title: Bunkers in Albania

text: There was also a third category of larger "special structures" for strategic purposes. The largest were bunker complexes tunnelled into mountains. At Linza near the capital, Tirana, a network of tunnels some long was built to protect members of the Interior Ministry and the Sigurimi (the secret police) from nuclear attack. Elsewhere, thousands of kilometres of tunnels were built to house political, military and industrial assets. Albania is said to have become the most tunnelled country in the world after North Korea. The tunnels were built in conditions of great secrecy. Engineering teams were not allowed to see construction through to completion but were rotated from site to site on a monthly basis.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: The bunkerisation programme was a massive drain on Albania's weak economy. The construction of prefabricated bunkers alone cost an estimated two percent of net material product, and in total the bunkers cost more than twice as much as the Maginot Line in France, consuming three times as much concrete. The programme diverted resources away from other forms of development, such as roads and residential buildings. On average, they are said to have each cost the equivalent of a two-room apartment and the resources used to build them could easily have resolved Albania's chronic shortage of housing. According to Josif Zagali, building twenty smaller bunkers cost as much as constructing a kilometre of road. It also had a human cost; 70–100 people a year died constructing the bunkers. In addition, the bunkers occupied and obstructed a significant area of arable land.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: The bunkerisation of the country had effects that went beyond their ubiquitous physical impact on the landscape. The bunkers were presented by the Party as both a symbol and a practical means of preventing Albania's subjugation by foreign powers, but some viewed them as a concrete expression of Hoxha's policy of isolationism – keeping the outside world at bay. Some Albanians saw them as an oppressive symbol of intimidation and control.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: Albanian author Ismail Kadare used the bunkers in his 1996 novel "The Pyramid" to symbolise the Hoxha regime's brutality and control, while Çashku has characterised the bunkers as "a symbol of totalitarianism" because of the "isolation psychology" that they represented. It has been argued that the bunkerisation programme was a form of "patterned large-scale construction" that "has a disciplinary potential as a means of familiarising a population with a given order of rule".


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: Hoxha's strategy of "people's war" also caused friction with the Albanian Army. The bunkers had little military value compared with a conventionally equipped and organised professional army. As one commentator has put it, "How long could one man in each bunker hold out? How would you resupply each individual bunker? How would they communicate with each other?" General Beqir Balluku, the Defense Minister and a member of the Politburo, publicly criticised the bunker system in a 1974 speech and disputed Hoxha's line that Albania was under equal threat from the United States and the Soviet Union. He argued that Albania needed a modern, well-equipped professional army rather than a poorly trained and equipped civilian militia. Hoxha responded by having Ballaku arrested, accusing him of being an agent of the Chinese and of working to bring about a military coup. Dubbed "the arch-traitor Ballaku", the general and his associates were convicted and punished according to "the laws of the dictatorship of the proletariat" – meaning that they were executed.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: Many other military figures, such as bunker designer Josif Zagali, were also caught up in the 1974 purges. The introduction of a new constitution two years later sealed Hoxha's absolute control of the military by appointing him as Commander-in-Chief of the Albanian People's Army and Chairman of the Defence Council.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: The bunkerization programme was stopped soon after Hoxha's death in 1985, leaving Albania's towns and countryside dotted with vast numbers of defensive bunkers. The bunkers still feature prominently in the Albanian landscape.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: A BBC reporter described in 1998 how they were ubiquitous on the road between Tirana and the city's airport, "looking down from every hillside, sprouting out of every bank". The solidity of the bunkers has made removal difficult. Some have been removed, particularly in cities, but in the countryside most bunkers have simply been abandoned. Some have been reused as housing for animals or as storehouses; others have been abandoned to lie derelict due to the cost of removing them.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: The extreme secrecy of Hoxha's regime meant that Albania's subsequent governments lacked information on how the bunkers had been used, or even how many had been built. In 2004 Albanian officials discovered a forgotten stockpile of 16 tons of mustard gas and other chemical weapons in an unguarded bunker only from Tirana. The United States government gave Albania $20 million to destroy the weapons. In other places, abandoned bunkers have become a lethal danger. In 2008 alone, at least five holiday-makers drowned when they were caught in whirlpools created by water currents around bunkers that had subsided into the sea. The Albanian army has carried out bunker removal programmes along the coastline, dragging them out of the ground with modified Type 59 tanks.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: Although the bunkers were never used in a real conflict during Hoxha's rule, some found use in conflicts that broke out in the 1990s. During the Albanian insurrection of 1997, the townspeople of Sarandë in southern Albania were reported to have taken up positions in bunkers around the town in the face of fighting between government troops and rebels. After the outbreak of the Kosovo War of 1999, border villages in Albania were repeatedly shelled by Serbian artillery batteries located in nearby Kosovo and local people used the bunkers to shelter from the shelling.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: Kosovo Albanian refugees took to using bunkers as temporary shelters until aid agencies could move them into tent camps, while NATO troops stationed in Albania relocated dozens of bunkers to fortify their base at Kukës. The Kosovo Liberation Army also used them as defensive positions during the Kosovo War, though this was not without its risks; on at least one occasion bunkers along Albania's border with Kosovo were mistakenly bombed by NATO aircraft.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: An acute shortage of housing after the fall of the Hoxha dictatorship in 1992 led some Albanians to set up homes in abandoned bunkers, though the lack of running water and sanitation meant that the area around inhabited bunkers soon became contaminated and unhealthy. A few bunkers have found more creative uses. In the coastal city of Durrës one beachside bunker has been turned into the "Restaurant Bunkeri", and another bunker in Gjirokastër was turned into a café.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: There have been various suggestions for what to do with them: ideas have included pizza ovens, solar heaters, beehives, mushroom farms, projection rooms for drive-in cinemas, beach huts, flower planters, youth hostels, and kiosks.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: In November 2014, a "five star" nuclear shelter built near Tirana for Hoxha was opened as a tourist attraction and art exhibition. The large bunker contains a museum with exhibits from World War II and the Hoxhaist period.


title: Bunkers in Albania

text: Albania's bunkers have become a national symbol. Pencil holders and ashtrays in the shape of bunkers have become one of the country's most popular tourist souvenirs. One such line of bunker souvenirs was promoted with a message to buyers: "Greetings to the land of the bunkers. We assumed that you could not afford to buy a big one."


title: DS2 (album)

text: DS2 (abbreviation of Dirty Sprite 2) is the third studio album by American rapper Future. It was released on July 17, 2015, through A1 Recordings and Freebandz, and distributed by Epic Records. The album serves as the sequel to his breakout mixtape, "Dirty Sprite" (2011). It features production from Metro Boomin, Southside, and Zaytoven, among others. The album was supported by three singles: "Fuck Up Some Commas", "Where Ya At", and "Stick Talk".


title: DS2 (album)

text: "DS2" received generally positive reviews from critics, and was ranked as one of the best albums of 2015 and the decade by several publications. The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, and it earned 151,000 units in its first week. By January 2016, the album sold 344,000 in the United States. In July 2022, the album was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: DS2 (album)

text: On July 10, 2015, Future posted the cover artwork, while announcing that his new album would be called "DS2", and would be released on July 17, 2015. The track list of the album was released on July 15, 2015.


title: DS2 (album)

text: The basis for the album's cover art is a stock photo sold through Shutterstock with the title "Color drop in water, photographed in motion. Ink swirling in water. Cloud of silky ink in water isolated on white background. Colorful ink in water, ink drop". The image was created by Sanja Tošić, an artist based in Slovenia. Although she did not know who Future was until "The Fader" contacted her to ask about the album art, Tošić said that she would buy a copy of his album.


title: DS2 (album)

text: The album's lead single, "Fuck Up Some Commas", was released on March 2, 2015, the music video for the song was released on March 27. It peaked at number 55 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: DS2 (album)

text: The album's second single, "Where Ya At" featuring Drake, was released on July 16, 2015, the song peaked at number 28 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: DS2 (album)

text: "Stick Talk" was later sent to rhythmic contemporary radio as the album's third single on February 1, 2016, the song peaked at number 91 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: DS2 (album)

text: "DS2" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 80, based on 22 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.3 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: DS2 (album)

text: AllMusic wrote that with "DS2" Future solidified himself as, "a strange and yet in command figure standing at the center of a slick, inventive swirl of music". Kris Ex of "Billboard" stated, "Produced by a handful of trusted Atlanta trap producers, "DS2" is gothic, narcotic and full of overcast skies". "Complex" wrote of the album, "If you've followed Future's recent moves, "DS2" is not unprecedented, but it greatly enhances the brooding ambiance of his recent work, a dive further into the abyss". Brian Josephs of "Consequence" stated, ""DS2" is his strongest campaign yet, and it's the first time a new Future album has met all expectations". Calum Slingerland of "Exclaim!" wrote that "the majority of these beats hit to hurt, and though the emotional Future that listeners have come to know through past cuts "Throw Away" and "My Savages" has been dialed back, the honesty and vulnerability come through when it counts". Sheldon Pearce of "HipHopDX" stated, ""Dirty Sprite 2" doesn't survey any new territory for the croaking crooner, but it magnifies the depth of his distress and channels it into an even richer multilayered sonic experience".


title: DS2 (album)

text: Chris Kelly of "Fact" said, ""DS2" is a relentless, dud-free hour that adds in most of his recent highlights to complete the story of his last year". Reviewing the album's deluxe edition for "Vice", Robert Christgau deemed "DS2" a "miserable minor masterpiece" that is "all the proof we needed that money can't buy happiness". Brian Duricy of "PopMatters" said, "Self-mythologizing aside, the music on "DS2" is worthy of the praise lauded on Future". Meaghan Garvey of "Pitchfork" stated, "Future was always straightforward, never ashamed to confess his depression or infatuation, but the narratives never felt so focused, nuanced, or vulnerable than here". Christopher R. Weingarten of "Rolling Stone" stated, "It has little of the far-reaching ambition of "Honest", but what it lacks in bold stroke, it more than makes up for in consistency". Drew Millard of "Spin" stated, ""Dirty Sprite 2" is a tremendous compendium of everything you want from a Future album in 2015". Vish Khanna of "Now" said, "In lieu of artistry or any semblance of lyrical spark, "DST" offers monotonous production and relentless chanting".


title: DS2 (album)

text: "DS2" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 151,000 album-equivalent units; it sold 126,000 copies in its first week. By January 2016, the album sold 344,000 copies domestically. On July 27, 2022, the album was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales, streaming and track-sale equivalents of three million units.


title: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 2020s

text: The FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives during the 2020s is a list, maintained for an eighth decade, of the Ten Most Wanted Fugitives of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. At any given time, the FBI is actively searching for 12,000 fugitives. , six new fugitives have been added to the list.


title: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 2020s

text: The FBI in the past has identified individuals by the sequence number in which each individual has appeared on the list. Some individuals have even appeared twice, and often a sequence number was permanently assigned to an individual suspect who was soon caught, captured, or simply removed, before his or her appearance could be published on the publicly released list. In those cases, the public would see only gaps in the number sequence reported by the FBI. For convenient reference, the wanted suspect's sequence number and date of entry on the FBI list appear below, whenever possible.


title: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives, 2020s

text: It was not until June 2020 before any of the previous fugitives were captured. A second fugitive was caught in August 2020, and the first replacement was named in October 2020. Despite being captured in August 2020, the second fugitive was not replaced until September 2021. The list includes (in FBI list appearance sequence order):


title: Sophie Raworth

text: Sophie Jane Raworth () (born 15 May 1968) is an English journalist, newsreader and broadcaster working for the BBC. She is a senior newsreader and is one of the main presenters of BBC News (mainly "BBC News at Six" and "BBC News at Ten"). She can often be found presenting state occasions. She also presents the BBC's Election Night coverage alongside various other presenters.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: In 2015, she became the new presenter of consumer affairs programme "Watchdog" and in 2016, began presenting "Crimewatch", both for BBC One.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: Sophie Jane Raworth was born on 15 May 1968 in Surrey to a florist mother and a businessman father. She grew up in Twickenham in Middlesex and attended the independent Putney High and St Paul's Girls' schools.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: After completing a degree in French and German at the University of Manchester, Raworth spent a year teaching English to teenagers in Toulouse before studying for a postgraduate course in broadcasting and journalism at City, University of London.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: Raworth joined the BBC in 1992 as a news reporter, first for Greater Manchester Radio and then, in April 1994, as BBC Regions correspondent in Brussels. In May 1995, she became the regular joint presenter of BBC's "Look North" programme in Leeds.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: Raworth moved to national television in 1997, to co-present the BBC's "Breakfast News" programme on BBC One, initially with Justin Webb, and in later years, with John Nicolson.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: Raworth then joined the BBC's early morning news programme "Breakfast" at its launch in 2000, which she presented alongside Jeremy Bowen and in later years, Dermot Murnaghan, on Monday–Thursdays, and sometimes with regular relief presenters such as Bill Turnbull and Michael Peschardt. She then moved to the "BBC Six O'Clock News" in January 2003 which she presented alongside George Alagiah; she was a presenter on this bulletin until October 2005 when she went on maternity leave, and was replaced by Natasha Kaplinsky. In March 2006 Raworth was named as the main presenter of the "BBC News at One", replacing Anna Ford on Monday-Thursdays. She took up the position in June 2006 after returning from maternity leave. She also can occasionally be seen presenting relief shifts on the rolling news channel BBC News Channel.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: Raworth has presented several BBC specials, including coverage of the Queen's Golden Jubilee and "Our Monarchy – the Next 50 Years", both alongside David Dimbleby. In addition, she has appeared on "Tomorrow's World" and, in the early 2000s, entertainment programmes such as "Dream Lives" and the quiz show "Judgemental".


title: Sophie Raworth

text: In 2004, Raworth appeared on the BBC fashion show "What Not to Wear", in which she was given a makeover by style advisors Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine. In 2006 she was part of the television coverage of the Children's Party at the Palace, an event to celebrate the Queen's 80th birthday. Along with Huw Edwards, she presented some fake news updates for the programme, which led to many complaints from viewers. Raworth had a cameo role as a newsreader in the last series of the BBC comedy series "My Hero".


title: Sophie Raworth

text: At the end of the "One O'Clock News" on 31 January 2008, she announced that she would be leaving the programme until the summer, and confirmed Kate Silverton as presenting the bulletin during her absence. Raworth returned on 25 August 2008, after the birth of her third child, with the presentation of the Bank Holiday edition of the BBC News at One, BBC News at Six and BBC News at Ten. Raworth ran the Great North Run on 5 October 2008.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: Since early 2009, Raworth has been the main relief presenter on the "BBC News at Six" and a regular relief presenter on the "BBC News at Ten", often presenting when regular presenters Huw Edwards, Fiona Bruce and George Alagiah are not available. She has also appeared in place of Andrew Marr on "The Andrew Marr Show", and presented on the "BBC News Channel" (formerly known as "BBC News 24").


title: Sophie Raworth

text: In May 2009, she presented "The Trouble with Working Women" with reporter and father-of-three Justin Rowlatt on the BBC. The programme looked at the role of the working woman. In 2009, she presented "Crimewatch Roadshow" on BBC One on weekday mornings.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: In 2013, Raworth had a cameo appearance at the start of the film "A Good Day to Die Hard" as herself.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: On 16 July 2013, Raworth was given an Award of Doctor of Arts "honoris causa" by City University London. Raworth presented "Watchdog Daily" in 2012 and "Watchdog Test House" in 2014 and 2015, before landing the role of main presenter on "Watchdog" in September 2015. She replaced Anne Robinson.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: In February 2016, Raworth replaced Kirsty Young as main anchor of "Crimewatch". She previously guest presented the programme in 2012.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: In 2018, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Royal Air Force, Raworth presented a documentary called "RAF 100: Into the Blue", where she talked about her grandfather, Captain Edwin Raworth, who was a pilot in the First World War.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: On 3 December 2021, the BBC announced that Raworth will be the interim presenter on BBC One's "Sunday Morning" (currently The Andrew Marr Show) from 9 January 2022.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: In March 2017, the genealogy programme, "Who Do You Think You Are?" on BBC television, featured Raworth's family story. It revealed that she was descended from non-conformist ancestors who were members of the New Jerusalem Church. They lived in Birmingham at a time when the city was rocked by religious riots in 1791 with people like her ancestors being the targets. In the aftermath of the riots, Raworth's ancestors, William and Martha Mott, took a great risk by uprooting their young family to move to North America. However, within two years of arriving, the parents had died of yellow fever and the children were sent back to England. Raworth discovers in the programme that she was not descended from noted piano maker Henry Isaac Robert Mott as the family had believed, but from his cousin, Samuel Mott, who was sacked from the piano company and ended up taking his own life.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: Investigating another branch of her paternal family tree, she found a long line of horticultural heritage stretching back to the 1700s, and beginning with her great-grandfather Edgar Cussons Crowder, who once worked in the Palm House at Kew Gardens. Further research reveals that her five-times great-grandfather, Abraham Crowder, grew and sold pineapple plants in the 18th century, at a time when the fruit was a prestigious luxury.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: On 17 April 2011, Raworth completed the London Marathon, despite collapsing two miles from the finish line. By 2017, she had completed all six World Marathon Majors.


title: Sophie Raworth

text: In April 2018, Raworth completed the Marathon des Sables, a six-day, ultramarathon in the Sahara Desert.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Project DIVA" titles are rhythm games in which players are allowed to choose from a wide variety of Vocaloid songs, original songs sung by Vocaloids, including songs sung by Hatsune Miku, Kagamine Rin and Len, Megurine Luka, Kaito, and Meiko. Players also can choose which character they wish to play in the game. Known as modules, these modules can be completely different characters or simply different costumes for the same characters. These modules, though not directly controlled by the player, will be the ones appearing in the music videos throughout the game including their specific costumes. For example, if the player chooses Kagamine Rin for their first character and Hatsune Miku for their second character, only Kagamine Rin appears in the video during solo songs, but for duets both Hatsune Miku and Kagamine Rin will appear. Each of the songs have their own difficulties, ranging from Easy, Normal, Hard, Extreme and Extra Extreme for some songs in newer games. Initially both the Easy and Normal difficulties of a song are unlocked, upon clearing the Normal difficulty, the Hard difficulty will be unlocked and so forth. Players progress through the game by completing songs and unlocking more new songs until they eventually unlock all songs.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: Gameplay is similar to that of other rhythm games, in which players must press a series of buttons according to the sequence on the screen. The game primarily makes use of the 4 main symbols, cross, circle, square and triangle, which are the face buttons for the PlayStation controllers. Various floating gray buttons of those symbols will appear on the screen, and the colored version of those symbols will begin to float in from the various sides of the screen. The player is required to press the face button once the colored symbol lands on its grayed version and based on the player's timing their accuracy is rated. Accuracy is described with a word displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, ranging from "Cool" to "Miss". The game is scored on accuracy and the player is awarded with a rank ranging from "Perfect" to "Dropout" (denoted by "DropXOut"). It also includes a chance mode whereby the combo system compounds points earned, for example one perfect note gives the player 100 points, if they have a combo of 34 notes, the 34th note alone gives them an additional 3400 points.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: In addition to the game's standard rhythm game feature, user-generated content may be created in the game's Edit Mode, which allows users to create their own custom Promotional Video (PV) or Music Video, using songs already in the game or any custom MP3 format music file for the PV. Players can customize the video playing in the background, the various modules, backgrounds, costumes and even dance moves by the modules in the PV. Players can also modify the module's face to make the module appear to be singing so as to lip-sync the custom song to the video. Other than the Edit Mode, there is also a Diva's Room mode in which players can buy and obtain items throughout the game or from the in-game store to decorate their module's room with. Players can also take screenshots of their modules whilst they are playing in their room.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA" is the first game in the "Project DIVA" series, first released on July 2, 2009 for the PlayStation Portable handheld. The game was later playable on the PlayStation 3 using software known as "Dreamy Theater", which allowed connectivity between the PSP and the PS3.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Arcade" is an arcade game in the "Project DIVA" series, and featured many new exclusive features. An updated port of the original "Project DIVA" game, the "Arcade" version featured many new songs from the unreleased "Project DIVA 2nd", along with updated high definition visuals akin to the "Dreamy Theater" version of the first game. A sequel titled "Project DIVA Arcade Future Tone" was announced on May 22, 2013, and later released on November 21, 2013. The game was ported to the PlayStation 4 in 2016 (2017 in America) under the name "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Future Tone".


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA 2nd" is the sequel to "Project DIVA" and was released on July 29, 2010 for the PlayStation Portable handheld, almost exactly one year after the first game. Similar to the first game, "Dreamy Theater 2nd" was also released, allowing players to play the game on the PlayStation 3 with high definition visuals. This second instalment of Dreamy Theater introduced stereoscopic 3D for the first time in the series. The game introduced new features including a new difficulty, duet songs and DIVA Room, while main gameplay largely remained unchanged.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Extend" is an expansion to "Project DIVA 2nd" for the PlayStation Portable with the interface, graphics and gameplay being virtually the same as "Project DIVA 2nd". It was released on November 10, 2011 and featured a wide variety of new models and new songs. The game allowed players to import data from "Project DIVA 2nd" into the game, including saves, songs, costumes and downloadable content. Similar to past games in the series, a companion game "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Dreamy Theater Extend" was released on the PlayStation 3 on September 13, 2012 with improved visuals and support for stereoscopic 3D.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA F" is the next main entry in the "Project DIVA" series that makes its debut on the PlayStation Vita and on the PlayStation 3 as a full-fledged game rather than downloadable software like "Dreamy Theater". It was released on August 30, 2012 for the PlayStation Vita and on March 7, 2013 for the PlayStation 3. Though both are essentially the same game, the PS3 version includes additional songs and costumes. The songs were later released as downloadable content for the PlayStation Vita. The PlayStation Vita version also has additional gameplay features such as "scratch" that make use of its touch-screen and touch-panel features and AR features using the front and back camera.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: On March 7, 2013, Sega posted an image of "Project DIVA F" on their Facebook page, asking fans to like and share if they want to see the game released in Western territories. The game was released in the United States on 27 August and 3 September in Europe.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA F 2nd" is the direct sequel to "Project DIVA F", and was also available on PlayStation Vita and PlayStation 3. It was released on March 27, 2014.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA X" was announced on the eighth anniversary of Hatsune Miku (August 31, 2015). It was released in Japan on March 24, 2016 for the PlayStation Vita and on August 25, 2016 for the PlayStation 4. "Project Diva X" was released in Europe and North America on August 30, 2016.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: Future Tone" is a PlayStation 4 port of the arcade game of the same name, first released on the PlayStation Store in Japan on June 23, 2016. It consists of two main content packs, "Future Sound" (focusing on songs that debuted on PlayStation platforms) and "Colorful Tone" (focusing on songs that debuted on non-PlayStation platforms). A demo version of the game, branded as "Prelude", is available for free on PlayStation Store, containing two songs. It can be upgraded into the full game by purchasing at least one of the two aforementioned packs as downloadable content. Five "Encore" DLC packs, consisting of additional songs and other content, were released on June 9, 2016, January 6, 2017, March 9, 2017, July 2, 2020 and October 15, 2020, respectively. The game was released in Europe and North America on January 10, 2017. A physical version, "Future Tone DX", was released in Japan on November 22, 2017; it contains both core content packs and all existing DLC, two additional songs and modules, and a photo mode within the music video mode. It was also released in a limited edition bundle, adding a three-disc Blu-ray compilation of 200 music videos from the series.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: On July 1, 2019, in honor of the franchise's 10th anniversary, Sega announced "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Mega39's" for the Nintendo Switch. The game includes 101 songs, including 10 new songs (which were later released as a DLC port to the "Future Tone" game), a more anime-like art style featuring cel shaded graphics, and new gameplay modes that utilize the Joy-Con controllers. At Magical Mirai 2019, Sega announced that the game would be released in Japan on February 13, 2020, and in Western regions on May 15, 2020. Western versions are retitled "MegaMix"; the Japanese title is a pun based on the Japanese pronunciation of "39's", which sounds similar to "Miku's" and "Mix". Additionally, a limited edition bundle with a five-disc soundtrack and art book among other items was made available alongside the game's Japanese release.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: On May 26, 2022 it was released on Microsoft Windows via Steam as "Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA MegaMix+/Mega 39s+". This enhanced version features additional songs, as well as the ability to switch the graphic style to the one used in "Project DIVA Future Tone".


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku and Future Stars: Project Mirai" is a spin-off from the series, with different gameplay from the main series and an art style based on Nendoroid figures. It is the first game in the series to be released on the Nintendo 3DS. The game was released on March 8, 2012, and it added several new features to the series including Augmented Reality features using AR cards to show 3D models on the 3DS Cameras, as well as the option to change voice and lyrics in a song to match the selected Vocaloid.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: Project Mirai 2" is a direct sequel to "Hatsune Miku and Future Stars: Project Mirai" and the second game to be released for the Nintendo 3DS. It was released on November 28, 2013. The game makes use of the touch screen, circle pad, and directional pad. It also makes use of Internet Co., Ltd. Vocaloid, Gumi and has a mini-game based on the "Puyo Puyo" series.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: Project Mirai DX" is an upgraded version of "Hatsune Miku: Project Mirai 2" that added one new song, new videos, a new chart, and a new higher difficulty option. It was the first "Project Mirai" game on the Nintendo 3DS to be released outside of Japan. The game was released on May 28, 2015 in Japan, September 8, 2015 in North America, and on September 11, 2015 in Europe.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Miku Flick" is a spin-off from the series developed for mobile devices. Although it features identical art styles and PVs, its gameplay differs from main titles. The game was released on iOS in Japan on March 9, 2012 and internationally on April 9, 2012 making it the first game in the series to ever be localized into English. The game features a different gameplay whereby the player "flicks" the lyrics of the song in certain directions. The lyrics are placed on 10 separate tiles and players have to flick those tiles in the given direction.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Miku Flick 02" is a spin-off in the "Project DIVA" series and a sequel to "Miku Flick". The game is the second to be released on the iOS platform and the second game to be released in English. In addition, the game features Kagamine Rin, Kagamine Len and Megurine Luka as playable characters whilst the first game only featured Hatsune Miku. The game also adds other gameplay options, and support for new songs and new costumes as downloadable content.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: "Hatsune Miku: VR Future Live" is a VR-based entry in the series, which is available for free in the West and can be played on PlayStation VR. However, one of the three Stage Packs need to be purchased in order to play.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: In August 2019, Sega announced a spin-off free-to-play game, "Project Sekai: Colorful Stage feat. Hatsune Miku", being developed for smartphones by "BanG Dream! Girls Band Party!" studio, Craft Egg. After a beta period, the game was officially released on September 30, 2020. The game features a story about original human characters told in a visual novel format and a rhythm gameplay similar to Sega's 2015 arcade game "Chunithm". The game also employs a gacha system and is updated regularly with songs and event stories. It was released worldwide under the new name "Hatsune Miku: Colorful Stage!" on December 7, 2021.


title: Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA

text: The series has been popular among fans in Japan, having sold over 1 million copies as of April 2012 in Japan alone. In July 2014, Sega announced that the franchise has sold a total of 2.5 million games within Japan. By November 2014, the franchise had sold 4.5 million units at retail and downloads. By March 2017, the series had sold 5.3 million units. As of 2018, the series has sold 6million units.


title: Athletics at the Summer Olympics

text: Athletics has been contested at every Summer Olympics since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics. The athletics program traces its earliest roots to events used in the ancient Greek Olympics. The modern program includes track and field events, road running events, and race walking events. Cross country running was also on the program in earlier editions but it was dropped after the 1924 Summer Olympics.


title: Athletics at the Summer Olympics

text: The events contested have varied widely. From 1900 to 1920, tug of war was considered to be part of the Olympic athletics programme, although the sports of tug of war and athletics are now considered distinct.


title: Athletics at the Summer Olympics

text: No new events have been added to the men's athletics programme since the 1952 addition of the short racewalk. The roster of events has not changed since then, with the exception of the omission of the long racewalk in 1976 (the IAAF held a 50 km walk World Championships that year instead and as a result the event was restored in 1980). The long racewalk is the only event currently held for men but not included on the women's programme, with the exception of women taking part in the heptathlon rather than the decathlon and the 100 metres hurdles rather than the 110 metres hurdles. The last women's event added to the roster was the 3000 metres steeplechase in 2008.


title: Athletics at the Summer Olympics

text: A total of 52 different events have been held in the men's competition. The current list comprises 23 events. Many of the discontinued events were similar to modern ones but at different lengths, especially in the steeplechasing, hurdling, and racewalking disciplines. Team racing events have been eliminated after appearing in six early editions of the Games. The athletic triathlon (an unusual event, held only once and featuring gymnasts competing in the long jump, shot put, and 100 metre dash) and pentathlon multi-discipline events were phased out in favor of the decathlon, and the medley relay replaced with even-leg relays. Standing jump competitions are no longer held, nor are the various modified throwing events which were experimented with in 1908 and 1912. Cross country running was on the program from 1912 to 1924 and is the most prominent form of athletics not to feature at the Olympics.


title: Athletics at the Summer Olympics

text: The mixed event, a 4 x 400 meters relay, first made an appearance at the 2020 Summer Olympics. The event includes teams of four athletes, two men and two women who are allowed to run in any order decided by the team.


title: Athletics at the Summer Olympics

text: Nearly every nation that has competed at the Olympics has entered the athletics competition, except Bhutan. The number in each box represents the number of athletes the nation sent.


title: Mooo!

text: "Mooo!" (often stylized in all caps as "MOOO!") is a song by American rapper and singer Doja Cat. After originally being self-published exclusively as a music video on August 10, 2018, it became a viral internet meme and amassed over 578 million views. It was subsequently released as the lead single from the deluxe edition (and third overall) of her debut studio album "Amala." The viral success of "Mooo!" is considered to have been a major influence to Doja Cat's internet fame, ultimately "setting the tone for her career", despite being considered by Doja Cat herself as a "throwaway" and a "joke".


title: Mooo!

text: Prior to the release of "Mooo!", Doja Cat had released her "moderately successful" debut studio album, "Amala", in March 2018. She developed the song as an inside joke alongside her fans in early August 2018, not expecting it to go further than SoundCloud. She told "Dazed", "We started it on Instagram live, just me and 60 other people, and we all had fun coming up with puns and metaphors." The song was inspired by Doja Cat's cow-print costume set which she wears throughout the song's music video. She wrote and recorded the song in six hours, while in bed in the costume. Doja Cat used a sample of Wes Montgomery's "Polka Dots and Moonbeams", which producer Troy NōKA had chopped and sent to her the night before. After making a beat with the sample and recording vocals in Logic Pro, she immediately began filming the song's music video from her bedroom. According to Doja Cat, she completed the song and its video within 12.5 hours of one day.


title: Mooo!

text: The song's music video gained over five million views in two weeks. After the video's viral success an updated single was released.


title: Mooo!

text: "Mooo!" is "a rather simple, jazzy song about the important things in life: eating cheeseburgers, maybe doing some kissing, and generally not being in the mood to do anything else." A novelty song, Doja Cat raps about being a cow, despite her name, and the pleasures of farm life in a pseudo-sexual way. The song contains a plethora of cows "mooing" (mainly COW - SINGLE MOO, ANIMAL 02 from Sound Ideas's The General Series 6000) background vocals over "swelling harmonies" and jazz guitar. The refrain goes "Bitch I'm a cow / Bitch I'm a cow / I'm not a cat / I don't say meow". The song features a lyrical reference to the nursery rhyme "Old MacDonald Had a Farm (E-I-E-I-O!)", while also referencing hip hop songs including Ludacris's "Move Bitch", Schoolboy Q's "Collard Greens", Chamillionaire's "Ridin'", Kelis's "Milkshake", Tear Da Club Up Thugs's "Slob on My Nob", and Wu Tang Clan's "Cash Rules Everything Around Me".


title: Mooo!

text: To prepare for filming, Doja Cat hammered a green bed sheet to her bedroom wall to act as a green screen and inserted GIFs from Google into Photo Booth. The video for "Mooo!" features Doja Cat clad in cow-print pajamas with french fries in her nose and eating various fast food items. She raps in front of a green screen which alternates between cartoonish GIFs of food, farms, and bouncing anime breasts, as well as brief video samples from Cyriak's "cows & cows & cows". The video was filmed and edited by Doja Cat herself in the timespan of five hours maximum. She said in an interview that the green screen was actually made of her childhood bedsheets, as she was "obsessed with green" as a kid. The DIY video has been praised for its "lo-fi", and "low budget" nature. Sofia Mele of "Billboard" compared the video to that of John Mayer's "New Light" whilst describing it as a "meme-maker's paradise, charmingly kitschy in its use of green screen".


title: Mooo!

text: The American animal rights organization PETA responded to the song's music video with a parody video told from the perspective of a cow that Kristin Corry of "Vice" described as "pretty damn rude". Doja Cat responded to the parody, saying, "PETA can't say shit and they can suck it because I didn't actually hurt anybody. I didn't hurt any cows, dogs, cats, or frogs, or fucking ants. I'm not worth picking on." In addition to the parody, Doja Cat also responded to the negative criticism towards "Mooo!", tweeting: "I love that the majority of you guys are healthy and normal and then all of the people who don't like moo are taking their lives and a song I wrote about cows all too seriously, losing hair over it. I like to disappoint woke-hip-hop people."


title: Mooo!

text: Susanna Heller from "Insider" described it as "the song of the summer", "a classic", and "a bop". Jordan Sargent of "The Face" wrote that the song "might seem silly, but at its core it's a tender and affecting piece of songwriting about perseverance and individuality". Aaron Williams of "Uproxx" said the song was "silly and strange and alarmingly catchy, exactly the sort of thing calculated to go viral on social media" while praising the "bold, hilarious rhymes". "Mooo!" was ranked at No. 2 on "Paper"'s list of The 100 Best Songs of 2018. Critics said the song was a great introduction to Doja Cat's catalog. Reporting for "Pitchfork" about Doja Cat's rise to fame with a throwaway song after the "sleepy rollout" of "Amala", Rawiya Kameir wrote "The sudden attention from 'MOOO!' gave [Doja Cat] an opportunity to remake her career in a way that suited her personality more, and the influx of followers meant leverage. Still, she acknowledges that there was a little smarting at getting so much attention for a throwaway, instead of an album that she'd worked hard on." Nitish Pahwa of "Slate" said the "throwaway song" was "perhaps her most mainstream claim to fame".


title: Polyphagia

text: Polyphagia or hyperphagia is an abnormally strong, incessant sensation of hunger or desire to eat often leading to overeating. In contrast to an increase in appetite following exercise, polyphagia does not subside after eating and often leads to rapid intake of excessive quantities of food. Polyphagia is not a disorder by itself; rather, it is a symptom indicating an underlying medical condition. It is frequently a result of abnormal blood glucose levels (both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia), and, along with polydipsia and polyuria, it is one of the "3 Ps" commonly associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.


title: Polyphagia

text: The word "polyphagia" () uses combining forms of "poly-" + "-phagia", from the Greek words πολύς (polys), "very much" or "many", and φαγῶ (phago), "eating" or "devouring".


title: Polyphagia

text: Polyphagia is one of the most common symptoms of diabetes mellitus. It is associated with hyperthyroidism and endocrine diseases, e.g., Graves' disease, and it has also been noted in Prader-Willi syndrome and other genetic conditions caused by chromosomal anomalies. It is only one of several diagnostic criteria for bulimia and is not by itself classified as an eating disorder. As a symptom of Kleine–Levin syndrome, it is sometimes termed megaphagia.


title: Polyphagia

text: Changes in hormones associated with the female menstrual cycle can lead to extreme hunger right before the period. Spikes in estrogen and progesterone and decreased serotonin can lead to cravings for carbohydrates and fats. These can be all part of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).


title: Polyphagia

text: According to the National Center for Biomedical Information, polyphagia is found in the following conditions:


title: Polyphagia

text: Diabetes mellitus causes a disruption in the body's ability to transfer glucose from food into energy. Intake of food causes glucose levels to rise without a corresponding increase in energy, which leads to a persistent sensation of hunger. Polyphagia usually occurs early in the course of diabetic ketoacidosis. However, once insulin deficiency becomes more severe and ketoacidosis develops, appetite is suppressed.


title: The Purple Gang

text: The Purple Gang, also known as the Sugar House Gang, was a criminal mob of bootleggers and hijackers comprised predominantly of Jewish gangsters. They operated in Detroit, Michigan, during the 1920s of the Prohibition era and came to be Detroit's dominant criminal gang. Excessive violence and infighting caused the gang to destroy itself in the 1930s.


title: The Purple Gang

text: The Michigan legislature prohibited the sale of liquor in 1917, three years before national Prohibition was established by a constitutional amendment. Along with temperance supporters, industrialist Henry Ford owned the River Rouge plant and desired a sober workforce, so he backed the Damon Act, a state law that, along with the Wiley Act, prohibited virtually all possession, manufacture, or sale of alcohol starting in 1918. Detroit is close to Ohio, so bootleggers and others would import liquor from Toledo where it was still legal. They also smuggled liquor in from Canada.


title: The Purple Gang

text: Judges took a lenient view of offenders. The Damon Act was declared unconstitutional in 1919 by the state supreme court.


title: The Purple Gang

text: In 1920 the Eighteenth Amendment was adopted and prohibition took effect throughout the United States. Canada, particularly the port city of Windsor, Ontario directly across the Detroit River from Detroit, became a major point for smuggling alcohol products into the US. The Canadian government had also banned the use of alcoholic beverages but still approved and licensed distilleries and breweries to manufacture and export alcohol.


title: The Purple Gang

text: Detroit's immigrant neighborhoods suffered from widespread poverty, as did many in major cities at the beginning of the 20th century. To survive, some residents turned to crime, which they enforced with violence. The Hastings Street neighborhood in Detroit's lower east side was known as "Paradise Valley". Most of the Purple Gang's core members went to Bishop School, where many had been placed in the division for "problem" children. The gang members were mostly American-born children of Jewish immigrants, primarily from Russia and Poland, who had come to the United States in the great immigration wave from 1881 to 1914. The gang was led by brothers Abe, Joe, Raymond, and Izzy Bernstein, who had moved to Detroit from New York City.


title: The Purple Gang

text: The Purple Gang started off as petty thieves and extortionists, but they quickly progressed to armed robbery and truck hijacking under the tutelage of older neighborhood gangsters (Charles Leiter and Henry Shorr). They gained notoriety for their operations and savagery, and they imported gangsters from other cities to work as "muscle" for the gang.


title: The Purple Gang

text: There are various theories as to the origin of the name "Purple Gang". One version says that a member of the gang was a boxer who wore purple shorts during his bouts. Another was that the name came from a conversation between two shop keepers:


title: The Purple Gang

text: "Yes," replied the other shopkeeper. "They're rotten, purple like the color of bad meat, they're a Purple Gang."


title: The Purple Gang

text: It was known that in 1929, there were 25,000 illegal saloons in the Detroit city, so there was a large business for bootleggers, including the Purple Gang. The gang became hijackers and gained a reputation for stealing the alcohol cargos of older and more established criminal gangs. The Purple Gang also employed gangs for raw labor and transport; for example, the Purple Gang enlisted “The Little Jewish Navy” to carry alcohol over the Detroit River from Canada before selling it themselves. Chicago gangster Al Capone was against expanding his rackets in Detroit, so he began a business accommodation with the Purple Gang in order to prevent a bloody war. For several years, the gang managed the prosperous business of supplying Canadian whisky to the Capone organization in Chicago. The Purple Gang was involved in various other criminal actions, such as kidnapping other gangsters for ransom, which became very popular during this era. The FBI suspected that they were involved with the Lindbergh baby kidnapping.


title: The Purple Gang

text: By the late 1920s, the Purple Gang reigned supreme over the Detroit underworld, controlling the city's vice, gambling, liquor, and drug trade. They also ran the local wire service, providing horse racing information to local horse betting parlors. The gang members consorted with more infamous mobsters, branching into other cities, as well. Abe Bernstein was a friend of Meyer Lansky and Joe Adonis, with whom he owned several Miami, Florida gambling casinos in his later years. The gang hijacked prizefight films and forced movie theaters to show them for a high fee. They also defrauded insurance companies by staging fake accidents. Altogether, the Purple Gang is alleged to have been responsible for 500 murders in the city.


title: The Purple Gang

text: As the gang grew in size and influence, they began hiring themselves out as hitmen and took part in the Cleaners and Dyers war. The Purples profited from the Detroit laundry industry unions and associations. They were hired out to keep union members in line and to harass non-union independents. Bombing, arson, theft, and murder were the usual tactics that the gang employed to enforce union policy.


title: The Purple Gang

text: Abe Axler and Eddie Fletcher were reputedly imported from New York City to take part in the scheme (although other sources put their origins in Detroit). In 1927, nine members of the Purple Gang (Abe Bernstein, Raymond Bernstein, Irving Milberg, Eddie Fletcher, Joe Miller, Irving Shapiro, Abe Kaminsty, Abe Axler, and Simon Axler) were arrested and charged with conspiracy to extort money from Detroit wholesale cleaners and dyers. They were eventually acquitted of all charges.


title: The Purple Gang

text: Harry Rosman (1891–1958) was president and owner of Famous Cleaners & Dyers in Detroit, Michigan. He gained public notoriety for being the key witness testifying against the infamous Purple Gang in a trial that lasted from 1928 to 1929. The prosecution alleged extortion activities against Detroit area businesses during the sometime violent showdown known as the Cleaners & Dyers Wars. Rosman testified that the Purple Gang asked for $1000 per week from his and other area cleaners & dyers' businesses for their "protection" against violence.


title: The Purple Gang

text: A Detroit Mob War soon ensued between the Italian, Irish, and Jewish bootleggers over territory. The Purples fought a vicious turf war with the Licavoli Squad led by the brothers Tommy and Pete Licavoli. In March 1927, three men were killed. The deceased men had been brought into Detroit as hired assassins for the Purple Gang and the motive for the murder was believed to be retaliation for a "double cross". The homicides took place in an apartment leased by Purple Gang members Eddie Fletcher and Abe Axler (and reportedly Fred Burke, an associate of the Purples originally connected to the Egan's Rats gang of St. Louis), which made them prime suspects in the slaying. The three suspects (Fletcher, Axler, and Burke) were questioned, as were the other Purples and associates. No one was ever convicted of the murders. These murders were reportedly the first use of a submachine gun in a Detroit underworld slaying.


title: The Purple Gang

text: The Purple Gang was suspected of taking part in the St. Valentine's Day Massacre in Chicago. On February 13, 1929, Abe Bernstein reputedly called Bugs Moran to tell him that a hijacked load of booze was on its way to Chicago. Moran, who was in the middle of a turf war with Capone, had only recently begun to trust Bernstein, who had previously been Capone's chief supplier of Canadian liquor. The next day, instead of delivering a load of liquor, four men, two in police uniforms, went to S.M.C. Cartage on North Clark Street (Moran's North Side hangout) and opened fire with Thompson submachine guns, killing seven men in what has become known as the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Several witnesses and some items of physical evidence implicated Burke in the slayings; he was never charged.


title: The Purple Gang

text: The Purple Gang began terrorizing Detroiters with the street executions of their enemies. Among their victims was city police officer Vivian Welsh, killed on February 1, 1927; he was later revealed to be a dirty cop who was reputedly trying to extort money from the Purple Gang. The gang was also accused of murdering Jerry Buckley in 1930, a well-known radio figure, in the lobby of a downtown hotel. Whether the Purples were involved with Buckley's death is disputed, as the police suspected the local Sicilian mob. No one was charged in either case, and both of the murders remain officially unsolved.


title: The Purple Gang

text: In 1931, an intra-gang dispute ended in the murder of three Purples by Chicago gangsters who had been imported to Detroit to help out the Purple Gang. The three men had violated an underworld code by operating outside the territory allotted to them by the Purple Gang leadership. Herman "Hymie" Paul, Isadore Sutker a.k.a. "Joe Sutker", and Joseph "Nigger Joe" Lebowitz were lured to an apartment on Collingwood Avenue on September 16, 1931. They believed they were going to a peace conference with the Purple leaders. After a brief discussion, the three men were gunned down. Authorities caught up with the gang when they burst into Fletcher's apartment and found the suspects (Abe Axler, Irving Milberg, and Eddie Fletcher) playing cards. Ray Bernstein and Harry Keywell were also arrested.


title: The Purple Gang

text: Irving Milberg, Harry Keywell, and Raymond Bernstein, three high-ranking Purples, were convicted of first-degree murder in the Collingwood Manor Massacre and were sentenced to life in prison. Bernstein, Milberg, and Keywell were accompanied by police officers on a special Pullman train bound for Michigan's Upper Peninsula to begin serving their sentences in the state's maximum security prison in Marquette, Michigan. Harry Fleisher, another suspect, remained on the run until 1932, but he was never convicted in connection with the massacre. Later on, he served time in Jackson Prison, the world's largest walled prison, in the early 1950s for armed robbery of an Oakland County gambling house. According to Detroit Police Chief of Detectives, James E. McCarty, the convictions in the Collingwood Massacre "broke the back of the once powerful Purple Gang, writing finis to more than five years of arrogance and terrorism".


title: The Purple Gang

text: For many years, the Purples enjoyed seemingly complete immunity from police interference as witnesses to crimes were terrified of testifying against any criminal identified as a Purple gangster. The Purple Gang reputedly became more arrogant and sloppy as time progressed. They dressed flamboyantly, frequented the city's night spots, and were well known to the public. They lived in fine houses and soon a romantic aura surrounded the Purples that distinguished them from the other gangs in Detroit. Jealousies, egos, and intra-gang quarrels would eventually cause the Purple Gang to collapse. The police eventually moved against them as gang members began leaving behind too much evidence of their crimes.


title: The Purple Gang

text: Phillip Keywell had already been convicted of murder, and Joe Burnstein and Abe Burnstein both were given lengthy prison sentences after previously escaping significant jail time through intimidation and corrupt officials. Different waves of bloodier-than-previous infighting ensued, with the aggressive and high-ranking members Abe Axler and Eddie Fletcher getting shot dead. Then one-time partial-boss (there wasn't a strict hierarchy) Henry Shorr was killed in further infighting. Some gangsters drifted away, a few fleeing Detroit, others were executed by fellow members or rival gangsters, and several members were subsequently imprisoned. A rival Sicilian gang, tired of competing with the Purples, eventually decided to eliminate them.


title: The Purple Gang

text: The gang continued in a diminished capacity, but the predecessors of Detroit's modern-day Mafia stepped in and filled the void as The Purple Gang ultimately self-destructed.


title: The Purple Gang

text: Although heavily fictionalized, the 1935 film "Public Hero No. 1" deals with the hunting down and capture of the Purple Gang.


title: The Purple Gang

text: The 1959 film "The Purple Gang", also heavily fictionalized, includes details of the gang's rise to prominence.


title: The Purple Gang

text: "Jailhouse Rock" by Leiber & Stoller, recorded by Elvis Presley, has the lyric "The whole rhythm section was the Purple Gang". The song was reprised, lyric intact, in the 1980 film "The Blues Brothers".


title: The Purple Gang

text: A 1960 second-season episode of "The Untouchables" simply titled "The Purple Gang", provides a fictional account of the Purple Gang's kidnapping of a mob courier.


title: The Purple Gang

text: Ian Fleming refers to the Purple Gang in his James Bond novels "Diamonds Are Forever", "Goldfinger" and "The Man with the Golden Gun".


title: The Purple Gang

text: Although he was gunned down in the first scene, Max Allan Collins identified "The Rodent" as a Purple Gang torpedo in his novelization of the 1990 film "Dick Tracy".


title: The Purple Gang

text: Detroit rapper Proof has a song on his debut album "Searching for Jerry Garcia" titled "Purple Gang".


title: People's Representative Council

text: The People's Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia (, DPR-RI), also known as the House of Representatives, is one of two elected chambers of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the national legislature of Indonesia. It is considered the lower house, while the Regional Representative Council (DPD) serve as the upper house; while the Indonesian constitution does not explicitly mention the divide, the DPR enjoys more power, privilege, and prestige compared to the DPD.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Members of the DPR are elected through a general election every five years. Currently, there are 575 members; an increase compared to 560 prior to the 2019 elections.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The DPR has been the subject of frequent public criticism due to perceived high levels of fraud and corruption.


title: People's Representative Council

text: In 1915, members of the Indonesian nationalist organisation Budi Utomo and others toured the Netherlands to argue for the establishment of a legislature for the Dutch East Indies, and in December 1916 a bill was passed to establish a "Volksraad" (People's Council). It met for the first time in 1918. Ten of its nineteen members elected by local councils were Indonesians, as were five of the nineteen appointed members. However, it had only advisory powers, although the governor-general had to consult it on financial matters. The body grew in size to 60 members, half of who were elected by a total of 2,228 people.


title: People's Representative Council

text: In 1925, the "Volksraad" gained some legislative powers. It had to agree to the budget and internal legislation, and could sponsor laws of its own. However, it had no power to remove the governor general and remained nothing more than a gesture.


title: People's Representative Council

text: In 1940, after the German invasion of the Netherlands, and the fleeing of the Dutch government to exile in London, there was a motion calling for an inquiry into turning it into a quasi-legislature, but this was withdrawn after a negative response from the government. In July 1941, the "Volksraad" passed a motion calling for the creation of a militia made up of up to 6,000 Indonesians. In February 1942, the Japanese invasion began, and in May 1942 the Dutch formally dissolved the "Volksraad". It was replaced by a council made up of heads of departments.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The Japanese invaded Dutch East Indies in 1942. By 1943, the tide had turned against them, and to encourage support for the war effort, the Japanese appointed Indonesian advisors ("sanyo") to the administration and appointed Sukarno leader of a new Central Advisory Board ("Chuo Sangi-kai") in Jakarta. In March 1945, the Japanese established the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence () or BPUPK, chaired by Radjiman Wediodiningrat, with Sukarno, Hatta and Thamrin among its members. This body drew up a constitution for an independent Indonesia over several weeks of meetings. At a session of the committee on 1 June 1945, Sukarno laid down the principles of Pancasila by which an Indonesia would be governed.


title: People's Representative Council

text: On 7 August, the day after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence () or PPKI was established. Sukarno was chairman, and Hatta vice-chairman. The two proclaimed the Independence of Indonesia on 17 August. On 18 August, the PPKI accepted the constitution drawn up by the BPUPK as the provisional Constitution of Indonesia and decided that during a six-month transition period, the new republic would be governed according to the constitution by a president, assisted by a National Committee, who would establish the two chamber legislature mandated by the constitution. The upper chamber, the People's Consultative Assembly would then have six months to draw up a new constitution, leaving open the possibility that this would be an entirely new document free of the influence of the situation prevailing during World War II. The PPKI also named Sukarno as president and Hatta vice-president.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The Central Indonesian National Committee () or KNIP was a body appointed to assist the president of the newly independent Indonesia, Sukarno, on 29 August 1945. It was originally planned to have a purely advisory function, but on 18 October, Vice-president Hatta issued Edict No.X transferring the powers the Constitution conferred on the People's Consultative Assembly and People's Representative Council from the president to the KNIP. The day-to-day tasks of the KNIP would be carried out by a Working Committee.


title: People's Representative Council

text: During the War of Independence, the entire KNIP was unable to meet regularly. Therefore, the KNIP acted as the upper house, the People's Consultative Assembly in the constitution, meeting only infrequently to discuss fundamental and pressing national issues, while the Working Committee acted as the day-to-day parliament.


title: People's Representative Council

text: In January 1948, the Dutch authorities established the Provisional Federal Council for Indonesia ("Voorlopige Federale Raad voor Indonesia") comprising Lieutenant Governor Hubertus van Mook and eight Indonesians chosen by him to represent the views of Indonesia. Two months later, the council made up of heads of departments that the Dutch had set up to replace the pre-war "Volksraad" officially became the Provisional Federal Government ("Voorlopige Federale Regering"). This body invited heads of the states making up the United States of Indonesia to send delegates to the Federal Conference in Bandung in May 1948. That month, leaders of states and other areas joined to establish the Federal Consultative Assembly ("Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg" or BFO) to represent the federal regions.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Following the transfer of sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia (RIS), in December 1949, the state adopted a bicameral system, with a 150-member People's Representative Council (DPR-RIS)and a Senate with two representatives from each of the 16 component areas of the RIS. Initially the People's Representative Council had 50 representatives from the Republic of Indonesia and 100 from the other 15 component parts of the RIS. The plan was for elections within a year. The KNIP met for the last time on 15 December 1949 to agree to the Republic of Indonesia joining the RIS.


title: People's Representative Council

text: This People's Representative Council met for the first time on 15 February 1950 at the former Sociëteit Concordia Building on Jalan Wahidin, Jakarta. Most of the sessions were held in this building, but it also met at other buildings, including the Hotel Des Indies. The DPR-RIS passed seven laws in its six months of existence, but was soon overtaken by events as the federal system collapsed as the individual states dissolved themselves into the unitary Republic of Indonesia.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Given that the Republic of Indonesia did not want the RIS parliament to become the legislature of the unitary republic, in May 1950, Hatta and representatives from the federal states agreed to establish a new parliament comprising the 150 members of the RIS parliament, 46 members of the KNIP Working Committee, 13 from the Republic of Indonesia Supreme Advisory council and 32 RIS senators, making 241 members. On 17 August 1950, the RIS was formally dissolved and the unitary Republic of Indonesia came into being.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The Provisional People's Representative Council met for the first time on 16 August 1950. By then there had been minor changes to the agreed composition as three RIS senators had refused to take their seats and 21 representatives from the State of Pasundan were replaced by 19 members appointed by the Republic. Of the 236 members, only 204 took their oaths of office on 20 August, and only 170 voted in the election of the speaker, which was narrowly won by Sartono of the Indonesian National Party (PNI). Masyumi was the largest parliamentary party with 49 seats. The PNI had 36 seats and no other party had more than 17.


title: People's Representative Council

text: In 1952, the DPR demanded a reorganisation of the Ministry of Defense and the dismissal of the Army leadership in response to military opposition to troop reductions. This led to the '17 October 1952' incident with large-scale demonstrations at the presidential palace by soldiers and civilians demanding the DPR be dissolved. The crowd dispersed after Sukarno addressed it.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Despite the election bill being introduced in 1951, it was not passed until 1953 and elections were held in 1955. The results surprised everybody. The Indonesian Socialist Party did worse than expected, as did Masyumi, while the Indonesian Communist party did better than predicted. Following the election, the PNI and Masyumi had 57 seats each, the Nahdlatul Ulama had 45 and the PKI 39. There were now 28 parties in parliament, compared with 20 before the election. Only 63 of the 257 pre-election members of parliament still had seats, but there were 15 women members compared with eight before. The new parliament met on 26 March 1956, forming the People's Representative Council (1956–1959).


title: People's Representative Council

text: Over the next few years, public dissatisfaction with the political parties grew. In 1957, Sukarno announced his concept of a national unity cabinet and a National Council made up of functional groups to advise the cabinet. This council was established in May 1957. On 5 July 1959, Sukarno issued a decree, which as well as reviving the provisional 1945 Constitution, dissolved parliament.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The new DPR took office on 22 July 1959. It accepted the president's decree by acclamation and said it was ready to work as stipulated by the 1945 Constitution. However, in March 1960 it unexpectedly rejected the government's budget. Sukarno then dissolved it as it was seen as no longer fulfilling the president's hopes that it would work with him in the spirit of the 1945 Constitution, Guided Democracy and the Political manifesto ("Manipol", referring to Sukarno's 1959 Independence Day speech). The DPR session ended on 24 June.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Sukarno then used this difference of opinion with the legislature as justification for the establishment of a People's Representative Council of Mutual Assistance (, DPR-GR). The membership was no longer based on the results of the 1955 election, but was determined by the president, who could appoint and dismiss members at will. Political opponents were sidelined, and some who opposed the establishment of the DPR-GR refused to take their seats. As Masyumi and the Indonesian Socialist Party did not agree with Sukarno, they were given no seats, meaning there was no longer a parliamentary opposition. A number of representatives from various functional groups including the military were also appointed. As of mid-1962, there were 281 members; 130 from 10 political parties, 150 from 20 functional groups and 1 representative from West Irian.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The responsibilities and duties of the parliament were dramatically curtailed as it was reduced to helping the government implement its policies. In 1960 it produced only 9 laws, compared with 87 in 1958 and 29 in 1959. It became little more than a rubber stamp for Sukarno's policies. For example, it passed a law allowing volunteers to be sent to participate in the 'Confrontation' with Malaysia.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Following the coup attempt of the 30 September Movement in 1965, which was officially blamed on the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), the DPR-GR was purged of PKI members – 57 communist members were suspended. On 14 November parliament resumed without the PKI representatives, including deputy speaker M. H. Lukman. In 1969, the government passed an election law that set the membership of the DPR at 360 elected and 100 appointed members. The number of representatives from the military increased to 75. Elections were finally held in 1971, having been delayed to allow preparations to ensure a victory for the government's Golkar organisation.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Following the election, the words "Gotong Royong" were removed and the body became the "Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat" again. In 1973 the remaining political parties were reduced to two, the United Development Party and the Indonesian Democratic Party. For the remainder of the New Order, Golkar won absolute majorities at every elections, while the parliament did not produce a single law on its own initiative, its role being reduced to passing laws proposed by the government.


title: People's Representative Council

text: In May 1998, President Suharto stepped down, leading to Indonesia's first free elections since 1955 taking place the following year. Of the 500 seats, 462 were elected, while 38 seats were reserved for the military/police. In the 2004 elections, all 550 seats were elected. In the 2009 elections the number of seats was increased to 560. There are now no appointed military officers in the legislature.


title: People's Representative Council

text: As is common in countries with presidential system, the President does not hold the power to suspend or dissolve the DPR. On the other hand, the legislature does not have full control over the President or the government in whole.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Under Article 20A of the amended 1945 Constitution, the DPR has three main functions: legislative, budgeting and oversight. The legislative function of the DPR consists of:


title: People's Representative Council

text: The 1945 Constitution guarantees several rights of the DPR. Especially in regard to the oversight function, they include the right to question the government regarding any government policy considered important, strategic, and impactful ("Hak Interpelasi"); the right to investigate allegations of breach of the Laws by government policy ("Hak Angket"); and the right to express opinions ("Hak Menyatakan Pendapat") on any government policy, on extraordinary domestic or foreign events, on the follow up of the exercise of the rights to question and to investigate government policy, as well as on the initial impeachment process of the President and/or the Vice President.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The People's Representative Council has 575 members resulting from the 2019 legislative election. The representatives come from 9 political parties.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The DPR leadership consist of a Speaker and four Deputy Speakers. The most recent Speaker's election was conducted under provisions of Law No. 13/2019 (Amendment) of the Law No. 17/2014 on the MPR, DPR, DPRD, and DPRD; popularly known as UU MD3. The Speaker's seat is reserved to the political party with largest number of representation in the chamber, and the four Deputy Speakership are reserved to the second, third, fourth, and fifth largest political parties respectively.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Most, but not all, of the Council business are conducted through the commissions, akin to the standing committee of the United States Congress. Currently, there are eleven commissions.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The Opposition is a term used to describe political parties which are represented in the DPR, but not in the cabinet, and thus organized themselves as an opposition faction. However it is not a formal term and they considered themselves a 'critical partner of the government'.


title: People's Representative Council

text: During the 2019 Election, the incumbent president Joko Widodo ('Jokowi') led a majority coalition of ten parties which already supported him during the previous 2014 Election. Opposing him is Prabowo Subianto, who led a minority coalition of five parties. Eventually after the election, the Jokowi Administration invited Gerindra and PAN into the governing coalition, appointing Subianto as Defence Minister.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Under the current Jokowi Administration, Prosperous Justice Party and Democratic Party are the only two parties in the DPR which have no representation in the cabinet. After Subianto's Gerindra as well as PAN joined the government, the Opposition coalition effectively went into dormancy, and no talks of forming new coalition exist between the remaining two parties.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The Volksraad convened in the "Volksraadgebouw" (Building of the Volksraad) since 1918 until 1942 during Japanese occupation when it was dissolved. Today the building is known as "Gedung Pancasila", located within the Foreign Ministry complex, and is still used for hosting important state events.


title: People's Representative Council

text: In August 1945, the KNIP was established to assist the President in the early days of Indonesian independence. Soon after, KNIP was granted legislative powers and would function as a legislature until a democratically elected national legislature can be formed. Meanwhile, the presidential system was replaced by parliamentary system, and Sutan Syahrir was appointed as the first prime minister of Indonesia. Due to the unstable situation during those days, the KNIP was unable to convene in single, permanent place.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The first meeting of the KNIP following its inauguration was held on 29 August in "Schouwburg Weltevreden", today known as "Gedung Kesenian Jakarta" (Jakarta Art Building). Due to lack of available working space, the secretariat was run from the defunct "Jawa Hokokai" headquarters close to Lapangan Banteng. Meanwhile, second meeting of the KNIP was held on 16 and 17 October in old "Binnenhof Hotel" in Kramat Raya street, Jakarta. The secretariat was also moved, this time to a building in Cilacap street, now occupied by the Education Ministry. Third meeting of the KNIP was held in a building in Prince Diponegoro street, now known as PSKD 1 Senior High School, situated right across the "Centraal Burgerlijke Ziekenhuis" (which now constitutes part of the Cipto Mangunkusumo Central Hospital).


title: People's Representative Council

text: Fourth meeting of the KNIP was held not in Jakarta, but in Surakarta in Central Java. It was held in Gedung Republik Indonesia, from 28 February until 3 March. The Working Committee (the permanent standing committee of the KNIP) and the secretariat later moved to "Hotel van Laar" in Purworejo, provided by the regent of Purworejo. Fifth meeting of the KNIP was held on 25 February until 3 March 1946 in "Societeit Concordia Building" in Malang, East Java. Following the fifth meeting, the Working Committee and the secretariat again moved to Yogyakarta, temporarily occupying an Indonesian Red Cross building, before later moved to "Loge Theosofie" Building in Malioboro, occupying it until 1950. Few years later, the sixth meeting of the KNIP was held on 6th until 15 December 1949 in Sitihinggil Keraton (part of the Yogyakarta Kraton).


title: People's Representative Council

text: Following the agreement reached during the 1949 Round Table Conference, a federal constitution was drafted for Indonesia, and thus KNIP was dissolved and replaced by the DPR-RIS. The Parliament was now able to settle down, although the venues might move. Established along with it was the Federal Senate, which served as an upper house, separate from the DPR-RIS. This parliament was inaugurated on 16 February 1950 in Societeit Concordia Building in Jakarta, now located within the Finance Ministry complex (not to be confused with Societeit Concordia Building in Bandung, now known as Gedung Merdeka). Following the inauguration, meetings were held instead in the upper floor of Hotel Des Indes. The hotel was later demolished in 1971 and replaced by Duta Merlin Shopping Center on its site.


title: People's Representative Council

text: After the federal system collapsed and Indonesia returned to its unitary form in 1950, a provisional constitution established a provisional parliament (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Sementara/DPRS), as well as a constitutional assembly (Konstituante) for drafting a new, permanent constitution for Indonesia. The DPRS convened in Jakarta, while the Konstituante convened in Societeit Concordia Building in Bandung.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The DPRS was finally replaced by a proper DPR after September 1955 election was held, followed shortly with the December 1955 election for electing members of the Konstituante.


title: People's Representative Council

text: Following years of political instability, as well as the Konstituante's failure to draft a new constitution, in 1959 President Sukarno assumed executive powers and ordered to return to the 1945 Constitution, dismantling the parliamentary system of governance that had run since KNIP was granted legislative powers in 1945. Through executive orders and decisions, the provisional People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara/MPRS), the national legislature of Indonesia as prescribed by the 1945 Constitution, was finally established alongside various other constitutional bodies.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The DPR based on 1955 election was later dissolved in 1960, and replaced with DPR-GR (GR stands for Gotong Royong), whose members were appointed by the President. The DPR-GR first used the Societeit Concordia Building in Jakarta to convene and then moved to Gedung Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat near Lapangan Banteng, while the MPRS convened in Gedung Merdeka in Bandung. Because most members of the MPRS were residents of Jakarta, a branch secretariat of the MPRS was established in Jakarta and occupied Stannia Building on Cik Ditiro street.


title: People's Representative Council

text: In 1964 DPR-GR moved to convene in a temporary building within Senayan Sport Complex while the DPR Building went under renovation. This temporary building previously served as the headquarter for 1962 Asian Games construction and development office (Komando Urusan Pembangunan Asian Games/KUPAG). Events following the September 30th Movement in 1965, however, moved the renovation process to a halt. The DPR-GR was forced to use the basketball court building previously used in 1964 Asian Games. The 1966 MPRS General Session and 1967 MPRS Special Session was held in the Gedung Istana Olah Raga (Istora).


title: People's Representative Council

text: After the 1962 Asian Games, President Sukarno ordered the construction of a building complex next to Senayan Sport Complex, to be used as a political venues for a "Conference of the New Emerging Forces" (CONEFO) to rival the United Nations, and international games to be held next door as GANEFO to rival the Olympics. The chief architect for this project was Soejoedi Wirjoatmodjo, a graduate of Technical University of Berlin and head of the Department of Architecture in Bandung Institute of Technology.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The constructions was halted following President Sukarno's fall from power, and the project later resumed under Soeharto presidency, when it was officially promulgated with "Ampera Cabinet Presidium Decision No. 79/U/Kep/11/1966", dated 9 November 1966 that the old CONEFO political venues project were to be repurposed for the national legislature.


title: People's Representative Council

text: The construction proceeded gradually; Main Conference Building completed in March 1968, Secretariat Building in March 1978, Auditorium Building in September 1982, and Banquet Building in February 1983.


title: People's Representative Council

text: With the fall of President Soeharto and his New Order regime, a wave of political and social reform appeared in Indonesia, primarily in the form of four amendments of the 1945 Constitutions. A new chamber of the legislature, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (Regional Representative Council), was established and occupied the same site as MPR and DPR.


title: People's Representative Council

text: During Widodo Administration, a plan to move the national capital to Kalimantan was announced. The legislatures are planned to be moved there alongside many other central government bodies.


title: Bell Centre

text: Bell Centre (), formerly known as Molson Centre (), is a multi-purpose arena located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Opened on March 16, 1996, it is the home arena of the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL), replacing the Montreal Forum. It is owned by the Molson family via the team's ownership group Groupe CH, and managed via Groupe CH subsidiary Evenko.


title: Bell Centre

text: With a capacity of 21,105 in its hockey configuration, Bell Centre is the largest ice hockey arena in the world. Alongside hockey, Bell Centre has hosted major concerts, and occasional mixed martial arts and professional wrestling events. Since it opened in 1996, it has consistently been listed as one of the world's busiest arenas, usually receiving the highest attendance of any arena in Canada. In 2012, it was the fifth-busiest arena in the world based on ticket sales for non-sporting events.


title: Bell Centre

text: Construction began on the site on June 22, 1993, almost two weeks after the Canadiens defeated the Los Angeles Kings at the Forum for their 24th and most recent Stanley Cup. The name of the arena initially reflected Molson, Inc., a brewing company which was owner of the Canadiens at the time. Molson elected not to keep the naming rights when they sold the team and the name was officially changed on September 1, 2002, after Bell Canada acquired the naming rights.


title: Bell Centre

text: On October 14, 2015, it was announced that Bell Centre would undergo renovations, including the replacement of all the seats, renovated hallways and concessions, new restaurants, public Wi-Fi, and the planned conversion of Avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal (the section of De la Gauchetière Street on which the arena is situated) into a pedestrian-only street. The renovations, which were not expected to interfere with normal operations, have a budget of $100 million.


title: Bell Centre

text: Bell Centre is located in downtown Montreal in the borough of Ville-Marie, near the corner of (formerly Rue de la Gauchetière Ouest) and de la Montagne Street. The Lucien L'Allier commuter rail terminal, to which it is connected, is next door on that corner. In addition it is located across the street from the 1250 René-Lévesque skyscraper. It is easily accessible by public transportation, as it is linked to both Lucien-L'Allier and Bonaventure Metro stations. It is also connected to the underground city and Central Station.


title: Bell Centre

text: The public address announcer for the Canadiens' games is Michel Lacroix, while the national anthem singer alternates every home game after Charles Prevost-Linton was not asked to return at the end of the 2013–2014 season. Most notable amongst these rotating performers is Quebecois pop legend Ginette Reno, whose appearances to sing the Canadian anthem at playoff games were highly popular. Diane Bibeau plays the organ on game nights.


title: Bell Centre

text: A new scoreboard was installed prior of the 2008–2009 season. The new scoreboard consists of four video panels. It was the biggest in the NHL until 2012.


title: Bell Centre

text: It is one of only two NHL arenas that uses an old-style siren to mark the end of periods instead of a horn; the other is TD Garden in Boston. The sirens were inherited from the arenas' predecessor facilities, coming from the disused Montreal Forum and the Boston Garden respectively.


title: Bell Centre

text: Unlike most North American arenas, which have generally been designed by Populous and its predecessors, the Bell Centre was designed by a local consortium, and has many unique design features. The grandstands are sloped steeply to improve sight lines. Washrooms on the 100 level are centralized on a specific lower level located at each end.


title: Bell Centre

text: Bell Centre is arranged in a three-tier layout: The lower 100 section, commonly referred to as "the reds" since these seats are coloured red; the 200 section situated between the two levels of private and corporate boxes, known as "Club Desjardins" (which features premium amenities such as larger seats and free food and non-alcoholic drinks), and the upper 300–400 section.


title: Bell Centre

text: The 300–400 section is divided into three zones by seat colour: white section rows AA–FF, the grey section rows A–D, and the blue section, labelled "400," and consisting of rows A–D. The ends of the 400 section are further divided into two more groups. At the end where the Canadiens shoot towards twice is the Coors Light Zone, featuring section cheerleaders and a band playing in the hallway. At the opposite end is the Family Zone, which features child-specific ticket prices and limited alcohol.


title: Bell Centre

text: Seats behind the press gondola, in Sections 318, 319, and 320, feature their own scoreboards on the back of the gondola due to the normal scoreboard being blocked.


title: Bell Centre

text: After some early complaints of a generic feel, especially compared to the Forum, the Canadiens started to incrementally decorate the building with celebrations of the team's history, including a ring of players around the top level of seating. The Molson Ex Zone features a live band stage and its own red theme.


title: Bell Centre

text: Bell Centre is the main venue in Montreal for large-scale entertainment events. Many artists have performed at the arena, like Céline Dion, Gloria Estefan, Stromae, Twenty One Pilots, Tina Turner, Prince, Elton John, Billy Joel, Shania Twain, Cher, Bon Jovi, Van Halen, Coldplay, Rihanna, Guns N' Roses, Slipknot, Ariana Grande, Taylor Swift, Katy Perry, Paul McCartney, Lady Gaga, Janet Jackson, Roger Waters, Spice Girls, Justin Timberlake, Barbra Streisand, Madonna, Metallica, Iron Maiden, The Rolling Stones, Aerosmith, and Dua Lipa.


title: Bell Centre

text: The singer who has performed the most times at the Bell Centre is Céline Dion with 50 performances between 1996 and 2020 from her tour in 1996 and 1997, Let's Talk About Love World Tour in 1998 and 1999, Taking Chances World Tour in 2008 and 2009, Summer Tour 2016 in 2016 and Courage World Tour in 2019 and 2020. On December 31, 1999, she performed the final show of the Let's Talk About Love World Tour, which was her last performance before a three-year hiatus from the music industry.


title: Bell Centre

text: In August 1999, the Third National Tour of Les Misérables visited for a 12-day run. Robert Marien, who originated the role of Valjean in Paris in 1980, as well as in the bilingual Canadian tour which started in Montreal in 1991, joined the cast exclusively for the Montreal stop.


title: Bell Centre

text: The final two games of the three-game 1996 World Cup of Hockey championship series were held at Bell Centre (the United States won both games, defeating Canada in the series 2–1). Bell Centre was also host to two pool games in the 2004 World Cup of Hockey. The Bell Centre was the host of the 2009 NHL All-Star Game and hosted the 2009 NHL Entry Draft and 2022 NHL Entry Draft, the latter of which saw the Canadiens make the very first pick in the draft, which turned out to be Juraj Slafkovsky.


title: Bell Centre

text: Montreal Canadiens home games have been consistently sold out since January 2004. Additionally, the Canadiens have among the top attendance figures in the NHL. For the 2009–2010 season, the Habs had the highest attendance played at their home arena. All 21,273 seats were sold in 45 minutes on May 12, 2010, for fans to watch the 7th game in the playoff series versus the Pittsburgh Penguins, which was shown on the big screens. Noise levels in the arena allegedly reached as high as 110 dB when goals were scored by the Canadiens, most notably, during the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs, during Game #6 against the Pittsburgh Penguins on May 10, 2010, making it one of the loudest NHL arenas during hockey games.


title: Bell Centre

text: On December 9, 2014, the Canadiens hosted the Vancouver Canucks, the first home game since the death of Jean Béliveau. The game was preceded by a memorial tribute to him. Bell Centre remained sold-out that night with 21,286 fans in attendance and one empty seat left for Mr. Beliveau, with the official attendance shortened by one to honour him.


title: Bell Centre

text: Bell Centre hosted its first Stanley Cup Finals in 2021, with games three and four against the defending champion Tampa Bay Lightning played inside the arena. The Canadiens were allowed to have 2,500 fans from May 29 to June 14, and later, 3,500 fans was allowed for the third round against the Vegas Golden Knights and the Stanley Cup Finals due to Quebec government public health restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec. The Canadiens had hoped to further increase their arena capacity limit to 50% of the arena's total seating capacity (10,500 people) for the Stanley Cup Finals, however, that request was denied by the Quebec government. While the arena's capacity was limited to 3,500 fans during the third round and the Finals, thousands more fans gathered outside the arena to watch the games on a TV screen outside of the La Cage sports bar situated adjacent to the arena.


title: Bell Centre

text: From September 26 to October 8, 7,500 fans were also allowed at Bell Centre for the pre-season games, and for the opening day on October 13, the Quebec government made new rules and stated that the Canadiens could return to its full capacity of 21,105 people.


title: Bell Centre

text: Since October 2010, Bell Centre has hosted selected NBA preseason games, primarily featuring the Toronto Raptors; the first was held on October 22, 2010, with the Raptors hosting the New York Knicks. It has since hosted preseason games as part of the NBA Canada Series, which have also included all-U.S. games.


title: Bell Centre

text: Bell Centre hosted UFC 83 in April 2008, marking the first UFC mixed martial arts event to take place in Canada. The main event was a rematch between Welterweight champion Matt Serra and Montreal native Georges St-Pierre. The tickets available to the public sold out in under one minute, and the event set the all time UFC attendance record, at that time (since surpassed by UFC 129 in Toronto). Other UFC events have subsequently been held at Bell Centre, including UFC 97, UFC 113, UFC 124, UFC 154 and UFC 158, the most recent three of which were headlined by St-Pierre.


title: Bell Centre

text: Bell Centre has occasionally hosted WWE professional wrestling events, including three pay-per-views (Survivor Series in 1997, No Way Out in 2003, and Breaking Point in 2009), as well as broadcasts of "Raw" and "SmackDown". It is scheduled to host Elimination Chamber in 2023, which will mark the first time that the Chamber structure will be on Canadian soil and only the second time in history that the structure will be outside of the United States, following the 2022 event that was held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. In April 2019, Bell Centre hosted both "Raw" and "SmackDown" on consecutive nights for the 2019 Superstar Shake-up, the first time in WWE history that the event was held at an arena outside of the United States. On August 19, 2022, Bell Centre hosted the 1,200th episode in the history of "WWE SmackDown".


title: Bell Centre

text: During Survivor Series 1997, Bell Centre was the site of the infamous "Montreal Screwjob"—a match where Calgary-native Bret Hart controversially lost the WWF Championship to his rival Shawn Michaels. Hart had signed a contract to leave WWF for the rival World Championship Wrestling (WCW) the following month, and did not want to lose a championship match to Michaels in his own country. The original plan was for the match to end by disqualification after a brawl between the wrestlers' allies, which would have allowed Hart to lose or vacate the championship at a later date before leaving the promotion. However, WWF owner Vince McMahon intervened without Hart's knowledge, and had the referee declare a Michaels victory by submission after performing a Sharpshooter on Hart, even though he had not actually submitted. Wrestling writer Mike Johnson considered the match to be "arguably the most talked-about match in the history of professional wrestling". Eight years later, in the same venue, Michaels cut his infamous “Who’s your daddy, Montreal?” heel promo in the lead-up to his impending match with Hulk Hogan at SummerSlam 2005, where he referenced the Screwjob during his promo, receiving plenty of heat from the Montreal fans.


title: Bell Centre

text: Brock Lesnar made his televised WWE debut at Bell Centre on the March 18, 2002 "Raw" after WrestleMania X8 in Toronto, interfering in the Hardcore match that was taking place between Maven and Al Snow. A wall on the concourse of the arena depicting iconic events that took place inside the arena includes Lesnar's debut among others.


title: Bell Centre

text: While Elmer Lach and Henri Richard both wore the number 16, they were given separate ceremonies unlike Cournoyer and Moore. All have their own banner.


title: Bell Centre

text: On October 18, 2005, the Canadiens also raised the following numbers on a single banner in honour of the former MLB team Montreal Expos, who left the city for Washington, D.C. after the 2004 season:


title: Bell Centre

text: The only other banners hanging from the rafters at the arena are those of the Canadiens' Stanley Cup championship banners. Unlike other NHL arenas, the Canadiens do not display division or conference championship banners, despite the fact they have won many championships over the years (including 24 Stanley Cups). As with the Forum, only Stanley Cup championship banners are raised to the rafters.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: The 1972 visit by United States President Richard Nixon to the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an important strategic and diplomatic overture that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's resumption of harmonious relations between the United States and Mainland China after years of diplomatic isolation. The seven-day official visit to three Chinese cities was the first time a U.S. president had visited the PRC; Nixon's arrival in Beijing ended 25 years of no communication or diplomatic ties between the two countries and was the key step in normalizing relations between the U.S. and the PRC. Nixon visited the PRC to gain more leverage over relations with the Soviet Union. The normalization of ties culminated in 1979, when the U.S. established full diplomatic relations with the PRC.