title: Rape in the United States

text: Before and during the American Civil War when slavery was widespread, laws against rape were focused primarily on instances of black men raping white women, real or imagined, as opposed to other instances. Black women who were raped by any man were not protected by the law. In some states during the 1950s, a white woman having consensual sex with and a black man was considered rape. and is related to lynchings, racial violence, rapes targeting African-Americans (Such as the Tulsa race massacre) that occurred under the suspicion of rape or consensual sex between a black man and white woman.


title: Rape in the United States

text: Rape, in many US states, before the 1970s, could incur capital punishment. The 1977 Supreme Court case of "Coker v. Georgia" held that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution forbade the death penalty for the crime of rape of an adult woman. The court held that "Life is over for the victim of the murderer; for the rape victim, life may not be nearly so happy as it was, but it is not over, and normally is not beyond repair".


title: Rape in the United States

text: Feminist writings on rape include "Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape", by Susan Brownmiller. Concepts such as date rape and marital rape were brought to public attention.


title: Rape in the United States

text: The murder of Megan Kanka, which occurred in 1994 in New Jersey, when the seven-year-old girl was raped and murdered by her neighbor, has led to the introduction of Megan's Law, which are laws which require law enforcement to disclose details relating to the location of registered sex offenders.


title: Rape in the United States

text: Several developments in regard to rape legislation have occurred in the 21st century. Following the intensely publicized case of the 2005 murder of Jessica Lunsford, a 9-year-old girl from Florida who was kidnapped, raped and murdered by a man with prior convictions for sexual attacks, states have started enacting laws referred to as Jessica's Law, which typically mandate life imprisonment with a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in prison, and lifetime electronic monitoring, for adults convicted of raping children under 12 years. Furthermore, US sex offender registries contain other sanctions, such as housing and presence restrictions.


title: Universal City, California

text: Universal City is an unincorporated area within the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California, United States. Approximately 415 acres (1.7 km) within and around the surrounding area is the property of Universal Pictures (NBCUniversal's film studio), one of the five major film studios in the United States: about 70 percent of the studio's property is inside this unincorporated area, while the remaining 30 percent is within the Los Angeles city limits. Universal City is primarily surrounded by Los Angeles with its northeastern corner touching the city of Burbank, making the unincorporated area a county island.


title: Universal City, California

text: Located within the area of Universal City is the Universal Studios Hollywood film studio and theme park, as well as the Universal CityWalk shopping and entertainment center. Within the Los Angeles city limits lies 10 Universal City Plaza, a 36-floor office building for Universal and NBC; the Sheraton Universal; and the Universal Hilton. The Metro B Line underground station of the same name is located opposite the 10 Universal Plaza.


title: Universal City, California

text: A Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) station is located at Universal CityWalk, and the community also houses the only government-funded fire station in the United States located on private property. The Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACFD) Station 51 (formally Station 60 until the mid 1990s) is of special significance to Universal, as "Station 51" was the fictional setting of the Universal and Jack Webb television series "Emergency!". However, the current Station 51 was not used for external shots, or used as a model for the interior shots seen on the show (LACFD Station 127 in Carson was used).


title: Universal City, California

text: Carl Laemmle officially opened the Second Universal City (Lankershim Boulevard) on March 15, 1915, on the Taylor Ranch property. At the launch event, in what is now the North Hollywood area, a crowd of men and women eagerly awaited the display of the film stages, daredevil stunt pilots and silent film idols, as well as the movie cameras Laemmle had brought along. "See how slapstick comedies are made. See your favorite screen stars do their work. See how we make the people laugh or cry or sit on the edge of their chairs the world over!" stated a poster touting Universal's opening. "C'mon out! Aw, c'mon!"


title: Universal City, California

text: Laemmle, a German immigrant, was Universal Pictures' founder who opened his first nickelodeon in Chicago in 1906. He moved to New York City, where he soon joined half a dozen small motion picture companies to create the movie company he called Universal Pictures.


title: Universal City, California

text: In 1912, Laemmle briefly operated three small studios - Bison, Nestor, and Oak Crest Ranch. After a court battle with New York Motion Picture Company, control of the Bison lot was returned to the New York Motion Picture Company. The court allowed Carl Laemmle to retain use of the name "Bison" as "Bison 101" for his westerns, which were filmed on the Oak Crest property in the San Fernando Valley. The Oak Crest Ranch is where Laemmle filmed the western "At Old Fort Dearborn". The Providencia Land and Water company, called "Oak Crest Ranch" in the trade papers, became the first Universal City location.


title: Universal City, California

text: In 1913, Laemmle consolidated the Nestor studio (Hollywood) and Oak Crest ranch (Providencia) property. His first Universal City was too small, so he ordered a search for a new and larger property in the valley, a location with more space. Laemmle leased Providencia ranchland in the San Fernando Valley in 1912. If it was a city, it was a haphazard one: with the help of nearly 300 movie hands and actors, Laemmle erected makeshift buildings, set up cameras and began churning out hundreds of one- and two-reel silent westerns.


title: Universal City, California

text: Other studio chiefs called the place "Laemmle's Folly", mocking that the property was so far out of town and that Laemmle could film scenery for free anywhere he wanted. Laemmle worried that he had made a huge mistake, though Universal was a success because the public could observe movies being made.


title: Universal City, California

text: In the meantime, Laemmle added a zoo to the Oak Crest Ranch, which was open to visitors to generate free advertising by word of mouth. The Rotarians of Los Angeles were one of the groups permitted to visit the Oak Crest - Universal City.


title: Universal City, California

text: The Oak Crest ranch being too small for his larger Universal City, Laemmle bought the Lankershim Land and Water property, the Taylor Ranch for $165,000, calling it his "New Universal City".


title: Universal City, California

text: In 1914, operations at The Oak Ranch (Providencia Ranch) were moved to the Taylor (Lankershim) ranch. The Universal (Oak Crest) ranch zoo was moved to the Back Ranch of the Lankershim property. [Moving Picture World] The new Universal City was opened for Universal staff in 1914.


title: Universal City, California

text: Laemmle went on an eight-day whistle-stop tour from Chicago to Los Angeles the week before Universal City's grand public opening. His promoters even sold the grand (and technically impossible) lie that Laemmle had persuaded the Secretary of the Navy to send a battleship up the Los Angeles River to fire a salvo on opening day. Easterners, they hoped, would believe anything they heard about California.


title: Universal City, California

text: After World War I, Laemmle brought even more kin over from war-torn Europe, increasing the payroll to 70. His cheerful nepotism was immortalized in humorist Ogden Nash's couplet: "Uncle Carl Laemmle has a very large faemmle." Carl Laemmle was responsible for creating the "star system" rather than just using anonymous actors in films.


title: Universal City, California

text: Laemmle was forced to end studio tours in the 1920s, when talkies came along and "quiet on the set" became an absolute. He sold his sprawling entertainment empire in 1936. Before his death in 1939, at age 72, he helped bring more than 200 German-Jewish refugees to Los Angeles.


title: Universal City, California

text: Universal City did not welcome tourists again until July 15, 1964, with the opening of the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park and its included Studio Tour. The next few decades saw the arrival of hotels, an amphitheater, and Universal CityWalk (a faux city street and popular destination for tourists and locals).


title: Universal City, California

text: On April 30, 1912, Carl Laemmle merged the Independent Motion Picture Company with five smaller companies to form the Universal Film Manufacturing Company. After visiting his newly acquired west coast operations of Nestor Studios and Nestor Ranch, he renamed the studio "Universal Studios" and the leased Oak Crest Ranch became the first "Universal City" in the San Fernando Valley. The first Universal/Nestor Ranch (Providencia Land and Water Development Company property Oak Crest Ranch) is presently the site of Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills). In 1915, Universal moved its operations at the Hollywood/Nestor studio and Universal/Nestor Ranch to its new Lankershim Blvd. location before the official opening of Universal City (Lankershim Blvd). In 1916, the first Universal Oak Ranch became known as the Lasky Ranch. The Hollywood studio was then leased to Christie Comedies.


title: Universal City, California

text: In 1912, Carl Laemmle toured his Pacific Coast operations. He renamed the Nestor Studio "Universal Studios" and renamed the Providencia Ranch "Universal City." Carl Laemmle thought the Providencia Ranch area was too small for his idea of "Universal City." He ordered the purchase of Lankershim land Water Company property. Universal City moved to a new location, the Taylor Ranch.


title: Universal City, California

text: They purchased lots 276, 277, 278; also a small portion of Lot 279, marked "Mary L. Carhart" (left side of the Lankershim bridge). Only of the northern part of lot 278 became the official studios front lot in 1915. The zoo and second open-air stage were constructed on the northern sections of lot 277 and 278. The mountain portions above were not incorporated into studio use until MCA/Universal's master plan to level the hills and create the Universal Studio Tour Center and City Walk.


title: Universal City, California

text: The Providencia Land and Water Development Company property was used as a location for some early films, most significantly the battle scenes in the silent classic about the American Civil War, "The Birth of a Nation" (1915).


title: Universal City, California

text: In 1912, Carl Laemmle (IMP) Universal Pictures took over the assets of Nestor Studios and named this area Universal City. The photograph of this area can be seen in Los Angeles Public Library archives: "A Birds Eye View of Universal City":


title: Universal City, California

text: More than a half-dozen major fires have impacted the Universal Studios property (and, accordingly, Universal City) during its history.


title: Universal City, California

text: Fire protection in Universal City is provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACFD). The LACFD operates Station #51 at 3900 Lankershim Boulevard as a part of Battalion 1.


title: Universal City, California

text: The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the West Hollywood Station in West Hollywood, serving Universal City. In addition, the department operates the substation at Universal CityWalk in Universal City. Prior to the summer of 1991, the West Hollywood Station handled all calls for police service from Universal City. In the summer of 1991, the LASD established the substation in a trailer in the parking lot of the studio tour and remained in the area until two years later, when the substation was moved into a permanent location in the CityWalk theme mall when it opened. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) also shares jurisdiction with the LASD in providing protection to Universal City, operating the North Hollywood Community Police Station in North Hollywood, whose responsibilities include Universal City.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: TV5 (also known as 5 and formerly known as ABC) is a Philippine free-to-air television network based in Mandaluyong, with its alternate studios located in Novaliches, Quezon City. It is the flagship property of TV5 Network, Inc. with Cignal TV as its main content provider, both owned by MediaQuest Holdings, the multimedia arm of Philippine-based telecommunications company PLDT. TV5 is also formally referred to as "The "Kapatid" Network", the Filipino term for "sibling", which was introduced in 2010.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: Named after its flagship station in Metro Manila, DWET-TV, which are carried in VHF Channel 5 (analog broadcast) and UHF Channel 51 (digital test broadcast; the latter is licensed to TV5's sister company Mediascape/Cignal TV), TV5 is also broadcasting to seven other owned-and-operated stations and seven affiliate television stations nationwide, as well as on all cable and satellite TV providers nationwide. Its programming is also available outside the Philippines through Kapatid Channel and AksyonTV International.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: Joaquin "Chino" Roces, owner of the Manila Times was granted a radio-TV franchise from Congress under Republic Act 2945 on June 19, 1960. He then founded the Associated Broadcasting Corporation with its first studios along Pasong Tamo — with DZMT 1100 kHz, DZTM 1380 kHz and DZWS 1070 kHz as its first radio stations. It became the fourth television network in the country, when it established DZTM-TV Channel 5. ABC operated radio and television services from 1960 until September 23, 1972, when President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared Martial Law. Both ABC and the Manila Times were forcibly shut down as a result with rivals ABS-CBN, RBS, MBC and RMN–IBC's radio and television broadcasts also shut down by martial law that day.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: After the People Power Revolution in 1986, Chino Roces made a successful representation with President Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino for the network's reinstatement. ABC's rival ABS-CBN reopened that year but ABC was not yet reopened until it made a test broadcast in 1991 and finally reopened in 1992. Roces died in 1988, but his son Edgardo Roces would reopen the network after.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: New stockholders led by broadcast veteran Edward Tan and Chino Roces's son Edgardo then began the arduous task of resuming broadcasts. The Securities and Exchange Commission granted their application for an increase in capitalization and amendments to ABC's articles of incorporation and by-laws. They were subsequently granted a permit to operate by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC).


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: ABC inaugurated its studio complex and transmitter tower in San Bartolome, Novaliches, Quezon City in 1990 and began conducting test broadcasts by the end of 1991; officially and finally returning to the air as the Associated Broadcasting Company on February 21, 1992, with the different callsign of the flagship station, DWET-TV and the corporate name, Associated Broadcasting Company, which the Company uses C as the corporate initial instead of keeping Corporation, the name of the original ABC, along its original callsign, DZTM-TV, during the pre-martial law years as a result of the new management of the now revived network which took over its operations.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: ABC acquired a new 25-year franchise to operate on December 9, 1994, under Republic Act 7831 signed by President Fidel Valdez Ramos. In the same year, it went on nationwide satellite broadcasting. In a surge of phenomenal growth, ABC earned its reputation as "The Fastest Growing Network" under new network executive Tina Monzon-Palma who served as Chief Operating Officer.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In 2001, ABC began to produce local versions of "The Price Is Right" (hosted by Dawn Zulueta and later acquired by ABS-CBN); "Wheel of Fortune" (hosted by Rustom Padilla, later acquired by ABS-CBN); and "Family Feud" (hosted by Ogie Alcasid, later acquired by GMA Network, then by ABS-CBN, and later reverted back to GMA). This was during the height of the game show frenzy within Philippine networks brought on by the success of IBC's Philippine editions of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" (hosted by Christopher de Leon, which is later transferred to TV5 hosted by Vic Sotto) and "The Weakest Link" (hosted by Edu Manzano).


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In June 2003, The Tan-Roces joint consortium sold ABC TV and radio stations to the group led by businessman Antonio "Tonyboy" O. Cojuangco, Jr. former Chairman of the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT) and owner of Dream Satellite TV and Bank of Commerce, among other assets it later formally acquired in October of the same year. Cojuangco was the president and CEO of ABC, while Jose T. Pardo, a former secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry also was the network's board chairman at the time. The new management introduced many changes including a stronger news and public affairs division, modernization of its broadcast equipment, and the acquisition of broadcast rights of Philippine Basketball Association games. Additionally, the new network executives led by Roberto Barreiro coined a new slogan, "Iba Tayo!" ("We're Different!") which was conceived at the height of the "network wars" between ABS-CBN and GMA, with each of these two networks offering programming that bear the same format. ABC aimed to veer away from this practice by coming up with different shows with fresh and distinct formats to complement its flagship program, the PBA, targeting the burgeoning middle to upper-class youth market. ABC continued to support Family Rosary Crusade, and its religious pre-identification campaign "Please Pray the Rosary" was played before every program on the network until the plug gradually phased out due to the network's programming revamp.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In 2005, ABC won the "Outstanding TV Station" award at the 2005 KBP Golden Dove Awards, with several other programs on the network also earning awards in their respective categories.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In early 2007, ABC implemented a series of budget cuts, primarily directed towards its news department, which laid off most of its employees. The cuts, held prior to the 2007 general elections, left ABC almost incapable of coverage.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In November 2007, ABC debuted an array of new sports programming, including NBA basketball, pro boxing, and WWE events, as part of a new five-year deal with Solar Entertainment. However, due to their high costs and poor ratings, these programs were later dropped throughout 2008, and its NBA review show "House of Hoops" was cut back as well and eventually cancelled by April 2008. However, much of these programs, along with the PBA (as ABC elected not to renew its contract that ended after the 2008 Fiesta Conference), would be picked up by RPN, who had begun a much wider partnership with Solar earlier in 2007, which led to its privatization by the latter in 2011.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In March 2008, Cojuangco announced that ABC had reached a partnership with MPB Primedia Inc., a local company backed by Media Prima Berhad of Malaysia as part of a long-term strategy to eventually make the network more competitive amidst the rising network wars between ABS-CBN and GMA. MPB Primedia, meanwhile, was formed to serve as seed asset for Media Prima's proposed private equity fund to invest in various media companies within Southeast Asia. Cojuangco said MPB Primedia Inc., in principle, would produce and source most of the entertainment programs while ABC would continue to be responsible for news programming and operation of the stations. MPB Primedia was also given exclusive right to schedule and manage sale of ABC-5's airtime. Christopher Sy was named CEO of MPB Primedia, Inc.; he served in that capacity until his resignation in January 2009 due to reported differences in management style.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: ABC signed off for the last time at around 22:00 PHT on August 8, 2008, with its late night newscast "Sentro" as the last program on air, and then aired a countdown to its re-launch for much of the next day until 19:00 PHT, when the network officially re-launched under its new name of TV5. While keeping its programming lineup still an alternative to the other networks, it is now catered to "progressive Pinoys including those young at heart" (market classes C and D), and unveiled its newly upgraded 120-kilowatt state-of-the-art stereo TV transmitter. "Shall We Dance", some shows in "Nick on TV5", "Kerygma TV", "Light Talk", and "Sunday TV Mass" were the only ABC programs that were carried over to the line-up of TV5.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In December 2008, a lawsuit was filed by GMA Network, Inc., Citynet Television and ZOE Broadcasting Network against ABC, MPB, and MPB Primedia, alleging that TV5's lease of airtime to Media Prima was intended to circumvent regulations restricting foreign ownership of broadcasting companies. In response, ABC's media relations head Pat Marcelo-Magbanua reiterated that the network was a Filipino company that was self-registered and Filipino-run.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: Despite the lawsuit, the network's ratings were revitalized by the new management, as its audience share increased from 1.9% in July 2008 (prior to the re-branding) to 11.1% in September 2009.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On October 20, 2009, Media Prima announced that it would be divesting its share in MPB Primedia / TV5, along with its affiliate ABC TV stations, and selling it to the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company's broadcasting division, MediaQuest Holdings as it contributes to the company's losses during the year. The acquisition was officially announced by Chairman Manuel V. Pangilinan on March 2, 2010, along with the announcement of a new lineup of programming to debut on the network through a trade launch at the World Trade Center weeks later, as well as a new campaign branding itself as the "Kapatid" ("sibling") network, their response to be at par with its rivals ABS-CBN and GMA Network. Dream FM and its affiliate stations in other parts of the country were not part of the acquisition and remained under the Cojuangco management led by former ABC stockholder Anton Lagdameo; which then acquired a non-controlling share on Interactive Broadcast Media (IBMI), to continue the operation of the stations, which became collectively known as the Dream FM Network, with IBMI as its licensee until its closure in June 2011, with the airtime of its flagship Manila station being sold to Ultrasonic Broadcasting System and relaunched as Energy FM.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On October 1, 2010, TV5 took over the management of MediaQuest's Nation Broadcasting Corporation stations; DWFM was re-launched as a TV5-branded news radio station on November 8 of the same year, Radyo5 92.3 News FM, and DWNB-TV was re-launched as AksyonTV on February 21, 2011, a news channel based on TV5's newscast "Aksyon". At its peak, while retaining current position, TV5 was able to outrank GMA Network and become second most-watched network in key cities in Visayas and Mindanao, including Iloilo, Cebu, Bacolod, Davao, Cagayan de Oro; and even shared the top spot with ABS-CBN in General Santos City.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On December 23, 2013, the network began broadcasting from its new headquarters, the 6,000-square meter TV5 Media Center located in Reliance, Mandaluyong.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In 2014, ABC Development Corporation acquired Filipino broadcast rights to the 2014 Winter Olympics, 2014 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2016 Summer Olympics.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: Despite financial struggles within the management, TV5 continued to be on top as one of the top three television networks in the country with male and younger viewers dominated the audience reach due to the network's broadcast of the PBA via Sports5 and the strengthened TV5 Kids block, which included the Marvel Studios animation programs in October 2014. The network celebrated its fifth anniversary under the management of Manny V. Pangilinan coinciding with its trade launch of 2015 shows held at the Sofitel Philippine Plaza on November 26, 2014.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: The network opened the year 2015 with a New Year's Eve countdown entitled "Happy sa 2015" at the Quezon Memorial Circle, and continued to hold such revelry there until 2017.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In 2015, the network changed its corporate name from ABC Development Corporation to TV5 Network, Inc.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: However, by that point, the network incurred increasing losses and debts brought about by few advertisers (e.g. Unilever) as well as digitalization. This forced the network to implement a series of retrenchment of its employees. The biggest retrenchment happened in September 2015, when TV5's in-house entertainment division got on the verge of dissolution and initiated layoffs. At the same time, the consultancy contract of its Chief Entertainment Content Officer, Wilma Galvante, also expired. From 4,000 employees throughout 2013 and 2014, TV5 now has at least 900 employees as of late 2021.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: Unable to produce original content until 2020, TV5 appointed Viva Entertainment CEO, Vicente "Vic" Del Rosario as the network's new Chief Entertainment Strategist, implementing changes on TV5's entertainment programming. These included a formation of the Viva-TV5 joint venture Sari-Sari Channel and outsourcing Viva Television for its entertainment shows, which were formally announced through a trade launch at the Valkyrie in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig on November 25, 2015. These included a revival of "Ang Panday", the return of Diether Ocampo and Claudine Barretto's tandem in "Bakit Manipis ang Ulap?" and shows from by-then sister station MTV Pinoy such as "Top 20 Pilipinas". New shows started to air from that period until February 2016 but were cancelled a few months later due to lack of advertisement support and poor ratings. (Viva rekindled its partnership with the network in October 2020, with the offerings dominated by local versions of foreign programming such as "Masked Singer", "The Wall", , "Encounter" and "Rolling In It" as well as TV remakes of Viva classic films such as "Puto" and a movie block entitled "Sari-Sari Presents: Viva Cinema" which marks the first time since 2005 that the channel airs a Viva movie block)


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: Since January 2016, TV5 and Cignal via Hyper was the official Free TV and Pay TV partner, respectively, of the Ultimate Fighting Championship in the Philippines, this lasted until December 31, 2018.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In July 2016, TV5 began airing selected programs from MTV and MTV International like "Catfish", "Ridiculousness" and "Ex on the Beach" after inking a deal with Viacom International Media Networks that month to create the new MTV on TV5 block.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On September 8, 2016, TV5 cancelled its locally produced programs "Aksyon Bisaya" (Cebu) and "Aksyon Dabaw" (Davao) due to cost-cutting measures. However, the personnel remained employed as they will continue filing reports for the national edition of "Aksyon".


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On September 30, 2016, TV5 President and CEO Emmanuel "Noel" C. Lorenzana stepped down from his position. He was replaced by basketball coach and Sports5/D5 Studio head, Vicente "Chot" Reyes the following day. Following his appointment, the network announced it would be retrenching around 200 employees as part of TV5's digitalization.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In April 2017, TV5 acquired the rights to air the WWE after Fox Philippines decision to not renew its contract with the WWE due to unknown reasons. The network previously handle the rights from 2007 to 2008 and 2010.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On October 12, 2017, TV5 Network announced its partnership with ESPN, licensing its PBA, UFC, PSL and NFL rights and giving TV5 access to ESPN programs and content. The partnership formed the ESPN5 brand, airing on TV5 and AksyonTV. The said deal comes in response to the network's formal, albeit temporary shift from a general entertainment station to a sports and news channel.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On February 17, 2018, in line with the recent changes within the network and in celebration of its 26th anniversary as a commercial TV network, TV5 was relaunched as The 5 Network or simply 5 with a new logo and station ID entitled "Get It on 5", whereas the word TV on the top right quadrant of the logo was dropped, making it more flexible for the other divisions to use it as part of their own identity. Aside from the rebranding, TV5's programming grid was divided into three blocks: ESPN5 (sports), News 5, and On 5 (for other programs), along with D5 Studio (digital content) and Studio 5 (featuring world-class Filipino productions for audiences across all platforms). During that period, the "Kapatid" moniker was also de-emphasized and was only used by News5 and ESPN5 for some of its programs. A few months later came the more visible change within that period, which was the gradual phaseout of Filipino-dubbed movies and foreign-acquired programming, a practice that started during the operations under the MPB Primedia era in 2008. For a while until 2019, its Disney programs and its movies aired in the original audio.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On January 13, 2019, coinciding with the reformat of AksyonTV to 5 Plus, TV5 introduced a variation of its 2018 logo. It also included the websites of the division producing the program airing (e.g. TV5.com.ph for entertainment and blocktimers) as part of their on-screen graphics.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On April 22, 2019, the network granted a 25-year legislative franchise extension under Republic Act No. 11320 albeit without President Rodrigo Duterte's signature as the bill lapsed into law after 30 days of inaction.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On June 3, 2019, Chot Reyes retired as TV5 President and CEO. He was immediately replaced by Jane Basas, who also leads pay-TV provider and radio company Cignal TV/Mediascape. Upon her appointment, the network began to outsource news and sports programming from its co-owned Cignal channels One News, One PH, One Sports, and PBA Rush; it also phased out its daytime ESPN5 programs and relegated it to sister free-TV station 5 Plus in favor of archived entertainment programs and expanded movie blocks. Jane Basas later revealed future plans for the network; that included retaining its existing news programs and sports content in primetime, and reintroducing original entertainment programming through outsourcing from Cignal Entertainment and other major blocktimers. The network also saw the return of former TV5 executive Perci Intalan as the station's head of programming in November.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On February 4, 2020, Robert P. Galang was appointed as the new president and CEO of TV5 Network and Cignal TV, replacing Basas who in turn, was appointed as the new Chief Marketing Officer of Smart Communications.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On March 8, 2020, 5's sister channel 5 Plus was relaunched as One Sports (moving from being a Cignal-exclusive pay television channel), with the ESPN5 division also being renamed and merged to the abovementioned brand. As a result, all sports programming on 5 no longer carried the "ESPN5" banner. Despite the change, the ESPN5 partnership continued online, with ESPN5.com serving as the de facto sports portal of both One Sports and ESPN in the Philippines, until October 13, 2021. On the same day, TV5 Network announced that 5 would be rebranded as One TV (adopting from Cignal TV's "One"-branded channels), which was originally scheduled on April 13, 2020. However, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (and the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine), the network postponed it. In June 2020 (after Metro Manila was placed in general community quarantine), the network announced that the rebrand would be pushed through on July 20, but on July 4, the network officially cancelled the change due to netizens' adverse reaction to the upcoming rebrand as well as the opinions of the network's loyal viewers and fans. Viewers complained that it would have confused them and potentially diminished viewership. Due to this, the plugs of One TV (both on-air and online) were later pulled out of circulation. On July 20, 2020, 5 brings out new Filipino-dubbed series and more entertainment content on primetime then later it announced that 5 will be reverted as TV5.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On July 27, 2020, Cignal TV, TV5 and their sister company, Smart Communications announced its multi-year deal with the National Basketball Association for the league's official broadcast rights in the Philippines, replacing Solar Entertainment Corporation. The games during the 2019–20 season will be aired live on free-to-air networks TV5 and sister channel One Sports (replacing CNN Philippines as an exclusive but temporary free-to-air broadcaster, which eventually dropped in March because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and Canada, as well as the 4 month suspension of league play). This is the first time the NBA broadcasts on TV5 since the then-ABC 5 last aired the NBA games (in partnership with Solar Entertainment Corporation) from 2007 to 2008.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On August 15, 2020, 5 reverted to its former name, TV5 (while retaining the variation of its current numerical logo that was introduced in January 2019), as the network announced its partnership with sister company, Cignal TV as TV5's main content provider to handle its programming in order to bring back the glory days of TV5 to compete again with its rival TV network, GMA Network and other TV networks in the Philippines. On the same day, TV5 unveiled its first wave of entertainment programs produced by blocktimers, among them Archangel Media, ContentCows Company, Inc., Luminus Productions, Inc. (and later Viva Television and Brightlight Productions), which were part of the supposed lineup for now-cancelled rebranding of TV5 as One TV. In addition, shows from the foreclosed ABS-CBN were announced to be transferred to TV5 as the former implemented retrenchments following the non-renewal of the former's broadcast franchise. Currently, TV5 is in talks with the same network for the possibility to hire the displaced employees of its former rival with TV5 chairman Manuel V. Pangilinan stating that they are open to work with them. In mid-September 2020, TV5 unveils second wave of new programming line-up for October (including programs that produced by its blocktimers Viva Entertainment, Brightlight Productions, and in-house News5 produced shows).


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: Since January 2021, TV5 carried selected programming produced by its former rival ABS-CBN to expand its nationwide reach following the shutdown of its free-to-air network on May 5, 2020 (host broadcasters Kapamilya Channel, Kapamilya Online Live and A2Z Channel 11 (blocktime with ZOE Broadcasting Network) only provides limited coverage for cable/satellite TV, Facebook and YouTube livestream and FTA Mega Manila viewers, respectively). On January 24, the Kapatid network began to simulcast "ASAP Natin 'To" and the "FPJ: Da King" movie block as part of an agreement with ABS-CBN, Cignal TV and Brightlight Productions (which formerly leased the airtime now occupied by the two aforementioned shows).


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: After the successful simulcast of both "ASAP" and the "FPJ: Da King", on March 5, 2021, both TV5/Cignal and ABS-CBN announced that ABS-CBN's/Kapamilya Channel's "Primetime Bida" programs (including "Ang sa Iyo ay Akin", "FPJ's Ang Probinsyano", "Walang Hanggang Paalam" and "") will be simulcast on TV5 starting March 8. Coinciding with the announcement, the network unveiled its revamped programming under its new slogan "TV5 TodoMax", wherein all programs are divided into five blocks: TodoMax Kids (cartoons and kids-oriented programming), TodoMax Serbisyo ("Idol in Action"), TodoMax Panalo (afternoon programming lineup), TodoMax Primetime Singko (news, game shows, dramas (original and Filipino-dubbed), PBA live game broadcast, and shows from the "Primetime Bida" lineup of ABS-CBN/Kapamilya Channel) and TodoMax Weekend (Saturday and Sunday programming lineup).


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: A few months later, after the network's programming revamp, according to the AGB-Nielsen survey, TV5 became number 2 most-watched TV network in primetime TV ratings due to a stronger ABS-CBN Entertainment primetime programs as well as the strengthened Cignal Entertainment primetime programs on the network.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On May 20, 2021, TV5 launched its new slogan "Iba sa 5" (It's different on 5) with a new station jingle composed by Jeff Arcilla, and new station ID. At that time, the network's 2019 logo was changed into the new full colored darker red scheme, which is similar to the current Cignal 2013 logo.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On July 1, 2022, TV5 launched a new slogan "Iba'ng Saya pag Sama-Sama" (The Fun is One of a Kind When We're Together) with a new station jingle and new station ID, featuring the network's own stars and ABS-CBN stars.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In June 2022, ABS-CBN engaged into advanced talks with TV5's parent company, MediaQuest Holdings to allow its resources combined after Villar Group-backed Advanced Media Broadcasting System acquired ABS-CBN's former frequency, and slated to begin operations in October 2022 as AMBS-2. On August 10, 2022, ABS-CBN and MediaQuest Holdings signed a "convertible note agreement" as announced on the following day for the ABS-CBN's investment into TV5 Network by acquiring 34.99% of the company's common shares, with an option to increase it stake to 49.92% within the next eight years with MediaQuest remained as the TV5's controlling shareholder with 64.79% of TV5's common shares. Meanwhile, MediaQuest Holdings executed a "debt instruments agreement" by acquiring a 38.88% minority stake of ABS-CBN's cable TV arm Sky Cable Corporation through Cignal TV, with an option to acquire an additional 61.12% of Sky Cable shares within the next eight years. After ABS-CBN and TV5 had a partnership deal, the House of Representatives has set a briefing and SAGIP Representative Rodante Marcoleta commented that TV5 violated the broadcasting franchise with ABS-CBN deal. But a day later, the briefing scheduled was cancelled that supposed to happen on that day. On August 24, the two broadcasting companies agreed to pause their closing preparations for the deal following concerns from politicians and some government agencies. However, the agreement was terminated on September 1.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On June 19, 1960, newspaper publisher Joaquin "Chino" Roces launched its television station in the Philippines, then known as the Associated Broadcasting Corporation. Since then, the network evolved and used different brandings until it became widely known from what it is today.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: TV5 used several logos since it was established in 1960. In 1960, the network used a 5 Logo derived from its flagship station in Metro Manila, DZTM-TV carried in VHF channel 5 until it was shut down in 1972. When it returned to the airwaves, the network used a more-known ABC 5 logo with an iconic cyclone icon, incorporating the colors red, blue and green—colors making up a pixel shown on the television technology of 1992. The number 5 was removed to the logo in 1995 but retaining its ABC and the cyclone icon. In 2001, the logo added its slogan "Come home to ABC", the same logo used in April 2004 with its new slogan "Iba Tayo!". The last logo as ABC in September 2004 has been enclosed with a yellow circle. The logo changed after its re-launch in 2008 having the new name of the network TV5 inside a shaking television. In 2010, the network used a red circle being shined in the northwest corner carrying the name TV5 with the letters TV in the northeastern part above the largely sized number 5. The logo adopted a 3D version in 2013 and applying it on-air, although the 2010 2D version oftentimes appear.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In 2018, TV5 adopted its numerical 5 logo, which was first appeared on ESPN5 logo, which was launched in October 2017, dropping the "TV" word on the northeastern quadrant as part of their "Get It on 5" campaign. They also started to display the name of the current program using the format: "(title) "on 5"" as the part of the logo (usually applied to entertainment and other programs not provided by either News5 or ESPN5; except blocktimers, where only the 5 logo is displayed) resulting to viewers mistakenly thought "on" was part of the title. The numerical five logo was also simultaneously adopted for TV5 sister divisions News5, Radyo 5, and D5 Studio.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: A variation of the current numerical 5 logo was unveiled on January 13, 2019, similar to its former sister network, 5 Plus (now One Sports), though it was retained despite the renaming of 5 to TV5 in 2020. Another variation existed with a darker red color, which debuted alongside the launching of TV5's "Iba sa 5" slogan.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: TV5 programs are consisting of news and public affairs, sports programming, movie blocks and special presentations, local dramas and soap operas, anime series, foreign cartoons, musical and variety shows, reality shows, comedy and gag shows, informative and talk shows, and religious programs. The network is the official broadcaster of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). It also airs "Word of God Network" every Monday to Saturday morning, and Catholic mass live from the church (usually from Veritas 846) every Sunday morning.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: On the second month since its relaunch on August 9, 2008, TV5 reportedly entered the Top 3 TV stations based on the AGB Nielsen survey. The network also gained ratings on their morning cartoon blocks, starting from Nickelodeon programs, followed by select Cartoon Network and Disney Channel programs onwards. TV5 is best known for the popular "AniMEGA" anime programming block, which aired numerous Filipino-dubbed Japanese anime series first in Philippine television, including "Code Geass", "Shakugan no Shana", "Azumanga Daioh", "Special A", "Makibaoh", "Toradora!", "Clannad", "Yatterman", "D.Gray-man", "", and "Gundam 00". The network is also notable for its original horror drama series "Midnight DJ" (2008–2011).


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: TV5 is also notorious for being the originator of tabloid talk shows in the Philippines which featured confrontations, physical fights and scantily clad guests; these include "Face to Face", "Face the People", "Solved na Solved", and the public service program "Idol in Action".


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In 2013, TV5 launched the "Weekend Do It Better" and "Everyday All The Way" programming blocks under the helm of former chief entertainment content officer Wilma Galvante. However, most of the programs under these blocks were discontinued due to low ratings. In 2014, the network launched another set of new programs under the "Happy Ka Dito!" campaign.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In 2015, TV5 launched more than a dozen programs that were more focused on light entertainment and sports under its "Happy sa 2015" campaign. The return of the "AniMEGA" block in the same year featured the debut of hit anime series "Sword Art Online" (seasons 1 and 2) in Philippine television. Midway through 2015, TV5's entertainment programming were produced by different content providers, including Unitel Productions (TV5's sister company), The IdeaFirst Company (formed by former TV5 Entertainment Head Perci Intalan) and Content Cows Company Inc. (formed by Wilma Galvante). On October 14, 2015, TV5 named Sari-Sari Channel as the network's main entertainment production outfit. Viva executive Vic del Rosario was also appointed as the network's chief entertainment strategist, handling most of the entertainment programs broadcast by the network at that time. It happened a month after TV5, Cignal and Viva inked a deal to create Sari-Sari Channel.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In 2016, director Brillante Mendoza signed a contract with TV5 to produce made-for-TV movies for the network under the "Brillante Mendoza Presents" umbrella. At the same time, the network signed an exclusive deal to air programs from Rainbow S.p.A and DreamWorks Animation (the latter's contract expired in late 2018). For the first time, TV5 premiered "The Walking Dead" and "La Reina del Sur" in August 2016, both dubbed in Filipino.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In 2017, the "TV5 AniMEGA" block returned once again for a partnership with Aniplus Asia. TV5 has aired Japanese anime series including "", "Myriad Colors Phantom World", "Kantai Collection", "Knights of Sidonia", "Norn9", and "Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?", all dubbed in Filipino. Meanwhile, the National Football League (NFL) games were broadcast on TV5 from the 2017 season until the 2019 season. TV5 also aired selected local shows from Sari-Sari Channel under the "Sari-Sari sa Weekends" banner. The crime drama series "Amo" directed by Brillante Mendoza finally premiered on April 21, 2018, after several months of delay.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: From late 2018 to September 2019, all foreign entertainment shows aired on TV5 were broadcast in original English-language audio. Some of the movie programming blocks were also aired in original English audio. Upon the expansion of TV5's movie blocks in September 2019, they reverted to Filipino dubbing.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: The network usually aired online Catholic masses every Sunday morning. On March 22, 2020, during the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon, TV5 broadcasts online masses from the Manila Cathedral, alongside TV Maria and One PH every 10AM, and from Radyo Veritas 846 on 6AM and 6:30PM. This arrangement ended a few months later to give way for the reversion of regular programming and the broadcast of the remainder of the 2019–20 NBA season and the 2020 PBA season alongside One Sports as well as NBA TV Philippines for the former and PBA Rush for the latter, although the 6AM Mass from Radyo Veritas continues to be aired up to date. Following the acquisition for the NBA rights after the denial of the ABS-CBN franchise renewal and permanent closure of the ABS-CBN Sports division, TV5 is currently broadcasting the National Basketball Association (NBA) games replacing the National Football League (NFL) games.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: Since mid-2020, TV5 began to fill the vacant spaces and replace provisional reruns of their former programs due to lack of sporting events because of the COVID-19 pandemic. TV5 also brought back Filipino-dubbed telenovelas on Philippine television with "Tierra de Reyes", "Betty sa NY" and "Reina de Corazones". They even had the rights to air the Thalía-starred "Maria" trilogy: "Marimar", "María Mercedes" and "María la del Barrio". Meanwhile, the first batch of new local entertainment programs like "Fill in the Bank", "Bawal na Game Show", "Chika, Besh!" (all three produced by Archangel Media), "Fit for Life" (produced by Luminus Productions Inc.), and the return of "Bangon Talentadong Pinoy" (a co-production with The IdeaFirst Company) were launched on August 15, 2020. In October 2020, TV5 premiered six new local entertainment programs from Brightlight Productions owned by Albee Benitez. These are "Sunday Noontime Live!", "I Got You", "Sunday 'Kada", "Lunch Out Loud", "Rated Korina" (formerly "Rated K" under ABS-CBN), "Oh My Dad!".


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: In January 2021, TV5 and Cignal TV announced a partnership with ABS-CBN Entertainment to allow more of its popular content to air on free television across the Philippines. "Sunday Noontime Live!" was cancelled to give way for the airing of "ASAP Natin 'To" starting January 24, 2021. TV5 also began simulcasting ABS-CBN's/Kapamilya Channel's "Primetime Bida" lineup since March 8, 2021. "My Hero Academia" is the first Japanese anime series previously broadcast by defunct channel Yey! (ABS-CBN TV Plus) that aired on TV5 starting October 23, 2021.


title: TV5 (Philippine TV network)

text: TV5 programs are seen internationally via Kapatid Channel, and is currently available in Guam, the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, Canada, and the United States.


title: Lee Majdoub

text: Lee Majdoub (; born May 31, 1982) is a Lebanese-Canadian actor. He is known for his role as Agent Stone in "Sonic the Hedgehog" (2020) and its 2022 sequel. Majdoub has also appeared in the television programs, "The 100", and "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency". He is set to star as Basim Ibn Ishaq, the protagonist of "Assassin's Creed Mirage", in 2023.


title: Lee Majdoub

text: Majdoub was born in Tripoli, Lebanon. He lived in Italy and Switzerland as a child before moving to Ottawa, Canada at 9 years old. His family later moved to Montreal. He graduated from California State University, Long Beach with a Bachelor of Science, Mechanical Engineering in 2005. At his sister's suggestion, Majdoub began taking acting classes when he was 20 years old while completing his studies.


title: Lee Majdoub

text: Majdoub's first screen role was a small part in the 2007 television series, "Bionic Woman". He continued acting with small roles in film and television. Through the early to mid-2010s Majdoub appeared in guest roles in "Arrow", "Once Upon a Time", "UnREAL", and "Supernatural". During this period Majdoub was cast as Carter in "See No Evil 2" directed by the Soska Sisters. He worked with the Soska Sisters again in their segment for "ABCs of Death 2".


title: Lee Majdoub

text: In 2013, Majdoub performed in a Belfry Theatre production of the play, "Helen's Necklace". In 2015, he appeared in the Belfry Theatre's production of "Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike".


title: Lee Majdoub

text: In 2017, he appeared in the second season of "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency" as Silas Dengdamor. He won "Best Male Guest Performance in a Dramatic Series" for his performance at the 2018 Leo Awards. Beginning in 2019, Majdoub played recurring roles in "You Me Her" and "The 100""." He was again nominated for "Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series" for his work on "You Me Her" at the 2020 Leo Awards, and again in the same category at the 2021 Leo Awards for his work on The 100.


title: Lee Majdoub

text: In September 2018, Majdoub was cast opposite Jim Carrey in the live-action "Sonic the Hedgehog" film as Agent Stone. Upon release, Majdoub's character quickly became popular with fans of the franchise who highlighted his dynamic with Carrey's Doctor Robotnik. On 30 September 2021, it was announced that Majdoub would reprise his role as Agent Stone in the sequel, "Sonic the Hedgehog 2".


title: Lee Majdoub

text: In September 2022, Majdoub announced that he will be voice acting Basim Ibn Ishaq, the protagonist of the upcoming video game "Assassin's Creed Mirage", replacing Carlo Rota, who voiced an older Basim in "Assassin's Creed Valhalla".


title: Gary Waldhorn

text: Gary Peter Waldhorn (3 July 1943 – 10 January 2022) was an English actor and comedian known for his roles in British television and theatre. He is particularly remembered for his work in the main casts of several British sitcoms. Notable roles and characters played by him included Councillor David Horton in "The Vicar of Dibley" and Lionel Bainbridge in "Brush Strokes".


title: Gary Waldhorn

text: Waldhorn was born in London on 3 July 1943 to Liselotte ( Popper) and Siegfried Waldhorn. His parents were Austrian Jews. He studied acting at the Yale School of Drama (graduated 1967) where he notably performed in new works written by playwright Lillian Hellman in 1966. While at Yale he met fellow student Christie Dickason, daughter of Indiana University academic David Howard Dickason, who became his wife and an active theatre director and choreographer in London and later a published playwright and novelist. He is known for his work in West End theatre productions and for his collaborations with the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 1972 he toured Australia and New Zealand in Harry M. Miller's production of "Sleuth" playing opposite Richard Todd.


title: Gary Waldhorn

text: Apart from appearing in "The Vicar of Dibley", Waldhorn also made many television appearances from the 1970s including "Softly, Softly", "The Sweeney", "", "The New Avengers", "Brideshead Revisited", "The Professionals", "Minder", "Robin of Sherwood", "Rumpole of the Bailey", "The Bill", "Heartbeat", "Gallowglass" and "Lovejoy". He also played Lionel Bainbridge in the first three series of "Brush Strokes" before the character was written out, and Richard Beamish in the first series of "All at No 20".


title: Gary Waldhorn

text: He also starred as Ralph Apsoland in the 1993 miniseries "Gallowglass". His other notable television credits include several recurring roles: Caulaincourt in the mini-series "Napoleon and Love", Greville in "The Top Secret Life of Edgar Briggs", Henry Channon in "Edward & Mrs. Simpson", Teddy Lupus in "Enemy at the Door", John Fearnley in "Moving", Gordon Lochhead in "Campaign", Cllr. Alec Radcliffe in "The Chief", Sergeant Bob Pulver in "Lovejoy", and Cmdre. Forrest in "Longitude". His film credits include the roles of Harlich in "Zeppelin", Max in "Sir Henry at Rawlinson End", Hauptmann Rainer Mueller in "Escape to Victory", and Tornado in "The Chain". On stage he was particularly active with the Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: Gary Waldhorn

text: Waldhorn was a patron of Malawi Dream, a British registered charity working to help the people of Malawi in Africa.


title: James Brown discography

text: This is a discography chronicling the musical career of James Brown. Brown joined Bobby Byrd's vocal group The Flames in 1953, first as a drummer, and then as leading front man. Later becoming The Famous Flames, they signed with Federal Records in 1956 and recorded their first hit single, "Please, Please, Please", which sold over a million copies.


title: James Brown discography

text: After the hit release of "Try Me", following nine relative failures, the group scored a series of hit albums and recordings in the early 1960s. Brown's solo aspirations started around 1962. By the time of "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", he used the Flames less and less as he became a full-fledged solo artist who was now involved in the development of a new R&B subgenre, funk. Eventually the Famous Flames left him in 1968 as did his James Brown band by 1970 and Brown hired The J.B.'s who helped contribute to his continuing success in the 1970s. After their disbanding, Brown struggled for a number of years with recordings before the release of 1985's "Living in America", and having success with the albums "Gravity" (1986) and "I'm Real" (1988).


title: James Brown discography

text: Brown charted at least 96 entries on the Billboard Hot 100 and at least 110 entries on the R&B chart. Seventeen of Brown's singles, including five credited as "James Brown and the Famous Flames", hit number-one on the R&B chart. He recorded several more hits pseudonymously, notably "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes" and "Doing It to Death". In addition to his own hits, Brown wrote and produced charting records by many other performers, including Bobby Byrd, Hank Ballard, Tammy Montgomery, Lyn Collins, Marva Whitney, and The J.B.'s. In contrast to his chart success, few of Brown's hit recordings were certified by the RIAA, partly due to the reluctance of his record labels to pay the required fees. He had just two "certified" gold singles - "Get on the Good Foot" (1972) and "The Payback" (1974) - and one gold album, 1973's "The Payback". However, two 1991 compilations of his work earned RIAA certification: "Star Time" (gold) and "20 All-Time Greatest Hits!" (platinum).


title: James Brown discography

text: (Note) Listed below are the charting singles James Brown released on the King Records subsidiary Federal and King record labels, and Smash Records . Most of the songs also feature The Famous Flames on backing vocals through 1965. Brown had recorded singles for Bethlehem and Ember Records alternatively.


title: Picardy

text: Picardy (; Picard and , , ) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region of Hauts-de-France. It is located in the northern part of France.


title: Picardy

text: The historical province of Picardy stretched from north of Noyon to Calais via the whole of the Somme department and the north of the Aisne department. The province of Artois (Arras area) separated Picardy from French Flanders.


title: Picardy

text: From the 5th century, the area formed part of the Frankish Empire and, in the feudal period, it encompassed the six countships of Boulogne, Montreuil, Ponthieu, Amiénois, Vermandois and Laonnois. In accordance with the provisions of the 843 Treaty of Verdun, the region became part of West Francia, the later Kingdom of France.


title: Picardy

text: The name "Picardy" derives from the Old French "pic," meaning "pike", the characteristic weapon used by people from this region in ancient times. The term "Picardy" was first used in the early 13th century, during which time the name applied to all lands where the Picard language was spoken including territories from Paris to the Netherlands. In the Latin Quarter of Paris, people identified a "Picard Nation" ("Nation Picarde") of students at Sorbonne University, most of whom actually came from Flanders.


title: Picardy

text: Beginning in 1419, the Picardy counties (Boulogne, Ponthieu, Amiens, Vermandois) were gradually acquired by the Burgundian duke Philip the Good, acquisitions confirmed by King Charles VII of France at the 1435 Congress of Arras. In 1477, King Louis XI of France led an army and occupied key towns in Picardy. By the end of 1477, Louis would control all of Picardy and most of Artois.


title: Picardy

text: In the 16th century, the "government" (military region) of Picardy was created. This became a new administrative region of France, separate from what was historically defined as Picardy. The new Picardy included the Somme "département", the northern half of the Aisne "département" and a small fringe in the north of the Oise "département".


title: Picardy

text: In 1557, Picardy was invaded by Habsburg forces under the command of Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy. After a seventeen-day siege, St. Quentin would be ransacked, while Noyon would be burned by the Habsburg army.


title: Picardy

text: In the early 18th century, an infectious disease similar to English sweat originated from the region and spread across France. It was called "Suette des picards" or Picardy sweat.


title: Picardy

text: Sugar beet was introduced by Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars in the 19th century in order to counter the United Kingdom which had seized the sugar islands possessed by France in the Caribbean. The sugar industry has continued to play a prominent role in the economy of the region.


title: Picardy

text: One of the most significant historical events to occur in Picardy was the series of battles fought along the Somme during World War I. From September 1914 to August 1918, four major battles, including the Battle of the Somme, were fought by British, Commonwealth, French and German forces in the fields of Northern Picardy.


title: Picardy

text: In 2009, the Regional Committee for local government reform proposed to reduce the number of French regions and cancel additions of new regions in the near future. Picardy would have disappeared and each department would have joined a nearby region. The Oise would have been incorporated in the Île-de-France, the Somme would have been incorporated in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Aisne would have been incorporated in the Champagne-Ardenne. The vast majority of Picards were opposed to this proposal and it was scrapped in 2010 (see newspaper: "Courrier Picard").


title: Picardy

text: Today, the modern region of Picardy no longer includes the coastline from Berck to Calais, via Boulogne (Boulonais), that is now in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region but does incorporate the "pays" of Beauvaisis, Valois, Noyonnais, Laonnois, Soissonnais, Omois among other departments of France. The older definition of Picardy survives in the name of the Picard language which applies not only to the dialects of Picardy proper but also to the Romance dialects spoken in the Nord-Pas de Calais "région", north of Picardy proper, and parts of the Belgian province of Hainaut.


title: Picardy

text: Between the 1990 and 1999 censuses, the population of Oise increased 0.61% per year, almost twice as fast as France as a whole. Meanwhile the Aisne department lost inhabitants, and the Somme barely grew with a 0.16% growth per year. Today, 41.3% of the population of Picardy live inside the Oise department.


title: Picardy

text: Picardy stretches from the long sand beaches of the Somme estuary in the west to the vast forests and pastures of the Thiérache in the east to Chantilly and Pierrefonds near the Paris Area and vineyards of the border with Champagne to the south.


title: Picardy

text: The president of the regional council prior to its abolition in 2015 was Claude Gewerc, a Socialist who had been in office since 2004. That year he defeated longtime UDF incumbent Gilles de Robien.


title: Picardy

text: Since 2008, the mayor of the city of Amiens, the regional capital, has been Socialist Gilles Demailly. He defeated longtime mayor Gilles de Robien of the New Centre party.


title: Picardy

text: Historically, the region of Picardy has a strong and proud cultural identity. The Picard (local inhabitants and traditionally speakers of the Picard language) cultural heritage includes some of the most extraordinary Gothic churches (Amiens and Beauvais cathedrals or Saint-Quentin basilica), distinctive local cuisine (including "ficelle picarde", "flamiche aux poireaux", "tarte au maroilles"), beer (including from Péronne's de Clercq brewery) and traditional games and sports, such as the "longue paume" (ancestor of tennis), as well as "danses picardes" and its own bagpipes, called the "pipasso".


title: Picardy

text: The villages of Picardy have a distinct character, with their houses made of red bricks, often accented with a "lace" of white bricks. A minority of people still speak the Picard language, one of the languages of France, which is also spoken in Artois (Nord-Pas de Calais "région"). "P'tit quinquin", a Picard song, is a symbol of the local culture (and of that of Artois).


title: Picardy

text: Picardy is arguably the birthplace of Gothic architecture, housing six of the world's greatest examples of Gothic cathedrals, which span the history of Gothic architecture in its entirety. Amiens Cathedral, standing as the largest cathedral in Europe, which according to John Ruskin is the "Pantheon of Gothic architecture", could house Notre-Dame de Paris twice over. It was built in as little as 50 years. Picardy also holds the tallest transept in the history of the Gothic period; this transept is located in Saint-Pierre cathedral in Beauvais, Oise.


title: Picardy

text: The Museum of Picardy in Amiens, built between 1855 and 1867, houses a vast array of great works, spanning the centuries and ranging from archaeology from ancient Greece and Egypt to modern works of Pablo Picasso. The museum was closed until the end of 2019 for building work.


title: Picardy

text: Although Picardy is one of the least-known regions in France, its influence from art and most certainly architecture is vivid throughout the world.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: Alfred McCoy Tyner (December 11, 1938March 6, 2020) was an American jazz pianist and composer known for his work with the John Coltrane Quartet (from 1960 to 1965) and his long solo career afterwards. He was an NEA Jazz Master and five-time Grammy award winner. Unlike many of the jazz keyboardists of his generation, Tyner very rarely incorporated electric keyboards or synthesizers into his work. Tyner has been widely imitated, and is one of the most recognizable and influential pianists in jazz history.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: Tyner was born on December 11, 1938, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the eldest of three children of Jarvis and Beatrice (Stevenson) Tyner. His younger brother Jarvis Tyner was the executive vice-chairman of the Communist Party USA. Tyner was encouraged to study piano by his mother, who had installed a piano at her beauty salon. He began piano lessons at age 13 at the Granoff School of Music where he had also studied music theory and harmony, and music became the focal point of his life within two years. Tyner's decision to study piano was reinforced when he encountered the bebop pianist Bud Powell, a neighbor of the family's. Another major influence on Tyner's playing was Thelonious Monk, whose percussive attacks would inform Tyner's signature style. During his teens he led his own group, the Houserockers.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: When he was 17, he converted to Islam through the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and changed his name to Suleiman Saud. Tyner played professionally in Philadelphia, becoming part of its modern jazz scene. He married Aisha Saud, ending in divorce; they had three sons.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: In 1960, Tyner joined The Jazztet led by Benny Golson and Art Farmer. Six months later, he joined the quartet of John Coltrane that included drummer Elvin Jones and bassist Steven Davis (later replaced by Art Davis, Reggie Workman and Jimmy Garrison). He worked with the band during its extended run at the Jazz Gallery, replacing Steve Kuhn. Coltrane had known Tyner for a while growing up in Philadelphia.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: He recorded the pianist's composition "The Believer" on January 10, 1958, which became the title track of Prestige Records' 1964 issued album under Coltrane’s name. He played on Coltrane's "My Favorite Things" (1961) for Atlantic Records. The band toured almost non-stop between 1961 and 1965, recording many albums widely considered jazz classics, including "Coltrane "Live" at the Village Vanguard" (1962), "Ballads" (1963), "John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman" (1963), "Live at Birdland" (1964), "Crescent" (1964), "A Love Supreme" (1964), and "The John Coltrane Quartet Plays" (1965), all for Impulse! Records.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: While in Coltrane's group, he recorded albums in a piano trio. In late 1962 and the first half of 1963, Tyner was asked by producer Bob Thiele to record more straightforward jazz albums as a leader. These albums included "Reaching Fourth" (1963), "Today and Tomorrow" (1964), and "McCoy Tyner Plays Ellington" (1965). Reviewing the album in 2017, Marc Myers of "JazzWax" said, "...the finest of these straightforward piano recordings was "Nights of Ballads & Blues". Tyner's playing is exciting and exceptional on all of the tracks... On the album, he exhibits a reserved elegance and tenderness that reveals the other side of his personality—a lover of melody and standards. In this regard, there are traces of Oscar Peterson in his playing. Perhaps Thiele was using Tyner to take a bite out of Peterson's vast and successful early-'60s share of the jazz market." Tyner also appeared as a sideman on many Blue Note Records albums of the 1960s, although he was often credited as "etc." on the cover of these albums to respect his contract with Impulse!.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: Tyner's playing style developed in close contact with Coltrane. His style of piano is comparable to Coltrane's maximalist style on saxophone. Writing in 2019, Sami Linna at the University of the Arts Helsinki noted that Coltrane described the two different directions in his playing as: "playing chordally (vertically) or melodically (horizontally)". Linna suggests: "Tyner would eventually find a way of dealing with the two directions simultaneously, in a manner that was supportive and complementary yet original and slightly different from Coltrane's approach." After 1960 Coltrane did not hire anyone at the piano if Tyner was not available; between Tyner joining the group (around the end of May 1960) and leaving (in December 1965), there was nobody else at the piano accompanying Coltrane.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: Tyner's involvement with Coltrane came to an end in 1965. Coltrane's music was becoming much more atonal and free; he had also augmented his quartet with percussion players who threatened to drown out both Tyner and Jones: "I didn't see myself making any contribution to that music... All I could hear was a lot of noise. I didn't have any feeling for the music, and when I don't have feelings, I don't play".


title: McCoy Tyner

text: In 1966, Tyner rehearsed with a new trio and embarked on a career as a bandleader. Tyner produced a series of post-bop albums released by Blue Note from 1967 to 1970. These included "The Real McCoy" (1967), "Tender Moments" (1967), "Time for Tyner" (1968), "Expansions" (1968) and "Extensions" (1970). He signed with Milestone Records and recorded such albums as "Sahara" and "Echoes of a Friend" (1972), "Enlightenment" (1973), and "Fly with the Wind" (1976), which included flautist Hubert Laws, drummer Billy Cobham, and a string orchestra.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: His music for Blue Note and Milestone often took the music of the Coltrane quartet as a starting point. Tyner also incorporated African and East Asian elements in his music. On "Sahara" he played "koto" in addition to piano, flute, and percussion. These albums have been cited as examples of innovative jazz from the 1970s that was neither fusion nor free jazz. On "Trident" (1975) Tyner played the harpsichord and celeste, instruments rarely heard in jazz.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: During the 1980s and 1990s, Tyner performed in a trio that included Avery Sharpe on bass and Louis Hayes, then Aaron Scott, on drums. He also recorded some solo albums for the Blue Note label, beginning with "Revelations" (1988) and culminating in "Soliloquy" (1991).


title: McCoy Tyner

text: After signing with Telarc, he recorded with several other trios. These included Charnett Moffett on bass and Al Foster on drums. In 2008, he toured with a quartet of Gary Bartz, Gerald L. Cannon, and Eric Gravatt.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: On March 6, 2020, Tyner died at his home, at Bergenfield, New Jersey, at the age of 81. A cause of death was not given, but he had been in ill health.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: Tyner is considered to be one of the most influential jazz pianists of the late 20th century, an honor he earned during and after his time with Coltrane.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: Tyner, who was left-handed, played with a low bass left hand and he raised his arm high above the keyboard for an emphatic attack. His right-hand soloing was detached and staccato. His melodic vocabulary was rich, ranging from raw blues to complex superimposed pentatonic scales; his approach to chord voicing (most characteristically by fourths) influenced contemporary jazz pianists, such as Chick Corea. Some of his harmonic modal techniques have been connected to Claude Debussy's piano repertory.


title: McCoy Tyner

text: Tyner was named a 2002 NEA Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts. He won five Grammy Awards: for "The Turning Point" (1992) and "Journey" (1993) and best instrumental jazz album for "Illuminations" (2004), "Infinity" (1995), and "" (1987).


title: McCoy Tyner

text: Tyner was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music at the Sala dei Notari during the Umbria Jazz Festival. Tyner was a judge for the 6th, 10th and 11th annual Independent Music Awards.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: The Gordie Howe International Bridge (), known during development as the Detroit River International Crossing and the New International Trade Crossing, is a cable-stayed international bridge across the Detroit River, currently under construction. The crossing will connect Detroit and Windsor by linking Interstate 75, Interstate 94 and Interstate 96 in Michigan with Highway 401 in Ontario (through the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway extension of Highway 401). The bridge will provide uninterrupted freeway traffic flow, as opposed to the current configuration with the nearby Ambassador Bridge that connects to city streets on the Ontario side. The bridge is named after Canadian ice hockey player Gordie Howe, whose celebrated career included 25 years with the Detroit Red Wings, and who died two years before construction began.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: First proposed in 2004, the project was met with prominent opposition by Ambassador Bridge owner Manuel Moroun, who believed competition from a publicly owned bridge would reduce his revenue. A Canadian federal Crown corporation, the Windsor–Detroit Bridge Authority, was established in 2012 to coordinate the bridge's construction and management. The project was approved by the United States government in April 2013. The following month, the Canadian government allocated  million to begin land acquisition on the Detroit side.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: Preparing the site for construction on both sides of the river cost over  million. In May 2018, the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled against Moroun's attempt to stop expropriations on the Michigan side of the river. The "Bridging North America" consortium was selected in July 2018 to build the bridge, and construction began that month. Construction is expected to be completed in 2024.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: The project began as the Detroit River International Crossing (DRIC) in 2004, and received approvals in 2007 and 2008 with Ontario beginning Windsor–Essex Parkway construction in 2011. The highway, renamed the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway in December 2012, was completed in November 2015, although the replacement of several girders delayed the parkway's completion. The delay did not affect the bridge project's timetable.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: In 2011, the bridge was tentatively scheduled for completion in 2016, according to the Michigan Department of Transportation. It was estimated the bridge would generate $70.4 million in toll revenues in its first year of operation. The Michigan Senate's Economic Development Committee dealt the plan a setback by turning down a $550 million Canadian appropriation in October 2011, but an agreement announced June 15, 2012, ensured the project will proceed with the Canadian federal government funding bridge construction, land acquisition in Michigan and the construction of Interstate 75 on-ramps. The Canadian contribution will be repaid from bridge tolls collected on the Canadian side, and no tolls will be charged on the U.S. side.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: On April 12, 2013, the US Department of State and the Obama Administration granted Michigan the permit required to build the bridge, allowing construction to go forward once details were finalized.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: The Canadian government allocated $25 million to begin land acquisition on the Detroit side on May 22, 2013. A Windsor–Detroit Bridge Authority (WDBA), with three representatives from each side, was appointed July 30, 2014. In January 2015, Parsons Corporation was named the general engineering consultant for the bridge. On February 18, 2015, Minister of Transport Lisa Raitt announced Canada would fund the construction of a customs plaza on the U.S. side of the bridge in Detroit's Delray neighborhood. The plaza will have a budget of around $250 million, and be recouped through tolls. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security will provide a first-year investment of $150 million, and an "ongoing annual requirement" of $50 million, to cover the plaza's operational and staffing costs.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: The cost of building the Gordie Howe International Bridge escalated by as the value of the Canadian dollar declined in 2015–2016. In January 2016, it was reported, due to exchange rates and increased inflation, costs could rise to . The Herb Gray Parkway was completed in November 2015. Its estimated cost was .


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: In July 2016, it was announced many properties that would be required to build the bridge were still in the hands of private landowners. An estimated 30 of the 900 properties needed were considered to be problems if the owners resist selling. Dwight Duncan, the former finance minister for Ontario, is the interim chair of the Windsor–Detroit Bridge Authority developing the project. In July 2016, the CBC reported Duncan had advised the Government of Canada to consider buying the Ambassador Bridge from Moroun.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: In a joint statement released after a meeting between newly elected U.S. president Donald Trump and Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau on February 13, 2017, the two governments reiterated the support of the "expeditious completion" of the project. Construction started in 2018 after a project contractor was selected in 2017. This is listed as a priority infrastructure project by the Donald Trump administration.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: In June 2017, the City of Detroit sold 36 city-owned parcels of land, underground assets and five miles of city-owned streets in the Delray neighborhood, which is the site of the U.S. Customs facility. A $33 million neighborhood improvement fund for the neighborhood was set up. Residents of the area can stay and have their home renovated or move to a renovated home in a different neighborhood. Moroun filed a lawsuit to try to stop the expropriations, but in May 2018, the Michigan Court of Appeal ruled against him.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: On July 5, 2018, it was announced the consortium "Bridging North America" had been named as the project's builder. The consortium consisted of AECOM for design; Dragados Canada, Fluor Corporation, and Aecon for construction; and ACS Infrastructure, Fluor, and Aecon for "Operations and maintenance of the bridge and two Ports of Entry". On September 28, 2018, the WDBA announced the project would cost CA$3.8 billion and would be completed by the end of 2024.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: The bridge design is by chief bridge architect of AECOM, Erik Behrens. It will have two "A"-shaped towers built on the banks of the Detroit River, six lanes for automotive traffic, and a bicycle and walking path. It will be long. It will have the longest main span of any cable-stayed bridge in North America at .


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: With traffic crossing the border expected to grow from 18,500 vehicles a day in 2016 to 26,500 by 2025, the Gordie Howe International Bridge will provide an orderly flow of people and goods between the two countries. Transport Canada retained the engineering firms, Morrison Hershfield, Davis Langdon, and Delcan to develop cost estimates for right of way and utility relocation; design and construction; and operation and maintenance on the Canadian side of the crossing.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: The bridge will connect to an extension of Highway 401, locally named the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway, on its east side. The parkway is below-grade and has six through-lanes. It follows (but does not replace) Talbot Road and Huron Church Road from a new interchange at the former end of Highway 401 to the E. C. Row Expressway, where it runs concurrently westward for . From there, it turns northwest and follows a new alignment to the border.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: Initial construction of a noise barrier from North Talbot Road to Howard Avenue began in March 2010. Two new bridges south of the Highway 3/401 junction were also constructed.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: Construction of the Rt. Hon. Herb Gray Parkway that links to the bridge on the Canadian side was hampered by concerns it could affect Ontario's last known habitat of Butler's garter snakes. During the construction process, biologists relocated the snakes (including eastern fox snakes, and the garters—of which there were a larger number than originally alleged), with their new habitats protected by a specially-designed above and below-ground fencing system along affected portions of the E. C. Row Expressway.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: In 2010, the Michigan Senate had not approved any authorizing legislation related to the bridge. The Senate Majority Leader Mike Bishop had stated that the Senate would not vote until revenue forecasts are released, reports that were being withheld by the director of the Michigan Department of Transportation. The Michigan House of Representatives had already passed the measure while the bill was called "doomed" in the Senate. In 2009, the Ohio State Senate passed a non-binding resolution expressing support for the crossing, and urged the Michigan Government to pass it, due to Canada being Ohio's largest foreign trade partner, with US$35.8 billion per year in goods traded between Ohio and Canada.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: Michigan Governor Rick Snyder supported construction of the new crossing in his first State of the State address on January 19, 2011. His plan would leverage Canadian money to receive a 160 percent match—totaling $2.2 billion—on funding from the Federal Highway Administration in a deal reached the week previous to the speech. In August 2011, Michigan State Senator Mike Kowall, when asked by the "Windsor Star" if enabling legislation for the bridge would currently pass, replied "absolutely not."


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: In October 2011, "the Michigan Senate rejected a bill [that] would have allowed the state to accept $550 million from the Canadian government to fund the country's share of the New International Trade Crossing." One commentator, Bill Mann, noted the rejection, saying "Canada calls the new bridge its biggest infrastructure priority and has even offered to pay for the span. But pesky U.S. special-interest politics intrude once again," as he reviewed a number of "U.S. government actions (and inactions) that show little concern about Canadian concerns". Mann drew from a "Maclean's" article sub-titled "We used to be friends" about U.S.–Canada relations after the Keystone Pipeline, the bridge, and other "insulting" decisions.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: The most vocal opposition to the new crossing came from American billionaire Manuel "Matty" Moroun (1927–2020), owner of the nearby Ambassador Bridge. He sued the governments of Canada and Michigan to stop its construction, and released a proposal to build a second span of the Ambassador Bridge (which he would have owned) instead. Critics suggest that Moroun's opposition was fueled by the prospect of lost profits from duty-free gasoline sales, which are exempt from about 60 cents per gallon in taxes even though the pump price to consumers is only a few cents lower.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: In early June 2011, the conservative group Americans for Prosperity posted bogus eviction notices on homes in Detroit's Delray district. With the words "Eviction Notice" in large type, the notices told homeowners their properties could be taken by the Michigan Department of Transportation to make way for the proposed new bridge. The group's state director said the fake notices were intended to get residents to contact state lawmakers, to ask them to vote against the bridge project.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: In 2012, Moroun spent more than promoting a proposed amendment to the Michigan Constitution that, had it passed, would have required approval of both the voters of Detroit and the voters of Michigan in statewide elections to build the bridge. NPR station Michigan Radio aired a story on November 2, four days before the vote, which indicated the amendment's "seemingly neutral language masks a very specific—and bitter—political battle". The ballot proposal was defeated by a 60 percent to 40 percent margin, paving the way for the project to proceed.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: In July 2011, the Canadian Transit Company, the Canadian side of Moroun ownership of the Ambassador Bridge, began running advertisements against the DRIC proposal, calling it a "$2.2 billion road to nowhere". The phone number listed for Canadian Transit Company forwarded to a phone number in Michigan, and the Canadian Transit Company previously held its 2011 annual meeting at the offices of the Detroit International Bridge Company. MPP Dwight Duncan advised that he was investigating whether or not the ads violated Ontario's election laws, which disallow public spending by foreign lobbyists. In 2018, the company aired television ads on "Fox & Friends" asking President Donald Trump to cancel the project. In late 2019, Trump signed the first U.S. funding for customs and border protection for bridge into law.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: Snyder stated that he had "not [been] crazy" about naming the bridge the Detroit River International Crossing, noting that "DRIC" was intended only to be the name of the commission sponsoring the bridge, and not the bridge itself. Concerns were also acknowledged that the abbreviated name was too close to that of the Detroit International Bridge Company (DIBC)—that would be too sensitive given its objections to the project. Sometime afterward, the working name for the project became the New International Trade Crossing (NITC), garnering the endorsement of 139 organizations and individuals. It was under the NITC name that the project was approved by the U.S. State Department on April 12, 2013.


title: Gordie Howe International Bridge

text: In late 2010, David Bradley, president of the Ontario Trucking Association, proposed naming the bridge in honor of Canadian professional ice hockey player Gordie Howe, who played the bulk of his career for the Detroit Red Wings. The naming was supported by a number of Canadian politicians, along with Howe's son Marty—who felt the name would have been symbolic of him having come from Canada to spend his NHL career in Detroit. On May 14, 2015, during an event attended by then-Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, it was officially announced that the bridge would be known as the "Gordie Howe International Bridge". Howe, 87 and in ailing health, did not attend the ceremony. Later, when asked by his son what he thought about the naming, Howe remarked "That sounds pretty good to me." Howe died one year later on June 10, 2016.


title: Madvillain

text: Madvillain was an American hip hop duo consisting of two MCs and producers, MF Doom and Madlib. Their only album, "Madvillainy", earned critical acclaim and cult popularity, widely regarded as one of the greatest rap albums of all time and a benchmark record for alternative hip hop. Their intricate rhymes and lyrics, short song structures and use of obscure, stylistically diverse samples made for a sound that was generally unfriendly to commercial radio but was lauded for its influence on underground rap. A follow-up album to "Madvillainy" was rumored to be in production at various times since the late 2000s, but no further original material has surfaced from the duo since 2010, and MF Doom's death in 2020 has left the future of the project uncertain.


title: Madvillain

text: In 2006, Madvillain was featured on Stones Throw Records and Adult Swim's DVD/CD "Chrome Children" with a new song and live performance. Kidrobot followed this by announcing a Madvillain action figure.


title: Madvillain

text: Madvillain's label Stones Throw announced in 2009 that MF Doom and Madlib were currently working on a second Madvillain album.


title: Madvillain

text: On May 26, 2010, Madvillain released the song "Papermill" via Adult Swim's website. On January 3, 2011, Madvillain released the songs "Avalanche" and a remix of the Doomstarks song "Victory Laps" via Stones Throw mixtape.


title: Madvillain

text: In late 2011, during an interview at the Red Bull Music Academy in Madrid, MF Doom admitted that the second Madvillain album had been nearly done for about two years and that it should be out "soon", sometime after MF Doom finishes his part on it in "say, January" 2012.


title: Madvillain

text: On September 6, 2012, MF Doom co-hosted Benji B's late night BBC Radio 1 show. As well as talking about the origins of Madvillain and what it was like to work with Madlib, he announced during the show that he just had to "touch up a couple of tracks" on the new Madvillain album and said that it should be out by the end of 2012, depending on when Stones Throw choose to release it.


title: Madvillain

text: On January 9, 2014, Madlib stated in a "Dazed & Confused" interview that it is up to MF Doom to decide on whether he wants to finish the second Madvillain album, and that he does not have to. "It’s not close to finished because it has to be a continuation of the last one. It doesn't have to be better or worse but it has to be a continuation."


title: Madvillain

text: MF Doom died on October 31, 2020, leaving the future of the project uncertain. His death was not announced publicly until two months later, on December 31.


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: Surveillance capitalism is a concept in political economics which denotes the widespread collection and commodification of personal data by corporations. This phenomenon is distinct from government surveillance, though the two can reinforce each other. The concept of surveillance capitalism, as described by Shoshana Zuboff, is driven by a profit-making incentive, and arose as advertising companies, led by Google's AdWords, saw the possibilities of using personal data to target consumers more precisely.


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: Increased data collection may have various advantages for individuals and society such as self-optimization (Quantified Self), societal optimizations (such as by smart cities) and optimized services (including various web applications). However, as Capitalism has become focused on expanding the proportion of social life that is open to data collection and data processing, there may come with significant implications for vulnerability and control of society as well as for privacy.


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: Economic pressures of capitalism are driving the intensification of connection and monitoring online with spaces of social life becoming open to saturation by corporate actors, directed at the making of profit and/or the regulation of action. Therefore, personal data points increased in value after the possibilities of targeted advertising were known. Consequently, the increasing price of data has limited accessibility to the purchase of personal data points to the richest in society.


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: Shoshana Zuboff writes that "analysing massive data sets began as a way to reduce uncertainty by discovering the probabilities of future patterns in the behavior of people and systems". In 2014 Vincent Mosco referred to the marketing of information about customers and subscribers to advertisers as "surveillance capitalism" and makes note of the surveillance state alongside it. Christian Fuchs found that the surveillance state fuses with surveillance capitalism. Similarly, Zuboff informs that the issue is further complicated by highly invisible collaborative arrangements with state security apparatuses. According to Trebor Scholz, companies recruit people as informants for this type of capitalism. Zuboff contrasts mass production of industrial capitalism with surveillance capitalism with the former being interdependent with its populations who were its consumers and employees and the latter preying on dependent populations who are neither its consumers nor its employees and largely ignorant of its procedures. Their research is demonstrating that the capitalist addition to analysing massive data sets has given its beginning purpose an unexpected turn. Surveillance has been changing power structures in the information economy, potentially shifting the balance of power further from nation-states and towards large corporations employing the surveillance capitalist logic


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: Zuboff notes that surveillance capitalism reaches beyond the conventional institutional terrain of the private firm and accumulates not only surveillance assets and capital, but also rights and operates without meaningful mechanisms of consent. In other words, analysing massive data sets was at some point not only executed by the state apparatuses but also companies. In Zuboff's research she claims that the two companies; Google and Facebook invented and transferred surveillance capitalism into "a new logic of accumulation". This mutation entailed both companies gathering very large numbers of data points about their users, with the core purpose of making profit. By selling these data points to external users (particularly advertisers) it has become an economic mechanism. The combination of the analysis of massive data sets and using those data sets as a market mechanism, has shaped the concept of surveillance capitalism. Surveillance capitalism has been heralded the successor to neoliberalism.


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: Oliver Stone, creator of the film "Snowden", pointed to the location-based game "Pokémon Go" as the "latest sign of the emerging phenomenon and demonstration of surveillance capitalism". Stone criticised the game on the grounds that the location of its users was used not only for game purposes, but also to retrieve more information about its players. By tracking users' locations, the game collected far more information than just users' names and locations: "it can access the contents of your USB storage, your accounts, photographs, network connections, and phone activities, and can even activate your phone, when it is in standby mode". This data can then be analysed and commodified by companies such as Google (who significantly invested in the game's development) to improve the effectiveness of targeted advertisement.


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: Another aspect of surveillance capitalism relates to the influence it has had on political campaigning. Personal data retrieved by data miners can enable various companies (most notoriously, Cambridge Analytica) to improve the targeting of "political" advertising, a step beyond the commercial ends of previous Surveillance Capitalist operations. In this way, it is possible that political parties will be able to produce far more finely targeted political advertising, to maximise its impact on the electorate. However, Cory Doctorow writes that misuse of these data sets "will lead us towards totalitarianism". This may resemble a corporatocracy, and Joseph Turow writes that "centrality of corporate power is a direct reality at the very heart of the digital age".


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: In Zuboff's theory, surveillance capitalism is a novel market form and a specific logic of capitalist accumulation. In her 2014 essay "A Digital Declaration: Big Data as Surveillance Capitalism", she characterized it as a "radically disembedded and extractive variant of information capitalism" based on the commodification of "reality" and its transformation into behavioral data for analysis and sales.


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: In a subsequent 2015 article, Zuboff analyzed the societal implications of this mutation of capitalism. She differentiated "surveillance assets", "surveillance capital", and "surveillance capitalism" and their dependence on a global architecture of computer mediation that she calls "Big Other", a distributed and largely uncontested new expression of power which constitutes hidden mechanisms of extraction, commodification, and control that threatens core values such as freedom, democracy, and privacy.


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: According to Zuboff, surveillance capitalism was pioneered at Google and later Facebook, in much the same way that mass-production and managerial capitalism were pioneered at Ford and General Motors a century earlier, and has now become the dominant form of information capitalism.


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: In her Oxford University lecture published in 2016, Zuboff identified surveillance capitalism's mechanisms and practices, including the manufacture of "prediction products" for sale in new "behavioral futures markets." She introduced the concept "dispossession by surveillance" and argued that it challenges the psychological and political bases of self-determination as it concentrates rights in the surveillance regime. This is described as a "coup from above."


title: Surveillance capitalism

text: Zuboff's book "The Age of Surveillance Capitalism" is a detailed examination of the unprecedented power of surveillance capitalism and the quest by powerful corporations to predict and control human behavior. Zuboff identifies four key features in the logic of surveillance capitalism and explicitly follows the four key features identified by Google's chief economist, Hal Varian: