title: Inspector Rex

text: Apparently Hoffmann had studied forensic science under Graf, and the two men still seem to share a somewhat master-student relationship, with Hoffmann often deferring to Graf's judgement (where Brandtner and Moser had previously not always done so).


title: Inspector Rex

text: In season 11, Rex moves to Rome, where he meets his new partner, Italian homicide detective Chief Inspector Lorenzo Fabbri. Rex seems to understand the Italian language quite easily.


title: Inspector Rex

text: In the second episode of season 14 (entitled "Amidst the Wolves") Fabbri dies in the explosion of a car during a trap prepared by a Mafia boss.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Davide Rivera replaces Fabbri as team leader in season 14. Rivera becomes a friend with Rex after the loss of Inspector Lorenzo Fabbri. He follows his grandfather's advice and, eventually, Rex stops avoiding him.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Rivera appears for the last time on the episode "Legami di sangue", the last episode of season 15. It is unknown why he does not appear in season 16.


title: Inspector Rex

text: The "straight man" to Rex—and, increasingly, Moser—Ernst Stockinger ("Stocki" for short) is a character who becomes much more likeable as his part in the series develops. Stockinger is thin and always has a very serious demeanour. In later episodes, this is revealed as a cover for his schemes to outsmart Rex, who loves to tease him. Although Stockinger pretends not to like dogs, he risks his career to help Moser save Rex when the dog is kidnapped to prevent Moser from testifying against an assassin. For all Stockinger's constantly-voiced irritation with Rex, he genuinely has come to care for this particular dog. This is very obvious in the last two episodes Stocki appears in, when he is upset that Rex jumped from one roof to another to capture a killer. Stocki is also openly affectionate to Rex once his transfer is approved and he realizes how much he is going to miss the team. He tells Richard and Höllerer they are his only friends and includes Rex as his friend as well.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Stockinger is married, and his wife, it seems, is not greatly pleased with her husband's choice of career at times, and Moser often reminds him of this. Stocki's knowledge of women does not save him and Rex from being thrown out by Stocki's wife when he watches Rex and the dog howls for Moser.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Another of Stockinger's idiosyncrasies is his constant references to surgery which has been performed on him - most likely for stomach ulcers. He seems to delight in telling stories about this surgery at the most inappropriate moments, such as when the others are about to eat.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Eventually, Stockinger is transferred to Salzburg and leaves the series. In this final episode, Rex saves Stockinger by leaping across a classroom just as a disgruntled divorced man was about to stab Stockinger in the throat during an attempted kidnapping attempt on his child. Moser, in a farewell speech, jokingly tells Stocki that, "You have been a bad cop, a bad man, and not at all a good friend". Stockinger later features in a spin-off two season television series, "Stockinger", featuring him at his new police department. He is replaced by Christian Böck.


title: Inspector Rex

text: The obese Peter Höllerer is a constant source of comic relief in the series. Generally found ensconced behind his desk working the phones, his face visibly falls whenever Moser and Stockinger (or, later, Brandtner and Böck) require him to do fieldwork. That said, he is capable of surprising speed when running and can also demonstrate driving skills on a par with other officers. In one episode, Höllerer is taken hostage by a man with a bomb who forces him to drive away from a police blockade. Höllerer turns the tables by driving at high speed into an empty parking lot and diving out of the car. In another episode, Höllerer disarmed a bomb just before it would have exploded.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Höllerer tends to take a co-ordinating role when an operation is being planned, rather than actually going undercover or making the arrest himself. In these situations, he reveals himself to have a very clear head and to be capable of coping with even the most unusual situations that his partners get involved into.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Höllerer has a soft spot for Rex as the series progresses, after first voicing concern that Moser did not adopt him through the proper channels. This is shown by his keeping score between Böck and Rex in the early episodes featuring the former. Höllerer takes inordinate delight in seeing the dog outsmarting the man.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Höllerer's departure from the series is brought about by his retirement to care for his ailing mother, a woman about whom he often speaks. He is replaced by Fritz Kunz.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Of all the recurring characters in the series, Höllerer's accent is the thickest. Viewers familiar with standard German will often have difficulty understanding his Viennese dialect.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Böck is first introduced as a somewhat suspicious-looking character, a member of a borderline-illegal car club who is not even trusted by his club mates. During the course of his investigation into this club, Moser begins to suspect Böck, but he turns out to be an undercover policeman making similar investigations.The two eventually combine to solve the relevant case, and Moser convinces Böck to transfer to his team. Böck's undercover skills are largely ignored after the transfer, but his personable manner proves an advantage when it comes to interrogations (particularly contrasting with the somewhat dour Moser). By the time of Brandtner's arrival, Böck's youth and athleticism have resulted in his frequently being involved in chasing criminals on foot. The dynamic between Böck and Kunz forms an almost constant source of comic relief. Most notable in this is their dialogue when trying to establish the angle from which a witness would have seen a certain event - each man speaks at cross-purposes to the other and both end up totally confused.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Böck and Rex share a rivalry, with Böck trying to outsmart Rex, but Rex wins nearly all the time. Böck is also one of the few who question Rex's abilities as an elite police dog, but Moser keeps telling him that he has always been this way.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Replacing Höllerer after the latter's retirement to care for his mother, Kunz has been drawn from the statistics section of the force. Initially he is very much out of place in the slightly freer atmosphere of Brandtner's office. A running gag in his early appearances deals with his obsessive-compulsiveness and fussy attention to the placement of his desk stationery (e.g., pencils arranged from tallest to shortest and paper clips aligned) only to have Rex or one of the others move everything around.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Kunz's background in statistics is also often the source of amusement, as he is seemingly able to deliver, from memory, obscure statistical information about the activities of criminals. He tends to be used to man the phones during investigations, rather than on active duty. However, he is also occasionally required to go undercover (once as a kitchen hand, another time as a stable hand and another as an entertainer in a street market), much to his chagrin. Kunz is much tougher than he looks. He once smashed a door in with an ax just in time to save Alex's life after a murder suspect left Alex facedown and unconscious in a filling bathtub.


title: Inspector Rex

text: The only female officer played by Elke Winkens in the history of the show, Herzog is paired with Hoffmann (Kunz is almost entirely desk-bound in this incarnation of the series), and sexual tension constantly results. The pair spend the night together, before starting their new jobs, without realising that they are both police officers.


title: Inspector Rex

text: In contrast to Hoffmann, Herzog tends to be more level-headed and capable of performing physical acts. Her physical appearance also serves the team well in relating to suspects, as she is frequently underestimated and sometimes taunted by brash male criminals.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Morini is a colleague of Lorenzo Fabbri and they work on every crime together. Rex does not obey Morini at all, however in one episode he takes care of Rex because Fabbri has broken his ankle. At the beginning of the 14th season he is transferred to Milan and leaves the series.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Dr Leo Graf is the forensic pathologist consulted by the detectives. On occasion, he is found at the crime scene itself, however he is normally to be found in his pathology laboratory, and occasionally comes into the police office. Gerhard Zemann is the only actor to appear as the same character throughout the long-running series.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Dr Graf is a sometimes prickly personality, but underneath this exterior he has a very dry wit - frequently regaling the detectives against their will with the gruesome details of a murder.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Naturally he is quite comfortable in his lab, surrounded by dead bodies, even if others are not. Many of the earlier episodes highlight the contrasting reactions of the policemen (especially Moser and Stockinger) and Graf to the death all around them.


title: Inspector Rex

text: At times, however, Dr Graf clearly resents the pressure put on him by the policemen. One memorable telephone exchange involves Moser agreeing to pay Dr Graf a number of Cuban cigars for working on the weekend. Another time, Graf's car is towed while he is investigating a murder scene. The resulting invective he uses towards the authorities responsible is caustic.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Where Graf is very amiable towards Moser's team, this relationship progressively changes as Brandtner arrives. Early episodes featuring Brandtner show Alex and Leo using formal language - generally involving the German "Sie" form of address (the polite form). Eventually, this exterior is broken down and the new team is invited to call him Leo - a sign of considerable familiarity in German or Austrian society. Accordingly, Brandtner's greeting to Graf alters from the formal "Guten Morgen" to the more familiar "Servus".


title: Inspector Rex

text: With Hoffmann and Herzog, however, the relationship with Graf is more of a teacher-student one. It emerges early that Hoffmann had been taught forensic techniques by Graf, and it is clear that some of the awe felt by the considerably younger policeman for his mentor is still present. Graf also assumes a much more advisory role with this team, appearing only once during each investigation instead of being constantly on call.


title: Inspector Rex

text: By the time Rex moves to Rome with Lorenzo Fabbri of the Italian police, Dr Graf still serves as Vienna's main forensic officer as seen in a Rex special as Rex and Fabbri return to Vienna to investigate a case there.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Familiarly known to all as Max, Koch is a retired policeman who saved Moser from a life of crime and became something of a mentor to him. Many early episodes feature Moser asking Koch for advice - often in a café or a pool hall. It is, in fact, advice from Koch which is responsible for solving many of the more baffling cases, as his insights into human psychology - particularly female psychology (something he often claims Moser has had no knowledge of since his divorce) - prove correct. Occasionally, when a case hinges on the behaviour of a female witness or suspect, Koch good-humouredly teases Moser about women and gently tells him, "Richard, since your divorce, you've lost your touch with women"


title: Inspector Rex

text: As the series progresses, Koch's role alters to that of being a useful spy for Moser in certain situations where his team is too well-known. It is Koch's visit to a restaurant which provides the breakthrough in one case. In another he stumbles upon the solution to a particularly brutal homicide while sitting in a park with Rex. Koch is increasingly reluctant to help Moser with his work, although he is always told that this will be the last time. As Stockinger points out, it always "is" the last time… until the next request. Moser also tries to appeal to Koch's sense of adventure which, as Max famously explains, is satisfied by eating goulash and not knowing if he will suffer from "Rinderwahnsinn" (mad cow disease).


title: Inspector Rex

text: Following Stockinger's transfer to Salzburg, Koch assists the team to reorganise the office. His snide remarks about Stockinger's files result in Höllerer telling him to read through them all (to which Koch responds that he's doing more work since he retired than he did when he worked). He also spreads out his pipe collection on Stocki's old desk and declares that he will "open a pipe shop" while the team attempts to find a replacement for Stocki. Max is no longer seen or spoken of after Moser's death.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Katia Martelli is the forensics officer in Rome. She is seen as a romantic interest for Fabbri, but Rex is opposed to this. She is always looking for an opportunity to ensnare him. At one point, when Fabbri is injured and is at home researching a murder related to role playing games on his computer, he asks for a gaming police officer to be sent to his house to brief him about computer game culture. Martelli takes this opportunity to enter his house and seduce him, and creates an RPG profile for him so he can befriend the suspects online—the figure she chooses for him is a model of Fabbri wearing only a towel.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Morini constantly goads Martelli and Fabbri into coupling. After one case is solved, Fabbri takes her home to wine and dine her, much to Rex's chagrin. At the start of the next episode, they drunkenly awake in Fabbri's bed.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Filippo Gori is Fabbri's boss who hates Rex when they first meet, and vows to eject him for being unauthorised. Eventually, he accepts that Rex can solve crimes and lets him stay; this came after Rex and Fabbri had brought down a prostitution and sex slave racket run by some illegal Chinese immigrants—Fabbri leaked the story to a journalist friend so that Rex was photographed on the front page of a newspaper. In the episode "A Man Alone" his partner is murdered. Although all limited evidence points to Gori, Fabbri proves that he is not the culprit.


title: Inspector Rex

text: Filippo is Morini's fish. Morini got a fish because he was jealous of Lorenzo. Morini does not realize that he has named his fish after his boss, so when Gori comes in he says his fish is called Filiberto.


title: Inspector Rex

text: German priest and choirmaster Georg Ratzinger, when asked if he ever watched television at the Vatican with his brother Pope Benedict XVI, stated that the brothers would watch Inspector Rex together, and were friends with the owner of the titular German Shepherd. "We always used to watch [Inspector Rex], because we like dogs, too. We are well acquainted with Herr Helmut Brossmann, the owner of the German shepherd Rex, who plays the title role. He lives in the vicinity of Regensburg."


title: Inspector Rex

text: In Italy, the first 6 seasons were released on DVD, with only the Italian dub. The first two seasons were also released in Germany, again only with German audio.


title: Inspector Rex

text: In Australia, Region 4 English-subtitled DVDs of "Inspector Rex" are currently available for the first sixteen seasons (labeled as fourteen in Australia; see "Australian numbering"). The Italian seasons of the show were released under the special title "Rex in Rome".


title: Inspector Rex

text: On 10 October 2007, a special DVD, "Rex By Request" was released featuring the five favourite "Kommissar Rex" episodes as voted by fans. Also included is an interview with producer/writer Peter Hajek and an hour-long dog-training segment featuring Rex and his trainer Teresa Ann Miller.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Wind River Indian Reservation, in the west-central portion of the U.S. state of Wyoming, is shared by two Native American tribes, the Eastern Shoshone (, "meaning: "buffalo eaters"") and the Northern Arapaho (). Roughly east to west by north to south, the Indian reservation is located in the Wind River Basin, and includes portions of the Wind River Range, Owl Creek Mountains, and Absaroka Range.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Wind River Indian Reservation is the seventh-largest American Indian reservation in the United States by area and the fifth-largest by population. The land area is approximately , and the total area (land and water) is . The reservation constitutes just over one-third of Fremont County and over one-fifth of Hot Springs County.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The 2000 census reported the population of Fremont County as 40,237. According to the 2010 census, only 26,490 people now live on the reservation, with about 15,000 of the residents being non-Indians on ceded lands and the town of Riverton. Tribal headquarters are located at Fort Washakie. The Shoshone Rose Casino (Eastern Shoshone) and the Wind River Hotel and Casino, Little Wind Casino, and 789 Smoke Shop and Casino (all Northern Arapaho) are the only casinos in Wyoming.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Shoshone has the longest prehistory in the area. Archaeologists have found evidence that unique aspects of the Tukudika Mountain Shoshone or Sheepeater material culture such as soapstone bowls were in use in this region from the early 1800s going back 1,000 to 3,000 years or more. People descended from the Mountain Shoshone band continue to live on the Wind River Indian Reservation.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Dinwoody petroglyph style is indigenous to central Wyoming including the Wind River Basin and Bighorn Basin. Scholars believe that the Dinwoody petroglyphs most likely represent the work of ancestral Tukudika or Mountain Shoshone Sheepeaters, because some of the figures at Torrey Lake Petroglyph District and Legend Rock correspond to characters in Shoshone folklore, such as Pa waip, a water spirit woman.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Wind River Indian Reservation is located at the historical boundary region between the Great Basin culture of the Shoshone and the Great Plains tribal cultures. In recent centuries, the area was used by many tribes for hunting grounds and for raiding.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: After 1800, the historical record notes the presence of the Shoshone, as well as the Crow, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Blackfeet, and Lakota in the Wind River Basin. These latter tribes came to the area due to geopolitical forces, as well as for food resources; trapper records after 1800 describe huge herds of tens of thousands of stampeding bison in the Wind River Basin, raising massive clouds of dust on the horizon.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Shoshone largely controlled much of what is now western Wyoming in the 1700s, because they were the first of the northern tribes to secure horses from the Spanish and traders in the Southwest. (The Arapaho played a similar role of introducing the horse to the Great Plains, through trade between the Spanish settlements along the Rio Grande and the agricultural tribes along the Missouri River.) The Shoshones' dominance in what is now western Wyoming declined as other tribes such as the Blackfeet acquired horses and staged counter-raids. In the 1820s, the Shoshone started to regain power by trading for firearms in the Rocky Mountain Rendezvous fur trade in the Green River Basin, just over the Wind River Range from today's Wind River Indian Reservation.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: With the onset of the fur trade, Shoshones could once again project their power east from the Snake River and Green River Valley to hunt buffalo on the plains. Increasingly, they needed to hunt farther east, because the fur trade started to wipe out bison in the Green River Basin. In the 1830s and 1840s, they are recorded as raiding in the Platte River and Powder River basins, and the Laramie Plains. The Shoshone regularly used the Wind River Basin as winter range or as a route to hunting grounds in the Sweetwater, Bighorn Basin, Bighorn Mountains, or Powder River Basin.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Coming from the other direction, the post-1600s westward migration of Siouan and Algonquian-speaking peoples brought new populations onto the plains and traditional Shoshone territory of the middle Rocky Mountains. The earliest of these midwestern, Missouri River, and Great Lakes tribes to migrate to the Great Plains include the Crow, Cheyenne, and Arapaho, though some sources say the Arapaho potentially occupied the Great Plains for 1,000 years. Most of these tribes were initially located on the Great Plains farther north and east of the Wind River area. The powerful and numerous Lakota were the last to push west in response to American expansion, bumping up against the earlier-migrating tribes, and then moving farther west into the Rocky Mountains. By the mid-1800s, all of these tribes would make incursions into the now-contested Wind River valley.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Shoshone place names include dozens in the Bighorn Basin, demonstrating a detailed knowledge of lands further east than the Wind River Basin as part of traditional Shoshone territory. Likewise, the Arapaho were familiar with the Wind River Basin, referring to the Wind River/Bighorn River as "Hotee Niicie", meaning "mountain sheep river", in reference to the numerous herds of the species in the area.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: By the middle 1800s, the Crow were largely dominant in the Wind River Valley and Absaroka Range, using the area as winter range, and fighting with Shoshones who came into the area. Crow Chief Arapooish mentioned the Wind River Valley as a preferred wintering ground with salt bush and cottonwood bark for horse forage in a speech recorded in the 1830s and published in Washington Irving's "Adventures of Captain Bonneville". Meanwhile, Washakie and his people avoided the Crow treaty lands in the Wind River Valley in the 1850s, preferring to hunt away from the emigrant trails and the Crow in places like Henrys Fork and Yellowstone.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Crow dominance in the Wind River Valley, though secured as official Crow territory under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, effectively ended when Chief Washakie defeated a Crow chief in one-on-one fight at Crowheart Butte, sometime in the late 1850s or early 1860s. Washakie likely opted to challenge the Crow because the emigrant trails and increasing white settlement in Utah, Idaho, and Montana made hunting in those areas harder. This left the Crow-occupied Wind River Valley as the only place Washakie could use force to secure hunting grounds from a rival tribe without significantly opposing American interests.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Crow legacy in the Wind River persists in the name of the Middle Fork Popo Agie River, pronounced "poepoe-zhuh", which comes from the Crow word "Poppootcháashe", an onomatopoeia meaning "plopping river". The Crow word for the Green River, farther west, is "Chiichkase Aashe" or "Seedskadee Aashe", meaning "sage hen river."


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868 effectively designated the Wind River Valley as exclusive territory of the Shoshone, superseding the Crow's 1851 Fort Laramie treaty claims.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: In 1872, the Shoshone agreed to sell part of the reservation to the U.S., establishing the North Fork of the Popo Agie River as a southern border.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Originally known as the Shoshone Indian Reservation, the Wind River Indian Reservation was established by agreement of the United States with the Eastern Shoshone Nation at the Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868, restricting the tribe from the formerly vast Shoshone territory of more than . A later settlement and land transaction after "United States v. Shoshone Tribe of Indians" gave the Arapaho legal claim to the reservation, which was renamed the Wind River Indian Reservation.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Shoshone leader Washakie had a preference for the area, and had previously defeated the Crow in battle to hold the territory. As early as 1862, Indian Agent Luther Mann Jr. recommended creating a permanent reservation for the Shoshone. After prospectors discovered gold at South Pass in 1867, the United States Indian agent sought to limit numerous tribes from raiding mining camps by placing the Shoshone reservation in the Wind River Valley as a buffer. The United States hoped that tribes like the Crow, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Lakota, and Arapaho would attack their traditional Shoshone enemies instead of the miners. However, the area was too dangerous for the Shoshone to occupy year-round, so Chief Washakie kept his people closer to Fort Bridger for several years after 1868. Washakie's son was killed in a raid by enemy tribes, and the Oglala Lakota leader Hump, a mentor of Crazy Horse, was killed fighting the Shoshone in the Wind River Basin.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Intertribal conflicts occurred several times in the 1860s and 1870s in the Wind River region. The Arapaho briefly stayed in the Wind River valley in 1870, but left after miners and Shoshones attacked and killed tribal members and Black Bear, one of their leaders, as they moved lodges. At another event, a combined force of Lakotas, Cheyennes, and Arapahos surrounded and attacked Washakie's camp at Trout Creek on the reservation. The Shoshones survived the attack by digging rifle pits inside their tepees, and then mounting a counterattack. The last significant conflict occurred in June 1874, when 167 Shoshones and U.S. cavalry attacked the Arapaho at the Bates Battlefield on the head of Nowood Creek in the Bridger Mountains east of the Shoshone Indian Reservation.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Camp Augur, a military post with troops named for General Christopher C. Augur, was established at the present site of Lander on June 28, 1869. (Augur was the general present at the signing of the Fort Bridger Treaty in 1868.) In 1870 the name of the camp was changed to Camp Brown, and in 1871, the post was moved to the current site of Fort Washakie. The name was changed to honor United States ally and Shoshone Chief Washakie in 1878. The fort continued to serve as a military post until the US abandoned it in 1909. By that time, a community had developed around the fort.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Sacagawea, a guide with the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–06, was later interred here. Her son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, who was a child on the expedition, has a memorial stone in Fort Washakie but was interred in Danner, Oregon.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: A government school and hospital operated for many years east of Fort Washakie; Arapaho children were sent here to board during the school year. St. Michael's at Ethete was constructed in 1917–1920. The village of Arapahoe was originally established as a US sub-agency to distribute rations to the Arapaho. At one time it also operated a large trading post. Irrigation was constructed to support farming and ranching in the arid region. The Arapaho constructed a flour mill near Fort Washakie. Separately, under the Dawes Act, communal tribal land was allotted to individual households, which could later be sold to non-tribal members, further diminishing the tribal land base.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: In 1904 the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho ceded a portion of the reservation north of the Wind River to the United States and opened to white settlement. The Riverton Reclamation Project and the city of Riverton developed on some of this land. Instead of a lump-sum payment or upfront purchase, the cession required the United States to pay the tribes for each area of land settled upon. Seeing that large parts of the ceded area were never taken up by settlers, the ceded portion of the reservation was later restored to the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: In the winter of 1878–79, the United States Army escorted the Northern Arapaho to the Sweetwater Valley near Independence Rock and then temporarily placed them at the Shoshone's Fort Washakie Agency to receive rations. This decision to place the Arapaho in close proximity with their historic enemies the Shoshone has had significant historical and political consequences.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The former Arapaho and Cheyenne reservation under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 encompassing much of eastern Colorado and southeast Wyoming had been overrun by whites after the Colorado gold rush of 1859. The Northern Arapaho then signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, giving them claim to locate in the Great Sioux Reservation, encompassing the western half of present-day South Dakota west of the Missouri River, and rights to hunt north of the Platte River in Wyoming so long as game remained.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: In practice the Arapaho did not wish to locate permanently at an agency shared by the Sioux. They were belittled by leaders of the more powerful Sioux including Red Cloud, and wanted to avoid being culturally subsumed within the Lakota Nation. Instead, the Arapaho hoped for a reservation of their own. In 1868–69, the Arapaho briefly sought to locate with the linguistically-related Gros Ventres at the agency on the Milk River in Montana, but left after a smallpox epidemic. Further, Arapaho priest and leader Weasel Bear had a vision that the Arapaho would find a permanent home closer to the Rocky Mountains, and not on the Great Plains. The Arapaho way of life had historically included significant use of mountain hunting grounds, especially in the Colorado Rockies around Estes Park, but also including the Snowy Range, the Bighorns, the Black Hills, and the Laramie Range.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: To seek favor of the Army, leaders Chief Black Coal (Northern Arapaho), Sharp Nose and their followers allied with Gen. George Crook as scouts against their former allies the Cheyenne, participating in the November 1876 Dull Knife Fight on the side of the United States, along with Shoshone, Cheyenne, Sioux, and Pawnee scouts. Officers of the United States Army supported the idea of an Arapaho reservation in eastern Wyoming Territory — General Crook may have promised an agency on the Tongue River. Yet federal policy prevented this from coming to fruition, partly because the United States had essentially stopped negotiating reservation treaties with tribes after 1868, preferring instead to use executive orders in such agreements.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: In 1878 the U.S. Army saw the onset of winter with roughly 1,000 hungry and impoverished Arapaho still averse to living near the Red Cloud Agency, at an agreed-upon agency of Fort Randall, or in Indian Territory with the Southern Arapaho. Chief Black Coal had previously visited the Southern Arapaho reservation on the Canadian River in Oklahoma, finding the location unacceptable. So, Army officers looked to Fort Washakie as the closest alternate agency for distributing rations, despite the fact that the Shoshone held treaty rights to decide what other tribes they were willing to admit to the reservation under the Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The supposedly temporary placement of the Arapaho at Fort Washakie Agency became permanent because the United States government never took further action to relocate the tribe. The Arapaho held out hope for a reservation of their own until 1890, when Gen. Crook died. In late-1800s dealings including land cessions, the government repeatedly acted as if the Arapaho were a party of their reservation and its resources by including them in cession discussions like the sale of the Thermopolis Hot Springs. This was despite Shoshone protests (which were later held up in court) that the Arapaho had no legal claim to the reservation. According to historian Loretta Fowler, Arapaho leaders at the time were aware they had no real legal status to reservation land in the Wind River Valley. They participated in land cessions and allotment of reservation land in part to solidify their title and claims to the land.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: It wasn't until the conclusion of the 1938 U.S. Supreme Court Case "United States v. Shoshone Tribe of Indians" that the government recognized it had wrongly given Shoshone land and resources to the Arapaho. A subsequent land deal then officially solidified Arapaho claim as half-owners of tribal lands and resources on the Shoshone Indian Reservation, which was officially renamed the Wind River Indian Reservation.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: This complicated history of the Arapaho arrival on the reservation continues to affect intertribal relations and politics on the reservation today. Over time, intermarriage between members of the two tribes has occurred, building connections between members of the historically-enemy tribes and encouraging political cooperation. Yet efforts to maintain and exert independent sovereignty of each tribe remain a major dynamic on the reservation.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, oil and gas operators on the Wind River Indian Reservation were found to be stealing oil from the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho. In a coordinated scheme, companies extracted oil and paid some production royalties to tribes, while also secretly collecting and selling a separate supply of oil for which they paid no royalties. The exposé led to reforms.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Of the population in 2011, 3,737 were Shoshone and 8,177 were Arapaho. There were of tribal land with of wilderness area. In 2000, 6,728 (28.9%) were Native Americans (full or part) and of them 54% were Arapaho and 30% Shoshone. Of the Native American population, 22% spoke a language other than English at home.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Wind River Indian Reservation established a roadless area in the Wind River Range in the 1930s, several decades before the passage of the national Wilderness Act of 1964. The tribes have re-established populations of big game, such as moose, elk, mule deer, whitetail deer, bighorn sheep and pronghorn antelope, and have passed hunting regulations to conserve these species.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: In November 2016 the Shoshone introduced ten bison to the reservation, the beginning of what is planned as a 1,000-head herd. They were the first bison to be seen on the Wind River Reservation since 1885. The tribe is also receiving bison from Yellowstone National Park that are coming out of quarantine at the Fort Peck Indian Reservation. Area suited as buffalo habitat is estimated at on the west side and another on the north of the reservation.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Facilities for tourism include hotels located at the Wind River Casino and the Shoshone Rose Casino. There are numerous cultural centers and interpretive displays at the Eastern Shoshone Cultural Center and library at Fort Washakie School, as well as the Northern Arapaho Experience Room at the Wind River Hotel and Casino. The Museum of the Rockies in Lander hosts weekly powwow dancing demonstrations during the summer.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Wind River Indian Reservation allows access for fishing and hiking for non-tribal members who purchase a tribal fishing license available from local retailers. The license allows access to fishing lands on the southern half of the reservation, including in the tribal roadless area that encompasses part of the dramatic Wind River Range. Hikers and mountaineers seeking the closest approach to Gannett Peak can hire a guide to drive into a trailhead. The reservation licenses contractors in Thermopolis to offer whitewater rafting and fishing outfitting in the spectacular Wind River Canyon.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The Wind River Country, the wide expansion of land on which the Wind River Reservation resides, provides opportunities for visitors to see and participate in important cultural experiences.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Scheduled powwows are available to attend by the public. There are three larger celebrations throughout the year in Wind River Country, including the Eastern Shoshone Powwow in June, the Ethete Celebration in July, and the Northern Arapaho Powwow in September. Beginning on Friday nights, these ceremonies are an important aspect of Native American culture, that involve feasting, singing and dancing. Saturday and Sundays also have powwow festivities.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: An important aspect of the powwow is showcasing the regalia of the dancers. Each piece is personally significant to the dancer, uniquely handmade, utilizing feathers, shells, bones, beadwork and sometimes family heirlooms. The dances performed are traditional dances, unique to the tribe they belong to, as is the music. The spectacle is described on the Wind River Country's tourism website, telling prospective visitors, "If you close your eyes for a second the music will sweep you away. Drumming and singing accompanies all dancing and the drumbeat is considered sacred, representing the heartbeat of the tribe. Each thumping note carries songs to the Great Spirit, along with the prayers of the people." The website also advertises the powwows as being free admission.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Current social and economic conditions on the Wind River Indian Reservation have complicated historical roots. The reservation has many examples of cultural survival, adaptation, and patriotism. Yet the reservation community also suffers from the legacy of settler colonialism, dispossession from land, forced assimilation and cultural destruction, family disruption, environmental extraction and degradation, disenfranchisement, and inter-generational poverty. Though media portrayals produced by outsiders frequently note these disparities, tribal members have publicly objected to such narratives, noting that they are not the whole story of life in reservation communities.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: "High Country News" tribal desk editor Tristan Ahtone (Kiowa) used Wind River media coverage by the "New York Times", CNN, and "Business Insider" as examples of simplistic negative narratives that future journalists can work to disrupt through accurate portrayals of Native American realities, both good and bad.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: A decades-long study titled "Delinquency Among Wind River Indian Reservation Youth" showed that large amounts of the reservation's youth were charged with a variety of crimes. This study shows that from the years 1967–71, 1,047 juvenile cases were examined by the Court of Indian Offenses on the reservation. 693 of the 1,047 cases dealt with delinquency, with 470 of these cases involving a young male defendant. The distribution of juvenile charges showed that 251 of 917 total charges involved alcohol-related crimes (public intoxication, minor in possession, and driving under the influence).


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: In 2009, three young Native American girls (13, 14, and 15 years of age) were murdered on the reservation. They were found in the bedroom of a small home in Beaver Creek, which is a low-income tribal housing community. They had overdosed on methadone, a painkiller which is used to wean heroin addicts off of heroin. However, no one knows how they received the painkillers, which is why the coroner ruled their deaths homicides. The reservation has a very thin police force, which led to the FBI being the lead investigators on the homicide. The reservation has six officers who are responsible for patrolling an area about the size of Rhode Island. Two teenage boys were arrested in connection with the girls' deaths. One boy had given them his grandmother's methadone, saying that the girls were already high and he wanted to help them, because they didn't want to go home and have their parents see them.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: In the early 21st century, the media reported problems of reservation poverty and unemployment, resulting in associated crime and a high rate of drug abuse. In 2012, "The New York Times" released an article titled "Brutal Crimes Grip an Indian Reservation". According to this article, written by Timothy Williams, an Iraq war strategy, "the surge", was used to attempt to fight crime, taking hundreds of officers from the National Park Service and other federal agencies. This had major success at other reservations, but on the Wind River Indian Reservation, violent crime increased by seven percent. In 2013, "Business Insider" produced a photo scrapbook and indicated locals refer to different streets by infamously violent American locations such as Compton near Los Angeles.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: The reservation was experiencing a methamphetamine crisis that has since been significantly reduced, even while addiction continues to be a problem. Other residents say the Wind River Indian Reservation is a more hopeful place than is often portrayed in press reports.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: There are two outpatient clinics located on the reservation. There is one located in Arapahoe, and the second one is located in Fort Washakie. The clinics offer a variety of services such as Behavioral Health, Social Services, Business Office, Community Health Nursing, Purchased/Referred Care (PRC), Dental, Diabetes Program, Laboratory/Radiology, Medical Records, Medical Services, Nursing, Optometry, Office of Environmental Health, Utilization Review and Compliance. The average life expectancy for someone living on the reservation is 49 years.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: According to "A Suicide Epidemic in an American Indian Community", a study done regarding suicide on the reservation in 1985, the months of August and September produced very high suicide numbers. There were 12 reported deaths, and 88 additional verified instances of suicide threats or suicidal attempts. This epidemic among Native American tribes can be attributed to high unemployment and abuse of alcohol. 40 of the attempts were between the ages of 13 and 19, and 24 attempts were between the ages of 20 and 29. Of the 88 attempts, alcohol was involved in 47 cases, with 46 male and 42 females attempting suicide. Many events were created to attempt to stop this suicide epidemic that hit the reservation. Parents and elder community members closed bingo nights for children and hosted recreational activities instead. The schools extended hours for learning centers and gymnasiums. An alcohol treatment program began holding weekly alcohol-free teen dances, which were very popular and had a high attendance. These initiatives were designed to provide a safe and alcohol-free environment for the children and young adults. This ultimately helped quell the epidemic, and prevented suicide attempts across such young age groups.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: An article published in 2001, "The Social Construction of American Indian Drinking: Perceptions of American Indian and White Officials", discovered, by qualitatively interviewing a small sample size of 12 Native Americans residing on the reservation and 12 Whites who also reside on the reservation, that alcoholism is present on the reservation. 10 of 12 Natives said that alcohol is a problem shared by both minors and adults, while all 12 Whites said this. 10 of 12 American Indians said that alcohol is strongly linked to crime, while 11 of 12 Whites agreed. The biggest outlier was that only 8 of 12 American Indians said that alcohol is a very serious problem on the reservation, while 11 of 12 Whites said the same. In an article in the "Casper Star-Tribune", of the 79 deaths from 2004, a quarter of the deaths were attributed to alcoholic cirrhosis and half were alcoholic deaths due to car crashes and homicide connected to drugs. According to Cathy Keene, local director for Indian Health Services, the reservation's situation has gotten to the point where the Public Health Service can only fund things that require emergency care. The lack of funding has resulted in fewer surgeries and medical procedures. The Fort Washakie Health Center is only working with slightly more than half of its needed funding, according to Richard Brannan, chief executive officer of the Indian Health Service.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: A study found that approximately 71% of the population is obese and 12% have diabetes, compared to the national average 36.5% and 9.4%. In 2009, the reservation received a five-year grant in funding from the Merck Foundation's Alliance for Reducing Diabetes Disparities (ARDD) to improve patient care, community clinical system of care, and clinicians. The ultimate goal of the funding is to find an ideal model or solution that can be repeated at other reservations to decrease the rate of diabetes. After receiving funding, the project team gathered other members who shared an interest in preventing and managing diabetes on the reservation. They recruited members of the Wind Reservation Coalition for Diabetes Management and Prevention, Wind River Indian Health Service, Fremont County Public Health, the University of Wyoming's Centsible Nutrition Program, Sundance Research Institute, and the State of Wyoming Department of Health's Diabetes Prevention program. These members helped create focus groups consisting of residents from the reservation to understand the barriers and the issues with health services. The group created a disease management program based on the Chronic Care Model which focused on looking at members with or at risk of diabetes. They created specific exercises and nutrition programs that took account of the lifestyle and culture of the residents. For individuals who were already diagnosed, the program created a self-management education program. After the five-year program, the results showed improved clinical outcomes. 47% of the participants saw a decrease in their HbA1c levels, improved diabetes management with a mean decrease of 1.12 points. Due to the success of the program, a two-year grant from the AstraZeneca Foundation proposed to help 350 reservation residents who are at risk for cardiovascular disease.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: Only 60% of Native Americans complete high school, compared to 80% of White students. The Wind River Reservation dropout rate is 40%, more than twice the state average of Wyoming. Teenagers are twice as likely to commit suicide compared to other young adults within Wyoming. There are other issues that commonly occur on the reservation such as child abuse, teenage pregnancy, sexual assault, domestic violence, and alcoholism. There was the death of an eighth grader at Wyoming Indian Middle School who was killed by voluntary manslaughter in April 2010. Wind River's crime rate is five to seven times the national average, and the reservation has a history of gang violence. The reservation has struggled with an alarming percent of unemployment. According to a 2005 Bureau of Indian Affairs report, the Northern Arapaho Tribe's unemployment rate was 73%, and Eastern Shoshone's was 84%. Other reservations have similar or higher rates of unemployment.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: There does seem to be a consensus on what some of the contributing factors are. One is lack of adequate physical infrastructure—good roads and bridges, public water supply and sanitation facilities, and adequate education. The Wyoming Department of Education decided to collaborate with the North Central Comprehensive Center in order to improve the reservation's education system. They conducted multiple listening sessions within classes of different schools within the reservation. After the sessions, parents and students came to the consensus that the Wind River Reservation schools needed more teachers that are Native American. They also advocated for more security in order to lessen bullying and gangs, and more Native American-relevant courses, such as their Native American language. Lastly, students and parents wanted a standard for academic expectations that should be held within all schools within the reservation. One of the parents remarked, "My grandson goes to the school in Lander. We won't transfer him back here to the reservation because they're two years behind where my grandson is." Megan Degenfelder, Wyoming Department of Education Policy Advisor, said the inputs from the listening sessions has the department headed in the right track "to improve education for Native American students and to best be able to allocate our resources and time."


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: According to Folo Akintan's preliminary data, a medical doctor and epidemiologist from the Rocky Mountain Tribal Epidemiology Center in Billings, Montana, four out of ten Wind River Reservation residents reported that they have had a relative die from cancer. Many of the residents believe it is due to a uranium mill and contamination plume near St. Stephens. In 1958 Susquehanna–Western began processing uranium and vanadium ore on the reservation with sulfuric acid. Although the mill closed in 1963, there were tailings left behind. In 1988 the Department of Energy (DOE) found that soils, surface water and shallow groundwater were all contaminated. The DOE believes the land will naturally flush itself and be contamination-free 100 years from now. In 2010, the DOE recorded levels of contamination 100 times higher than what is allowed by the USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for drinking water. Tribal officials were worried about their water sources being contaminated by these deadly toxins. The DOE placed plastic PVC for the water pipeline. They reassured the residents that it was secure and wouldn't break; however, Wind River Environmental Quality Commission officials state that the pipe has broken multiple times within the past year. The residents have become fed up with the DOE due to lack of cleaning up the land, poor pipeline equipment, and lack of spreading data about the high levels of contamination from flooding. Although it's hard to suggest that a uranium tailing site is causing an increased cancer rate, Dr. Akintan suggests, "It is a risk indicator." The cancer rates on the reservation are higher than the national and state average. Although Dr. Akintan's reports show an increased cancer rate, the research had many limitations. The first limitation was lack of responses returned. There was a total of 3,000 surveys and only 286 were completed. Also, the data collected was only self-reported data which is unreliable due to response bias from the participants. Also, the results were leading but not statistically significant.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: In 1993, the Northern Arapaho Tribe on the Wind River Reservation began a relationship with a high school in Centennial, Colorado, to "[promote] awareness to the co-existence of two very diverse cultures." Despite previous controversy, Arapahoe High School and the Arapaho Nation established an agreement, in which the tribe endorsed the school mascot, the "Arapahoe Warrior". The image of the mascot used by the school was drawn by Northern Arapaho artist Wilbur Antelope. The agreement also promised a long-standing relationship between the school and the tribe. Signed September 17, 1993, this proclamation allowed for the "Arapahoe Warrior" to become a reminder of Elder Anthony Sitting Eagle's words, "Always take care of one another," a phrase repeated often by students and faculty at Arapahoe High School.


title: Wind River Indian Reservation

text: As part of the agreement, Arapahoe High School and the Arapaho Nation alternate visiting each other every year. When the Arapaho tribe comes to visit the school, the daily activities are put on pause for an assembly. Arapahoe High School students accompany those visiting from the Wind River Reservation and file into the large gymnasium, renamed in December 1994 after Arapaho Elder Anthony Sitting Eagle. Two cultures unite for a celebration, the Arapaho tribe performing traditional dances and the tribal leaders speaking to the students. When the students visit the Wind River Reservation, they take a tour of the school and learn more about the Arapaho Nation's culture.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: The Minimum Wages Act 1948 is an Act of Parliament concerning Indian labour law that sets the minimum wages that must be paid to skilled and unskilled labours.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: The Indian Constitution has defined a 'living wage' that is the level of income for a worker which will ensure a basic standard of living including good health, dignity, comfort, education and provide for any contingency. However, to keep in mind an industry's capacity to pay the constitution has defined a 'fair wage'. Fair wage is that level of wage that not just maintains a level of employment, but seeks to increase it keeping in perspective the industry's capacity to pay. Due to an unjust attention towards the decades old law it is now exploited by major businesses to underpay their employees, In public opinion government must set an yearly wage change just like countries internationally do.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: To achieve this in its first session during November 1948, the Central Advisory Council appointed a Tripartite Committee of Fair Wage. This committee came up with the concept of a minimum wage, which not only guarantees bare subsistence and preserves efficiency but also provides for education, medical requirements and some level of comfort.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: India introduced the Minimum Wages Act in 1948, giving both the Central government and State government jurisdiction in fixing wages. The act is legally non-binding, but statutory. Payment of wages below the minimum wage rate amounts to forced labour. Wage boards are set up to review the industry's capacity to pay and fix minimum wages such that they at least cover a family of four's requirements of calories, shelter, clothing, education, medical assistance, and entertainment. Under the law, wage rates in scheduled employments differ across states, sectors, skills, regions and occupations owing to difference in costs of living, regional industries' capacity to pay, consumption patterns, etc. Hence, there is no single uniform minimum wage rate across the country and the structure has become overly complex. The highest minimum wage rate as updated in 2012 was Rs. 322/day in Andaman and Nicobar and the lowest was Rs. 38/day in Tripura. In Mumbai, as of 2017, the minimum wage was Rs. 348/day for a "safai karmachari" (sewage cleaner and sweeper), but this was rarely paid.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1920: K.G.R. Choudhary recommended setting up boards for determining minimum wages for each industry.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1928: International Labour Conference implemented system to fix wages for different trades. However, the practice was not put into legislation in India.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1943: Standing Labour Committee, a Labour Investigation Committee was appointed on the recommendation of Indian Labour Conference (ILC), 1943 to look into conditions of labour in terms of their wages, housing, social conditions, and employment.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1946: A bill on minimum wages was introduced in Central Legislative assembly on the recommendations of 8th Standing Labour Committee. The 8th meeting of the Standing Labour Committee, 1946 also recommended that a separate legislation that specified working hours, minimum wages and paid holidays of unorganised sector be enacted.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1947: Post-independence representatives of labour, employers, and government attended a government-organised conference. They defined minimum wages to be such that they should not only provide for subsistence but should also be enough for education, medical requirements and other amenities and should sustain efficiency.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1948: The Minimum Wages Act was eventually passed and was effective from 15 March. Under the act a tripartite committee "The Tripartite Committee of Fair Wage" was appointed that set definitions and guidelines for formulating a wage structure in India. The Committee of fair wage definition of minimum wage as: "The minimum wages must be provided not merely for the bare subsistence of life but also for the preservation of efficiency of the workers by providing for some measures of education, medical requirement and amenities". Recommendations of this committee have now set the foundations of wage fixation.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1957: The 15th Labor conference added some norms in the fixation of minimum wages such that revision and fixation of wage rates are need-based. The recommendations were:


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1987: Parliamentary sub-committee on unorganised labour concluded that minimum wages fail to ensure a livelihood above the government defined poverty line for the unorganised sector. It also revealed some flaws in implementation of the act. The committee noted that wages are not fixed or revised regularly in some states. The committee recommended that factors such as nutrition requirements, poverty line, shelter, clothing, fuel, light, medical and educational expenses should be taken into account while fixing and revising minimum wages.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1988: Labour Minister's Conference recommend the necessity of an allowance that safeguards wages against inflation, called Variable Dearness Allowance (VDA).


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1991: Hon’ble Supreme court's judgment in the case of Reptakas & Co. specified that 25% of the minimum wages should also account for Children's education, required medical expenses, recreation in festivals/ceremonies and provision for old age and marriage.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: National Commission on Rural Labour (NCRL) recommended the government to introduce a national minimum wage floor level for uniformity.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1992: Thirtieth session of ILC observed the ineffectiveness of states' implementation machinery and labour administration. It urged the civil society especially NGOs and workers' organisations to inspect and ensure payment of minimum wages. The thirtieth session also discussed that officials should be wary of fixing minimum wage rates to impracticable high levels.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1994: The 9th Centre of Indian Trade Unions conference along with insisting a minimum wage floor of Rs. 78.50, raised the following demands


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 1996: Government fixed the national minimum wage floor at INR 35/day as per the recommendations of NCRL. Since 2009 it stands at INR 100/day.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 2007: The Tamil Nadu state government announced that it has fixed minimum wages for 90% of all occupations.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: The Indian National Trade Union Congress appeals for a "national decent minimum wage" for all industries that would be based on workers' needs.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 2008: Working Women in Houses Union marched in Salem demanding statutory fixation of minimum wages for house maids and servants.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 2009: The Central government de-linked MGNREGA's wage rates from minimum wages through notification under Section 6(1). Wage rates that were initially aligned with respective states' minimum wages were now fixed at a uniform wage rate of Rs. 100/- under the scheme.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: On 12 August, the Andhra Pradesh wrote to the Ministry of Rural Development that workers under the MGNREGA scheme are being paid less than the Minimum wage rate and this could attract "contempt of court". There was no response to this.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: On 10 July, the Labour Department responded to the notification of wage rate in MGNREGA scheme as against the minimum wage rate: "Minimum Wages Act, 1948 guarantees minimum wages to workers and there cannot be a wage rate less than the minimum wage rate in any circumstances."


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 2010: Andhra Pradesh's government says that any payment including that under the MGNREGA scheme, below minimum wage rate is unconstitutional.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 2011: As per Karnataka High Court's interim order MGNREGA's wage rates are to be aligned with the Minimum Wage rates of the state.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: National Human Right Commission convened a zonal workshop on fixation, revision and enforcement of minimum wage is Brick kiln industry.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 2012: Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan urges the Supreme Court to withdraw the SLP to the PM to rediscuss Karnataka High Court and Andhra Pradesh high Court's judgments


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: Supreme Court asks the Central Government to consider respective states' minimum wages to bring parity between them.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 2015: On 1 September 2015 labours in unorganised sector extended their support to one-day nationwide general strike called by central trade unions (CTUs). Later than Shri Bandaru Dattatreya, the Minister of State(IC) for Labour and Employment, elaborated on the initiatives and continuing efforts of the Government to address the issues and concerns of the Trade Unions for the welfare of workers. If the norms are implemented then the minimum wage would be not less than Rs 273 per day which is currently Rs 160 per day.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 2) If an employee is involved in work that categorises his service in two or more scheduled employments, the employee's wage will include respective wage rate of all work for the number of hours dedicated at each task.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 4) Appropriate governments will define and assign the task of inspection and appoint inspectors for the same.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: The Minimum Wages Act 1948 generally specifies minimum wage rates on a per day basis, and extends to the entire country and is revised within a period of not less than five years, however there is a provision to increase dearness allowance every two years. The norms in fixing and revision of minimum wages were first recommended by ILC, 1957.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: Revision of minimum wage rates is based on a 'cost of living index' and wages can be fixed for an entire state, part of the state, class or classes and employments pertaining to these categories. The fixation of wages is based on the norms mentioned and a wage board (different for different industry).


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: Under the Minimum Wages Act, State and Central Governments have the power to fix and revise minimum wages. The act specifies that the "appropriate" government should fix the wages i.e. if the wages to be fixed are in relation to any authority of Central government or Railway administration then the Central government fixes it. However, if the wage rate is to be fixed or revised for a scheduled employment, the respective state governments fix it. The Centre fixes the National floor level Minimum Wage that is lower than most states' respective minimum wages. The ambiguity and overlap in the jurisdiction of both these tiers of government have caused debates and controversies. One of such debates revolves around fixing wage rates of MGNREGA scheme, an employment guarantee initiative by the Central Government


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: As per Section 5 of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, there are two ways of fixing and/or revising minimum wages


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: • Committee Method: Committees and Sub-committees are set up to make recommendations or create inquiries.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: • Notification Method: The government publishes proposals and an official date in the Official Gazette. All advice and recommendations form various committees and sub-committees as well as representations are collected before the specified official date and the government then proceeds to fix/revise minimum wages.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: The Central Government is the proper authority for enforcement of the act. Schedule employment is carried under the railway administration, mines, oilfield, major port and corporation established by Central Act. Chief Labour Commissioner is charged under central level, and at state level officers in industrial relations are charged for enforcement act and other labour laws.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: Violation of the act in regards to minimum wages, working hours and other comes under Central Act as offences, and there is a penalties of 6months imprisonment and fine of Rs. 500/- (under section act 22). Any agreement whereby an employee reduces his right under this act shall be null and void.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: To process complaints the appropriate government can appoint a labour commissioner, Commissioner for Workmen's Compensation, or officer with experience as a judge of Stipendiary Magistrate or an officer that is at least above the rank of Labour Commissioner. If an individual feels that he/she is being paid less than the minimum wages specified for his region/sector/occupation, or is not paid for a duration of work, a complaint can be made to the appointed authority.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: The table below summarizes minimum wages across states. All states specify different minimum wages for different occupations and skill levels within those occupations. The table below briefly shows if the states account for Variable Dearness Allowance (VDA) that are linked and fixed according to average Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers, the range of minimum wages, and when these wages were last updated/revised. The period within which minimum wages are revised is different for different states. Some states revise their respective minimum wage rates every six months while some do so in five years.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: The minimum rates of wages including the basic rates and Variable Dearness Allowance payable w.e.f. 01.10.2020 to the employees working in Agriculture shall be as under


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: The workers employed on minimum guaranteed time rate of wages per day shall be entitled to time rate of minimum wages plus special allowance, if any, for unskilled category of above ground workers revised from time to time by the Central Government in respect of scheduled employment in stone mines.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: 42% of all wage earners in India receive wages below the national minimum wage floor rate. The data used for these statistics includes half of casual labourers and 1/4th of those salaried. Female workers and those in rural areas are more likely to be paid below a minimum wage. Those who are illiterate or have no mid-level education are most likely to be paid below a minimum wage. For Salaried workers, if they are employed in agriculture, it is more likely that they are paid higher than the minimum wage. Whereas casual workers in construction and unionised workers in production and manufacturing are likely to receive wages at the minimum wage rate. In sum, the implementation and enforcement of minimum wages is dismal and marginalised groups and communities suffer the most. The government has announced that many amendments are underway to improve enforcement such as penal action against violations and mandatory revision of minimum wages every 5 years.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act is an employment guarantee scheme that guarantees employment for 100 days at a wage rate of INR120 per day (as fixed in 2009). These benefits can be secured by any household regardless of whether they fall below or above national poverty line. The central government delinked MGNREGA wage rates from State specific Minimum wage rates in January 2009 when states like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra revised and increased their minimum wage rates. This had direct implications on Central Government's budget set aside for MGNREGA scheme. The move of freezing MGNREGA scheme created an upheaval of discontent in various parts and sections of India as the move was considered to breach Minimum Wages Act, 1948. MGNREGA wage rates were less than the minimum wage rates of respective states and in five states they were even below the National Floor level of minimum wage. Protests broke out throughout India coupled with controversies over corruption, under-payment of workers, poor quality of infrastructure, ambiguous source of funds and unintended negative effect on poverty. Recommendations made by National Advisory Council and Centre Employment Guarantee Council chaired by Jean Drèze that MGNREGA's wage rates should be synced with Minimum Wages Act were rejected by the Central Government. The Central Government stuck to its decision of freezing MGNREGA wages even after an order from Supreme Court. Eventually, the Prime Minister agreed to accept recommendations and indexed MGNREGA wages to Minimum wage rates until an expert committee chaired by Pranab Mukherjee made a satisfactory index. He however maintained a clear distinction between MGNREGA wage rates and Minimum wage rates to avoid inflating budget on revision of state-wise minimum wages.


title: Minimum Wages Act 1948

text: From the very inception of the idea of minimum wages, the aim of policy makers was to set up a uniform wage rate across the entire country. However, such a policy would not be connected to reality due to regional differences over consumption patterns, paying capabilities of employers, requirements of employees, etc. Hence the modified aim was to achieve floor level minimum wage for regions and then further it to a national floor minimum wage. However, not everyone supported this view. In 1955, during the Tripartite Labour Conference, labour representatives demanded immediate fixation of a minimum wage at national level, at least in agriculture. The most recent development in this debate involves the Labour Ministry and the Commerce and Industry Ministry at loggerheads over the introduction of a National floor level minimum wage rate. The Commerce and Industry Ministry argues that a national rate would further burden the industry that is anyway incurring heavy costs. On the other hand, the Labour Ministry has given a proposal to the Centre to impose a national floor to wage rates and most state governments have approved for it. After a two-day strike ending on 21 February 2013, PM Manmohan Singh announced that all unskilled workers would be paid the national floor level minimum wage. This would be included in one of the many amendments of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 to be introduced this year. Currently the floor level of minimum wages is 115, though Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala have set lower floors.


title: Moravians

text: Moravians ( or colloquially , outdated ) are a West Slavic ethnographic group from the Moravia region of the Czech Republic, who speak the Moravian dialects of Czech or Common Czech or a mixed form of both. Along with the Silesians of the Czech Republic, a part of the population to identify ethnically as Moravian has registered in Czech censuses since 1991. The figure has fluctuated and in the 2011 census, 6.01% of the Czech population declared Moravian as their ethnicity. Smaller pockets of people declaring Moravian ethnicity are also native to neighboring Slovakia.


title: Moravians

text: A certain ambiguity in Czech derives from the fact that it distinguishes between (Bohemia proper) and (Czech Republic as a whole), but the corresponding adjective and noun designating an inhabitant and/or a member of a nation can be related to either of them. The adjective and the noun ('Bohemian') carry only the meaning of a "socially unconventional person".


title: Moravians

text: The Moravians (Old Slavic self-designation , , ) were a West Slavic tribe in the Early Middle Ages. Although it is not known exactly when the Moravian tribe was founded, Czech historian Dušan Třeštík claimed the tribe was formed between the turn of the 6th century to the 7th century, around the same time as the other Slavic tribes.


title: Moravians

text: In the 9th century, Moravians settled mainly around the historic Region of Moravia and Western Slovakia, but also in parts of central-southern Poland, Lower Austria (up to the Danube) and Upper Hungary. The first known mention of the Moravians was in the Annales Regni Francorum in 822 AD. The tribe was located by the Bavarian Geographer between the tribe of the Bohemians and the tribe of the Bulgarians.


title: Moravians

text: In the 9th century, Moravians gained control over neighbouring Nitra and founded the Realm of Great Moravia, ruled by the Mojmír dynasty until the 10th century. At times, the empire controlled even other neighboring regions, including Bohemia and parts of present-day Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. It emerged into one of the most powerful states in Central Europe.


title: Moravians

text: After the breakup of the Moravian Realm, the Moravian tribe was divided between the new states of Bohemia and Hungary. Part of western Moravians were assimilated by the Czechs and presently identify as Czechs. The modern nation of the Slovaks was formed out of the eastern part of the Moravian tribe within the Kingdom of Hungary.


title: Moravians

text: Bretislaus I, Duke of Bohemia, in solving the succession question in his will (he had five sons) decided to completely reorganize Moravia, so that it should be governed by the younger sons of the royal family. It was still considered one country, but from an objective standpoint it was weakened, and Moravia could not lead to the formation of the medieval "nation" as quickly as in Bohemia. The way leading to the differentiation of the Moravians from the Czechs was caused by political and economic changes of the late 12th and early 13th century. Czech historical tradition was grown in Moravia during the Middle Ages, for example Czech Chronicles was reread and distributed.


title: Moravians

text: Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Slavic-speaking inhabitants of Moravia publicly identified themselves as Moravians, not Czechs. Then, for fear of Germanization, Moravians would begin to publicly refer to themselves as Moravian Czechs — joining a stronger neighbour. But internally they still felt their nationality (for example, here). Slovaks were considered as Czechs by politicians, too. In the Czechoslovak and communist eras, Moravian nationality would be banned, so for the first time since the fall of the dangers of germanization (1945), Moravian nationality appeared in the 1991 census.


title: Moravians

text: After the Velvet Revolution a strong political movement to reinstate the Moravian-Silesian land ( in Czech, having been one of the four lands of Czechoslovakia between 1928 and 1939) was active in Moravia. Accordingly, the so far officially united Czech ethnicity was split in line with the historical division of the Czech Republic into Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia (the "Czech lands"). Part of the Czech speaking inhabitants of Moravia declared Moravian ethnicity and part of the Czech speaking inhabitants of Czech Silesia declared Silesian ethnicity.


title: Moravians

text: 1,363,000 citizens of the Czech Republic declared Moravian ethnicity in 1991. However, the number dropped to 380,474 in the 2001 census – many persons previously declaring themselves as Moravians declared themselves again as Czechs in this census. In 2011, the number increased again to 630 897. The strongest sense of patriotism towards Moravia is found in the environs of Brno, the former capital of Moravia. However, the results of the census are skewed by the fact that most Moravians do not know that they can sign up for the Moravian nationality, but would use the option, according to a 2011 survey.


title: Moravians

text: Only in the first years after the Velvet Revolution in 1989 did a few Moravian political parties seem to be able to gain some success in elections. However they lost much of their strength around the time of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 when Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic.


title: Moravians

text: According to the 2011 Census, the percentage of people without religion was lowest in the Moravian Zlín Region, followed by the partly Bohemian, partly Moravian Vysočina Region, the South Moravian Region, the Moravian-Silesian Region, and the predominantly Moravian Olomouc Region.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Supa Strikas is a pan-American association football-themed comic, about the titular football team dubbed "the world's greatest." Despite their enormous talent, the players must adapt in a game where being the best is only the beginning and where the opposition is always full of surprises—the Supa Strikas comic prints 1.4 million copies per month in 16 countries. Supa Strikas also appeared on Caltex and Texaco as an ad. As of 2019, the franchise is currently owned by Moonbug Entertainment.


title: Supa Strikas

text: The comic's global headline sponsor is Chevron (the Caltex and Texaco brands appear on Supa Strikas' match and training apparel), with other headline sponsors including Visa, Guaranty Trust Bank and Henkel. Partner sponsors also feature depending on region, including Grassroot Soccer, Metropolitan Life, Spur Steak Ranches, Visa, South African National Roads Agency, and MTN amongst others.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Sponsors exposure includes perimeter boards in-game scenes, product placement / engagement (e.g. the team often eats at KFC in the South African edition), and full-page advertisements. It is currently sponsored by KFC and Old Mutual in South Africa.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Supa Strikas was founded by Andrew Smith, Oliver Power, Lee Hartman, and Alex Kramer The comic series was first published in South Africa in 2000, following the format of the British comic "Roy of the Rovers". Afterward publication spread to various sub-Saharan African countries. By 2002 publications in the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia. Nigeria, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda soon followed.


title: Supa Strikas

text: The comic receives sponsorship from several companies, including Nike, Caltex, and other South African businesses. Consequently, the sponsoring firms have their product names placed on various panels.


title: Supa Strikas

text: The series was based on the life of Thuthuka "Terry" Zwane, a boy from the Soweto area of Johannesburg. With demand for the comic growing increasingly global, Supa Strikas’ core characters remained local, but a more international cast grew around them, including characters of Asian, Latin American and European extraction.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Today, the comic is available across Africa (South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Mauritius, Réunion, Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon and Egypt); Latin America (Colombia, El Salvador, Panama, Brazil, Honduras, and Guatemala); Europe (Norway, Sweden, Finland) and Asia (Malaysia and the Philippines).


title: Supa Strikas

text: The comic has also been adapted into an animated series by Animasia Studios. The series debuted in 2009 with 47 episodes – each with approximately 22 minutes of run-time – and aired in selected regions until 2010.


title: Supa Strikas

text: The titular soccer team adventure through the world of soccer in their bid to win the Super League trophy in their country, dubbed in their stadium "Strikaland." On their way across the globe, the team explores the roots of the game (from Mexico to China), meets its most extraordinary past and present players, and confronts the most unscrupulous coaches and players from their rival teams.


title: Supa Strikas

text: The story centers around the team's young striker, Shakes, whom many believe is the best striker in the world. Shakes and his teammates, however, consider the acclaim as a mere beginning. The game's global legacy and the players who dream of being crowned Super League champions mean Shakes must constantly challenge himself to remain in contention. As a result, he often finds himself spearheading the team's exploration of the unknown – be it a strange land, a strange opposition, or a new soccer challenge.


title: Supa Strikas

text: The stories in Supa Strikas combine humor (often in the form of the character Spenza as the comic relief), action, technology, and exploration in the context of a real soccer challenge. In addition, the stories are usually positive life messages that deal with self-actualization, fair play, teamwork, and respect.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Shakes is the youngest member and the star striker of Supa Strikas from South Africa, though he could play as a defender. His strength is a lethal combination of skill and determination. He is also capable of solving problems when they are on the edge of losing during halftime. He inherits his No. 10 jerseys from his father, Jomo, who was deemed one of the greatest players in the team's history. Because of Jomo's reputation within the team, Shakes faces anxiety about living up to his father's legacy. His desire to prove himself often spurs him into engaging in impulsive or reckless actions. Shakes might not know what he is getting himself into, but he is prepared for any challenge. His signature moves are bicycle kicks and knuckleballs. Shakes' best friend is Spenza. He also has a younger sister called Nandi as seen in the new episodes of Rookie season.


title: Supa Strikas

text: jersey. He is the most expensive player in the Super League. He tends to be melodramatic, and he is often seen wearing aqua sunglasses. He is also known as a 'El Matador'. Fighter is incredibly self-absorbed, being the wealthiest player on the team. He owns two gold Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560–4, one Coupe and one Spyder, both nicknamed "Bruno." His other cars include a purple Lamborghini roadster with red chrome, a black and silver two-tone Rolls-Royce Ghost, a silver Nissan GT-R NISMO, a bright green McLaren 570S, a blue Cadillac Coupe de Ville, and a red Aston Martin One-77. He likes to live a lavish lifestyle. El Matador is regarded as one of the best players in the Super League and is one of the highest-scoring players. In the Hindi dub he is known as Fighter and Milosz is a frajer


title: Supa Strikas

text: Klaus von Jurgen Ulf Gutentag, nicknamed Klaus, is a backup striker for Supa Strikas from Germany who wears the number 2 jersey, he is also very kiddish. In some episodes, he was seen playing as a defender. Klaus has excellent passing techniques and terrorizes tired opposition defense as a super substitute. He puts on a vulnerable and comical facade to lower the opponents' expectations of his playing, yet he is dead serious when scoring goals. Klaus tends to sneeze when nervous. His favorite food is strudel. Klaus always buys his Aunt Hilda presents from every city Supa Strikas visits. He is addicted to the Inspector Von Spectre series and believes that the butler is always guilty.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Jah "Dancing" Rasta is the Jamaican captain of Supa Strikas. He wears the number 9 jersey and is a seasoned mountaineer. His captaincy skills are put to the test when facing tough opponents such as Dooma or Johann Uber. He is very polite and does not harm others without, even with a cause. Most fans believe he is the greatest captain in the Super League. He is very motivational. He is also called captain by his other teammates. He has coulrophobia so he is afraid of clowns, but he still takes his children to the circuses nevertheless.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Bojack "Big Bo" Anderson is the main goalkeeper and vice-captain of Supa Strikas. Big Bo wears the number 1 jersey. He is often claimed as the greatest goalkeeper in the league, even better than De Los Santos. He is from Middleton, Texas, in the United States, and Supa Strikas is his 3rd team. He has won many awards as a goalkeeper. Before joining Supa Strikas, Big Bo accidentally injured the former Grimm FC player Spike "Awesome" Dawson out of his soccer career. Dawson refuses to accept Big Bo's apology and is obsessed with getting his revenge on Big Bo. Since the prisoner Knuckles who impersonated Big Bo was arrested, the real Big Bo was not charged for his prison escape conspiracy, since Big Bo was imprisoned by mistake.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Twisting Tiger is a right-footed winger and midfielder from Japan who wears the number 16 jersey. He previously played for Nakama FC. He is known for his accurate shooting and is one of the best players in Supa Strikas. Twisting Tornado and the upside-down Twisting Tornado are his signature moves. Twisting Tiger learned Japanese football style from his former coach Ura Giri. His former teammate, Miko Chen of Nakama FC, is like a brother to him. Tiger is known to be the quickest player on the field, and zooms past other players with ease. He believes that his lucky charm helps Supa Strikas in their matches. Unfortunately, he broke his arms, and thus is seen with bandages.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Josef "Cool Joe" Garzia is a Brazilian left-wing midfielder who wears the number 7 jersey. Known as the "king of crossing" following his excellent crosses, also known for his spins, which helped the team to score many goals. He also has a flair for disco music, crediting one record for giving his "groove" during the game. Cool Joe also owns a disco club known as Cool Joe's. He has five signature spins: "The left spin, the right spin, the backspin, and the topspin" that are unpredictable in the field. The fifth spin, the corkscrew, is very different from the rest as it was developed by a table tennis champion, Chill John.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Killian "North" Shaw is an Australian player who is a first-choice defender alongside Blok. He wears the number 8 jersey. His personality is described as a surfer who owns a beach shop and rides 'gnarly' waves. North Shaw sports a blonde afro hairstyle and eyebrows. His signature move is 'The Slide,' sliding to retrieve the ball from the opposition's feet. He is frenemies with Liquido of FC Hydra.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Jozef "Blok" Rybar is North Shaw's defensive partner who wears the 55 jerseys. He is from the fictional country of Brislovia, named after Bratislava and Slovakia. He is nicknamed "Blok," following his ability to "block" the ball very well. He is also a capable striker. He is rather terse, which is in stark contrast with his rather talkative teammates. However, most people cannot understand him when he speaks because he communicates almost exclusively in Brislovian, though he understands English. Blok's brother, Miroslav "Attak" Rybar, plays as a striker for FC Technicali.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Eagle Eye is the reserve defender Supa Strikas FC starting and wears a number 4 jersey. He is called Eagle Eye for he has sharp eyes that allow him to intercept the strikers from scoring. Eagle Eye is a native American from Las Vegas and used to play for FC Cosmos. He is close with the other young defenders, North Shaw and Blok. He has a high ability to score long-range goals. Eagle Eye is the oldest player in Supa Strikas.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Lankey is a substitute striker for El Matador, hailing from England. He is very tall and skinny and wears the number 23 jersey. He is a bit nervous when he gets the ball but always tries to do his best as a striker.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Griz is a substitute defender for North Shaw and wears the number 6 jersey. He has a tendency to vomit out of fear or nervousness about intense matches. He has orange hair and sometimes wears a headband. He is still a capable defender.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Rizo is a substitute midfielder mostly for Rasta or any of the wing midfielders, or sometimes even the forwards. He wears the number 3 jersey. He is not like other substitutes, because he is very serious in his game.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Noah is the substitute goalkeeper for Big Bo with jersey number 13. He is a solid keeper but he is usually injured by the opposition.


title: Supa Strikas

text: David Ledige is the coach of Supa Strikas hailing from Kenya. He is often deemed to be the greatest coach in the Super League. Coach is also considered one of the greatest players of all time, played for Supa Strikas wearing the number 11 jersey during his younger days, and has a reputation for playing in all positions. Coach has been inducted into the Museum of Soccer and two other great players, Edwin and Golare. He is strongly notable for his tactics and his strategies.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Spenza is Shakes's childhood best friend and a superfan of Supa Strikas. As a private investigator, he often helps Supa Strikas solve their problems on the field, particularly on sabotages from rival teams. He is always seen wearing a white hat and a magnifying glass at hand, and he loves to eat. He was a mechanic in earlier days.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Francheska, also known as Supa Fran, is a supporting character in seven episodes who appears to be Spenza's girlfriend. She is a huge fan of El Matador and Dancing Rasta. She appears in the episodes "El Sound of Silencio," "Dooma's Day," "The 12th Man", "Hot Property," "With Fans Like These," "Greetings From Sunny Feratuvia" and "The Crunch." She once rallied fans of Supa Strikas to gather outside the stadiums when they got unfairly banned from a match due to violence.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Mac is an Argentinian commentator for soccer games, who formerly played in the Super League as a defender. He usually acts crazy and immaturely.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Brenda is Mac's co-commentator from Portugal. Brenda is much more mature than Mac but joins in the craziness at times. She appears in all the episodes from season 2.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Jacques Cousteau is a French chef working for Supa Strikas. He is annoyed at his job with Supa Strikas because he could not show his culinary skills and was forced to cook diet food.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Albert is Big Bo's loyal butler. He makes a minor appearance in "Big Bo Lockdown", but in "Big Bo to Go" and "Scare Tactics", he makes a major appearance when he helps the protagonist.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Supa Strikas play with 10 men relevant on the team with the eleventh one being either Griz or Rizo. Their formation is 3-3-1-2.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Invincible United are the main antagonists from South Africa of Italian origins. They are Supa Strikas's biggest rivals. They were the best team in the league and the meanest and the most dishonest team in the Super League. Their coach is Vince and the team's lead striker, and the captain is Samson "Skarra" Mazuel, who was once Shakes's best friend until Shakes qualified for Supa Strikas. Starting from Season 3, Episode 39, and Season 5, Skarra was replaced by Dooma as the team's captain due his pride preventing him from doing actual teamwork. Invincible United players are Automatic, known for his powerful throw-ins; Dingaan, the team's primary defender; Snake; and their goalkeeper, The Web. Their home stadium is called The Vice, with a capacity of 60,000. The Façade and the general design of The Vice is based upon the Colosseum in Rome.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Sultans FC represents the United Arab Emirates. They are the wealthiest team in the Super League. The team's former star players were the Amal 3, Aziz, Akbar, and Alam. Upon their signing, the Amal 3 were the most expensive footballers in the Super League. Sultans lead striker, and the captain is Zoom Zahir. Other players include Eduardo, Erikson, and their goalkeeper, Fast Farouk. Their coach is Sheikh Ali Zaman (Arabic: علي زمان), who is a wealthy royal. The team is also known for often tricking people into unfair games and competition. Sultans home stadium is the Goliath Stadium, with a capacity of 150,000, in the middle of the desert.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Colossus is the team from Greece. The team's name is reflected in the size of the players, often vast and colossal. Their coach is Nick Kickalopolous (Greek: Νικ Κικκαλοπολους), and Demitrius is the team's central striker. Other players include Bemus, Parseus, Hermes, Achilles, and their goalkeeper, Titan. Their stadium is the Olympii Stadium and the stadium capacity is 65,000.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Orion FC is a French team based in Paris. The team's specialty is airborne play. Their coach, Professor Black, is crazy about space observation and exploration. Orion's lead striker is Andre Meda. Other players include Max and Stax Spacek, Ben Schwarma, Niell Sagan, and their goalkeeper, D'etoile Phinus. Their home stadium is called The Soccersphere, with a capacity of 65,000. The basement of The Soccersphere has a zero-gravity chamber, which Shakes stumbles upon.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Hydra FC also represents France. They are known as the fastest team in the Super League. The team is also noted for using technologies on playing matches, tilting the stadium when needed, which qualifies as cheating. Their coach is Alfredo Del Aqua, and Giorgio Liquido is the team's lead midfielder. The team's captain is Skipper, and its goalkeeper is The Plug. Other known players of the team include Shane Fin, Ripple White, and Joe Mamoa. Hydra's stadium is called the Floating Stadium as it is built on an ocean. The stadium has a capacity of 69,000.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Barka FC is a team representing Spain located in Barcelona and is loosely based on FC Barcelona. Their lead striker and the captain is Riano, a fair and honest player, based upon Lionel Messi. Their legendary players are Golare (named after Pep Guardiola) and El Ariete, who is now a header coach. Other known team players are Balito, Enrique, Jordi, Mendez, Paulo and goalkeeper, El Barerra. Barka's home ground is called Faux Camp (based on Camp Nou), and its capacity is 58,000.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Iron Tank FC is a team from Germany, and its players are made up of former and active members of the Bundeswehr. Their coach is Colonel Von Pushup, their lead defender and the captain is Johann Uber, their lead striker is Thor, their lead midfielder is Von Eye, and their goalkeeper is The Mangler. Other known players of Iron Tank are Ja Nein, a tech-savvy player, who often tricks and hypnotizes his teammates, and Erin, a substitute player. They are considered the most formidable and strongest team that the Super League has ever seen. They are the third strongest behind Supa Strikas and Invincible United. Their home stadium is called The Fortress Stadium, the 4th biggest stadium after Goliath Stadium, Ramba Stadium, and Strikaland, with a capacity of 75,000. The stadium is located high in the Alps, constantly covered in snow. While playing in The Fortress Stadium, opposition players and match officials wear unique clothing, and a bright orange ball is used. The high altitude results in opposition players experiencing nausea.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Nakama FC is the team representing Japan. The team is composed of karate and ninjutsu practitioners. Nakama's coach is Ura Giri (Japanese: ウラギリ), who publicly supports discipline and fair play and has even made the motto, "Honor and Trust,"; but in reality, he resorts to dirty play when his team could be defeated. Their lead striker is Miko Chen. Other known players of Nakama are Yugiro, Shinji, Keita, Kylo, Eddy Nakamura, Enzo Honda, Goji Ao, and their goalkeeper, Kendo. Nakama FC is Twisting Tiger's former team. The team's stadium is Ga Shuku Stadium and has a capacity of 70,000.


title: Supa Strikas

text: FC Technicali is a team from Los Angeles, United States. Their coach is 'The Inventor' Toni Vern. Their lead striker and the captain is Chuck T. Chipperson, John J. Johnson Jr. is the team's lead midfielder, and Benedict B. Bradley is their goalkeeper. Other known players of the team are Thaddeus Tarrington III, Kyle Kowalski, Rocky George, and Blok's brother, Attak. The team uses technology during games and is one of the most notorious cheaters in the Super League, after Invincible United. FC Technicali's home stadium is Technical Stadium, sometimes referred to as The Hub, and has a capacity of 68,000.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Grimm FC is Romanian team located in Feratuvia. Their coach is Coach Belmont, and the team's legend is Spike "Awesome" Dawson from the United States. Their lead midfielder and the captain is Vladimir Savich (Serbian:Владимир Савич) from Serbia. Other known team players are Scully Molder, Bones Jones, Rip Staples, Sloan Wolff and goalkeeper, Franklin Stein. Grim FC often uses Halloween tricks to scare the oppositions. The team's most prized possession is a book called the Tactanomicon, written by the team's former coaches. Grimm FC's home stadium is called The Cauldron, with a capacity of 40,000.


title: Supa Strikas

text: Cognito FC is an English team from Manchester. Their lead striker is Judge Caleb, an English footballer. Other players include Archie Tipp, Rory Shanks, Karl Young, Udi Pass, and their goalkeeper, Pavlov Jashin. Their coach is In-Yo, the only female coach in The Super League. In-Yo has a bitter-sweet past experience with Twisting Tiger and his ex-teammate Miko Chen. Their stadium is The Headquarters, with a capacity of 75,000. They have only appeared in two episodes, 'Hot Property' and 'Mind Over Matador.'


title: Supa Strikas

text: Cosmos FC hails from Las Vegas, United States. Their coach is Buddy Watkins, who owns the Buckingham Palace Hotel in Las Vegas. Their lead players are Ninja, an offensive player, and Bolo, a defensive player. Other team players are the team's captain Emilio, Scissors, Airborne, Scorpion, Jag, and goalkeeper Keller. Their stadium is The Universe with a capacity of 65,000.