title: Guitar Hero Live

text: The task of developing the new game was given to FreeStyleGames around 2012. FreeStyleGames had developed both "DJ Hero" and "DJ Hero 2", and while both games were critically praised, the latter was released on the downward trend of the music game genre. FreeStyleGames had suffered some layoffs as a result of the hiatus of the "Guitar Hero" series, though remained an Activision studio and financially viable due to their work for the Wii U "Sing Party". As the development of "Sing Party" wrapped up, the studio created an internal research and development department to begin brainstorming what their next game would, with input from Activision. Hirshberg had encouraged the team to reconsider "Guitar Hero", noting the fan dedication to the series, but noted that the game needed innovation to be successful. Activision gave the team freedom to develop the game without relying on the previous titles in the series. The core gameplay of "Guitar Hero Live" was rebuilt from scratch; developer Jamie Jackson explained that the goal of the game was to bring "big innovation" to the franchise rather than continue with the same format used by previous games. He explained to his staff to only "think of "[Guitar Hero]" as a name. Think of it as a music game with a guitar peripheral, but pretend that nothing else has ever been done." The team brainstormed on what had made the "Guitar Hero" series fun, and recounted the earlier titles of the series which were designed to enable the player to envision themselves as a superstar guitarist, subsequent design choices were made around recreating that experience. The team also cited fellow Activison franchise "Call of Duty" as an influence towards the goal of providing an immersive, first-person experience.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: Though FreeStyleGames experimented with other options including a controller-less game, camera and motion detection, and social-based games, but recognized quickly that the guitar controller was a key part of the series' success. The developers recognized they wanted to have a guitar controller that players would not be embarrassed to have in their living rooms and spent time getting the look of the controller accurate to a real guitar. The design of the game's guitar controller was overhauled, using rapid prototyping to test potential guitar designs. The final design of the controller for "Live" utilizes a new design with six buttons arranged into two rows of three frets, designated by black and white-colored notes in-game, instead of using the traditional row of five colored frets used by previous "Guitar Hero" games. Jackson explained that the new layout was meant to make the game easier for new players, as the three-button layout avoids the need to use one's pinkie finger, a difficulty they recognized new players had on the traditional five-button controller. The layout was also designed to provide a new challenge to experienced players, including more realistic simulations of chords. The choice to use only three buttons also came from statistical analysis of past games, where about 80% of the players would never play harder than the Medium difficulty level which typically only required the use of three fingers with the previous five-button controllers. The initial controller iterations, presented both in-studio and to Activision, were met with skepticism but they found that players quickly adapted to the new scheme as an improvement over the older controllers. The "note highways" for the songs were created by both programmers and musicians using MIDI software as to map to each of the six controller buttons and the open strum bar. Note highways were developed first for the Expert difficulty level, essentially recreating the guitar part of the song note for note, while highways for lower difficulty levels were then constructed by removing notes while assuring the core rhythm of the song remained.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: The game itself is presented in a more realistic and immersive style; the rendered stages and characters of previous games are replaced by full motion video, shot from the first-person perspective of the lead guitarist, simulating real-world concert settings. The video footage is dynamic, and can transition between versions featuring positive or negative reactions by the crowd and band members based upon the player's performance. The first-person footage utilizes session musicians as actors playing the remaining members of the band, and is filmed using a Bolt robotic camera system, programmed to simulate the motions of a guitarist on stage. The Bolt ran along a track, and was able to move and turn quickly, mimicking the speed of a musician's movements. Prior to filming with the Bolt, an actor outfitted with motion and position detectors acted out the song with the other band actors; these movements were recorded and then used to direct the Bolt as it replaced the actor in subsequent takes. To avoid injury to the other actors from the motions of the camera, the routines were all choreographed based on the camera's motions and used as cues for the other actors. To enable smoother transitions between positive and negative versions of the band footage, multiple takes were performed for each song using the same camera motions. Groups of 200 to 400 actors were filmed using a green screen to construct crowds; using varying takes and other editing techniques, the groups of actors could be made to cover much larger areas. To simulate larger crowds, these shots were superimposed on a combination of live footage from actual rock concerts and 3D models constructed by FreeStyleGames. The effects studio Framestore helped with editing and assembling the digital live-action footage. Positional audio effects are also used as part of the footage, varying the volume of certain instruments depending on how close the player is to them on-screen in the footage.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: Ten different bands represent the songs in the "Guitar Hero Live" mode, playing in two different music festivals. Members of these fictional bands were selected through auditions prior to filming, making sure that they could recreate the actual performance of a song, as well as mixing and matching members of ensemble groups to get the right look and feel. Bands were filmed in a warehouse in Oxford, England. To help with creating appropriate stage presence for the fictional bands and their fans, FreeStyleGames created material that each band would have had in the band's career, such as album covers and clothing, using various musical genres to help inspire their designs.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: "GHTV" was designed by FreeStyleGames to allow them to provide new music without having to secure more stringent music licensing rights. FreeStyleGames found that this mode attracted the attention of bands who were eager to offer their music for it; the bands saw "GHTV" as comparable to the marketing that music television channels had done in the 1980s and 1990s, putting the imagery of the band at the player as they played along. FreeStyleGames also compared "GHTV" to music services like Spotify and Pandora Radio. This approach makes it easier to secure licensing rights, and fits in better with the current "throwaway culture" nature of society today according to Jackson. Jackson explained that the feature and its curated playlists were "about discovering music as much as it is about going and finding music you know you already like". Activision's Hirshberg stated that "GHTV" was developed as a better means to provide new songs to players through a round-the-clock content platform, rather than relying on scheduled downloadable content, allowing the company to provide a much larger quantity of songs, with plans for "hundreds at launch on day one" of the game's release.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: "Guitar Hero Live" was considered to be a game that can be expanded upon in the future through content patches, as opposed to released new titles each year which had previously led to the music genre decline in 2009. Though FreeStyleGames added vocals prior to the game's launch, there are no present plans to include other instruments such as bass guitar or drums in the title, with Jackson stating that the game is "all about guitars".


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: On 14 April 2015, Hirshberg and Jackson invited Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Gerard Way of My Chemical Romance to promote the game. Wentz performed his band's song "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark" in the Guitar Hero Live mode, while Way and Jackson dueled each other on My Chemical Romance's song "Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na)". A commercial for the game was revealed in October 2015, starring Lenny Kravitz and James Franco. In conjunction with Activision, The CW ran special promotional ads for "Guitar Hero Live", featuring the actors David Ramsey and Candice Patton playing the game in the week prior to the game's release. Activision arranged to have rapper Macklemore play "Guitar Hero Live" with FreeStyleGames' Jamie Jackson during the halftime show of the Seattle Seahawks home game on the Sunday prior to the release of the game.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: "Guitar Hero Live" received mostly positive reviews. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Wii U version 83.75% based on 4 reviews and 84/100 based on 4 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 81.91% based on 43 reviews and 80/100 based on 69 reviews and the Xbox One version 80.93% based on 20 reviews and 81/100 based on 21 reviews.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: Most reviewers praised the risk of changing up the gameplay of "Guitar Hero" with the new controller design, contrasting to "Rock Band 4"s reliance on its established gameplay mechanics. Chris Carter of "Destructoid" considered the change a reinvention of the series, and though he had to relearn how to play the controller, enjoyed the experience and "the increased emphasis on chords and fancy finger-work". Griffin McElroy of "Polygon" also praised the new controller, finding that the higher difficulties in the game present "the most challenging fake guitar-playing" that he's seen, and having to relearn the new playing style through the game's difficulties levels was a "delight". Matt Miller of "Game Informer" found the six-button layout was not any better than the traditional five-button one, but "nails a different dynamic" as it feel like one was playing more realistic guitar chords. Though "Game Revolution"s Nick Tan was impressed with the challenge of the new controller, he felt the buttons themselves were too small and tight on the neck of the controller, and the new challenge may cause more casual players to forgo attempt to learn the new system and go back to "Rock Band" and the traditional layout.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: The full-motion video aspect of "GH Live" was not as well-taken as the core gameplay. "GameSpot"s Scott Buttersworth found that he often ignored the motion video as he was too focused on the gameplay, and when he did notice it, felt it appeared "so campy [that] it borders on parody" as it "absolutely trips over itself to sell you on the idea that you're a totally super cool rockstar". Tristan Ogilvie of "IGN" also felt that the live action footage was "overly cheesy vamping", and further felt no connection to the band and bandmates he was to be playing along with as there was very little context given between sets. Ben Griffin of "GamesRadar" found that the crowd and bandmates only seemed to have two states, "fawning and furious", making the transition disconcerting when the game switched between the two states simply based on his performance. Brandon Jones of "GameTrailers" believed it was difficult to "take the actors seriously" in part due to the duality of the crowd reaction as well as that the song was still based on studio recordings, sounding off in the concert setting. Jones further commented that the fictional bands were well-matched to the songs they played, and that the pacing of the presentation, moving quickly between songs, made the experience feel more like a real concert. McElroy acknowledged the presentation can potentially be "cringe-worthy", but felt that the video was put together with self-awareness of this factor to make it more charming, noting some of the extra details that FreeStyleGames and the actors used to fully take on their roles.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: The soundtrack for the "GH Live" portion was also considered weak. McElroy found most of the songs were from 2000 or later, forgoing classic rock songs, and considered the soundtrack to be the "biggest disappointment" of "GH Live". Buttersworth stated that many of the on-disc selections are pop songs that "just aren't cut out for Guitar Hero gameplay", as they feature the same repeating guitar riff over and over. Griffin was more favorable of the on-disc set list, finding that the tracks represented "the music landscape as it is rather than as it was". Carter also appreciated the soundtrack, calling it a "good spread" of songs that can appeal to everyone.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: The "GHTV" mode has mixed opinions, with most reviewers praising the concept, with the presentation of the channels were highlighted as hearkening to the heyday of MTV, and giving the player the ability to explore new music. However, reviewers were critical of the emphasis on microtransactions, and though the game was "generous" with providing free Plays and other in-game currency rewards, this approach could still disappoint some players. Carter found that he could ignore the microtransactions and instead enjoy the freely-playable curated music channels, helping him to play music that he had not yet heard or was outside of his normal play style, giving him a "a really cool feeling" about exploring new music, as well as seeing music videos from his youth again. Ogilvie similarly found that he could spend his time in "GHTV" within the free channels exploring new music, but believed the mode was "somewhat inflexible for the time poor" as players may not find the type of music they want to play when they are ready the play and that there was a lack of a programming guide for these channels. Griffin said that the pricing structure was weak compared to established DLC models, believing that the pricing for options like the Party Pack would have been better used to unlock the ability to play songs that he would enjoy. Miller stated that the microtransaction "structure is exploitative", preventing him from easily accessing his favorite songs to play and making him frustrated with the game in the long run. Buttersworth was displeased with the need to grind through songs in the free channels as to earn Play tokens to access a song he wanted to play, and the ability to permanently unlock a song, stating "that lack of freedom undermined a lot of the fun". Premium shows were particularly noted as problematic, in addition to the lack of a practice mode for the "GHTV" songs, which may impact how those players that seek to perfect every song would enjoy the game mode. Tan noted that in addition to either the time to complete the challenges or in-game currency to unlock the show, the player would have to complete the show in one of the ranked positions to earn the offered prize, and if they failed, they would have to repeat that process again.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: In an earnings report shortly following the game's release, Activision stated that "Guitar Hero Live" was outselling their previous two "Guitar Hero" games, "" and "Guitar Hero 5", though did not report exact sales numbers. In their quarterly earnings results presented in February 2016, Activision reported that sales for "Guitar Hero Live" missed their expectations, and in March 2016, announced that they had to let go of about 50 of FreeStyleGames' employees, though the studio still remains open to continue additional work for Activision. Prior to the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016, Activision stated they will continue to produce content for "Guitar Hero Live" but have no present plans for another game.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: "Guitar Hero Live" was nominated for "Game of the Year" for the 2016 NME Awards, and for "Family Game of the Year" at the 19th Annual Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences DICE Awards. It was also nominated for "Excellence in Convergence" for the 2016 SXSW Gaming Awards, and for the "Family" award at the 2016 British Academy Games Awards.


title: Guitar Hero Live

text: A class-action lawsuit was filed against Activision in September 2018 in regards to the planned December shutdown of the "GHTV" service. The suit contends that Activision did not give a reasonable period of notice in a clear manner that the service would shut down, rendering most of the available songs unplayable. The suit was dismissed by the plaintiff without prejudice in January 2019. In February 2019, Activision offered refunds for anyone that had purchased "Guitar Hero Live" from December 2017 to January 2019, though did not state the reasons for this refund.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Ultraman first appeared as the title character alongside his human host Shin Hayata in the 1966 Japanese television series, "Ultraman" which ran for 39 episodes. Following "Ultraman's" success, Tsuburaya created another Kyodai hero series still as part of their Ultra Series project, "Ultraseven". While both series shared the same genre with very similar heroes, there was originally no relationship between the two. It was not until "The Return of Ultraman" was created four years later in 1971 that both Ultraman and Ultra Seven came together into the same story. This event cemented Tsuburaya Productions' decision to have the Ultra Series continue to follow the trend of focusing on an Ultraman with each new entry. The original red-and-silver giant hero himself enjoyed a long series of popularity and has continued to appear in various works in the Ultra Series. Apart from that, he also has a lot of popularity trademarks that make him memorable to this day: his Color Timer, the Specium Ray stance, and his famous cry .


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In the series, Ultraman's grunts and his iconic shout "Shuwatch" were provided by , who would later voice him as an actual character in episode 33 during his fight with Alien Mefilas. His dialogue in episodes 1 and 39 was provided by while in episode 15, he was voiced by , the narrator of episodes 1 to 19. In subsequent appearances, Ultraman reuses Masao's grunt while his voice being provided by Susumu Kurobe (Shin Hayata's actor) or just simply being speechless during the screen time. Ultraman's suit actor was during the original season. He would later go on to portray Ultra Guard member Amagi, one of the characters in the later series, "Ultra Seven". Ultraman appeared in later works of the Ultra Series played by various voice and suit actors. Although Susumu Kurobe did reprise his role as Hayata or provided the voice of Ultraman himself at times (though his grunts were still reused from the late Masao Nakasone) but there are other occasions where he was voiced by other voice actors.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In Japan, The Ultraman brand generated in merchandising revenue from 1966 to 1987, equivalent to more than adjusted for inflation. Ultraman was the world's third top-selling licensed character in the 1980s, largely due to his popularity in Asia.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Writer Tetsuo Kinjo originally envisioned an intergalactic reptilian creature named "Bemler" to be the character that would become Ultraman. The creature could grow in size to 164 feet, with the design being a cross between Garuda and Tengu. Ultraman's memorable design was done by Tohl Narita and clay sculptor Akira Sasaki, with the grey alien concept in mind. Three Ultraman body suits were created for the show, all of which were based on the size of suit actor Bin Furuya. A lot of improvements to Ultraman's design were made during the series' progression. The first suit was known as Type A (episodes 1 to 13), followed by Type B (14–29) and finally Type C (30 and subsequent episodes).


title: Ultraman (character)

text: The Type A suit had its mask created from fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) and coated with latex, giving Ultraman a "wrinkled" face. The mask was originally intended to have a mouth-opening mechanism but the latex-coating prevented such functions. Bin Furuya mentioned that Type A fitted him poorly and it forced him to hunch a bit. Followed by the deterioration of the Type A suit, Type B was made later on. Its mask removed the mouth-opening mechanism concept and latex coating, opting instead for a full FRP cover. Some of the staff in the series were not made aware of the changes that were made and were surprised by Ultraman's face having the sudden change from an alien-like face to an "iron mask" looking face. The Type B mask even had its jaw feature more narrow and sharpened compared to the Type A design. Type B was also bigger compared to Type A and according to Furuya; "it was better fitting, and had padding so it looked like Ultraman was more muscular". The Type C suit was nonetheless an improved variant of Type B, which featured slight changes in the facial positions of the eyes, mouth and ears. The rest of the body of each suit was a painted wetsuit, a design choice that was previously used for the Kemur Man from "Ultra Q", the series that preceded "Ultraman". Type A's boots were derived from modified Jika-tabi, Type B variant were pointed shoes with hidden zippers and Type C were red leather shoes painted silver.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Due to being made with wet-suits and latices, the suits were incapable of sustaining long periods of time. What happened to each of the suits follows:


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Ultraman's victory was never assured, as Ultraman's powers and, indeed, his very life force, came from solar energy, which was heavily reduced by Earth's filtering atmosphere. His time limit was stated to be three minutes, though certain scenes do show him capable of still fighting while exceeding this limit.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: When Ultraman first appeared, his , was a rich cyan color. As time goes on, the color timer turns solid red, and then starts to blink, giving off a warning chime as it did so. When Ultraman runs out of energy, the color timer goes out, and turns black. Ultraman's color timer is linked directly to his heart, and damaging it will cause mortal injury or serious pain to Ultraman. Ultraman and other Ultra Warriors from M-78 receive their Color Timers through modification surgery in hopes of notifying them about energy reduction when fighting against monster threats on certain planets or locations.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: According to Tohl Narita, Ultraman was not originally meant to have a time limit, as the original design he made lacked one. This was actually made to reduce the cost of the special effects. The protagonist of the succeeding series, "Ultraseven", averted this through his forehead "Beam Lamp" feature but subsequent Ultra Warriors after Seven, however, returned to the time limit trend. Seven's lack of Color Timer was explained by Tsuburaya as being due to his early days as a non-combatant officer, having originally been sent only to observe the Milky Way galaxy before becoming more intimately involved in Earth's affairs.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: The name Ultraman was originally what the alien spaceman from Nebula M78 called himself when he spoke to a comatose Hayata about merging their forms as compensation for the accident that caused their ships to collide. After Ultraman's first battle with the monster Bemular, Ide asks Hayata what the hero's name is; Hayata replies "Does 'Ultraman' sound all right?" This originally implied that the name was conceived by Hayata himself, but later appearances by other aliens and Zoffy confirm that it is his actual name.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In certain media, Ultraman was referred to as . Dating back to 1971, the emergence of the main character of the fourth Ultra Series, "The Return of Ultraman", would cause confusion due to sharing the same name, hence the original was called Original Ultraman and the second incarnation was called before he received his own name, by Noboru Tsuburaya, Tsuburaya Productions' president at that time. Said name is also one of the original concepts of "Ultraman Taro" and it first appeared in acknowledgement during the 1984 film, "Ultraman Story".


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Additionally, Ultraman Jack was meant to be Ultraman returning to Earth, but was made as a separate character out of respect for the late Eiji Tsuburaya, who passed away in 1970.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Ultraman is an that hails from Nebula M78. While chasing the space monster Bemular, he accidentally collided with SSSP Officer Shin Hayata who was on a patrolling duty. Feeling guilty for playing a part in his death, Ultraman merged their bodies together and gave Shin the Beta Capsule. From that day forward, Ultraman staunchly defended Earth against aliens and monsters, with Shin Hayata and the SSSP assisting him. While Hayata worked alongside his fellow SSSP members, he would switch to Ultraman should the situation call for it.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In the series finale, a race of aliens from the planet Zetton, and their vanguard kaiju, Zetton (named after its planet of origin), attack. Ultraman, aided by the SSSP, battled Zetton, but before Zetton was defeated, he mortally wounded Ultraman with a weapon the hero had not expected, one that directly targeted his Color Timer/warning light. That damage caused him to lose almost all his energy instantly.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: When Zoffy, Ultraman's superior, arrived to retrieve the fallen hero with a special life energy, Ultraman pleaded for Hayata's life to also be spared, going as far as to offer his new life to the human, so that Hayata could live as a normal man. Zoffy agreed with Ultraman and gave Hayata a spare life energy, he then separated them, but left Hayata with no memory between the time that he first collided with Ultraman's ship (in the first episode), and the time that he is shown standing outside the Science Special Search Party Headquarters, holding the Beta Capsule but apparently not knowing what it is or what it does as he watched Zoffy take Ultraman home. This is a rather different ending to the series than stated in the English dub, which stated both that Ultraman would return and that Hayata retained not only his Beta Capsule but also, apparently, his full memories of all his experiences as he awaited Ultraman's return. Coincidentally, this ending appears to have become "the" definitive ending to Tsuburaya, as Hayata reappeared several times throughout succeeding Ultra Series as Ultraman's host in times of need.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: "Revive! Ultraman" gives an alternate ending to the series 29 years after the series finale, where Zoffy recombined Hayata and Ultraman after giving the former another life force. After the battle against Zetton, both Hayata and Ultraman were shaken to the core following their previous defeat. Past monsters were mysteriously revived and Ultraman defeated them again, but he was once again weakened by Zetton. When it seemed that his defeat would be repeated, SSSP member Ide created a specialized formula that replenished Ultraman's energy, allowing him to finally defeat Zetton and properly put an end to his mission on Earth.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: For the following appearances below, refer to "List of Mega Monster Battle characters#Ultra Brothers":


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Ultraman's statistics below were never mentioned in the original series, but were brought up in magazines and official websites. There are also certain succeeding series that deviate Ultraman's original statistics:


title: Ultraman (character)

text: As the official website of Tsuburaya Productions stated: "[Ultraman] visited the Earth after chasing the Space Monster Bemular, he protected the Earth against monster and alien threats. Aside from his main attack Specium Ray, he also possesses a number of techniques. His place of origin is Nebula M78. Despite his strength, he is also friendly to non-hostile monsters. His human form on Earth is Shin Hayata of the Science Special Search-Party. He is also a member of the Ultra Brothers."


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Hayata himself transformed into Ultraman through the use of the , a flashlight-like object which allows him to switch between his human state and Ultraman. By pressing the red button on the capsule, a stream of light forms a spiral-like circle which warped his body as Ultraman rises, appearing in a manner that involves his right arm forming a fist forward and his left folded down.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: The Beta Capsule is always shown stored in Hayata's SSSP jacket. In episode 22 of "Ultraman", the Beta Capsule (or to a lesser extent, Ultraman's power) had the ability to free Hayata from external influence, as the Underground People tried to control Ultraman by brainwashing Hayata until Ultraman's transformation freed him. But despite this, the gadget can also be easily lost, as shown in episode 26 during Ultraman's fight with Gomora, where he accidentally dropped it and it was picked up by a local boy, who mistook it for a toy. This was also played for the sake of comedy, as seen in episode 34 when Hayata mistook a curry spoon for the Beta Capsule before switching to the original one. Two other versions also existed:


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In the original concept for "The Return of Ultraman", Hideki Goh (the series' main protagonist) was meant to use the Beta Capsule to become Ultraman Jack.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Ultraman's combat technique usually relied on brute strength, which goes by fighting his opponents in melee combat, then finishing them with his beam attacks. In the middle of combat, he sometimes used different skills that either assist him in the combat or neutralize dangerous situations that the SSSP are involved in. His skin possessed natural protection against extreme heat, electricity and atomic bomb explosions.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: His signature attack was the , which was performed by having his forearms form a cross stance, with his left arm in a horizontal position and placed forward while his right arm is in a vertical position and placed backward, reflecting a shuriken. This finisher launches a beam of white energy which consists of an extraterrestrial mineral called that can be found on Mars (ep. 2). When his arms form the "+" stance, his right hand emits negative Specium and his left arm emits positive Specium, thus creating a destruction beam with the heat of 500,000 degrees and power level of 500,000 horsepower. Said mineral itself is the main weakness of Alien Baltan, one of the adversaries of Ultraman, and is frequently used to defeat other monsters-of-the-week. However, Specium also has a counterpart, Spellgen, which was used by the second generation Alien Baltan (ep. 16) to counteract the Specium Ray, prompting Ultraman to slice the Alien in half with the Ultra Slash attack. Certain monsters in the series have been shown to be resistant to the Specium Ray, and took more than one shot to be killed.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Ultraman also uses the , an energy projectile saw disc attack launched from Ultraman's right arm in a manner of a flying disc. This is mainly used to dismember an opponent, usually by slicing them into half down the middle. Like the Specium Ray, it had its own weakness, certain opponents like Gubila (ep 23) or Kiyla (ep 39) were able to catch the disk moments before it hit them and throw it back at the Ultra Warrior. There are also other non-conventional uses for the Ultra Slash:


title: Ultraman (character)

text: is the protagonist of the "Ultraman" TV series. He is 25 years old at the start of the series; he first encountered Ultraman when the giant hero accidentally collided with Hayata's VTOL Jet with his "Travel Sphere". Feeling guilty about the accident, Ultraman fuses himself with Hayata to ensure the man's survival, causing them to share the same life, also giving Hayata the means to fight against monster and alien threats. He is the Sub-Captain of the Science Special Search-Party and is in charge whenever Captain Toshio Muramatsu is unavailable. Although portrayed as a dutiful officer, there are also times where he was out of focus, sometimes for the sake of comedy. His connection to Ultraman remains a secret to the rest of the SSSP members even until the series finale; however, in episode 14 Muramatsu and member Arashi noticed that Hayata shared a similar injury to Ultraman after his fight against a monster. This was never brought up again later on.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In episode 39, the series finale, both Ultraman and Hayata were gravely injured after Zetton defeated them. Zoffy arrived to recover Ultraman and gave Hayata another life, allowing him to live while being separated from Ultraman. In the original Japanese ending, Hayata was left without any memories of Ultraman, but in the English dub, he retained his memory while telling his SSSP teammates that Ultraman would return to Earth. Coincidentally, this ending appears to have become "the" definitive ending to Tsuburaya, as Hayata later appeared in subsequent series with Ultraman. "Revive! Ultraman" also gave an alternate ending that allowed Hayata to retain both his connection with Ultraman and his memories.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Although Hayata does appear in person later on in other Ultra Series entries, starting from the following events of "", it was revealed that Hayata is no longer the original human who became one with Ultraman, but rather the Ultra Warrior in a human form, in a similar manner to Dan Moroboshi with Ultra Seven. While the reason for this is unknown, it is possible that Hayata and Ultraman separated sometime after "Ultraman Mebius" or the fact that since "Return of Ultraman", the two never met again, thus "Hayata" becomes his human form ever since Ultraman's re-emergence.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Hayata is portrayed by in all of his appearances. Originally, there was no audition for the role of Hayata, and he simply took the role after he was approached by Toho execs to take the role.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In the Ultra Series, Ultraman's main body has become the basis for most of the succeeding Ultra Warriors onwards. This design can be seen in certain Ultras such as Ultraman Jack (who was originally meant to be the returned original Ultraman), Ultraman Tiga, Ultraman Cosmos and others.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Ultraman, as well as the elements from his own series, has been referenced and parodied numerous times in popular culture; examples include:


title: Ultraman (character)

text: The following below refers to Ultraman and Hayata's appearance outside of TV, such as manga and novel adaptations:


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Todd Gilchrist of the IGN describes both Hayata and Ultraman as "a Peter Parker-style everyman becomes a superhero whenever alien monsters invade Earth, which conveniently occurs at least once every episode; subsequently, some fairly awkward fight scenes ensue, and the world eventually is saved from certain destruction." He also said that among the reason of the series' popularity were either due to Hayata talking directly to the audience, the SSSP investigating cases, or Ultraman's battle with the monsters and aliens "whose girth is matched only by his ability to flail his arms and flash his eyes." He gives the series the rating of 8 out of 10.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: While reviewing the complete DVD series of "Ultraman", R. L. Shaffer (also from IGN) described Ultraman as "a giant, skyscraper-sized extraterrestrial being that protects us from equally gigantic monsters, aliens, dinosaurs and other nefarious foes. Each week, Ultraman faces off against fantastically fun villains, destroying towns, villages, forests and cities along the way.". Nevertheless, he admitted that the series "become a cult sensation, largely thanks to its monsters and dazzling battles" and gives a rating 8 out of 10.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Bin Furuya, Ultraman's suit actor, has said that when he first wore the Ultraman suit, Eiji Tsuburaya had predicted that the show would create good memories for the children watching. Furuya trained for his role in "Ultraman" by practicing its beam techniques and "Shuwatch!" pose, inspired by "tap dancing and karate movements". As the Ultraman suit was very thin, he mentioned having received injuries in several ways during the set, so much so that Kurobe and Hiroko joked "of all the casts of "Ultraman", he would be the first to go". When being asked what Ultra Warrior and Ultra Monster is his favorite, he answered the original Ultraman and Red King respectively, having enjoyed their fight scene in the show. His favorite episode of "Ultraman" is 23, which featured the appearance of Jamila, a monster who was mutated from an abandoned astronaut and tried to seek vengeance upon the government. Furuya mentioned that he genuinely cried while portraying Ultraman when he was forced to kill the monster. He also stated that although he liked playing the role of Ultraman, he enjoyed his time as Member Amagi for being able to expose his face. Furuya originally did not like acting as Ultraman, fearing that several scenes on set would bring harm to him, especially when recording scenes in water, which would enter his suit and he feared he would drown, but in the end, he grew more absorbed in his work and took a liking to it.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: According to Susumu Kurobe, during his time playing Hayata, he felt uncomfortable when wearing the SSSP uniform during shooting, especially when filming on location, but Hiroko Sakurai stated that she had no problem with it and even commented that the cast once went out to lunch while wearing the uniform. Despite his character Hayata and Ultraman being related, he never get a chance to perform together with Ultraman's suit actor Bin Furuya, as both recorded in their respective scenes (real life for Kurobe and special effects studio for Furuya). Kurobe himself has a daughter named , whom played Rena Yanase, the secondary protagonist of "Ultraman Tiga". Initially, Kurobe prevented his daughter from acting in the series but eventually gave her his blessing to do so. They both appeared together in the film "Superior Ultraman 8 Brothers", with their characters likewise written as father and daughter. He has joked that the decision to have Hayata and Fuji married in the movie was a "mistake", as it made his wife "jealous". When asked who is his favorite Ultraman, Kurobe answered that it was Ultraman Zero. His favorite Ultra Monsters were Pigmon, Alien Baltan and Woo. If possible, Kurobe, Hiroko and Furuya wish to believe that Ultraman will surpass their lifetimes and hopes that Tsuburaya Productions will keep putting Ultraman in any form of media for all audiences worldwide to enjoy.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: One of the most popular jokes in Japanese culture is the scene from episode 34 of "Ultraman", which involves Hayata mistaking a curry spoon for the Beta Capsule while hastily trying to transform and stop the monster Skydon from falling down to Earth. This scene was devised by Akio Jissoji, and while receiving complaints from Samaji Nonagase, another "Ultraman" director, the episode's high viewer ratings justified the work. Because of this, certain Japanese media (mostly in anime and manga) tends to reference an in-joke to the incident either by repeating the same mistake or simply using a pair of spoons to replicate Ultraman's eyes.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: There is also a Mexican pro-wrestler Milo Ventura Chávez, whose alias during matches is Ultraman. His son is named Ultraman Jr. Although unrelated, another Mexican pro-wrestler Starman was previously known by the name Ultraman Jr. The defeat of Ultraman at the hands of Zetton in episode 39 of his series delivers a huge impact to the audiences, so much so that it served as inspirations for Japanese pro wrestlers Atsushi Onita and Akira Maeda in their career in hopes of "avenging the fallen hero".


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In February 2007, a popular internet video called "Omoide wa Okkusenman!" simultaneously aired in Japan and quickly become a sensation. The song describes the singer reminiscing about his childhood and friends, particularly pretending to be Ultraman and Ultra Seven with them, while realizing his life and theirs is nothing like what it used to be. In September of the same year, Ultraman was the important guest of the year's Hugo Award ceremony. His design is presented in the year's Hugo Award, sculpted by Takashi Kinoshita of the world-famous model and figure company Kaiyodo Co., Ltd (). Ultraman was also the one who presented Steven Moffat, writer of "The Girl in the Fireplace" from series two of "Doctor Who" with the Hugo Award.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In 2006, a character popularity poll was launched in response to the 40th anniversary of the Ultra Series. Based on Oricon's list, Ultraman was placed first in the list in according to the total of voters. He is ranked first place in by female voters and second place by of male voters. Five years later on the Ultra Series' 45th anniversary, Ultraman was placed seventh in the popularity poll after losing to Zero, who scored the first place and ranked 11th in 2013 after losing to Ultraman Tiga.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Ultraman's Ultra-Act figure participated in a 2015 April Fool's Day joke, where P-Bandai announced the "release" of a 40 m scale of Ultraman's figure (which is Ultraman's own size). This was only during shown on said day and never revealed again afterwards.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Having gained a long time popularity, Ultraman has also been featured in several promotions and merchandises, either by Tsuburaya Productions itself or by extension, a cross-promotion. The first one was a set of action figures from the "Ultraman" line sold by the Marusan toy company back in 1966, the same year the character and his series' debuted. Said toys were later displayed at the Yokohama Doll Museum on March 12 and 13, 2016 as part of the 50th anniversary of the Ultra Series celebration . Tsuburaya has also collaborated with Fujiya Co. twice; once in the 1990s where a chocolate confectionery was released alongside an Ultraman card and later in 2016 in a collaboration with Peko-chan, Fujiya Co.'s main mascot (from the milk confectionary Milky), as said company was celebrating its 65th anniversary, which served as a tie-in to the Ultra Series' 50th anniversary.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: Ultraman's soft vinyl doll had been sold several times by Bandai since the 1990s. In 2010, Ultraman was given his first release as a highly articulated action figure in the ULTRA-ACT toyline. Following his temporary corruption into Ultraman Dark in "Ultraman Ginga", both he and Ultra Seven Dark were released in 2014 as repainted versions of their original figures. To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Ultra Series, Ultraman got his second release in July 2016 as a poseable action figure in the S.H. Figuarts line alongside two of his iconic enemies, Alien Baltan and Zetton.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In 2014, Ultraman and several of the Ultra Monsters from his series helped promote TOEIC to Japanese citizens, while being portrayed as a well-dressed businessman. A promotional video features him communicating with Dada while English subtitles are displayed. Ultraman helps the alien by giving him advise on how to start a business, but he confronts him after Dada's business plan turns out be an invasion of Earth.


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In the fashion world, Ultraman is also a part of "A Man of Ultra", a branch of a fashion house with clothing themed after the Ultra Series. Ultraman himself had been present to promote the company's products, though sometimes the character is also accompanied by other characters of the Ultra Series, such as Ultra Seven and Ultraman Ace. On November 2, 2015, a special violin painted with the attributes of the "Ultraman" series was presented in a concert at the Tokyo Metropolitan Theatre Concert Hall and was sold to a lucky spectator at the price of 780,000 yen (US$6,428).


title: Ultraman (character)

text: In a cross-promotion with the FamilyMart convenience store franchise, Ultraman and Alien Baltan were sold as Chinese steamed buns designed with their likeness. This was, however, sold to a limited date, starting from January 19, 2016.


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: Collision Course is a collaborative album from American rapper Jay-Z and rock band Linkin Park, released on November 30, 2004, by Roc-A-Fella, Machine Shop, Warner Bros. and Def Jam records. From Linkin Park's catalog, "Collision Course" features three songs from "Meteora" and four from "Hybrid Theory". From Jay-Z's catalog, it features three songs from "The Black Album", one from "", one from "Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life" and one from "The Blueprint". Before the album, Jay-Z had released collaborations with The Roots and R. Kelly, and Linkin Park had collaborated with various artists on their remix album "Reanimation".


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: The album was inspired by "The Grey Album" by Danger Mouse, which was a mash-up album between Jay-Z and The Beatles. MTV had originally planned on mashing up only one or two songs, but the project was eventually expanded to a six-song album. The production on the album was mostly handled by Mike Shinoda and Jay-Z, and it was recorded between July 16 and July 19. The album spawned one single, "Numb/Encore" which won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 48th Grammy Awards. The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics but despite that was a commercial success. It debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 368,000 copies in its first week.


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: Due to its short running time at 21:18, with six tracks in total included on the disc, the release has been identified as an EP. All of the tracks included are mashups combining songs by both artists.


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: The DVD contains behind-the-scenes new footage of the making of the album, as well as the second take of all of the Collision Course songs at The Roxy Theatre on July 18, 2004. Also included are the five scenes from the concert shown on "MTV Ultimate Mash-Ups" and a picture gallery.


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: The first single released from the EP, "Numb/Encore", achieved significant airplay on the charts, and stayed on 6 months after its release. "Points of Authority/99 Problems/One Step Closer" was also released to the radio in the US, but was never featured on the Billboard Charts – the videos for both that track and "Jigga What/Faint" were also seen on Kerrang! in the UK. "Izzo/In the End" was also heavily promoted on the official Linkin Park websites.


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: Mike Shinoda revealed in his 2004 Grammy acceptance speech that he would be mashing up with Jay-Z for a record under MTV's Mash Ups show.


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: The network allowed Jay-Z to choose a group or artist for the mash-up. Jay contacted Shinoda, who began experimenting with mixing the tracks before sending some examples to him. As a result, Jay-Z began working with Shinoda through email. The two decided that instead of combining the existing tracks for the live performance on MTV, they wanted to re-work and re-record parts of the songs to make them fit better. Shinoda explains, "Jay and I realized it's better to re-perform the rap vocals if you're gonna do it to a new beat because the vibe changes and you have to deliver your verse a little differently." Shinoda asked his bandmates to re-record instrumental and vocal tracks as well, and ultimately both parties decided they wanted to release the studio tracks. The entire album was put together within four days.


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: Sometimes, behind-the-scenes audio can be heard within the album, such as Jay-Z saying "You're wasting your talent, Randy!" before "Big Pimpin'/Papercut", or Shinoda saying "This is fun" before "Izzo/In the End".


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: "Collision Course" was the first album of Linkin Park that contained a Parental Advisory sticker, since most of Jay-Z's verses contain profanity (although Shinoda and Chester Bennington are also heard using vulgar language on the album). This album was also made in an edited/censored version. However, the clean version of the album left the words "bitch", "ass", and "hoes" uncensored, which means that "Izzo/In the End" is the same on the clean and explicit versions.


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: A year after the release of "Collision Course", Jay-Z was the executive producer on Mike Shinoda's solo effort Fort Minor's "The Rising Tied". Also, the song "High Road" from the same record talks about how some critics negatively received "Collision Course".


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: "Collision Course" received generally mixed reviews from music critics. David Jeffries of AllMusic praised the album, calling it "awesomely fun". K.B. Tindal of "HipHopDX" also equally praised the album, saying that the project "will open a passageway for artists who want to dare to be different as well as those who want to work hard to maintain that difference." Steve Juon of RapReviews called the album "an experiment which bodes well since for the most part these two artists each other."


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: Meanwhile, Raymond Fiore of "Entertainment Weekly", gave a negative review of the album, saying that the pairing of Linkin Park and Jay-Z "comes off like a sanitized nonevent." At the 48th Grammy Awards, the song "Numb/Encore", a mash-up of "Numb" by Linkin Park and "Encore" by Jay-Z, won the Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.


title: Collision Course (EP)

text: "Collision Course" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 368,000 copies in its first week, according to Nielsen Soundscan. This became Jay-Z eighth US number one album and Linkin Park's second. It also became the first EP ever to top the chart since Alice in Chains' "Jar of Flies" in 1994. In its second week, the EP dropped to number nine on the chart, selling an additional 186,000 copies. In its third week, the EP dropped to number ten on the chart, selling 236,000 more copies. In its fourth week, the EP climbed to number eight on the chart, selling 283,000 more copies. As of August 2009, the EP has sold 1,934,000 copies in the US. On August 15, 2017, the EP was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over two million units in the United States.


title: Flag of Costa Rica

text: The national flag of Costa Rica is based on a design created in 1848 and consists of two blue stripes, two white stripes, and a central red stripe which is twice as wide as each of the other four. The civil flag omits the coat of arms seen on the state flag, since the state variant is only permitted to be used by the government.


title: Flag of Costa Rica

text: The flag was officially adopted on 29 September 1848, with the only modifications since then being to the placement and design of the entrenched coat of arms on the state flag. The state variant of the flag has been updated to reflect concurrent modifications to the national coat of arms in 1906, 1964, and 1998.


title: Flag of Costa Rica

text: The colors of flag share the ideals of French Revolution of 1848: freedom, equality, and brotherhood. Blue means the sky, opportunities at reach, intellectual thinking, perseverance to accomplish a goal, infinite, eternity, and ideals of the religious and spiritual desires. White means clear thinking, happiness, wisdom, power and beauty of the sky, the driving force of initiatives to search for new endeavors, and the peace of Costa Rica. Red means “civilization of the century” and the sun casting on Costa Rica the “first rays of its true independence”, the warmth of Costa Rican people, their love to live, their bloodshed for freedom, and their generous attitude. The seven stars in the coat of arms represent the seven provinces of the republic.


title: Flag of Costa Rica

text: During most of its colonial period, Costa Rica was the southernmost province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, which was nominally part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (i.e., Mexico), but which in practice operated as a largely autonomous entity within the Spanish Empire. As such, the land of present Costa Rica was covered by the various flags of the Spanish Empire until 1823.


title: Flag of Costa Rica

text: Costa Rica was part of the Federal Republic of Central America (originally known as the "United Provinces of Central America"), a sovereign state in Central America, which consisted of the territories of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala. A republican democracy, it existed from July 1823 to 1841. During this period, Costa Rica used the flag of the United Provinces of Central America, which was took inspiration of Argentinian flag. It was augmented by variations specific to the State of Costa Rica within the United Provinces of Central America (a blue and white striped United Provinces flag, with the Costa Rican State Seal added).


title: Flag of Costa Rica

text: When the Federal Republic of Central America unofficially dissolved by 1841, Costa Rica based its flags on the Central American banner, although the 1840–42 version reversed the stripes to white-blue-white.


title: Flag of Costa Rica

text: On September 29, 1848, a distinctive new design was created at the suggestion of Pacífica Fernández Oreamuno, wife of President José María Castro Madriz. An admirer of France (the scene of revolution in 1848), she recommended the addition of a red stripe to the flag.This basic flag has continued in use since that time. However, the coat of arms that appears on the flag used by the government was altered slightly in 1906 and 1934 and, most recently, on October 21, 1964.


title: Lovi Poe

text: Lourdes Virginia Moran Poe (born February 11, 1989), popularly known as Lovi Poe, is a Filipino actress, model, and recording artist. She is the daughter of action star Fernando Poe Jr.


title: Lovi Poe

text: Poe is known for starring in two popular GMA drama series: "Bakekang" (2006) as Kristal, and "Ang Dalawang Mrs. Real" (2014) as Shiela. She received her first Best Actress award in the 2010 Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival for the film "Mayohan" in the role of Lilibeth. The same year, she was also a FAMAS Best Actress awardee for the film "Sagrada Familia" in the role of Kath Asero.


title: Lovi Poe

text: Lovi Poe was born as Lourdes Virginia Moran Poe in St. Luke's Medical Center in Quezon City, to Filipino actors Fernando Poe Jr. and Rowena Moran. It was in February 2004 when Poe Jr. admitted to the public that he has a daughter with the former actress and beauty queen making her and Senator Grace Poe half-sisters.


title: Lovi Poe

text: Poe finished high school at the Colegio San Agustin in Makati where she graduated in 2007. She then later took courses at the International Academy of Management and Economics and Miriam College.


title: Lovi Poe

text: Poe has dated actors Cogie Domingo, Jolo Revilla, Jake Cuenca, Rocco Nacino, and politician Ronald Singson. As of 2017, Poe is romantically linked with French-Filipino Chris Johnson, whom she previously denied dating the previous year in August.


title: Lovi Poe

text: It was in 2006 when Poe was handpicked by an international singing duo named Same Same to perform with them the song "Without You," which is included in the duo's debut album "The Meaning of Happy." She was then first paired with Cogie Domingo in the youth-oriented drama "Love to Love". Her biggest acting break came when she played the character of Kristal Maisog in the hit 2006 drama, "Bakekang". Her co-star Sunshine Dizon pushed her to join show business as an actress. Her acting performance in "Bakekang" gained critical praise and was named as Best New Female TV Personality in the 21st PMPC Star Awards for Television. In 2007, Poe was cast in "" (a Philippine spin-off of "Shaider") as a newspaper journalist who is a close friend of policeman Alexis Lorenzo (played by Marky Cielo) who turned into the superhero Zaido Green.


title: Lovi Poe

text: In 2008, she played another starring role in the character of Joanna on the afternoon drama, "Sine Novela: Kaputol ng Isang Awit", alongside Glaiza de Castro, Marky Cielo and Jolo Revilla.


title: Lovi Poe

text: In 2008, she won the New Movie Actress of the Year award in the 24th PMPC Star Awards for Movies for the film "Shake, Rattle and Roll 9". She was also part of the Gabby Concepcion 20-city tour which kicked off on August 17, 2008. Her "Bloom" solo concert at Music Museum was held on October 16. Bloom is also the title of her second album under SonyBMG. She was also cast in the film "Paukay-Ukay" by Regal Entertainment. She also co-starred in "LaLola" (2008) and "Ang Babaeng Hinugot sa Aking Tadyang" (2009).


title: Lovi Poe

text: Poe appeared in the TV5 youth-oriented drama "Lipgloss"; GMA Network previously did not allow her to join the series as per network policy stating their contract talents be exclusive to their network. Her manager, Leo Dominguez defended their move saying that "Lovi does not have an existing contract with GMA." Since then, Poe has not appeared in any of GMA Network shows. It was also reported that she entertained offers from GMA's rival network ABS-CBN, until her manager decided to accept GMA's offer to cast Poe in the new sitcom "Show Me Da Manny". In 2010, she was a regular host on the GMA Sunday noontime variety show "Party Pilipinas". In July 2010, she appeared in the independent film "Mayohan" for which she won her first acting award, the Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival Award for Best Actress.


title: Lovi Poe

text: After 15 years with GMA Network, Poe moved to ABS-CBN on September 16, 2021. Her first television drama project is the "Flower of Evil (2022)" with Piolo Pascual.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: Shrikant Eknath Shinde (born 4 February 1987) is a member of the 17th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Kalyan constituency of Maharashtra and is a member of the Shiv Sena political party.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: He is son of Eknath Shinde, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra(In 2022). At the time of his 2014 election win, he was a final-year Master's student of orthopaedics.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: Shinde is a qualified medical practitioner (MBBS followed by M.S. Orthopedics). He completed his M.S. from Dr. D Y Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai. Shinde's family members includes his father, Eknath Shinde, mother Lata, wife Vrushali and son Rudransh. Shinde first got elected as a Member of Parliament in 2014 elections, from the Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency. He became youngest maratha Member of Parliament ever. He won the election a second time from the same constituency in May 2019.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: Dr. Shrikant Shinde won the Kalyan parliamentary seat defeating Anand Paranjpe of NCP by a margin of over 2.50 lakh votes. In 2014, India witnessed its 32 first time MP's under 35.  Dr. Shinde was one of the youngest Maratha MPs among others. He was just 27 when elected from Kalyan Constituency, pursuing Master of Surgery. According to the Election Commission, the constituency had a total of 1,922,046 eligible voters during the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. Dr. Shinde of Shivsena Party won the seat by defeating the NCP candidate by a margin of 2,50,749 votes which was 30.42% of the total votes polled in the constituency. Shivsena had a vote share of 53.49% in 2014 in the seat. There were a total of 18 contestants in 2014. According to the 2014 electoral rolls, the electorate included 10,44,943 men, 8,76,995 women and 96 voters of the third gender.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: Dr. Shinde won the Kalyan Lok Sabha Constituency with a margin of 3,44,343 votes which was 62.87% by defeating Babaji Balaram Patil of NCP. Dr. Shinde received 5,59,723 votes which was 24.19% from Kalyan Lok Sabha Constituency. This urban general constituency has an estimated Scheduled Caste population of 10.23% and a Scheduled Tribe population of 2.29%. The average literacy rate of Ambernath is  87.22%, Ulhasnagar 87.49%, Kalyan Dombivali 91.37%, Thane Municipal Corporation 98.41%. The seat went to the polls on Phase 4 on Monday, 29 April 2019.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: He raised a demand that Kalyan and Dombivili stations be remodeled, during a Loksabha session in 2017.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: Shinde said in a press conference that he got 110 crore sanctioned for roads in the division for Dombivli MIDC roads.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: Travelling to the urban area from Kalyan rural is hectic due to congestion on the city roads. Dr. Shinde addressed this issue and proposed the Kalyan Ring Road Project. The municipal administration has approved the proposal of a ring road going out of the city to connect the rural areas including Kalyan-Dombivali and Titwala. This ring road will be constructed through MMRDA. However, the space required for this will have to be acquired by the municipal administration. Since most of this ring road passes along the creek shore, it falls into the CRZ area.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: In the first phase of the project, a 20 km long road from Durgamata Chowk to Titwala will be constructed. In the second phase, a 13 km long road from Durgamata Chowk to Mankoli is proposed. The municipal administration has claimed that this road will help in clearing the traffic congestion in the city. In the next phase, a road connecting 27 villages will be constructed.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: Unending Traffic on Kalyan-Shilphata Road was a huge issue for commuters' daily travel, Dr. Shinde along with father & cabinet minister of urban Development and Public Works Eknath Shinde announced the expansion of Kalyan-Shilphata Road. The old road was of 4 lanes and new concrete road was made up of 6 lanes and will have 14 junctions and 31 bus stops. The entire project cost Rs 213 crore that includes two Rail Over Bridges one at Desai Gaon near Palava and second at Patripul in Kalyan.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: To decongest the traffic on Shilphata road Airoli - Katai Freeway project is under construction. It is also called Airoli-Katai Unnat Marg. It is an important project which will cut travel time from Airoli to Katai and  hardly 10 minutes will take time to reach the location. Currently, the project is under construction and Dr.Shinde is aiming to finish the construction work before the targeted date.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: He presented the project of waterway transport for traffic-free travel in less time. The waterway transport project got approved by the Central Government. The central government has sanctioned Rs 453 crore for the first phase. Under this, freight traffic will be the same as passenger transport. The first phase of this ambitious project is the waterway connecting Kalyan-Thane-Vasai. Dr. Shrikant Shinde and Rajan Vichare followed up with the Central Government. As the Guardian Minister of the district, Eknath Shinde submitted a detailed plan of the project to the Center through Thane Municipal Corporation. The first phase includes Kalyan-Thane-Vasai, the second phase includes Navi Mumbai and Mumbai.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: Dr. Shinde took initiative to strengthen the medical facilities in Kalyan Constituency. He followed up on the renovation of ESIC Hospital (Ulhasnagar) equipped with 100 beds & all upgraded machinery, MRI and City Scan facility at reasonable cost in KDMC Hospital and Chhatrapati Shivaji Hospital Kalwa, Dialysis Centers in Shastrinagar & Netivali (Dombivali). Based on the PPP model, City Scan and MRI will be available for the public at a reasonable price in Shastrinagar and Rukminibai Hospital. Sanitary Napkin vending machine set up at Zilha Parishad's School.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: As COVID-19 cases were increasing in Kalyan Constituency, every patient should get consultation and proper treatment. To make this possible, Dr. Shinde took initiative to make place available for One Rupee Clinic with Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation (KDMC) so that needy people should get covid treatment at lowest cost. Dr Rahul Ghule, MD Magic Dil Health managing director, is managing eight covid care centers and hospitals comprising more Thane 2500 beds in Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The One rupee clinic team and KDMC started free thermal screening in the KDMC hotspots and containment zones to avoid increasing infection, as one should get early detection. They are managing Savlaram Covid Care Centre and Patidar Bhavan Covid Care Centre at Dombivali, Sai Nirvana Covid Care Centre at Kalyan and Rukmini Covid Care Centre at Titwala set up by Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: Under this scheme 27 villages of Kalyan Rural have benefited by a water supply project. Rs 180 crores had been given to the 27 villages for water supply and sanitation purposes under the AMRUT scheme. The area of 27 villages is 40 square kilometers. Under this scheme, 28 water tanks, 12 pumps and 2 outlets as well as 223 km of waterways will be constructed for a population of about two and a half lakh. The central and state governments will jointly contribute half of the Rs 180 crore scheme and the remaining half will be borne by the municipality.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: In emergency, the public of Ambernath, Kalyan, Ulhasnagar, Badlapur and other parts of Thane District used to travel far at J.J. Hospital, K.E.M Hospital. Dr. Shinde proposed the project of the Medical College in Ambernath. Project was approved by the Medical Education Minister Amit Deshmukh and the construction will start soon.


title: Shrikant Shinde

text: He has established a Doctor Shrikant Shinde Foundation which has collaborated with Shiv Sena to arrange free medical camps in Sindhudurg district. The Foundation donated one ambulance in Kolhapur to Sambhaji Raje's foundation during the COVID-19 pandemic in India.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Restaurants fall into several industry classifications, based upon menu style, preparation methods and pricing, as well as the means by which the food is served to the customer. This article mainly describes the situation in the USA, while categorisation differs widely around the world.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Historically, "restaurant" referred only to places that provided tables where one ate while seated, typically served by a waiter. Following the rise of fast food and take-out restaurants, a retronym for the older "standard" restaurant was created, sit-down restaurant. Most commonly, "sit-down restaurant" refers to a casual-dining restaurant with table service, rather than a fast food restaurant or a diner, where one orders food at a counter. Sit-down restaurants are often further categorized, in North America, as "family-style" or "formal".


title: Types of restaurants

text: In British English, the term "restaurant" almost always means an eating establishment with table service, so the "sit down" qualification is not usually necessary. Fast food and takeaway (take-out) outlets with counter service are not normally referred to as restaurants. Outside North America, the terms fast casual dining restaurants, family style, and casual dining are not used and distinctions among different kinds of restaurants are often not the same. In France, for example, some restaurants are called "bistros" to indicate a level of casualness or trendiness, though some "bistros" are quite formal in the kind of food they serve and clientele they attract. Others are called "brasseries", a term which indicates hours of service. "Brasseries" may serve food round the clock, whereas "restaurants" usually only serve at set intervals during the day. In Sweden, restaurants of many kinds are called "restauranger", but restaurants attached to bars or cafes are sometimes called "kök", literally "kitchens", and sometimes a bar-restaurant combination is called a "krog", in English a "tavern".


title: Types of restaurants

text: In "Dishing It Out: In Search of the Restaurant Experience", Robert Appelbaum argues that all restaurants can be categorized according to a set of social parameters defined as polar opposites: high or low, cheap or dear, familiar or exotic, formal or informal, and so forth. Any restaurant will be relatively high or low in style and price, familiar or exotic in the cuisine it offers to different kinds of customers, and so on. Context is as important as the style and form: a taqueria is a more than familiar sight in Guadalajara, Mexico, but it would be exotic in Albania.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Ethnic restaurants specialize in ethnic or national cuisines. For example, Greek restaurants specialize in Greek cuisine.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Fast food restaurants emphasize speed of service. Operations range from small-scale street vendors with food carts to multibillion-dollar corporations like McDonald's and Burger King. Food is ordered not from the table, but from a front counter (or in some cases, using an electronic terminal). Diners typically then carry their own food from the counter to a table of their choosing, and afterward dispose of any waste from their trays. Drive-through and take-out service may also be available. Fast food restaurants are known in the restaurant industry as QSRs or quick-service restaurants.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Fast casual restaurants are primarily chain restaurants, such as Chipotle Mexican Grill and Panera Bread. More of the food is prepared at the restaurant than is the case at fast food chains. Fast casual restaurants usually do not offer full table service, but many offer non-disposable plates and cutlery. The quality of food and prices tend to be higher than those of a conventional fast food restaurant but may be lower than casual dining.


title: Types of restaurants

text: A casual dining restaurant (or sit down restaurant) is a restaurant that serves moderately priced food in a casual atmosphere. Except for buffet-style restaurants, casual dining restaurants typically provide table service. Chain examples include Harvester in the United Kingdom and TGI Fridays in the United States. Casual dining comprises a market segment between fast food establishments and fine dining restaurants. Casual dining restaurants often have a full bar with separate bar staff, a full beer menu and a limited wine menu. They are frequently, but not necessarily, part of a wider chain, particularly in the US. In Italy, such casual restaurants are often called "trattoria", and are usually independently owned and operated.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Premium casual restaurants originate from Western Canada and include chains such as Cactus Club Cafe, Earl's, Moxie's and JOEY. Premium casual restaurants are described as upscale casual. Similar to casual dining, they typically feature a dining room section and a lounge section with multiple televisions, and often feature a focus on drinks and "globally inspired" food. They are typically found in upscale areas and city centres. The concept is popular in Canada and brands Earls, JOEY, and Moxie's have started expanding into the United States and the dining concept is becoming more widespread in the UK, with chains such as Café Rouge, Wildwood Kitchen, and others.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Family style restaurants are a type of casual dining restaurants where food is often served on platters and the diners serve themselves. It can also be used to describe family-friendly diners or casual restaurants.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Fine dining restaurants are full-service restaurants with specific dedicated meal courses. Décor of such restaurants features higher-quality materials, with establishments having certain rules of dining which visitors are generally expected to follow, sometimes including a dress code.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Fine dining establishments are sometimes called "white-tablecloth restaurants", because they traditionally featured table service by servers, at tables covered by white tablecloths. The tablecloths came to symbolize the experience. The use of white tablecloths eventually became less fashionable, but the service and upscale ambiance remained.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Most of these establishments can be considered subtypes of fast casual drinking restaurants or casual dining restaurants.


title: Types of restaurants

text: A brasserie in the United States has evolved from the original French idea of a type of restaurant serving moderately priced hearty meals—French-inspired "comfort foods"—in an unpretentious setting. In the United States, bistros usually have more refined decor, fewer tables, finer foods and higher prices. When used in English, the term "bistro" usually indicates a continental menu.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Buffets and smörgåsbord offer patrons a selection of food at a fixed price. Food is served on trays around bars, from which customers with plates serve themselves. The selection can be modest or very extensive, with the more elaborate menus divided into categories such as salad, soup, appetizers, hot entrées, cold entrées, and dessert and fruit. Often the range of cuisine can be eclectic, while other restaurants focus on a specific type, such as home-cooking, Chinese, Indian, or Swedish. The role of the waiter or waitress in this case is relegated to removal of finished plates, and sometimes the ordering and refill of drinks. In Italy, a kind of semi-buffet is featured in either a tavola calda, serving hot foods, and a tavola fredda, which serves cold food. Either can be found in bars and cafes at meal times or in dedicated sites, sometimes with seating and service at a counter.


title: Types of restaurants

text: British cafes and American diners are informal eateries offering a range of hot meals and made-to-order sandwiches or rolls. Coffeehouses or cafés are not full restaurants, because they primarily serve and derive the majority of their revenue from hot drinks. Many cafes are open at breakfast time and will serve full hot breakfasts all day. In some areas, cafes offer outdoor seating. The word comes from the French "café".


title: Types of restaurants

text: A cafeteria is a restaurant serving ready-cooked food arranged behind a food-serving counter. There is no table service. Typically, a patron takes a tray and pushes it along a track in front of the counter. Depending on the establishment, servings may be ordered from attendants, selected as ready-made portions already on plates, or self-serve their own portions. Cafeterias are common in hospitals, prisons, corporations and educational institutions like schools and colleges. In Italy it's very common and known as "mensa aziendale".


title: Types of restaurants

text: In the UK, a cafeteria (also known as a self-service restaurant) may also offer a large selection of hot food. Cafeterias have a wider variety of prepared foods: for example, it may have a variety of roasts (e.g. beef, ham, turkey) ready for carving by a server, as well as other main courses, rather than simple offerings of hamburgers or fried chicken.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Coffeehouses are casual restaurants without table service that emphasize coffee and other beverages; typically a limited selection of cold foods such as pastries and perhaps sandwiches are offered as well. Their distinguishing feature is that they allow patrons to relax and socialize on their premises for long periods of time without pressure to leave promptly after eating, and are thus frequently chosen as sites for meetings.


title: Types of restaurants

text: A destination restaurant is one that has a strong enough appeal to draw customers from beyond its community. The idea of a destination restaurant originated in France with the Michelin Guide, which rated restaurants as to whether they were worth a special trip or a detour while one travelled by car in France.


title: Types of restaurants

text: A greasy spoon is a colloquial term for a British cafe, American diner or other small eatery which tends to serve food at a low cost. Generally fried foods are served, and in the United Kingdom, such places frequently serve all-day breakfasts and strong builder's tea. They are commonly found in working-class areas.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Customers are seated as in a casual dining setting. Food items are prepared by the establishments for cooking on embedded gas stoves, induction cookers, or charcoal grills; the customer has control over the heating power of the appliance.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Despite the name, the Mongolian barbecue form of restaurant is not Mongolian, rather is derived from Taiwan and inspired by Japanese teppanyaki. Customers create a bowl from an assortment of ingredients displayed in a buffet fashion. The bowl is then handed to the cook, who stir-fries the food on a large griddle and returns it on a plate or in a bowl to the consumer.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Traditionally, pubs were primarily drinking establishments with food in a secondary position, whereas many modern pubs rely on food as well, to the point where gastropubs are often known for their high-quality fine dining style pub food and concomitantly high prices. A typical pub has a large selection of beers and ales on tap.


title: Types of restaurants

text: Many restaurants specializing in Japanese cuisine offer the teppanyaki grill, which is more accurately based on a type of charcoal stove that is called shichirin in Japan. Diners, often in multiple, unrelated parties, sit around the grill while a chef prepares their food orders in front of them. Often the chef is trained in entertaining the guests with special techniques, including cracking a spinning egg in the air, forming a volcano out of differently-sized onion slices, and flipping grilled shrimp pieces into patrons' mouths, in addition to various props. Also referred to as hibachi.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: Diamond Eyes is the sixth studio album by American alternative metal band Deftones, released on May 4, 2010, by Reprise Records. It was the first album to feature bassist Sergio Vega, who replaced original bassist Chi Cheng. An album tentatively titled "Eros" was originally intended to be the band's sixth full-length release following "Saturday Night Wrist" (2006), but was not finished due to Cheng entering a coma after a serious car accident that occurred in November 2008, eventually resulting in his death in 2013. The band continued on with Vega as his replacement, and the release of "Eros" was put on hold in favor of "Diamond Eyes" in June 2009.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: "Diamond Eyes" was a critical and commercial success, peaking within the top ten of the US "Billboard" 200 and several other international charts; it was the band's highest charting album on the "Billboard" 200 since their 2003 eponymous fourth album. Four singles were released from "Diamond Eyes": the title track, "Rocket Skates", "Sextape", and "You've Seen the Butcher".


title: Diamond Eyes

text: Deftones started writing material for the successor to 2006's "Saturday Night Wrist" in early 2007. The band was dissatisfied with the lengthy writing and recording process of "Saturday Night Wrist", and wanted to release a quick follow-up record in the same manner as earlier albums such as 1995's "Adrenaline" and 1997's "Around the Fur", which were recorded without the digital audio program Pro Tools. Instead, those albums were recorded as just a band "in the room with just our instruments, no other distractions", according to frontman Chino Moreno.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: The band recorded and completed their Terry Date-produced album, tentatively titled "Eros", in 2008, and it was expected to be released in early 2009. However, bassist Chi Cheng was seriously injured in an automobile accident in November 2008, leaving him in a coma and putting the release of "Eros" on hold. Unsure if or when Cheng would recover and be able to perform with the band again, Deftones started playing various shows and festivals with Sergio Vega on bass, starting in early 2009. Vega, a close friend of the band, had previously filled in for Cheng during tours in 1999. At this point, Deftones were not sure if they wanted to break up or continue writing and performing music.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: In June 2009, Deftones decided to indefinitely put the release of "Eros" on hold and start writing a brand new album with Vega. The band still hopes to release "Eros" at some point, but wanted to wait until Cheng was no longer in a semi-conscious state, and they did not feel that it represented who they were as artists or as people at the time. Deftones wanted to make an optimistic record, as opposed to the dark and angry album they had just finished.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: "Diamond Eyes" was recorded in two months with producer Nick Raskulinecz, who had previously worked with Foo Fighters, Velvet Revolver, Stone Sour and Alice in Chains. Deftones avoided using Pro Tools on the album. Instead, they favored writing songs together as a band and practicing them "a million times 'til they were perfect" in order to achieve a more raw and "personable" sound.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: "Diamond Eyes" was originally scheduled to be released on April 27 by Reprise, but was pushed back three weeks to May 18, and later pushed forward to May 4, 2010. The latter release date change was possibly due to the album leaking onto the Internet in March 2010, two months before the original scheduled release date.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: The first song from the album, "Rocket Skates", was available for free download through the band's official website on February 23, 2010. The song had been included in Deftones live performances starting in October 2009, and was later released as a limited edition 7" vinyl single for international Record Store Day on April 17, 2010, serving as the second overall single. A music video directed by 13th Witness (Tim McGurr) was released on March 9.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: The first single, however, was the title track, "Diamond Eyes". It was released as a single to digital retailers on March 23, 2010. The music video for the song, directed by Roboshobo (Robert Schober), was released on April 13. Deftones performed a live webcast of songs from "Diamond Eyes" and answered fan questions on May 4 in Dallas, Texas. A music video for the track "Sextape" was released on September 3, 2010. The video was directed by ZFCL (Zak Forrest and Chad Liebenguth, known for their work with Foxy Shazam and Fang Island). On October 28, 2010, Deftones released the official video for "You've Seen the Butcher", directed by Jodeb Films. In August 2011, Deftones released the official music video for "Beauty School", directed by 13th Witness.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: At just over 41 minutes, not including the pre-order and deluxe edition bonus tracks, "Diamond Eyes" is Deftones' shortest album.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: After dealing with the tragedy surrounding Cheng's accident, Deftones wanted to create an album with an overall positive and optimistic vibe. Describing the band's state while writing for the album, Moreno stated, "Our inspiration and unity as a band is stronger than it has ever been before and we needed to channel that energy into our music". Noticeably lacking on the album were songs about complaining, hurting or how "life sucks" – common lyrical themes for Moreno since the early '90s. Moreno described the overall theme of the album as a "positive zest for life", and also said it had "a fantasy vibe" similar to "White Pony". The lyrics for "Rocket Skates" contained "beautiful yet violent imagery" and were compared to the song "Knife Prty" from "White Pony". Deftones also thought it would be difficult to tour in support of a new album with memories of Cheng attached to it. Commenting on songwriting, Moreno stated:


title: Diamond Eyes

text: Initial reaction to the album from music critics was highly favorable. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote, "Naturally, there is quite a bit of roiling darkness here -- they're Cure-loving metalheads, it's in their blood -- but there's shade and light, control of texture, with the band deepening rather than expanding." Jason Pettigrew of "Alternative Press" stated, "Unlike their alleged 'peers' (do they really "have" any?), Deftones learned years ago that a whisper can be more terrifying than a scream and power isn't always about BPMs and downstrokes per minute." He also added that "Diamond Eyes" "belongs in a pantheon of amazing albums born from tragedy". BBC writer Mike Diver was also impressed, and opined that the album "knocks every pretender to the band's throne into the middle of next week". He praised the band for playing to their strengths, and summarized: ""Eros" is reportedly their excursion into weirdness, while this is a statement of consolidation, a neatly segued set that finds Deftones playing to their well-established strengths."


title: Diamond Eyes

text: Writing for Metalholic, Doron Beit-Halahmi said the album was "slated to be a classic in the world of alternative metal, this album is just as good, if not better than 2000’s "White Pony"". NPR described the sound of the album as "goth-rock tinged shoegaze".


title: Diamond Eyes

text: BLARE Magazine's Joshua Khan observed "Deftones give birth to a refined sound that makes creations like 'Prince' and '976-Evil' enslaving." "The Skinny"'s Mark Shukla likewise explained, "The first four tracks set a blistering pace as churning riffs transition relentlessly into fret-burning breakdowns; all the while Chino Moreno deploying his wounded croon and lacerating howl with an intensity that remains impressively undiminished." Sputnikmusic staff writer Nick Greer gave an unequivocally positive review and called the album "better than "White Pony"". He described the album's sound as "intense and visceral, but introspective and sensitive in ways Deftones have never been before", before finally adding, "I can honestly say it's Deftones' best album to date." Scott Gordon of "The A.V. Club" stated that while there are moments on the album where Deftones "sound a bit like a band on auto-pilot", many of the other tracks "stomp such limp moments with pleasingly crude riffs that claw and scrape through the verses, then release Chino Moreno's voice into glimmering, menacing choruses."


title: Diamond Eyes

text: "Diamond Eyes" was named "Rock Album of the Year" by the iTunes Store. "Kerrang" magazine also placed it as their Album of the Year.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: In their roundup of the 25 Best Metal Albums of 2010–2019, the music blog MetalSucks ranked "Diamond Eyes" as the 4th best metal album of the '10s.


title: Diamond Eyes

text: "Diamond Eyes" was expected to sell between 55,000 and 60,000 records in the U.S. during its first week, based on first-day sales, according to "Hits Daily Double". The album sold above these expectations, moving 62,000 copies in the U.S. It debuted at No. 6 on the "Billboard" 200, making it the fourth consecutive Deftones album to debut within that chart's top 10.


title: Steller's jay

text: Steller's jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) is a bird native to western North America and the mountains of Central America, closely related to the blue jay found in eastern North America. It is also known as the long-crested jay, mountain jay, and pine jay. It is the only crested jay west of the Rocky Mountains. It is also sometimes colloquially called a "blue jay" in the Pacific Northwest, but is distinct from the blue jay ("C. cristata") of eastern North America. The species inhabits pine-oak and coniferous forests.


title: Steller's jay

text: Steller's jay is about long and weighs about . Steller's jay shows a great deal of regional variation throughout its range. Blackish-brown-headed birds from the north gradually become bluer-headed farther south. The Steller's jay has a more slender bill and longer legs than the blue jay and, in northern populations, has a much more pronounced crest. It is also somewhat larger.


title: Steller's jay

text: The head is blackish-brown, black, or dark blue, depending on the subspecies of the bird, with lighter streaks on the forehead. This dark coloring gives way from the shoulders and lower breast to silvery blue. The primaries and tail are a rich blue with darker barring. Birds in the eastern part of its range along the Great Divide have white markings on the head, especially over the eyes; birds further west have light blue markers and birds in the far west along the Pacific Coast have small, very faint, or no white or light markings at all.


title: Steller's jay

text: Steller's jay ("Cyanocitta stelleri") is one of two species in the genus "Cyanocitta", the other species being the blue jay ("Cyanocitta cristata"); because the two species sometimes interbreed naturally where their ranges overlap in the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains, their status as distinct species has been contested. There are 18 subspecies of Steller's jays ranging from Alaska to Nicaragua, with nine found north of Mexico, often with areas of low or non-existent presence of the species separating the subspecies. At least some of the variation in the species is due to different degrees of hybridization between Steller's jays ("C. stelleri") and blue jays ("C. cristata").


title: Steller's jay

text: The genus "Cyanocitta" is part of the passerine family Corvidae, which consists of the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, magpies, treepies, choughs, and nutcrackers.


title: Steller's jay

text: Steller's jay occurs in most of the forested areas of western North America as far east as the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains from southern Alaska in the north to northern Nicaragua in the south completely replacing the blue jay prevalent on the rest of the continent in those areas. Its density is lower in the central Rocky Mountain region (Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and eastern Utah) plus the desert or scrubland areas of the Great Basin (e.g. Nevada, western Utah, southern Arizona and parts of California). Some hybridization with the blue jay in eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains, especially Colorado, has been reported. It is also found in Mexico occurring through the interior highlands in northwestern Mexico as well as patchy populations in the rest of Mexico. In the northern end of its range it appears to be spreading from coastal Southeast Alaska across the Coast Mountains into southern Yukon Territory.


title: Steller's jay

text: Steller's jay is also found in Mexico's interior highlands from Chihuahua and Sonora in the northwest southward to Jalisco, as well as other patchy populations found throughout Mexico. It is also found in south-central Guatemala, northern El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua.


title: Steller's jay

text: Although Steller's jay primarily lives in coniferous forests, it can be found in other types of forests as well. They can be found from low to moderate elevations, and on rare occasions to as high as the tree line. Steller's jays are common in residential and agricultural areas with nearby forests.


title: Steller's jay

text: Steller's jays are omnivores; their diet is about two-thirds plant matter and one-third animal matter. They gather food both from the ground and from trees. Steller's jay's diet includes a wide range of seeds, nuts, berries and other fruit. They also eat many types of invertebrates, small rodents, eggs, and nestlings such as those of the marbled murrelet. There are some accounts of them eating small reptiles, both snakes and lizards.


title: Steller's jay

text: Acorns and conifer seeds are staples during the non-breeding season; these are often cached in the ground or in trees for later consumption. They exploit human-provided food sources, frequently scavenging picnics and campsites, where it competes with the Canada jay.


title: Steller's jay

text: Steller's jays will visit feeders and prefer black-oil sunflower seeds, white striped sunflower seeds, cracked corn, shelled raw peanuts, and are especially attracted to whole raw peanuts. Suet is also consumed but mostly in the winter season.


title: Steller's jay

text: Steller's jays breed in monogamous pairs. The clutch is usually incubated entirely by the female for about 16 days. The male feeds the female during this time. Though they are known to be loud both day and night, during nesting they are quiet in order to not attract attention.


title: Steller's jay

text: The nest is usually in a conifer, but is sometimes built in a hollow in a tree or beneath the awning of a house or other structure. Similar in construction to the blue jay's nest, it tends to be a bit larger (), using a number of natural materials or scavenged trash, often mixed with mud. Between two and six eggs are laid during breeding season. The eggs are oval in shape with a somewhat glossy surface. The background colour of the egg shell tends to be pale variations of greenish-blue with brown- or olive-coloured speckles.


title: Steller's jay

text: Like other jays, the Steller's jay has numerous and variable vocalizations. One common call is a harsh ""SHACK-Sheck-sheck-sheck-sheck-sheck"" series; another ""skreeka! skreeka!"" call sounds almost exactly like an old-fashioned pump handle; yet another is a soft, breathy ""hoodle hoodle"" whistle. Its alarm call is a harsh, nasal ""wah"". Some calls are sex-specific: females produce a rattling sound, while males make a high-pitched ""gleep gleep"".


title: Steller's jay

text: The Steller's jay is also a noted mimic: it can imitate the vocalizations of many species of birds, other animals, and sounds of non-animal origin. It often will imitate the calls from birds of prey such as the red-tailed hawk, red-shouldered hawk, and osprey as a warning of danger to others or territorial behavior, causing other birds to seek cover and flee feeding areas.


title: Steller's jay

text: Steller's Jays have the ability to assess risk using different predator detection cues. They have many alarm calls that are dependent on their interaction between predator identity and cue type. Steller's Jays respond to Sharp Shinned Hawks with a longer latency to return to feeding whether they are both seen or heard. In contrast to Steller's Jays, Sharp Shinned Hawks responded to Northern Goshawks with a longer latency to resume feeding if they were seen in comparison to only heard. The difference in reactions suggest that this is a distinct risk of assessment being conducted by the Steller's Jays. Steller's Jays will then vary the production of their ""wah"", ""wek"", and mimic red-tailed hawk calls in response to different detection cues.


title: Steller's jay

text: This bird is named after the German naturalist Georg Wilhelm Steller, the first European to record them, in 1741. Johann Friedrich Gmelin formally named the species after Steller in the 13th edition of "Systema Naturae" (first published in 1788).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various lengths between formula_1 metres and formula_2metres.


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (1 zm and 10 zm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (10 zm and 100 zm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (100 zm and 1 am).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (1 am and 10 am).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (10 am and 100 am).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (100 am and 1 fm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: In particle physics, this unit is more commonly called a , also with abbreviation "fm". To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 metres and 10 metres (1 femtometre and 10 fm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (10 fm and 100 fm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (100 fm and 1 pm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 and 10 m (1 pm and 10 pm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 and 10 m (10 pm and 100 pm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 and 10 m (100 pm and 1 nm; 1 Å and 10 Å).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 and 10 m (1 nm and 10 nm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 10 and 10 m (10 nm and 100 nm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 and 10 m (100 nm and 1 μm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists some items with lengths between 10 and 10 m (between 1 and 10 micrometres, or μm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (10 μm and 100 μm).