title: FMC Corporation

text: FMC Corporation is an American chemical manufacturing company headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which originated as an insecticide producer in 1883 and later diversified into other industries. In 1941 at the beginning of US involvement in WWII, the company received a contract to design and build amphibious tracked landing vehicles for the United States Department of War, and afterwards the company continued to diversify its products. FMC employs 7,000 people worldwide, and had gross revenues of US$4.7 billion in 2018.


title: FMC Corporation

text: Founded in 1883 as the Bean Spray Pump Company in Los Gatos, California, by chemist John Bean. The company's first product was a piston pump. Bean invented the pump to spray insecticide on the many fruit orchards in the area. A Bean sprayer was on display at the Forbes Mill museum in Los Gatos until its closure in 2014. Bean Avenue in downtown Los Gatos is named after John Bean.


title: FMC Corporation

text: In 1928, Bean Spray Pump purchased two companies: the Anderson-Barngrover Co. and Sprague-Sells Co. The Anderson-Barngrover Co. manufactured a sealed can rotary pressure sterilizer and the Sprague-Sells Co. manufactured canning machinery. At this time the company changed its name to Food Machinery Corporation, and began using the initials FMC. In 1948, the company name changed again, to Food Machinery & Chemical Corporation. In 1961, Food Machinery & Chemical Corporation was changed to simply FMC.


title: FMC Corporation

text: FMC was awarded a contract to design and build amphibious tracked landing vehicles for the United States Department of War in 1941. FMC ranked 64th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.


title: FMC Corporation

text: In 1961, the United States Navy's Bureau of Ships issued bids for a high performance amphibious ship-to-shore cargo carrier capable of moving over water at 35 knots (approx. 40 mph) and over ground at the same speed. It had to carry five tons of cargo across water, through the surf, across the beach, and inland. The vehicle also had to be quickly loaded and unloaded under combat conditions. FMC's Ordnance Division in San Jose, California built and tested two prototypes named "LVHX2 Landing Vehicle, Hydrofoil" for the United States Marine Corps. These were the first amphibious landing vehicles to make use of hydrofoils for high speed ship-to-shore operation. Although the LVHX2 never went into production, the Marine Corps used the prototypes in their continuous research and development program to develop better equipment for amphibious assault operations.


title: FMC Corporation

text: FMC later built the M113 Armored Personnel Carrier (APC), the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, and the XR311 at its former facility in Santa Clara, California. It also purchased the rights to manufacture some foreign military hardware, including the Brazilian EE-9 Cascavel, under license. Bean also manufactured firefighting equipment in the 1960s through the 1980s under the FMC and the Bean names.


title: FMC Corporation

text: In 1972, personnel were transferred from ordnance to designing and building recreational vehicles (motorcoaches). The oil crisis and high prices led production to end after five years.


title: FMC Corporation

text: FMC also produced fire truck fire pumps and pumper bodies. It had an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) arrangement with Ladder Towers Inc. (LTI) to market aerial ladders. In the early 1980s the firefighting apparatus division of FMC tried to expand its role in aerial ladders on fire trucks, leveraging the Link-Belt crane division. FMC's expansion into production of aerial ladders failed: the FMC Fire Apparatus division was shut down in 1990.


title: FMC Corporation

text: FMC sells chemical products used by beef and poultry processors to reduce pathogens, such as "E. coli" and salmonella, on uncooked beef and poultry. FMC obtained a patent on a method for sanitizing fowl that have been killed, plucked and eviscerated by contacting the fowl with an aqueous acid solution and maintaining that contact for a time sufficient to sanitize the fowl.


title: FMC Corporation

text: In 1946, FMC bought Bolens Lawn and Garden Equipment. FMC changed its name again in 1948, becoming Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation. In 1961 the name was changed to FMC Corporation.


title: FMC Corporation

text: In 1967, the FMC Corporation merged with the Link-Belt Company. The company produced FMC Link-Belt branded cranes and excavators. In 1986, the Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company was formed as a joint venture between FMC Corporation and Sumitomo Heavy Industries.


title: FMC Corporation

text: Between 1965 and 1985 FMC was the owner of the Gunderson metal works in Springfield, Oregon, during that period it was known as the "Marine and Rail Equipment Division of FMC" (MRED), it was sold in 1985 to The Greenbrier Companies.


title: FMC Corporation

text: In the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, FMC Corporation began spinning several of its divisions into separate companies, including United Defense and FMC Technologies, and selling its divisions, including its automotive division to Snap-on Equipment, a division of Snap-on, in 1996. Snap-on renamed the division the "John Bean Company". Bolens was sold to Troy-Bilt in 1988. FMC entered a partnership with Sumitomo Heavy Industries forming Link-Belt.


title: FMC Corporation

text: FMC Technologies was an American company that produced equipment for exploration and production of hydrocarbons. FMC Technologies was incorporated in 2000 when FMC Corporation divested its machinery businesses. It exists today as a part of TechnipFMC, after a merge with Technip in 2017.


title: FMC Corporation

text: JBT Corporation is an American food processing machinery and airport equipment company. JBT Corporation was incorporated in 2008 when FMC Technologies divested its non-energy businesses.


title: FMC Corporation

text: FMC Corporation operated a phosphate mine and plant in Idaho on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation of the federally recognized Shoshone-Bannock Tribes. Between 1949 and 2001, it produced an estimated 250 million pounds of elemental phosphorus annually. In 1989, as part of what is termed the Eastern Michaud Flats Contamination, its 1500-acre plant site was designated by EPA under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) as a Superfund site because of water and land pollution caused by these operations. After working to improve operations and air quality, the company eventually deactivated operations and abandoned the plant and related mine in 2001. Seventeen mines in the area have been designated as Superfund sites because of selenium poisoning.


title: FMC Corporation

text: FMC Corporation operated a plant in Fridley Minnesota several hundred feet east of the Mississippi river from the 1940s until 1969 where it disposed of waste such as solvents, paint sludge, and plating wastes in an on-site dump. In the early 1980s, contamination from the on-site dump contaminated the Mississippi River, and nearby drinking water for the city of Minneapolis.


title: FMC Corporation

text: FMC Corporation operated a pesticide formulation plant from 1951 until 1986 in Yakima, Washington. From 1952 to 1969, FMC disposed of agricultural pesticides in a pit on site. In 1983 the site was listed in the EPA Superfund list, after groundwater and soil was found to be contaminated with pesticides. After an EPA order, FMC was forced to dispose of 850 tons of contaminated soil between 1988 and 1989. In 1990, EPA required FMC to incinerate soils on-site.


title: FMC Corporation

text: At its Dublin Road Site, located in north-western New York in Orleans County, FMC Corporation from 1933 to 1968 disposed of coal ash cinders, laboratory wastes consisting of glass bottles and chemical residues, residues from lime sulfur filtration, building debris and residues from pesticide production areas. These materials contained metals in the form of salts and pesticides/insecticides.


title: FMC Corporation

text: In 2009, CBS "60 Minutes" ran an exposé on the use by farmers in Kenya of an FMC–produced pesticide, Furadan, as a poison to kill African lions. The piece suggested that Furadan was a serious threat to the future of the lion population in Africa. FMC has commented extensively on this issue through the media and their websites, including furadanfacts.com. They engaged with government officials, non-governmental organizations, and others to try and resolve the illegal use of their pesticides to kill wildlife. The company took action to stop the sale of this product and instituted a buy-back program in East Africa when it determined that the illegal and intentional misuse of chemicals against wildlife could not be controlled by education or stewardship programs alone.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The Ford Fiesta Mk6/Mark VI (Mk7 in the United Kingdom, model code WS/WT/WZ in Australia) is the sixth generation of the Ford Fiesta supermini. The sixth generation Fiesta was shown in a concept car form as the Ford Verve at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007, with introductions in Europe, the Americas, Asia, Australasia, and Africa. Developed under the project code B299 and B409, the model uses the Ford global B-car platform newly developed for the model.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The model was launched under the company’s new "One Ford" strategy, which called for single models to be manufactured and sold globally to achieve efficiency and economies of scale, instead of making regional models. Production started at Ford's Cologne plant in Germany in August 2008. A second plant in Valencia, Spain started production in early 2009. Productions in China, Thailand and Mexico started between late 2008 to 2010. In Brazil, the production of the hatchback version started in 2013.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The Ford Verve concepts are series of subcompact car concepts from Ford Motor Company which the sixth generation Ford Fiesta (Mark VI) was based upon. The Ford Verve was intended to meet market demands for smaller, more fuel-efficient cars. The Verve was created in both four- and three-door body styles. The 3-door hatchback and 4-door saloon versions of the Fiesta were both based on the Verve, with the 5-door hatchback and the 3-door van being their derivatives.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The Verve concept was first shown at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. It continued Ford's Kinetic Design family styling theme, first seen on the Ford S-MAX. Martin Smith, executive director of design for Ford of Europe, described the Verve as "a chic, modern and individualistic statement for a sophisticated, fashion-aware generation." The concept was created by a team of designers from Ford studios in Dunton, England, and Cologne, Germany.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The interior featured leather in different hues, along with multimedia equipment. The three-door hatchback featured a panoramic glass roof, pillarless side glass, LED headlamps, high-mounted LED taillamps, integrated tailgate spoiler and dark-chrome lower diffuser with integrated centre exhaust outlet. The car rode on 18-inch low-profile tyres mounted on two-piece, 12-spoke alloy wheels.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: On November 19, 2007, Ford unveiled its second Verve concept. This second version took the form of a four-door notchback and was styled similarly to the Frankfurt version of the car. It was finished in frosted grape.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: Another four-door Verve concept car for North America was revealed at the North American International Auto Show in January 2008. It was finished in Rouge Red, and unique to this version, featured a modified front fascia. The most notable changes were in a deeper upper grille, with Ford of North America's trademark 'three-bar' graphic, and a downsized lower inverted trapezoidal grille.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: There are four body styles available for the sixth generation Fiesta, including three- and five-door hatchbacks, four-door saloon, and a three-door van.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The five-door hatchback was sold globally except in India. The three-door hatchback version was sold in Europe (except Russia), Australasia, and select parts of Asia such as Singapore.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The van version was sold only in Europe. It uses the same body shell as the three-door hatchback, modified with solid panels in place of the rear quarter windows and a flat load floor replacing the rear seats.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: A saloon version was launched in November 2008 at the Guangzhou Auto Show. It started sales the following year in China, and from 2010 it became available across Asia and North America. The four-door saloon model, while longer by almost , retains the same wheelbase as the hatchback model. It was not marketed in Europe, but produced and marketed in Russia from 2015.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The Mk6 Fiesta includes Ford's Convers+ menu system, and complemented by steering wheel button controls. Ford initially anticipated that over 85% of Fiesta orders would include this multifunction display. Other new equipment includes keyless entry with a 'Ford Power' starter button, reach and rake adjustable steering wheel, electric power steering, and a USB port for portable music players. Ford Easyfuel, the capless refuelling system recently introduced with the Ford Mondeo, is also a feature, while 'ambient lighting,' casting a soft red glow over the interior, was an option. For the 2011 North American-market model, the Ford Sync in-car communications and entertainment system was available as an option.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: First introduced in Paris Motor Show in late September 2012, the facelifted Fiesta for the European market went on sale in 2013. It was the first to use Ford's latest corporate front end started which include the new trapezoidal grille, later used on other models including the Focus, Fusion and Mustang. Similar updates as the facelift-update in European market were introduced in the North American market as the 2014 model year. Luxurious equipment from the Focus and Mondeo was also made available on the facelifted Titanium X model. Engines in Europe were also changed, with the 1.0-litre "EcoBoost" from the Focus debuting, with and , and a naturally aspirated version of the same engine producing .


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: As the seventh generation Fiesta would not be offered in Latin America, Ford has extended the production of the sixth generation Fiesta in Brazil. As the result, another facelift was introduced in Brazil and other Mercosur markets in November 2017. For the first time, the Mercosur market Fiesta was offered with a 1.0-litre "EcoBoost" engine. It featured a new front bumper, new alloy wheels, new headlights and LED taillights. It is also equipped with the updated SYNC 3 infotainment system. The Fiesta production in Brazil ended in February 2019 without any direct replacement.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In 2011, Ford revealed the Fiesta ST concept. The final production model was announced at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2012.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The Fiesta ST production model went on sale in both Europe and North America in 2013 alongside the facelifted model. In the North American market, the Fiesta ST became available in early 2013 for the 2014 model year, unveiled at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show as part of a larger mid-cycle refresh for the Fiesta.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The ST featured a redesigned front fascia similar to the one seen on the Focus ST, a large rear spoiler, aggressive rear diffuser with a dual exhaust system, completed with 17-inch wheels on Bridgestone Potenza tires. On the inside, the ST provided heavily bolstered Recaro front seats (optional in North America with partial leather, and available with either partial leather or cloth-only in other territories) and sportier decor; North American versions were offered with the MyFord Touch infotainment system.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The Fiesta ST is powered by a 1.6-litre Ford "EcoBoost" engine to deliver performance while it was said to provide good fuel efficiency. The 1.6-litre Ford "EcoBoost" turbocharged engine features Twin-independent Variable Camshaft Timing (Ti-VCT) and puts out with of torque, providing an acceleration time of under 7 seconds (0–100 km/h) and an electronically limited top speed of . This engine features "overboost," allowing delivery of up to for a maximum of 15 seconds.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The North American Fiesta ST was offered as a five-door hatchback variant manufactured in Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico instead of the three-door hatchback offered in Europe, Asia and South Africa which was manufactured in Cologne, Germany. It includes a 1.6-litre "EcoBoost" four-cylinder engine, six-speed manual transmission, overall steering ratio of 13.6:1, increased roll stiffness at rear axle, lower body height than base model, electronic Torque Vectoring Control and 3-mode electronic stability control (standard, sport or off).


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In the US, Ford was permitted to market the engine offering its overboost power figure; by contrast, in other countries such as the UK, a manufacturer is not permitted to market an engine's temporary output. The engine is mated to a 6-speed manual transmission which features Ford’s Torque Vectoring Control system to brake the inside front wheel to aid agility, and has three ESP modes. The car is expected to provide high fuel economy while not sacrificing performance, with Ford claiming higher fuel economy than the Volkswagen Golf GTI.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In 2016, Ford released the Fiesta ST200 limited edition in Europe. On the outside, it featured bespoke grey paint as the only colour available, and unique 17-inch black alloy wheels. Inside, it featured Recaro bucket seats and illuminated tread plates as standard. Power and torque were both increased. As the name suggests, power was up to , while torque was boosted to . The chassis remained the same, but torque vectoring (powered by braking the inside wheels rather than an active differential) helped to reduce understeer whilst cornering. As a result of the increase in power and also to a shorter final drive ratio, was reduced to 6.7 seconds.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In 2008 Ford revealed details of an ECOnetic model, which Ford stated would emit 98 g/km of carbon dioxide. The car was launched in 2009. It uses the 1.6-litre "Duratorq" TDCi diesel engine, but with an added diesel particulate filter. The Fiesta ECOnetic achieves its environmental credentials through weight loss and aerodynamic adjustments, and its emission figure exempts the car from UK vehicle excise duty. The ECOnetic gets an estimated fuel consumption of . When tested on the highway mileage and emissions test schedules, on which hybrids are designed to perform well, the ECOnetic outperforms the Toyota Prius.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The model was not be available in the US because, as "Business Week" noted, the company "doesn't believe it could charge enough to make money on an imported ECOnetic" and does not think it would sell enough of the model (350,000/year) to justify the $350 million in upgrades required at their Mexico plant to manufacture it in North America.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: Unveiled at the 2009 Los Angeles Auto Show in December, the sixth generation subcompact Fiesta was available in North America as a four-door sedan and five-door hatchback, with manual transmission or Ford's dual clutch automatic transmission. All models are manufactured at Ford's Cuautitlán Assembly Plant. Fiesta sales for Canada began in June 2010 for model year 2011. Sales for the 5-door hatchback variant in Mexico started in 2011. Production ended on 19 August 2019.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The North American Fiesta features a redesigned front end and rear bumper compared to the European version, to match the reworked frame underneath in order to meet US crash standards. The sedan version is equipped with Ford of North America's trademark 'three-bar' chrome grille, while the hatchback model received a different grille design with body colour treatment. The styling is also used for Latin American models. Other changes include stiffer springs to make up for the added weight, and some fine-tuning to adapt the car to American driver-friendly all-season tires.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: Production of Ford Fiesta for the North American market started in May 2010. Ford planned to have cars available for sale soon after. On June 18, 2010, it was reported that although dealers took deposits from over 2,000 customers for Fiesta and placed large orders as the car was heavily marketed, dealers and customers had not received cars that they expected to have arrived weeks ago in May. In July, Ford said initial shipments were delayed for up to two weeks by Hurricane Alex that hit Northern Mexico in late June, and subsequently by Tropical Storm Bonnie. As a result of the delays, Ford sent out US$50 gift certificates. By August 2010, Ford delayed some shipments because of a "quality problem". Ford claimed the issue was fixed and it was unlikely cars with defective parts would reach customers.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: Ford dealers in the US offer optional laminated vinyl graphics applied to the car's exterior, expected to last 3 to 5 years before replacement. Also, certain dealers partaking in a new Ford Retail program provide an "unwrapping" digital package loaded with a photograph of the buyer taking delivery of his/her new car. A 19 minute audio description of the car and its features is included, which can be played on the way home, then loaded along with its interactive program into the home computer via its USB connection.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: As of February 2014, the 2014 Fiesta ranked number one among Affordable Subcompact Cars according to "U.S. News & World Report".


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: For the North American Fiesta, Ford initiated a marketing campaign in early 2009 called the Fiesta Movement, distributing examples of European Fiestas to applicants across the United States—to have the test drivers use popular Internet sites to share their experiences. Subsequently, Ford brought the cars to public venues nationwide to offer 100,000 test drives over eight months. One such event was offering free shuttle service in Chicago from a site near the Union Station commuter rail terminal to the Taste of Chicago event in Grant Park the week starting June 29, 2009. Late in July, six European Fiestas arrived in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to begin a similar demonstration tour across Canada.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: Following on the success of Fiesta Movement, Ford initiated Fiesta Movement 2 in December 2009 by calling for video applications to be submitted by the end of January 2010 for activities to begin mid-February.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In March 2010, Ford worked with the television series "American Idol" to promote the Ford Fiesta in North America. Working with Ford designers, the final 12 contestants of the show created their own custom graphics on a Ford Fiesta, which were subsequently revealed on the show with fans given the chance to win one of the personalised cars.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In North America, the Fiesta is available in several trim levels, which are base S, SE, SES, SEL, Titanium, and ST performance model. It was offered in hatchback and sedan body styles.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: For the start of the 2012 model year, two new premium leather trim options and a sport exterior appearance package were made available for SES/SEL models, while several new colours were added for all models. At midyear, the hatchback became available in the previously saloon-only S trim level; as it includes a rear wiper and the same body colour one-slot grille as fancier models, externally only badging and a limited choice of colours distinguish it from the SE. For 2013 option packages have been simplified and a Titanium trim level replaces the former SES/SEL.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The facelifted models from the European market were brought to the North American market as the 2014 model year refresh. The 2014 Ford Fiesta features redesigned front and rear fascias, whereas the previous models in North American market do not have the trapezoidal grille. As the result, the Fiesta ditched the American-specific fascia, opting to use the global styling, although its bumpers are not identical to the global version as it is specifically designed to meet US crash standards. The SFE package, based on the SE model includes a 1.0-litre three-cylinder "EcoBoost" engine.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: UK trim levels for the new Fiesta include Studio, Edge, Metal, Style, Style Plus, ECONetic, Zetec, Zetec S, Titanium and Titanium Individual. After the facelift in 2013, trim levels in the UK became Studio, Style, Zetec, Zetec S, Titanium, Titanium X and the newly introduced ST.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The sixth generation saloon was launched in India in July 2011 with both petrol and diesel variants. Locally assembled in Chennai, it was sold alongside the older Fiesta, which in turn was rebadged as the Ford Classic. The Fiesta received a facelift in September 2012 with changes to the front, rear and the interior. The top model comes with Bluetooth, cruise control, pull control, USB and voice command as standard features. A red/black edition debuted with an even more powerful version of the 1.0 "EcoBoost" three-cylinder with and torque. Production ceased in September 2015 due to low demand.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The Fiesta was launched in Thailand in September 2010. Manufactured at the AutoAlliance Thailand in Rayong alongside the related Mazda2, production later moved to nearby Ford Thailand Manufacturing alongside the EcoSport. The plants supplied the Fiesta for the domestic market, neighbouring Southeast Asian markets and Australia. There were 3 trim levels at launch; 1.4 Style, 1.6 Trend and 1.6 Sport. All models feature ABS, driver airbag, and electric mirrors; the top-of-the-range Sport models feature front passenger airbag, alloy wheels and stability control across the range, along with voice command in-car entertainment system and Bluetooth connectivity.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: Later, the Sport+ models with added features was added to the line-up, as was Sport Ultimate model with 7 airbags (dual front, side, curtain and driver knee) as standard, which was a first in the subcompact segment in Thailand. Both used the 1.6-litre engine. In March 2012, the 1.5-litre engine with replaced the 1.6-litre engines with its transmissions unchanged.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: A 6-speed "PowerShift" dual-clutch transmission was made available as standard transmission initially for the 1.6-litre engines, and also for the 1.5-litre variants from March 2012 onwards. The Thai-made Fiesta versions – both saloon and five-door hatch – feature a 100 mm pitch circle diameter (PCD) wheel lug mount measurement identical to the Mazda2, as opposed to the 108 mm one as found in other global versions.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The seventh generation Fiesta was set to be produced in 2019 under the Eco Car tax incentive, however Ford axed the plans and instead discontinued passenger car production in the country. As the result, the Fiesta was discontinued in the country without any replacement.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In Brazil, the Fiesta sedan was imported from Mexico since 2010 before local production of the hatchback version started in 2013 at the São Bernardo do Campo plant. The Brazilian-made Fiesta is equipped with the 1.5-litre and 1.6-litre Sigma flex fuel engine. The facelifted version gained an imported 1.0-litre "EcoBoost" engine option. The power output and torque are with petrol and with ethanol. Due to falling sales figures, production and sales of the Fiesta in Brazil ended as of February 2019 with no direct replacement, after being sold for 24 years.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The 1.6-litre "Duratorq" TDCi with is sold instead of, in some countries alongside, the 1.4-litre TDCi. The 1.6-litre "Duratorq" TDCi with torque is used on non-van models only. Vans with the 1.6-litre "Duratorq" TDCi are rated torque.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: Transmission choices include a 5-speed manual, a 4-speed automatic and a dual-clutch 6-speed automatic. The 4-speed automatic was only offered with the 1.4-litre "Duratec" engine. The "PowerShift" 6-speed dual-clutch gearbox is available in North America as an option in addition to the 5-speed manual, which may be sold with a diesel in Europe in the future. This dual-clutch gearbox was also standard on some models in Thailand, and was available as an option in India.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The Fiesta in its most basic Latin American configuration received 4 stars for adult occupants and 4 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2012.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In 2017, Ford recalled 2014–2015 Ford Fiesta ST with 1.6 "EcoBoost" engines because of a risk of engine fires caused by a "lack of coolant circulation". The recall partly contributed to a charge of US$300 million by Ford.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The Fiesta is a subject of an alleged defect regarding the "PowerShift" (DPS6) dual-clutch automatic transmission, which is fitted to the 2011–2016 Fiesta. Ford customers in the United States had filed multiple class action lawsuit since 2012, due to the issues involving 1.5 million vehicles which consists of 2011–2016 Fiesta along with 2012–2016 Focus which were allegedly built with defective transmissions prone to “shuddering, slipping, bucking, jerking, hesitation while changing gears, premature internal wear, delays in downshifting and, in some cases, sudden or delayed acceleration.” Owners have reported replacing clutches, output shafts, and entire transmissions, and opting for software updates. Many owners said the problems reappear even after service technicians claim the transmission is within normal factory limits. According to court documents, Ford issued multiple technical service bulletins but the problems were never fully resolved.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: There have been at least 6 revisions of clutch packs and transmission control modules since inception. Newer clutch packs and transmissions are more resistant to wear and fluid contamination, as the source of many shudder issues involved an improperly installed seal which was leaking transmission fluid onto the dry clutches. Ford also claims there are "changes to the clutch material for better performance across temperature ranges (new for 2016)."


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: A Free Press "Out of Gear" investigation published in July 2019 revealed for the first time internal company documents showing Ford was aware the transmission was defective before putting the vehicles on mass production and continued producing and selling them over the past decade as customers spent thousands on repairs. Ford whistleblowers described to the Free Press in 2019 a fearful atmosphere within the company that led to silence during the development of the DPS6 transmission and, in one case, downgrading the risk assessment of the clutch and control unit due to "political reasons."


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: A month after the Free Press investigation was published, Ford extended warranty coverage to 600,000 vehicle owners. It is the second warranty extension after the first one in 2014. Ford later stated that the newspaper held "conclusions that are not based in fact," but the transmission has nonetheless created numerous complaints to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of rough shifting and sometimes interruption of power.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In January 2020, Ford proposed an updated settlement of a minimum of $30 million in cash reimbursement in a class-action lawsuit over "PowerShift" problems, which had since been approved by a federal judge in March 2020. Claims started to be processed and payments distributed after the effective date of April 7, 2020. The payment, which may include a buyback program, could top $20,000 apiece, depending on the issues experienced.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In late 2008 "Motor Trend" called the new generation of Fiesta a "superb little car" whose "greatest problem is that it's still a year away", a reference to the fact that the Fiesta would not arrive in the US until early 2010. British magazine "Auto Express" called the car a "new class leader"; UK's "Car Magazine" said it was a "huge achievement" which will "please just about everyone". The February 2009 issue of Britain's "What Car?" magazine named the new Fiesta "Car of the Year" and the Ford Mondeo "Best Family Car" and "Best Estate." According to "What Car?", there is plenty of space in the front of the cabin, however, the rear knee space is rather limited and the backrests do not fold flat onto the base, making an uneven floor for the expanded boot.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: The Fiesta was featured on episode 6 of series 12 of "Top Gear" in a series of "serious" road tests conducted by presenter Jeremy Clarkson, from escaping 'baddies' driving a Chevrolet Corvette C6 in the Festival Place Basingstoke shopping mall, to participating in an amphibious beach assault with the Royal Marines.


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In its first two years since the latest generation Fiesta went on sale in October 2008, more than 940,000 Fiestas had been purchased by customers around the world, with 810,000 (86%) being sold in Europe (September 2010).


title: Ford Fiesta (sixth generation)

text: In February 2019, Green NCAP assessed Ford Fiesta with a 1.0-litre "EcoBoost" 100 PS engine and manual transmission:


title: Freesia

text: Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1866 by Christian Friedrich Ecklon (1886) and named after the German botanist and medical practitioner, Friedrich Freese (1795-1876). It is native to the eastern side of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most species being found in Cape Provinces. Species of the former genus Anomatheca are now included in "Freesia". The plants commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of "Freesia" species. Some other species are also grown as ornamental plants.


title: Freesia

text: They are herbaceous plants which grow from a conical corm diameter, which sends up a tuft of narrow leaves long, and a sparsely branched stem tall bearing a few leaves and a loose one-sided spike of flowers with six petals. Many species have fragrant narrowly funnel-shaped flowers, although those formerly placed in the genus "Anomatheca", such as "F. laxa", have flat flowers.


title: Freesia

text: Freesias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the large yellow underwing.


title: Freesia

text: The plants usually called "freesias" in horticulture and floristry are derived from crosses made in the 19th century between "Freesia refracta" and "Freesia leichtlinii". Numerous cultivars have been bred from these species and the pink- and yellow-flowered forms of "Freesia corymbosa". Modern tetraploid cultivars have flowers ranging from white to yellow, pink, red and blue-mauve. They are mostly cultivated professionally in the Netherlands by about 80 growers. Freesias can be readily increased from seed. Due to their specific and pleasing scent, they are often used in hand creams, shampoos, candles, etc.; however, the flowers themselves are mainly used in wedding bouquets.


title: Freesia

text: "Freesia laxa" (formerly called "Lapeirousia laxa" or "Anomatheca cruenta") is one of the other species of the genus which is commonly cultivated. Smaller than the scented freesia cultivars, it has flat rather than cup-shaped flowers.


title: James McAtee

text: James John McAtee (born 18 October 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Sheffield United on loan from Manchester City. He is also a current England under-21 international.


title: James McAtee

text: McAtee made his first appearance against a senior team for City's EDS squad in the EFL Trophy defeat against Bolton Wanderers on 29 October 2019. During the 2020–21 season McAtee also played in the EFL Trophy victories over Scunthorpe United, in which he played against his older brother John and Mansfield Town as well as the defeat against Tranmere Rovers. On 24 August 2021 he scored in a 3–0 victory over Scunthorpe United.


title: James McAtee

text: In November 2020 McAtee scored in a 3–2 victory against Chelsea in the final of the FA Youth Cup and subsequently scored eight goals with nine assists in twenty-three appearances as City were champions of 2020–21 Premier League 2.


title: James McAtee

text: On 21 September 2021, McAtee made his senior debut as a substitute for Josh Wilson-Esbrand in City's 6–1 home win over Wycombe Wanderers in the EFL Cup. On 21 November 2021, McAtee made his Premier League debut as a substitute for Cole Palmer in a 3–0 home win over Everton.


title: James McAtee

text: In November 2019, McAtee made his international debut for England U18 and scored twice in a 4–4 draw with Norway.


title: James McAtee

text: On 6 June 2022, McAtee received his first call up to the England U21s. On 10 June 2022, McAtee made his U21 debut during a 2023 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification 5-0 victory away to Kosovo.


title: Accounting equation

text: The fundamental accounting equation, also called the balance sheet equation, represents the relationship between the assets, liabilities, and owner's equity of a person or business. It is the foundation for the double-entry bookkeeping system. For each transaction, the total debits equal the total credits. It can be expressed as furthermore:


title: Accounting equation

text: In a corporation, capital represents the stockholders' equity. Since every business transaction affects at least two of a company's accounts, the accounting equation will always be "in balance", meaning the left side of its balance sheet should always equal the right side. Thus, the accounting formula essentially shows that what the firm owns (its assets) has been purchased with equity and/or liabilities. That is, with funds it has borrowed and therefore owes (its liabilities) plus funds invested by the founding shareholders (its shareholders' equity or capital); note that the profits earned by the company ultimately belong to its owners.


title: Accounting equation

text: Now it shows owners' equity is equal to property (assets) minus debts (liabilities). Since in a corporation owners are shareholders, owner's equity is called shareholders' equity.


title: Accounting equation

text: Every accounting transaction affects at least one element of the equation, but always balances. Simple transactions also include:


title: Accounting equation

text: These are some simple examples, but even the most complicated transactions can be recorded in a similar way. This equation is behind debits, credits, and journal entries.


title: Accounting equation

text: The equation resulting from making these substitutions in the accounting equation may be referred to as the "expanded" accounting equation, because it yields the breakdown of the equity component of the equation.


title: Accounting equation

text: The accounting equation is fundamental to the double-entry bookkeeping practice. Its applications in accountancy and economics are thus diverse.


title: Accounting equation

text: A company's quarterly and annual reports are basically derived directly from the accounting equations used in bookkeeping practices. These equations, entered in a business's general ledger, will provide the material that eventually makes up the foundation of a business's financial statements. This includes expense reports, cash flow and salary and company investments.


title: Accounting equation

text: The accounting equation plays a significant role as the foundation of the double-entry bookkeeping system. The primary aim of the double-entry system is to keep track of debits and credits and ensure that the sum of these always matches up to the company assets, a calculation carried out by the accounting equation. It is based on the idea that each transaction has an equal effect. It is used to transfer totals from books of prime entry into the nominal ledger. Every transaction is recorded twice so that the debit is balanced by a credit.


title: Accounting equation

text: The income and retained earnings of the accounting equation is also an essential component in computing, understanding, and analyzing a firm's income statement. This statement reflects profits and losses that are themselves determined by the calculations that make up the basic accounting equation. In other words, this equation allows businesses to determine revenue as well as prepare a statement of retained earnings. This then allows them to predict future profit trends and adjust business practices accordingly. Thus, the accounting equation is an essential step in determining company profitability.


title: Accounting equation

text: Since the balance sheet is founded on the principles of the accounting equation, this equation can also be said to be responsible for estimating the net worth of an entire company. The fundamental components of the accounting equation include the calculation of both company holdings and company debts; thus, it allows owners to gauge the total value of a firm's assets.


title: Accounting equation

text: However, due to the fact that accounting is kept on a historical basis, the equity is typically not the net worth of the organization. Often, a company may depreciate capital assets in 5–7 years, meaning that the assets will show on the books as less than their "real" value, or what they would be worth on the secondary market.


title: Accounting equation

text: Due to its role in determining a firm's net worth, the accounting equation is an important tool for investors looking to measure a company's holdings and debts at any particular time, and frequent calculations can indicate how steady or erratic a business's financial dealings might be. This provides valuable information to creditors or banks that might be considering a loan application or investment in the company.


title: Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)

text: Mohammed Yusuf (29 January 1970 – 30 July 2009), also known as Ustaz Mohammed Yusuf, was a Nigerian terrorist and founder of the terrorist Islamist group Boko Haram in 2002. He was its leader until he was killed in the 2009 Boko Haram uprising. The group's official name is "Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad," which in Arabic means "People Committed to the Propagation of the Teachings and Jihad".


title: Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)

text: Born in Girgir village, in Jakusko, present-day Yobe State, Nigeria, Yusuf received a local education. Later he studied more of Islam and became a Salafi.


title: Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)

text: According to scholar Paul Lubeck of the University of California at Santa Cruz, as a young man Yusuf was instructed in Shiasm and erroneously associated with Salafism and the teachings of Ibn Taymiyyah. He had the equivalent of a graduate education, according to Nigerian academic Hussain Zakaria. Yusuf was never as proficient in English as was reported. He believed in strict application of Islamic law, which represented his ideal of justice according to the teachings of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Boko Haram hitmen would murder members of other Muslim sects like the Salafist Izala and the Sufi Tidjaniyya and Qadiriya fraternities.


title: Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)

text: In a 2009 BBC interview, Yusuf stated his belief that the concept of a spherical Earth is contrary to Islamic teaching and should be rejected. He also rejected Darwinian evolution, and the concept of the condensation cycle that produces rain. In the interview he said:


title: Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)

text: "There are prominent Islamic preachers who have seen and understood that the present Western-style education is mixed with issues that run contrary to our beliefs in Islam," he said.


title: Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)

text: "Like rain. We believe it is a creation of God rather than an evaporation caused by the sun that condenses and becomes rain.


title: Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)

text: "Like saying the world is a sphere. If it runs contrary to the teachings of Allah, we reject it. We also reject the theory of Darwinism."


title: Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)

text: Yusuf had four wives and 12 children, one of them being Abu Musab al-Barnawi, who claimed since 2016 to be the rightful leader of Boko Haram, opposing Abubakar Shekau.


title: Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)

text: He was reported as living a lavish lifestyle, which included ownership and driving of a Mercedes-Benz.


title: Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)

text: Following the July 2009 Boko Haram uprising, the Nigerian military captured Yusuf at his parents-in-law's house. They transferred him to the custody of the Nigerian police force. The police summarily executed Yusuf in public view outside the police headquarters in Maiduguri. Police officials initially claimed either that Yusuf was shot while trying to escape, or died of wounds he sustained during a gun battle with the military.


title: Thinking outside the box

text: Thinking outside the box (also thinking out of the box or thinking beyond the box and, especially in Australia, thinking outside the square) is a metaphor that means to think differently, unconventionally, or from a new perspective. The phrase also often refers to novel or creative thinking.


title: Thinking outside the box

text: The origin of the phrase is unclear. "Think beyond the boundary"-metaphors, that is, metaphors that allude to think differently or with less constraints, seem to have an old history. For example, in 1888, The Annual Register records the phrase "think outside the lines".


title: Thinking outside the box

text: Since at least 1954, the nine dots puzzle has been used as a metaphor of the type "think beyond the boundary". Early phrasings include "go outside the dots" (1954), "breakthrough thinking that gets outside the nine-dot square" (1959), and "what are the actual boundaries of the problem?" (1963).


title: Thinking outside the box

text: Finally, in 1971, the specific phrase "think outside the box" is attested, again appearing together with the nine dots puzzle. In 1976, the phrase is used in England and 1978 in the USA, both without mentioning the nine dots puzzle.


title: Thinking outside the box

text: Beyond the above attestations, there are several unconfirmed accounts of how the phrase got introduced. According to Martin Kihn, it goes back to management consultants in the 1970s and 1980s challenging their clients to solve the "nine dots" puzzle. According to John Adair, he introduced the nine dots puzzle in 1969, from which the saying comes. According to The Creative Thinking Association of America, Mike Vance popularized the phrase "thinking out of the box". Moreover, it is claimed that the use of the nine-dot puzzle in consultancy circles stems from the corporate culture of the Walt Disney Company, where the puzzle was used in-house.


title: Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker

text: Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker (abbreviated to ZAZ) were an American comedy filmmaking trio consisting of Jim Abrahams and brothers David and Jerry Zucker who specialized in writing slapstick comedy films during the 1980s.


title: Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker

text: David Zucker, Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker knew each other during their childhood years, growing up in Shorewood, Wisconsin, and attending Shorewood High School which is sometimes referenced in their work. While attending the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the trio founded a small theater known as The Kentucky Fried Theater in 1971 which led to their sketch comedy film "The Kentucky Fried Movie" in 1977.


title: Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker

text: This was followed by the trio's breakout hit "Airplane!" in 1980, which remains a revered comedic milestone. Subsequent collaborations include "Top Secret!", "Ruthless People", and "The Naked Gun". All of their projects relied heavily on parodies, visual gags and breaking of the fourth wall, and established a strong 1980s cult following. The notable stylistic exception is "Ruthless People", a more traditional farce that was directed by the trio but unlike their other productions, not written by them. The trio's status as a three-person team of co-directors is highly unusual, although some of their later projects were directed by David Zucker working solo and with Jerry Zucker and Abrahams credited only as producers and/or writers.


title: Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker

text: The trio split up in the 1990s for fiscal and creative reasons, stating that there were "too many guys sitting in the same chair". They also said that they had been treated unfairly by the studios that produced their films, claiming that they failed to see any profits from "Ruthless People". Nevertheless, the three still maintain a close kinship.


title: Ankit Gupta

text: Ankit Gupta (born 6 November 1988) is an Indian television actor who is best known as Parth Kashyap in "Sadda Haq", Garv Priyom Thakur in "Begusarai" and for his major breakthrough role Fateh Singh Virk in Colors TV's "Udaariyaan". In 2022, he appeared in "Bigg Boss 16" as a contestant.


title: Ankit Gupta

text: Gupta was born on 6 November 1988 in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. He completed his education at IPEC Engineering College.


title: Ankit Gupta

text: He started his career by doing a job at a call center and later moved to Mumbai, where he did many commercials and music videos before he started acting.


title: Ankit Gupta

text: Gupta made his acting debut in 2012, as Dr. Abhishek Kumar in Colors TV series "Balika Vadhu". The same year, he was seen as Nalender Yadav in the Hindi film Tutiya Dil. In 2014, he rose to fame playing Parth Kashyap in Channel V India's show "Sadda Haq".


title: Ankit Gupta

text: Gupta was seen playing recurring roles in "Begusarai" as Garv Thakur, "Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi" as Jatin Roy, "Mayavi Maling" as Chegu and, "Kundali Bhagya" as Pawan Malhotra. He has also been part of the web series "Illegal - Justice, Out Of Order", "Bekaboo 2", and "Main Hero Boll Raha Hu".


title: Ankit Gupta

text: From 2021 to 2022, Gupta was seen playing the male lead, Fateh Singh Virk, in Colors TV's popular drama "Udaariyaan". Since October 2022, he is seen participating in the Colors TV's reality show "Bigg Boss 16".


title: Dorothy Provine

text: Dorothy Michelle Provine (January 20, 1935 – April 25, 2010) was an American singer, dancer and actress. Born in 1935 in Deadwood, South Dakota, she grew up in Seattle, Washington, and was hired in 1958 by Warner Bros., after which she first starred in "The Bonnie Parker Story" and played many roles in TV series. During the 1960s, Provine starred in series such as "The Alaskans" and "The Roaring Twenties," and her major roles in movies included "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963), "Good Neighbor Sam" (1964) with Jack Lemmon, "That Darn Cat!" (1965), "Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die" (1966), "Who's Minding the Mint?" (1967), and "Never a Dull Moment" (1968) with Dick Van Dyke and Edward G. Robinson. In 1968, Provine married the film and television director Robert Day and mostly retired. She died of emphysema on April 25, 2010 in Bremerton, Washington.


title: Dorothy Provine

text: Provine was born in Deadwood in southwestern South Dakota, to William and Irene Provine, but grew up in Seattle, Washington, where her parents ran a nightclub. She attended the University of Washington in Seattle, from which she graduated with a degree in Theater Arts in 1957. While there, she joined the women's fraternity Alpha Gamma Delta. In Washington, she handed out prizes for a quiz program on a local television station until she was hired by Warner Bros. at $500 per week. In Hollywood, she starred in the titular role as the cigar-chomping, machine-gun firing heroine of the 1958 film "The Bonnie Parker Story" directed by William Witney. That same year, she performed in a credited walk-on part in the NBC Western television series "Wagon Train," in the episode "The Marie Dupree Story." In 1959, she was in the cast of "The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock", which was Lou Costello's last screen appearance. In that same year she again appeared in "Wagon Train" in the episode "Matthew Lowry Story", this time having a part that ran the full episode.


title: Dorothy Provine

text: On January 3, 1959, Provine appeared as Laura Winfield in the episode "The Bitter Lesson" of the NBC Western series "Cimarron City". Laura Winfield is a newly arrived schoolteacher with false credentials who is plotting with a male companion to rob a stage shipment of gold, but not before Deputy Sheriff Lane Temple (series star John Smith) falls in love with her. Dan Blocker and Gregg Palmer also appear in this episode as interested suitors of the new teacher. A few weeks thereafter, she was cast in a supporting role in the episode "The Giant Killer" of the ABC/Warner Bros. Western series "Sugarfoot", with Will Hutchins in the title role.


title: Dorothy Provine

text: In 1959, Provine appeared as Ann Donnelly in the episode "The Confession" of another ABC/WB Western series, "Colt .45", starring Wayde Preston. Charles Aidman was cast in this episode as Arthur Sibley; Don C. Harvey as Sheriff Clinter. About this time she was also cast in an episode of the ABC sitcom "The Real McCoys" starring Walter Brennan.


title: Dorothy Provine

text: Another 1959 appearance was as "Chalmers" in the episode "Blood Money" of the CBS televised Western "The Texan" starring Rory Calhoun as Bill Longley and Ralph Meeker in the guest cast as Sam Kerrigan. She also guest starred in the syndicated Western series "Man Without a Gun" starring Rex Reason.


title: Dorothy Provine

text: Provine had a starring role in two ABC/WB series: "The Alaskans" (1959–1960) starring Roger Moore in which she played Rocky Shaw, and "The Roaring Twenties" (1960–1962), in which she portrayed dazzling singer/dancer Pinky Pinkham. A profile in "Time" stated that "It is Dorothy’s oooohing and shimmying that have kept the series afloat." Rex Reason, from "Man Without a Gun", co-starred with her in "The Roaring Twenties" along with Donald May, John Dehner, Mike Road, and Gary Vinson. Provine recorded an album of songs from the show, and had two hit singles in the UK Singles Chart — "Don't Bring Lulu" (number 17 in 1961) and "Crazy Words, Crazy Tune" (number 45 in 1962).


title: Dorothy Provine

text: She guest-starred in the 25th episode of "The Gallant Men" called "Tommy", which aired in March 1963. Her character name was Joyce Adams, a singer who entertained the troops.


title: Dorothy Provine

text: In September 1965, Provine starred in the two-part episode "Alexander the Greater" that opened the second season of "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." TV series, starring Robert Vaughn and David McCallum alongside Rip Torn and David Opatoshu, later repackaged as the theatrical feature "One Spy Too Many" (1966).


title: Dorothy Provine

text: Provine's best-known film role was as Emeline Marcus-Finch, beleaguered wife of Milton Berle's character in Stanley Kramer's epic comedy "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963). She also appeared in "Good Neighbor Sam" (1964) with Jack Lemmon, "The Great Race" (1965) with Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon, Walt Disney's "That Darn Cat!" (1965), "Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die" (1966), "Who's Minding the Mint?" (1967) with Walter Brennan, and "Never a Dull Moment" (1968) with Dick Van Dyke.


title: Dorothy Provine

text: In 1968, Provine married the film and television director Robert Day and retired from acting, apart from occasional guest roles on television. The couple moved to Bainbridge Island, Washington, about 1990, where they resided with their son. Provine was reclusive in retirement and indulged her love of reading and movies and occasionally drove around the island with her husband.


title: Dorothy Provine

text: According to the Roger Moore website, during the filming of "The Alaskans" (1959–1960) Provine had an affair with Roger Moore.


title: Paper Towns

text: Paper Towns is a novel written by John Green, primarily for an audience of young adults, and was published on October 16, 2008, by Dutton Books. The novel is about the coming-of-age of the protagonist, Quentin "Q" Jacobsen and his search for Margo Roth Spiegelman, his neighbor and childhood sweetheart. During his search, Quentin and his friends Ben, Radar, and Lacey discover information about Margo.


title: Paper Towns

text: John Green drew inspiration for this book from his experience and knowledge of "paper towns" during a road journey through South Dakota. It debuted at number five on the "New York Times" bestseller list for children's books and was awarded the 2009 Edgar Award for best young adult novel. A film adaptation was released on July 24, 2015.


title: Paper Towns

text: "Paper Towns" mostly takes place in and around Jefferson Park, a fictional subdivision located in suburban Orlando, Florida and focuses on narrator and protagonist Quentin "Q" Jacobsen and his neighbor Margo Roth Spiegelman, with whom Quentin has always had a romantic fascination. As preadolescents, Quentin and Margo together discovered the corpse of a local man who committed suicide in their neighborhood park. Nine years later, Quentin is an outcast whose best friends are Ben and Radar, while Margo is a popular student—both now seniors at Winter Park High School. A month before their graduation, Margo suddenly reappears in Quentin's life, climbing through his bedroom window as she did during their first meeting. She has devised an eleven-part plan of vengeance on a group of people she feels have hurt her during her time at high school; these people include her cheating boyfriend Jase and peers Lacey and Becca. Margo needs an accomplice and a car to help her, and Quentin accepts. Margo and Quentin successfully complete the tasks, share a romantically ambiguous dance, and return to their homes around dawn.


title: Paper Towns

text: The next day, Quentin wonders hopefully if Margo will start hanging out with him, but Margo is reported missing by her parents after three days. Quentin, Ben, and Radar soon discover a series of items that Margo has left hidden for Quentin: a picture of Woody Guthrie on Margo's bedroom window shade, Margo's highlighted copy of Walt Whitman's poem "Song of Myself", and a written address in Quentin's bedroom doorjamb. Quentin and his friends follow these clues to find an abandoned mini-mall in Christmas, Florida, that contains evidence of Margo's recent presence. Quentin struggles to analyze all of Margo's clues and leftover materials in the mini-mall. He suspects the clues are meant to lead him to her current whereabouts, though he worries she may have committed suicide.


title: Paper Towns

text: Based on a note Margo has left referring to "paper towns", Quentin realizes Margo may be hiding or buried in one of the many abandoned housing subdivisions—"pseudovisions" or "paper towns"—around Orlando. He drives to all of the pseudovisions where he feels that she may be hiding, but he cannot find her. On the day of his graduation, Quentin comes across an obscure Internet post, with a comment left on it which Quentin recognizes as Margo's due to its distinctive capitalization, which tells him that Margo has been hiding in a fictitious town in New York State called Agloe (which was created as a copyright trap by mapmakers) and that she plans to leave Agloe immediately after noon on May 29. Quentin, Radar, Ben, and Lacey impulsively skip graduation to drive to Agloe to search for her, rushing to get from Florida to New York before noon on May 29.


title: Paper Towns

text: In Agloe, they discover Margo is living in an old, dilapidated barn. She is shocked to see them, which angers the group, who expected her to be grateful for their presence. Margo had left those clues only to assure Quentin that she is okay, and did not want to be found. Angry at her lack of gratitude, Radar, Ben, and Lacey leave and spend the night at a motel. Quentin realizes the image he had of Margo was as fake as the one that she had been projecting to everyone else and becomes furious at her for wasting his time. Margo argues that Quentin saved her for egotistical reasons: he wanted to be a knight in shining armor who saved the troubled girl. Ultimately, Quentin accepts that it was unfair for him to expect Margo to live up to his perfect image of her, and he begins to logically overcome his sexual attraction towards her. After their conversation, Margo decides to go to New York City and asks Quentin to accompany her. Quentin wants to stay with her, and they kiss, but he understands his home life and responsibilities prevent him from going. Margo promises to Quentin that she will keep in contact with him.


title: Paper Towns

text: The novel is written in three parts. Each individual part is named for a specific metaphor used considerably in that section. The titles of sections are "The Strings", "The Grass", and "The Vessel". Each individual chapter within the first two parts is labeled with a number. However, the third part of the novel is divided into smaller sections. Each section refers to the hour of the characters' road trip.


title: Paper Towns

text: Throughout the novel, the concept of paper towns is mentioned several times. As a former Orlando resident, John Green had seen and heard of many "paper towns". His first experience with a "paper town" occurred during his junior year of college while on a road trip. In South Dakota, he and his friend came across a paper town called Holen. At the end of the novel, John Green states that the story of Agloe presented in the text is mostly true: "Agloe began as a paper town created to protect against copyright infringement. But then people with these old Esso maps kept looking for it, and so someone built a store, making Agloe real."


title: Paper Towns

text: "Paper Towns" received mostly positive reviews. "Publishers Weekly" said, "the title, which refers to unbuilt subdivisions and copyright trap towns that appear on maps but don't exist, unintentionally underscores the novel's weakness: both milquetoast Q and self-absorbed Margo are types, not fully dimensional characters". It also said the novel is "another teen pleasing read". "Kirkus Reviews" praised the novel as "a winning combination". "School Library Journal" said, "Q is a great social outcast main character who sometimes thinks a little too much, but is completely relatable. Though we only really see Margo for the first third of the book, the clues really create her character and give us the feeling she's a complex person. Finding out who Margo is through the things she left behind was a really great way to develop her character."


title: Paper Towns

text: Rebecca Swain of "Orlando Sentinel" stated, ""Paper Towns" has convinced me that jaded adult readers need to start raiding the Teen's section at the bookstore. Green, who grew up in Orlando and uses the city as a backdrop for the story, taps into the cadence of teenage life with sharp and funny writing, but transcends age with deeper insights." Chelsey G.H. Philpot, editorial assistant of The Horn Book Guide, said, "the end breaks your heart, and yet it feels right". Rollie Welch called "Paper Towns" "Green's best work" up to that point. Michael Cart praised John Green for his symbolism and ability to synthesize imagination and reality; he wrote, "Green ponders the interconnectedness of imagination and perception, of mirrors and windows, of illusion and reality".


title: Paper Towns

text: Robert Corwin of Arizona State University wrote, "some readers may find the author's use of language and sexual content objectionable." "The Cleveland Plain Dealer" stated, “Readers will find that the structure and central mystery of "Paper Towns" echo Green's debut, 'Looking for Alaska', and Gregory Galloway's 2005 novel, "As Simple As Snow,"" and "Kirkus Reviews" wrote that Green's novel was “reminiscent" of Galloway's novel.


title: Paper Towns

text: On June 23, 2014, "Paper Towns" was removed from the summer reading list for 13-year-olds at Dr John Long Middle School in Pasco County, Florida after a parent complained to a board member that she disapproved of the book's sexual content. The National Coalition Against Censorship responded to the removal by calling for the book to be reinstated to the reading list. In a letter to the district superintendent, the organization wrote, "No sound educational rationale for removing the book has been articulated, nor is it likely that one could be". Consequently, it was restored to the reading list the following month.


title: Paper Towns

text: Fox 2000 developed the "Paper Towns" film with the same team that made "The Fault in Our Stars". Jake Schreier directed the film. Nat Wolff, who played a role in the film version of "The Fault in Our Stars", starred as Quentin, Cara Delevingne played Margo Roth Spiegelman, and Justice Smith, Austin Abrams, and Halston Sage played Quentin/Q's friends Radar, Ben, and Lacey, respectively. Jaz Sinclair appeared in the film as Angela, Radar's girlfriend. The film was released on July 24, 2015.


title: Paper Towns

text: The paperback edition of the novel was released on September 22, 2009. The book was also released in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury Publishing on May 3, 2010.


title: Murder of Erica Green

text: Erica Michelle Marie Green (May 15, 1997 – April 28, 2001), also known as Precious Doe, was an American three-year-old girl who was murdered in Kansas City, Missouri, in April 2001. Green's decapitated body was discovered on April 28, 2001, and her head was found nearby on May 1, but remained unidentified until May 5, 2005. Green's murder attracted significant media and public attention due to the brutality of the crime and the lengthy period without identification.


title: Murder of Erica Green

text: On April 28, 2001, the decapitated body of a young African-American girl was found near Hibbs Park at 59th Street and Kensington Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri. On May 1, 2001, the young girl's head was found wrapped in a trash bag approximately 150 to 200 yards southeast of the body discovery site. Investigators determined that she had been beaten with an ashtray found with the body and kicked several times, causing extensive injuries throughout her body, and then decapitated in an effort to keep police from being able to identify the body. The ashtray lacked DNA or fingerprints, and the unidentified girl was known by the multiple-use name Precious Doe, which was used in public broadcasts in an effort to identify her.


title: Murder of Erica Green

text: The brutality of the crime, and the fact that Green went unidentified for a long period, sparked nationwide interest in an effort to identify her. Police released sketches, computerized facial reconstructions, and at least two busts.


title: Murder of Erica Green

text: On May 5, 2005, Precious Doe was identified as Erica Green, a three-year-old from Oklahoma. Her mother, Michelle Johnson (also known as Michelle Pierce), and her stepfather, Harrell Johnson, were charged with murder and extradited from Oklahoma to face charges in Missouri. Michelle Johnson's eight other children were taken into state custody or placed with relatives. On December 3, 2005, prosecutors announced that they would seek the death penalty against Erica's stepfather, Harrell Johnson.


title: Murder of Erica Green

text: Police stated that Erica had died when Johnson had used a pair of hedge clippers to sever her head after she had been brutally beaten. Johnson's cousin, Lawanda Driskell, said that Erica's mother helped Harrell dispose of the body by taking Erica from the house as if sleeping in a stroller and telling Driskell she had given Erica to the woman who had raised her while Johnson was in prison.


title: Murder of Erica Green

text: On October 8, 2008, Harrell Johnson was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison. On October 22, 2008, Michelle Johnson was sentenced to 25 years in prison, in exchange for her 2007 guilty plea to second-degree murder and testimony against her husband.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: Pamela Voorhees () is a fictional character and the overarching antagonist of the "Friday the 13th" series of horror films. She was created by Victor Miller, and first appeared in Sean S. Cunningham's "Friday the 13th" (1980), played by Betsy Palmer. Pamela is the main antagonist of the first film, in which she is known only as Mrs. Voorhees, and remains an antagonistic presence in its sequels, in which she is seen mostly as a severed head or a figment of her son's imagination. In "Friday the 13th Part III" (1982), the character appears as a reanimated corpse in a hallucination, played by Marilyn Poucher. Paula Shaw played Pamela in the crossover "Freddy vs. Jason" (2003); according to Palmer in "Friday The 13th Reunion", she was asked to reprise her role in the film, but turned it down after reading the script. Nana Visitor played Pamela in the 2009 reboot.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: In the original film, Pamela is introduced as the mother of Jason Voorhees, a boy who supposedly drowned at Camp Crystal Lake in 1957, where Pamela worked as a cook, due to the negligence of the camp staff. After exacting revenge on those she blamed for her son's death, the camp is closed, only for its new owner and a group of counselors to attempt to re-open it twenty-one years later. To ensure the camp remains closed so no child will suffer the same fate as Jason, the vengeful and psychotic Pamela stalks and kills them one by one, but is ultimately decapitated by the sole survivor of her killing spree. After Jason is revealed to still be alive, he avenges his mother and later murders anyone who steps foot into Camp Crystal Lake and the surrounding woods area, guided by Pamela's spirit, which he hallucinates inside his head as urging him to kill.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: Pamela (whose maiden name is never revealed) was born in 1930 (as revealed in ""). At age 15, Pamela became pregnant by a man named Elias Voorhees. Very little is known about their romance and short marriage, aside from the fact that Pamela kept a class ring which she wore on her ring finger of her left hand (as seen in several scenes in the first "Friday the 13th" film). On June 13, 1946, at age 16, she gave birth to a hydrocephalic boy and she named him Jason (as shown in ""). Because of his condition, Pamela never sent Jason to school, and was extremely overprotective of him.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: Pamela later got a job as a cook at Camp Crystal Lake through her acquaintances David and Louise Christy. On a fateful day in 1957, Jason, infuriated by the constant teasing and harassment from other children, snuck out of his cabin late at night to prove that he could swim. The counselors were not watching him at all, as they were at a party and making love in one of the adult cabins. Jason was presumed dead by drowning, but his body was never found in the lake. When an investigation concluded that Jason's death was accidental, the camp resumed as scheduled.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: After Jason's death, Pamela began hearing auditory hallucinations of her son telling her to kill those responsible for his demise. In 1958, a year after Jason's death, Pamela brutally murdered two counselors (Barry and Claudette) in cold blood, as she blamed them for allowing her son to drown. Camp Crystal Lake was closed after the murders and was nicknamed "Camp Blood" by local residents. When the owners tried to re-open the camp in 1962, Pamela returned, poisoned the water, and set several fires, causing the camp to be closed once more (the first film establishes that the culprit behind these incidents was never found). At the time of these incidents, Pamela lived in a house that bordered Camp Crystal Lake, which allowed her to observe that the camp remained unattended.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: In 1978, Steven "Steve" Christy inherited the property from his parents, who had reported died bankrupt and traumatized by the series of events. The younger Christy was confident that the camp could reopen, and spent nearly $25,000 and a good portion of the year hiring contractors to renovate the rundown summer camp in anticipation of the following summer. Steve hired seven young counselors - Annie Phillips, Alice Hardy, Bill Brown, Ned Rubenstein, Marcie Stanler, Jack Burrell, and Brenda Jones. On June 13th, 1979, Steve had had the counselors making final preparations on the property for its grand reopening, even after several ominous warnings of a death curse by the local residents. Steve's goal had been to appeal to inner city families, offering their children an opportunity to spend a summer outdoors. Pamela, who does not want the camp re-opened for fear of another tragic accident, is enraged and goes on a savage killing spree: she slashes Annie's throat in the woods with her bowie knife, lures Ned inside a cabin to slit his throat, pierces Jack's throat with an arrow from underneath the bed, slams a felling axe into Marcie's face inside the bathroom stalls, and brutally attacks Brenda at the archery range. Prior to the killing spree, Steve had gone into town to procure supplies. Returning to the camp after a rain squall hit, Steve recognized Pamela and greeted her, surprised at seeing her so far out in the woods. Before Steve could make any other remarks, he was stabbed in the heart.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: Bill investigates the generator which has been turned off, and Pamela slits his throat before pinning his body with arrows to the shed door. With Alice as the last remaining counselor, she finds Bill's body and barricades herself in the main cabin. After terrorizing Alice by throwing Brenda's body into one of the windows, she drives her jeep towards the cabin to lure Alice out, thinking Steve has returned. Outside, she greets the frightened Alice in a friendly manner and cites herself as a friend of Steve Christy. When she enters inside the cabin with Alice, she sees Brenda's body and begins to discuss about Jason's drowning in which she blames the counselors for not paying attention to his incident. As she begins to have visions of Jason's drowning, she turns violent and draws her bowie knife to attack Alice, but the surviving counselor strikes her with a fireplace poker. When Alice flees into the gun storage, Pamela violently slaps her before Alice stuns her by smacking the butt of a rifle into her face. As Pamela searches around the camp saying in Jason's voice "kill her, mommy!", she finds Alice hiding inside the pantry of the mess hall. When Pamela breaks parts of the door and tries to attack with a machete, Alice renders her unconscious with a frying pan. When she later awakes, she finds Alice at the shore and attacks her once again. During the struggle, Alice gains the upper hand. Pamela's last look is one of horror as Alice attacks Pamela with her own machete, which decapitates her.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: Although Pamela does not share her son's immortality, she does reappear in later films, as a corpse or a hallucination in Jason's mind urging him to kill. In "Friday the 13th Part 2" (1981), Pamela's head is used by the resurrected Jason to scare Alice by placing it in her fridge, before killing her to avenge his mother's death. The head is later seen on a shrine built by Jason in his cabin, which also stores the rest of Pamela's body and those of some of Jason's victims. One of the few survivors of Jason's killing spree, Ginny Field, stumbles upon the cabin and dons Pamela's sweater to trick Jason into thinking she is his mother. When Ginny attempts to calm Jason down, he briefly visualizes his mother (again played by Betsy Palmer) talking to him, but then notices Pamela's head on the shrine and sees through the deception. Despite this, Ginny is ultimately able to escape from Jason and injure him with his machete.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: Pamela is seen again in "Friday the 13th Part III" (1982) when lone survivor Chris Higgins has a nightmare which ends with Pamela's corpse (played by the Second Assistant Director, Marilyn Poucher), with her head attached, reaching up from the lake to pull her underwater. Pamela's grave briefly appears in "" (1984), revealing that her body was eventually found in Jason's cabin after he abandoned it, and laid to rest in a run down, roadside cemetery. Pamela's final appearance in the original series is in "Freddy vs. Jason" (2003), where she is played by Paula Shaw. While in Hell, Jason sees his mother commanding her son to come back to life and kill the children of Elm Street; however, it is quickly revealed that "Pamela" was actually Freddy Krueger in disguise, trying to manipulate Jason for his own ends.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: Pamela (played by Nana Visitor) has a minor presence in the 2009 "Friday the 13th" reboot. The opening scene shows her chasing a young girl, presumably Alice, at the end of her Camp Crystal Lake killing spree, who ultimately decapitates Pamela with her own machete. The event is witnessed by a young Jason, who later examines his mother's corpse and finds a locket containing pictures of him and a younger Pamela, before hearing her voice commanding him to "kill for mother." As an adult, Jason kidnaps one of his potential victims, Whitney Miller, who resembles the young Pamela seen in the picture, setting the film's events into motion.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: In an interview, John Carl Buechler revealed he had originally intended to have a scene in "" in which protagonist Tina Shepard has a surreal vision in which Pamela's severed head appears in Jason's arms, repeatedly yelling "help me mommy!" The scene was never shot, due to being deemed too over-the-top. Reportedly, the character was to make another appearance for "" in a flashback. "Jason X" was originally meant to feature an appearance of Pamela in the holographic projection of Camp Crystal Lake that Jason is distracted by in the film; one idea was to even have Jason attack the virtual Pamela to show just how evil he had become.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: The severed head of Pamela Voorhees is a major character in the first book of Eric Morse's "Camp Crystal Lake" series. In the novel, hunter Joe Travers finds an unmarked gravestone in the forest and digs nearby to find a wet cardboard box containing the still living head, having been reanimated by Jason's cursed mask. Pamela then gives him directions to the location of Jason's buried hockey mask, which he digs up and puts on, thus becoming possessed by Jason in the process. Carly, the novel's heroine, later discovers the head still in its box, still in the grave. During the final showdown with Pamela and the hunter, she destroys the head with a shotgun blast, killing Pamela.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: In the non-canonical "Jason vs. Leatherface" comic miniseries by Topps Comics, Mrs. Voorhees is identified as Doris and appears in two flashbacks, one in the first issue and another in the second; in the first flashback, brought on by Jason being asked his name by Cook, she appears, face obscured, encouraging a young Jason as he writes his name on a chalkboard. The second flashback, provoked by Jason seeing the Hitchhiker abuse his younger brother Leatherface, has her killing Elias Voorhees with a machete when he attempts to beat Jason.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: The comic one-shot "Jason X Special" by Avatar Press features Pamela coming back from the dead by possessing a swarm of nano ants. Discovering Jason has been captured by a bio-engineer named Kristen, Pamela releases him and guides him to a camp near Kristen's laboratory populated by androids, who Jason begins to destroy, quickly becoming disastified with these victims due to the fact that, as Pamela states, "they aren't real." At the end of the comic, Pamela, after Jason is launched into space by Kristen, gets revenge on the bio-engineer by possessing her lover Neil and forcing him to stab Kristen in the stomach and slit his own throat. In the sequel to the one-shot, the two-issue miniseries "Friday the 13th: Jason vs. Jason X", Pamela appears only as a fragmented memory shared between Jason and his clone (which was created using a portion of Jason's brain). After Jason disposes of his clone and assimilates the portion of his brain it possessed, his memories of Pamela (who he and the clone did not recognize) are restored.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: In the novel "Jason X: Death Moon" by Black Flame, a character, while in a holographic version of Crystal Lake, stumbles across an underwater recreation of Pamela's grave in the lake and is attacked by a zombified version of her created by Dr. Armando Castillo. In "Friday the 13th: Hell Lake", the character Gretchen Andrews, after an encounter with Jason, seemingly becomes possessed by Pamela. "Friday the 13th: Carnival of Maniacs" involves Pamela possessing characters who come into contact with her severed head.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: In 2007, a two issue comic miniseries titled "Friday the 13th: Pamela's Tale", detailing much of Pamela's history, was printed by Wildstorm; the comics take place before the main events of "Friday the 13th" and feature Pamela picking up Annie, one of the Camp Crystal Lake counselors in-training, and recounting her past. She reveals that Elias abused her while she was pregnant, which may have caused Jason to be born deformed. Driven by what she believed to be the unborn Jason's voice, Pamela killed Elias with an axe, blew up their trailer and dumped her husband's body in Crystal Lake. After killing Elias, Pamela moved to Crystal Lake and got a job as a chef at a diner, later being hired as Camp Crystal Lake's cook by the Christy family. After telling Annie her origin Pamela, as in the film, slits her throat, but treats her body as if it were still alive afterwards. The miniseries ends with a recreation of the scene from the film where Pamela meets Alice at Camp Crystal Lake. In the two-issue miniseries "Friday the 13th: How I Spent My Summer Vacation", Pamela appears in a flashback to when she first brought Jason to Camp Crystal Lake in the first issue and the end of the second issue has Jason visiting his mother's grave.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: In the first issue of the six-issue comic book miniseries "Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash", in a dream of Jason's, Freddy Krueger creates a vision of Pamela and uses it to manipulate Jason into seeking out the "Necronomicon" that is in the house that he and Pamela lived in when he was a child, as seen in the movie Jason Goes To Hell: The Final Friday. In the fifth issue of the miniseries, in addition to there being a portrait of Pamela in her and Jason's old house, it is implied that she used the Necronomicon to resurrect Jason after he drowned in Crystal Lake.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: Pamela also appears in the "Friday The 13th" video game for the NES. Her severed head is a mini-boss in a hidden cave. It floats around after lifting itself off a pedestal surrounded by candles, reminiscent of the second movie. Just as Jason has to be defeated three times to complete the game, Pamela can also be fought three times, and each defeat earns the player a unique item — a powerful weapon (usually a machete or axe), then her sweater, and finally the pitchfork.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: In the 2017 video game "", Pamela (whether it's the real Pamela or a figment of Jason's imagination is unknown), voiced by Jennifer Ann Burton, tells Jason to kill the camp counselors that have come to Camp Crystal Lake. In the game, there are two series of unlockable audio tapes, one of which follows Pamela after Jason's drowning, and the other of which follows Tommy Jarvis after the events of the fourth, fifth, and sixth films of the "Friday The 13th" film series. Pamela's tapes offer background information on Pamela and Jason's life before the latter's drowning, revealing that Jason was not actually the son of Elias Voorhees, but the product of a brutal rape by an unknown stranger. Pamela and Jason were heavily abused by Elias, culminating in Pamela murdering her husband. When questioned by the police on the murder, Pamela claims that she did on Jason's urging. The tapes also feature a brief, friendly exchange between Pamela and Dr. Malcolm Jarvis, the father of Jason's future nemesis Tommy Jarvis, who sympathizes with Pamela. Over the course of the tapes, Pamela becomes increasingly errant and vicious as the police's apathy towards her plight becomes more apparent, culminating in the search for her son being dropped altogether and her being removed from the premises. As she is taken away, she ferociously declares that Crystal Lake now has "death curse", igniting the town's bloody history.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: Pamela's grief and homicidal rage are the subject of "Pamela," the third track on the 2022 album "God's Country" by Oklahoma City noise rock band Chat Pile.


title: Pamela Voorhees

text: In 2016, Dread Central ranked Pamela in fifth place on their "Top 5 Most Powerful Performances in Horror History Since 1960!" list, opining that Pamela encompassed both false compassion and blind rage and Palmer made the most of every second she appeared onscreen in the original film. "Empire" ranked Pamela as the 92nd best horror movie character, bemoaning that she was never resurrected and calling her "much more interesting than her son, Jason".


title: Lake Nyos

text: Lake Nyos ( ) is a crater lake in the Region of Cameroon, located about northwest of Yaoundé, the capital. Nyos is a deep lake high on the flank of an inactive volcano in the Oku volcanic plain along the Cameroon line of volcanic activity. A volcanic dam impounds the lake waters.


title: Lake Nyos

text: A pocket of magma lies beneath the lake and leaks carbon dioxide () into the water, changing it into carbonic acid. Nyos is one of only three lakes known to be saturated with carbon dioxide in this way, and therefore prone to limnic eruptions (the others being Lake Monoun, also in Cameroon, and Lake Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda).


title: Lake Nyos

text: In 1986, possibly as the result of a landslide, Lake Nyos suddenly emitted a large cloud of, which suffocated 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock in nearby towns and villages, the most notable one being Chah, which was abandoned after the incident. Though not completely unprecedented, it was the first known large-scale asphyxiation caused by a natural event. To prevent a recurrence, a degassing tube that siphons water from the bottom layers to the top, allowing the carbon dioxide to leak in safe quantities, was installed in 2001. Two additional tubes were installed in 2011.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Today, the lake also poses a threat because its natural wall is weakening. A geological tremor could cause this natural levee to give way, allowing water to rush into downstream villages all the way into Nigeria and allowing large amounts of carbon dioxide to escape.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Lake Nyos lies within the Oku Volcanic Field, located near the northern boundary of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, a zone of volcanoes and other tectonic activity that extends southwest to the Mt. Cameroon stratovolcano. The field consists of volcanic maars and basaltic scoria cones.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Lake Nyos is located south of the dirt road from Wum, about to the west, to Nkambé in the east. Villages along the road in the vicinity of the lake include Cha, Nyos, Munji, Djingbe, and Subum. The lake is from the Nigerian border to the north, and lies on the northern slopes of the Massif du Mbam, drained by streams running north, then northwest, to the Katsina-Ala River in Nigeria which is part of the Benue River basin.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Lake Nyos fills a roughly circular maar in the Oku Volcanic Field, an explosion crater caused when a lava flow interacted violently with groundwater. The maar is believed to have formed in an eruption a maximum of 12,000 years ago, and is 1,800 m (5,900 ft) across and 208 m (682 ft) deep. The area has been volcanically active for millions of years—after South America and Africa were split apart by plate tectonics about 110 million years ago, West Africa also experienced rifting, although to a lesser degree. The rift is known as the Mbéré Rift Valley, and crustal extension has allowed magma to reach the surface along a line extending through Cameroon. Mount Cameroon also lies on this fault line. Lake Nyos is surrounded by old lava flows and pyroclastic deposits.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Although Nyos is situated within an extinct volcano, magma still exists beneath it. Approximately directly below the lake resides a pool of magma, which releases carbon dioxide and other gases; the gases then travel upward through the earth. The fumes then dissolve in the natural springs encircling the lake, ultimately rising to the surface of the water and leaching into the lake.


title: Lake Nyos

text: The lake waters are held in place by a natural dam composed of volcanic rock. At its narrowest point, the wall measures high and wide.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Lake Nyos is one of only three lakes in the world known to be saturated with carbon dioxide—the others are Lake Monoun, also in Cameroon, and Lake Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A magma chamber beneath the region is an abundant source of carbon dioxide, which seeps up through the lake bed, charging the waters of Lake Nyos with an estimated 90 million tonnes of .


title: Lake Nyos

text: Lake Nyos is thermally stratified, with layers of warm, less dense water near the surface floating on the colder, denser water layers near the lake's bottom. Over long periods, carbon dioxide gas seeping into the cold water at the lake's bottom is dissolved in great amounts.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Most of the time, the lake is stable and the remains in solution in the lower layers. However, over time, the water becomes supersaturated, and if an event such as an earthquake or landslide occurs, large amounts of may suddenly come out of solution.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Although a sudden outgassing of had occurred at Lake Monoun in 1984, a similar threat from Lake Nyos was not anticipated. However, on August 21, 1986, a limnic eruption occurred at Lake Nyos, triggering the sudden release of about 100,000–300,000 tons (some sources state as much as 1.6 million tonnes) of . This gas cloud rose at nearly and spilled over the northern lip of the lake into a valley running roughly east–west from Cha to Subum. It then rushed down two valleys branching off to the north, displacing all of the air and suffocating 1,746 people within of the lake, mostly rural villagers, as well as 3,500 livestock. The villages most affected were Cha, Nyos, and Subum.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Scientists concluded from evidence that a fountain of water and foam formed at the surface of the lake. The huge amount of water rising suddenly caused much turbulence in the water, spawning a wave of at least that would scour the shore of one side.


title: Lake Nyos

text: It is not known what triggered the catastrophic outgassing. Most geologists suspect a landslide, but some believe that a small volcanic eruption may have occurred on the bed of the lake. A third possibility is that cool rainwater falling on one side of the lake triggered the overturn. Others still believe there was a small earthquake, but as witnesses did not report feeling any tremors on the morning of the disaster, this hypothesis is unlikely. Whatever the cause, the event resulted in the rapid mixing of the supersaturated deep water with the upper layers of the lake, where the reduced pressure allowed the stored to effervesce out of solution.


title: Lake Nyos

text: It is believed that about of gas was released. The normally blue waters of the lake turned a deep red after the outgassing, due to iron-rich water from the deep rising to the surface and being oxidised by the air. The level of the lake dropped by about a metre and trees near the lake were knocked down.


title: Lake Nyos

text: The scale of the 1986 disaster led to much study on how a recurrence could be prevented. Estimates of the rate of carbon dioxide entering the lake suggested that outgassings could occur every 10–30 years, though a recent study shows that release of water from the lake, caused by erosion of the natural barrier that keeps in the lake's water, could in turn reduce pressure on the lake's carbon dioxide and cause a gas escape much sooner.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Several researchers independently proposed the installation of degassing columns from rafts in the lake. These use a pump to initially lift water from the bottom of the lake, heavily saturated with , until the loss of pressure begins releasing the gas from the diphasic fluid, at which point the process becomes self-powered. In 1992 at Monoun, and in 1995 at Nyos, a French team directed by Michel Halbwachs demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. In 2001, the U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance funded a permanent installation at Nyos.


title: Lake Nyos

text: In 2011, two additional pipes were installed by Michel Halbwachs and his French-Cameroonian team to assure the complete degassing of Lake Nyos.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Following the disaster, scientists investigated other African lakes to see if a similar phenomenon could happen elsewhere. Lake Kivu, 2,000 times larger than Lake Nyos, was also found to be supersaturated, and geologists found evidence for outgassing events around the lake about every thousand years. The eruption of nearby Mount Nyiragongo in 2002 sent lava flowing into the lake, raising fears that a gas eruption could be triggered, but it was not, as the flow of lava stopped well before it got near the bottom layers of the lake, where the gas is maintained in solution by the water pressure.


title: Lake Nyos

text: In 2005, Isaac Njilah, a geologist at the University of Yaoundé, suggested that the natural dam of volcanic rock that keeps in the lake's waters could collapse in the near future. Erosion has worn the dam away, causing holes and pockets to develop in the dam's upper layer, and water already passes through the lower section. Meanwhile, landslides have reduced dam strength on the outside. Seismic activity caused by the lake's volcanic foundation could thus cause the lake wall to give way, resulting in up to 50 million m (1.8 billion ft) of water flooding downhill into areas of the Northwest Province and the Nigerian states of Taraba and Benue.


title: Lake Nyos

text: The Cameroonian government, speaking through Gregory Tanyi-Leke of the Institute of Mining and Geological Research, acknowledges the weakening wall, but denies that it presents any immediate threat. A United Nations team led by Olaf Van Duin and Nisa Nurmohamed of the Netherlands' Ministry of Transport and Public Works inspected the dam over three days in September 2005, and confirmed that the natural lip had weakened. Van Duin believed that the dam would breach within the next 10 to 20 years.


title: Lake Nyos

text: One possible means of averting such a catastrophe would be to strengthen the lake wall, though this would take much time and money. Engineers could also introduce a channel to allow excess water to drain; if the water level were lowered by about , the pressure on the wall would be reduced significantly.


title: Lake Nyos

text: Despite the risks from carbon dioxide and collapse of the lake's retaining wall, the area is being resettled. Settlers cite the wish to return to ancestral lands (although some are newcomers) and the great fertility of the land as reasons for their return.


title: Lake Nyos

text: "" [Nyos: The ceremony of innocence] (2016), a novel by Basileios Drolias focusing on the lake Nyos disaster.


title: Lake Nyos

text: "Stikvallei" [Choke Valley] (2013), a non-fiction account of the lake Nyos disaster by Frank Westerman.


title: Leslyn Lewis

text: Leslyn Lewis (born December 2, 1970) is a Canadian lawyer and politician who has served as the member of Parliament (MP) for Haldimand—Norfolk since 2021. A member of the Conservative Party, Lewis contested the party leadership in the 2020 leadership election, placing third. She was the first visible minority woman to run for the federal Conservative Party leadership. Lewis was also a candidate in the 2022 Conservative leadership election, coming in third overall. She is well known for her socially conservative views.


title: Leslyn Lewis

text: Lewis graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with high distinction from the University of Toronto as a student of Trinity College. She also holds a Master of Environmental Studies from York University with a concentration in business and environment from the Schulich School of Business, and a law degree and PhD in international law from Osgoode Hall Law School.


title: Leslyn Lewis

text: Lewis has practised law since approximately 2000 and is the managing partner of Lewis Law in Scarborough, specializing in commercial litigation and international trade practice, with a focus on energy policy. She has hosted the television show "Law Matters".


title: Leslyn Lewis

text: Lewis ran in the 2015 federal election campaign as the Conservative Party candidate for the riding of Scarborough—Rouge Park, after a scandal disrupted the campaign of the previous candidate.


title: Leslyn Lewis

text: In 2018 she was appointed by the province of Ontario to the board of the Ontario Trillium Foundation and was later named to the foundation's committee responsible for dispensing funds for youth programs.