title: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)

text: The lyrics, written by Taupin, contain autobiographical elements, referring to his childhood on a farm in Lincolnshire. The song expresses a desire to get back to one's "roots", a common theme of Taupin's early lyrics.


title: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)

text: In 2014, Taupin reflected, "It's been said many times, but "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" is a cinematic album. The lyrics to the title track do say that I want to leave Oz and get back to the farm. I think that's still my M.O. these days. I don't mind getting out there and doing what everybody else was doing, but I always had to have an escape hatch."


title: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)

text: In 2020, he added, "I don't believe I was ever turning my back on success or saying I didn't want it. I just don't believe I was ever that naïve. I think I was just hoping that maybe there was a happy medium way to exist successfully in a more tranquil setting. My only naiveté, I guess, was believing I could do it so early on. I had to travel a long road and visit the school of hard knocks before I could come even close to achieving that goal."


title: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)

text: The song was released in 1973 as the album's second single and entered the top ten in both the United Kingdom and the United States. It was one of John's biggest hits, and quickly surpassed his previous single, "Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting", in both sales and popularity, following its release.


title: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)

text: "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" received generally positive response from music critics. Janis Schacht of "Circus" describes it as "delicate and beautiful". AllMusic writes that the song is "a vocal triumph" and a "pinnacle of its style". "Billboard" stated that the song's "sonic impression is still strong and haunting" and the "blending of voices with strings on the bridges is beautiful," although the lyrics are sometimes difficult to understand. "Cash Box" described the song as "soft, melodic pop that’s going to impress folks all over again as to [John's] performing abilities," going on to say that "Bernie Taupin’s lyrics are again highly poetic and blend perfectly with Elton's music."


title: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)

text: In 2010, "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked it No. 390 in their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.


title: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)

text: In 2018, "The Guardian" ranked the song number six on their list of the 50 greatest Elton John songs, and in 2022, "Billboard" ranked the song number four on their list of the 75 greatest Elton John songs.


title: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)

text: In Canada, the single reached No. 1 on the "RPM" 100 national singles chart on 22 December 1973 and held the position for one week, making it John's third No. 1 in the year 1973 in that country (following "Crocodile Rock" and "Daniel"). On the US Hot 100, it went to No. 2, behind both "Top of the World" by the Carpenters and "The Most Beautiful Girl" by Charlie Rich. On the US Easy Listening chart, it rose to No. 7 and spent 18 weeks on the charts. In Ireland, it reached No. 4; in the UK it peaked at No. 6.


title: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)

text: The song's flip side was originally titled "Screw You", although the US release re-titled the song "Young Man's Blues" so that it would not offend American record buyers.


title: Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (song)

text: "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" is still regularly included in John's live performances, and John named his farewell tour after the song, naming it the Farewell Yellow Brick Road Tour.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: Cheshire Cat is the debut studio album by American rock band Blink-182 (then known as simply "Blink"), released on February 17, 1995, by Cargo Music. The trio, composed of guitarist Tom DeLonge, bassist Mark Hoppus, and drummer Scott Raynor, formed in 1992 and recorded three demos that impressed the San Diego-based Cargo label. In addition, their reputation as an irreverent local live act at venues such as SOMA alerted the label, who was seeking to expand into different genres.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: Due to budget constraints the album was recorded quickly with producer Otis Barthoulameu at Westbeach Recorders in Los Angeles, California. Producer Steve Kravac engineered the recording and advised the trio to record additional overdubs. As such, the band spent an additional week re-recording several tracks at Santee, California's Doubletime Studios. The album was originally released with the band's name as Blink, until an Irish band of the same name threatened legal action, after which the band appended "-182" to the end of their name.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: Released during the breakthrough year for punk rock in California, the album brought the band great success in and outside of the San Diego skate punk scene. "M+M's" and "Wasting Time" were released as singles to promote the album, and received popularity locally through radio play. The band toured in support of the album vigorously, most notably on the "GoodTimes" Tour in 1995, which brought them outside of California for the first time. "Cheshire Cat" is cited by bands and fans as an iconic release, and has sold over 250,000 copies as of 2001.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: San Diego-based trio Blink-182, formed in 1992, first promoted itself by recording low-fi demos to distribute to local record stores and at concerts. The three eventually were playing concerts at local venues such as SOMA, which alerted local independent record label Cargo Music. Cargo was at the heart of San Diego's music scene, which was not particularly thriving but still produced several skate punk acts. Pat Secor, who funded the trio's demo "Buddha" and was the former boss of Hoppus, pulled for Blink's move to Cargo through a roommate who knew Cargo executives. Otis Barthoulameu, guitarist of local Cargo Music-signed act Fluf, saw potential in the young band and pushed them from the beginning. Eric Goodis, president of Cargo, wanted to diversify the label by incorporating different styles of music. His son, Brahm Goodis, thought Blink and their style of Southern California punk fit the bill and encouraged his father to listen to a tape. Together, Barthoulameu and Brahm Goodis convinced Eric Goodis to attend a live performance of the band.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: Goodis invited the three musicians into his office and made the band an offer: he wanted to "start small" by releasing a 7-inch with the band. Blink were more interested in pursuing a full-length release; they had already saved money for a budget and made arrangements with a friend from a local band to record and release one on their own. Upon knowledge of this information, Goodis withdrew his original offer and signed the band on a trial basis. Hoppus was the only member to sign the contract, as DeLonge was at work at the time and Raynor was still a minor. DeLonge has said that Goodis did not favor the band, and invented the Grilled Cheese imprint of Cargo in order to keep them away from the main label. The "Cheshire Cat" sessions were to be the last performance with the band for Raynor, whose family had moved to Reno, Nevada. Raynor stayed with his sister for the summer of 1994 in order to rehearse for the recording of their debut album. The band rehearsed in DeLonge's garage, where they wrote "M+M's".


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: The deal was completed and Blink immediately set off to record their debut at the famous Westbeach Recorders in Los Angeles. DeLonge and Hoppus were excited, as the "hallowed ground" had hosted their influences Bad Religion, NOFX, Face to Face, and Ten Foot Pole. Raynor recalled the sessions: "Westbeach was where all the Epitaph bands had been recording at this time. I spent the whole time thinking, 'Greg Graffin probably sat in this chair', 'Brett Gurewitz probably stood in this doorway,' etc." Fueled by "some great, terrible Chinese food," the band were forced to record and mix the sixteen tracks in three days, once again recording under serious time constraints. Despite the fact that the band were now in possession of a contract with the biggest indie label in San Diego, Cargo were still not in a position to offer more than a few days' worth of finances to record the trio's first efforts for their new home.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: Unfamiliar with the area, the trio got lost on their first day of recording, arriving at the studio three hours late. Blink got to work immediately, setting up Raynor's drums and beginning to lay down tracks. "We were working ten- to twelve-hours straight, hardly even breaking for food or anything," recalled Hoppus in 2001. The band made reservations at local hotel not far from the studio for a room with two double beds. Despite the request, the band were stuck with one king-size bed, with the three musicians sleeping three-across in one bed. DeLonge recorded through Bad Religion guitarist Gurewitz's amp, and also accidentally broke his microphones. Producer Steve Kravac was the engineer for the album, and the trio made an immediate impression on him with their humor and eagerness. Kravac set the trio up and recorded most of "Cheshire Cat" live, and there were few retakes, which would lead to the record's raw appeal.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: Kravac pleaded with a frustrated DeLonge and Hoppus (who was "try[ing] to make the best of it") to book more time for overdubs. According to Jeff Forrest, the band eventually decamped to more familiar surroundings of Doubletime Studios in Santee, California, where they recorded "Buddha". The trio booked the studio for one week to allow time for additional recording. Still, recording progressed quickly at Doubletime according to Forrest, and the record was mixed as they went along. Forrest suggested a line ("In my town you can't drive naked") for "Wasting Time" while Hoppus was recording his vocals for the track. Despite the lost time and the pressure of limited resources, the recording went well. When completed, the quality of the recording was "near perfect" to the young band. As it was, Raynor moved to Reno and was replaced briefly with school friend Mike Krull. Hoppus and DeLonge wanted Raynor back, and Raynor moved back to San Diego to live with Hoppus and his family.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: The album's title and cover artwork originated from a calendar DeLonge had purchased. His day job in the first years of the band was hauling bags of concrete. While at work at an industrial park warehouse, a foreign salesman going door-to-door approached him with the calendar, which showcased photographs of cats. DeLonge found the calendars offbeat and showed Hoppus, who likened a photo of a Siamese cat with intensely colored eyes to the famous character from the Lewis Carroll novel "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". The band's request to use the photo was denied by the calendar company, however, the band employed Cargo's art department to computer enhance the photo until the band was safe from copyright infringement. DeLonge joked in 2020 that it was the "worst album cover ever".


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: DeLonge, at the time of its release, called the album's musical style "not punk rock [...] We're nothing like the Sex Pistols, but our music kind of flowed from this genre of fast music with melody." The "Los Angeles Times" described the album's lyrical themes in a 1995 profile: "Most of blink-182's songs poke fun at their own youthful escapades, focusing on raging hormones, candy, masturbation, intestinal gas and other topics of interest to adolescents." The refusal to grow up, which arises in many later Blink-182 songs (most notably "What's My Age Again?") is a common lyrical theme on the record. The album's sound is inspired by punk groups the band idolized, such as the Vandals, the Descendents and NOFX. "Every song of ours is a version of another punk song that I've heard and tried to make better," DeLonge remarked at the time. "In the end, ours wind up a little different, but I know where the influence came from, and I think it's important to acknowledge that." A number of the tracks on "Cheshire Cat" are recycled from the band's previous demos.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: "Carousel" is the record's first track, which also opened the Filter cassette demo "Buddha". The song had its genesis in the very first jam session between Hoppus and DeLonge in 1992. It contains skate punk influences and has been described as "a satisfyingly fast-assed punk song in the vein of NOFX with some very adept dynamic breakdowns." The record's first single, "M+M's", follows, which is based around power chords and Hoppus' lead vocal of a vacation elsewhere. Track three, "Fentoozler" is another recycled song from "Buddha". "Touchdown Boy" is written about being "the hero who always gets the girl." It is based around a school friend the trio knew and originally included his name, until the band thought better and toned it down. "Strings" follows, and "Peggy Sue" afterward, which is about "holding off from being aggressive when other people are telling you what to do."


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: "Sometimes" carries on the relationship theme, and "Does My Breath Smell?" has been described as "[DeLonge] singing some self-searching lyrics over a subdued riff" that later "[slams] into mosh-melting territory ... with one of the most economical lead guitar counterpoints to the layered vocals so far." The following track, "Cacophony" is slower paced and revolves around a relationship in which confusion reigns due to the imbalance of enthusiasm between both involved. Shooman writes that "the lyrics are unguarded and show a sensitive side of Blink that's quite often been somewhat obfuscated over the years by the popular perception of the band as goons goofing off." "TV" asserts that television is a vital part of life, and the recycled "Toast and Bananas" follows. "Wasting Time", which became the record's second and final single, is sung by Hoppus, longing for the object of his affection. "Romeo and Rebecca", likewise, argues that the object of his affection, and the fairer sex as a whole are a waste of time. Three more tracks close out "Cheshire Cat", all of which are joke tracks, “Ben Wah Balls,” “Just About Done,” and, “Depends.”


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: "Cheshire Cat" was released through Cargo Music on February 17, 1995 on cassette. Initially, Goodis bet DeLonge the album would only sell 3,000 copies; by 2001, over 250,000 copies of the debut were sold. A CD release of the album occurred in 1995, and a vinyl version was released in small quantities in 1996. Along with the re-release of "Buddha" in November 1998, "Cheshire Cat" was re-released and received national distribution for the first time. "Cheshire Cat" has been called an iconic release by bands and fans. As an independent release, very few reviews were published upon initial release. Retrospective reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album three out of five stars and wrote that "the group is rather scattershot here, hitting the target as often as they miss it," noting that the release is better suited to more involved fans. "Rolling Stone" would rate the record at two and a half stars in 2001, describing it as "slapped together lilting melodies and racing beats in an attempt to connect emo and skate punk, a sort of pop hardcore." Website AbsolutePunk called "Cheshire Cat" a "good early indicator of what Blink-182 would turn out to be. Their sound wasn’t quite as polished, but they were certainly miles ahead of a lot of their peers at the time." At Fuse, it was list as one of the "strongest" pop-punk debut albums by Marie Sheyman, who added "they made the punk rock they loved even catchier".


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: "Cheshire Cat" was a strong seller for an independent band, despite the fact that popularity grew in the form of unauthorized CD copies across the country. The band were acquiring legions of new fans and radio play, and the buzz created by the album inspired manager Rick DeVoe to call Hoppus, wanting to manage the band. DeLonge threw together a crude "press kit" for DeVoe, which included photocopies of fanzines, reviews, and some cartoons drawn by DeLonge. The band members were ecstatic when DeVoe signed on with the band, as he promoted larger bands such as Pennywise, NOFX, and The Offspring. The attention also brought forth calls from Rick Bonde, of the Tahoe Agency, a booking agency based out of Lake Tahoe that worked with big punk and ska names such as Sublime. The husband-and-wife team of Rick and Jean Bonde, who owned and operated the company, began arranging shows for the band and minitours that gave Blink their first promotion outside of San Diego.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: Mike Halloran, disc jockey at XETRA-FM (branded on-air as 91X), made "M+M's" a regular part of his radio show playlist, which Hoppus cites as the first person to play the band. When DeLonge first heard their song on the radio while driving in his car, he rolled down his window, "yelling at everyone to turn their damn radios on." The single was a local success and Cargo offered the band a small budget ($10,000) to film a music video. Darren Doane, who had previously worked with MxPx and Pennywise, directed the clip. "We weren't planning on doing anything with that video except hoping it got on a surf video or something," said Hoppus. A Cargo Music employee presented the video to MTV, but network executives "threw the tape out" upon seeing guns in the film. Meanwhile, the record also drew the attention of an Irish techno band, also named Blink. Unwilling to engage in a legal battle, the band agreed to change their name. Cargo gave the band a week, but the trio put off the decision for more than two afterward. Eventually, Cargo called the band, demanding to "change the name or [we'll] change it for you," after which the band decided on a random number, 182.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: The band also received their first profile in the "Los Angeles Times" in December 1995, which praised the album but questioned their authenticity and "punk" label. "I mean, is it the retro rock of England's Exploited, the anarchy of the Ramones or the political focus of Bad Religion? Punk has gone off in so many different directions that you can't really classify it anymore," DeLonge said. "People said Elvis Costello was punk when he first came out."


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: The band expanded their fan-base outside of San Diego by embarking on their first national tour shortly after the release of "Cheshire Cat". Alongside 7 Seconds and Unwritten Law, the band travelled in a small convoy of cars, being too young and broke to afford a van. Unwritten Law loaned the band their van, named "The Cock", for their first out-of-town gig in Reno, Nevada, and it broke before they were able to make it back. The band eventually purchased a Chevy Beauville tour van they christened "The Millennium Falcon". Through new manager Rick DeVoe's connections, the band broke through the surf/snowboarding scene by appearing on the surf video "GoodTimes". The video was financed by Taylor Steele, friend of DeVoe, who wanted to put together a tour in support of the tape.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: The "GoodTimes" Tour of October 1995, featuring the aforementioned bands and Sprung Monkey, introduced the trio to the south and east and was the band's first national tour. The trip was not without its incidents: DeLonge was arrested for underage drinking on Halloween 1995 in Jacksonville, Florida, and on another occasion, a small riot broke out between bouncers using excessive force and fans. The trio desperately wanted to continue on the second leg of the tour in Australia but lacked the funds; the members of Pennywise helped out and bought the band's plane tickets. Raynor recalled the tour fondly in 2010: "Honestly, the shows went well. We always got a good reaction, and the next time we came around we had more fans and better floors to sleep on — some with carpet!" Hoppus' sister, Anne, made T-shirts and described the tour: "Any money made goes back into the gas fund. You only have five dollars and it has to feed you all day. You eat nothing but crappy fast food, or on a good night, Denny's."


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: Early 1996 saw the three trekking to Alaska to perform and compete in a "King of the Hill" snowboarding contest. It was the site of an infamous prank fight between the members of the band and Pennywise that ended with local police being called and hotel security banning them. The band's first headlining tour took place afterward, and the following February dates — later dubbed the "Shitty Weather" tour — found the band performing through a harsh rain and snow. A seventeen-hour drive to Quebec City found DeLonge driving the entire way, unable to see through a snowstorm ("the biggest to hit the Northeast in forty years"). By March 1996, major labels began courting the band and the trio signed a joint-venture deal with MCA Records to distribute their sophomore effort, "Dude Ranch", to be recorded that winter.


title: Cheshire Cat (Blink-182 album)

text: In all, the group toured the US three times and went to Alaska, Australia and Hawaii twice. "It's tiring," DeLonge told "Thrasher" in November 1996. "Then again, I just remember I used to work at this stupid job. I think about that, and I realize I'm not that bad off."


title: Pibb Xtra

text: Pibb Xtra is a reformulation of Mr. Pibb (sometimes styled as Mr. PiBB), a soft drink created and marketed by The Coca-Cola Company. It has several variants. As of 2020, it is sold in bottles, cans, and two-liter bottles, and is available in most Coca-Cola Freestyle machines. It has a subtle cherry undertone.


title: Pibb Xtra

text: First introduced as "Peppo" to compete against Dr Pepper, the name was changed to "Mr. Pibb" after Dr Pepper sued The Coca-Cola Company for trademark infringement. The original test markets for Mr. Pibb in 1972 were located in Waco, Texas, the birthplace of Dr Pepper, before the company moved to Dallas, Texas. In 1980, Mr. Pibb was reformulated and marketed with the words "New Taste" printed prominently on the products.


title: Pibb Xtra

text: In 2001, a cinnamon-forward "spicy cherry" flavor replaced the original formula in many parts of the United States, marketed as a bolder version of original Mr. Pibb. As recently as 2020, Pibb Xtra has been marketed as a "refreshing, spicy cherry alternative to regular cola".


title: Pibb Xtra

text: Pibb is now available in some Freestyle machines at restaurant chains that do not serve Dr Pepper or regions where Dr Pepper is not bottled by a local Coca-Cola distributor, which introduced the brand to new countries exclusively through the machines. In 2011, Pibb Xtra expanded to two new flavors: Pibb Xtra Cherry and Pibb Xtra Cherry-Vanilla. Released for Coca-Cola Freestyle machines, both new flavors were also released for Pibb Zero. Pibb Xtra Strawberry was released in 2018, along with Dr Pepper and Coca-Cola Strawberry.


title: Pibb Xtra

text: Carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, caramel color, phosphoric acid, potassium sorbate and potassium benzoate, artificial and natural flavors, caffeine, monosodium phosphate, lactic acid, polyethylene glycol.


title: Susan Tully

text: Susan Tully (born 20 October 1967) is an English actress, television producer, and television director.


title: Susan Tully

text: Her most prominent television acting roles were those of rebellious teenager Suzanne Ross in "Grange Hill" and single mother Michelle Fowler in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders". Tully played one of the original "EastEnders" characters, appearing in the first episode on 19 February 1985 and remaining central to the series until 1995.


title: Susan Tully

text: She then gave up acting in favour of working behind the camera, and since then has directed and produced British television programmes.


title: Susan Tully

text: Tully's father was a watch-case maker, and her mother a housewife. Tully was brought up on a London council estate.


title: Susan Tully

text: While at school in Barnsbury, Islington, she took up acting as a hobby and attended the Anna Scher children's theatre, which began a fast track into television work.


title: Susan Tully

text: At the age of nine Tully hosted the live television children's programme "Our Show" and later worked on "The Saturday Banana" with Bill Oddie.


title: Susan Tully

text: She was cast in the BBC children's television serial "Grange Hill". She played schoolgirl Suzanne Ross for three years (1981–1984). At the age of 17, Tully secured a major role in the BBC's new soap opera "EastEnders". She played Michelle Fowler from the show's inception in 1985 to 1995. During her time on the show, her character became pregnant at the age of 16 after having an affair with the 39-year-old adulterer Den Watts. In December 2016, "EastEnders" recast the role of Michelle Fowler to actress Jenna Russell after Tully repeatedly turned down offers to return. The show's executive producer at the time, Sean O'Connor, has said that Tully gave her blessing for the recast to take place.


title: Susan Tully

text: Tully is a supporter of the Meningitis Trust and she has also been involved in the Comic Relief fundraising event. She is a close friend of Letitia Dean, who played her best friend Sharon Watts in "EastEnders". Tully was a bridesmaid at Dean's wedding to Jason Pethers in 2002.


title: Dragon's blood

text: Dragon's blood is a bright red resin which is obtained from different species of a number of distinct plant genera: "Calamus" spp. (previously "Daemonorops") also including "Calamus rotang", "Croton", "Dracaena" and "Pterocarpus". The red resin has been in continuous use since ancient times as varnish, medicine, incense, and dye.


title: Dragon's blood

text: A great degree of confusion existed for the ancients in regard to the source and identity of dragon's blood. Some medieval encyclopedias claimed its source as the literal blood of elephants and dragons who had perished in mortal combat. The resin of "Dracaena" species, "true" dragon's blood, and the very poisonous mineral cinnabar (mercury sulfide) were often confused by the ancient Romans. In ancient China, little or no distinction was made among the types of dragon's blood from the different species. Both "Dracaena" and "Calamus" resins are still often marketed today as dragon's blood, with little or no distinction being made between the plant sources; however, the resin obtained from "Calamus" has become the most commonly sold type in modern times, often in the form of large balls of resin.


title: Dragon's blood

text: Voyagers to the Canary Islands in the 15th century obtained dragon's blood as dried garnet-red drops from "Dracaena draco", a tree native to the Canary Islands and Morocco. The resin is exuded from its wounded trunk or branches. Dragon's blood is also obtained by the same method from the closely related "Dracaena cinnabari", which is endemic to the island of Socotra. This resin was traded to ancient Europe via the Incense Road.


title: Dragon's blood

text: Dragon's blood resin is also produced from the rattan palms of the genus "Calamus" of the Indonesian islands and known there as "jernang" or "djernang". It is gathered by breaking off the layer of red resin encasing the unripe fruit of the rattan. The collected resin is then rolled into solid balls before being sold.


title: Dragon's blood

text: The red latex of the Sangre de Drago (called Sangre de Grado in Peru), from any of seven species of "Croton" native to Peru, Ecuador and Brazil, has purported wound-healing and antioxidant properties, and has been used for centuries by native people.


title: Dragon's blood

text: The dragon's blood known to the ancient Romans was mostly collected from "D. cinnabari", and is mentioned in the 1st century Periplus (30: 10. 17) as one of the products of Socotra. Socotra had been an important trading centre since at least the time of the Ptolemies. Dragon's blood was used as a dye, painting pigment, and medicine (respiratory and gastrointestinal problems) in the Mediterranean basin, and was held by early Greeks, Romans, and Arabs to have medicinal properties. Dioscorides and other early Greek writers described its medicinal uses.


title: Dragon's blood

text: Locals on Socotra island use the "Dracaena" resin as a sort of cure-all, using it for such things as general wound healing, a coagulant (though this is ill-advised with commercial products, as the "Calamus" species acts as an anti-coagulant and it is usually unknown what species the dragon's blood came from), curing diarrhea, lowering fevers, dysentery diseases, taken internally for ulcers in the mouth, throat, intestines and stomach, as well as an antiviral for respiratory viruses, stomach viruses and for skin disorders such as eczema. It was also used in medieval ritual magic and alchemy.


title: Dragon's blood

text: Dragon's blood of both "Dracaena draco" (commonly referred to as the Draconis Palm) and "Dracaena cinnabari" were used as a source of varnish for 18th century Italian violinmakers. There was also an 18th-century recipe for toothpaste that contained dragon's blood. In modern times it is still used as a varnish for violins, in photoengraving, as an incense resin, and as a body oil.


title: Dragon's blood

text: Dragon's blood from both "Calamus" were used for ceremonies in India. Sometimes "Dracaena" resin, but more often "Calamus" resin, was used in China as red varnish for wooden furniture. It was also used to colour the surface of writing paper for banners and posters, used especially for weddings and for Chinese New Year.


title: Dragon's blood

text: In American Hoodoo, African-American folk magic, and New Orleans voodoo, it is used in mojo hands for money-drawing or love-drawing, and is used as incense to cleanse a space of negative entities or influences. It is also added to red ink to make "Dragon's Blood Ink", which is used to inscribe magical seals and talismans.


title: Dragon's blood

text: In folk medicine, dragon's blood is used externally as a wash to promote healing of wounds and to stop bleeding. It is used internally for chest pains, post-partum bleeding, internal traumas and menstrual irregularities.


title: Dragon's blood

text: In neopagan Witchcraft, it is used to increase the potency of spells for protection, love, banishing and sexuality. In New Age shamanism it is used in ceremonies in a similar way as the neopagans use it.


title: Dragon's blood

text: Dragon's blood incense is also occasionally sold as "red rock opium" to unsuspecting would-be drug buyers. It actually contains no opiates, and has only slight psychoactive effects, if any at all.


title: Dragon's blood

text: A study on oral toxicity of the DC resin methanol extract taken from the perennial tree "Dracaena cinnabari" was performed on female Sprague Dawley rats in February 2018. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity tests found that the extract could be tolerated up to 2,000 mg/kg body weight.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: Permission to Dance On Stage was a series of concert performances headlined by South Korean band BTS. Due to COVID-19 restrictions on gatherings and travel, the series included stadium performances with and without live audiences in attendance in lieu of a traditional concert tour; the setlist contained numerous songs from the band's past discographies. The 12-show run began in Seoul, South Korea on October 24, 2021, and concluded in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 16, 2022.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: In January 2020, BTS announced their 4-leg, 39-show Map of the Soul Tour, but that was eventually cancelled in August 2021 due to uncertainty stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. The band organized Map of the Soul ON:E, which initially included an offline fan presence and pay-per-view streaming, but in-person tickets were also cancelled ahead of the October 2020 performance. As the top-grossing touring group of 2019, the band expressed frustration and sadness about their inability to hold live concerts with their supporters present. By 2021, the severity of the pandemic and subsequent restrictions varied greatly from country to country, and city to city, which pushed the act and their company to look into hybridizing their performances in formats that would allow them to dynamically engage fans in person and online.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: On September 15, 2021, BTS announced an online concert carded for October 24 at the Seoul Olympic Stadium. Despite the venue's 80,000 person capacity, the show was held as a pay-per-view, streaming only event due to domestic live event restrictions. Later that month, the band also announced four overseas concerts to be held in the United States at the newly built SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California on November 27 and 28, and December 1 and 2.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: On February 22, 2022, BTS then announced an expanded leg of the tour, with four shows taking place at Allegiant Stadium in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 8 and 9, and April 15 and 16.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: The shows marked the band's first live performance before an in-person audience since their Love Yourself: Speak Yourself stadium tour in 2019, and tickets for all in-person shows were sold out within a few hours of release. "Permission to Dance On Stage" garnered more than an estimated 4 million attendees in-person and online combined.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: On October 24, 2021, the group performed at the Seoul Olympic Stadium, the location of their last stadium concert held in 2019. Due to a calf injury sustained during rehearsals the day before, member V did not participate in any choreography, but performed while seated on stage. To enhance the virtual experience, Big Hit added features that allowed the online audience to view the show from six different real-time angles and used an overlay for additional effects and text. The online concert was streamed in 197 countries.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: In 2022, BTS held their first domestic live shows since 2019 before a limited in-person audience, once again at the Olympic Stadium. They performed on March 10, 12, and 13. Previous pandemic restrictions placed specifically on pop concert performances only allowed for up to 4,000 attendees. The BTS concerts were approved for 15,000 attendees per day, marking the largest music gatherings permitted by the South Korean government since Covid-19 protocols first went into effect. Cheering, screaming, and singing-along was prohibited during the shows and 750 safety personnel were present onsite to ensure all restrictions were adhered to. The shows on the 10th and 13th were additionally streamed online through Weverse. A global live-viewing event was held for the concert on the 12th. It was broadcast to over 3,000 theatres worldwide.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: For the 2022 concerts in Seoul, the show earned $32.6 million and set a new all-time record for live-event cinema, surpassing the previous record held by the band's "" (2019) of $18.5 million. In the United States alone, it earned $6.9 million from 800 theatres to become the top-grossing live cinema event ever in that territory. It surpassed "The Batman" in 55 cinemas as the top-grossing event of the weekend and ranked at number two everywhere else. In the UK, it ranked at number three, behind "The Batman" and "Uncharted", having earned £899,127.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: According to "Billboard", Permission to Dance On Stage—LA recorded the biggest box office score total by any act in nearly a decade, grossing $33.3 million from 214,000 tickets sold, and made BTS' four SoFi Stadium shows the highest-grossing engagement of 2021 since venues reopened. It is the largest-grossing run of shows at a single venue since 2012 when Pink Floyd's Roger Waters earned $38 million from over nine shows at Estadio River Plate in Buenos Aires, Argentina; the biggest US-based boxscore in 18 years; the biggest ever boxscore in California; the second-biggest in the history of "Billboard" Boxscore in North America behind only Bruce Springsteen's $38.7 million-earning 10 shows at Giants Stadium in New Jersey; and the sixth best-grossing engagement in "Billboard" Boxscore history. Additionally, the shows marked the first time a non-English-language act surpassed $20 and $30 million in one engagement—previously, Mexican singer Luis Miguel held the record with $19.3 million earned from 30 shows at Auditorio Nacional in Mexico City in 2006. BTS became the seventh act in history to earn over $30 million in a single engagement, alongside Waters, Springsteen, U2, the Grateful Dead, Take That, and the Spice Girls.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: As part of its second annual Disney+ Day event, Disney premiered the BTS: Permission to Dance on Stage – LA concert film, produced by HYBE and directed by Sam Wrench and Junsoo Park, on its streaming services worldwide as a surprise release at midnight PDT on September 8, 2022.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: Permission to Dance On Stage — LA received positive reviews from critics. Kevin E G Perry from "The Independent" gave the concert a five-star review, calling it "a thrilling two-and-a-half hour show." For "NME", Abby Webster also gave the concert five stars, and praised the setlist as a "unique blend of alchemy". Eryn Murphy from "Showbiz Cheat Sheet" wrote that the setlist "honored BTS’ history" and called the concerts "a jumping-off point for a new beginning." "Consequence" reviewer Mary Siroky described the LA concerts as "four days of pure joy" that "felt like a mini music festival," writing that it was "a moment of reunion between BTS and their beloved ARMY" and "an experience that has to be seen to be believed." The publication included it on their list of the 12 best live shows of 2021. For "The Atlantic", Lenika Cruz described the concerts as "a kind of vindication of BTS—of their talent, authenticity, reach, and emotional connection with fans. All of those things had been called into question by critics, or at times by the artists themselves, in 2021. The four nights were loud, ecstatic, and poignant proof that they had all been wrong."


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: The band’s Las Vegas residency on April 8 and 9, and April 15 and 16, 2022 at Allegiant Stadium involved a large-scale departure from previous concerts in the series by the band. MGM Resorts International and surrounding local establishments, in conjunction with Hybe, provided official BTS-themed, immersive fan events—coined an "urban concert playpark" by "Billboard"s Melinda Sheckells—for concert attendees in the city. The city-wide playpark included BTS Pop-Up experiences at Area15, BTS water shows at the Fountains of Bellagio, official concert afterparties at Aria Resort and Casino, a "Café in the City" at Mandalay Bay, and limited concert-themed merchandise for select attendees who booked BTS-themed rooms at 11 participating MGM Resorts hotels under a special discounted "BTS


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: Prior to the Las Vegas concerts, Big Hit released a statement regarding member Jin's finger injury and subsequent surgery on March 19, 2022. Having limited his physical activity during the post-surgery healing period, Jin was able to participate in minimal choreography for each of the shows—he remained seated for the more physically vigorous performances.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: The Las Vegas concerts attracted over 620,000 attendees, counting both in-person and online audiences. BTS are the only musical act to play four shows, to 200,000 concert-goers, at Allegiant since it first opened in 2020. An additional 22,000 spectators gathered at MGM Grand Garden Arena to watch corresponding livestream performances of the shows. With a collective $35.9 million earned, the shows claimed "Billboard"s all-time box office record for Las Vegas and the state of Nevada; the second biggest North American boxscore only behind Bruce Springsteen's $38.7 million at Giants Stadium in 2003; the fifth biggest boxscore of all time; and became the tenth boxscore to earn more than $30 million. BTS is the only non-US or UK-based artist to gross as much at a single venue, and the third act in history—after Take That and U2—to gross over $30 million twice.


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: In a positive review for Consequence, C. Moon Reed wrote that "the singing, the dancing, the earnest audience banter" at Permission to Dance On Stage — Las Vegas "was superb."


title: Permission to Dance on Stage

text: This is the set list of the October 24, 2021 online concert. It does not represent all shows in the concert series.


title: Parliament Hill School

text: Parliament Hill School is a secondary school for girls with a mixed sixth form located in the Borough of Camden in London, England. In 2013, there were 1,250 students on roll, between the ages of 11 and 18.


title: Parliament Hill School

text: The school is located on the edge of Hampstead Heath and comprises a combination of both modern and traditional buildings.


title: Parliament Hill School

text: In January 2014, the school unveiled plans for a £19 million redevelopment of the school, encompassing the construction of two new buildings to replace a number of the older ones. The new buildings are designed to be environmentally friendly, incorporating a number of features to reduce carbon emissions. The new development will include a new sixth form centre for students at the LaSWAP Sixth Form.


title: Parliament Hill School

text: Parliament Hill School was rated 'Good' overall by Ofsted inspectors in 2013, with behaviour and safety of students and leadership and management rated 'Outstanding'. The number of students achieving five or more A*–C grades including English and Maths in 2013 was 67%, 14 percentage points higher than the national average.


title: Parliament Hill School

text: Students at the school come from a wide range of socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds, and almost half of students speak English as an additional language. The majority of students move on to the LaSWAP Sixth Form following completion of their GCSE courses.


title: Parliament Hill School

text: The school has Investors in People accreditation and participates in the London Excellence in Work Experience Scheme.


title: Parliament Hill School

text: The school is part of the successful LaSWAP Sixth Form consortium, along with the neighbouring schools La Sainte Union Catholic School, William Ellis School and Acland Burghley School. The Sixth Form focuses strongly on academic qualifications, and there were 1,266 students on roll in 2013. 79% of students achieved three or more A Level qualifications in 2013.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Cherry Hill is a township within Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the township had a population of 74,553, compared to 71,045 in the 2010 census reflecting an increase of 3,508 (+4.94%) from the 71,045 counted in the 2010 census. As of 2020, the township was the state's 12th most populous municipality and the largest in Camden County, after having been the state's 13th most populous municipality in the 2000 Census.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Cherry Hill is a suburb of Philadelphia and is part of the Delaware Valley metropolitan statistical area. With the decline of downtown Camden, it has become an edge city and one of the region's main commercial centers.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Cherry Hill is part of the Delaware Valley metropolitan statistical area, which also includes Philadelphia, Camden, and other urban areas. With a 2020 population of 6,228,601, the Delaware Valley is the seventh largest metropolitan region in the nation as of 2020. The city is part of the South Jersey region of the state.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The area now known as Cherry Hill was originally settled by the Lenni-Lenape Native Americans before being displaced by the first settlers from England, namely Quaker followers of William Penn who arrived in the late 17th century. The first settlement was a small cluster of homes named Colestown, in the perimeters of what is now the Colestown Cemetery on the corner of Route 41 (King's Highway) and Church Road. The municipality was founded on February 25, 1844, in Gloucester County as Delaware Township from half of the area of Waterford Township and became part of Camden County at its creation some two weeks later on March 13, 1844. Portions of the township were taken to form Stockton Township (February 23, 1859) and Merchantville (March 3, 1874). At its territorial peak, Delaware Township included all of modern-day Cherry Hill Township, as well as the neighborhood of North Camden and the municipalities of Merchantville and Pennsauken (including Petty's Island in the Delaware River).


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The township's population grew rapidly after World War II and continued to increase until the 1980s. Today, the municipality's population is stable, with new development generally occurring in pockets of custom luxury houses or through the rehabilitation and adaptive reuse of commercial and industrial areas.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Cherry Hill was a 19th-century farm on Kaighn Avenue (Route 38), owned by Abraham Browning. The farm property, named Cherry Hill because of the cherry trees growing on the property, later became the Cherry Hill Inn (now an AMC Theatres Cherry Hill 24 movie theater complex), as well as an RCA office campus (now a shopping center with big-box retailers and Target), and today's Cherry Hill Towers and Cherry Hill Estates housing developments.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Adding to the prevalence of the Cherry Hill name and leading to the official name change from Delaware Township to Cherry Hill Township, developer Eugene Mori branded several properties using the name, starting with the Cherry Hill Inn and Cherry Hill Lodge hotels. Cherry Hill Shopping Center (now known as Cherry Hill Mall) opened in 1961 opposite the old Cherry Hill Farm site, featuring 75 stores within a single enclosed space.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: When the township sought a new post office, another New Jersey municipality in Hunterdon County was using the name Delaware Township. The United States Postal Service insisted on a name change, suggesting "Deltown". Delaware Township mayors Christian Weber and John Gilmour pursued public write-in campaigns to select possible titles and chose Cherry Hill from suggestions that included Chapel Hill, Cherry Valley and Delaware City. The name "Cherry Hill" was chosen by the township's citizens in a non-binding referendum in 1961 and was officially adopted on November 7, 1961.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 24.20 square miles (62.67 km), including 24.07 square miles (62.35 km) of land and 0.12 square miles (0.32 km) of water (0.51%).


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Ashland (2010 population of 8,302), Barclay (4,428), Cherry Hill Mall (14,171), Ellisburg (4,413), Golden Triangle (4,145), Greentree (11,367), Kingston Estates (5,685) and Springdale (14,518) are unincorporated communities and census-designated places (CDPs) located within the township.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Other unincorporated communities, localities, neighborhoods, and place names located partially or completely within the township include Coffins Corner, Colwick, Cooperstown, Deer Park, Erlton, Freeman, Greenbrier, Huttons Hill, Locust Grove, Old Orchard, Point of Woods and Woodcrest.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The township's eastern border with Burlington County is defined by the Pennsauken Creek. The creek separates Cherry Hill from the communities of Maple Shade Township, Evesham Township, and Mount Laurel Township. The Cooper River forms the southern border with Collingswood, Haddon Township, Haddonfield Borough, Lawnside Borough and Somerdale, through the Maria Barnaby Greenwald Park and parallel to the east-west Route 70. To the north, Cherry Hill borders Merchantville Borough and Pennsauken Township, while Voorhees Township shares its southern border along County Route 544 (Evesham Road).


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Cherry Hill has a humid subtropical climate, with mild winters however subject to changeable conditions


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: with occasional ice and heavy snowfall that usually melts within days of falling. Summers are long, hot and humid. The area can feel effects from Atlantic tropical storms. Precipitation is plentiful in all seasons.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The Asian-American population in Cherry Hill is experiencing rapid growth, increasing by 25% from 7,661 in 2010 to 9,587 in the 2013–2017 American Community Survey, significantly out of proportion to the 0.3% growth in the overall population of the township over the same period. An extensive array of businesses owned by Korean Americans has emerged along Marlton Pike (Route 70) in Cherry Hill since 2010, with signage in Hangul ubiquitous along this stretch.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $88,183 (with a margin of error of +/− $2,748) and the median family income was $105,786 (+/− $2,321). Males had a median income of $72,128 (+/− $2,699) versus $48,937 (+/− $3,321) for females. The per capita income for the township was $41,252 (+/− $1,504). About 3.0% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: As of the 2000 U.S. census, there were 69,965 people, 26,227 households, and 19,407 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 27,074 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 84.67% White, 8.87% Asian, 4.46% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.70% from other races, and 1.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.54% of the population.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: There were 26,227 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.0% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.08.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: In the township, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: According to a 2010 estimate, the median income for a household in the township was $87,392, and the median income for a family was $104,983. Males had a median income of $82,325 versus $49,129 for females. The per capita income for the township was $43,192. About 2.6% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Cherry Hill is a corporate and employment hub. The township is the headquarters of TD Bank, N.A., whose $350 billion in deposits in 2021 made it the eighth-largest U.S. bank by deposits Melitta USA has its coffee roasting plant in the township. The "Courier-Post", the fifth-largest New Jersey-based newspaper, is published in Cherry Hill. Subaru of America's headquarters was also located in the township until 2018. Cherry Hill Mall, a principal shopping center in the Philadelphia metropolitan area, was the first enclosed shopping mall in the eastern United States, opening in October 1961.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Many residents of Cherry Hill also work elsewhere. Cherry Hill is an edge city within a half-hour commute to Philadelphia or Camden, and within an hour to Trenton or Princeton, New Jersey.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Chick's Deli is a deli best known for hoagies and cheesesteaks, notable for having a single retail location, which is in Cherry Hill.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: In 1973–1974, the Cherry Hill Arena hosted a WHA hockey team, the New Jersey Knights, and from 1964 to 1971, an Eastern Hockey League team, the Jersey Devils (unrelated to the present NHL New Jersey Devils).


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Muhammad Ali purchased a house at 1121 Winding Drive in Cherry Hill's Voken Tract in 1971, living there with his family until 1974.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Cherry Hill has 51 public parks, plus three parks owned by Camden County. Most parks have playground equipment, basketball courts, tennis courts, walking paths, and athletic fields.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Croft Farm, which was originally a working mill and farm, was built in 1753 and is a historic landmark in Cherry Hill. The farmhouse underwent many changes throughout the years, including an expansion in 1816. The property was sold to the township in 1985 and transformed into the Cherry Hill Arts Center in 1995, which serves the community for art classes, seminars, and concerts produced by the Cherry Hill Recreation Department.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Toward the last two weeks of April, one can see a two-mile avenue of continuous rows of cherry blossoms on Chapel Avenue between Haddonfield Road and Kings Highway. The avenue of cherry blossoms was conceived by a group of residents who wanted to unify the townspeople of Cherry Hill to participate in a community-wide celebration of the diverse community of Cherry Hill. This effort started in 1972 and cherry trees are still being planted every year by the Cherry Hill Fire Department and community volunteers.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Merchantville Country Club is a private 9-hole country club in Cherry Hill established in 1892. Woodcrest Country Club is a private 18-hole golf course located in the Woodcrest section. The course was founded in 1929 as a 9-hole course. An additional 9 holes were added in 1931. It was sold at a bankruptcy auction in spring 2013, and is now a private club as of 2020.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The Cherry Hill Police Department (CHPD) is the third-largest police department in the tri-county area, employing more than 130 sworn officers as well as 21 civilians. The current chief of the department is William Monaghan. The department's TRT (Tactical Response Team) responds to requests for the service of high risk warrants, the resolving of barricaded and/or hostage situations, and dealing with suicidal individuals just to name a few of their assignments. TRT responds to requests for mutual aid throughout the tri-county area as needed. CHPD is home to its own 9-1-1 public safety answering point (PSAP), when a resident of the township dials 9-1-1 they are routed directly to the CHPD, which provides a significant advantage in response time to the caller, the 9-1-1 center is the hub of the department's 800 MHz trunked radio system, as well as an advanced CAD (Computer Aided Dispatch) system, and RMS (Records Management System). Both systems work together to provide patrol units up to date information directly to their patrol car computers. CHPD's Community Policing Unit provides many services for residents including child fingerprinting, neighborhood watches, and drug & alcohol awareness seminars.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The Cherry Hill Fire Department is a career department consisting of four engines (1 engine, 2 Squrts, 1 Squad Company), two ladders, one rescue, one technical rescue unit, one haz-mat unit, one foam tender, and other specialized equipment, as well as 5 EMS units. It also has two volunteer units, the Cherry Hill Fire Police and the Special Services Unit ("Rehab 13"), which provides on scene support for the Cherry Hill Fire Department as well as departments throughout Southern New Jersey. On December 1, 2016, the department was awarded with an Insurance Services Office (ISO) Class 1 designation, a classification held by 130 of the 30,000 fire departments in the United States, and only three in New Jersey. Also in 2016, the department was accredited by the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC). The Fire Chief is Chris Callan Sr.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The department also provides emergency medical services (EMS). The only hospital in Cherry Hill is Jefferson Cherry Hill Hospital, an extension of Philadelphia's Jefferson Health, located on Chapel Avenue. Residents also have access to nearby Virtua Hospitals in Voorhees Township, Marlton and Berlin as well as Cooper University Hospital and Our Lady of Lourdes Medical Center in Camden.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The Jack Schweiker Composite Squadron, located at the Cherry Hill Army National Guard Armory is the Cherry Hill component of the Civil Air Patrol, a Congressionally chartered, federally supported, non-profit corporation that serves as the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force. The Squadron has about 60 members, 40 of which are cadets and 20 of which are senior members.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: At , the Cherry Hill Public Library is among the largest municipal libraries in New Jersey. The current facility was completed in December 2004 to replace the 1966 Malcolm Wells-designed structure at 1100 King's Highway North. The library is an agency of the Township's municipal government.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Created as Delaware Township in 1844, the community was first governed by a Township Committee. On May 19, 1951, the citizens adopted, in a special election, a Walsh Act Commission form of government, consisting of a three-member Board of Commissioners. In 1962, the Township's population passed the 30,000 mark and two additional Commissioners were elected. Following a study made by a Citizen's Advisory Committee, a special election was held in 1962. The township voted to change its form of government to the Council-Manager Plan A under the Faulkner Act. Five Council members were elected at-large in a May election to serve concurrent four-year terms. The Council members elected one of their own as Mayor, and a Township Manager served as the Chief Administrator of the Township.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: By 1975, after a Charter Study Commission report and the passage of a ballot referendum, the township adopted the Council-Manager Plan B form of government. Two features of the government were changed: council members were to be elected every two years for overlapping terms of four years and the number of Council members would increase from five to seven.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: After a 1981 referendum, the government changed yet again, this time to a Mayor-Council Plan B form of government. The township is one of 71 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of a full-time 'strong' mayor who is elected directly by the people and seven council members who are elected at-large for staggered four-year terms, with either three or four seats up for election in odd-numbered years. After the passage of a ballot referendum in November 1986, voting or the mayor and council was shifted from a non-partisan May election to a partisan November election.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: , the Mayor of Cherry Hill is Democrat Susan Shin Angulo, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the Township Council are Council President David Fleisher (D, 2025), Council Vice President Brian Bauerle (D, 2023), Jennifer Apell (D, 2023), William A. Carter III (D, 2025), Sangeeta Doshi (D, 2025), Michele Golkow (D, 2023) and Carole Roskoph (D, 2025).


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: In January 2016, the Township Council selected Carolyn Jacobs from a list of three candidates nominated by the Democratic municipal committee to fill the seat expiring in December 2017 that became vacant when Susan Shin Angulo took office as a Camden County Freeholder.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: N. John Amato, whose 30 years of service made him the township's longest-serving council member, died in office in September 2014. At a special council meeting in October 2014, Brian Bauerle was selected to fill Amato's seat, which expired in December 2015.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Cherry Hill is located in the 1st Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 6th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Cherry Hill had been part of the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: As of March 2011, there were a total of 50,178 registered voters in Cherry Hill Township, of which 20,220 (40.3% vs. 31.7% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 8,374 (16.7% vs. 21.1%) were registered as Republicans and 21,553 (43.0% vs. 47.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 31 voters registered to other parties. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 70.6% (vs. 57.1% in Camden County) were registered to vote, including 91.7% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 73.7% countywide).


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 60.9% of the vote (22,128 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 38.2% (13,872 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (353 votes), among the 36,572 ballots cast by the township's 53,628 registered voters (219 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 68.2%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 61.4% of the vote (23,765 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain, who received around 36.1% (13,966 votes), with 38,678 ballots cast among the township's 52,182 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.1%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 59.9% of the vote (22,734 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush, who received around 39.3% (14,923 votes), with 37,980 ballots cast among the township's 48,778 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 77.9.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 60.2% of the vote (12,035 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 38.4% (7,683 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (266 votes), among the 20,526 ballots cast by the township's 53,873 registered voters (542 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 38.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 50.8% of the vote (12,046 ballots cast), ahead of both Republican Chris Christie with 42.7% (10,120 votes) and Independent Chris Daggett with 4.5% (1,073 votes), with 23,705 ballots cast among the township's 50,250 registered voters, yielding a 47.2% turnout.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: In the 2016 presidential election, 36,984 votes were cast with a voter turnout of 70.05% (54,146 registered). Democrat Hillary Clinton received 64.0% of the vote (23,685 votes), beating Republican Donald Trump who received 32.7% of the vote (12,096 votes). Other candidates received 3.25% of votes cast (1,203 votes). In the 1st congressional district election for the House of Representatives, Democrat Donald Norcross received 54.4% of the vote (20,655 votes), beating out Republican Bob Patterson who received 35.1% of the vote (13,318 votes), with other candidates receiving 2.35% of votes (960 votes).


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Cherry Hill Public Schools is a public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district operates 19 schools including an early childhood center, 12 elementary schools, three middle schools, two traditional high schools and an alternative high school. Cherry Hill was the state's 12th-largest school district in 2011 and was one of the largest suburban districts. The district has grown by about 2,000 students since the late 1990s, and employs 1,400 (about 1,000 teachers plus administration and staff). The District is governed by a volunteer Board of Education which is comprised of nine citizens elected at-large to three-year terms on a staggered basis, with three seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of 19 schools, had an enrollment of 10,596 students and 887.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.9:1. Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Estelle V. Malberg Early Childhood Center (with 145 students; in PreK), Clara Barton Elementary School (462; K-5), James F. Cooper Elementary School (233; K-5), Bret Harte Elementary School (358; K-5), James H. Johnson Elementary School (436; K-5), Joyce Kilmer Elementary School (420; K-5),


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: For the 2001–2002 school year, Cherry Hill High School East received the National Blue Ribbon Award of Excellence from the U.S. Department of Education. Three of the district's schools have been named as "Star Schools" by the New Jersey Department of Education: Cherry Hill High School East (1999–2000), Thomas Paine Elementary School (2002–2003) and Clara Barton Elementary School (2003–2004). The district has five Best Practices Award Winners. SAT scores far exceed state and national averages, with Cherry Hill High School East's average SAT score of 1668, ranking 41st in the state, and West's 1,529 average ranking 124th in New Jersey, out of 349 schools with students taking the test that year. In 2013, the graduation rate was 95% for East and 89% for West. "Newsweek" named Cherry Hill High School East 85th overall among the nearly 30,000 public high schools in the U.S. in their rankings of "America's Top High Schools 2015".


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Cherry Hill's school district offered the International Baccalaureate certificate and diploma program at Cherry Hill West beginning in 2001, but phased it out at the conclusion of the 2007–2008 school year. The IB Primary Years Programme is offered at Joseph D. Sharp, James F. Cooper and Thomas Paine Elementary Schools. This program is also a part of the IB Middle Years Programme offered for grades 6–8 at Rosa International Middle School (RIMS).


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden operates Resurrection Regional Catholic School, a Pre-K to 8 elementary school resulting of the merger of St. Peter Celestine School and Queen of Heaven School, as well as Camden Catholic High School for grades 9–12.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The King's Christian School is a private Christian fully accredited Pre-K–12 institution founded as the Christian Day School of Camden County in 1946.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Politz Day School of Cherry Hill is a private Modern Orthodox Jewish day school serving early childhood through middle school students, co-located with and supported by Congregation Sons of Israel.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Camden County College operates one of its three campuses at the William G. Rohrer Center at Route 70 East and Springdale Road.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: , the township had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Camden County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The New Jersey Turnpike passes through Cherry Hill Township. The Walt Whitman rest area (southbound at milepost 30.2) is located in the township, but the closest interchange is exit 4 in neighboring Mount Laurel Township.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: Interstate 295 has three exits in the township. Exit 34A/B is Route 70 (Marlton Pike); exit 32 is CR 561 (Haddonfield-Berlin Road); and exit 31 goes directly to the Woodcrest station of the PATCO high-speed commuter rail line.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: NJ Transit bus service is available to and from Philadelphia on the 317, 404, and 406 routes, with local service on the 405, 450, 451, 455, and 457 routes. FlixBus, and Chinatown Buses provides frequent express service to and from New York City, and also frequent commuter service to and from the 34th Street – Hudson Yards New York City Subway station.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: NJ Transit's Atlantic City Line, traveling on the Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Line route, stops at the Cherry Hill station, located on the west side of the tracks between the Garden State Pavilion shopping center and the newer development on the grounds of the former Garden State Racetrack.


title: Cherry Hill, New Jersey

text: The Woodcrest station of the PATCO Speedline is located in Cherry Hill, offering service between Lindenwold and 15–16th & Locust station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: Diode bridge

text: A diode bridge is a bridge rectifier circuit of four diodes that is used in the process of converting alternating current (AC) from the input terminals to direct current (DC, i.e. fixed polarity) on the output terminals. Its function is to convert the negative-going AC pulses into positive going pulses, after which a low-pass filter can be used to smooth the result into DC.


title: Diode bridge

text: When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating-current (AC) input into a direct-current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a three-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.


title: Diode bridge

text: The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output is the same regardless of the polarity at the input. The diode bridge circuit was invented by Polish electrotechnician Karol Pollak and patented in December 1895 in Great Britain and in January 1896 in Germany. In 1897, the German physicist Leo Graetz independently invented and published a similar circuit. Today the circuit is sometimes referred to as a Graetz circuit or Graetz bridge.


title: Diode bridge

text: Prior to the availability of integrated circuits, a bridge rectifier was constructed from "discrete components", i.e., separate diodes. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal component containing the four diodes connected in a bridge configuration became a standard commercial component and is now available with various voltage and current ratings.


title: Diode bridge

text: According to the conventional model of current flow (originally established by Benjamin Franklin and still followed by most engineers today), current flows through electrical conductors from the "positive" to the "negative" pole (defined as "positive flow"). In actuality, free electrons in a conductor nearly always flow from the "negative" to the "positive" pole. In the vast majority of applications, however, the "actual" direction of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion below the conventional model is retained.


title: Diode bridge

text: The fundamental characteristic of a diode is that current can flow only one way through it, which is defined as the forward direction. A diode bridge uses diodes as series components to allow current to pass in the forward direction during the positive part of the AC cycle and as shunt components to redirect current flowing in the reverse direction during the negative part of the AC cycle to the opposite rails.


title: Diode bridge

text: In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond is "positive", and the input connected to the right corner is "negative", current flows from the "upper" supply terminal to the right along the "red" (positive) path to the output and returns to the lower supply terminal through the "blue" (negative) path.


title: Diode bridge

text: When the input connected to the left corner is "negative", and the input connected to the right corner is "positive", current flows from the "lower" supply terminal to the right along the "red" (positive) path to the output and returns to the upper supply terminal through the "blue" (negative) path.


title: Diode bridge

text: In each case, the upper right output remains positive, and lower right output negative. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse-polarity protection". That is, it permits normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source have been reversed, and protects the equipment from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.


title: Diode bridge

text: Alternatives to the diode-bridge full-wave rectifiers are the center-tapped transformer and double-diode rectifier, and voltage doubler rectifier using two diodes and two capacitors in a bridge topology.


title: Diode bridge

text: With AC input, the output of a diode bridge (called a full-wave rectifier for this purpose; there is also half-wave rectification, which does not use a diode bridge) is polarized pulsating non-sinusoidal voltage of the same amplitude but twice the frequency of the input. It may be considered as DC voltage upon which is superimposed a very large ripple voltage. This kind of electric power is not very usable, because ripple is dissipated as waste heat in DC circuit components and may cause noise or distortion during circuit operation. So nearly all rectifiers are followed by a series of bandpass or bandstop filters and/or a voltage regulator to convert most or all of the ripple voltage into a smoother and possibly higher DC output. A filter may be as simple as a single sufficiently large capacitor or choke, but most power-supply filters have multiple alternating series and shunt components. When the ripple voltage rises, reactive power is stored in the filter components, reducing the voltage; when the ripple voltage falls, reactive power is discharged from the filter components, raising the voltage. The final stage of rectification may consist of a zener diode-based voltage regulator, which almost completely eliminates any residual ripple.


title: Diode bridge

text: Power-supply transformers have leakage inductance and parasitic capacitance. When the diodes in a bridge rectifier switch off, these "non-ideal" elements form a resonant circuit, which can oscillate at high frequency. This high-frequency oscillation can then couple into the rest of the circuitry. Snubber circuits are used in an attempt to mitigate this problem. A snubber circuit consists of either a very small capacitor or series capacitor and resistor across a diode.


title: Diode bridge

text: The diode bridge can be generalized to rectify polyphase AC inputs. For example, for a three-phase AC input, a half-wave rectifier consists of three diodes, but a full-wave bridge rectifier consists of six diodes.


title: Diode bridge

text: A half-wave rectifier may be considered a wye connection (star connection), because it returns the current through the center (neutral) wire. A full-wave rectifier is more like a delta connection, although it can be connected to the three-phase source of either wye or delta and it does not use the center (neutral) wire.


title: You've Come a Long Way, Baby

text: You've Come a Long Way, Baby is the second studio album by Fatboy Slim, a project of English electronic music producer Norman Cook. It was first released on 19 October 1998 in the United Kingdom by Skint Records and a day later in the United States by Astralwerks. Cook recorded and produced the album at his home studio in Brighton, known as the House of Love, using an Atari ST computer, Creator software, and floppy disks. The photo on the album cover was originally taken at the 1983 Fat Peoples Festival in Danville, Virginia; for the North American release, the album cover was changed to an image of shelves stacked with records.


title: You've Come a Long Way, Baby

text: "You've Come a Long Way, Baby" proved to be Cook's global breakthrough album, peaking at number one on the UK Albums Chart and number 34 on the US "Billboard" 200. Praised by critics for its sound and style, the album brought international attention to Cook, earning him a Brit Award in 1999, and was later certified four times platinum by the BPI and platinum by the RIAA. Four singles were released from the album: "The Rockafeller Skank", "Gangster Tripping", "Praise You", and "Right Here, Right Now", all of which peaked within the top ten on the UK Singles Chart. "Build It Up – Tear It Down" was also released as a promotional single.


title: You've Come a Long Way, Baby

text: The title "You've Come a Long Way, Baby" was derived from a marketing slogan for Virginia Slims cigarettes. The previously released "The Rockafeller Skank" single liner notes revealed that a once tentative title for the album had been "Let's Hear It for the Little Guy".


title: You've Come a Long Way, Baby

text: Conceived by Red Design, the album's primary cover art features an obese young man dressed in a T-shirt bearing the words "I'm #1 so why try harder" while holding a cigarette in his left hand. The original photograph was taken at the 1983 Fat People's Festival in Danville, Virginia and provided by the Rex Features photo library. Despite a series of inquiries, the man has not been identified.


title: You've Come a Long Way, Baby

text: Additional photography for the "You've Come a Long Way, Baby" liner notes was provided by Simon Thornton. The cover image was changed in North America to an image of shelves stacked with records.


title: You've Come a Long Way, Baby

text: "You've Come a Long Way, Baby" received critical acclaim. According to Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic, it "came damn close to being the definitive big beat album... a seamless record, filled with great imagination, unexpected twists and turns, huge hooks, and great beats." In 2000, the album was ranked number 81 in "Q" magazine's readers' poll of the "100 Greatest British Albums Ever". The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: You've Come a Long Way, Baby

text: In 1999, it was certified 3× platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), 3×Platinum by the Australian Record Industry Association and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Toyota Yaris Cross

text: The is a subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment) produced by the Japanese automaker Toyota, adopting the Yaris nameplate primarily for the Japanese, European and Australian markets. It is built on GA-B platform as the XP210 series Yaris hatchback and positioned between the Aygo X or Raize and C-HR in Toyota's crossover SUV lineup. It replaces the Japanese/European market XP110 series Ist/Urban Cruiser.


title: Toyota Yaris Cross

text: The Yaris Cross was originally planned to be unveiled at the 2020 Geneva Motor Show, however the show was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Toyota then released the first pictures and specifications of the Yaris Cross on 23 April 2020. The model went on sale in Japan in September 2020, Australia in November 2020 and in Europe in mid-2021. The design of the Yaris Cross is a collaboration between Toyota's European and Japanese studios.


title: Toyota Yaris Cross

text: The Yaris Cross is manufactured in Japan at Toyota Motor East Japan and France at Toyota Motor Manufacturing France, the same as the standard Yaris. The company planned to produce 150,000 units of the Yaris Cross per year in its French factory. The first Yaris Cross rolled out the French factory in July 2021.


title: Toyota Yaris Cross

text: The wheelbase is the same as the European market Yaris, but the ground clearance is increased by over the standard Yaris.


title: Toyota Yaris Cross

text: In Japan, the Yaris Cross was sold from August 2020 and is available in both petrol and hybrid variants. Four-wheel drive is available as an option and Toyota Safety Sense is standard across the lineup. It was initially available in X, G and Z grade levels. On 19 July 2022, two newer grades were added: GR Sport and Z Adventure.


title: Gratian

text: Gratian (; ; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers and was raised to the rank of "Augustus" in 367. Upon the death of Valentinian in 375, Gratian took over government of the west while his half-brother Valentinian II was also acclaimed emperor in Pannonia. Gratian governed the western provinces of the empire, while his uncle Valens was already the emperor over the east.


title: Gratian

text: Gratian subsequently led a campaign across the Rhine, attacked the Lentienses, and forced the tribe to surrender. That same year, the eastern emperor Valens was killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople, which led to Gratian elevating Theodosius to replace him in 379. Gratian favoured Nicene Christianity over traditional Roman religion, issuing the Edict of Thessalonica, refusing the office of "pontifex maximus", and removing the Altar of Victory from the Roman Senate's Curia Julia. The city of Cularo on the Isère river in Roman Gaul was renamed after him, which later evolved to Grenoble.


title: Gratian

text: In 383, faced with rebellion by the usurper Magnus Maximus, Gratian marched his army towards Lutetia (Paris). His army deserted him. He fled to Lugdunum and was later murdered.


title: Gratian

text: According to the "Chronicle of Jerome" and the "Chronicon Paschale", Valentinian's eldest son Gratian was born on 18 April 359 at Sirmium, now Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia, the capital of Pannonia Secunda, to Valentinian's first wife Marina Severa. Gratian was his parents' only son together. At the time of his birth Gratian's father was living in exile. Gratian was named after his grandfather Gratianus, who was a tribune and later "comes" of Britannia for Constantine the Great ().


title: Gratian

text: Following the death of the emperor Jovian (), on 26 February 364, Valentinian was proclaimed "Augustus" (emperor). Within a month, motivated by senior officers, he proclaimed his brother Valens, Gratian's uncle, "Augustus" of the Eastern empire. Gratian was appointed consul in 366 and was entitled "nobilissimus puer" by his father. Gratian was seven when entitled "nobilissimus puer", which indicated he was to be proclaimed "Augustus". Gratian's tutor was the rhetor Ausonius, who mentioned the relationship in his epigrams and a poem.


title: Gratian

text: In summer 367, Valentinian became ill at Civitas Ambianensium (Amiens), raising questions about his succession. On recovery, he presented his then eight-year-old son to his troops on 24 August, as his co-"augustus" (), passing over the customary initial step of "caesar".


title: Gratian

text: On 24 August 367 Gratian received from his father Valentinian the title of "augustus". Valentinian, concerned with Gratian's age and inexperience, stated his son would assist commanders with upcoming campaigns. The "magister peditum" Merobaudes, together with the "comes" "rei militaris" Sebastianus, was sent by Valentinian to campaign against the Quadi.


title: Gratian

text: Around 370, Gratian's mother Marina Severa died and was interred in the Church of the Holy Apostles. Valentinian married again, wedding Justina. On 9 April 370, according to the "Consularia Constantinopolitana" and the "Chronicon Paschale", the Church of the Holy Apostles adjoining the Mausoleum of Constantine in Constantinople was inaugurated. In autumn 371, Gratian's half brother, called Valentinian, was born to Justina, possibly at Augusta Treverorum (Trier).


title: Gratian

text: Gratian, who was then 15, was married in 374 to Constantius II's 13 year-old posthumous daughter Flavia Maxima Constantia at Trier. This marriage consolidated the dynastic link to the Constantinian dynasty, as had his father Valentinian I's second marriage to Justina, with her family connections.


title: Gratian

text: When a party of Alamanni visited Valentinian's headquarters to receive the customary gifts towards the end of 364, Ursatius, the "magister officiorum" made them an offering they considered inferior to that of his predecessor. Angered by Ursatius' attitude, they vowed revenge and crossed over the Rhine into Roman Germania and Gaul in January 365, overwhelming the Roman defences. Although at first unsuccessful, eventually Jovinus, the "magister equitum" in Gaul inflicted heavy losses on the enemy at Scarpona (Dieulouard) and at Catalauni (Châlons-sur-Marne), forcing them to retire. An opportunity to further weaken the Alamanni occurred in the summer of 368, when king Vithicabius was murdered in a coup, and Valentinian and his son Gratian crossed the river Moenus (the Main) laying waste to Alamannic territories. Gratian was awarded the victory titles of "Germanicus Maximus" and "Alamannicus Maximus", and "Francicus Maximus" and "Gothicus Maximus" in 369.


title: Gratian

text: Valentinian fortified the frontier from Raetia in the east to the Belgic channel, but the construction was attacked by Alamanni at Mount Pirus (the Spitzberg, Rottenburg am Neckar). In 369 (or 370) Valentinian then sought to enlist the help of the Burgundians, who were involved in a dispute with the Alamanni, but a communication failure led to them returning to their lands without joining forces with the Romans. It was then that the "magister equitum", Theodosius the Elder and his son Theodosius (the Theodosi) attacked the Alamanni through Raetia, taking many prisoners and resettling them in the Po Valley in Italy. Valentinian made one attempt to capture Macrianus in 372, but eventually made peace with him in 374.


title: Gratian

text: The necessity to make peace was the increasing threat from other peoples, the Quadi and the Sarmatians. Valentinian's decision to establish garrisons across the Danube had angered them, and the situation escalated after the Quadi king, Gabinus, was killed during negotiations with the Romans in 374. Consequently, in the autumn, the Quadi crossed the Danube plundering Pannonia and the provinces to the south. The situation deteriorated further once the Sarmatians made common cause inflicting heavy losses on the Pannonica and Moesiaca legions. However, on encountering Theodosius' forces on the borders of Moesia in the eastern Balkans, which had previously defeated one of their armies in 373, they sued for peace. Valentinian mounted a further offensive against the Quadi in August 375, this time using a pincer movement, one force attacking from the northwest, while Valentinian himself headed to Aquincum (Budapest), crossed the Danube and attacked from the southeast. This campaign resulted in heavy losses to the enemy, following which he returned to Aquincum and from there to Brigetio (Szőny, Hungary) where he died suddenly in November.


title: Gratian

text: When his father died on 17 November 375, Gratian inherited the administration of the western empire. Days later, Gratian's half-brother Valentinian was acclaimed "augustus" by troops in Pannonia. Despite Valentinian being given nominal authority over the praetorian prefectures of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa, Gratian ruled the western Roman empire himself. Following his death, Valentinian's body was prepared for burial and started its journey to Constantinople, where it arrived the following year, on 28 December 376, but was not yet buried. He was deified, as was the custom, becoming known in .


title: Gratian

text: With the death of Valentinian I, in the east Valens became the senior "augustus" and the 16 year old Gratian was the only "augustus" in the western empire. To complicate matters further for Gratian, certain among Valentinian's generals then promoted his four-year-old second son Valentinian II (Gratian's half brother), the army on the Danube acclaiming him "augustus" in a palatine coup at Aquincum (Budapest) on 22 November 375, despite Gratian's existing prerogatives. The young Valentinian II was essentially the subject of the influence of his courtiers and mother, the Arian Christian Justina. Gratian's tutor, Ausonius, became his "quaestor", and together with the "magister militum", Merobaudes, the power behind the throne. Negotiations eventually left Gratian as the senior western emperor. Valens and Valentinian II were consuls for the year 376, Valens's fifth consulship. Neither Gratian or Valentinian travelled much, which was thought to be due to not wanting the populace to realise how young they were. Gratian is said to have visited Rome in 376, possibly to celebrate his "decennalia" on 24 August, but whether the visit actually took place is disputed. Under the tutorage of Ausonius, Gratian issued an edict of tolerance at Sirmium in 378. The edict restored bishops exiled by Valens and ensured religious freedoms to all religions.


title: Gratian

text: Gratian's uncle Valens, returning from a campaign against the Sasanian Empire, had sent a request to Gratian for reinforcements against the Goths. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Valens also requested that Sebastianus be sent to him for the war, though according to Zosimus Sebastianus went to Constantinople of his own accord as a result of intrigues by eunuchs at the western court. Once Gratian had put down the invasions in the west in early 378, he notified Valens that he was returning to Thrace to assist him in his struggle against the Goths. Late in July, Valens was informed that the Goths were advancing on Adrianople (Edirne) and Nice, and started to move his forces into the area. However, Gratian's arrival was delayed by an encounter with Alans at Castra Martis, in Dacia in the western Balkans. Advised of the wisdom of awaiting the western army, Valens decided to ignore this advice because he was sure of victory and unwilling to share the glory. The forces Gratian sent never reached Valens due to its commander feigning illness. Weeks later, Gratian had arrived in Castra Martis with a few thousand men, by which time Valens was at Adrianople (; ). Aware that Gratian's forces were not going to arrive, Valens attacked the Gothic army and as a result thousands of Romans died in the Battle of Adrianople along with Sebastianus and the emperor himself. After his death, Valens was deified by "consecratio" as .


title: Gratian

text: Following the battle of Adrianople, the Goths raided from Thrace in 378 to Illyricum the following year. Convinced that one emperor alone was incapable of repelling the inundation of foes on several different fronts, Gratian, now senior "augustus" following Valens's death, appointed Theodosius I "augustus" on 19 January 379 to govern the east. Theodosius the Elder, who had died in 375, was then deified . On 3 August that year, Gratian issued an edict against heresy.


title: Gratian

text: In 380, Gratian was made consul for the fifth time and Theodosius for the first. In September the "augusti" Gratian and Theodosius met, returning the Roman diocese of Dacia to Gratian's control and that of Macedonia to Valentinian II. The same year, Gratian won a victory, possibly over the Alamanni, that was announced officially at Constantinople. In the autumn of 378 Gratian issued an edict of religious toleration.


title: Gratian

text: By 380, the Greuthungi tribe of Goths moved into Pannonia, only to be defeated by Gratian. Consequently, the Vandals and Alemanni were threatening to cross the Rhine, now that Gratian had departed from the region. With the collapse of the Danube frontier under the incursions of the Huns and Goths, Gratian moved his seat from Augusta Treverorum (Trier) to Mediolanum (Milan) in 381, and was increasingly aligned with the city's bishop, Ambrose (374–397), and the Roman Senate, shifting the balance of power within the factions of the western empire. Under the influence of Ambrose, bishop of Mediolanum (Milan), took active steps against pagan worship.


title: Gratian

text: On 27 February 380, Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius issued the Edict of Thessalonica. This edict made Nicene Christianity the only legal form of Christianity, turning the others into heresies that should be persecuted. This brought to an end a period of widespread religious tolerance that had existed since the death of Julian. Gratian was then forthright in his promotion of Nicene Christianity. He ordered the removal of the Altar of Victory from the Roman Senate's "Curia Julia" in the winter of 382/383. According to the late 5th/early 6th-century Greek historian Zosimus, Gratian refused the robe of office of the "pontifex maximus", though this story is not creditable, because no such garment was associated with the priesthood.


title: Gratian

text: According to the "Consularia Constantinopolitana", Gratian's father's remains were eventually interred in the Mausoleum of Constantine, to which the Church of the Holy Apostles was attached, on 21 February 382, beside those of his first wife and the mother of Gratian, Marina Severa.


title: Gratian

text: In 382, Gratian issued edicts that removed the statue of the winged goddess Victory from the Senate floor, removed the privileges of Vestal Virgins, and confiscated money designated for sacrifices and ceremonies. Gratian declared that all of the pagan temples and shrines were to be confiscated by the government and that their revenues were to be joined to the property of the treasury. This resulted in protests from the Roman Senate led by Symmachus, which in turn was counter-protested by Christian senators led by Pope Damasus.


title: Gratian

text: Sometime in 383, Gratian's wife Constantia died. Gratian remarried, wedding Laeta, whose father was a "consularis" of Roman Syria. Both marriages remained childless.


title: Gratian

text: In the summer of 383 Gratian was again at war with the Alamanni in Raetia. Gratian alienated the army by his favouritism towards his Alan deserters, whom he made his bodyguards and to whom he gave military commands. This favouritism towards former enemies and the paganism of the Alans (that allowed human sacrifices) angered Gratian's army, both Christians and Greco-Romans saw human sacrifice as a cruel practice only capable of being carried out by savages. By 383 the Roman general Magnus Maximus had raised the standard of revolt in Britain and invaded Gaul with a large army. Magnus Maximus, who had served under the "comes" Theodosius and had won a victory over the Picts in 382, was proclaimed "augustus" and crossed the channel, encamping near Paris. There, his forces encountered Gratian, but much of the latter's army defected to this usurper, forcing Gratian to flee.


title: Gratian

text: Gratian was pursued by Andragathius, Maximus' "magister equitum" and killed at Lugdunum (Lyon) on 25 August 383, according to the "Consularia Constantinopolitana". Maximus then established his court at the former imperial residence in Trier. On the death of Gratian in 383, the 12 year old Valentinian II () became the sole legitimate "augustus" in the west.


title: Gratian

text: The body of Constantia, Gratian's first wife, who had died earlier that year, arrived in Constantinople on 12 September 383 and was buried in the complex of the Church of the Holy Apostles ("Apostoleion") on 1 December, the resting place of a number of members of the imperial family, starting with Constantine in 337, under the direction of Theodosius, who had embarked on making the site a dynastic symbol. This was the last occasion that a member of the western imperial family was buried in the east, as a new mausoleum was being built at St Peter's Basilica in Rome. According to Augustine of Hippo's "The City of God" and Theodoret's "Historia Ecclesiastica", Gratian and Constantia had had a son, who died in infancy before 383 but had been born before 379. It would not be until 387, possibly even after the death of Magnus Maximus, that Gratian's remains were interred at Mediolanum in the imperial mausoleum. Gratian was deified in .


title: The Now Now

text: The Now Now is the sixth studio album recorded by the British virtual band Gorillaz, released on 29 June 2018 via Parlophone and Warner Bros. Records. Recording for the album began in late 2017 – according to Gorillaz co-creator Damon Albarn, it was recorded quickly so the band would have new material to play at future concerts.


title: The Now Now

text: The album spawned six singles, including "Humility" (the lead single), "Hollywood" and "Tranz". "The Now Now" debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200 and at number five on the UK Albums Chart. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the album's minimalist sound and lyrical content however, some reviewers criticised its perceived lack of ambition and focus.


title: The Now Now

text: Following the release of their 2017 album "Humanz", the co-creator of Gorillaz, Damon Albarn, had hinted at the possibility of a new Gorillaz album arriving sooner than expected, and said he enjoyed recording and debuting new music while on tour. He compared the spontaneous nature of this process to their 2010 album "The Fall" and wanted to make another record that would feel similar but more complete in comparison; he said, "if we're going to do more with Gorillaz we don't want to wait seven years because ... we're getting on a bit now". He later confirmed Gorillaz were working on another album that was scheduled for release in 2018.