title: Line segment

text: Sometimes, one needs to distinguish between "open" and "closed" line segments. In this case, one would define a closed line segment as above, and an open line segment as a subset "L" that can be parametrized as


title: Line segment

text: Equivalently, a line segment is the convex hull of two points. Thus, the line segment can be expressed as a convex combination of the segment's two end points.


title: Line segment

text: In geometry, one might define point "B" to be between two other points "A" and "C", if the distance "AB" added to the distance "BC" is equal to the distance "AC". Thus in formula_8, the line segment with endpoints and is the following collection of points:


title: Line segment

text: In an axiomatic treatment of geometry, the notion of betweenness is either assumed to satisfy a certain number of axioms, or defined in terms of an isometry of a line (used as a coordinate system).


title: Line segment

text: Segments play an important role in other theories. For example, in a "convex set", the segment that joins any two points of the set is contained in the set. This is important because it transforms some of the analysis of convex sets, to the analysis of a line segment. The "segment addition postulate" can be used to add congruent segment or segments with equal lengths, and consequently substitute other segments into another statement to make segments congruent.


title: Line segment

text: A line segment can be viewed as a degenerate case of an ellipse, in which the semiminor axis goes to zero, the foci go to the endpoints, and the eccentricity goes to one. A standard definition of an ellipse is the set of points for which the sum of a point's distances to two foci is a constant; if this constant equals the distance between the foci, the line segment is the result. A complete orbit of this ellipse traverses the line segment twice. As a degenerate orbit, this is a radial elliptic trajectory.


title: Line segment

text: In addition to appearing as the edges and diagonals of polygons and polyhedra, line segments also appear in numerous other locations relative to other geometric shapes.


title: Line segment

text: Some very frequently considered segments in a triangle to include the three altitudes (each perpendicularly connecting a side or its extension to the opposite vertex), the three medians (each connecting a side's midpoint to the opposite vertex), the perpendicular bisectors of the sides (perpendicularly connecting the midpoint of a side to one of the other sides), and the internal angle bisectors (each connecting a vertex to the opposite side). In each case, there are various equalities relating these segment lengths to others (discussed in the articles on the various types of segment), as well as various inequalities.


title: Line segment

text: Other segments of interest in a triangle include those connecting various triangle centers to each other, most notably the incenter, the circumcenter, the nine-point center, the centroid and the orthocenter.


title: Line segment

text: In addition to the sides and diagonals of a quadrilateral, some important segments are the two bimedians (connecting the midpoints of opposite sides) and the four maltitudes (each perpendicularly connecting one side to the midpoint of the opposite side).


title: Line segment

text: Any straight line segment connecting two points on a circle or ellipse is called a chord. Any chord in a circle which has no longer chord is called a diameter, and any segment connecting the circle's center (the midpoint of a diameter) to a point on the circle is called a radius.


title: Line segment

text: In an ellipse, the longest chord, which is also the longest diameter, is called the "major axis", and a segment from the midpoint of the major axis (the ellipse's center) to either endpoint of the major axis is called a "semi-major axis". Similarly, the shortest diameter of an ellipse is called the "minor axis", and the segment from its midpoint (the ellipse's center) to either of its endpoints is called a "semi-minor axis". The chords of an ellipse which are perpendicular to the major axis and pass through one of its foci are called the latera recta of the ellipse. The "interfocal segment" connects the two foci.


title: Line segment

text: When a line segment is given an orientation (direction) it is called a directed line segment. It suggests a translation or displacement (perhaps caused by a force). The magnitude and direction are indicative of a potential change. Extending a directed line segment semi-infinitely produces a "ray" and infinitely in both directions produces a "directed line". This suggestion has been absorbed into mathematical physics through the concept of a Euclidean vector. The collection of all directed line segments is usually reduced by making "equivalent" any pair having the same length and orientation. This application of an equivalence relation dates from Giusto Bellavitis's introduction of the concept of equipollence of directed line segments in 1835.


title: Sutherland

text: Sutherland () is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area in the Highlands of Scotland. Its county town is Dornoch. Sutherland borders Caithness and Moray Firth to the east, Ross-shire and Cromartyshire (later combined into Ross and Cromarty) to the south and the Atlantic to the north and west. Like its southern neighbour Ross-shire, Sutherland has some of the most dramatic scenery in Europe, especially on its western fringe where the mountains meet the sea. These include high sea cliffs, and very old mountains composed of Precambrian and Cambrian rocks.


title: Sutherland

text: The name "Sutherland" dates from the era of Norwegian Viking rule and settlement over much of the Highlands and Islands, under the rule of the jarl of Orkney. Although it contains some of the northernmost land in the island of Great Britain, it was called ' ("southern land") from the standpoint of Orkney and Caithness. In Gaelic, the area is referred to according to its traditional areas: ' (or ') in the northeast, ' (Assynt) in the west, and ' in the east. ' is also sometimes used to refer to the area as a whole. The northeast corner of Sutherland, traditionally known as the Province of Strathnaver, was not incorporated into Sutherland until 1601. This was the home of the powerful and warlike Clan Mackay, and as such was named in Gaelic, "", the Homeland of Mackay. Even today this part of Sutherland is known as Mackay Country, and, unlike other areas of Scotland where the names traditionally associated with the area have become diluted, there is still a preponderance of Mackays in the .


title: Sutherland

text: Much of the population of approximately 13,000 inhabitants are situated in small coastal towns, such as Helmsdale and Lochinver, which until very recently made much of their living from the rich fishing of the waters around the British Isles. Much of Sutherland is poor relative to the rest of Scotland, with few job opportunities beyond government-funded employment, agriculture and seasonal tourism. Further education is provided by North Highland College, part of the University of the Highlands and Islands. The Ross House Campus in Dornoch was the first establishment in the United Kingdom to provide a degree in golf management. The Burghfield House Campus, also in Dornoch, is the home for the Centre for History teaching undergraduate and postgraduate history degrees to students around the UHI network and worldwide.


title: Sutherland

text: The inland landscape is rugged and very sparsely populated. Despite being Scotland's fifth-largest county in terms of area, it has a smaller population than a medium-size Lowland Scottish town. It stretches from the Atlantic in the west, up to the Pentland Firth and across to the North Sea in the east. The sea-coasts boast very high cliffs and deep fjords in the east and north, ragged inlets on the west and sandy beaches in the north. The east coast contains the sea lochs of Loch Fleet and Dornoch Firth. The remote far northwest point of Sutherland, Cape Wrath, is also the most northwesterly point in Scotland. Several peninsulas can be found along the north and west coasts, most notably Strathy Point, A' Mhòine, Durness/Faraid Head (the latter two formed by the Kyle of Durness, Loch Eriboll and the Kyle of Tongue), Ceathramh Garbh (formed by Loch Laxford and Loch Inchard), and Stoer Head. The county has many fine beaches, a remote example being Sandwood Bay, which can only be reached by foot along a rough track. The number of visiting tourists is, naturally, minimal.


title: Sutherland

text: Sutherland has many rugged mountains such as Ben Hope, the most northerly Munro, and Ben More Assynt, the tallest peak in the county at 998 m (3,274 ft). The western part comprises Torridonian sandstone underlain by Lewisian gneiss. The spectacular scenery has been created by denudation to form isolated sandstone peaks such as Foinaven, Arkle, Cùl Mòr and Suilven. Such mountains are attractive for hill walking and scrambling, despite their remote location. Together with similar peaks to the south in Wester Ross, such as Stac Pollaidh, they have a unique structure with great scope for exploration. On the other hand, care is needed when bad weather occurs owing to their isolation and the risks of injury.


title: Sutherland

text: Owing to its isolation from the rest of the country, Sutherland was reputedly the last haunt of the native wolf, the last survivor being shot in the 18th century. However, other wildlife has survived, including the golden eagle, sea eagle and pine marten amongst other species which are very rare in the rest of the country. There are pockets of the native Scots Pine, remnants of the original Caledonian Forest.


title: Sutherland

text: The importance of the county's scenery is recognised by the fact that four of Scotland's forty national scenic areas (NSAs) are located here. The purpose of the NSA designation is to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development. The areas protected by the designation are considered to represent the type of scenic beauty "popularly associated with Scotland and for which it is renowned". The four NSAs within Sutherland are:


title: Sutherland

text: The A9 road main east coast road is challenging north of Helmsdale, particularly at the notorious Berriedale Braes, and there are few inland roads. The Far North Line north-south single-track railway line was extended through Sutherland by the Highland Railway between 1868 and 1871. It enters Sutherland near Invershin and runs along the east coast as far as possible, but an inland diversion was necessary from Helmsdale along the Strath of Kildonan. The line exits to the east of Forsinard.


title: Sutherland

text: Helmsdale on the east coast is on the A9 road, at a junction with the A897, and has a railway station on the Far North Line. Buses operate about every two hours Mondays-Saturdays and infrequently on Sundays from Helmsdale to Brora, Golspie, Dornoch, Tain and Inverness in the south, and Berriedale, Dunbeath, Halkirk, Thurso and Scrabster in the north. These are on route X99 and are operated by Stagecoach Group, but tickets can be bought on the Citylink website. Various other Stagecoach buses link the other towns of eastern Sutherland, such as Lairg and Bonar Bridge to Tain and Inverness. The western areas of the county are less well served by public transport, however the Far North Bus company does provided scheduled services connecting Durness to Lairg (bus 806), and from Durness to Thurso via the towns of the north Sutherland coast (bus 803).


title: Sutherland

text: There are no commercial airports in the county. There is a small general aviation airstrip south of Dornoch, the former RAF Dornoch, which sees little traffic.


title: Sutherland

text: Sutherland, like other parts of the Highlands, was affected by the Highland Clearances, the eviction of tenants from their homes and/or associated farmland in the 18th and 19th centuries century by the landowners. Typically, this was to make way for large sheep farms. The Sutherland Estate (consisting of about two thirds of the county) had the largest scale clearances that occurred in the Highlands, much of this being carried out in 1812, 1814 and 1819–20. In this last period (the largest of the three listed), 1,068 families were evicted: representing an estimated 5,400 people. This population was provided with resettlement in coastal areas, with employment available in fishing or other industries. However, many instead moved to farms in Caithness or left Scotland to emigrate to Canada, the US or Australia.


title: Sutherland

text: It was the villages produced by this policy that formed the last Gaelic speaking communities to be found on the east coast of Scotland, as discovered by Nancy Dorian in the early 1960s, and there are still some native speakers of the East Sutherland dialect of Gaelic in this area.


title: Sutherland

text: In 1890 Sutherland became a local government county, with its own elected county council, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. At that time, one town within the county, Dornoch, was already well established as an autonomous burgh with its own burgh council. Dornoch, a royal burgh, had its own Burgh Council but did not serve as the county's administrative centre. The County Offices for Sutherland were based at Drummuie in Golspie.


title: Sutherland

text: In 1975 the Local Government council and the burgh council were superseded under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. The 1973 act also created a new two-tier system, with Sutherland becoming part of Highland region. The county was divided between districts entitled Caithness and Sutherland, two of the eight districts with Highland. The Tongue and Farr areas of the county of Sutherland became part of the Caithness district (which also included the entirety of the county of Caithness); additionally the Kincardine area of the county of Ross and Cromarty was merged into the new Sutherland district. Shortly after its creation, however the boundary between the districts of Sutherland and Caithness were redrawn to follow that between the counties.


title: Sutherland

text: In 1996 local government in Scotland was again reformed, by the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994, which created 32 unitary council areas. The Highland council region became the Highland unitary council area, and the functions of the district councils were absorbed by the Highland Council. The new Highland Council then adopted the former districts as management areas and created a system of area committees to represent them. Until 1999 the Sutherland management and committee areas consisted of seven out of the 72 Highland Council wards. Each ward elected one councillor by the first past the post system of election. In 1999, however, ward boundaries were redrawn, but management area boundaries were not. As a result, area committees were named for and made decisions for areas which they did not exactly represent. The new Sutherland committee area consisted of six out of the 80 new Highland Council wards.


title: Sutherland

text: In 2007 new multi-member wards were created for elections under the single transferable vote (STV) electoral system. Some local decisions are delegated to the Sutherland County Committee, which consists of all councillors representing Sutherland.


title: Sutherland

text: In 1894 Parish councils covering rural areas of the county were established. In 1931 the parish councils were superseded under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929.


title: Sutherland

text: Civil parishes are still used for some statistical purposes, and separate census figures are published for them. As their areas have been largely unchanged since the 19th century this allows for comparison of population figures over an extended period of time. (Refer to map:) The following individual parish population figures, giving a total population of 12,650 at the 2011 Census for the 13 Civil Parishes (1930 boundaries), were extracted from Census Table QS112SC using the interactive Standard Outputs system at the Scotland's Census website.


title: Sutherland

text: Of the 871 civil parishes in Scotland listed on the General Register Office for Scotland website, 13 are identified on the Wikipedia list of civil parishes in Scotland as being in Sutherland. In addition, the list states that Reay used to be partly in Sutherland, until 1891.


title: Sutherland

text: Eddrachillis and Tongue were formerly part of Durness parish, being separated in 1724. The other eleven parishes are ancient in origin.


title: Sutherland

text: Although created under "local government" legislation (the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973) community councils have no statutory powers or responsibilities and are not a tier of local government. They are however the most local tier of statutory representation. Here is a list of Highland Community Councils (scroll to Sutherland). Under the 1973 act, they were created in terms of community council schemes created by the district councils which were created under the same act. The Sutherland district scheme was adopted in 1975. Statutory status for community councils was continued under the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994, and the Sutherland scheme is now the responsibility of the Highland Council.


title: Sutherland

text: The Sutherland constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom represented the county from 1708 to 1918. At the same time however the county town of Dornoch was represented as a component of the Northern Burghs constituency. In 1918 the Sutherland constituency and Dornoch were merged into the then new constituency of Caithness and Sutherland. In 1997 Caithness and Sutherland was merged into Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross.


title: Sutherland

text: The Scottish Parliament constituency of Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross was created in 1999 for the newly established parliament. The constituency was extended for the 2011 election to include more of Ross-shire, and was so renamed Caithness, Sutherland and Ross. In the Scottish Parliament, Sutherland is represented also as part of the Highlands and Islands electoral region.


title: Sutherland

text: In M. C. Beaton's Hamish Macbeth mystery series, the fictional towns of Lochdubh and Strathbane are located in Sutherland.


title: Sutherland

text: Rosamunde Pilcher's last novel "Winter Solstice" is largely set in and around the fictional Sutherland town of Creagan, located in the Sutherland town of Dornoch.


title: Sutherland

text: The ship captained by Horatio Hornblower in C. S. Forester’s book A Ship of the Line is called HMS "Sutherland".


title: Sutherland

text: The short story Monarch of the Glen by Neil Gaiman is set in Sutherland, and includes a discussion on the origin of the name.


title: Sutherland

text: It is still common to refer to the entire Gaelic-speaking world with the phrase "Ó Chataibh go Cléire" (from Sutherland to Cape Clear) or "Ó Chataibh go Ciarraí" (from Sutherland to Kerry). Cléire and Ciarraí are Gaelic-speaking regions in the far south west of Ireland.


title: Pastirma

text: Pastirma or basturma, also called pastarma, pastourma, basdirma, or basterma, is a highly seasoned, air-dried cured beef that is found in the cuisines of Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Egypt, and Greece, Iraq and North Macedonia.


title: Pastirma

text: "Pastırma" is mentioned in Mahmud of Kashgars "Diwan Lughat al-Turk" and Evliya Çelebis "Seyahatname". According to Turkish scholar Biron Kiliç, the term "pastirma" is derived from the Turkic noun "bastırma", which means "pressing".


title: Pastirma

text: Some say "basturma" originated in ancient Armenian cuisine, where it was known as "aboukh"'. "The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink" writes that "pastırma" is the word the Ottomans used for a type of Byzantine cured beef that was called "paston" (παστόν). According to Johannes Koder, an expert in Byzantine studies, "paston" could mean either salted meat or salted fish, while "akropaston" (ἀκρόπαστον) means salted meat. Andrew Dalby gives the definition of "paston" as "salted fish" and "akropaston apakin" as "well-salted fillet steak". Gregory Nagy gives the definition of "akropaston" as "smoked", describing "apakin" as "a kind of salami sausage, probably similar to pastourma". The "Oxford Companion for Food" says that a Byzantine dried meat delicacy was "a forerunner of the pastirma of modern Turkey".


title: Pastirma

text: Other scholars have given different accounts of the historical origins of the Ottoman "pastırma". The armies of settled, agricultural peoples had cereal-based diets; some Turkish and Bulgarian scholars have written that certain medieval fighters who kept dried and salted meat under their saddles had an edge over opponents who ate mostly cereals. Ammianus Marcellinus wrote that the Huns warmed this meat by placing it between their legs or on the backs of their horses.


title: Pastirma

text: The English word "pastrami" may be a Yiddish construction that combined "salami" with "pastırma" or one of the similar linguistic variations of the word ("pastramă" in Romanian, "pastromá" in Russian and "basturma" in Armenian).


title: Pastirma

text: Pastirma is usually made from water buffalo or beef, but other meats can also be used. In Egypt, pastirma is made not only with beef, but with lamb, water buffalo, goat and camel as well. Some pastirmas are made with horsemeat. Different cuts of meat may be used; a single cow can produce 26 different "types" of pastirma. Fillet, shank, leg and shoulder cuts are used for the best quality pastirmas. It is usually made during the months of October and November.


title: Pastirma

text: To make pastirma, the meat is rinsed and salted before being dried and pressed. After the first drying period, the meat is cold pressed for up to 16 hours. This aids the process of removing moisture from the meat. After the first pressing, the meat is dried for several days, during which the fats melt and form a white layer. The second press is a "hot press". Finally, the dried and pressed meat is covered with a spice paste called "çemen". "Çemen" is made from a paste of ground fenugreek seeds, chili powder and mashed garlic. The dried product is covered with the wet paste and left to dry again. The entire process takes approximately one full month. Pastirma is classified as an "intermediate moisture food". Lowering the moisture level is a form of food preservation that hinders the growth of microorganisms, and the "çemen" paste "is used to control surface mold growth during storage". Other functions of the "çemen" include improved flavor, characteristic red coloring, prevention of further drying, and antimicrobial effects.


title: Pastirma

text: Ottoman cuisine was not only the product of Muslim citizens of the Ottoman Empire; it was also influenced by Ottoman Christian and Jewish citizens. Today, it includes the cuisines of Armenia, Egypt, Turkey and the Levant.


title: Pastirma

text: The cured meat, which resembles Italian "bresaola", is called "basturma" (բաստուրմա) or "aboukht" (ապուխտ) by Armenians. According to the "LA Times" Sahag's Basturma, an Armenian deli in East Hollywood, is "best place to try basturma in Los Angeles, and possibly anywhere". The owner of Sahag's says that his family, who first began making "basturma" in Lebanon, have made "basturma" for three generations. His shop serves "basturma" as a sandwich on french bread with pickles and onions. Some Armenian-owned pizzerias in cities like Yerevan, Boston and Los Angeles serve basturma topped pizza.


title: Pastirma

text: According to Nigol Bezjian, Armenians who survived the 1915 genocide brought "basturma" with them to the Middle East. Bezjian recalls that his grandmother used to prepare "basturma omelets fried in olive oil with pieces of lavash bread". He notes that Armenians from Kayseri were particularly renowned "basturma" producers.


title: Pastirma

text: Arabs mocked Armenians with phrases like "It smells like there is "basturma" here", referring to the strong smell of "basturma" that is produced by the garlic and fenugreek mixture that the meat is coated in during preservation. Shoushou, a well-known Lebanese comedian of the 1960s–1970s, portrayed a caricature of an Armenian "basturma" seller; he retired the character after local Lebanese Armenians complained.


title: Pastirma

text: In Palestine, where Armenians have lived for 2,000 years, Armenian families gather on New Year's Eve and eat traditional foods including "basturma", çiğ köfte and a traditional Anatolian confection called kaghtsr sujukh ().


title: Pastirma

text: Pastarma (as it is called in Bulgaria) arrived in Bulgaria in the 7th century. Specific products include Пастърма говежда / Pastarma Govezhda, which was registered as a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed in the EU in 2017.


title: Pastirma

text: In Turkish cuisine pastırma can be eaten as a breakfast dish, and it is a common ingredient in omelettes, "menemen" (Turkish-style "shakshouka") or a variation of eggs benedict. "Pastırma" may also be served as a meze appetizer.


title: Pastirma

text: "Pastırma" can be used as a topping for hummus, "pide" bread, hamburgers, and toasted sandwichs with either cheddar cheese or Turkish kasar cheese. It can be as a filling for a "börek" that is made with "kadayıf" instead of the traditional filo dough. It may be combined with potato to make a filling for traditional "böreks" as well.


title: Pastirma

text: It is also a common addition to many of the traditional vegetable dishes, especially the tomato and white bean stew called , but also cabbage (), chickpeas (), asparagus () and spinach (). It can also be used to make cheesy pull-apart bread.


title: Pastirma

text: Turkey produces around 2041 tons of "pastırma" each year. The "pastırma" from Kayseri is particularly well known. In their 1893 report the British Foreign Office note that Kayseri, which they call Cesarea, "is specially renowned for the preparation of "basturma" (pemmican)".


title: Pastirma

text: In Kastamonu, which produces around 200 tons of pastırma each year, "çemen" is made using garlic that is locally produced by the farming villages of Taşköprü.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Michael Jamal Brooks (August 13, 1983 – July 20, 2020) was an American talk show host, writer, political commentator, and comedian. While co-hosting "The Majority Report with Sam Seder", he launched "The Michael Brooks Show" in August 2017 and provided commentary for media outlets, making regular appearances on shows such as "The Young Turks." Brooks contributed to various publications, including "HuffPost", "The Washington Post", "Al Jazeera", openDemocracy, and "Jacobin". His book "Against the Web: A Cosmopolitan Answer to the New Right" was published by Zero Books in April 2020.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks was a self-identified progressive, internationalist, democratic socialist, and Marxist humanist. He commented extensively on US foreign policy, the Middle East, Latin America, capitalism, and the intellectual dark web.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Michael Jamal Brooks was born on 1983, to Donna Brooks and Glenn Brooks, and grew up in Hampshire County, Massachusetts. His younger sister Lisha featured in a stream commemorating her brother's life on "The Majority Report" on July 21, 2020, and has since co-hosted "The Michael Brooks Show".


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks became involved in radical politics at a young age, joining the Northampton-based Revolutionary Anarchist Youth (RAY) at 11. He also developed an interest in Buddhism, involving himself with the Insight Meditation Society and regularly participating in annual weeklong silent retreats.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks attended North Star Self-Directed Learning for Teens and the Pioneer Valley Performing Arts Charter Public School. He was accepted to the London School of Economics, but chose not to go as he decided his interests were elsewhere. He attended Bennington College for a year before transferring and earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from Bates College in 2009. Brooks spent his junior year abroad studying European and Turkish security studies at Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks began his career in comedy and meditation, founding the Valley Arts Project and coaching seminars at Sati Solutions. In 2011 he co-authored a meditation guide, "The Buddha's Playbook", with Josh Summers. His early journalism and hosting work include his contributions to CivicActions, "Talking Points Memo", and "The David Pakman Show". On returning to New York City in 2012, Brooks met Sam Seder, and Seder was "immediately struck by his intelligence and his sense of humor and decided to hire him despite his ominous warning that he's 'not great with details.'" That year, Brooks began working for "The Majority Report with Sam Seder". Along with many other colleagues, Brooks criticized MSNBC for firing Seder over a tweet that he had made in 2009. Brooks hosted "INTERSECTION" for Aslan Media and was an analyst for the American Iranian Council.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks was known for his mixture of political analysis with comedy. Bhaskar Sunkara said, "Michael wasn't afraid of controversy—he was happy to give an outlet to guests who criticized the Left's less productive pieties. But he wasn't a shock jock either. Michael could 'get away' with controversies because of how he mixed his comedy with earnestness." Seder said, "I have worked with a lot of great broadcast hosts and some of the most talented comedians in the country, and what was unique about Michael was not just his intelligence and insight into politics, particularly foreign politics, but his ability to do genuinely brilliant political comedy."


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks began co-hosting "2 Dope Boys and a Podcast" in 2016 and announced in 2017 that he was starting "The Michael Brooks Show". The podcast, which was broadcast live on tour from a variety of venues around the United States, reached 131,000 subscribers. It included interviews with Noam Chomsky, Cornel West, Adolph Reed, and Slavoj Žižek. Having first heard of Brazilian president Lula da Silva in 2003, Brooks began reading "BrasilWire" every day during Operation Carwash and the Lula Livre movement in order to deliver updates to viewers. In January 2020, he traveled to São Paulo to interview Lula alongside "BrasilWire" editors Daniel Hunt and Brian Mier. Brooks also wrote the foreword to the 2018 book also by Hunt and Mier, which documents the rise of Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: From April 2020 until his death, Brooks co-hosted a YouTube show called "Weekends with Ana Kasparian and Michael Brooks," a collaboration with "Jacobin". At the time of his death, "Jacobin" was planning to launch a second weekday webcast, "The Jacobin Show", with Brooks as host.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks contributed to various publications, including "HuffPost", "The Washington Post", "Al Jazeera", "In These Times", "Good Worldwide", Al-Monitor, openDemocracy, "Jacobin" and "Jadaliyya". He appeared on various networks and shows around the world such as "The Young Turks", "HuffPost Live", Al Jazeera English, France 24, Novara Media, CCTV, "Rising" and "Hear the Bern", the Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign's podcast.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: On April 24, 2020, Brooks's book "Against the Web: A Cosmopolitan Answer to the New Right" was published by Zero Books. The book is a critique of the popular figures associated with the intellectual dark web. It also argues that a focus on deplatforming has harmed the left's ability to organize, drawing upon Mark Fisher's essay "Exiting the Vampire Castle" (2013). It argues against essentialist thinking on the right and the left, and advocates a "cosmopolitan socialism" that is "open to all cultures and ... embrace[s] and encourage[s] cultural exchange and syncretism" as an alternative. In "Jacobin", Luke Savage called the book a "model blueprint for countering the reactionary narratives ascendant in the smoldering ruins of the neoliberal order." In "UnHerd", James Bloodworth called the book "the most substantial critique of the IDW and its brand of 'classical liberalism' to date."


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks was the author or co-author of several dozen published essays in outlets and magazines including Al Jazeera, "Salon", and "Jacobin" magazine. Some of his published essays are:


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks had no universal criticisms of atheism in general, but was critical of the main public figures associated with New Atheism, such as Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens, and Richard Dawkins. For instance, Brooks found Harris's view of Islam ahistorical and one-dimensional. He criticized Hitchens's political shift to neoconservatism in his later years, but still approved of aspects of his politics, such as his criticisms of US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks was critical of the intellectual dark web and people associated with the group, such as Sam Harris, Jordan Peterson, Dave Rubin, and Ben Shapiro. He believed these people are "fixated on justifying hierarchies that are... socially, politically produced, and then not wanting to look at the reason why things have come in to play". Brooks wrote that Peterson is a "charlatan" and that "[people like Peterson] talk as if they're being persecuted by the all-powerful Intolerant Left while they hold down a tenured position at a prestigious university".


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks was critical of the Israeli government's handling of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He called Israel an "apartheid state" and said, "My Jewish values teach me to oppose apartheid". Brooks opposed Israeli settlements, the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, and Israel's military operations in the Gaza Strip. He also condemned Hamas for killing and targeting civilians. Brooks believed that the two-state solution to the conflict was a "dead, discredited process".


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: In 2019, Brooks praised presidential candidate Bernie Sanders for saying on "Pod Save America" that he would use US aid as leverage to get the Israeli government to act differently. He criticized presidential candidate Andrew Yang for saying he would not use US aid to Israel as leverage. Brooks defended Representative Ilhan Omar after she was accused of antisemitism due to her criticism of Israel.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: After the September 2019 Israeli legislative election, Brooks expressed support for the Israeli political alliance the Joint List, saying that it was "the only vehicle for pure democracy in Israel and Palestine that's electoral".


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks argued that Turkey's response to the Syrian civil war under Recep Tayyip Erdogan was partly an effort to erase Kurdish culture in northern Syria. He showed support and solidarity with the Kurds, praising the socialistic, progressive aspects of their political culture.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: On July 20, 2020, Brooks died from what was initially only described as a "sudden medical condition" at the age of 36. On "The Majority Report", Brooks's sister, Lisha, subsequently reported the cause of death was a blood clot. The statement indicated that a foundation dedicated to his work would be forthcoming.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Tributes were paid to Brooks by his "Majority Report" and "Michael Brooks Show" colleagues, as well as a range of political commentators from other platforms. President of Brazil Lula da Silva, a personal hero of Brooks, expressed his condolences, writing on Twitter: "My heart and prayers go to his family and friends. May his passion for social justice be remembered and inspire people around the world." Jane Sanders, wife of Senator Bernie Sanders, wrote that Brooks's "work on behalf of justice, humanity, and peace and his compassionate intelligence was impressive. It will live on through many he inspired." Cornel West said of Brooks, "he's got a soulfulness about him, and that soulfulness is not just the sharing of a soothing sweetness against the backdrop of a sensitivity of catastrophe, but it's also Socratic, it's deeply self-critical, he's willing to muster the courage to scrutinize himself... that's where his sense of the comic comes from, that he doesn't take himself so seriously that he can't also open himself up to the ways in which he has been shaped by some of the very things he's critical of." Marianne Williamson wrote, "We lost a real light today. Gratitude for what he gave all of us and blessings on his journey forward."


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Brooks's replacement on "The Majority Report" was Emma Vigeland, formerly of "The Young Turks", in November 2020.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: After Brooks's death, "The Michael Brooks Show" continued airing over 20 episodes with producers Matt Lech, David Griscom and Michael's sister Lisha Brooks. On November 24, 2020, the team announced that the weekly show would end and that the final months of the show would be a series of panels and round table discussions in honor of Brooks and his work with intellectual scholars, guests and friends.


title: Michael Brooks (political commentator)

text: Matt Lech and David Griscom launched a new show, "Left Reckoning", while Lisha and the Brooks family launched The Michael Brooks Legacy Project, turning "The Michael Brooks Show"'s YouTube channel into a public commons for education and left voices. In 2021, Lisha Brooks launched a YouTube show and podcast about her brother's life and work called "The Brief and Wondrous Life of Michael Brooks." "The Young Turks" posthumously named Brooks "Turk of the Year".


title: King Diamond (band)

text: King Diamond is a Danish heavy metal band formed in 1985 by vocalist King Diamond, guitarists Andy LaRocque and Michael Denner, bassist Timi Hansen and drummer Mikkey Dee. King, Denner and Hansen had recently departed the group Mercyful Fate, and decided to form a new band under the King Diamond moniker, as it was already known from the Mercyful Fate days. Since the band's inception, there have been over fifteen musicians in and out of King Diamond, with the only two mainstays being Diamond and LaRocque. Their current lineup consists of King, LaRocque, guitarist Mike Wead, drummer Matt Thompson, and bassist Pontus Egberg.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: King Diamond has released a total of twelve studio albums (most of them are concept albums), two live albums, two extended plays, five compilations and five singles. Their first album, "Fatal Portrait", was released in 1986, followed a year later by the band's first concept album "Abigail" (1987). Three more albums were released before the band was put on hiatus around 1992, when King Diamond reunited with his former outfit Mercyful Fate. Diamond reformed the band in 1994, and would balance recording and touring with both Mercyful Fate and his eponymous band throughout the 1990s. King Diamond has remained active since then, despite having not released a studio album since 2007's "Give Me Your Soul...Please".


title: King Diamond (band)

text: The band was formed in 1985 by vocalist King Diamond, guitarist Michael Denner, and bassist Timi Hansen. The three had recently departed from the group Mercyful Fate, which fell apart due to musical differences between King Diamond and guitarist Hank Shermann. According to Diamond, when he, Denner, and Hansen decided to form a new band, they chose the name "King Diamond" to "get better deals", and because the name was already known from Mercyful Fate. To round-out the line-up of the King Diamond band, the group chose drummer Mikkey Dee and guitarist Andy LaRocque.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: In July 1985, the band began recording their debut album at Sound Track Studio in Copenhagen, Denmark. On 25 December, they released their debut single "No Presents for Christmas". "Fatal Portrait", the band's first full-length studio album, was released on 17 February 1986, through Roadrunner Records. Produced by Rune Höyer and vocalist King Diamond, the album charted at number 33 on the Swedish album chart, and spawned the single "Halloween", which was released on 6 June 1986.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: In December 1986, King Diamond began recording their second studio album, once again at Sound Track Studio in Copenhagen, Denmark. The band released the single "The Family Ghost" on 1 July 1987, for which they also shot their first music video. On 15 June 1987, King Diamond released the album "Abigail", their first concept album based on an original story by vocalist King Diamond. The album went on to chart at number 39 in Sweden, number 68 in the Netherlands, and at number 123 on the "Billboard" 200. Following "Abigail"'s release, guitarist Michael Denner left the band due to touring strains. He was subsequently replaced by Mike Moon for the album's supporting tour, during which the band recorded the live album "" (however it wasn't released until 1991).


title: King Diamond (band)

text: Following the completion of the "Abigail" tour, guitarist Mike Moon and bassist Timi Hansen were replaced by Pete Blakk and Hal Patino respectively. On 13 September 1988, King Diamond released the album ""Them"", which was recorded at M.M.C. Studio in Copenhagen, Denmark. Another concept album, ""Them"" charted at number 38 on the Swedish album chart, number 65 on the Dutch album chart, and at number 89 on the "Billboard" 200, making ""Them"" King Diamond's highest charting album in America to date. Another music video was also shot, this time for the single "Welcome Home". On 1 November, the group released "The Dark Sides" EP, a collection of previously released material as well as one unreleased track.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: Following the completion of the supporting tour for ""Them"", Mikkey Dee left King Diamond. However, he was rehired to play drums on the band's follow-up album, after which he was replaced by Snowy Shaw. On 21 August 1989, King Diamond released the album "Conspiracy", which charted at number 41 on the Swedish album chart, number 64 on the Dutch album chart, and at number 111 on the "Billboard" 200. A continuation of the storyline from ""Them"", "Conspiracy" was the first King Diamond album recorded in the United States being recorded at Rumbo Recording Studios in Canoga Park, California. A music video was also made for the track "Sleepless Nights".


title: King Diamond (band)

text: In June 1990, King Diamond began recording fifth studio album "The Eye" at Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was released on 30 October 1990. The drums on the album were performed by drummer Snowy Shaw using drum pads. It debuted at number 179 on the Billboard 200. However, the band did not tour in support of the album due to the lack of label support. Following "The Eye", Hal Patino and Pete Blakk were replaced by Sharlee D'Angelo and Mike Wead respectively. However this line-up ended-up not recording any material, as vocalist King Diamond reunited with Mercyful Fate in 1992 (King Diamond would balance recording and touring with both Mercyful Fate and his eponymous band throughout the 1990s).


title: King Diamond (band)

text: After recording and touring with Mercyful Fate, King Diamond reformed his eponymous band in 1994. With the line-up of King Diamond, Andy La Rocque, as well as guitarist Herb Simonsen, bassist Chris Estes and drummer Darrin Anthony from the Texas band Mindstorm, the band spent September through October 1994, recording their next album. Released on 6 June 1995, "The Spider's Lullabye" was the band's first album on Metal Blade Records, as well as their first studio release since "Fatal Portrait" to not be a concept album. The album went on to peak at number 31 on the Finnish album charts. In March 1996, King Diamond began recording their seventh studio album at the Dallas Sound Lab. Released on 1 October 1996, "The Graveyard" saw King Diamond returning to writing concept albums. The album also charted at number 23 in Finland. After the album's release, drummer Darrin Anthony was forced to leave the band due to a car accident and was subsequently replaced by Chastain drummer John Luke Hebert.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: On 24 February 1998, King Diamond released the album "Voodoo", which charted at number 27 on the Finnish album chart and at number 55 on the Swedish album chart. After the album's release, guitarist Herb Simonsen was replaced by Glen Drover. When Mercyful Fate was put on hold in 1999, King Diamond began recording the album "House of God" at the Nomad Recording Studio in Carrollton, Texas, with their new bassist Paul David Harbour, who had replaced Chris Estes. Released on 20 June 2000, the album peaked at number 60 in Sweden. After the album's release, guitarist Glen Drover, drummer John Luke Hebert and bassist Paul David Harbour were replaced by Mike Wead, Matt Thompson and Hal Patino respectively.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: In May 2001, King Diamond began recording their tenth studio album once again at the Nomad Recording Studio. Released on 29 January 2002, "" was a sequel to 1987's "Abigail" album. It was also the first King Diamond album since 1990's "The Eye" to feature bassist Hal Patino who rejoined the band during the recording process. King Diamond did not tour in support of "Abigail II", as Metal Blade could not provide tour support, due to illegal downloading. Despite this, the album went on to peak at number 24 in Finland and at number 42 in Sweden.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: On 21 October 2003, King Diamond released the album "The Puppet Master", which charted at number 36 in Sweden. Besides featuring the band, the album also featured additional vocals from Livia Zita, who is also King Diamond's wife. During the supporting tour for "The Puppet Master", the band recorded the live album "Deadly Lullabyes", which was released 21 September 2004. In April 2006, former bandmate Mikkey Dee (currently with Scorpions, formerly with Motörhead) made a guest appearance at King Diamond's sold-out gig in Gothenburg, Sweden. On 26 June 2007, King Diamond released the album "Give Me Your Soul...Please". The album went on to peak at number 25 on the Finnish chart, number 28 on the Swedish chart, and at number 174 on the "Billboard" 200. The track "Never Ending Hill" also garnered a Grammy nomination for "Best Metal Performance" (the group's first). A music video was also made for the album's title track.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: In late November 2010, King Diamond was rushed to the hospital after having several heart attacks. There it was discovered that three of his arteries had been blocked, which meant he had to undergo triple bypass surgery. Following a successful operation, he returned home to rest. Diamond also stopped smoking entirely, changed his diet and began getting regular exercise, according to his wife. On 27 January 2012, Diamond made a special appearance at the "5th Annual Nomad Recording Studio Throwdown", performing three songs: "The Family Ghost", "Evil" and "Burn". On 9 June 2012, the entire King Diamond band played at the Sweden Rock Festival. They were also joined on stage by Michael Denner, Hank Shermann, Mickey Dee and Volbeat's Michael Poulsen. Vocalist King Diamond stated that the band was expected to begin writing new material for their thirteenth studio album in the fall of 2012.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: On 19 July 2014, the band announced that Hal Patino has been relieved of his duties, for reasons very similar to why he was fired from the band in 1990. He was replaced by Pontus Egberg, formerly of the bands Lion's Share and the Poodles. In October, King Diamond announced a new compilation titled "Dreams of Horror" which was released in November through Metal Blade Records, covering the band's entire career. In December, Egberg became an official member of the band.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: King Diamond took part in the 2015 Rockstar Energy Mayhem Festival along with bands such as Slayer (who was chosen as the headliner), Hellyeah, The Devil Wears Prada, Thy Art Is Murder, Jungle Rot, Sister Sin, Sworn In, Shattered Sun, Feed Her to the Sharks, Code Orange and Kissing Candice. The tour ran from 26 June through 2 August. At the 8 July 2015 show in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, King Diamond was forced to perform without his signature face paint due to a severe eye infection, in which doctors advised against the use of any makeup. He said that there was no negative feedback from the fans. The band then embarked on a special tour from October to December 2015 with thrash metal band Exodus, where the 1987 album "Abigail" was performed in its entirety.


title: King Diamond (band)

text: In 2018, King Diamond started work on its thirteenth studio album, which would be divided into two parts to connect with its theme. The first part of the series was later revealed to be titled "The Institute". It was planned to be released in 2020 with a North American tour taking place in the fall of 2019; its release date was later pushed back to 2022 and then to 2023. The first single from the album, "Masquerade of Madness", was made available for streaming on 8 November 2019. On 25 January 2019, the first ever live video "Songs for the Dead Live" was released.


title: Am I OK?

text: Am I OK? is a 2022 American comedy-drama film directed by Tig Notaro and Stephanie Allynne and written by Lauren Pomerantz. It stars Dakota Johnson, Sonoya Mizuno, Jermaine Fowler, Kiersey Clemons, Molly Gordon, June Diane Raphael, Tig Notaro, and Sean Hayes.


title: Am I OK?

text: It had its world premiere at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2022, and is set to premiere on HBO Max on a yet-to-be-determined date.


title: Am I OK?

text: Lucy, a 32-year-old woman living in Los Angeles, realizes that all her dates with men are unsuccessful because she is a lesbian. With the help of her lifelong best friend Jane, she attempts to navigate coming out and dating women in her 30s.


title: Am I OK?

text: In October 2019, it was announced Tig Notaro and Stephanie Allynne would direct the film from a screenplay by Lauren Pomerantz, with Jessica Elbaum and Will Ferrell set to produce under their Gloria Sanchez Productions banner. In January 2021, Dakota Johnson, Sonoya Mizuno, Jermaine Fowler, Whitmer Thomas, Molly Gordon, June Diane Raphael, Notaro and Sean Hayes joined the cast of the film, with Johnson also serving as a producer under her TeaTime Pictures banner.


title: Am I OK?

text: Principal photography began in February 2021 in Los Angeles. Shortly after production began, it was halted for a week after a crew member tested positive for COVID-19 in the midst of the ongoing pandemic.


title: Am I OK?

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2022. Shortly after, HBO Max and Warner Bros. Pictures acquired distribution rights to the film. It is set to premiere on HBO Max on a yet-to-be-determined date.


title: Flag of Maryland

text: The flag of the state of Maryland is the 17th-century heraldic banner of arms of Cecil, 2nd Baron Baltimore. It consists of the arms of his father George, 1st Baron Baltimore (1579–1632), quartered with those of his grandmother, heiress of the Crossland family. The flag was officially adopted by the General Assembly of Maryland (state legislature) in 1904.


title: Flag of Maryland

text: The Maryland colony was founded by The 2nd Baron Baltimore (1605–1675), which was granted to him as the son and heir of The 1st Baron Baltimore by King Charles I, hence the use of his banner of arms as the flag. During the colonial period, only the gold (yellow) and black Calvert arms were associated with Maryland. The state stopped using the colors following American independence, but they were reintroduced in 1854.


title: Flag of Maryland

text: The red and white cross bottony counterchanged had gained popularity during the American Civil War. Maryland had remained loyal to the U.S. despite a large proportion of the citizenry's support for the Confederacy, especially in the central city of Baltimore, the counties of the southern part of the state, and the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay. Those Marylanders who supported the Confederacy, many of whom fought in the Army of Northern Virginia of Robert E. Lee, adopted the Crossland banner (seen as "secession colors") and often used a metal bottony cross pinned to their gray uniforms or caps (kepis). The black and gold bend dexter counterchanged of the Barons Baltimore was used in the flags and devices and pinned on the uniforms of Union Army regiments in the Army of the Potomac. After the war, Marylanders who had fought on either side of the conflict returned to their state in need of reconciliation.


title: Flag of Maryland

text: The present design, which incorporates both of the coats of arms used by George Calvert, began to appear officially after the Civil War. The flag in its present form was first flown in Baltimore, on October 11, 1880, at a parade marking the 150th anniversary of the founding of Baltimore (1729–1730). It was flown again on October 25, 1888, at the Gettysburg Battlefield during ceremonies dedicating monuments to the Maryland regiments of the Army of the Potomac by reorganized regiments of the former state militia, now the Maryland National Guard.


title: Flag of Maryland

text: The flag was not officially adopted as the state flag until 1904. The present flag is symbolic of the reunion of all the citizens in the state and is represented through the colors of the flag.


title: Flag of Maryland

text: In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association placed Maryland's flag fourth best in design quality out of the 72 flags of the provinces of Canada, the U.S. states, and the territories of the United States. It finished behind the flags of New Mexico, Texas and Quebec respectively.


title: Flag of Maryland

text: Post-independence and the discontinuation of the Calvert flag, many banners were used to represent Maryland. By the civil war, the most common design representing all of Maryland consisted of the seal of Maryland on a blue background. It is worth noting that pre-1876 the Maryland seal did not include the current Maryland flag on it. These banners were unofficial, and designs varied. It is not known the exact specifications of these banners.


title: Flag of Maryland

text: The banner of arms of the Barons Baltimore, the present flag is a quartered field with the arms of The 1st Baron Baltimore in the canton (1st quarter) and the lower fly (4th quarter), with the arms of Alicia Crossland in the upper fly and lower hoist (2nd and 3rd quarters).


title: Flag of Maryland

text: In the black and gold quarters of the flag is the arms of The 1st Baron Baltimore, a former Secretary of State, granted as a reward for his storming a fortification during a battle. (The vertical bars approximate the bars of the palisade.) The red and white quarter is the coat of arms of the Crossland family, the family of Lord Baltimore's mother from South Crosland in West Yorkshire, England, and consists of a cross bottony with the red and white sides of the cross alternating. Since Lord Baltimore's mother was a heraldic heiress, he was entitled to use both arms in his banner of arms. Upon the death of George, Lord Baltimore, in April 1632, the right to bear the arms and banner passed to his eldest son Cecil, 2nd Baron Baltimore, to whom the Province of Maryland was granted that same year.


title: Flag of Maryland

text: The heraldic blazon is: "Quarterly, 1st and 4th, paly of six Or and Sable, a bend counterchanged (for Calvert); 2nd and 3rd, quarterly argent and gules, a cross bottony counterchanged (for Crossland).


title: Flag of Maryland

text: The Calvert and Crossland arms and banner, and the Maryland flag itself, have been adapted for use in various ways across the state.


title: Flag of Maryland

text: Secretary of State publishes a "Protocol for the Maryland State Flag" which, among other things, specifies the colors of the flag:


title: Flag of Maryland

text: 1.04. The red and yellow colors in the Maryland flag should conform to the following Pantone Matching System colors:


title: Flag of Maryland

text: In 1945, the Maryland General Assembly made a gold cross bottony the official ornament for the top of any flagpole carrying the state flag. Maryland is the only state in the union that has a specific guideline not only on how to display the flag but also on what ornament should be on top of the flagpole as well. Sometime before October 10, 2007, Government House (the Governor's Mansion) in Annapolis ceased to display the cross bottony at the top of the flag pole, but the flags at the State House continue to do so (adhering to Maryland General Provisions Code § 7-202 & 7-203 (2016)). In March 2015, the gold cross bottony was put back on top of the flag pole on Government House (Governor's Mansion). All other state government buildings, including public schools, obey this guideline, but many private individuals and businesses do not.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: Jakarta International Stadium () is a retractable roof football stadium in Tanjung Priok, Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the home ground of Persija Jakarta after moving from their current stadium, Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, and the occasional home of the Indonesia national football team, after an agreement between PSSI and PT JAKPRO to use the facility. The stadium has a seating capacity of 82,000 spectators, making it the largest stadium in Indonesia and largest football-specific stadium in Asia. Construction of the stadium was delayed due to land disputes and class-action lawsuits by former squatters whose homes were demolished to make way for the stadium. Construction of the stadium started in September 2019 and completed in April 2022. After numerous delays and preparations, the stadium opened for its grand opening on 24 July 2022.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: The stadium complex is built on 22 hectares of land and the stadium building itself is built on . This stadium is the largest capacity retractable roof stadium in Asia and the second largest retractable roof stadium by capacity in the world, just behind AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: In late 2000s to early 2010s, plans had emerged that a new home stadium for Persija Jakarta would be built in 26.5 hectares of land near the BMW Park () in Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta, where squatters had been illegally building homes for the last few years. The stadium was to be named 'BMW Stadium' after the aforementioned neighbouring park and was scheduled to be built by 2013 and completed by 2015. The stadium had a planned capacity of 50,000 and was originally planned to feature a running track. This stadium was to be a replacement of Lebak Bulus Stadium which was demolished for the Jakarta MRT train depot.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: By 2014, the stadium's construction hadn't commenced since the owner of the land is still disputed by the former squatters and the city government. New plans had been discussed to build the stadium with a brand new design with 80,000 capacity for the 2018 Asian Games, but later the plans were cancelled and the government opted to renovate the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium later in 2016.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: After multiple series of failed planning and construction, the land dispute was over and it was ready to be cleared for construction on 2017, and buildings of former squatters was later demolished. Two years after the land was cleared, an official plan was released for a stadium of 82,000 capacity with a retractable roof and without a running track, unlike the previous project designs over the years. The newly designed project was given the name 'Jakarta International Stadium' and broke ground on 14 March 2019 with Jakarta Governor Anies Baswedan kicking off the construction. Since the construction has started, the affected neighbouring residents of Kampung Bayam has asked for compensation for damages and most residents has moved out of the area.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: The stadium construction started in September 2019. The construction of the stadium hasn't been halted amid the COVID-19 pandemic, albeit safety precautions and medical check-ups for workers has been implemented. Due to the pandemic, the construction progress slowed down caused by the decrease of construction workers and delay of construction materials being shipped and transported for the project. This problem has pushed the estimated opening date from October 2021 to April 2022.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: On 4 June 2021, the lifting of the steel roof truss began. The three-phased lifting was completed on 17 June 2021, just under 2 weeks after it was started. The main truss has a total mass of 3,900 tons and has a length of . Jakarta Governor Anies Baswedan claimed that the lifting was the biggest and heaviest ever done on a stadium roof in the world, and earned a MURI record for the Heaviest Lifting of Stadium Roof Structure on 28 July 2021. The stadium also earned two other records for the First Retractable Roof Stadium in Indonesia and the First Stadium to be a Platinum Green Building in Indonesia certified using GREENSHIP Rating Tool of Green Building Council Indonesia (GBC Indonesia).


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: On 10 December 2021, the construction of the sheet metal roof has been completed, while the stadium has reached 87,85% completion. The next day, the sound system, floodlights, and hybrid grass was tested, with Fadly, the vocalist of rock band Padi, performing for the construction workers in the stadium.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: The stadium was planned to have a soft opening on 11 December 2021, but a week before the opening, the government decided to postpone it due to the Omicron variant outbreak. The soft opening date was delayed to 6 February 2022, but was later delayed again due to rising COVID-19 cases.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: The stadium finally had its soft opening on 13 April 2022, to coincide with the first matchday of the 2021 International Youth Championship, a friendly cup participated by the youth teams of Indonesia, Barcelona, Bali United, and Atlético Madrid. It was held from 13 to 19 April 2022. The group stage matches of the championship was scheduled to be held in the newly renovated Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium in Bali, but the stadium was withdrawn due to COVID-19 restrictions. The competition was hosted in the stadium to "show the world that European-quality stadiums will be an icon of Indonesia" said Gede Widiade, the chairman of Pancoran Soccer Field, the organizer of the event. On 19 April, Barcelona U-18 won the competition after winning 1–0 in the final match against Atlético Madrid U-18.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: The stadium hosted the closing ceremony event for the 495th anniversary of Jakarta on 25 June 2022. On 24 July 2022, the stadium had its grand opening, with the main event being a pre-season friendly match between Persija Jakarta against Chonburi F.C.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: Jakarta International Stadium is built to FIFA standards and is also able to accommodate various non-sporting uses, such as music concerts and art events. The stadium complex also has outdoor training fields and is planned to include additional developments. The wide pedestrian ramp connects the stadium complex to the nearby BMW Park, a planned agritourist development connecting the stadium complex with the neighbouring Cincin reservoir and urban forest.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: The stadium has three-tiered stands with a total capacity of 82,000 spectators. The total height of the stadium is tall, making it one of the tallest stadiums in the world. The stadium façade features a tiger-striped-styled pattern that references Persija's color and mascot, while the stadium shape itself is inspired by traditional Betawi clothing.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: The stadium's playing field is per FIFA regulations, and uses a hybrid grass surface. The hybrid grass is a combination of "zoysia matrella" grass and Limonta Mixto artificial turf imported from Italy that is also used in the outdoor training fields. It is the first football stadium in Indonesia to have a semi-artificial surface. Both training pitches and the main pitch were all constructed by PT. In an unorthodox approach to field maintenance, pied stilt birds are let out daily to eat pests, avoiding the need for pesticides.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: The retractable roof is made of an ETFE membrane and is long. It is also be the first football stadium to have a retractable roof in Indonesia and the second football stadium in Southeast Asia to feature a retractable roof after Singapore National Stadium.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: Jakarta International Stadium features a sky-viewing observation deck on the side of the retractable roof, the first stadium to have one in Southeast Asia. The deck is or 20 stories high above the ground that offers a 180-degree view of the Ancol complex and the rest of the North Jakarta area. The deck can be used for jogging and climbing.


title: Jakarta International Stadium

text: The stadium is proposed to connect with a KRL Commuterline Pink Line station, as the stadium is located close into the line, as well as a Jakarta LRT station. One Transjakarta BRT route connected to Harmoni Central Busway is currently the only operational route, with three more routes planned in the future. The Jakarta Inner Ring Road passes next to the stadium.


title: Elizabeth Tudor (1492–1495)

text: Elizabeth Tudor (2 July 1492 – 14 September 1495) was the second daughter and fourth child of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York.


title: Elizabeth Tudor (1492–1495)

text: Elizabeth was born on 2 July 1492 at Sheen Palace in Surrey (later rebuilt by her father as Richmond Palace, the remains of which are now part of Richmond-Upon-Thames, London). Her wet nurse, Cecily Burbage, was a married gentlewoman from Hayes.


title: Elizabeth Tudor (1492–1495)

text: Elizabeth died at Eltham Palace in Kent on 14 September 1495 at the age of three years and two months. Her tomb in Westminster Abbey is made from Purbeck and black marble. On top of the monument is a finely polished slab of black Lydian, upon which were placed inscriptions to Elizabeth and her effigy of copper gilt, both of which have now disappeared with time. The Latin from the inscription can be translated:


title: Elizabeth Tudor (1492–1495)

text: The following year in 1496, Henry and Elizabeth had another daughter, Mary, who became the Queen of France. Their final two children, Edmund (who died in 1500 at the age of 15 months) and Katherine (who died in 1503 shortly after birth), were laid to rest by young Elizabeth's side.


title: Undercover Brother

text: Undercover Brother is a 2002 American satirical spy action comedy blaxploitation film directed by Malcolm D. Lee and starring Eddie Griffin. The screenplay by John Ridley and Michael McCullers is based on the Internet animated series created by Ridley. It spoofs blaxploitation films of the 1970s as well as a number of other films, most notably the James Bond franchise. It also stars former "Saturday Night Live" cast member Chris Kattan and comedian Dave Chappelle as well as Aunjanue Ellis, Neil Patrick Harris, Denise Richards, and Billy Dee Williams, and features a cameo by James Brown.


title: Undercover Brother

text: The film begins with a backstory of how African-American culture's popularity with the American public began to decline in the 1980s, when style and originality began to lose appeal in the public eye due to the persistent efforts of "The Man", a powerful Caucasian man in control of a secret organization that seeks to undermine the African-American community as well as the cultures of other minorities. The Man is infuriated that Gen. Warren Boutwell, a United States Army general (based on Colin Powell), is considering running for president, and his lackey Mr. Feather informs him of a mind-control drug which The Man uses to make Boutwell abort his plans and instead open a fried chicken franchise. The B.R.O.T.H.E.R.H.O.O.D., a secret organization that battles The Man's influence, determines The Man is behind Boutwell's change of heart, and recruits a freelance spy named Undercover Brother to aid them.


title: Undercover Brother

text: Undercover Brother joins B.R.O.T.H.E.R.H.O.O.D. which is made up of the Chief, Conspiracy Brother, Smart Brother, Sistah Girl, and Lance, an intern who is the only white man in the organization hired due to affirmative action. Undercover Brother goes undercover as a new employee at a cigarette company owned by The Man, where Mr. Feather discovers his identity. He deploys a secret weapon that he calls "Black Man's Kryptonite", an attractive assassin named White She-Devil. Posing as another new employee, she and Undercover Brother start dating, and she begins to make him do stereotypical "white" things, such as buying corduroy and khaki clothes, singing karaoke, and adopting a silly set of euphemisms. Meanwhile, The Man distributes his mind-control drug through Boutwell's fried chicken, infecting other black celebrities and making them act white, as well as marketing the chicken nationwide to land a crushing blow to African-American culture.


title: Undercover Brother

text: Concerned with Undercover Brother's unusual behavior, Sistah Girl attacks White She-Devil and convinces Undercover Brother to return to the fight. White She-Devil turns on her own henchmen to save the two, revealing she has fallen in love with Undercover Brother. They return to the B.R.O.T.H.E.R.H.O.O.D., where Smart Brother questions White She-Devil about The Man and Lance is officially made part of the group when he declares his desire to abolish bigotry after watching "Roots". The group heads to an awards gala after they find out that James Brown is The Man's next target. Mr. Feather kidnaps Brown and takes him to The Man's base. B.R.O.T.H.E.R.H.O.O.D. secures an antidote for the mind control drug and follows via a transmitter placed on Brown, infiltrating the base posing as a cleaning crew, to rescue Brown and Boutwell.


title: Undercover Brother

text: Mr. Feather prepares to administer the drug to Brown and present him as a trophy to The Man, and Brown reveals himself as Undercover Brother in disguise. Mr. Feather sends his henchmen after B.R.O.T.H.E.R.H.O.O.D., who rescue Boutwell, and is ordered by Mr. Feather to kill Undercover Brother. In the fighting, Conspiracy Brother accidentally begins the building's self-destruct sequence. The B.R.O.T.H.E.R.H.O.O.D. cures Boutwell and evacuate him from the building while Undercover Brother chases Mr. Feather to the roof. The Man's helicopter circles overhead and leaves, The Man abandoning Mr. Feather for failing him. Mr. Feather jumps onto the helicopter's landing gear as it flies away, and Undercover Brother uses his afro picks to impale Mr. Feather in the buttocks, causing him to fall into the ocean, where he is eaten by a shark. However, The Man escapes. Undercover Brother survives the building's self-destruction by leaping off the building and using his modified parachute pants to escape. He and Sistah Girl kiss and leave the island, the world at peace.


title: Undercover Brother

text: "Undercova Funk (Give Up the Funk)" by Snoop Dogg featuring Bootsy Collins was released as a single from the film's soundtrack album on Hollywood Records, sampling "Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof off the Sucker)" by Parliament, from the album "Mothership Connection", which was also featured in the film. A music video for "Undercover Funk" was also produced, featuring appearances from Eddie Griffin, Bootsy Collins and Buckethead.


title: Undercover Brother

text: "Undercover Brother" made $12.1 million during its opening weekend, ranking in fourth place at the box office, behind "The Sum of All Fears", "" and "Spider-Man".


title: Undercover Brother

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Fast-paced and filled with racial gags, "Undercover Brother" serves up plenty of laughs and sharp satire." On Metacritic the film received a weighted average score of 69 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Undercover Brother

text: Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" gave a positive review, stating: "The picture is crammed with shameless satire, engaging moments of pure silliness and jokes that border on the outrageous. It combines relentless energy with an aura of good nature for a formula that works."


title: Undercover Brother

text: Later Denise Richards said:“That was a fun movie. We had so much fun doing it. It's so camp and silly.“


title: Undercover Brother

text: A sequel titled "Undercover Brother 2" starring Michael Jai White, Gary Owen, Affion Crockett, and Brandon Hirsch was released on Netflix and directly to video in 2019.


title: Catholicity

text: Catholicity (from , via ) is a concept pertaining to beliefs and practices that are widely accepted by numerous Christian denominations, most notably by those Christian denominations that describe themselves as "catholic" in accordance with the Four Marks of the Church, as expressed in the Nicene Creed formulated at the First Council of Constantinople in 381: "[I believe] in one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church."


title: Catholicity

text: The Catholic Church is also known as the Roman Catholic Church; the term "Roman Catholic" is used especially in ecumenical contexts and in countries where other churches use the term "catholic", to distinguish it from broader meanings of the term. Though the community led by the pope in Rome is known as the Catholic Church, the traits of catholicity, and thus the term "catholic", are also ascribed to denominations such as the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East. It also occurs in Lutheranism, Anglicanism, as well as Independent Catholicism and other Christian denominations. While traits used to define catholicity, as well as recognition of these traits in other denominations, vary among these groups, such attributes include formal sacraments, an episcopal polity, apostolic succession, highly structured liturgical worship, and other shared Ecclesiology.


title: Catholicity

text: Among Protestant and related traditions, "catholic" is used in the sense of indicating a self-understanding of the universality of the confession and continuity of faith and practice from Early Christianity, encompassing the "whole company of God's redeemed people". Specifically among Methodist, Lutheran, Moravian, and Reformed denominations the term "catholic" is used in claiming to be "heirs of the apostolic faith". These denominations consider themselves to be part of the catholic (universal) church, teaching that the term "designates the historic, orthodox mainstream of Christianity whose doctrine was defined by the ecumenical councils and creeds" and as such, most Reformers "appealed to this catholic tradition and believed they were in continuity with it." As such, the universality, or catholicity, of the church pertains to the entire body (or assembly) of believers united to Christ.


title: Catholicity

text: A common belief related to catholicity is institutional continuity with the early Christian church founded by Jesus Christ. Many churches or communions of churches identify singularly or collectively as the authentic church. The following summarizes the major schisms and conflicts within Christianity, particularly within groups that identify as catholic; there are several competing historical interpretations as to which groups entered into schism with the original early church.


title: Catholicity

text: According to the theory of Pentarchy, the early undivided church came to be organized under the three patriarchs of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch, to which later were added the patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem. The Bishop of Rome was at that time recognized as first among them, as is stated, for instance, in canon 3 of the First Council of Constantinople (381)—many interpret "first" as meaning here first among equals—and doctrinal or procedural disputes were often referred to Rome, as when, on appeal by Athanasius against the decision of the Council of Tyre (335), Pope Julius I, who spoke of such appeals as customary, annulled the action of that council and restored Athanasius and Marcellus of Ancyra to their sees. The Bishop of Rome was also considered to have the right to convene ecumenical councils. When the Imperial capital moved to Constantinople, Rome's influence was sometimes challenged. Nonetheless, Rome claimed special authority because of its connection to the Apostles Peter and Paul, who, many believe, were martyred and buried in Rome, and because the Bishop of Rome saw himself as the successor of Peter. There are sources that suggest that Peter was not the first Pope and never went to Rome.


title: Catholicity

text: The 431 Council of Ephesus, the third ecumenical council, was chiefly concerned with Nestorianism, which emphasized the distinction between the humanity and divinity of Jesus and taught that, in giving birth to Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary could not be spoken of as giving birth to God. This Council rejected Nestorianism and affirmed that, as humanity and divinity are inseparable in the one person of Jesus Christ, his mother, the Virgin Mary, is thus Theotokos, God-bearer, Mother of God. The first great rupture in the Early Church followed this Council. Those who refused to accept the Council's ruling were largely Persian and are represented today by the Assyrian Church of the East and related churches, which, however, do not now hold a "Nestorian" theology. They are often called Ancient Oriental Churches.


title: Catholicity

text: The next major break was after the Council of Chalcedon (451). This Council repudiated Eutychian Monophysitism which stated that the divine nature completely subsumed the human nature in Christ. This Council declared that Christ, though one person, exhibited two natures "without confusion, without change, without division, without separation" and thus is both fully God and fully human. The Alexandrian Church rejected the terms adopted by this Council, and the Christian churches that follow the tradition of non-acceptance of the Council—they are not Monophysite in doctrine—are referred to as Pre-Chalcedonian or Oriental Orthodox Churches.


title: Catholicity

text: The next great rift within Christianity was in the 11th century. Longstanding doctrinal disputes, as well as conflicts between methods of church government, and the evolution of separate rites and practices, precipitated a split in 1054 that divided the church, this time between a "West" and an "East". Spain, England, France, the Holy Roman Empire, Poland, Bohemia, Slovakia, Scandinavia, the Baltic states, and Western Europe in general were in the Western camp, and Greece, Romania, Russia and many other Slavic lands, Anatolia, and the Christians in Syria and Egypt who accepted the Council of Chalcedon made up the Eastern camp. This division between the Western Church and the Eastern Church is called the East–West Schism.


title: Catholicity

text: In 1438, the Council of Florence convened, which featured a strong dialogue focussed on understanding the theological differences between the East and West, with the hope of reuniting the Catholic and Orthodox churches. Several eastern churches reunited, constituting some of the Eastern Catholic Churches.


title: Catholicity

text: Another major division in the church occurred in the 16th century with the Protestant Reformation, after which many parts of the Western Church rejected Papal authority, and some of the teachings of the Western Church at that time, and became known as "Reformed" or "Protestant".


title: Catholicity

text: A much less extensive rupture occurred when, after the Roman Catholic Church's First Vatican Council, in which it officially proclaimed the dogma of papal infallibility, small clusters of Catholics in the Netherlands and in German-speaking countries formed the Old-Catholic (Altkatholische) Church.


title: Catholicity

text: Use of the terms "catholicity" and "catholicism" depends on context. For times preceding the Great Schism, it refers to the Nicene Creed and especially to tenets of Christology, i.e. the rejection of Arianism.


title: Catholicity

text: For times after the Great Schism, Catholicism (with the capital C) in the sense of the Catholic Church, combines the Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches of Greek tradition, and the other Eastern Catholic Churches. Liturgical and canonical practices vary between all these particular Churches constituting the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches (or, as Richard McBrien calls them, the "Communion of Catholic Churches"). Contrast this with the term Catholicos (but not "Catholicism") in reference to the head of a Particular Church in Eastern Christianity. In the Roman Catholic Church, the term "catholic" is understood as to cover those who are baptized and in communion with the Pope.


title: Catholicity

text: Other Christians use it in an intermediate sense, neither just those Christians in communion with Rome, but more narrow than all Christians who recite the Creeds. They use it to distinguish their position from a Calvinistic or Puritan form of Protestantism. It is then meaningful to attempt to draw up a list of common characteristic beliefs and practices of this definition of catholicity:


title: Catholicity

text: Churches in the Roman Catholic tradition administer seven sacraments or "sacred mysteries": Baptism, Confirmation or Chrismation, Eucharist, Penance, also known as Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. For Protestant Christians, only Baptism and Eucharist are considered sacraments.


title: Catholicity

text: In churches that consider themselves catholic, a sacrament is considered to be an efficacious visible sign of God's invisible grace. While the word "mystery" is used not only of these rites, but also with other meanings with reference to revelations of and about God and to God's mystical interaction with creation, the word "sacrament" (Latin: "a solemn pledge"), the usual term in the West, refers specifically to these rites.


title: Catholicity

text: Many individual Christians and Christian denominations consider themselves "catholic" on the basis, in particular, of apostolic succession. They may be described as falling into five groups:


title: Catholicity

text: For some confessions listed under category 3, the self-affirmation refers to the belief in the ultimate unity of the universal church under one God and one Savior, rather than in one visibly unified institution (as with category 1, above). In this usage, "catholic" is sometimes written with a lower-case "c". The Western Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed, stating "I believe in ... one holy catholic ... church", are recited in worship services. Among some denominations in category 3, "Christian" is substituted for "catholic" in order to denote the doctrine that the Christian Church is, at least ideally, undivided.


title: Catholicity

text: Protestant churches each have their own distinctive theological and ecclesiological notions of catholicity.


title: Catholicity

text: In its "Letter on Some Aspects of the Church Understood as Communion", the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith stressed the belief that the idea of the universal church as a communion of churches must not be presented as meaning that "every particular Church is a subject complete in itself, and that the universal church is the result of a "reciprocal recognition" on the part of the particular Churches". It insisted that "the universal Church cannot be conceived as the sum of the particular Churches, or as a federation of particular Churches".


title: Catholicity

text: The Catholic Church considers only those in full communion with the Holy See in Rome as Catholics. While recognising the valid episcopates and Eucharist of the Eastern Orthodox Church in most cases, it does not consider Protestant denominations such as Lutheran ones to be genuine churches and so uses the term "ecclesial communities" to refer to them. Because the Catholic Church does not consider these denominations to have valid episcopal orders capable of celebrating a valid Eucharist, it does not classify them as churches "in the proper sense".


title: Catholicity

text: The Catholic Church's doctrine of infallibility derives from the belief that the authority Jesus gave Peter as head of the church on earth has been passed on to his successors, the popes. Relevant Bible verses include ; "And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven."


title: Catholicity

text: The Latin and Eastern Catholic Churches together form the "Catholic Church", or "Roman Catholic Church", the world's largest single religious body and the largest Christian denomination, as well as its largest Catholic church, comprising over half of all Christians (1.27 billion Christians of 2.1 billion) and nearly one-sixth of the world's population. Richard McBrien would put the proportion even higher, extending it to those who are in communion with the Bishop of Rome only in "degrees". It comprises 24 component "particular Churches" (also called "rites" in the Second Vatican Council's Decree on the Eastern Catholic Churches and in the Code of Canon Law), all of which acknowledge a primacy of jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome and are in full communion with the Holy See and each other.


title: Catholicity

text: These particular churches or component parts are the Latin Church (which uses a number of different liturgical rites, of which the Roman Rite is by far prevalent) and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. Of the latter particular churches, 14 use the Byzantine Rite for their liturgy. Within the universal Church, each "particular church", whether Eastern or Western, is of equal dignity. Finally, in its official documents, the Catholic Church, though made up of several particular churches, "continues to refer to itself as the 'Catholic Church or, less frequently but consistently, as the 'Roman Catholic Church', owing to its essential link with the Bishop of Rome.


title: Catholicity

text: Richard McBrien, in his book "Catholicism", disagrees with the synonymous use of "Catholic" and "Roman Catholic": But is 'Catholic' synonymous with 'Roman Catholic'? And is it accurate to refer to the Roman Catholic Church as simply the 'Roman Church'? The answer to both questions is no. The adjective 'Roman' applies more properly to the diocese, or see, of Rome than to the worldwide Communion of Catholic Churches that is in union with the Bishop of Rome. Indeed, it strikes some Catholics as contradictory to call the Church 'Catholic' and 'Roman' at one and the same time. Eastern-rite Catholics, of whom there are more than twenty million, also find the adjective 'Roman' objectionable. In addition to the Latin, or Roman, tradition, there are seven non-Latin, non-Roman ecclesial traditions: Armenian, Byzantine, Coptic, Ethiopian, East Syriac (Chaldean), West Syriac, and Maronite. Each to the Churches with these non-Latin traditions is as Catholic as the Roman Catholic Church. Thus, not all Catholics are Roman Catholic... [T]o be Catholic—whether Roman or non-Roman—in the ecclesiological sense is to be in full communion with the Bishop of Rome and as such to be an integral part of the Catholic Communion of Churches.


title: Catholicity

text: McBrien says that, on an official level, what he calls the "Communion of Catholic Churches" always refers to itself as "The Catholic Church". However, counter examples such as seen above of the term "Roman Catholic Church" being used by popes and departments of the Holy See exist. The Latin Archdiocese of Detroit, for example, lists eight Eastern Catholic churches, each with its own bishop, as having one or more parishes in what is also the territory of the Latin archdiocese, yet each is designated as being in "full communion with the Roman Church".


title: Catholicity

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church maintains the position that it is their communion which actually constitutes the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. Eastern Orthodox Christians consider themselves the heirs of the first-millennium patriarchal structure that developed in the Eastern Church into the model of the pentarchy, recognized by Ecumenical Councils, a theory that "continues to hold sway in official Greek circles to the present day".


title: Catholicity

text: Since the theological disputes that occurred from the 9th to 11th centuries, culminating in the final split of 1054, the Eastern Orthodox churches have regarded Rome as a schismatic see that has violated the essential catholicity of the Christian faith by introducing innovations of doctrine (see Filioque). On the other hand, the model of the pentarchy was never fully applied in the Western Church, which preferred the theory of the Primacy of the Bishop of Rome, favoring Ultramontanism over Conciliarism. The title "Patriarch of the West" was rarely used by the popes until the 16th and 17th centuries, and was included in the "Annuario Pontificio" from 1863 to 2005, being dropped in the following year as never very clear, and having become over history "obsolete and practically unusable".


title: Catholicity

text: The Oriental Orthodox churches (Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, Ethiopian, Eritrean, Malankaran) also maintain the position that their communion constitutes the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church. In this sense, Oriental Orthodoxy upholds its own ancient ecclesiological traditions of apostolicity (apostolic continuity) and catholicity (universality) of the Church.


title: Catholicity

text: Similar notion of the catholicity was also maintained in the former Church of the East, with its distinctive theological and ecclesiological characteristics and traditions. That notion was inherited by both of its modern secessions: the Chaldean Catholic Church that is part of the Catholic Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East whose full official name is: "The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East", along with its off-shot in turn the Ancient Church of the East whose full official name is: "The Holy Apostolic Catholic Ancient Church of the East". These churches are using the term catholic in their names in the sense of traditional catholicity. They are not in communion with the Catholic Church.


title: Catholicity

text: The Augsburg Confession found within the Book of Concord, a compendium of belief of the Lutheran Churches, teaches that "the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church". When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1530, they believe to have "showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils".


title: Catholicity

text: Following the Reformation, Lutheran Churches, such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland and the Church of Sweden, retained apostolic succession, with former Roman Catholic bishops simply becoming Lutheran and continuing to occupy their chairs. The 20th century movement of High Church Lutheranism championed Evangelical Catholicity, restoring, in some cases, apostolic succession, to Lutheran Churches in Germany where it was lacking.


title: Catholicity

text: Introductory works on Anglicanism, such as "The Study of Anglicanism", typically refer to the character of the Anglican tradition as "Catholic and Reformed", which is in keeping with the understanding of Anglicanism articulated in the Elizabethan Settlement of 1559 and in the works of the earliest standard Anglican divines such as Richard Hooker and Lancelot Andrewes. Yet different strains in Anglicanism, dating back to the English Reformation, have emphasized either the Reformed, Catholic, or "Reformed Catholic" nature of the tradition.


title: Catholicity

text: Anglican theology and ecclesiology has thus come to be typically expressed in three distinct, yet sometimes overlapping manifestations: Anglo-Catholicism (often called "high church"), Evangelical Anglicanism (often called "low church"), and Latitudinarianism ("broad church"), whose beliefs and practices fall somewhere between the two. Though all elements within the Anglican Communion recite the same creeds, Evangelical Anglicans generally regard the word "catholic" in the ideal sense given above. In contrast, Anglo-Catholics regard the communion as a component of the whole Catholic Church, in spiritual and historical union with the Roman Catholic, Old Catholic and several Eastern churches. Broad Church Anglicans tend to maintain a mediating view, or consider the matter one of "adiaphora". These Anglicans, for example, have agreed in the Porvoo Agreement to interchangeable ministries and full eucharistic communion with Lutherans.


title: Catholicity

text: The Catholic nature or strain of the Anglican tradition is expressed doctrinally, ecumenically (chiefly through organizations such as the Anglican—Roman Catholic International Commission), ecclesiologically (through its episcopal governance and maintenance of the historical episcopate), and in liturgy and piety. The 39 Articles hold that "there are two Sacraments ordained of Christ our Lord in the Gospel, that is to say, Baptism and the Supper of the Lord", and that "those five commonly called Sacraments, that is to say, Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and Extreme Unction, are not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel"; some Anglo-Catholics interpret this to mean that there are a total of Seven Sacraments. Many Anglo-Catholics practice Marian devotion, recite the rosary and the angelus, practice eucharistic adoration, and seek the intercession of saints. In terms of liturgy, most Anglicans use candles on the altar or communion table and many churches use incense and bells at the Eucharist, which is amongst the most pronounced Anglo-Catholics referred to by the Latin-derived word "Mass" used in the first prayer book and in the American Prayer Book of 1979. In numerous churches the Eucharist is celebrated facing the altar (often with a tabernacle) by a priest assisted by a deacon and subdeacon. Anglicans believe in the Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, though Anglo-Catholics interpret this to mean a corporeal presence, rather than a pneumatic presence. Different Eucharistic rites or orders contain different, if not necessarily contradictory, understandings of salvation. For this reason, no single strain or manifestation of Anglicanism can speak for the whole, even in ecumenical statements (as issued, for example, by the Anglican – Roman Catholic International Commission).


title: Catholicity

text: The growth of Anglo-Catholicism is strongly associated with the Oxford Movement of the 19th century. Two of its leading lights, John Henry Newman and Henry Edward Manning, both priests, ended up joining the Roman Catholic Church, becoming cardinals. Others, like John Keble, Edward Bouverie Pusey, and Charles Gore became influential figures in Anglicanism. The previous Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, is a patron of Affirming Catholicism, a more liberal movement within Catholic Anglicanism. Conservative Catholic groups also exist within the tradition, such as Forward in Faith. There are about 80 million Anglicans in the Anglican Communion, comprising 3.6% of global Christianity.


title: Catholicity

text: The theologian Stanley Hauerwas wrote that Methodism "stands centrally in the Catholic tradition" and that "Methodists indeed are even more Catholic than the Anglicans who gave us birth, since Wesley, of blessed memory, held to the Eastern fathers in a more determinative way than did any of the Western churches—Protestant or Catholic."


title: Catholicity

text: Within Reformed Christianity the word "catholic" is generally taken in the sense of "universal" and in this sense many leading Protestant denominations identify themselves as part of the catholic church. The puritan Westminster Confession of Faith adopted in 1646 (which remains the Confession of the Church of Scotland) states for example that:


title: Catholicity

text: The catholic or universal Church, which is invisible, consists of the whole number of the elect, that have been, are, or shall be gathered into one, under Christ the Head thereof; and is the spouse, the body, the fulness of Him that fills all in all.


title: Catholicity

text: The London Confession of the Reformed Baptists repeats this with the emendation "which (with respect to the internal work of the Spirit and truth of grace) may be called invisible". The Church of Scotland's Articles Declaratory begin "The Church of Scotland is part of the Holy Catholic or Universal Church".


title: Catholicity

text: In Reformed Churches there is a Scoto-Catholic grouping within the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Such groups point to their churches' continuing adherence to the "Catholic" doctrine of the early Church Councils. The Articles Declaratory of the Constitution of the Church of Scotland of 1921 defines that church legally as "part of the Holy Catholic or Universal Church".