrestler, where he was a four time All American, finishing 6th as a freshman, 5th as a sophomore, 3rd as a junior and 2nd as a senior. His senior year, he lost in the finals of an NCAA tournament to future 2x Olympic gold medalist Bruce Baumgartner. Already interested in professional wrestling, Williams had a ready-made nickname that dated back to an incident in junior high wherein he had to wrestle in a hockey goalie's mask due to shattering his nose and was jokingly labeled "Dr. Death" by one of his school's coaches and his sister.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams started every game in 1982 for the Oklahoma Sooners at right guard. He was named to the UPI All-Big Eight first team and played in the 1983 Fiesta Bowl. He was also a member of the Sooners 1980 Orange Bowl and 1981 Sun Bowl squads. Williams played both guard positions while at OU.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams was selected by the New Jersey Generals in the 1983 USFL Territorial Draft on January 3, 1983. He signed with the Generals on January 31, just prior to the opening of training camp. Williams was converted to a defensive tackle in training camp and was a teammate of RB Herschel Walker. During camp, Williams suffered a bruised knee and was placed on injured reserve for the first six games of the Generals 1983 season.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: After being activated for week #10 vs. the Birmingham Stallions on May 9, Williams was the starting nose tackle for the Generals in a 22–7 loss at Giants Stadium in the Meadowlands. The game was telecast live on ESPN. Williams started at nose tackle the following week on May 16, in a 31–24 loss to the Michigan Panthers at the Silverdome in Pontiac, MI – a game also shown on ESPN.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams, trained for professional wrestling by Bill Watts and Buddy Landel, started wrestling in 1982 in Watts' Mid-South Wrestling. In 1985, he formed a team with Ted DiBiase and feuded with Eddie Gilbert and The Nightmare. In 1986, Mid-South was renamed the Universal Wrestling Federation and Williams went on to win the UWF Heavyweight Championship from Big Bubba Rogers. When Jim Crockett Promotions bought the UWF in late 1987, he was one of the few UWF wrestlers to receive an initial push in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). During this time he also worked for Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, World Class Championship Wrestling and New Japan Pro-Wrestling.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams became involved with Jimmy Garvin's war with Kevin Sullivan's Varsity Club in 1988, often teaming with Jimmy and Ron Garvin or Ron Simmons in various matches, including a Triple Cage "Tower of Doom" match at The Great American Bash in 1988. Williams, however, turned heel and joined the Varsity Club in late 1988. He and Sullivan won the NWA United States Tag Team Championship at Starrcade. They feuded with The Road Warriors and he and Mike Rotunda won the NWA World Tag Team Championship in the process.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: In May 1989, Williams and Rotunda were stripped of the title, and the Varsity Club disbanded. Not long after, Williams turned face again and had a short feud with Rotunda over who was responsible for the Varsity Club's breakup, before entering a feud with Lex Luger for the NWA United States Championship. Williams was scheduled to face Luger for the title at WrestleWar '90 on February 25, 1990. When Sting, who was scheduled to face Ric Flair for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, suffered a legitimate knee injury, Luger turned face and was moved from the US title match to the World Title match in Sting's place. He then departed the company.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Following a one-time appearance for New Japan Pro Wrestling on February 10, 1990 at their Super Fight In Tokyo Dome card where he defeated Salman Hashimikov, he then went to All Japan Pro Wrestling in 1990 where he found success with Terry Gordy in a tag-team called The Miracle Violence Connection, which they formed prior in 1987 in Jim Crockett Promotions. On February 29, 1992 at SuperBrawl II, then WCW Executive Vice President Kip Frey announced that he was negotiating to bring Williams and Gordy back to World Championship Wrestling. On March 9, the duo defeated three enhancement teams at a television taping for The Main Event in Anderson, SC in contests that would not air until May. On the April 18th edition of WCW Saturday Night it was announced that Williams and Gordy would be part of the upcoming tournament for the vacant NWA Tag-Team Championship that summer.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: At Clash of the Champions XIX on June 16, the duo defeated the Australian representatives Larry O'Day & Jeff O'Day in the opening round of the NWA Tournament. As a bonus for the Clash, it was announced by new WCW Executive Vice President Bill Watts that the quarter-finals would begin later that night; as a result in a non-title match Williams and Gordy defeated WCW World Tag Team Champions The Steiner Brothers. While waiting for the next round to begin following the Clash, the duo would face and defeat Marcus Bagwell and Tom Zenk in house show matches. At Beach Blast, Williams and Gordy again faced The Steiner Brothers, this time going to a thirty minute draw. On July 5, 1992 at a house show at the Omni in Atlanta, GA, Williams and Gordy won the WCW World Tag Team Championship from The Steiner Brothers Shortly afterwards at The Great American Bash, the final two rounds of the NWA Tag-Team Championship Tournament were run. Gordy and Williams defeated Ricky Steamboat and Nikita Koloff in the semi-finals, and then beat Dustin Rhodes and Barry Windham in the tournament final. Their NWA title win, however, went unrecognized by the NWA.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Steve Williams and Terry Gordy then began feuding with the Dangerous Alliance, defeating Bobby Eaton and Arn Anderson in house show matches. On the September 26th edition of the Main Event, the duo sustained their first televised defeat when they were beaten by The Steiner Brothers in a non-title matchup. On the October 3rd edition of WCW Saturday Night, they were then upset by Dustin Rhodes and Barry Windham and lost both titles. Williams and Gordy received a rematch at Halloween Havoc 92 but Gordy quit the company and was replace by Steve Austin and they were only able to wrestle Rhodes and Windham to a time limit draw. On December 12, Williams teamed with Big Van Vader in an unsuccessful challenge to Windham & Rhodes in Columbus, OH. On December 28 he participated in the Battle Bowl event at Starrcade and teamed with Sting to defeat Eric Watts and Jushin Liger. At the start of the event it was announced that he would be substituting for an injured Rick Rude to challenge Ron Simmons for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship, but lost by disqualification. He left WCW shortly thereafter.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: In February 1990, Williams began to work for All Japan Pro Wrestling with Terry Gordy, initially as part of The Miracle Violence Connection team. They established themselves on the card and had matches against the likes of Giant Baba, Stan Hansen and André The Giant.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams became the last wrestler to defeat André The Giant, which took place June 5, 1992. André in the early 90s was ill with acromegaly, and during one of Williams's Tag Team Championship victories with Terry Gordy, André shook Williams's hand as a way to pass the torch. Both of them prior had been close friends prior in Mid-South Wrestling. After André's death in February 1993, Williams began winning many matches against AJPW native main-eventers in singles such as defeating Akira Taue (April 1993), Kenta Kobashi (September 1993) and Jun Akiyama (April 1994). Williams would go on to defeat Kobashi twice again in 1994.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Over time Williams gradually got traction and fanfare from the Japanese audience. Baba booked him to be a main eventer for the company. After, Williams became one of the most successful foreign athletes in Japanese wrestling history, especially in reference to the 90s and early 2000s. On July 28, 1994, he defeated top AJPW star Mitsuharu Misawa for the AJPW Triple Crown Championship, holding it for three months before dropping it to Toshiaki Kawada, the only native Japanese wrestler Williams could not defeat. Williams became a mainstay gaijin on AJPW television along with Stan Hansen, Terry Gordy, Johnny Ace and Gary Albright. He would either team with them or fight them in singles from 1994 to 1998 in a variety of feuds during a wrestling boom in Japan, comparable to that of WWF's Attitude Era.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: On August 31, 1997 Williams won the World Tag Team Championship titles with Gary Albright. Williams' last TV appearance for his first All Japan run was on the June 28, 1998 edition of AJPW TV. He and Wolf Hawkfield defeated Masao Inoue and Takao Omori before Williams to the WWF, giving a symbolic farewell to Giant Baba and the Japanese audience after the match.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: He also sporadically wrestled in the U.S. on the independent circuit. That run was brought to an end during one of his appearances in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). After defeating Axl Rotten in approximately 2 minutes, Williams had an impromptu ECW World Heavyweight Championship match, but lost after being pinned by then-champion Raven. The loss happened in February 1997 at "Crossing the Line Again"


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: In May 1998, Williams was signed by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) prior to the "Brawl for All" competition, which was set up in legitimate fights. WWF took interest in signing him due to his success in All Japan. Before entering the Brawl for All and signing a contract, he had only one in-ring match with the WWF, which was against 2 Cold Scorpio on a WWF Shotgun taping dark match (April 28, 1998). According to house show cards and recaps, Vince McMahon introduced him to the ring for this dark match.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: On the July 20 edition of Raw is War, Williams entered the Brawl for All tournament, making his first WWF television appearance with many expecting him to win. However, after beating Pierre Carl Ouellet in the first round, he faced Bart Gunn in the second round. Gunn took Williams down, tearing his quad, then knocked Williams out. Williams missed several months following the injury. Upon healing in January 1999, Williams worked dark matches on Heat/Shotgun/Raw is War tapings, mainly against Bob Holly (then still a part of the J.O.B. Squad) to open up the tapings. His first match after rehabilitating his quad was defeating Holly on January 12, 1999 in Beaumont, TX.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams was involved in a brief angle where he was managed by Jim Ross in early 1999 before Williams was released. During his time with Ross, he would attack people with suplexes, debuting on the February 22, 1999 edition of Raw is War. He wore a kabuki mask and threw Bart Gunn off a stage during a match of his. On the March 1 episode of Raw, Jim Ross announced that Bart Gunn would fight Butterbean at WrestleMania XV, and Gunn and Ross argued over the Brawl For All in a worked shoot. During the segment, Williams attacked Gunn with the backdrop driver, revealing himself to be the masked man. This story was played-off on WWF television as Williams getting revenge against Gunn for his Brawl for All loss.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: After, Williams was involved in two storylines as a babyface, one where he was pursuing the WWF Hardcore Championship from Hardcore Holly, and another where he sought to get even with Tiger Ali Singh for making fun of Ross on live television. On the March 15, 1999 edition of Sunday Night Heat, Tiger Ali Singh paid a fan (Ed Ferrara) to impersonate Jim Ross, who had a bout with Bell's palsy at the time. Out of anger, Williams attacked Ferrara with a backdrop driver and Singh with his signature "Dr. Bomb" slam, and Ross would procede to conduct a promo before Vince McMahon sent Big Show out to clear the ring. Williams would stare at Big Show, but would later leave the ring with Ross. On the March 21, 1999 edition of Sunday Night Heat, Williams defeated The Hardy Boys in a handicap match. He next appeared on the March 22 edition of Raw is War, where he and WWF Hardcore Champion, Hardcore Holly, brawled in a fraternity house in Albany, New York. At WresleMania XV on the HSN version of WWF Free For All, Williams cut a backstage promo on Bart Gunn, saying how "Bart deserved what he got" after Bart lost to Butterbean. The day after on March 29 Raw episode, Williams and Hardcore Holly fought in a hardcore match, which Williams lost because Al Snow interfered. On the April 5 Raw episode, Williams attacked both Snow and Holly with suplexes in the ring. Later in the week on the April 10 episode of WWF Shotgun, Williams defeated Tiger Ali Singh in what would be his final match for the company.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: While injured with a bad hamstring Williams decided to wrestle at the Giant Baba Memorial Show on May 2, 1999. Despite wrestling injured he didn't want to miss out at this event due to not wanting to let his mentor Giant Baba down, who died at the beginning of the year.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: In Williams' autobiography, as well as in his RF Video shoot interview in 2001, these midcard storylines were meant as a way to build his character up on television before entering a main event feud with Stone Cold Steve Austin, which in Williams's contract was promised to be a 6 month feud. Williams was released in mid-April for needing further time to rehab his injury and for refusing to work for FMW, a Japanese promotion with which the WWF had talent exchanges. He was scheduled to compete against Snow and Holly at for the WWF Hardcore Championship, but he did not appear due to his release.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: According to a radio interview from November 1999, Williams was originally planned to have some of Triple H's storylines before his release. Most notably, the segment on the October 4, 1999 episode of Raw is War when Triple H attacked Jim Ross was the moment when Williams was going to start his feud with Austin. Because the angle was originally planned for Williams, this storyline was supposed to be how he would become a heel, as Ross was going to manage him as a babyface until that point later in the year. Williams stated in his book that his main event push was going to start after the debut of WWF Smackdown! on UPN.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: In November 1999, Williams healed from his hamstring injury and appeared briefly in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) again, with Oklahoma as his manager in a feud with Vampiro. As a result of this feud, he wrestled against Jerry Only from the Misfits on the November 29 edition of "WCW Monday Nitro" in a steel cage match. On December 2 on Thunder in Topeka, KS, Williams rebounded to defeat Silver King, Villano IV and Villano V in a three on one match. On the following Nitro in Milwaukee, WI, Williams teamed with Oklahoma to defeat Vampiro and Jerry Only. On December 13, 1999 he then faced Sid Vicious in New Orleans, LA, but was pinned. At Starrcade 99 on December 19, Williams faced Vampiro in a one-on-one encounter and was defeated via disqualification after he shoved referee Charles Robinson.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Very shortly after, the announcement that he would return to All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) was on December 26, 1999.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: He went back to AJPW and had a second full-time run from 2000 to 2003. He held a tag-team title reign with Big Van Vader when they captured the World Tag Team Championship titles in February 2000. They split in early April when Vader left the company. Williams then feuded with success in singles against Akira Taue in the spring, Jinsei Shinzaki in the summer, Scott Norton in the fall at NJPW Do Judge!!, and Mike Barton again at the beginning of 2001 in a revenge match.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: In the summer of 2000, Williams had an unsuccessful feud against Toshiaki Kawada throughout AJPW TV episodes, which Williams lost, the angle being that Williams sought to get even with Kawada for defeating him for the Triple Crown Championship in 1994. On the December 9, 2000 pay-per-view Steve Williams and Mike Rotunda won the World's Strongest Tag Determination League in the main event and honored Giant Baba after the match.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams had a main event pay-per-view match against Keiji Muto on July 14, 2001 for the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship, which Williams lost. After leaving the backstage area Williams would then going on a huge swearing tirade, where he kicked a trash can, was about to cry in tears, and then throwing his armpads to the ground while swearing again. Such scenes never happened in the traditional All Japan and was characteristic to the "crash TV" style of Vince Russo's writing. This would be an early sign of what would become the , ultimately leading Williams into a grudge feud with Muto into 2002.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: In later 2001, 2002 and early 2003 Williams often teamed with Mike Rotundo and Mike Barton. He would have sporadic singles feuds against Keiji Muto (defeating him in a singles match once out of revenge in March 2022) and George Hines, as with his wearing hamstring he couldn't compete in singles like he used to. Staying in the tag division was safer for Williams' longevity in AJPW's upper-midcard and main events, as well as the popularity of tag-teams in Japanese wrestling at this time.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: William's last appearance during his second All Japan run was on the January 13, 2003 pay-per-view of AJPW. On this show, Williams, Mike Rotunda, and Shigeo Okumura defeated George Hines, Hideki Hosaka and Johnny Smith.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: After leaving AJPW full-time, he wrestled a couple of matches for WWE on May 23 and 24, 2003 against Lance Storm. In late 2003, he was involved with the independent promotion Major League Wrestling (MLW) and also wrestled for the new NWA Mid-Atlantic, where he won their title in one of the first professional wrestling events in China. On March 14, 2004, Williams faced Belarusian kickboxer Alexey Ignashov in a mixed martial arts bout in the K-1 promotion and was knocked out 22 seconds into the fight. According to Williams he was tested positive with throat cancer a couple days before the match. This was his first and only professional fight.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: In March 2004, Williams underwent surgery for throat cancer, the tumor developing and remaining undetected since September 2003. Williams made a surprise appearance on the July 22, 2004 AJPW pay-per-view while he was undergoing surgery. He and Genichiro Tenryu defeated Arashi and Nobukazu Hirai on the show. Williams also cut a promo in a very hoarse and sickly voice, saying that he still wanted to wrestle Kawada again and return to AJPW when Williams became healthy. This would be Williams's last appearance in the Pro Wrestling Love era as well as in AJPW.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams and was declared cancer-free in 2005. His return match was against King Kaluha, who he defeated on August 27, 2005 at WrestleReunion 2. According to promoter Sal Corrente, Williams was initially hesitant to work with King Kaluha but was ultimately appreciative about the choice of opponent.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams made an appearance at a SmackDown! brand house show on March 11, 2006, in Alexandria, Louisiana, after which he was signed to help train up-and-coming WWE wrestlers in its Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) developmental territory. While acting in that capacity, he made a few appearances on OVW television, where he helped fellow Oklahoma wrestler Jake Hager and briefly working as his tag team partner. He also made an appearance at an August 30 Raw house show, during which he addressed the crowd and announced how happy he was to be cancer free for four years.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Later, he made appearances for Oklahoma-based independent federation Sooner World Class Wrestling (SWCW). He also worked for Southwest Airlines in Colorado.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: After the death of longtime rival and friend Mitsuharu Misawa in June 2009, Williams made the decision to retire from wrestling after 27 years. Williams's final match took place August 15 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, for Asylum Championship Wrestling. He defeated Franco D'Angelo for the ACW Heavyweight Championship, which he vacated after the match.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: The throat cancer eventually returned and Williams's health gradually worsened. His last public appearance was at the K&S Wrestlefest Wrestling Convention on December 12, 2009, in Carteret, New Jersey. On December 29, 2009, Williams died at St. Anthony Central Hospital in Denver from throat cancer. He was 49 years old.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: The secondary protagonist of the 1999 Sega Dreamcast video game "Blue Stinger", Captain Dogs Bower, is based on Williams's appearance in Japan after 1994, featuring a similar build with an identical black mullet and beard. Like Williams, Dogs also has a similar scruffy voice, goofy/serious personality, a wrestling fan (a shirt in the game) and is known for his strength. Both Williams and Dogs are also formerly divorced with a daughter.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams was of German descent and grew up in a Protestant background. He became a Born Again Christian early in his first AJPW run, and prior was a Christian believer who in general lacked interest in organized religion. He stated in his book that before becoming closer to God than he already was, he used to "skim the Bible" and also had a difficult time fitting in with more dogmatic and ritualistic churches. Williams also took interest in East Asian religions, having attended Japanese temples while on tour in Japan.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Beginning in late 1990, not long after he debuted in AJPW, Williams was known for praying backstage before each match.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams was known for his Christian motivational speaking in personal interviews both before and after being diagnosed with throat cancer, comparable in personality to Marc Mero, who he was also a friend of during their time in WCW and WWF.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: During the time of the Chris Benoit double-murder/suicide case in the summer of 2007, Williams was highly critical of Benoit's actions, posting on his website that he found it "very disturbing" as Williams in his book considered Benoit to be a "very close friend". After the details of the case became known, Williams wrote that he "felt no sorrow for Chris Benoit", where he also wrote how he has "always asked God to give me life so that I could LIVE for my son". He also stated that he has "no idea how someone can murder their family and then stick a Bible next to them." Williams also criticized the mainstream media's disparaging reports on Vince McMahon and the wrestling business over the Benoit incident.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Williams has routinely stated how he loved Giant Baba "like his own father" during the 1990s, as Williams's father passed away earlier in 1986. Baba helped Williams during his bouts of depression and various personal problems like Williams's divorce in early 1995, as well as getting him off of heavy drugs by 1996. Williams got clean from heavy drugs after an incident in March 1995 where he resorted to marijuana and other drugs and painkillers to help alleviate his depression from his divorce, sneaking them on a plane with him to Japan. Williams was barred from entering Japan for one year and suspended from AJPW until he got clean off drugs, returning to AJPW TV in April 1996.


title: Steve Williams (wrestler)

text: Upon getting clean and his life back into sorts thanks to Giant Baba and Williams's faith, even after their divorce Williams and his ex-wife Tammy were still close, continuing to raise their daughter (Stormy) and son (Wyndham) and at one point remarrying only to divorce again later.


title: Under One Person

text: Under One Person () with subtitle The Outcast is a Chinese webcomic by Dong Man Tang (), illustrated by Mi Er (Chinese: ), and published by Tencent. It was first published under the title 异人 ("Yi Ren", literally: "Weirdo") and with subtitle "King of the Weirdo" in February 2015.


title: Under One Person

text: A collaboration Chinese/Japanese anime television series adaptation titled aired from July 9 to September 24, 2016. A second season aired from January 16 to June 26, 2018, and simulcast in Chinese and Japanese.


title: Under One Person

text: Chou Soran was a normal college student until he gets caught up in a terrible incident in a small village while visiting his grandfather's grave. While walking through the graveyard to pay visit to his deceased grandfather, Soran is assaulted by zombies until a mysterious girl wielding a knife appears and leads him to a confrontation with the zombies. After successfully fending off the zombies and further encounters with the knife wielding girl known as Fu Hōhō, Soran's life begins to change as he learns that the martial arts technique taught to him by his grandfather, known as Kitaigen, is a technique being sought after by many martial arts groups with ulterior motives. The story follows Soran's attempt to find out his grandfather's real history and his supposed connection with Fu Hōhō.


title: Under One Person

text: An anime adaptation, titled , was produced by Emon, directed by Wang Xin with assistant directors Kazuhiro Toda and Mitsuo Mori, and animated by Pandanium (season 1) and Haoliners themselves (season 2). Tokyo MX broadcast a special "episode 0" on July 2 and the first episode aired on July 9. An English-subtitled version premiered on Crunchyroll on July 9. The opening theme is "ARCADIA" by Lilith while the ending theme is "In the Dawn" by Affective Synergy. Crunchyroll streamed the second season.


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: The name "Nosferatu" has been presented as an archaic Romanian word, synonymous with "vampire". However, it was largely popularized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Western fiction such as "Dracula" (1897), and the film "Nosferatu" (1922). One of the suggested etymologies of the term is that it is derived from the Romanian "Nesuferit" ("offensive" or "troublesome").


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: The etymology of the word "nosferatu" is undetermined. There is no doubt that it achieved currency through Bram Stoker's 1897 novel "Dracula" and its unauthorised cinematic adaptation, "Nosferatu" (1922). Stoker identified his source for the term as 19th-century British author and speaker Emily Gerard. It is commonly thought that Gerard introduced the word into print in an 1885 magazine article, "Transylvanian Superstitions", and in her travelogue "The Land Beyond the Forest" ("Transylvania" is Latin for "beyond the forest", literally "across/through the forest"). She merely refers to it as the Romanian word for vampire:


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: More decidedly evil, however, is the vampire, or "nosferatu", in which every Romanian peasant believes as firmly as he does in heaven or hell. There are two sorts of vampires-—living and dead. The living vampire is in general the illegitimate offspring of two illegitimate persons, but even a flawless pedigree will not ensure anyone against the intrusion of a vampire into his family vault, since every person killed by a "nosferatu" becomes likewise a vampire after death, and will continue to suck the blood of other innocent people till the spirit has been exorcised, either by opening the grave of the person suspected and driving a stake through the corpse, or firing a pistol shot into the coffin. In very obstinate cases it is further recommended to cut off the head and replace it in the coffin with the mouth filled with garlic, or to extract the heart and burn it, strewing the ashes over the grave.


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: However, the word had already appeared in an 1865 German-language article by Wilhelm Schmidt. Schmidt's article discusses Transylvanian customs and appeared in an Austro-Hungarian magazine, which Gerard could have encountered as a reviewer of German literature living in Austria-Hungary. Schmidt's article also mentions the legendary Scholomance by name, which parallels Gerard's "Transylvanian Superstitions". Schmidt does not identify the language explicitly, but he puts the word "nosferatu" in a typeface which indicates it to be a language other than German.


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: At this point, I come to the vampire – "nosferatu". It is this, the illegitimate offspring of two illegitimately begotten people or the unfortunate spirit of one killed by a vampire, who can appear in the form of dog, cat, toad, frog, louse, flea, bug, in any form, in short, and plays his evil tricks on newly engaged couples as incubus or succubus – "zburatorul" – by name, just like the Old Slavonic or Bohemian "Blkodlak", "Vukodlak" or Polish "Mora" and Russian "Kikimora". That which was believed about this and used as a defense more than 100 years ago is still true today, and there can hardly dare to be a village which would not be in a position to present a personal experience or at least hearsay with firm conviction of the veracity.


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: Schmidt expanded on his 1865 article in an 1866 monograph, adding the observation that the vampire was the "uncanniest spawn of national-slavic fantasy" and that his description was the Romanian perception.


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: However, "nosferatu" in that form does not appear to be a standard word in any known historical phase of Romanian (aside from that introduced by the novel and the films). Internal evidence in "Dracula" suggests that Stoker believed the term meant "not dead" in Romanian, and thus he may have intended the word "undead" to be its calque.


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: Peter Haining identifies an earlier source for "nosferatu" as "Roumanian Superstitions" (1861) by Heinrich von Wlislocki. However, Wlislocki seems only to have written in German, and according to the "Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon", Wlislocki was born in 1856 (d. 1907), which makes his authorship of an English-titled 1861 source doubtful. Certain details of Haining's citation also conflict with David J. Skal, so this citation seems unreliable. Skal identifies a similar reference to the word "nosferat" in an article by Wlislocki dating from 1896. Since this postdates Gerard and has a number of parallels to Gerard's work, Skal considers it likely that Wlislocki is derivative from Gerard. There is also evidence to suggest that Haining derived his citation for "Roumanian Superstitions" from a confused reading of an extract in Ernest Jones's book, "On the Nightmare" (1931).


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: Wlislocki's later description of "der Nosferat" is more extensive than either Schmidt's or Gerard's. The former two German-language sources particularly emphasize the dual role of the creature as both blood-drinker and incubus/succubus. Wlislocki's "nosferat" is said to drink the blood of older people, while seeking to have sexual intercourse with young people and especially newlyweds, often being blamed for illegitimate children (who become "moroi"), impotence, and infertility. From the description by Wlislocki, who was a half-Saxon native of Kronstadt (Hungarian Brassó, Romanian Brașov, one of Saxon Transylvania's "seven cities"), it is difficult not to get the impression that both the term and the idea must have been quite well known in his community, which makes the inability to confirm its existence in Romanian literature rather puzzling.


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: One proposed etymology of "nosferatu" is that the term originally came from the Greek "nosophoros" (νοσοφόρος), meaning "disease-bearing". F. W. Murnau's film "Nosferatu" (1922) strongly emphasizes this theme of disease, and Murnau's creative direction in the film may have been influenced by this etymology (or "vice versa"). There are several difficulties with this etymology. Schmidt, Gerard, and Wlislocki, all three sometime residents of Transylvania, identified the word as Romanian, and even proponents of the "nosophoros" etymology (as well as most other commentators) seem to have little doubt that this is correct; Wlislocki particularly was regarded as an expert in Transylvanian languages and folklore and was a prolific author on the subjects. Curiously, in Wlislocki's 1896 article, he presents a parenthetical analysis of the related Romanian term "solomonar" but has nothing to say regarding the origin and connections of the term "nosferat", despite having normalized the spelling of both relative to Schmidt's earlier account. If this Romanian identification is taken to be correct, the first objection to the "nosophoros" etymology is that Romanian is a Romance language. While Romanian does have some words borrowed from Greek, as do most European languages, Greek is generally considered to be only a minor contributor to the Romanian vocabulary—absent any other information, any given Romanian word is much more likely to be of Latin origin than Greek. Second, the word appears to be quite rare in Greek. One instance of a Greek word similar to νοσοφόρος, νοσηφόρος ("nosēphoros"), is attested in fragments from a 2nd-century AD work by Marcellus Sidetes on medicine plus another of the Ionic dialect variant νουσοφόρος ("nousophoros") from the "Palatine Anthology". These two variant forms are subsumed as examples of the main νοσοφόρος lemma in the definitive Liddel-Scott "Greek–English Lexicon", but examples of the normalized form itself seem to be lacking. In any event, supporting evidence for a relationship between this rare and obscure Greek term and "nosferatu" appears weak.


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: In some versions of the "nosophoros" etymology, an intermediate form "*nesufur-atu", or sometimes "*nosufur-atu" is presented but both the original source for this and the justification for it are unclear. This form is often indicated to be Slavonic or Slavic. It is likely that either Old Church Slavonic or the protolanguage Proto-Slavic is intended. As with νοσοφόρος, this supposed Slavonic word does not appear to be attested in primary sources, which severely undermines the credibility of the argument.


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: Another common etymology suggests that the word meant "not breathing", which appears to be attempting to read a derivative of the Latin verb "spirare" ("to breathe") as a second morpheme in "nosferatu". Skal notes that this is "without basis in lexicography", viewing all these etymologies (including the widely repeated nosophoros etymology) with skepticism.


title: Nosferatu (word)

text: A final possibility is that the form given by Gerard and the German folklorists is a well-known Romanian term without the benefit of normalized spelling, or possibly a misinterpretation of the sounds of the word due to Gerard's limited familiarity with the language, or possibly a dialectal variant of the word. The standardization of Romanian was rather incomplete in the 19th century, as can be seen in "Dictionariulu Limbei Romane" of 1871, which in a highly Latinized orthography defines "incubu" ("incubus") as ""unu spiritu necuratu"" compared to the modern standard ""un spirit necurat"". Three candidate words that have been put forth are "necurat" ("unclean", usually associated with the occult, compare "a avea un spirit necurat", to have an evil spirit, be possessed), "nesuferit", and "nefârtat" ("enemy", lit. "unbrothered"). The nominative masculine definite form of a Romanian noun in the declension to which these words belong takes the ending "-ul" or even the shortened "u", as in Romanian "l" is usually lost in the process of speaking, so the definite forms "nefârtatu", "necuratu" and "nesuferitu" are commonly encountered.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: The Birds of Prey is a superhero team featured in several American comic book series, miniseries, and special editions published by DC Comics since 1996. The book's premise originated as a partnership between Black Canary and Barbara Gordon, who had adopted the codename Oracle at the time, but has expanded to include additional superheroines. The team name "Birds of Prey" was attributed to DC assistant editor Frank Pittarese in the text page of the first issue. The group is initially based in Gotham City and later operates in Metropolis and then relocates once more to "Platinum Flats", California, a new locale introduced in "Birds of Prey" in 2008.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: The series was conceived by Jordan B. Gorfinkel and originally written by Chuck Dixon. Gail Simone scripted the comic from issue #56 to #108. Sean McKeever was originally to replace Simone, but McKeever subsequently decided to leave the project and only wrote issues #113–117; Tony Bedard, who wrote issues #109–112, briefly took over the title at issue #118. Artists have included Butch Guice, Greg Land, Ed Benes and Joe Bennett; Nicola Scott began a stint as artist with issue #100. In 2011, the title was relaunched under writer Duane Swierczynski and artist Jesus Saiz. With the 2016 company-wide soft relaunch DC Rebirth, the Birds of Prey are re-introduced in the new title "Batgirl and the Birds of Prey", featuring a team consisting of Batgirl, Black Canary and Huntress.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: Despite the title of the series being "Birds of Prey", the phrase was not mentioned in the book until issue #86, when one of the group's members, Zinda Blake, suggests that it might be a fitting name for the team, but other characters get sidetracked and do not respond to her suggestion. Oracle, the team's leader, refers to the group by that name in a conversation with the new Blue Beetle, Jaime Reyes, and later within the series.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: The core of the team is made up of Oracle and Black Canary, with other heroines forming a rotating roster sometimes for extended periods, sometimes for merely one adventure. After Black Canary's departure, Huntress remained as the staple member and field leader, alongside new "core members". Following the events of "Flashpoint" (2011) and the company-wide relaunch as part of The New 52, Oracle recovers her mobility and reclaims her former Batgirl identity, taking a brief hiatus from the team in the process. Despite the previously all-female central roster, male allies such as Nightwing, Wildcat, Savant and Creote frequently assist missions. In addition, Hawk and Dove briefly joined the team, making Hawk its first male member.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: The title series began with Chuck Dixon's one shot "Black Canary/Oracle: Birds of Prey" (cover date 1996 / published December 1995). Initially, the two heroines featured were Barbara Gordon (formerly "Batgirl") and Dinah Lance (currently "Black Canary"). From the beginning, Canary was written as passionate and idealistic. In an interview with Comics Bulletin, Dixon described this choice as a fertile clash of values: "Dinah's more idealistic approach is at the heart of this book".


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: When Gail Simone took over the series in 2003, she added the Huntress to the lineup. In her first arc, entitled "Of Like Minds", Simone let Black Canary walk into a trap set by Brian Durlin, known as Savant, and his assistant Creote. With Black Canary now critically injured and chained, Savant begins listing demands, the most significant of which is the true identity of Batman. In the end, Huntress and Canary defeat their enemies, and form a team.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: Author Simone commented on the new lineup, saying that each character provided a foil for the two others: "In this case, Babs and Dinah respect each other tremendously, and each is capable of great things the other is not. Dinah's not just Oracle's legs, sometimes, she's her conscience, or her muse, or just her best friend. And Oracle is far more to Dinah than just the mission controller. They trust each other, and out of that, there's a friendship that they believe in. Huntress...I see Helena as someone who is not a loner completely by choice. Dinah is so accepting and so open that Helena sees an opportunity to be part of something without having to force her way in. There's friction, because once Helena puts the mask on, she's really not very good fitting in. But she likes that they're giving her a chance. Whether she blows it or not, you'll have to keep reading".


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: Simone was appreciative of her work, saying "Birds of Prey" editor Lysa Hawkins "was looking for a slightly tougher Birds of Prey and asked me to submit a proposal. I have a huge fondness for Babs and Dinah both, so it's a bit of a dream come true. I'm really excited by the art, which is very sleek and sexy, with a nice dark tone, by Supergirl star Ed Benes".


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: The Huntress later meets Oracle in person for the first time while rescuing her from a potentially life threatening situation during the "Sensei & Student" storyline. The US government had become aware of the existence of Oracle and formatted a list of suspects to interrogate, one of whom was Barbara. Without any form of due process, two federal agents imply they believe she is the Oracle and that if any evidence is brought to light she will be tried for treason against the United States of America. Once again, Oracle relies on the Huntress when no other allies are available.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: While Oracle and Huntress share a long history of animosity with one another, Black Canary eventually persuades Oracle to employ Huntress as a full-time agent. The budding friendship is cut short during the "Hero Hunters" arc. In the final issue of the storyline, the Huntress realizes Oracle has been manipulating her psychologically in order to make her "behave" properly, in the same way a teacher attempts to reform a troubled child. Despite Oracle's remorse for her actions, Huntress temporarily departs from the group. She later rejoins the team, once again as a full-time agent along with newcomer Lady Blackhawk. Although the personnel on Oracle's team grows and changes, Huntress and Lady Blackhawk remain core agents.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: As "Birds of Prey" approached its hundredth issue, Simone used issues #99 and #100 to shake up the lineup. She let Black Canary leave the team with her ward, a little girl called "Sin", and used a prison break arc to introduce superhumanly strong Big Barda, pacifist Judomaster and rascally Misfit into the new squad, and with the new Spy Smasher as an ambiguous Jack Bauer-like anti-heroine and Lois Lane cornering Oracle into almost giving away her secret identity. Again, the characters were chosen to provide a foil for each other, and affirmed her love for her characters: "The team is a group of individuals, quite unlike the friendship between Dinah, Helena and Babs. And any team with Barda on it automatically has a certain bull in a China shop tremble, and I love that... The characters don't apologize for being asskickers, nor for being smart, nor for being sexy, nor for being sexual, for that matter. There are always going to be some people who find that not to their taste, but at the same time, "Birds of Prey" regularly brings in people who don't otherwise read mainstream comics, a whole audience that may not pick up any other superhero titles, and I love that niche, that little area between good taste and utter shamelessness". Finally, Simone stated her agony of leaving the book: "I miss the characters in all the books I've worked on. Writing the last issue of "Birds of Prey" I'm doing was actually physically painful".


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: After Simone's departure to sister title "Wonder Woman", Sean McKeever wrote "Birds of Prey" from issues #113 to #117. McKeever used his short stint to pit a new incarnation of "Blackhawk" villain Killer Shark against ex-Blackhawk Zinda Blake and to introduce the location of Platinum Flats, called by IGN "the Silicon Valley of the DC universe and a hotbed of white-collar crime committed by mysterious villain 'The Visionary'". IGN called his short stint "enjoyable and creative". His writing deeds were taken over by Tony Bedard, who stated in a Comic Book Resources interview that he liked the concept of Platinum Flats. Bedard wanted to mix the concept of 21st century white collar crime with 1930s mob families and said that Oracle is his favorite "Birds of Prey" character.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: DC canceled the series in February 2009, with the "Oracle: The Cure" mini-series beginning publication the following month as part of a company-wide reorganization of Batman-related titles.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: "Birds of Prey" returned under the "Brightest Day" banner in 2010. Gail Simone returned to write series with Ed Benes providing the artwork. Hawk and Dove were brought as new members of the team as well, with Oracle playing a strictly supporting role. While in Singapore in December the same year, she announced, in an interview with the newspaper "Straits Times", an intention to create a Singaporean superheroine.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: The title was eventually cancelled along with every other DC book as part of a company-wide relaunch following the "Flashpoint" event. Two months prior to the title's cancellation, Simone left the book after issue #13.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: In July, writer Marc Andreyko and artist Billy Tucci took over the title for the final story-arc, which featured the original Black Canary and Phantom Lady. Manhunter, a former Birds of Prey member created by Andreyko, appeared as well.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: DC Comics relaunched "Birds of Prey" with issue #1 in September 2011 for The New 52 relaunch with the new series having some similar characters which existed in a different universe than the previous DC titles. Novelist Duane Swierczynski replaced Andreyko as the writer, with Jesus Saiz handling the art. Noted Batman villain Poison Ivy was one of the new characters joining the team.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: The book's first storyline begins shortly after Barbara regains the use of her legs after the events of "Flashpoint". However, she still has been paralyzed by the Joker, but thanks to a new kind of implant, she can walk again. She has to deal with some PTSD, though. Dinah approaches her old friend with an offer to join the new Birds of Prey team she is putting together, but she declines, instead suggesting that Katana take her place. The gun-toting vigilante Starling is also recruited into the team, along with Poison Ivy.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: Following the departure of Poison Ivy after issue #12, the team roster changed again when Katana spun off into her own solo book along with providing her services to the "Justice League of America". With occasional help from Condor and a former Talon (an assassin of the Court of Owls), named Mary Turner, a young African-American woman who became mute after being injured by a Japanese Fu-Go balloon bomb attack when she was a little girl whilst the rest of her family was killed from the bombing during World War II and was recruited into the Court. In "Batgirl Annual" #1, Catwoman freed Mary from Blackgate Penitentiary, and Batgirl chose her to replace Katana after she left. The Birds of Prey gave her the codename Strix (Latin for Owl). The Birds of Prey moved on with writer Christy Marx in issue #18.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: DC Comics reconfigured the continuity of their shared universe again in 2016 with DC Rebirth. The Birds of Prey had their own title once again, now called "Batgirl and the Birds of Prey". Huntress is aware of Batgirl and Black Canary's secret identities, but they do not seem to be aware of hers. The three women form an uneasy alliance in order to take down mutual foes. Batgirl and Black Canary are attempting to find yet another villain who is using the name "Oracle". Issue #4 is essentially Huntress's origin story, showing why she is waging war against certain mob families.


title: Birds of Prey (team)

text: A "Birds of Prey" film set in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU) was released on February 7, 2020. The film was directed by Cathy Yan, written by Christina Hodson, and features Margot Robbie reprising her role as Harley Quinn from preceding DCEU film "Suicide Squad" and co-producing the film. Robbie is joined by Jurnee Smollett-Bell, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, Rosie Perez and Ella Jay Basco as Dinah Lance, Helena Bertinelli / Huntress, Renee Montoya, and Cassandra Cain, respectively. By the end of the film, Lance, Bertinelli, and Montoya part ways with Quinn and Cain and form the titular Birds of Prey.


title: Sarai (city)

text: Sarai (also transcribed as "Saraj" or "Saray", from Persian "sarāy", "mansion" or "court") was the name of possibly two cities near the lower Volga, that served successively as the effective capitals of the Golden Horde, a Turco-Mongol kingdom which ruled much of Northwestern Asia and Eastern Europe, in the 13th and 14th centuries. There is considerable disagreement among scholars about the correspondence between specific archaeological sites and the various references to "Sarāy", "Sarāy-i Bātū" ("the Sarai of Batu"), "Sarāy-i Barka" ("the Sarai of Berke"), "Sarāy al-Jadīd" ("New Sarai"), and "Sarāy al-Maḥrūsah" ("Sarai Blessed [by God]") in the historical sources.


title: Sarai (city)

text: "Old Sarai" was established by the Mongol ruler Batu Khan (1227-1255), as indicated by both occasional references to the "Sarai of Batu" ("Sarai Batu", "Sarāy-i Bātū") and an explicit statement of the Franciscan William of Rubruck, who visited Batu in 1253 or 1254, on his way to the court of the Great Khan Möngke at Qaraqorum. William's statement, "Sarai, the new town that Baatu is making on the Etilia" is considered the first historical reference to the city; a few passages later he refers to the same settlement as "Sarai and the palace of Baatu". The slightly later Persian historian ʿAṭā Malik Juwaynī describes this settlement as both "camp" ("muḫayyam") and "city" ("šahr"), reflecting its dual function, gradual development, and perhaps the lifestyle preferences of its various inhabitants.


title: Sarai (city)

text: As the principal seat of Batu, Berke, and their successors, Sarai was effectively the capital of a great empire, although the khan and his court occasionally resided at other sites as well. Various Rus' princes came to Sarai to pledge allegiance to the Khan and receive his patent of authority ("yarlyk"). In 1261, the city became a seat of the Saray diocese of the Russian Church (Krutitsy), and in 1315 also of a Catholic diocese. It also served, at least occasionally, as the burial site of khans: when he died in 1266, Berke was buried at the "Sarai of Batu", according to the Ilkhanid vizier Rashīd ad-Dīn Faḍlullāh. Berke had presumably continued the development of the city, promoting the settlement of Muslims and attracting Muslim literati, leading later Muslim accounts to credit him with the foundation of the city; this probably led to references to the "Sarai of Berke", although it is doubtful that there was ever an entirely separate city called "Sarai of Berke" ("two" cities, "Sarāy-i Bātū" and "Sarāy-i Barka", are only mentioned by the 15th-century Persian author Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī, who is often confused about the history of the Golden Horde); it certainly cannot be identified with "New Sarai", which was founded more than six decades after Berke's death. The earliest coins struck at Sarai have been identified with issues of Berke from 1264/1265. During the reign of Mengu-Timur Khan silver coins (dirhams) were again struck with the label "Sarai" in 1272/1273; coins of more consistent standard and issue followed under Toqta Khan, especially after 1310.


title: Sarai (city)

text: "New Sarai" ("Sarāy al-Jadīd") is said to have been founded or formally inaugurated by Öz Beg Khan in the first half of the 14th century. The earliest explicit reference to a city bearing this name is the notice of the death of Öz Beg in "New Sarai" in March–April 1341 by a nearly contemporary Mamluk author. A statement of the Timurid historian Ibn ʿArabshāh that "between the building of Sarāy and its devastation there passed sixty-three years" would place the formal founding of "New Saray" 63 lunar years before its sack by Timur in the winter of 1395–1396, and so in 1334–1335. The reasons for the relocation of the capital are unclear, as is how substantial such a relocation actually was (since identifications of sites of "Old Sarai" and "New Sarai" are debated), although it is sometimes assumed that the rationale was a change in the level of the Caspian Sea and the extent of the waterways in the Volga Delta.


title: Sarai (city)

text: Sarai and the other major centers of the Golden Horde (like Gülistan, preferred by Jani Beg) along the lower Volga benefited from trade and exhibited a significant degree of cultural prosperity. While the origin of coins simply labeled "Sarai" remains uncertain, coins labeled "New Sarai" started to be minted from 1342. An astrolabe was discovered during excavations at the site, and the city was home to many poets, most of whom are known only by name. These included Hisām Kātib (c. 1375)and Sayf-i Sarāy, who died in 1396.


title: Sarai (city)

text: This prosperity was rapidly threatened by the onset of chronic political and military instability alongside competition for the throne of the Golden Horde after 1361. As the traditional capital and a rich and prestigious prize, Sarai became the target of most claimants to the throne. The beglerbeg Mamai, for example, took Sarai on behalf of his own puppet khans on four or five separate occasions between 1362 and 1375/1376, losing it to rivals each time. Intervening in the internal conflicts within the Golden Horde, the Central Asian conqueror Timur sacked, leveled, and set on fire Sarai in the winter of 1395–1396. The city had partially recovered by 1402, and by the 1420s minted coins again, although the Golden Horde did not completely stabilize. Shortly after the Russian traveler Afanasij Nikitin passed through in 1469, Sarai was plundered by the Ushkuyniks, riverine pirates from Vyatka, in 1471. The Muscovite commander Vasilij Ivanovič Nozdrovatyj Zvenigorodskij and the Crimean prince in Muscovite exile Nur Devlet plundered the "Yurt of Batu" in 1480, in a counterattack ordered by Ivan III of Russia in retaliation for the advance of Khan Aḥmad against Moscow. The decisive blow seems to have been the sacking and burning of Sarai by Khan Meñli I Giray of the Crimea in June 1502. The forces of Ivan IV of Russia passed through and destroyed what was left of Sarai while conquering the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556. After it expanded its control over the lower Volga region, Russia established the new fortress cities of (modern) Astrakhan in 1558, and Tsaritsyn (later Stalingrad, now Volgograd) in 1589.


title: Sarai (city)

text: The traveler Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, who visited in about 1332, has left a description of Sarai (or, as he called it, "the city of al-Sarā, known also as al-Sarā Baraka, which is the capital of the sultan Ūzbak"). Since the foundation of "New Saray" is estimated to have taken place about this time, it is not entirely clear which Sarai was described by Ibn Baṭṭūṭa; the stated distance of 3 days upstream from Astrakhan (al-Ḥājj Tarkhān) is possibly consistent with the site at Selitrennoe Gorodišče, traditionally identified as "Old Sarai", but the archaeological excavations of that site might not support this identification.


title: Sarai (city)

text: The Damascene historian Aḥmad ibn Faḍlallāh al-ʿUmarī, who died in 1349, has also left a description of Sarai, based on the account of a traveler; once again, it is not entirely clear whether the information refers to Old Sarai or New Sarai, given its date, and references to both Berke and Öz Beg:


title: Sarai (city)

text: In 1623–1624, a Russian merchant, Fedot Kotov, traveled to Persia via the lower Volga. He described the site of Sarai:


title: Sarai (city)

text: As so often the case, it is difficult to decide to which Sarai (or other center) this description applies.


title: Sarai (city)

text: The location and identity of the settlement or settlements called Sarai (which means, after all, simply "palace" and moreover seems to function as a synonym of "horde") have been subject to scholarly disagreement. Arguments have centered on whether or not there were two (or more) capital cities named Sarai and what were their respective locations. One of the influential views that emerged was that "New Sarai" was an enhancement or expansion of "Old Sarai", rather than a separate settlement. The other view was that "Old Sarai" and "New Sarai" were two separate settlements after all, separated by some distance, with "New Sarai" possibly associated with a satellite settlement called Gülistan. Already in the second half of the 18th and first quarter of the 19th century, Sarai was being sought variously at the large ruin fields of Tsarevskoe gorodishche and Selitrennoe gorodishche, both located (some 250 km apart) on the left bank of the Akhtuba, a left distributary of the Volga, which remain the most impressive archaeological sites in the area.


title: Sarai (city)

text: During the late 19th-late 20th century, the dominant view that resulted from earlier studies, was that "Old Sarai" was founded in the 13th century by Batu and located at Selitrennoe gorodishche (previously also called Dzhigit Hadzhi, just northwest of modern Selitrennoe, about 30 km southeast of Kharabali and about 120 km north from Astrakhan), while "New Sarai" was founded later in the 13th century by Berke and made capital in the early 14th century by Öz Beg, and was located at Tsarevskoe gorodishche (previously also called Tsarevy Pady, , just northwest of modern Tsarev and farther west of Kolobovka, about 55 km east-southeast of Volzhsky). The Selitrennoe gorodishche archaeological site was described as "Gorodishche Selitrennoe ... remains of the Golden Horde capital Sarai-Batu" on the official sign in at the site, while the corresponding sign at the Tsarevskoe gorodishche archaeological site read "Ruins of Sarai-Berke (New Sarai)".