title: Heideggerian terminology

text: , or "the turn" () is a term rarely used by Heidegger but employed by commentators who refer to a change in his writings as early as 1930 that became clearly established by the 1940s. Recurring themes that characterize much of the include poetry and technology. Commentators (e.g. William J. Richardson) describe, variously, a shift of focus, or a major change in outlook.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: The 1935 "Introduction to Metaphysics" "clearly shows the shift" to language from a previous emphasis on in "Being and Time" eight years earlier, according to Brian Bard's 1993 essay titled "Heidegger's Reading of Heraclitus". In a 1950 lecture, Heidegger formulated the famous saying "Language speaks", later published in the 1959 essays collection , and collected in the 1971 English book "Poetry, Language, Thought".


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: This supposed shift—applied here to cover about thirty years of Heidegger's 40-year writing career—has been described by commentators from widely varied viewpoints; including as a shift in priority from "Being and Time" to "Time and Being"—namely, from dwelling (being) in the world to doing (time) in the world. (This aspect, in particular the 1951 essay ""Building, Dwelling Thinking"", influenced several notable architectural theorists, including Christian Norberg-Schulz, Dalibor Vesely, Joseph Rykwert, Daniel Libeskind and the philosopher-architect Nader El-Bizri.)


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Other interpreters believe "the " does not exist or is overstated in its significance. Thomas Sheehan (2001) believes this supposed change is "far less dramatic than usually suggested", and entailed a change in focus and method. Sheehan contends that throughout his career, Heidegger never focused on "being", but rather tried to define "[that which] brings about being as a givenness of entities". Mark Wrathall argued (2011) that the is not found in Heidegger's writings but is simply a misconception. As evidence for this view, Wrathall sees a consistency of purpose in Heidegger's life-long pursuit and refinement of his notion of "unconcealment".


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Among the notable works dating after 1934 are "Building Dwelling Thinking", 1951), and "The Question Concerning Technology", (1954) "The Origin of the Work of Art", (1935), "Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning)", composed in the years 1936–38 but not published until 1989 and "On the Essence of Truth", (1930), and "What Is Called Thinking?" (1954). Also during this period, Heidegger wrote extensively on Nietzsche and the poet Hölderlin.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Metontology is a neologism Heidegger introduced in his 1928 lecture course "Metaphysical Foundations of Logic." The term refers to the ontic sphere of human experience. While ontology deals with the entire world in broad and abstract terms, metontology concerns concrete topics; Heidegger offers the examples of sexual differences and ethics.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Heidegger uses the term ontic, often in contrast to the term ontological, when he gives descriptive characteristics of a particular thing and the "plain facts" of its existence. What is ontic is what makes something what it is.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: For an individual discussing the nature of "being", one's ontic could refer to the physical, factual elements that produce and/or underlie one's own reality - the physical brain and its substructures. Moralists raise the question of a moral ontic when discussing whether there exists an external, objective, independent source or wellspring for morality that transcends culture and time.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: As opposed to "ontic" (), ontological is used when the nature, or meaningful structure of existence is at issue. Ontology, a discipline of philosophy, focuses on the formal study of Being. Thus, something that is ontological is concerned with understanding and investigating Being, the ground of Being, or the concept of Being itself.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: For an individual discussing the nature of "being", the ontological could refer to one's own first-person, subjective, phenomenological experience of being.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Central to Heidegger's philosophy is the difference between "being" as such and specific entities. He calls this the "ontological difference", and accuses the Western tradition in philosophy of being "forgetful" of this distinction, which has led to misunderstanding "being as such" as a distinct entity. (See reification)


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: is a term used only once in a particular edition of "Being and Time". In the text, the term appears to denote "the possibility whose probability it is solely to be possible". At least, if it were used in context, this is the only plausible definition.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: With the present-at-hand one has (in contrast to "ready-to-hand") an attitude like that of a scientist or theorist, of merely looking at or observing something. In seeing an entity as present-at-hand, the beholder is concerned only with the bare facts of a thing or a concept, as they are present and in order to theorize about it. This way of seeing is disinterested in the concern it may hold for , its history or usefulness. This attitude is often described as existing in neutral space without any particular mood or subjectivity. However, for Heidegger, it is not completely disinterested or neutral. It has a mood, and is part of the metaphysics of presence that tends to level all things down. Through his writings, Heidegger sets out to accomplish the (see above) of this metaphysics of presence.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Present-at-hand is not the way things in the world are usually encountered, and it is only revealed as a deficient or secondary mode, e.g., when a hammer breaks it loses its usefulness and appears as merely there, present-at-hand. When a thing is revealed as present-at-hand, it stands apart from any useful set of equipment but soon loses this mode of being present-at-hand and becomes something, for example, that must be repaired or replaced.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: In almost all cases humanity is involved in the world in an ordinary, and more involved, way, undertaking tasks with a view to achieving something. Take for example, a hammer: it is ready-to-hand; we use it without theorizing. In fact, if we were to look at it as present-at-hand, we might easily make a mistake. Only when it breaks or something goes wrong might we see the hammer as present-at-hand, just lying there. Even then however, it may be not fully present-at-hand, as it is now showing itself as something to be repaired or disposed, and therefore a part of the totality of our involvements. In this case its Being may be seen as unreadiness-to-hand. Heidegger outlines three manners of unreadiness-to-hand: Conspicuous (damaged; e.g., a lamp's wiring has broken), Obtrusive (a part is missing which is required for the entity to function; e.g., we find the bulb is missing), Obstinate (when the entity is a hindrance to us in pursuing a project; e.g., the lamp blocks my view of the computer screen).


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Importantly, the ready-to-hand only emerges from the prior attitude in which we care about what is going on and we see the hammer in a context or world of equipment that is handy or remote, and that is there "in order to" do something. In this sense the "ready-to-hand" is "primordial" compared to that of the present-at-hand. The term primordial here does not imply something Primitive, but rather refers to Heidegger's idea that Being can only be understood through what is everyday and "close" to us. Our everyday understanding of the world is necessarily a part of any kind of scientific or theoretical studies of entities—the present-at-hand—might be. Only by studying our "average-everyday" understanding of the world, as it is expressed in the totality of our relationships to the ready-to-hand entities of the world, can we lay appropriate bases for specific scientific investigations into specific entities within the world.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: For Heidegger in "Being and Time" this illustrates, in a very practical way, the way the present-at-hand, as a present in a "now" or a present eternally (as, for example, a scientific law or a Platonic Form), has come to dominate intellectual thought, especially since the Enlightenment. To understand the question of being one must be careful not to fall into this leveling off, or forgetfulness of being, that has come to assail Western thought since Socrates, see the metaphysics of presence.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Resoluteness refers to one's ability to "unclose" one's framework of intelligibility (i.e., to make sense of one's words and actions in terms of one's life as a whole), and the ability to be receptive to the "call of conscience".


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: This is translated variously as "forgetting of being" or "oblivion of being". A closely related term is "Seinsverlassenheit", translated as "abandonment of being". Heidegger believed that a pervasive nihilism in the modern world stems from "Seinsverlassenheit." The "ontological difference," the distinction between being as such (das Sein) and beings (das Seiende), is fundamental for Heidegger. The forgetfulness of being that, according to him, occurs in the course of Western philosophy amounts to the oblivion of this distinction.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: One of the most interesting and important 'concepts' in "Being and Time" is that of "Das Man", for which there is no exact English translation; different translations and commentators use different conventions. It is often translated as "the They" or "People" or "Anyone" but is more accurately translated as "One" (as in "'one' should always arrive on time"). Jan Patočka denoted for the concept "Das Man" a synonymous designation ""public anonymous"". "Das Man" derives from the impersonal singular pronoun "man" ('one', as distinct from 'I', or 'you', or 'he', or 'she', or 'they'). Both the German "man" and the English 'one' are neutral or indeterminate in respect of gender and, even, in a sense, of number, though both words suggest an unspecified, unspecifiable, indeterminate plurality. The semantic role of the word "man" in German is nearly identical to that of the word "one" in English.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Heidegger refers to this concept of "the One" in explaining inauthentic modes of existence, in which Dasein, instead of truly choosing to do something, does it only because "That is what one does" or "That is what people do". Thus, "das Man" is not a proper or measurable entity, but rather an amorphous part of social reality that functions effectively in the manner that it does through this intangibility.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: "Das Man" constitutes a possibility of Dasein's Being, and so "das Man" cannot be said to be any particular someone. Rather, the existence of 'the They' is known to us through, for example, linguistic conventions and social norms. Heidegger states that, "The "they" prescribes one's state-of-mind, and determines what and how one 'sees'".


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: To give examples: when one makes an appeal to what is commonly known, one says "one does not do such a thing"; When one sits in a car or bus or reads a newspaper, one is participating in the world of 'the They'. This is a feature of 'the They' as it functions in society, an authority that has no particular source. In a non-moral sense Heidegger contrasts "the authentic self" ("my owned self") with "the they self" ("my un-owned self").


title: Marine propulsion

text: Marine propulsion is the mechanism or system used to generate thrust to move a watercraft through water. While paddles and sails are still used on some smaller boats, most modern ships are propelled by mechanical systems consisting of an electric motor or internal combustion engine driving a propeller, or less frequently, in pump-jets, an impeller. Marine engineering is the discipline concerned with the engineering design process of marine propulsion systems.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Human-powered paddles and oars, and later, sails were the first forms of marine propulsion. Rowed galleys, some equipped with sail, played an important early role in early human seafaring and warfares. The first advanced mechanical means of marine propulsion was the marine steam engine, introduced in the early 19th century. During the 20th century it was replaced by two-stroke or four-stroke diesel engines, outboard motors, and gas turbine engines on faster ships. Marine nuclear reactors, which appeared in the 1950s, produce steam to propel warships and icebreakers; commercial application, attempted late that decade, failed to catch on. Electric motors using battery packs have been used for propulsion on submarines and electric boats and have been proposed for energy-efficient propulsion.Development in liquefied natural gas (LNG) fueled engines are gaining recognition for their low emissions and cost advantages. Stirling engines, which are quieter, smoother running, propel a number of small submarines in order to run as quietly as possible. Its design is not used in civilian marine application due to lower total efficiency than internal combustion engines or power turbines.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Until the application of the coal-fired steam engine to ships in the early 19th century, oars or the wind were the principal means of watercraft propulsion. Merchant ships predominantly used sail, but during periods when naval warfare depended on ships closing to ram or to fight hand-to-hand, galley were preferred for their manoeuvrability and speed. The Greek navies that fought in the Peloponnesian War used triremes, as did the Romans at the Battle of Actium. The development of naval gunnery from the 16th century onward vaulted broadside weight ahead of manoeuvrability; this led to the dominance of the sail-powered warship over the following three centuries.


title: Marine propulsion

text: In modern times, human propulsion is found mainly on small boats or as auxiliary propulsion on sailboats. Human propulsion includes the push pole, rowing, and pedals.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast, supported by stays, and controlled by lines made of rope. Sails were the dominant form of commercial propulsion until the late nineteenth century, and continued to be used well into the twentieth century on routes where wind was assured and coal was not available, such as in the South American nitrate trade. Sails are now generally used for recreation and racing, although innovative applications of kites/royals, turbosails, rotorsails, wingsails, windmills and SkySails's own kite buoy-system have been used on larger modern vessels for fuel savings.


title: Marine propulsion

text: In the second half of the 20th century, rising fuel costs almost led to the demise of the steam turbine. Most new ships since about 1960 have been built with diesel engines, both Four or two-Stroke. The last major passenger ship built with steam turbines was "Fairsky", launched in 1984. Similarly, many steam ships were re-engined to improve fuel efficiency. One high-profile example was the 1968 built "Queen Elizabeth 2" which had her steam turbines replaced with a diesel-electric propulsion plant in 1986.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Most new-build ships with steam turbines are specialist vessels such as nuclear-powered vessels, and certain merchant vessels (notably Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and coal carriers) where the cargo can be used as bunker fuel.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Steam powers two types of engine, reciprocating (with steam driving pistons connected to a crankshaft) and turbine (with steam driving blades attached radially to a spinning shaft). The shaft power from each can either go directly to the propeller, pump jet or other mechanism, or it goes through some form of transmission; mechanical, electrical or hydraulic. In the 1800s, steam was one of the main power sources for marine propulsion. In 1869 there was a large influx of steam ships as the steam engine underwent large advancements during the time period.


title: Marine propulsion

text: The development of piston-engined steamships was a complex process. Early steamships were fueled by wood, later ones by coal or fuel oil. Early ships used stern or side paddle wheels, which gave way to screw propellers.


title: Marine propulsion

text: The first commercial success accrued to Robert Fulton's "North River Steamboat" (often called "Clermont") in US in 1807, followed in Europe by the of 1812. Steam propulsion progressed considerably over the rest of the 19th century. Notable developments include the steam surface condenser, which eliminated the use of sea water in the ship's boilers. This, along with improvements in boiler technology, permitted higher steam pressures, and thus the use of higher efficiency multiple expansion (compound) engines. As the means of transmitting the engine's power, paddle wheels gave way to more efficient screw propellers.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Multiple expansion steam engines became widespread in the late 19th century. These engines exhausted steam from a high pressure cylinder to a lower pressure cylinder, giving a large increase in efficiency.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Steam turbines were fueled by coal or, later, fuel oil or nuclear power. The marine steam turbine developed by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons raised the power-to-weight ratio. He achieved publicity by demonstrating it unofficially in the "Turbinia" at the Spithead Naval Review in 1897. This facilitated a generation of high-speed liners in the first half of the 20th century, and rendered the reciprocating steam engine obsolete; first in warships, and later in merchant vessels.


title: Marine propulsion

text: In the early 20th century, heavy fuel oil came into more general use and began to replace coal as the fuel of choice in steamships. Its great advantages were convenience, reduced manpower by removal of the need for trimmers and stokers, and reduced space needed for fuel bunkers.


title: Marine propulsion

text: In these vessels, the nuclear reactor heats water to create steam to drive the turbines. When first developed, very low prices of diesel oil limited nuclear propulsion's commercial attraction. The advantages of its fuel-price security, greater safety and low emissions were unable to overcome the higher initial costs of a nuclear powerplant. In 2019, nuclear propulsion is rare except in some Navy and specialist vessels such as icebreakers. In large aircraft carriers, the space formerly used for ship's bunkerage is used instead to bunker aviation fuel. In submarines, the ability to run submerged at high speed and in relative quiet for long periods holds obvious advantages. A few naval cruisers have also employed nuclear power; as of 2006, the only ones remaining in service are the Russian . An example of a non-military ship with nuclear marine propulsion is the with . In an ice-breaker, an advantage is fuel security and safety in demanding arctic conditions. The commercial experiment of the ended before the dramatic fuel price increases of the 1970s. The Savannah also suffered from an inefficient design, being partly for passengers and partly for cargo.


title: Marine propulsion

text: In recent times, there is some renewed interest in commercial nuclear shipping. Fuel oil prices are now much higher. Nuclear-powered cargo ships could lower costs associated with carbon dioxide emissions and travel at higher cruise speeds than conventional diesel powered vessels.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Most modern ships use a reciprocating diesel engine as their prime mover, due to their operating simplicity, robustness and fuel economy compared to most other prime mover mechanisms. The rotating crankshaft can be directly coupled to the propeller with slow speed engines, via a reduction gearbox for medium and high speed engines, or via an alternator and electric motor in diesel-electric vessels. The rotation of the crankshaft is connected to the camshaft or a hydraulic pump on an intelligent diesel.


title: Marine propulsion

text: The reciprocating marine diesel engine first came into use in 1903 when the diesel electric rivertanker "Vandal" was put into service by Branobel. Diesel engines soon offered greater efficiency than the steam turbine, but for many years had an inferior power-to-space ratio. The advent of turbocharging however hastened their adoption, by permitting greater power densities.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Most modern larger merchant ships use either slow speed, two stroke, crosshead engines, or medium speed, four stroke, trunk engines. Some smaller vessels may use high speed diesel engines.


title: Marine propulsion

text: The size of the different types of engines is an important factor in selecting what will be installed in a new ship. Slow speed two-stroke engines are much taller, but the footprint required is smaller than that needed for equivalently rated four-stroke medium speed diesel engines. As space above the waterline is at a premium in passenger ships and ferries (especially ones with a car deck), these ships tend to use multiple medium speed engines resulting in a longer, lower engine room than that needed for two-stroke diesel engines. Multiple engine installations also give redundancy in the event of mechanical failure of one or more engines, and the potential for greater efficiency over a wider range of operating conditions.


title: Marine propulsion

text: As modern ships' propellers are at their most efficient at the operating speed of most slow speed diesel engines, ships with these engines do not generally need gearboxes. Usually such propulsion systems consist of either one or two propeller shafts each with its own direct drive engine. Ships propelled by medium or high speed diesel engines may have one or two (sometimes more) propellers, commonly with one or more engines driving each propeller shaft through a gearbox. Where more than one engine is geared to a single shaft, each engine will most likely drive through a clutch, allowing engines not being used to be disconnected from the gearbox while others keep running. This arrangement lets maintenance be carried out while under way, even far from port.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Many warships built since the 1960s have used gas turbines for propulsion, as have a few passenger ships, like the jetfoil. Gas turbines are commonly used in combination with other types of engine. Most recently, has had gas turbines installed in addition to diesel engines. Because of their poor thermal efficiency at low power (cruising) output, it is common for ships using them to have diesel engines for cruising, with gas turbines reserved for when higher speeds are needed. However, in the case of passenger ships the main reason for installing gas turbines has been to allow a reduction of emissions in sensitive environmental areas or while in port. Some warships, and a few modern cruise ships have also used steam turbines to improve the efficiency of their gas turbines in a combined cycle, where waste heat from a gas turbine exhaust is utilized to boil water and create steam for driving a steam turbine. In such combined cycles, thermal efficiency can be the same or slightly greater than that of diesel engines alone; however, the grade of fuel needed for these gas turbines is far more costly than that needed for the diesel engines, so the running costs are still higher.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Some private yachts, such as the Aga Khan's "Alamshar", also have gas turbine propulsion (Pratt and Whitney ST40M), which enables top speeds of up to 70 knots, which is unique for a 50-meter yacht.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Shipping companies are required to comply with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships emissions rules. Dual fuel engines are fueled by either marine grade diesel, heavy fuel oil, or liquefied natural gas (LNG). A Marine LNG Engine has multiple fuel options, allowing vessels to transit without relying on one type of fuel. Studies show that LNG is the most efficient of fuels, although limited access to LNG fueling stations limits the production of such engines. Vessels providing services in the LNG industry have been retrofitted with dual-fuel engines, and have been proved to be extremely effective. Benefits of dual-fuel engines include fuel and operational flexibility, high efficiency, low emissions, and operational cost advantages.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Liquefied natural gas engines offer the marine transportation industry with an environmentally friendly alternative to provide power to vessels. In 2010, STX Finland and Viking Line signed an agreement to begin construction on what would be the largest environmentally friendly cruise ferry. Construction of NB 1376 will be completed in 2013. According to Viking Line, vessel NB 1376 will primarily be fueled by liquefied natural gas. Vessel NB 1376 nitrogen oxide emissions will be almost zero, and sulphur oxide emissions will be at least 80% below the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) standards.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Company profits from tax cuts and operational cost advantages has led to the gradual growth of LNG fuel use in engines.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Since the late 1980s, Swedish shipbuilder Kockums has built a number of successful Stirling engine powered submarines. The submarines store compressed oxygen to allow more efficient and cleaner external fuel combustion when submerged, providing heat for the Stirling engine's operation. The engines are currently used on submarines of the and classes and the Japanese submarine. These are the first submarines to feature Stirling air-independent propulsion (AIP), which extends the underwater endurance from a few days to several weeks.


title: Marine propulsion

text: The heat sink of a Stirling engine is typically the ambient air temperature. In the case of medium to high power Stirling engines, a radiator is generally required to transfer the heat from the engine to the ambient air. Stirling marine engines have the advantage of using the ambient temperature water. Placing the cooling radiator section in seawater rather than ambient air allows for the radiator to be smaller. The engine's cooling water may be used directly or indirectly for heating and cooling purposes of the ship. The Stirling engine has potential for surface-ship propulsion, as the engine's larger physical size is less of a concern.


title: Marine propulsion

text: While currently not commonly used in the maritime industry, hydrogen as a fossil fuel alternative is an area with heavy investment. As of 2018 the shipping company Maersk has pledged to be carbon free by 2050, a goal they plan to achieve partly by investing in hydrogen fuel technology. While hydrogen is a promising fuel, it has a few disadvantages. Hydrogen is far more flammable than other fuels such as diesel, so precautions must be taken. It is also not very energy dense, so it has to be heavily compressed to increase its energy density enough for it to be practical, similar to methane and LNG. Hydrogen can have its power extracted either by use of a fuel cell system or it can be burned in an internal combustion engine, similar to the diesel engines presently used in the maritime industry.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Battery-electric propulsion first appeared in the latter part of the 19th century, powering small lake boats. These relied entirely on lead-acid batteries for electric current to power their propellers. Elco (the Electric Launch Company) evolved into the industry leader, later expanding into other forms of vessel, including the iconic World War II PT boat.


title: Marine propulsion

text: In the early part of the 20th century electric propulsion was adapted to use in submarines. As underwater propulsion driven exclusively by heavy batteries was both slow and of limited range and timespan, rechargeable battery banks were developed. Submarines were primarily powered by combined diesel-electric systems on the surface, which were much faster and allowed for dramatically expanded range, charging their battery systems as necessary for still limited subsurface action and duration. The experimental "Holland V" submarine led to the adoption of this system by the U.S. Navy, followed by the British Royal Navy.


title: Marine propulsion

text: To expand the range and duration of the submarine during World War II the German Kriegsmarine developed a snorkel system, which allowed the diesel-electric system to be utilized while the submarine was all but completely submerged. Finally, in 1952, the USS "Nautilus" was launched, the world's first nuclear powered submarine, which eliminated the restrictions of both diesel fuel and limited duration battery propulsion.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Several short-range ships are built as (or converted to) pure electric vessels. This includes some powered by batteries which are recharged from shore, and some shore-powered by electrical cables, either overhead or submerged (no batteries).


title: Marine propulsion

text: On November 12, 2017 Guangzhou Shipyard International (GSI) launched what may be the world's first all-electric, battery-powered inland coal carrier. The 2,000 dwt vessel will carry bulk cargo for up to 40 nautical miles per charge. The ship carries lithium ion batteries rated at 2,400 kilowatt-hours, about the same amount as 30 Tesla Model S electric sedans.


title: Marine propulsion

text: The diesel-electric transmission of power from the engine to the propeller affords flexibility in distribution of machinery within the vessel at a higher first cost than direct-drive propulsion. It is a preferred solution for vessels that employ pod-mounted propellers for precision positioning or reducing general vibrations by highly flexible couplings. Diesel-electric provides flexibility to assign power output to applications on board, other than propulsion. The first diesel electric ship was the Russian tanker Vandal, launched in 1903.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Turbo-electric transmission uses electric generators to convert the mechanical energy of a turbine (steam or gas) into electric energy and electric motors to convert it back into mechanical energy to power the driveshafts. An advantage of turbo-electric transmission is that it allows the combination of high-speed turbines with slow turning propellers or wheels, without requiring a heavy and complex gearbox. It has the advantage of being able to provide electricity for the ship or train's other electrical systems, such as lighting, computers, radar, and communications equipment.


title: Marine propulsion

text: To transmit the rotational force of the shaft into thrust, propellers are most commonly used in today's merchant vessels. The developed thrust from the propeller is transferred to the hull via a thrust bearing.


title: Marine propulsion

text: One of the oldest forms of marine propulsion, oars have been found dating back to 5000-4500 BCE. Oars are used in rowing sports such as rowing, kayaking, canoeing.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Marine propellers are also known as "screws". There are many variations of marine screw systems, including twin, contra-rotating, controllable-pitch, and nozzle-style screws. While smaller vessels tend to have a single screw, even very large ships such as tankers, container ships and bulk carriers may have single screws for reasons of fuel efficiency. Other vessels may have twin, triple or quadruple screws. Power is transmitted from the engine to the screw by way of a propeller shaft, which may be connected to a gearbox. The propeller then moves the vessel by creating thrust. When the propeller rotates the pressure in front of the propeller is lower than the pressure behind the propeller. The force from the pressure difference propels the propeller forward.


title: Marine propulsion

text: The paddle wheel is a large wheel, generally built of a steel framework, upon the outer edge of which are fitted numerous paddle blades (called "floats" or "buckets"). The bottom quarter or so of the wheel travels underwater. Rotation of the paddle wheel produces thrust, forward or backward as required. More advanced paddle wheel designs have featured "feathering" methods that keep each paddle blade oriented closer to vertical while it is in the water; this increases efficiency. The upper part of a paddle wheel is normally enclosed in a paddle box to minimize splashing.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Paddle wheels have been superseded by screws, which are a much more efficient form of propulsion. Nevertheless, paddle wheels have two advantages over screws, making them suitable for vessels in shallow rivers and constrained waters: first, they are less likely to be clogged by obstacles and debris; and secondly, when contra-rotating, they allow the vessel to spin around its own vertical axis. Some vessels had a single screw in addition to two paddle wheels, to gain the advantages of both types of propulsion.


title: Marine propulsion

text: A pump-jet, hydrojet, water jet, or jet drive uses a ducted propeller (axial-flow pump), centrifugal pump, or mixed flow pump to create a jet of water for propulsion.


title: Marine propulsion

text: These incorporate an intake for source water and a nozzle to direct its flow out, generating momentum, and in most cases, employing thrust vectoring to steer the craft.


title: Marine propulsion

text: The purpose of sails is to use wind energy to propel the vessel, sled, board, vehicle or rotor. Depending on the angle of your sail it will be the difference in direction of where your boat is heading and where the wind is going. Dacron was used a lot as a material for sails because of its strong, durable, and easy to maintain. However, when it was being woven into it suffered from weaknesses. Nowadays laminated sails are used to combat sails becoming weak when woven into.


title: Marine propulsion

text: A Voith Schneider Propeller (VSP) is a practical cyclorotor that provides instant thrust in any direction. There is no need to turn a propulsor. Most ships with VSPs do not need or have a rudder. VSPs are often used in tugboats, drilling vessels, and other watercraft that require unusually good maneuverability. First deployed in the 1930s, Voith-Schneider drives are both reliable and available in large sizes.


title: Marine propulsion

text: An early uncommon means of boat propulsion was the water caterpillar. This moved a series of paddles on chains along the bottom of the boat to propel it over the water and preceded the development of tracked vehicles. The first water caterpillar was developed by in 1782 and propelled by a steam engine. In the United States the first water caterpillar was patented in 1839 by William Leavenworth of New York.


title: Marine propulsion

text: In 1997, Gregory S. Ketterman patented a propulsion method of oscillating flappers driven by pedals. The Hobie company markets the propulsion method as the "MirageDrive pedal propulsion system" in its kayaks.


title: Marine propulsion

text: Underwater gliders convert buoyancy to thrust, using wings, or more recently hull shape (SeaExplorer Glider). Buoyancy is made alternatively negative and positive, generating tooth-saw profiles.


title: Damon Arnette

text: Damon Arnette (born September 2, 1996) is an American football cornerback who is a free agent, and an American rapper. He played college football at Ohio State and was drafted by the Las Vegas Raiders in the first round of the 2020 NFL Draft.


title: Damon Arnette

text: Arnette was born in Dallas, Texas and moved to Fort Lauderdale, Florida when he was three years old. He attended St. Thomas Aquinas High School, where he played linebacker and wide receiver for the Raiders. He was named honorable mention Class 8A-7A-6A All-County as a senior and helped lead the team to a state championship. Rated a three-star recruit, Arnette originally committed to play college football at South Carolina during the summer going into his senior year before changing his commitment to Ohio State on national signing day.


title: Damon Arnette

text: Arnette redshirted his true freshman season after a bone chip was discovered in his tibia during training camp. He played in 13 of Ohio State's games the following season as a key reserve at defensive back and recorded 21 tackles with one interception. As a redshirt sophomore, Arnette started 12 of the Buckeyes 14 games and led the team's cornerbacks with 44 tackles with two interceptions and eight passes broken up and was named honorable mention All-Big Ten Conference. Arnette was again named honorable mention as a junior, 40 tackles and one interception in 13 games played. Arnette originally planned to leave school and forgo his final season of NCAA eligibility to enter the 2019 NFL draft, but eventually decided to return to Ohio State for his final year of eligibility.


title: Damon Arnette

text: Arnette scored his first career touchdown on September 14, 2019 on a 97-yard interception return against Indiana. Arnette was named second-team All-Big Ten at the end of the season, recording 35 tackles, eight passes defended and one interception while playing with a broken wrist.


title: Damon Arnette

text: Arnette was drafted by the Las Vegas Raiders in the first round with the 19th overall pick of the 2020 NFL Draft. The Raiders previously obtained the 19th selection as part of the trade that sent Khalil Mack to the Chicago Bears in 2018. He was placed on injured reserve on October 2, 2020 with a thumb injury. He was moved to the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on October 19, and was moved back to injured reserve on October 30. He was activated to the active roster on November 14, 2020.


title: Damon Arnette

text: Arnette entered the 2021 season as a backup cornerback behind Trayvon Mullen and Casey Hayward. He suffered a groin injury in Week 4 and was placed on injured reserve. The Raiders released him on November 8, 2021, after the discovery of a video showing him brandishing firearms and making death threats.


title: Damon Arnette

text: On December 15, 2021, Arnette was signed to the Miami Dolphins practice squad. His contract expired when the team's season ended on January 9, 2022.


title: Damon Arnette

text: Arnette signed a reserve/futures contract with the Kansas City Chiefs on January 20, 2022. He was released on January 29, 2022 after he was arrested on charges of assault with a deadly weapon, carrying a concealed weapon without a permit, and two counts of possession of controlled substances in Las Vegas.


title: Damon Arnette

text: On November 5, 2021, Arnette was accused of injuring a woman in a 2020 car crash. On October 14, 2020, Arnette allegedly slammed into the woman's car after missing a turn on the way to team practice, then left the scene. The crash occurred with Arnette traveling at 65 miles per hour, which allegedly caused the woman "head trauma" and "shoulder, neck, and back pain as well as depression and panic attacks."


title: Damon Arnette

text: On November 8, 2021, a video was discovered of Arnette in which he brandished firearms and was making death threats. This video led to his release from the Raiders.


title: Damon Arnette

text: On January 29, 2022, Arnette was arrested in Las Vegas, Nevada on charges of assault with a deadly weapon, carrying a concealed weapon without a permit, and two counts of possession of controlled substances. On July 25, 2022, Las Vegas authorities announced no criminal charges would be filed.


title: Damon Arnette

text: On the night of July 25, 2022, Arnette was pulled over and found to have a suspended license. He was released with the police allowing the passenger to drive the vehicle. Hours later, shortly after midnight on July 26, 2022 Arnette was again pulled over driving the same vehicle, and this time was placed under arrest and charged with possession of a controlled substance, possession of drug paraphernalia and driving on a suspended license. He was later released on bond.


title: Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

text: Funeral is the thirteenth studio album by American rapper Lil Wayne. It was released on January 31, 2020, by Young Money Entertainment and Republic Records. It features guest appearances by Big Sean, Lil Baby, Jay Rock, Adam Levine, 2 Chainz, Takeoff, The-Dream, Lil Twist, the late XXXTentacion and O.T. Genasis. On May 29, the deluxe edition of the album was released with guests appearances from Doja Cat, Tory Lanez, Lil Uzi Vert, Benny the Butcher, Conway the Machine, and Jessie Reyez.


title: Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

text: "Shimmy" featuring Doja Cat was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio on July 28, 2020, as the album's second single.


title: Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

text: The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, while charting moderately in other territories. It was relatively overlooked by professional review outlets, although several critics were somewhat positive in appraising the album.


title: Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

text: In 2016, while Lil Wayne was in the midst of the legal battle with Cash Money Records over contractual disputes, it was announced that his next album would be titled "Funeral". The album was completed in 2019, as Wayne started promoting the album again. In an interview with "Vibe", Lil Wayne spoke on how his recording process changed throughout his career, saying:


title: Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

text: The track "Bing James" concludes with 24 seconds of silence, paying tribute to the death of Kobe Bryant. The album also contains 24 tracks on the standard edition and 8 tracks on the deluxe edition, honoring Kobe Bryant's jersey numbers with the Los Angeles Lakers.


title: Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

text: In an interview leading up to the album's release, Lil Wayne explained the title "Funeral" as a continuation of his album "Rebirth" in 2010, to follow-up on the series. The calligraphic text on the cover features a rotational ambigram. It reads "Funeral" right side up and "Lil Wayne" upside down. On January 23, 2020, Lil Wayne revealed the album's release date and artwork. With the announcement, he also teased a snippet of the album's title track.


title: Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

text: "Funeral" debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200 for the week of February 15, 2020, recording 139,000 album-equivalent units, 38,000 of which were pure album sales. It is Lil Wayne's fifth US number-one album.


title: Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

text: "Funeral" was met with a positive response from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 62, based on 10 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 5.9 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus. According to Robert Christgau, the album was "downplayed by most of the few outlets that bothered to review it at all—five mostly kindish notices are nonetheless stuck down in Metacritic’s dread 50-60 zone, with only "Rolling Stone"s a takedown pan."


title: Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

text: Reviewing in February 2020 for "Consequence of Sound", Christopher Thiessen said that ""Funeral" plays less like an album and more like a mixtape" and wrote of Lil Wayne: "He still has endless punchlines to punctuate his effortless flow. He still has clear vision and awareness of his place in the hip-hop game. However, Wayne is not a great editor, and thus listening to "Funeral" can become exhausting about halfway through." Jacob Carey of "Exclaim!" also criticized the length of the album and concluded that, "overall, "Funeral" lacks replay value compared to the multiple 'best of the year' albums that Wayne has proven capable of creating." "NME"'s Thomas Hobbs felt that the songs lack a unifying quality within the context of an album, while interpreting the large number of tracks as "an attempt to play into streaming politics". He added that, "it's a real shame that the ambitious druggy swirl of some of the earlier material is replaced with more formulaic songwriting". Danny Schwartz wrote in "Rolling Stone": ""Funeral" is wildly uneven, a landscape of pronounced highs and lows. In truth, it peaks early, on 'Mahogany'." Schwartz called "Trust Nobody" the worst song on the album, labeling it a "sunk by a banal and out-of-place Adam Levine hook, while noting that "Get Out Of My Head" is "soured by the great rap pedant XXXTentacion" and called "Sights and Silencers" a "surprisingly limp The-Dream ballad that he should have just given to Jeremih". While applauding the parental neglect-themed "Bastard (Satan's Kid)", he ultimately found "Funeral" to be "emotionally adrift".


title: Funeral (Lil Wayne album)

text: Other reviewers were more enthusiastic. In "The Observer", Kitty Empire wrote that Lil Wayne's "flow can still be fearsome, even if his edit function remains iffy", and that songs such as "Clap for Em" are more than lively enough to render the album's title "nonsense". "Pitchfork"'s Sheldon Pearce credited him for "experimenting with an array of styles and a dizzying maze of wordplay", while comparing his raps to thrilling romps: "Wayne raps with a lightning ferocity that will often conceal his more direct revelations." Similarly, "RapReviews" critic Ryan Feyre said that "Wayne, much like in his mixtape days, is finally having fun again. And when he does that, the results are captivating." In his Substack-published "Consumer Guide" column, Christgau regarded the album as the rapper's best since "No Ceilings" (2010) and explained: "Cherishing no vested interest in hip-hop's musical progress, if any, I enjoy the shit out of it while admitting it's more a collection than an album, its parts more impressive than what they add up to. But it had me from the superb lead/title track: 'Welcome to the funeral/Closed casket as usual/Soul snatching, that’s usual/Amen, hallelujah though/Whole family delusional/Niggas cryin’ like two-year-olds.'"


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) is a medium-sized woodpecker with pied black and white plumage and a red patch on the lower belly. Males and young birds also have red markings on the neck or head. This species is found across the Palearctic including parts of North Africa. Across most of its range it is resident, but in the north some will migrate if the conifer cone crop fails. Some individuals have a tendency to wander, leading to the recent recolonisation of Ireland and to vagrancy to North America. Great spotted woodpeckers chisel into trees to find food or excavate nest holes, and also drum for contact and territorial advertisement; like other woodpeckers, they have anatomical adaptations to manage the physical stresses from the hammering action. This species is similar to the Syrian woodpecker.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: This woodpecker occurs in all types of woodlands and eats a variety of foods, being capable of extracting seeds from pine cones, insect larvae from inside trees or eggs and chicks of other birds from their nests. It breeds in holes excavated in living or dead trees, unlined apart from wood chips. The typical clutch is four to six glossy white eggs. Both parents incubate the eggs, feed the chicks, and keep the nest clean. When the young fledge they are fed by the adults for about ten days, each parent taking responsibility for feeding part of the brood.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The species is closely related to some other members of its genus. It has a number of subspecies, some of which are distinctive enough to be potential new species. It has a huge range and large population, with no widespread threats, so it is classed as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Woodpeckers are an ancient bird family consisting of three subfamilies, the wrynecks, the piculets and the true woodpeckers, Picinae. The largest of the five tribes within the Picinae is Melanerpini, the pied woodpeckers, a group which includes the great spotted woodpecker. Within the genus "Dendrocopos" the great spotted woodpecker's closest relatives are the Himalayan, Sind, Syrian, white-winged woodpeckers and the Darjeeling woodpecker. The great spotted woodpecker has been recorded as hybridising with the Syrian woodpecker.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The great spotted woodpecker was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of "Systema Naturae" as "Picus major". It was moved to its current genus, "Dendrocopos", by the German naturalist Carl Ludwig Koch in 1816. The genus name "Dendrocopos" is a combination of the Greek words "dendron ", "tree", and "kopos", "striking". The specific "major" is from Latin "maior", "greater".


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Recognised subspecies vary by author from as few as 14 to nearly 30. This is largely because changes are clinal with many intermediate forms. However, mitochondrial DNA data suggests that the Caspian Sea region's "Dendrocopos major poelzami", Japanese "D. m. japonicus" and Chinese "D. m. cabanisi" may all merit full species status. Despite its distinctive appearance, "D. m. canariensis" from Tenerife in the Canary Islands appears to be closely related to the nominate subspecies "D. m. major".


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The fossil subspecies "D. m. submajor" lived during the Middle Pleistocene Riss glaciation (250,000 to 300,000 years ago) when it was found in Europe south of the ice sheet. It is sometimes treated as a distinct species, but did not differ significantly from the extant great spotted woodpecker, whose European subspecies are probably its direct descendants.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: An adult great spotted woodpecker is long, weighs and has a wingspan. The upperparts are glossy blue-black, with white on the sides of the face and neck. Black lines run from the shoulder to the nape, the base of the bill and about halfway across the breast. There is a large white shoulder patch and the flight feathers are barred with black and white, as is the tail. The underparts are white other than a scarlet lower belly and undertail. The bill is slate-black, the legs greenish-grey and the eye is deep red. Males have a crimson patch on the nape, which is absent from the otherwise similar females. Juvenile birds are less glossy than adults and have a brown tinge to their upperparts and dirty white underparts. Their markings are less well-defined than the adult's and the lower belly is pink rather than red. The crown of the juvenile's head is red, less extensively in young females than males.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The various subspecies differ in plumage, the general pattern being that northern forms are larger, heavier-billed and whiter beneath, as predicted by Bergmann's rule, so north Eurasian "D. m. major" and "D. m. kamtschaticus" are large and strikingly white, whereas "D. m. hispanicus" in Iberia and "D. m. harterti" in Corsica and Sardinia are somewhat smaller and have darker underparts. "D. m. canariensis" and "D. m. thanneri" in the Canary Islands are similar to the Iberian race but have contrasting white flanks. In Morocco, "D. m. mauritanus" is pale below with red in the centre of its breast, and birds breeding at higher altitudes are larger and darker than those lower in the hills. "D. m. numidus" in Algeria and Tunisia is very distinctive, with a breast band of red-tipped black feathers. Caspian "D. m. poelzami" is small, relatively long-billed and has brown underparts. "D. m. japonicus" of Japan has less white on its shoulders but more in its wings. The two Chinese forms, "D. m. cabanisi" and "D. m. stresemanni", have brownish heads and underparts, and often some red on the breast. Both races have increasingly dark underparts towards the south of their respective ranges.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Some other species in its genus are similar to the great spotted woodpecker. The Syrian woodpecker lacks its relative's black cheek bar and has whiter underparts and paler red underparts, although juvenile great spotted woodpeckers often have an incomplete cheek bar, so can potentially be misidentified as Syrian. The white-winged woodpecker has a far more extensive white wing patch than the great spotted woodpecker. The Sind woodpecker is very similar to the Syrian species, and can be distinguished from great spotted woodpecker in the same way.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Adult great spotted woodpeckers have a complete moult after the breeding season which takes about 120 days. Northern "D. m. major" starts its moult from mid-June to late July and finishes in October or November, temperate races like "D. m. pinetorum" are earlier, commencing in early June to mid-July and completing in mid-September to late October, and southern "D. m. hispanicus" starts late May or June and finishes as early as August. Juveniles have a partial moult, retaining some of the wing coverts but replacing body, tail and primary feathers. This moult to near-adult plumage starts from late May to early August and finishes from mid-September to late November, timing varying with latitude as with the adults.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The call of the great spotted woodpecker is a sharp "kik", which may be repeated as a wooden rattling "krrarraarr" if the bird is disturbed. The courtship call, "gwig", is mostly given in the display flight. Drumming on dead trees and branches, and sometimes suitable man-made structures, serves to maintain contact between paired adults and to advertise ownership of territory.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Both sexes drum, although the male does so much more often, mostly from mid-January until the young are fledged. The far-carrying drumming is faster than for any other woodpecker in its range at around 10–16 strikes per second, typically in one-second bursts, although repeated frequently. As late as the early twentieth century it was thought that the drumming might be a vocalisation, and it was not until 1943 that it was finally proved to be purely mechanical.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The species ranges across Eurasia from the British Isles to Japan, and in North Africa from Morocco to Tunisia; it is absent only from those areas too cold or dry to have suitable woodland habitat. It is found in a wide variety of woodlands, broadleaf, coniferous or mixed, and in modified habitats like parks, gardens and olive groves. It occurs from sea level to the tree line, up to in Europe, in Morocco and in Central Asia.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The great spotted woodpecker is mainly resident year round, but sizeable movements can occur when there are shortages of pine and spruce cones in the north of the range. Highland populations often descend to lower altitudes in winter. Juveniles also have a tendency to wander some distance from where they were hatched, often as far as , sometimes up to . Vagrants have reached the Faroe Islands, Hong Kong and Iceland, and there are several sightings from North America in at least the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands and Alaska.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Due to deforestation, this woodpecker was extirpated in Ireland in the seventeenth century, but the island has been naturally recolonised, with the first proven nesting in County Down in 2007. Its expansion in range is continuing, with breeding proven or suspected in at least 10 counties by 2013, with the main concentration in Down and County Wicklow. Genetic evidence shows the birds to be of British, rather than Scandinavian, ancestry, with the populations in Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic having separate origins. The great spotted woodpecker was also found to have been nesting in the Isle of Man from 2009.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The great spotted woodpecker spends much of its time climbing trees, and has adaptations to this lifestyle, many of which are shared by other woodpecker species. These include the zygodactyl arrangement of the foot, with two toes facing forward and two back, and the stiff tail feathers that are used as a prop against the trunk. In most birds the bones of the tail diminish in size towards its end, but this does not occur in woodpeckers, and the final vertebra, the pygostyle, is very large to anchor the strong tail muscles.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The hammering of woodpeckers when drumming or feeding creates great forces which are potentially damaging to the birds. In the great spotted woodpecker and most of its relatives, the hinge where the front of the skull connects with the upper mandible is folded inwards, tensioned by a muscle that braces it against the shock of the impact when the bill is hammering on hard wood. The outer layer of the upper mandible is significantly longer than the more rigid lower mandible and absorbs much of the concussive force. Skeletal adaptations and strengthening also help to absorb the shock, and narrow nostrils protect against flying debris.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: As well as using holes for breeding, great spotted woodpeckers roost at night, and sometimes during the day, in old nest cavities, excavated by other woodpeckers. They will occasionally make a new roosting hole or use an artificial site such as a nest box.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Great spotted woodpeckers are strongly territorial, typically occupying areas of about year-round, which are defended mainly by the male, a behaviour which attracts females. Pairs are monogamous during the breeding period, but often change partners before the next season.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Sexual maturity is attained at an age of one year; courtship behaviour commences in the following December. The male has a fluttering flight display with shallow wingbeats and a spread tail. He calls in flight and may land at a prospective nest-site. The female may initiate mating and will occasionally mount the male, this reverse mounting typically preceding normal copulation.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The pair excavate a new hole at least above the ground and usually lower than , although sometimes much higher. The chosen site is normally a tree, alive or dead, occasionally a utility pole or nest box. Old holes are rarely re-used, although the same tree may be used for nesting for several years. The nest cavity is deep with an entrance hole wide. It is excavated by both sexes, the male doing most of the chiselling. As with other woodpeckers, the hole is unlined, although wood chips from the excavation may cover the base of the cavity.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Trees chosen for nest holes have soft heartwood and tough sapwood, the former often due to parasites or diseases that weaken the tree's core. It is not certain how suitable trees are selected, although it may be by drumming, since woods with differing elastic modulus and density may transmit sound at different speeds. A Japanese study found nests in trees from many families; these included grey alder, Japanese white birch, Japanese hop-hornbeam, Japanese tree lilac, willows, Japanese larch and Sargent's cherry. The Mongolian oak and prickly castor-oil tree were rarely if ever used.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The typical clutch is four to six glossy white eggs that measure and weigh about , of which 7% is shell. They are laid from mid-April to June, the later dates being for birds breeding in the north of the range or at altitude. The eggs are incubated by either adult during the day and by the male at night, for 10–12 days before hatching. Both birds brood and feed the altricial naked chicks and keep the nest clean. The young fledge in 20–23 days from hatching. Each parent then takes responsibility for feeding part of the brood for about ten days, during which time they normally remain close to the nest tree.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: There is only one brood per year. The survival rates for adults and young are unknown, as is the average lifespan, but the maximum known age is just over 11 years.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The great spotted woodpecker is omnivorous. It digs beetle larvae from trees and also takes many other invertebrates including adult beetles, ants and spiders. The bird also digs for Lepidoptera larvae like "Acronicta rumicis". Crustaceans, molluscs and carrion may be eaten, and bird feeders are visited for seeds, suet and domestic scraps. The nests of other cavity-nesting birds, such as tits, may be raided for their eggs and chicks; nest boxes may be similarly attacked, holes being pecked to admit entrance by the woodpecker where necessary. House martin colonies can be destroyed in repeated visits.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Fat-rich plant products such as nuts and conifer seeds are particularly important as winter food in the north of the woodpecker's range, and can then supply more than 30% of the bird's energy requirements. Other plant items consumed include buds, berries and tree sap, the latter obtained by drilling rings of holes around a tree trunk.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The species feeds at all levels of a tree, usually alone, but sometimes as a pair. It will use an "anvil" on which to hammer hard items, particularly pine, spruce, and larch cones, but also fruit, nuts, and hard-bodied insects.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Easily accessible items are picked off the tree surface or from fissures in the bark, but larvae are extracted by chiselling holes up to deep and trapping the soft insect with the tongue, which can extend to beyond the bill, and is covered with bristles and sticky saliva to trap the prey. The woodpecker is able to extend its tongue so far because the hyoid bone to which it is attached has long flexible "horns" that wind around the skull and can move forward when required.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Woodland birds of prey such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk and the northern goshawk hunt the great spotted woodpecker. This woodpecker is a host of the blood-feeding fly "Carnus hemapterus", and its internal parasites may include the spiny-headed worm "Prosthorhynchus transversus". Protozoans also occur, including the potentially fatal "Toxoplasma gondii", which causes toxoplasmosis. The great spotted woodpecker is the favoured host of the tapeworm "Anomotaenia brevis".


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: The total population for the great spotted woodpecker is estimated at 73.7–110.3 million individuals, with 35% of the population in Europe. The breeding range is estimated as , and the population is considered overall to be large and apparently stable or slightly increasing, especially in Britain, where the population has recently overspilled into Ireland. For this reason the great spotted woodpecker is evaluated as a species of least concern by the IUCN.


title: Great spotted woodpecker

text: Breeding densities have been recorded as between 0.1–6.6 pairs/10 ha (0.04–2.7 pairs/10 acres), with the greatest densities in mature forest growing on alluvium. Numbers have increased in Europe due to the planting of forests, which provides breeding habitat, and more available dead wood, and this species has profited from its flexibility with regard to types of woodland and its ability to thrive in proximity to humans. Harsh winters are a problem, and fragmentation of woodland can cause local difficulties. The Canary Islands populations of "D. m. canariensis" on Tenerife and "D. m. thanneri" on Gran Canaria face a potential threat from the exploitation of the local pine forests.


title: Video Games (song)

text: "Video Games" is the debut single by American singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey for her second studio album and major label debut, "Born to Die" (2012). The song was produced by Robopop, while the lyrics were written by Del Rey and Justin Parker. It was first released to the Internet on June 29, 2011, and was later released on her extended play, "Lana Del Rey." The song was re-released as the lead single from her second studio album, "Born to Die", on October 7, 2011, through Interscope Records. "Video Games" is a baroque pop, dream pop, and downtempo ballad where the protagonist who, despite being ignored by her significant other, resolves to love him regardless.


title: Video Games (song)

text: "Video Games" has received widespread critical acclaim, with many critics praising the uniqueness of Del Rey's vocal performance and the song's cinematic production. The song has been considered Del Rey's "breakthrough hit" and was a commercial success, peaking at number one in Germany, Iceland, and Luxembourg; reaching a top ten position in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom; and peaking at 91 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The song was certified Gold. Its accompanying music video was directed and edited by Del Rey herself, combining scenes of her performing the song filmed on a webcam with clips of archive footage.


title: Video Games (song)

text: "Video Games" won an Ivor Novello Award for "Best Contemporary Song" in 2012 and was nominated for several other awards shortly after its release. The song was named "Song of the Decade" at the Q Awards 2019 and was ranked ninth on "Pitchfork"'s 100 Best Songs of the 2010s.


title: Video Games (song)

text: "Video Games" was written and composed by Del Rey and Justin Parker in the key of F minor and was produced by Robopop (Daniel Omelio and Brandon Lowry) at BMG Studios in New York City. The demo version of the song included Del Rey's vocals accompanied by piano chords. The vocals and piano were re-recorded with Lowry. Omelio then took the re-recorded session and added all other instrumentation and layers, including strings, harps and synth arpeggios in one studio session, spanning from 8pm to 2am, stating "It was a kind of being in the zone thing. I locked myself in the room, switched off the lights and went full into it". Omelio mixed the song as he went along.


title: Video Games (song)

text: "Video Games" is four minutes and 42 seconds long (4:42). Set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 123 beats per minute, Del Rey's vocal range spans from E to A. Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" praised how Del Rey's vocal performance, against ballooning orchestration and pizzicato strings, overlapped the subdued theme of an aloof, beer-drinking boyfriend figure. Del Rey described her music and day-to-day style as "gangsta Nancy Sinatra", with contemporary critics noting the song as a doom-filled ballad that unapologetically displays vulnerability.


title: Video Games (song)

text: Prominent lyrics in the song include, "I heard you like the bad girls, honey, is that true?"; "Heaven is a place on earth with you/ Tell me all the things you want to do"; and "open up a beer... and play a video game?" In an interview for British online magazine "The Quietus", Del Rey stated that the inspiration for the song came from her ex-boyfriend, commenting, "I think we came together because we were both outsiders. It was perfect. But I think with that contentment also comes sadness. There was something heavenly about that life – we'd go to work and he'd play his video games – but also it was maybe too regular." The singer also stated that she used lower vocals for "Video Games" because she felt that the public did not see her as a serious artist. Thematically, the lyrics have been labeled as antifeminist. Of the musical composition, MTV lauded the cinematic atmosphere of the song, adoring its feathery violins, echoing electronic thumps, and melancholic crescendos — wound into a dramatic exhibition.


title: Video Games (song)

text: The song received critical acclaim from music critics. Following its release, Ian Cohen dubbed the song "Best New Music" on "Pitchfork" commenting, "on her stirring debut single, New York singer-songwriter Lizzy Grant transforms into the more bombastically named Lana Del Rey and absolutely wallows in it." "Digital Spy" writer Robert Copsey noted Del Rey "combines a near-identical [Nancy Sinatra] vocal with her own fascination for the tragically glamorous — or 'Hollywood sadcore' as she succinctly labels it." Lindsey Johnstone of "The Scotsman" described the song as an "ode to being ignored and the exquisite pain of clutching at an illusion of happiness". Lewis Corner, also of "Digital Spy", said, "New York-born, London-based Lana Del Rey is currently working on her debut album, but if this newly released preview track/video is anything to go by, it's going to be avant-garde pop at its very best." Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" considered "Video Games" the best song of 2011 and added, "it's tempting to say with a song that good it doesn't matter who sings it, but that's not strictly true. As pop divas who collaborate with Eg White go, Lana Del Rey sounds hugely understated."


title: Video Games (song)

text: In a poll performed by "NME", readers ranked it as the tenth best song of the year. Maura Johnston of "The Village Voice", however, called the song and its accompanying music video overproduced, while "New York" magazine contributor Amanda Dobbis commented, "it's hard to totally separate Del Rey's looks from the criticism that's been bubbling around her." In responses to this controversy, "Paste"s Luke Larson said, "when 'Video Games' first hit the web, people weren’t freaking out about Lana Del Rey or fake lips or Lizzy Grant. People were freaking out because they had stumbled upon a fresh voice and a beautifully written song and ultimately, does the rest really matter?" Krystina Nellis of "Drowned in Sound" said the single reminded her of something from a David Lynch movie.


title: Video Games (song)

text: Above all the noise of the internet, ‘Video Games’ still works and is magical; I still have to listen on quiet because whenever I do I become convinced something absolutely terrible is about to crash through the window; it might as well be sung by Laura Palmer and be about the Bobs at the end of your bed. Either way, it is a brilliant, beautifully-executed pop song, a proper shivery, proper classic.


title: Video Games (song)

text: "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll ranked "Video Games" at number seven of the best music of 2011, tied with Britney Spears's "Till the World Ends". British magazine "NME" named "Video Games" the best single of 2011.


title: Video Games (song)

text: In 2019, "NME", "Pitchfork", "Uproxx", "Stereogum", and "Consequence of Sound" ranked the song as the third, ninth, fifteenth, twenty-sixth, and thirty-sixth best song of the 2010s.


title: Video Games (song)

text: From over 35 outlets, global critic aggregator Acclaimed Music ranked "Video Games" as the third greatest song of the 2010s.


title: Video Games (song)

text: "Video Games" attained commercial success across Europe, reaching number one in Germany and top ten positions in Austria, Belgium, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The song was also voted number six in Triple J's Hottest 100 songs of 2011.


title: Video Games (song)

text: The music video for "Video Games" was directed and edited by Del Rey. It features video clips of skateboarders, cartoons, and shots from old movies, as well as paparazzi footage of Paz de la Huerta falling down while intoxicated. These are interspersed with shots of Del Rey singing, which she filmed using a webcam. When asked if she would change anything about the video's production, Del Rey stated, "Had I known so many people were going to watch the video, I'd have put some more effort into it. I would have got my hair and make-up done and tried not to be so pouty, seeing as everyone talks about my face all the time. And I'd have put more of a storyline into it." The singer revealed that she was "trying to look smart and well turned-out, rather than 'sexy' [in the music video]. Of course I wanted to look good, but 'smart' was the primary focus."


title: Video Games (song)

text: "New York" magazine contributor Amanda Dobbins noted the music video "predictably [...] garnered some attention" from the public. Rya Backer of MTV questioned Del Rey's originality, saying, "it's hard to know what to make of Lana Del Rey at first glance. Is she as Jools Holland once dubbed her an 'Internet phenomenon' worth no more than a few salacious blog posts? Or is she a legitimate chanteuse wrapped in the hyper feminine, yet innately American (and admittedly well-curated) image she's projected in videos for such tracks as 'Video Games' and 'Blue Jeans'?" "Pitchfork"s Ian Cohen commented that the music video "fits between surrendering to romance and depression, moving with the elegant wastefulness of the kind of day drunk that's a true privilege of the beautiful, idle class."


title: Video Games (song)

text: Directed by Ben Coughlan, Del Rey filmed a second video for the song, titled "Video Games (Live At The Premises)". Uploaded to her official Vevo account on October 18, 2011, the video features Del Rey in jean shorts and a white T-shirt, singing into a microphone while barefoot, accompanied by a pianist. "The Huffington Post" wrote that the video was "loaded", indicating that the title was a contradiction and not a live performance. Additionally, they wrote: "we understand the takedowns of her hype (there is a lot of hype), but that doesn't change the fact that "Video Games"—the tune Lana's singing live this time—is one helluva song." Aside from criticizing her pillowy lips and long fingernails, "The Guardian" applauded Del Rey for amping up on the coquettish glances and hushed vocals as she devastatingly delivers the line, "I heard that you like the bad girls, honey, is that true?"


title: Video Games (song)

text: "Video Games" was performed by Del Rey in a number of live appearances, including for "MTV Push" and at the Bowery Ballroom, where, according to Eliot Glazer of "New York", "the polarizing indie hipstress brought her 'gangsta Nancy Sinatra' swag". Matthew Perpetua of "Rolling Stone" commented that, despite Del Rey being nervous and anxious while performing the song live, the singer "sang with considerable confidence, though her transitions from husky, come-hither sexuality to bratty, girlish petulance could be rather jarring". Del Rey also performed the song on Dutch television program "De Wereld Draait Door", on British music television show "Later... with Jools Holland", and in an intimate show at Chateau Marmont in Los Angeles, California. On January 14, 2012, Del Rey performed the song on "Saturday Night Live" (along with "Blue Jeans"). Her performance soon came under scrutiny and was even criticized by NBC anchor Brian Williams. Williams referred to the performance as "one of the worst outings in "SNL" history". Actor Daniel Radcliffe, who hosted the show the night Del Rey performed, quickly came to her defense, stating that criticism toward her was less about the performance and more about "her past and her family". On February 2, 2012, Del Rey performed the song on "The Late Show With David Letterman" where according to "Rolling Stone" she gave a "much more controlled and dramatic performance than on "SNL"." Del Rey performed "Video Games" live at ECHO Awards in Berlin, March 22, 2012.


title: Video Games (song)

text: "Video Games" has been covered by several artists, including Boy George, TYP, John Mayer (on guitar), Rasputina, Bristeil (in the Belarusian language), Ben Howard, Maverick Sabre, Tyler Hilton, Amanda Palmer, Patrick Stickles of Titus Andronicus, Patrick Wolf, Tom Odell, Trixie Mattel, Tire le coyote (in French) and English rock bands Bombay Bicycle Club and Kasabian. The song was featured in the "Ringer" "If You Ever Want a French Lesson..." episode from its first season. It was also featured in the sixth episode of the fifth season of "Gossip Girl". A remix of the song was featured in "The Dead Don't Stay Dead," an episode of "666 Park Avenue". On February 25, 2012, Masha covered "Video Games" on her popular YouTube channel.


title: Video Games (song)

text: A choral a cappella version of "Video Games" was used as part of the Royal Shakespeare Company's 2017 production of "Othello" in the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, within Shakespeare's Globe, London. Used in place of Desdemona's "Weeping Willow" song, it was performed by live choir at various points in the production in an Elizabethan style, framing key moments of the play, as well as being used as the opening overture.


title: Video Games (song)

text: In 2022, an orchestral cover version of the song was played at the end of "Westworld" season 4 episode, "The Auguries", composed by Ramin Djawadi.


title: Namesake

text: which originates in English Bible translations as a rendering of a Hebrew idiom meaning "to protect one's reputation" or possibly "vouched for by one's reputation." A familiar example which schoolchildren used to learn by heart is in Psalm 23:3, "he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake" (King James Bible, 1604), or in the metrical version "e’en for his own name’s sake" (Rous 1641, Scottish Psalter 1650, see The Lord's My Shepherd).


title: Namesake

text: When "namesake" refers to something or someone who is named after something or someone else, the second recipient of a name is usually said to be the "namesake" of the first. This usage usually refers to humans named after other humans, but current usage also allows things to be or have namesakes. Sometimes the first recipient can also be called the "namesake"; however, the correct and unambiguous term would be the "eponym".


title: Namesake

text: Naming a child after a relative, friend, or well-known person is a common practice in the English-speaking world. Continued practise of naming a child after the parent or grandparent may result in several relatives (e.g. cousins) being namesakes of each other despite not having been named after each other.


title: Namesake

text: Among Ashkenazi Jews, it is customary to name a child after a dead relative, such as the child's grandparent, but never after a living person. Sephardic Jews traditionally are encouraged to name their children after relatives, living or dead. Greek families traditionally name a child after its paternal grandparents and the second child of the same sex is named after its maternal grandparents.


title: Namesake

text: When a son is named after his father, "Jr."/"II", "III'", or another name suffix may be added to the name of the son (and sometimes "Sr." or a prior number to the father's name), in order to distinguish between individuals, especially if both father and son become famous, as in the case of poet Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. and his son, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court.


title: Namesake

text: Sometimes the "Jr." or "Sr." suffix is applied even when the child's legal name differs from that of the parent. One example is that of the singer Hiram King Williams, known professionally as Hank Williams, and his son Randall Hank Williams, known professionally as Hank Williams Jr. Daughters being named after their mothers using similar suffixes is less common. One example is thoroughbred jockey Rosemary Homeister Jr. whose mother was also a jockey before turning to train. A more archaic method of distinguishing father from son was to follow the name with "the Elder" or "the Younger", respectively, for example William Pitt the Elder and William Pitt the Younger. For an extensive list, see List of people known as the Elder or the Younger.


title: Namesake

text: Buildings, such as the Fisher Building, and companies, like the Ford Motor Company, are often named after their founders or owners. Biologic species and celestial bodies are frequently named after their discoverers. Alternatively, their discoverers may name them in honor of others. Occasionally, material goods, such as toys or garments, may be named after people closely associated with them in the public mind. The teddy bear, for example, was named after President Theodore Roosevelt, because of a popular story in which the then-President objected to cruel treatment of a bear by hunters.


title: Namesake

text: The fedora hat may be considered the "namesake" of a fictional character, Princess Fédora Romanoff, from an 1887 play, "Fédora", by Victorien Sardou. In her portrayal of that character, Sarah Bernhardt wore a soft felt hat with a center crease, which became known popularly as a "fedora".


title: Namesake

text: Several United States military aircraft have served as the namesake of previous aircraft. The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II attack aircraft was named after the WWII-era Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bomber. The McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II is the namesake of the McDonnell FH Phantom. Uniquely, the LTV A-7 Corsair II serves as the namesake of both the Vought F4U Corsair and the earlier Vought O2U Corsair, the former also being the namesake of the latter. The newest fighter of the United States, the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is the namesake of the United States Army Air Forces twin-engined Lockheed P-38 Lightning.


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: In psychology, the psyche is the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious. Many thinkers, including Carl Jung, also include in this definition the overlap and tension between the personal and the collective elements in man.


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: Psychology is the scientific or objective study of the psyche. The word has a long history of use in psychology and philosophy, dating back to ancient times, and represents one of the fundamental concepts for understanding human nature from a scientific point of view. The English word soul is sometimes used synonymously, especially in older texts.


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: The basic meaning of the Greek word ψυχή ("psyche") was "life", although unsupported, some have claimed it is derived from the verb ψύχω ("psycho", "to blow"). Derived meanings included "spirit", "soul", "ghost", and ultimately "self" in the sense of "conscious personality" or "psyche".


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: The idea of the psyche is central to the philosophy of Plato. Scholars translate the Platonic conceptualization of the term as "soul" in the sense that he believed that it is immortal. In his Phaedo, Plato has Socrates give four arguments for the immortality of the soul and life after death following the separation of the soul from the body. Plato's Socrates also states that after death the Psyche is better able to achieve wisdom and experience the Platonic forms since it is unhindered by the body.


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote an influential treatise on the psyche, called in Greek ("Peri Psyches"), in Latin "De Anima" and in English "On the Soul". In this work, he used the concept of the soul to explain certain functions. Since - for him - the soul is motion, it needs an explanatory principle for bodily motion. Aristotle's theory of the "three souls (psyches)" (vegetal, animal, and rational) would rule the field of psychology until the 19th century. Prior to Aristotle, a number of Greek writings used the term "psyche" in a less precise sense. In late antiquity, Galenic medicine developed the idea of three "spirits" ("pneuma") corresponding to Aristotle's three souls. The "pneuma psychikon" corresponded to the rational soul. The other two pneuma were the "pneuma physicon" and the "pneuma zoticon".


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: The term "psyche" was Latinized to "anima", which became one of the basic terms used in medieval psychology. "Anima" would have traditionally been rendered in English as "soul" but in modern usage the term "psyche" is preferable.


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: 19th century psychologists such as Franz Brentano developed the concept of the psyche in a more subjective direction.


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: In psychoanalysis and other forms of depth psychology, the psyche refers to the forces in an individual that influence thought, behavior and personality.


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, believed that the psyche—he used the word "Seele" ('soul', but also 'psyche') throughout his writings—was composed of three components:


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: Freud's original terms for the three components of the psyche, in German, were "das Es" (lit. the 'It'), "das Ich" (lit. the 'I'), and "das Über-Ich" (lit. the 'Over-I' or 'Upper-I'). According to Bruno Bettelheim, the Latin terms were proposed by Freud's English translators, probably to make them seem more 'medical' since, at the time, Latin was prevalent in medical terminology. Bettelheim deplores what he sees as pseudoscientific, Latin terms.


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: Carl Jung wrote much of his work in German. Jung was careful to define what he meant by psyche and by soul ("Seele").


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: I have been compelled, in my investigations into the structure of the unconscious, to make a conceptual distinction between "soul" and "psyche". By psyche, I understand the totality of all psychic processes, conscious as well as unconscious. By soul, on the other hand, I understand a clearly demarcated functional complex that can best be described as a "personality". (Jung, 1971: Def. 48 par. 797)


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: [In previous translations, and in this one as well, "psyche"—for which Jung in the German original uses either "Psyche" or "Seele"—has been used with reference to the totality of "all" psychic processes (cf. Jung, "Psychological Types", Def. 48); i.e., it is a comprehensive term. "Soul", on the other hand, as used in the technical terminology of analytical psychology, is more restricted in meaning and refers to a "function complex" or partial personality and never to the whole psyche. It is often applied specifically to "anima" and "animus"; e.g., in this connection it is used in the composite word "soul-image" ("Seelenbild"). This conception of the soul is more primitive than the Christian one with which the reader is likely to be more familiar. In its Christian context it refers to "the transcendental energy in man" and "the spiritual part of man considered in its moral aspect or in relation to God."— Editors.] (Jung, 1968: note 2 par. 9)


title: Psyche (psychology)

text: The word "mind" is preferred by cognitive scientists to "psyche". The mind is a set of cognitive faculties including consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, language and memory. It is usually defined as the faculty of an entity's thoughts and consciousness. It holds the power of imagination, recognition, and appreciation, and is responsible for processing feelings and emotions, resulting in attitudes and actions.


title: The Other Lamb

text: The Other Lamb is a 2019 horror film directed by Małgorzata Szumowska and written by C.S. McMullen. It stars Raffey Cassidy, Michiel Huisman and Denise Gough.


title: The Other Lamb

text: Selah is a teenage girl who is living in a remote forest compound belonging to a polygamist cult. The cult's messianic leader, the Shepherd, is the only male in the group. The women are divided into two groups: the younger Sisters, who dress in shades of blue, and the older Wives, who dress in reddish tones. The group raises sheep for food and sacrificial rituals. As she matures, Selah has become more of a focus of the Shepherd's attention, and she appears drawn to him. She frequently wonders about her mother, who died giving birth to her.


title: The Other Lamb

text: After fighting with one of the Sisters, Selah is ordered to deliver leftovers to a small, dark hut, where menstruating females are sent because they are considered "unclean". Here she encounters Wife Sarah, who was banished to the hut for unspecified reasons. Sarah, whose chest is covered with scars, warns Selah of the Shepherd's violent tendencies.


title: The Other Lamb

text: One night, Selah overhears a police officer telling the Shepherd that the group must leave. The Shepherd announces that he will be leading the women on a journey to a new home. During the walk, the Wives discover that Selah is menstruating, and she is forced to the back of the group with banished Wife, Sarah. Selah befriends Sarah, who explains that she and Selah's mom were the Shepherd's first two wives. Sarah tells Selah that her mother did not die in childbirth, but instead contracted an infection a few days afterward and died of sepsis because the Shepherd would not take her to the hospital. Sarah admits that she has no faith in the Shepherd, but stays because she has no place else to go. During the arduous journey, Selah begins to doubt his judgement. When she sees a car driving on a road, she has a fantasy of herself inside it, dressed as a normal teenager.


title: The Other Lamb

text: During the strenuous hike one of the pregnant Wives goes into labor, and she dies in childbirth. The Shepherd plucks the dead Wife's grieving young child off of the unlit funeral pyre, and throws her to the ground. After the funeral, Sarah tells Selah that she is leaving with the baby, who the Shepherd had wanted to abandon in the wilderness because the baby was "born wrong". Sarah reveals that the Shepherd wanted to abandon the healthy baby because "there can only be one ram in a flock". Meanwhile, the Shepherd beats one of the Sisters, Tamar, for refusing to lead the group after announcing that she spotted a potentially promising location ahead, further eroding Selah's trust.


title: The Other Lamb

text: The group arrives at a forested valley with a large lake, which the Shepherd declares will be their new Eden. The Sisters’ faith has been shaken by the journey, but the Shepherd rebaptizes the older Sisters. Selah has visions of him attempting to drowning her. Around the campfire the Wives decline dinner, stating they are fasting for their ritual the next day.


title: The Other Lamb

text: That night, he calls Selah to his tent and rapes her. She fantasizes about the Sisters killing the Shepherd. The next morning, the Sisters awake to find the Wives missing. They go to the lake to find the Shepherd kneeling near the Wives' robes. He tells them that the Wives have ascended into a new life and the Sisters must replace them. Selah confronts him, telling him, "You are not our shepherd!" He smacks her and she hits him back. Some time later, police officers discover the bodies of the Wives washed up on the shore of the lake. They also discover the Shepherd's dead body suspended between two trees, a pair of ram's horns placed on his head like a faun. The Sisters, led by Selah, congregate at the waterfall near their original compound.


title: The Other Lamb

text: In February 2019, it was announced Raffey Cassidy, Michiel Huisman and Denise Gough had joined the cast of the film, with Małgorzata Szumowska directing from a screenplay by C.S. McMullen. Principal photography began that same month in County Wicklow, Ireland.


title: The Other Lamb

text: The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 6 September 2019. Shortly after, IFC Midnight and Mubi acquired US and UK distribution rights to the film, respectively. It was released in the United States on 3 April 2020 and was released in the United Kingdom on 16 October 2020.


title: The Other Lamb

text: "The Other Lamb" grossed a total of $7,385 worldwide ($6,024 in the United States, and $1,361 internationally).


title: The Other Lamb

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of based on reviews from critics, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads "Smartly directed by Malgorzata Szumowska, "The Other Lamb" uses a young woman's coming-of-age story to explore the powerful hold cults can have on their followers." On Metacritic it has weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on reviews from 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Chelcee Grimes

text: Chelcee Maria Grimes (born 8 May 1992) is an English singer, songwriter, television presenter, and footballer. She has written songs for Kylie Minogue, Dua Lipa, Blackpink, Kesha, Olly Murs, Jonas Blue, Louisa, the Saturdays, and Tom Walker. Grimes has also hosted several football television shows, and was a commentator for the semi-finals of the Eurovision Song Contest 2021.


title: Chelcee Grimes

text: Chelcee Maria Grimes was born in Aigburth, Liverpool, to mother Maria, and a father who died from a heart attack when she was a child. Grimes was raised by her mother and stepfather David, and moved to Wavertree in order to attend St Julie's Catholic High School, where she balanced playing football and performing music. After initially playing for Liverpool Ladies during her childhood, she decided to pursue a music career at the age of 16. During the same time period, her sister was born.


title: Chelcee Grimes

text: Grimes signed a four-album deal with RCA Records at the age of 18, but was dropped a year later. Her first songwriting breakthrough was "Million Miles", which she co-wrote with Danish producer Cutfather for Australian singer Kylie Minogue's twelfth studio album "Kiss Me Once" (2014). She wrote the hook after Cutfather played the track for her. In 2014, Grimes won the award for "Best Up and Coming New Act" at the Juice FM Style Awards. She has written songs for Kesha, the Saturdays, Dua Lipa, Little Mix, Blackpink, Olly Murs, Jonas Blue, Louisa, and Tom Walker. Grimes wrote "" about her biological father in 2016, which is performed by South Korean singer Taeyeon. The ballad is sung in Korean and received 50 million views on YouTube by December 2018. In 2018, Grimes released her first two songs, "Just Like That" and "I Need a Night Out", and collaborated with Jonas Blue on "Wild" from the latter's debut studio album "Blue" (2018). She co-wrote several songs for Dua Lipa since the latter signed her first recording contract, including "Kiss and Make Up" (2018) and "Love Again" (2021).


title: Chelcee Grimes

text: Grimes has described herself as a pop singer. She grew up listening to Jennifer Lopez, Beyoncé, Kanye West, Pink, Gwen Stefani, Eminem, Lady Gaga, Christina Aguilera, and Avril Lavigne. Grimes developed her songwriting skills through listening to Lady Gaga's debut studio album "The Fame" (2008).


title: Chelcee Grimes

text: Grimes' football career began when she began playing for Liverpool Ladies at the age of 10. After a brief hiatus in order to pursue a music career, she decided to return to football. As of September 2021, Grimes has played for Everton, Tottenham Hotspur, Tranmere Rovers, Fulham, and Merseyrail Ladies.


title: Chelcee Grimes

text: Grimes is a presenter for the BBC and COPA90, where she covered the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup for the former. Since September 2019, Grimes is the co-presenter of "Match of the Day" spin-off show "MOTDx", and hosted her own show on BBC Sport titled "Chelcee Away". She commentated the semi-final of Eurovision Song Contest 2021 for the United Kingdom. In July 2021, Grimes presented several mini-series for BT Sport including "Para Football Adventures", and "Watch Us Rise". Throughout 2022, she participated in several reality competition series such as "Freeze the Fear with Wim Hof", and "The Games".


title: Chelcee Grimes

text: Grimes previously identified herself as bisexual in a 2019 interview with "Gay Times", but considered herself to be a lesbian in 2021. She is the co-host of the BBC Sounds podcast "Building Queertopia" alongside Courtney Act, which discusses the lifestyle of LGBT celebrities. Grimes also hosts her personal podcast titled "What We Coulda Been".


title: Angra (band)

text: Angra is a Brazilian power metal band formed in 1991. They have released nine regular studio albums, five EPs, and three live CD/DVDs to date. Led by Rafael Bittencourt, the band has gained a degree of popularity in Japan and Europe.


title: Angra (band)

text: Angra was formed in November 1991 by Santa Marcelina Music College students vocalist Andre Matos and guitarists Rafael Bittencourt and André Linhares. They were joined by Bittencourt's former bandmate Marcos Antunes (drums) and bassist Luís Mariutti (ex-Firebox).


title: Angra (band)

text: This line-up composed a number of the earliest songs, with Rafael Bittencourt and Andre Matos emerging as the main songwriters. Two of the first songs written were "Time" and "Angels Cry", which both featured on the band's first album"." The song "Queen of the Night", composed by Matos and Bittencourt, was originally titled "Rainha" ("Queen") and had been one of the songs from Bittencourt and Antunes previous band. The song "Carry On" was composed by Andre Matos and brought to the band. In the beginning of 1992, André Linhares was replaced by André Hernandes. His stay was equally brief and Kiko Loureiro joined the band in late 1992. It was during Hernandes' time in the band that the song "Evil Warning" was written. Finally they added "Reaching Horizons" by Bittencourt. These six songs resulted in a demo-tape "Reaching Horizons" that was released in 1993 through Limb Music in Germany.


title: Angra (band)

text: During the recording sessions for their first album "Angels Cry", Marcos Antunes left the band. A number of session drummers, including Alex Holzwarth were used to finish the album. Ricardo Confessori was later installed as a permanent replacement. This line-up change established a stable line-up lasted from 1993 to 2000. "Angels Cry" was recorded at Gamma Ray guitarist Kai Hansen's studio in Hamburg, Germany. Besides Hansen, the album included guest performances by Heavens Gate guitarist Sascha Paeth and Dirk Schlächter.


title: Angra (band)

text: The album was released in Brazil in 1993 through Eldorado Records and contained a number of classical influences as well as a cover of Kate Bush's "Wuthering Heights". The album had some success both in Brazil as well as Japan. The band were managed by Antonio Pirani, also editor of "Rock Brigade" magazine. Due to the album's success in Japan, the "Evil Warning" EP was released in 1994 through Victor, which included remixed versions of songs "Evil Warning", "Angels Cry", "Carry On" and "Wuthering Heights". In the following year the album was made available in Germany through Dream Circle, and in France by CNR Music.