title: Philippine Marine Corps

text: The Sierra Madre BRP is a Philippine Navy vessel that was intentionally beached off the shoal of Ayungin (also known as the Second Thomas Shoal) in 1999. It has since been occupied by a dozen Filipino Marines, all of whom take turns for an assignment of 5 months in order to assert the rights of sovereignty and jurisdiction of the Philippines on the island against the Chinese demands. The history of the building and its occupants was put on the spotlight on March 29, 2014, when journalists were able to take pictures of the Chinese Coast Guard attempting to block a Philippine civilian ship bringing supplies to the Sierra Madre Marines.


title: Philippine Marine Corps

text: "Note: senior NCOs in command positions in the PMC have their rockers curved rather than straight in all orders of dress, staff NCOs keep the straight rockers."


title: Philippine Marine Corps

text: The Philippine Marine Corps has made use of its existing equipment to conduct its operations while modernization projects are underway. The Republic Act No. 7898 declares the policy of the State to modernize the military to a level where it can effectively and fully perform its constitutional mandate to uphold the sovereignty and preserve the patrimony of the republic. The law, as amended, has set conditions that should be satisfied when the defense department procures major equipment and weapon systems for the marine corps.


title: Philippine Marine Corps

text: These are acquisition projects of the government that have been signed and awaiting delivery for the modernization of the air force.


title: Anastasia Romanovna

text: Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yurieva (1530 – 7 August 1560) was the first spouse of the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible and the first Russian Tsaritsa. She was the mother of Feodor I, the last lineal Rurikid Tsar of Russia and the great-aunt of Michael I of Russia, the first Tsar of the Romanov dynasty.


title: Anastasia Romanovna

text: Anastasia was the second daughter of the boyar Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev, who served as Okolnichy during the reign of Grand Prince Vasily III. The house of Zakharyin-Yuriev was a minor branch of a noble family that had already been at court, so it's possible that Ivan met Anastasia before the bride show, though no records of that exist. One of her uncles had been one of Ivan's guardians during the regency of his mother, Grand Princess Elena Glinskaya, who held all the real power. Anastasia's father was descended from the boyar Feodor "Koshka" ("Cat") Kobyla, fourth son of Andrei Kobyla. The origins of her mother, Uliana Ivanovna, are unknown. Anastasia had at least three older siblings - Daniel, Nikita and Anna. Both girls spent most of their childhood and early youth with their mother and had the traditional upbringing of noblewomen of their rank. Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev died on 16 February 1543.


title: Anastasia Romanovna

text: Anastasia was selected as the best bride for Ivan from a large number of suitable mates brought to the Kremlin specifically for the selection process. All the noble families throughout Russia were given an invitation to present their eligible daughters for this purpose (it is said that there were between 500 and 1500 girls to choose from). Anastasia and Ivan's marriage took place on 3 February 1547, at the Cathedral of the Annunciation. She gave birth to a total of six children: Anna, Maria, Dmitry, Ivan, Eudoxia, and Feodor.


title: Anastasia Romanovna

text: It is widely believed that Anastasia had a moderating influence on Ivan's volatile character. Sir Jerome Horsey, an agent for the Russia Company and envoy for the English court, wrote in his memoirs about Anastasia and Ivan IV: ""He being young and riotous, she ruled him with admirable affability and wisdom"”.


title: Anastasia Romanovna

text: In the summer of 1560, Anastasia fell ill to a lingering illness and died on 7 August. In consequence, Ivan suffered a severe emotional collapse, suspecting that his wife had been a victim of malicious actions and had been poisoned by the boyars. Although he had no evidence of such crimes, he had a number of boyars tortured and executed. Ivan already had a strong dislike of the boyars due to their abusive actions toward him during his childhood. In response to her death, he developed a corps of fearsome black-clad men who terrorized on his behalf, known as the "oprichniki".


title: Anastasia Romanovna

text: The examination of Anastasia's remains in the 1990s and at the beginning of the 21st century by archaeologists and forensics experts provided evidence that could sustain her husband's claim. Further research using neutron activation analysis confirmed the acute mercury poisoning of Anastasia. While mercury was also used as a cure, leading to some debate around the issue, the found levels of mercury were too high, according to the experts, and thus the poisoning verdict remains the most accepted one today.


title: Anastasia Romanovna

text: Through her marriage to Ivan IV, Anastasia became the link between the two main ruling dynasties in Russian history, the Rurik dynasty and the Romanov dynasty.


title: Anastasia Romanovna

text: Anastasia's brother, Nikita Romanovich, was the father of Feodor Romanov, the first to take the surname Romanov, in honour of his grandfather, father of a tsaritsa. In other words, Feodor Romanov was the first cousin of the last Rurikid tsar, Feodor I. This connection with the derelict dynasty facilitated the election of Feodor's son Mikhail Romanov to the throne after the Time of Troubles.


title: Anastasia Romanovna

text: On 20 August 2010, the Head of the Russian Imperial House, H.I.H. Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia, established the Imperial Order of the Holy Great Martyr Anastasia for women. The Order was established in honor of the Holy Great Martyr Saint Anastasia and in memory of Tsaritsa Anastasia Romanovna. The Order of the Holy Great Martyr Anastasia is granted to women who have distinguished themselves in the areas of charity, culture, medicine, education, science, and other endeavors useful to the nation and society, and who now continue their noble deeds under the patronage of the Head of the Russian Imperial House.


title: Anastasia Romanovna

text: Anastasia is one of the main characters in the ballet "Ivan the Terrible" by choreographer Yuri Grigorovich with music by Sergei Prokofiev, which premiered on February 20, 1975, at the Bolshoi Theatre, starring Yuri Vladimirov as Ivan IV and Natalia Bessmertnova as Anastasia. The ballet's plot includes the meeting and marriage of Anastasia and Ivan, her poisoning by boyars, and Ivan's fall into darkness and madness after the loss of Anastasia. The ballet has had several revivals.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Lewiston (; ; officially the City of Lewiston, Maine) is the second largest city in Maine and the most central city in Androscoggin County. The city lies halfway between Augusta, the state's capital, and Portland, the state's most populous city. It is one-half of the Lewiston-Auburn Metropolitan Statistical Area, commonly referred to as "L/A." or "L-A." Lewiston exerts a significant impact upon the diversity, religious variety, commerce, education, and economic power of Maine. It is known for an overall low cost of living, substantial access to medical care, and a low violent-crime rate. In recent years, the City of Lewiston has also seen a spike in economic and social growth. While the dominant language spoken in the city is English, it is home to a significant Somali population as well as the largest French-speaking population in the United States (by population) while it is second to St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, in percentage of speakers.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The Lewiston area traces its roots to 1669 with the early presence of the Androscoggin tribe (the namesake of the county in which the city resides). In the late 18th century, in 1795, Lewiston was incorporated as Lewistown. The presence of the Androscoggin River and Lewistown Falls made the town an attractive area for manufacturing and hydro-power businesses. The rise of Boston rail and textile tycoon Benjamin Bates saw rapid economic growth rivaling that of Cambridge, Worcester, and Concord. Irish immigrants were recruited to build the railroad links and dig the canals for the textile mills. The Irish stayed, and worked the mills and established flourishing businesses, as evidenced by the McGillicuddy, Callahan, and other Blocks and the St.Joseph's and St.Patrick's churches. In the 1850 Census Lewiston was fully 23% Irish born. The increase in economic stimulus prompted thousands of Quebecers to migrate, causing a population boom; the populace rose from 1,801 in 1840 to 21,701 in 1890. In 1855, local preacher Oren Burbank Cheney founded the Maine State Seminary, the first coeducational university in New England and one of the first universities to admit black students before the Emancipation Proclamation. Lewistown quickly became associated with the liberal arts and was incorporated as "Lewiston" in 1864, a year before the college was chartered as Bates College.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The city is home to the only basilica in Maine, Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul; 5 colleges and universities; 44 listings on the National Register of Historic Places; the Androscoggin Bank Colisée; the Stephens Observatory; the Olin Arts Center; the Bates College Museum of Art (BCMoA); and two significant general hospitals: Central Maine Medical Center and Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center. The city's population was 37,121 at the 2020 United States Census.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Prior to European colonization, the region of Lewiston was inhabited by the Androscoggin, an Abenaki people. During the 17th century, Androscoggin were among the first Native American tribes to make contact with European colonists in Maine. Tensions soon deteriorated over colonial expansion, and conflicts with colonists and epidemics of infectious diseases devastated the Androscoggin, which responded by migrating to New France from 1669 onwards. By 1680, the Androscoggin had been completely driven out of Maine. The governor of New France, Louis de Buade, allocated them two "seigneuries" on the Saint Francis River.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: A grant comprising the area of Lewiston was given to Moses Little and Jonathan Bagley, members of the Pejepscot Proprietors, on January 28, 1768, on the condition that fifty families live in the area before June 1, 1774. Bagley and Little named the new town Lewistown. Paul Hildreth was the first man to settle in Lewiston in the fall of 1770. By 1795, Lewiston was officially incorporated as a town. At least four houses that have survived from this period are currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: King Avenue and Ralph Avenue were named after Ralph Luthor King, who owned the land near the fairgrounds. Elliott Avenue was named after his wife, Grace O. Elliott, whose son eventually built the family home at 40 Wellman Street.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Lewiston was a slow but steadily growing farm town throughout its early history. By the early-to-mid-19th century, however, as water power was being honed, Lewiston's location on the Androscoggin River would prove to make it a perfect location for emerging industry. In 1809, Michael Little built a large wooden sawmill next to the falls. Burned in 1814 by an arsonist, it was later rebuilt. In 1836, local entrepreneurs—predominantly the Little family and friends—formed the Androscoggin Falls Dam, Lock & Canal Company:...for the purpose of erecting and constructing dams, locks, canals, mills, works, machines, and buildings on their own lands and also manufacturing cotton, wool, iron, steel, and paper in the towns of Lewiston, Minot, and Danville.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The sales of stock attracted Boston investors—including Thomas J. Hill, Lyman Nichols, George L. Ward and Alexander De Witt. De Witt convinced textile and rail tycoon Benjamin Bates, then-President of the Union Pacific Railroad, to come to Lewiston and fund the emerging Lewiston Water Power Company. Soon after Bates arrived, the company created the first canal in the city. In the spring of 1850, some 400 Irish men recruited in and around Boston by construction contractor Patrick O'Donnell arrived in Lewiston and began work on the canal system. Impressed with the labor force and "working spirit" of the Lewistonions, Bates founded the Bates Manufacturing Company, leading to the construction of 5 mills starting with Bates Mill No. 1. In August 1850, Maine Governor John Hubbard signed the incorporation act and the mill was completed 1852. Bates positioned the mill in Lewiston due to the location of the Lewiston Falls which provided the mill with power. Under Bates' supervision, during the Civil War, the mill produced textiles for the Union Army. His mills generated employment for thousands of Irish, Canadians, and immigrants from Europe. The mill was Maine's largest employer for three decades.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: This company began Lewiston's transformation from a small farming town into a textile manufacturing center on the model of Lowell, Massachusetts. The creation of the Bates manufacturing trusts saw rapid economic growth, positioning the city as the wealthiest city in Maine, and created budding affluent districts such as the Main Street–Frye Street Historic District. Although the odd-majority of the population was working class, a distinctive upper class emerged at this time. The Bates Mill remained the largest employer in Lewiston from the 1850s to the mid-late 20th century.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Railroad construction was key to the development of both Lewiston and its neighbor, Auburn. In 1849, the Androscoggin & Kennebec railroad, running through Lewiston and Auburn, connected these towns to Waterville and the St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railway line between Portland, Maine, and Montreal, Quebec. The Androscoggin & Kennebec Railroad was constructed by Irish laborers, many of whom joined the Lewiston canal construction crews in 1850. The Irish laborers and their families lived in shanty-town neighborhoods called "patches". By 1854, one quarter of Lewiston's population was Irish, the highest concentration in any settlement in Maine. Subsequently, trains connected Quebec with Lewiston on a daily schedule. During the Civil War, the high demand for textiles helped Lewiston develop a strong industrial base through the Bates Enterprise. However, the concentration of wealth in Benjamin Bates sparked the 1861 Lewiston cotton riots which prompted him to give thousands of dollars back to the city and expand the employment opportunities at his mills. In 1861, a flood of French-Canadian immigration into Maine began, spawned by industrial work opportunities in Maine cities with water power from waterfalls. This brought a significant influx of Québécois millworkers who worked alongside Irish immigrants and Yankee mill girls. Lewiston's population boomed between 1840 and 1890 from 1,801 to 21,701. Canadiens settled in an area downtown that became known as Little Canada, and Lewiston's character has remained largely Franco-American ever since. In 1855, a Maine preacher traveled from Parsonsfield to Lewiston to establish an institution of higher learning in the city. In 1855, the Maine State Legislature was petitioned by Lewiston locals to found the Maine State Seminary. The school opened in 1855, and educated the working class of Maine while also providing education for blacks and women at a time when other universities barred their entrance. At its founding, it became the first coeducational college in New England and one of the earliest proponents of abolitionism.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: During this time, in 1863, Lewiston was incorporated as a city. In 1872, St. Peter's church was built in Lewiston. This was the first French-Canadian national church in Maine. In 1864, the Maine State Seminary was renamed Bates College in honor of Benjamin Bates.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: In 1880, "Le Messager", a French-language newspaper, began printing in Lewiston to serve its predominant ethnic population. The local Kora Shrine was organized in 1891 and held its first meetings in a Masonic temple on Lisbon Street. This group would from 1908 to 1910 build the Kora Temple on Sabattus Street, the largest home of a fraternal organization in the state. Architect George M. Coombs designed this Moorish-style structure.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: City leaders decided to build a cathedral to which the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland could relocate. Construction of the Church of Saints Peter and Paul began in 1905 and ended in 1938, funded mostly through thousands of small donations from Lewiston residents. It is the largest Roman Catholic Church in Maine, and Lewiston's most prominent landmark. While the Diocese of Portland did not relocate to Lewiston, the church nevertheless became a basilica in 2004. It is one of the few American basilicas outside of a major metropolitan area.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: In 1937, one of the largest labor disputes in Maine history occurred in Lewiston and Auburn. The Lewiston-Auburn Shoe Strike lasted from March to June and at its peak involved 4,000 to 5,000 workers on strike. After workers attempted to march across the Androscoggin River from Lewiston to Auburn, Governor Lewis Barrows sent in the Maine Army National Guard. Some labor leaders, among them CIO Secretary Powers Hapgood, were imprisoned for months after a Maine Supreme Judicial Court judge issued an injunction seeking to end the strike.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: After World War I, profits from the textile industry in New England mill towns such as Lewiston; Biddeford; Manchester, New Hampshire; Waterbury, Connecticut; and Fall River, Haverhill, Lawrence and Lowell, Massachusetts began to decline. Businesses began moving to the South due to lower costs of power from more modern technologies (Lewiston's water wheel technology gave way to hydroelectricity, cheaper transportation (as most cotton and materials came from the South), and cheaper labor).


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Starting in the late 1950s, many of Lewiston's textile mills began closing. This gradually led to a run-down and abandoned downtown area. Chain stores located downtown—Woolworth's, W. T. Grant, S. S. Kresge, JC Penney and Sears Roebuck—shut their doors or moved to malls on the outskirts of Lewiston or Auburn. The city's flagship department store, the four-story B. Peck & Co., closed in 1982 after more than a century in business. As businesses and jobs began to leave the city, people followed. The population stopped increasing at its previous rate and began to slowly decline after 1970, then at a greater rate in the 1990s.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: After a difficult economic period in the 1980s that saw high unemployment and downtown stagnation, several key events have led to economic and cultural growth, including the transformation of the historic Bates Mill Complex. Because the city took over the complex in 1992 after back taxes went unpaid, years of taxpayer frustration in the city's need to maintain the behemoth led to two referendums (one non-binding vote, the other binding). Voters soundly supported the need to pursue redevelopment by maintaining the property and selling it to private developers. In 2001, the city sold three mill buildings to local developers. In 2003, Platz Associates sold the Bates Mill Complex, with the exception of Mill 5 and a small support building. For the next four years, a number of business enterprises expanded after Platz redeveloped the mill building. The Bates Mill complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in December 2010.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: In May 2004, the city officials announced a plan for urban renewal near the downtown area. The plan was to demolish several blocks of 19th-century millworker housing, lay new streets with updated infrastructure, construct more owner-occupied, lower-density housing, and build a boulevard through one neighborhood using federal Community Development Block Grant funds provided over a period of ten years. Some residents of the affected neighborhoods felt that the plan was initially announced with little input from them. They formed a neighborhood group called "The Visible Community", which has since been actively involved in the planning process, and resulted in cooperation between neighbors and city officials to redesign Kennedy Park, including input on the location of new basketball courts, and feedback regarding creation of the largest all-concrete skate park in Maine.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Downtown is home to a new headquarters for Oxford Networks, along with a $20-million upgrade in local fiber-optics, a new auto parts store, a campus of the for-profit Kaplan University, the headquarters for Northeast Bank, a parking garage, and the newly renovated Maine Supply Co. building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. That facility is now called the Business Service Center at Key Bank Plaza, and is home to the local Chamber of Commerce, the Lewiston-Auburn Economic Growth Council, and an arrangement with a number of business service providers.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The area's renaissance has gained local, regional, and national recognition. In 2002 and again in 2006, the L-A area led the state in economic development activity, according to the Maine Department of Economic and Community Development's list of business investments and expansions. In a 2006 KPMG International study measuring the cost of locating and maintaining a business, Lewiston ranked first among the New England communities analyzed, and finished 24th out of 49 U.S. communities analyzed.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Lewiston earned a 2007 All-America City Award designation by the National Civic League. The national competition "recognizes communities whose residents work together to identify and tackle community-wide challenges and achieve measurable, uncommon results." 10 cities are selected as All-America Cities each year.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: In 2017, Forbes Magazine named Lewiston one of its top 25 places to retire, citing relatively low cost of living, good access to medical care, and extremely low violent crime rate.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: In 1999, the United States government began preparations to resettle an estimated 12,000 refugees from Somalia to select cities throughout the United States. Most of the early arrivals in the United States settled in Clarkston, Georgia, a city adjacent to Atlanta. However, they were mostly assigned to low-rent, poverty-stricken inner-city areas, so many began to look to resettle elsewhere in the U.S.Word soon spread that Lewiston had a low crime rate, good schools and cheap housing. In 1999, ethnic Somalis subsequently began a secondary migration from other states to the former mill town, and after 2005, many Somali Bantus, a separate ethnicity, followed suit.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: In October 2002, then-Mayor Laurier T. Raymond wrote an open letter addressed to leaders of the Somali community, predicting a negative impact on the city's social services and requesting that they discourage further relocation to Lewiston. The letter angered some persons and prompted some community leaders and residents to speak out against the mayor, drawing national attention. Demonstrations were held in Lewiston, both by those who supported the immigrants' presence and those who opposed it.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: In January 2003, about 32 members of a white nationalist group from Illinois demonstrated in Lewiston to denounce Somali immigrants. This prompted a simultaneous counter-demonstration on the campus of Bates College to demonstrate support of the Somali community. The rally repudiating the white nationalists attracted 4,000 attendees, including governor John Baldacci, Senators Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins and other officials. Mayor Raymond was reportedly out of town on vacation on the day of the protests.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: In August 2010, the "Lewiston Sun Journal" reported that Somali entrepreneurs had helped reinvigorate downtown Lewiston by opening shops in previously closed storefronts. Amicable relations were also reported by the local Franco-American merchants and the Somali storekeepers.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Somali farmers have had a positive impact on Lewiston agriculture life. Farming was known to be "low caste" to Somalis, before they were forced to labor during slavery. Since migrating to Maine farming has become a part of life to some Somalis.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Somali-American players contributed to the Lewiston High School boys soccer team's state championship wins in 2015, 2017, and 2018 under coach Mike McGraw.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Lewiston is drained by the Androscoggin River, which forms its western border. The city is bordered by Auburn beyond the river, as well as the towns of Greene, Sabattus, and Lisbon. It is between Portland, the state's largest city and cultural center, and the state capital of Augusta.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Downtown Lewiston runs from Oxford Street up to Jefferson Street, and from Adams Avenue to Main Street. This is the city's most densely settled area, home to about half the population. It contains mostly housing, although on Lisbon Street and Main Street, it is entirely businesses. This neighborhood was once the commercial hub of the whole county, but with the city's economic decline, many downtown stores closed and the former mill housing became run-down, resulting in fallen land values. But like many post-industrial centers, there has followed a period of renovation and revitalization that continues today.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Consisting mostly of suburban mid-income housing, this neighborhood runs between Lisbon and Webster Streets, East Avenue, and Alfred Plourde Parkway. Schools that serve this neighborhood are Farwell Elementary, Martel Elementary, Lewiston Middle School, and Lewiston High School.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: This neighborhood is bounded by the triangle formed by Pond Road, Randall Road, and Sabattus Street (Route 126). This neighborhood is mostly mid-income suburban residential. McMahon Elementary, Lewiston Middle School, and Lewiston High School serve the area.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Lewiston has a humid continental climate, with very significant temperature variation throughout the year. Summers are usually short, warm, and humid, while winters tend to be very cold, long, and snowy. Lewiston averages of snow annually, although this number varies greatly from winter to winter. Snow tends to be the dominant form of precipitation between late November and late March, although freezing rain, sleet, and rain can also occur in the winter when large low pressure systems track directly over or west of the city. Summer in Lewiston typically consists of pleasant temperatures, although high humidity can make the temperature feel more uncomfortable at times. Severe summertime storms, such as tornadoes and tropical cyclones are rare, but not unheard of.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: As of the 2010 census, there were 36,592 people, 15,267 households, and 8,622 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 16,731 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 86.6% White, 8.7% Black, 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.0% Asian, 2.0% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 0.6% from some other race, and 2.6% from two or more races.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: In 2010, there were 15,267 households, of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.5% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.5% were non-families. Of all households, 34.4% were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.90.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The median age in the city was 37.4 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: As of the 2000 census, there were 35,690 people, 15,290 households, and 8,658 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,047.0 people per square mile (404.2/km). There were 16,470 housing units at an average density of 483.2 per square mile (186.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 95.7% White, 1.1% Black or African American, 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian, 1.3% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), 0.4% from some other race, and 1.7% from two or more races.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: People of French-American descent were by far the most represented ethnic group in Lewiston, with 29.4% being of French-Canadian descent and 18.3% French (the two were listed as separate categories in the census although the vast majority were of French-Canadian descent). Following French were Irish at 10.2% and English at 9.9%.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: There were 15,290 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.4% were non-families. Of all households, 35.9% were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.81.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The median income for a household in the city was $36,743, and the median income for a family was $46,289. Males had a median income of $38,881 versus $30,465 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,014. About 16% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.8% of those under age 18 and 17.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: According to Lewiston's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The Franco Center opened in 2000 in what was formerly St. Mary's Parish. The performing arts center programs events for both Franco-American related performances as well as other cultural displays, such as the Center's Piano and Celtic Series. The diverse programming of the venue hosts both local and international performers. The Center also hosts events and serves as a museum of the city's Franco-American past with historical artifacts and documentation on display as well as a small library.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Lewiston also features The Public Theatre, which puts on different plays throughout the year with about six to eight productions per season. It is downtown on Maple St. It was on Park street. It features all types of plays, with actors from all over the world. Its offices are in Auburn at the Great Falls Plaza.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The Emerge Film Festival was first held in June 2014 in downtown Lewiston and Auburn. In 2019 the festival was held at Rinck Advertising and the Franco Center.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The Great Falls Balloon Festival is an event that is held one weekend in August every year. The Festival includes launching of balloons, games, and carnival rides. The launch sites take place at several open parks on the Lewiston-Auburn Androscoggin Riverfront. People come from all around the country and Canada to see the festivities.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Formerly known as Festival de Joie, Festival FrancoFun is held annually at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée and is a celebration of the city's Franco-American heritage. The festival features performances from French-Canadian musicians as well as native French-Canadian food.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Held on July 4 of each year, the festival is the name given to the fireworks event over the Great Falls of the Androscoggin River in between the twin cities. The fireworks are launched in West Pitch Park in Auburn. Major viewpoints of the fireworks are Veterans Park, railroad Park and Great Falls Plaza in Auburn.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Lewiston hosts the annual Dempsey Challenge, which began in 2009. The event, hosted by Lewiston-native Patrick Dempsey, in a run/walk and cycling fundraiser for cancer research. In its opening year the event raised over one million dollars. The event has attracted famous athletes from all around including participants in the Tour de France. All the proceeds go to the Patrick Dempsey Center for Cancer Hope at the Central Maine Medical Center.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The center of sports in Lewiston is the Androscoggin Bank Colisée (formerly known as the Central Maine Civic Center). The Lewiston Maineiacs, the only American team to have played in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, played their first season in 2003–2004 and dissolved the team after the 2010–2011 season. The Colisée is also the home to the state Class A and Class B high school hockey championships each year. The city as a whole is known for its strong passion for the game of hockey, likely related to its French American heritage. Two Lewiston schools, Lewiston High School and St. Dominic Regional High School (now in Auburn), combine for over half of the state class A high school hockey championships in the state's history. During the 2013–2014 American Hockey League season, the Portland Pirates played their first 12 home games at the Colisée while the Cumberland County Civic Center is being renovated.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The junior Maine Nordiques of the North American Hockey League have played their home games at the Colisée since 2019.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: In May 1965, Lewiston became the venue for a heavyweight title rematch between Muhammad Ali and Sonny Liston; Ali had defeated Liston in a controversial fight in Miami Beach, Florida in February 1964, and the World Boxing Council was demanding an immediate rematch, which was against World Boxing Association rules (the WBA eventually stripped Ali of their title). The rematch was originally planned to be held in Boston, but was halted by Massachusetts boxing authorities due to licensing issues. Promoters were eventually able to frame a lucrative deal moving the fight to the Colisée in Lewiston. As the venue held less than 3,700 spectators, only 2,434 fans were present, setting an all-time record for the lowest attendance for a heavyweight championship match. The fight was the scene of the famous photograph of Ali standing over Liston taunting him with his glove. Ali won by first round knockout.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Lewiston was home to minor league baseball. Beginning in 1891, Lewiston was home to the Lewiston Twins and other teams, who played in various seasons through 1930. Lewiston teams played as members of the New England League (1891–1896, 1901), Maine State League (1907), Atlantic Association (1908) and New England League (1914–1915, 1919, 1926–1930). Baseball Hall of Fame member Jesse Burkett managed the Lewiston Twins in 1928 and 1929. Between 1901 and 1919, Lewiston teams played home games at A.A.A. Park. Beginning in 1926, the Lewiston Twins played home games at Lewiston Athletic Park.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The Maine Nordiques were a professional hockey team that operated in the former North American Hockey League from 1973 to 1977. They were based at the Central Maine Youth Center in Lewiston. The Nordiques served as a farm club for the Quebec Nordiques of the World Hockey Association.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The Lewiston Maineiacs were a major junior hockey team that played in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). The Maineiacs moved to Lewiston in 2003 from Sherbrooke, Quebec, and were the only team in the QMJHL in the United States. They played their home games at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée. In 2006–2007, the Maineiacs won the Jean Rougeau Trophy for having the best record in the QMJHL, won the President's Cup as QMJHL playoff champion, and represented the league at the 2007 Memorial Cup. Several Maineiacs alumni have played in the National Hockey League, including Jaroslav Halák, Jonathan Bernier, David Perron and Alexandre Picard. The Maineiacs were disbanded in 2011.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The Lewiston/Auburn Nordiques were a Tier III junior ice hockey team that played in the North American 3 Hockey League. During the 2018–2019 season the team recorded a 50–5 record, winning the NA3HL regular season championship and the Coastal Division championship. The team also made it to the Fraser Cup finals this season, losing a close game to the Texas Brahmas 2–1. The team ceased operations after the 2019–2020 season.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The Maine Nordiques are a Tier II junior ice hockey team in the North American Hockey League's East Division. They started play during the 2019–2020 season at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée. The team is coached by Nolan Howe, grandson of Gordie Howe and son of Mark Howe.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Lewiston's public education system has recently seen a number of new buildings constructed for Farwell Elementary School and Pettingill School, now replaced with the 600 Student capacity Geiger Elementary School. Plans to redo the city's Thomas J. McMahon School are under way.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: Lewiston is part of the , and receives all major channels in that market. WGME-TV and WCSH both have local bureaus in the city, and are across the street from each other on Main Street.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The city of Lewiston uses the Citylink or Purple Bus system. Passengers use Citylink in collaboration with Auburn and Lisbon.


title: Lewiston, Maine

text: The downtown shuttle runs through the downtown of both Lewiston and Auburn. It maintains only one line that goes into Lisbon. The Citylink services on average approximately 235,000 people a year.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: Ssshhhh... Koi Hai ( "Ssshhhh... Someone's there") is an Indian horror thriller television anthology series created by Cinevistaas Limited and Contiloe Entertainment for Star Plus. The first season was created by them together, while later seasons were only created by Abhimanyu Raj Singh and were aired on Star Plus' sister channel Star One. The series which premiered on 27 July 2001, ran for three seasons ending on 16 May 2010.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: Mamik Singh, Salil Ankola, Neha Devi Singh, Jiten Lalwani,Alex Upadhyay, Shahbaz Khan, Gufi Paintal, Shonali Malhotra, Reshma Khan, KK Goswami, Shiva Rindani, Vindu Dara Singh, Ronit Roy, Mac Mohan, Sunil Grover, Murali Sharma, Hrishikesh Pandey, Kamya Panjabi, Girish Jain and others have starred in the series. Shakti Anand, Indian TV actor, also worked in the first season and two episodes of the second season.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: Initial episodes were the stories related from every aspect of horror and thrillers and in later episodes a ghostbuster was introduced named "Vikraal" played by Mamik Singh, who captures ghosts. Later again, the show takes turn over after the return of Mayakaal, who was the most powerful wizard and captured Vikraal. Guru Satyacharya observed that Vikraal could not handle the situation alone, and therefore decided to summon Mritunjay's daughter Bijli and Captain Kishan to help Vikraal. These three defeated Mayakaal. These ghostbusters' mission was to get rid of all the ghosts and evil spirits in the world. These three ghost-busters were called the "Trikaal", who were always ready to fight evil powers. The Show used to run every Friday 10:00pm, Later changed to 10:30pm on Star Plus prime Weekand. Later, the show had a re-run at Star Utsav which aired during 2008 at 10:00pm every Saturday and Sunday.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: The second season was titled "Sssshhh... Phir Koi Hai", ( "Sssshhh... Someone's again there") which was a weekly series, airing Friday and Saturday nights. On 6 July 2007, a special series named "Sssshhh... Phir Koi Hai – Aryaamann" of four episodes was telecast. In this series, Rahil Azam plays the role of Aryaamann as the ghost buster. His mission was to cast away all negative powers in the world. This special series ended on 27 July 2007.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: In December 2007, the show returned with a biweekly telecast, i.e. Friday and Saturday, each story being split into two episodes. In January 2009, the format of the series was changed. Each story was made to run for eight weeks. One of them was "Intezar". The main cast included Gautam Rode, Divyanka Tripathi and Amrapali Gupta. The story was about two lovers Mohan and Radhika. Mohan was the son of a Thakur in Kishangarh who had gone abroad for studies. He comes back and meets Ambika (a witch). When he reaches his home, he meets Radhika (his lover). Ambika was hired by Dashrath Singh, a rival of Mohan's father. He wanted all of his property. Ambika plays such a game that Mohan and Radhika start disbelieving each other. Ambika kills the fathers of Mohan and Radhika, and the blame is pinned on Mohan and Radhika respectively. Mohan believes that Radhika killed his father and Radhika believes that Mohan killed her father. Ambika tricks Mohan and snatches all of his property, giving it to Dashrath Singh. Ambika wanted Mohan for her purpose but she start loving him. Mohan's mother asks Mohan to marry Ambika. At this time, Radhika gets to know the truth of Ambika and reveals the truth to Mohan. Ambika tricks Radhika and kills her. Before killing her, she makes her believe that Mohan killed her. After hearing about Radhika's death, Mohan jumps from a cliff.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: A second janam (rebirth) is shown in which Mohan is born as Madhav and Radhika is born Meera, while Ambika just changes her name from Ambika to Kalika. Madhav is an engineer who has come to Kishangarh for making a dam. He gets flashes of his previous birth. He then meets Kalika and Kalika narrates her the story of Mohan, Radhika and Ambika in which she makes Madhav believe that Radhika was the witch but Madhav having flashes and knowing a little bit of truth doesn't believe her. Meera is the daughter of Durgadevi, the owner of the haveli (Dashrath Singh's daughter-in-law). She often gets possessed by the spirit of Radhika and forgets herself. Both of them don't know that they are reborn as Mohan and Radhika. One day both of them get to know the truth but the truth Meera learned it is a lie. She thinks that Mohan killed her. She then meets Madhav and tried to kill him but something stops her. Madhav tells her the real and they both unite. Madhav (Mohan) and Meera (Radhika) kill Ambika and they both get married at the end of the drama.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: "Sssshhh... Phir Koi Hai 3" aired on Friday and Saturday evenings, later shifting to every Saturday and Sunday on 10 April 2010. This season had only one story.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: The season introduces a very old story set in the past. It had also introduced a prophecy that was made centuries ago. It's the story of two brothers (Ajinkya and Veer), whose lives are destined to intertwine. Ajinkya has been in search of his mother for the past twenty years. Ajinkya and Veer join hands only to realize eventually they are the lost brothers – but with completely different motives. The powerful demon king – Vikrant destroys the much feared demon-slayer – Saarthak. He tries to destroy his two sons also. Ajinkya manages to find his mother but is shocked to know she had never transformed. He manages to kill Vikrant, but that wouldn't be the end of him. He enters Vayika's body, who is injured in a struggle and in order to finish Vikrant completely, ends up killing Vayika.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: Roy Baretto won the Indian Telly Award for Best TV Show Packaging in 2002 and 2003, while Hiroo Keswani won for Videography (Best TV Cameraman – Fiction) in 2004. Cinevistaas Limited won the Indian Telly Jury Award for Best Special/Visual Effects for television in 2002 and 2003, and Contiloe Entertainment was nominated in 2009.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: Cinevistaas Limited also won the Indian Television Academy Award for Best Visual Effects in 2001, while Contiloe Entertainment won for Best Thriller / Horror Serial in 2007 and for Best Thriller Programme in 2008 and 2009.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: A spin-off series "Vikraal Aur Gabraal" ran from 27 July 2003 to 23 May 2004 on Star Plus. The series centers around Vikraal, a ghost hunter teaching his apprentice "Gabroo", who is passionate and ambitious to become a ghost hunter himself going by the name of Gabraal. The spin-off series had a common plot wherein it solved the mystery and captured the ghost at the end of Ssshhhh... Koi Hai. Later, Vikraal asks Gabroo a coin to finish off the story with his action hunt by capturing the ghost of the story. Hence Gabroo learns to capture ghosts.


title: Ssshhhh...Koi Hai

text: The series starred KK Goswami and Mamik Singh, who was replaced by Salil Ankola, Jiten Lalwani, Neha Devi Singh in later episodes, according to the storyline change and introduction of the series Ssshhhh... Koi Hai – Trikaal.


title: The 1975 discography

text: English alternative pop band The 1975 has released five studio albums, a live album, five extended plays and twelve singles.


title: The 1975 discography

text: The band's debut album, "The 1975" (2013), debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. Its follow-up, "I Like It When You Sleep, for You Are So Beautiful yet So Unaware of It", was released on 26 February 2016 and became their second successive chart topper.


title: The 1975 discography

text: Subsequent albums "A Brief Inquiry into Online Relationships" (2018) and "Notes on a Conditional Form" (2020) both reached number one as well. The band's fifth album "Being Funny in a Foreign Language" followed on 14 October 2022.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: Luke Stoltman Luke Bernard Stoltman (born 22 November 1984) is a Scottish professional strongman competitor, 5 time winner of Scotland’s Strongest Man and 2021 Europe’s Strongest Man champion. Renowned for his static shoulder strength, Luke currently holds the British Log Press record. Along with younger brother, Tom Stoltman, the two are widely regarded as the strongest brothers in history and are the only ones to both qualify for the World’s Strongest Man finals; a feat they have managed in 2019, 2021 and 2022.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: Born in Invergordon, Ross and Cromarty, Luke was the first of five children for parents Bernhard and Sheila. Luke attended Newmore Primary School and Invergordon Academy and was an avid footballer in his early years before moving his focus to weight training by the age of 15 inspired by a family photo of his grandfather, a Polish war refugee, carrying a log the same size as his body.  Luke left school aged 16 and followed his father’s footsteps into the oil industry training as a dimensional surveyor before taking his first offshore based job aged 18. Throughout his early twenties, Luke’s training consisted of predominantly bodybuilder type programmes, influenced by the likes of Jay Cutler and Ronnie Coleman; although he was often limited by the gym equipment available on the oil rigs he worked on.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: Luke later became more interested in the strength aspect of his training, entering, and winning his first contest, a local deadlift competition in 2011 aged 27. This led to him participating in the ‘Highlands Strongest Man’ in 2012, held in a gym car park in Inverness, where he again placed first.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: A relative late comer to the sport, Luke’s impressive feats at the local competitions convinced him to pursue strongman training seriously, albeit alongside his ‘9-5 job’ working on oil rigs. In 2013 Luke competed in his first UK's Strongest Man, where he placed 7th. He then went on to secure 5 consecutive Scotland’s Strongest Man titles from 2013 – 2017, and consistently improved his Britain's Strongest Man (BSM) placing each year, reaching 4th by 2017.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: A debut at World’s Strongest Man came in 2016, after a solid performance at Europe’s Strongest Man the previous year. Although Luke failed to reach the final, after a 3rd place finish in his heat, he gained invaluable experience and was starting to get noticed on the international stage.  The following year (2017) he again improved on his BSM placing (4th) and at WSM he narrowly missed a place in the final, finishing 3rd in his heat behind future WSM champions Hafthor Bjornsson and Martins Licis.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: At this stage in Luke’s career, although he was steadily improving his strength, it was not reflected in his contest results. In 2018 he again missed out on a World’s Strongest Man Final qualification, losing out to four time WSM winner Zydrunas Savickas and Robert Oberst in the heats, and placing a disappointing 6th at BSM. Luke’s job, where he would work offshore for two to three weeks at a time on oil rigs without access to the suitable strongman training equipment, was seen to be hampering his preparation for competition.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: In 2019 Luke took the leap into full-time training, leaving his job in the oil and gas industry to focus solely on fulfilling his potential as a world level strongman competitor. This led to a significant breakthrough as he successfully qualified for the WSM final in his first year as a professional, finishing 7thoverall alongside younger brother Tom, who placed 5th. The pair were the first brothers to ever reach the final at WSM, and an achievement that gained them the moniker ‘The World’s Strongest Brothers’.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: 2020 brought Luke’s first podium finish at BSM. However with training and competition hampered by the COVID-19 outbreak, Luke was unable to enter Europe’s Strongest Man, and failed to qualify from his heat at the WSM finals.  Disappointment at World’s was short-lived, as 2021 proved to be Luke’s best year to date. At the age of 36, Luke took the title of Europe’s Strongest Man and followed this amazing feat up by taking first place at the Giants Live World Tour Finals. In WSM he was close to a podium position, however the extreme heat and the wrong tacky selection in the final event led to him slipping from 3rd to 7th, repeating his 2019 result, whilst brother Tom lifted the winner’s trophy. That same year, Luke established a British record in the log press, successfully completing a 221 kg/487 lb lift at World Ultimate Strongman’s “Feats of Strength” showcase.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: So far in 2022 Luke has gained a podium finish at the Arnold Classic in Ohio in March, taking 3rd place behind Martin Licis and Oleksii Novikov. Luke narrowly missed out on retaining his Europe’s Strongest Man crown, finishing a credible second to Ukrainian WSM 2020 winner, Oleksii Novikov.  At Worlds Strongest Man 2022, held in Sacramento, California, Luke won his heat by a considerable margin allowing him to qualify for the final with an event to spare. In the final itself, Luke repeated his Finals success of the previous two appearances, finishing 7th in a line up that contained four previous winners. The competition was won by Tom for the second year in a row.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: A day prior to the 2022 World's Strongest Man competition, then director for World's Ultimate Strongman, Mark Boyd, leaked a telephone conversation with Luke Stoltman, in which Luke stated ""... and here's the sneaky bit, so Colin's" (Colin Bryce, director of Giants Live who assists in the running of the World's Strongest Man) "gonna, not promised, but he says we will get more favorable groups, events, etc. in Worlds if we kinda play ball and then he can help push the Stoltman brand; if that makes sense in the Giants Live, so basically what he did for Eddie (Eddie Hall)..."" The audio was released shortly after the groups for the competition were announced, with some fans speculating on the level of difficulty of the Stoltmans' groups compared to others. Boyd has since deleted this video from his Instagram account. Prior to deletion however, he claims to have given several months for athletes to expose the corruption on their own, indicating that he also had contacted IGM directors to no avail.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: Luke released his own response video on YouTube later that day, in which he states that the clip was taken out of context, with the conversation being 90 minutes long, and explains that he simply told Boyd what he wanted to hear because he did not want to take part in Boyd's upcoming competition.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: However up-to-date IMG, the World's Strongest Man or Colin Bryce has not yet responded to the accusations.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: Luke is the eldest of five siblings, all of which live in and around their hometown of Invergordon close to their father, Ben. Luke’s youngest brother Harry works for the Stoltman Brothers business and is currently training to compete in strongman competition. Luke married wife Kushi Stoltman in 2016 at a ceremony in Kincraig Castle Hotel, by Invergordon.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: Luke’s mother Shiela passed away aged 56 in 2016. Both Luke and Tom regularly cite their mother’s influence as key to inspiring them to succeed in their careers.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: In 2021 a permanent tribute to Luke and brother Tom was installed by Invergordon Community Council in their hometown, where the signs at the entrances to Invergordon were updated to include their names and achievements.  The sign reads ‘Welcome to Invergordon Hometown of the Stoltman Brothers World, European and UK Strongest Men’.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: Luke is a strong advocate for mental health and regularly speaks out on the topic and about how he benefitted from speaking to a therapist after the death of his mother. Luke has worked as an ambassador for mental health charity Mikeysline.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: In 2018, Luke and Tom opened a commercial gym, The Stoltman Strength Centre, in Invergordon. This was originally a joint venture with another party though is now fully owned by the Stoltman Brothers Ltd. Luke was quoted as saying he had always wanted to open his own gym to inspire others. The brothers use the facility for the majority of their training, having originally trained in Luke’s home gym in his garage.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: As the popularity of the brothers has risen through their achievements and media presence, they began to sell Stoltman Brothers branded merchandise via an online shop www.stoltmanbrothers.com. Original offerings were primarily focused around images of the brothers; however this has now been built up to include more everyday ‘lifestyle’ clothing with Stoltman branding, ‘motivational’ apparel featuring some of the company/brothers’ values and quotes, and more recently a collaboration with other strongmen where t-shirts with the athletes images are produced. All clothing is sold via the Stoltman brothers website, with preparations also currently underway to open a shop in Invergordon.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: Together with brother Tom, Luke has a YouTube channel, Stoltman Brothers, through which they show training and competition footage, partake in various challenges, and provide an insight to everyday life for professional strongmen athletes. The brothers regularly collaborate on the channel with other well known health and fitness personalities and YouTubers, with Eddie Hall, Matt Does Fitness, Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson and Larry Wheels all having featured.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: The brothers are also the subject of a documentary which is currently in production. Footage for which has been shot by Mulligan Brothers Studio and documents the brothers rise to prominence as elite level strongmen athletes and inspirational figures.


title: Luke Stoltman

text: Luke and Tom both feature and narrate in Coach Mike Chadwick's The Red On Revolution book, published in 2022.


title: The Defiant Ones

text: The Defiant Ones is a 1958 American adventure drama film which tells the story of two escaped prisoners, one white and one black, who are shackled together and who must co-operate in order to survive. It stars Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier.


title: The Defiant Ones

text: The film was adapted by Harold Jacob Smith from the story by Nedrick Young, originally credited as Nathan E. Douglas. It was produced and directed by Stanley Kramer.


title: The Defiant Ones

text: The film was highly regarded at the time of its release; it won Academy Awards for Cinematography (Black-and-White) and Original Screenplay and was nominated for seven others, including Best Picture and Best Actor for both Poitier and Curtis. Poitier won the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the Berlin International Film Festival.


title: The Defiant Ones

text: One night in the Southern United States, a truck loaded with prisoners swerves to avoid another truck and crashes through a barrier. The rescuers clear up the debris and discover two prisoners have escaped, a black man shackled to a white man because "the warden had a sense of humor." They are told not to look too hard as "they will probably kill each other in the first five miles." Nevertheless, a large posse and many bloodhounds are dispatched the next morning to find them. The two missing men are Noah Cullen and John "Joker" Jackson. Despite their mutual hatred, they are forced to cooperate, as they are chained together. At first their cooperation is motivated by self-preservation, but gradually they begin to respect and like each other.


title: The Defiant Ones

text: Cullen and Joker flee through difficult terrain and weather, with a brief stop at a turpentine camp where they attempt to break into a general store, in hopes of obtaining food and tools to break the chain. Instead, they are captured by the inhabitants, who form a lynch mob; they are saved only by the interference of "Big" Sam, a man who is appalled by his neighbors' bloodthirst. Sam persuades the onlookers to lock the convicts up and turn them in the next morning. That night, he secretly releases them, being a former chain-gang prisoner himself.


title: The Defiant Ones

text: Finally, they run into a young boy named Billy. They make him take them to his home and his mother, whose husband has abandoned his family. The escapees are finally able to break their chains. When they spend the night there, the lonely woman is attracted to Joker and wants to run off with him. She advises Cullen to go through the swamp to reach the railroad tracks, while she and Joker will drive off in her car. However, after Cullen leaves, the woman reveals that she had lied: she has sent Cullen into the dangerous swamp to die, to eliminate any chance he would be captured and reveal where Joker had gone. Furious, Joker runs after his friend; as he leaves, Billy shoots him.


title: The Defiant Ones

text: Wounded, Joker catches up with Cullen and warns him about the swamp. The posse led by humane sheriff Max Muller gets close. The two hear a train whistle and run toward it. Cullen catches up to the train and jumps aboard. Joker runs alongside, desperately trying to catch up. Cullen calls to Joker and holds out his hand. Their hands clasp, but Cullen is unable to pull Joker aboard. Both men tumble to the ground. Too exhausted to run, they realize all they can do is wait for their pursuers. The sheriff finds Cullen singing defiantly and Joker lying in his arms.


title: The Defiant Ones

text: Robert Mitchum, a veteran of a Southern chain gang, turned down the role of Jackson because blacks and whites would never be chained together in the segregated South. The story was corrupted into the claim - repeated by Curtis and others - that Mitchum refused to work with a black man. Kramer wrote that Poitier was initially unsure of Curtis' casting but became supportive. Curtis, however, denied this; he stated that he had contractual rights to approve who would play Cullen. However, despite Curtis' many later claims and stories, Kramer had originally cast Poitier and Marlon Brando as the two leads when a previous contractual obligation prevented Poitier from being able to accept the role. Kramer wanted Poitier for the role so badly that he delayed the film's production, which led to Brando having to decline because the delay caused shooting to overlap with another obligation. Curtis was cast afterwards. Curtis did request Poitier's name appear with his above the movie title marking a first for Poitier in his career.


title: The Defiant Ones

text: The film earned rentals of $2.5 million in the United States and Canada but did not perform as well overseas. It ultimately made a profit of $1 million.


title: The Defiant Ones

text: When the film was originally released, Bosley Crowther, film critic for "The New York Times", lauded the production and the acting in the film, writing, "A remarkably apt and dramatic visualization of a social idea—the idea of men of different races brought together to face misfortune in a bond of brotherhood—is achieved by producer Stanley Kramer in his new film, "The Defiant Ones"... Between the two principal performers there isn't much room for a choice. Mr. Poitier stands out as the Negro convict and Mr. Curtis is surprisingly good. Both men are intensely dynamic. Mr. Poitier shows a deep and powerful strain of underlying compassion...In the ranks of the pursuers, Theodore Bikel is most impressive as a sheriff with a streak of mercy and justice, which he has to fight to maintain against a brutish state policeman, played by Charles McGraw."


title: The Defiant Ones

text: "Variety" magazine likewise praised the acting and discussed the film's major theme, writing, "The theme of "The Defiant Ones" is that what keeps men apart is their lack of knowledge of one another. With that knowledge comes respect, and with respect comradeship and even love. This thesis is exercised in terms of a colored and a white man, both convicts chained together as they make their break for freedom from a Southern prison gang. The performances by Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier are virtually flawless. Poitier captures all of the moody violence of the convict, serving time because he assaulted a white man who had insulted him. It is a cunning, totally intelligent portrayal that rings powerfully true...Curtis delivers a true surprise performance. He starts off as a sneering, brutal character, willing to fight it out to-the-death with his equally stubborn companion. When, in the end, he sacrifices a dash for freedom to save Poitier, by saving him from the swamp, he has managed the transition with such skill that sympathy is completely with him."


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: Dennis the Menace is a daily syndicated newspaper comic strip originally created, written, and illustrated by Hank Ketcham. The comic strip made its debut on March 12, 1951, in 16 newspapers and was originally distributed by Post-Hall Syndicate. It is now written and drawn by Ketcham's former assistants, Marcus Hamilton (weekdays, since 1995), Ron Ferdinand (Sundays, since 1981), and son Scott Ketcham (since 2010), and distributed to at least 1,000 newspapers in 48 countries and in 19 languages by King Features Syndicate. The comic strip usually runs for a single panel on weekdays and a full strip on Sundays.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: The comic strip became so successful that it was adapted to other popular media, including several television shows, both live-action and animated, and several feature films, including theatrical and direct-to-video releases.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: Coincidentally, a UK comic strip of the same name debuted on the same day. The two are not related and change their names subtly in each other's respective home bases to avoid confusion.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: "Dennis the Menace" takes place in a middle-class suburban neighborhood in Wichita, Kansas. In the comics, the Mitchell family lives in a two-story house at the fictional address of 2251 Pine Street. The Wilson family lives next door at 2253 Pine Street. The television series differs, putting the Wilsons at the also-fictional 627 Elm Street.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: The inspiration for the comic strip came from Dennis Ketcham, the real-life son of Hank Ketcham, who, at four years old, refused to take a nap and made a complete mess of his room. Hank tried many possible names for the character, and translated them into rough pencil sketches, but when his studio door flew open, and his then-wife Alice, in utter exasperation, exclaimed, "Your son is a menace!," the "Dennis the Menace" name stuck. The character of Henry Mitchell bore a striking resemblance to Ketcham, while the Mitchell family of Dennis, Henry/Hank, and Alice were all named after the Ketchams.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: Ketcham's line work has been highly praised over the years. A review on comicbookbin.com states: "...a growing legion of cartoonists, scholars, aficionados, etc. have come to appreciate the artistry of Dennis's creator, Hank Ketcham. Ketcham's beautiful artwork defines cartooning elegance. The design, the composition, and the line: it's all too, too beautiful." AV Club reviewer Noel Murray wrote: "Ketcham also experimented with his line a little early on, tightening and thickening without losing the looseness and spontaneity that remains the strip's best aspect even now."


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: In 2005, Dennis appeared as a guest for Blondie and Dagwood's 75th anniversary party in the comic strip "Blondie".


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: He also was made honorary mayor of Wichita. He was quoted as saying, "I set the whole thing in Wichita, Kansas, and as a result I got made an honorary mayor of Wichita."


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: Hank Ketcham retired from the comic strip in 1994, turning over production of the strip to his assistants Ron Ferdinand and Marcus Hamilton. They continued their run after Ketcham's death in 2001, alongside Scott Ketcham since 2010.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: Dennis the Menace appeared in A&W Restaurants advertising in the 1960s, then Dairy Queen marketing from 1971 until 2001, when he was dropped because Dairy Queen felt children could no longer relate to him. Dennis also appeared in the Sears Roebuck Wish Book Christmas catalog in the 1970s.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: Dennis the Menace has been published in comic books and comic digests from the 1950s through the 1980s by a variety of publishers, including Standard/Pines (1953–58), Fawcett Comics (1958–80, during their only return to comics after settling the Captain Marvel lawsuit and selling much of their comics division to Charlton Comics), and Marvel Comics (1981–82). These included both newspaper strip reprints and original "Dennis the Menace" comic book stories, produced by others besides Ketcham. Al Wiseman, one of Ketcham's assistants in the 1950s and '60s, worked on many of them. Ron Ferdinand, Ketcham's Sunday page artist, drew several of the Dennis stories in the Marvel books, including the cover for issue No. 11.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: The main comic book series (simply named "Dennis the Menace") ran in tandem with the "Giant" series. The "Dennis the Menace Giant Vacation Special" and "Dennis the Menace Christmas Issue" were published by Standard in 1955. Those issues inaugurated the Giants series, which was published by Pines for issues 2–6, and continued by Hallden/Fawcett for issues 6–75. The Giant series was later renamed the "Dennis the Menace Bonus Magazine Series", which started with issue No. 76 in 1970. CBS and Hallden later retitled the series as "The Dennis the Menace Big Bonus Series", which ran through issue #194 in October 1979.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: By October 1979, Fawcett began publishing a separate series of 36 issues titled "Dennis the Menace and Mr. Wilson". By the second issue, the series was rechristened "Dennis the Menace and His Friends" which now involved Dennis, Mr. Wilson, friends Joey and Margaret, and dog Ruff. Because of this, the Mr. Wilson stories were alternated with the three characters as "Ruff, Joey, and Margaret" who each shared a No. 1 issue with Dennis.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: Three other series of Dennis the Menace comic books also were published, beginning in 1961. First was "Dennis the Menace and His Dog, Ruff." "Dennis the Menace and His Pal, Joey" was published in summer 1961, and "Dennis the Menace and Margaret" was published in the winter of 1969.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: In 1972, as part of a bonus magazine series, Fawcett published a "Short Stuff Special" where Dennis visited Children's Fairyland in Oakland, California.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: In 1977, Word Books, Inc. (now HarperCollins) commissioned Hank Ketcham Enterprises, Inc. to produce a series of 10 comic books under the title "Dennis and the Bible Kids", with the usual cast of characters reading (and sometimes partly acting out) the stories of Joseph, Moses, David, Esther, Jesus, and other Biblical characters. These were sold through Christian bookstores and related outlets. Each issue contained several inspirational renderings by Hank Ketcham himself.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: The "Dennis the Menace Fun Fest" and the "Dennis the Menace Big Bonus" series were revived for a short-issue run in 1980:


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: After these revival series, the Hallden and CBS comics run came to an end in 1980. Ketcham had half of the comic book rights purchased by Stan Lee and Marvel Comics, so they were able to produce a new series of "Dennis the Menace" comic books. The new Marvel series ran from December 1981 to November 1982. The smaller "Dennis the Menace" comic digests were published continually by Fawcett and Hallden between 1969 and 1980, and they were briefly resurrected in reprints by Marvel in 1982 for a run of three issues.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: "Dennis the Menace" has also been published in mass market paperback collections, made up of newspaper strip reprints:


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: In 1990, Abbeville Press published Hank Ketcham's fully illustrated autobiography: "The Merchant of Dennis" (, hardcover). The book was reprinted by Fantagraphics in 2005 (, trade paperback). Abbeville also published a softcover retrospective of the strip in 1991, "Dennis the Menace: His First 40 Years".


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: In 2005, comics publisher Fantagraphics began to reprint Ketcham's entire run on "Dennis the Menace" (excluding Sunday strips) in a projected 25-volume series over 11 years. No new volumes have been issued since 2009 and it is unknown when and if the series will resume. They are published in hardcover editions as well as paperback.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: "Dennis the Menace" has been the subject of a number of adaptations. The first one produced is a CBS sitcom that aired from 1959 to 1963 starring Jay North as Dennis, Herbert Anderson as Henry Mitchell; Joseph Kearns as George Wilson, and subsequently Gale Gordon as his brother, John Wilson. North also appeared as Dennis on an episode of "The Donna Reed Show" and in the theatrical film "Pepe" (both 1960). On September 11, 1987, a "Dennis the Menace" live-action television film was broadcast; it was later released on video under the title "Dennis the Menace: Dinosaur Hunter". Another live-action "Dennis the Menace" film, starring Walter Matthau as Mr. Wilson and Mason Gamble as Dennis, was released to theaters in 1993. It was originally titled "The Real Dennis the Menace" before the final name was approved. This was followed with the direct-to-video "Dennis the Menace Strikes Again" in 1998, starring Don Rickles as Mr. Wilson. The most recent film adaptation, "A Dennis the Menace Christmas" was released to DVD on November 6, 2007. The Warner Bros. production starred Robert Wagner as Mr. Wilson, Louise Fletcher as Mrs. Wilson, and Maxwell Perry Cotton, then a six-year-old actor, as Dennis.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: "Dennis the Menace" was adapted into an animated special, "Dennis the Menace in Mayday for Mother" which aired in 1981 and was produced by DePatie–Freleng Enterprises and Mirisch Films. A daily animated syndicated series was produced by DiC Entertainment in 1986 with Brennan Thicke as the voice of Dennis, also featuring Phil Hartman who voiced George Wilson and Henry Mitchell. DiC also produced the "All-New Dennis the Menace" for CBS Saturday Mornings in 1993 with Adam Wylie voicing Dennis. An animated movie, "Dennis the Menace in Cruise Control", premiered as part of Nickelodeon's "Sunday Movie Toons" block in 2002 and later released to DVD.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: In 1952, Hank Ketcham spearheaded the construction of the Dennis the Menace Playground, designed by Arch Garner. It opened in Monterey, California on November 17, 1956. The playground featured a bronze statue of Dennis sculpted by Wah Chang. On the night of October 25, 2006, the 125 lb statue, which was estimated to be worth $30,000, was stolen from the playground. In April 2007, it was replaced by a reproduction of another Dennis statue Chang made for the Ketchams. It was donated by Willis W. and Ethel M. Clark Foundation. In 2015 the missing statue was found in a scrap yard in Florida, returned to Monterey, and installed in front of the city recreation office.


title: Dennis the Menace (U.S. comics)

text: The comic strip has been translated into many foreign languages, which has helped make the strip's characters famous worldwide.


title: Nuyorican

text: Nuyorican is a portmanteau of the terms "New York" and "Puerto Rican" and refers to the members or culture of the Puerto Ricans located in or around New York City, or of their descendants (especially those raised or currently living in the New York metropolitan area). This term is sometimes used for Puerto Ricans living in other areas in the Northeastern US Mainland outside New York State as well. The term is also used by Islander Puerto Ricans (Puerto Ricans from Puerto Rico) to differentiate those of Puerto Rican descent from the Puerto Rico-born.


title: Nuyorican

text: The term "Nuyorican" is also sometimes used to refer to the Spanish spoken by New York Puerto Ricans. An estimated 1,800,000 Nuyoricans are said to live in New York City, the largest Puerto Rican community outside Puerto Rico. Nuyoricans are not considered Puerto Ricans by some island Puerto Ricans due to cultural differences, which remains a point of controversy among both groups of Puerto Ricans. Nuyorican has a broad meaning; originally it meant Puerto Ricans, both island-born and mainland-born, living in New York, but many island-born Puerto Ricans use the term to describe assimilated Americans of Puerto Rican descent, living in any US state, or very assimilated or "Afro-Americanized" people of Puerto Rican ancestry, who largely lost touch with traditional Puerto Rican culture, and grew up culturally Afro-American, though still identify with Puerto Rico. Ethnic enclaves centered on Puerto Ricans include Spanish Harlem, Manhattan; Williamsburg, Brooklyn; Bushwick, Brooklyn; and the South Bronx.


title: Nuyorican

text: Although Florida has received some dispersal of the population, there has been a resurgence in Puerto Rican migration to New York and New Jersey, primarily for economic and cultural considerations, topped by another surge of arrivals after Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017 – consequently, the New York City metropolitan area has witnessed a significant increase in its Nuyorican population, individuals in the region of Puerto Rican descent, increasing from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016, maintaining New York's status by a significant margin as the most important cultural and demographic center for Puerto Ricans outside San Juan.


title: Nuyorican

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary" cites this word as evolving slowly through roughly the last third of the 20th century, with the first cited reference being poet Jaime Carrero using "neorriqueño" in 1964 as a Spanish-language adjective combining "neoyorquino" and "puertorriqueño". Many other variants developed along the way, including "neoricano", "neorican" (also written as "Neo-Rican" and "Neorican"), and "newyorican" (also written as "New Yorrican"). "Nuyorican" itself dates at least from 1975, the date of the first public sessions of the Nuyorican Poets Café. Some of the best known "Nuyoricans" who have written and performed their experiences of being a Puerto Rican in New York are: Miguel Piñero, Miguel Algarín, Piri Thomas, Sandra María Esteves, Willie Colón, Pedro Pietri, and Giannina Braschi. Some of the newer poets include Willie Perdomo, Flaco Navaja, Nancy Mercado, Emanuel Xavier, Edwin Torres, J.L. Torres, Caridad de la Luz aka La Bruja, Lemon Andersen, and Bonafide Rojas.


title: Nuyorican

text: Historically, the term has been used as a derogatory term by native Puerto Ricans when describing a person that has Puerto Rican ancestry but is born outside of Puerto Rico. It also can sometimes include those born in Puerto Rico who now live elsewhere in the United States (other than New York). This changed from the original meaning with the increase in travel back and forth to different parts of the United States and the globe. The definition includes those born in New York who have moved to Puerto Rico as well.


title: Nuyorican

text: The term is used by some members of this community to identify their history and cultural affiliation to a common ancestry while being separated from the island, both physically and through language and cultural shifts. This distance created a dual identity that, while still somewhat identifying with the island, recognizes the influences both geography and cultural assimilation have had. Puerto Ricans in other cities have coined similar terms, including "Philly Rican" for Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia, and "Chi-Town Rican" for Puerto Ricans in Chicago.


title: Nuyorican

text: Many Nuyoricans are second- and third-generation Puerto Rican Americans whose parents or grandparents arrived in the New York metropolitan area during the "Gran Migración" (Great Migration). Puerto Ricans began to arrive in New York City in the nineteenth century but especially following the passage of the Jones-Shafroth Act on March 2, 1917, which granted U.S. citizenship to virtually all Puerto Ricans. The "Gran Migración" accelerated migration from Puerto Rico to New York during the 1940s and 1950s, but such large-scale emigration began to slow by the late 1960s.


title: Nuyorican

text: In 2000, the Puerto Rican population of New York was over 1,050,000. As of the 2010 census, Puerto Ricans represented 8.9 percent of New York City alone (32% of the city's Hispanic community), and 5.5% of New York State as a whole. Of over a million Puerto Ricans in the state, about 70% are present in New York City, with the remaining portion spreading increasingly within the city's suburbs and other major cities throughout New York State. Although Florida has received some dispersal of the population, there has been a resurgence in Puerto Rican migration to New York and New Jersey, primarily for economic and cultural considerations, topped by another surge of arrivals after Hurricane Maria devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017 – consequently, the New York City Metropolitan Area has witnessed a significant increase in its Nuyorican population, individuals in the region of Puerto Rican descent, increasing from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016.


title: Nuyorican

text: Historically, Nuyoricans resided in the predominantly Hispanic/Latino section of Upper Manhattan known as Spanish Harlem, and around the Loisaida section of the East Village, but later spread across the city into newly created Puerto Rican/Nuyorican enclaves in Brooklyn, Queens, and the South Bronx. Today, there are fewer island-born Puerto Ricans than mainland-born Puerto Ricans in New York City.


title: Nuyorican

text: Prominent figures of the Nuyorican movement include poets and novelists Piri Thomas and Giannina Braschi, while Miguel Algarín, Miguel Piñero, and Pedro Pietri co-founded the Nuyorican Poets Café, a performance space for Nuyorican poets and musicians.


title: Nuyorican

text: Nuyoricans have made breakthrough contributions in government, science, law, culture, and the humanities, including those who have broken records, significantly impacted U.S. pop culture, won landmark cases that changed laws, or have been recognized by national awards.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: Ten Cent Beer Night was a promotion held by Major League Baseball's Cleveland Indians during a game against the Texas Rangers at Cleveland Stadium on Tuesday, June 4, 1974.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: The idea behind the promotion was to attract more fans to the game by offering cups of low-alcohol beer for just 10 cents each (), a substantial discount on the regular price of 65 cents (), with a limit of six beers per purchase but with no limit on the number of purchases made during the game.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: Six days earlier, the Indians and the Rangers had been involved in a bench-clearing brawl that had been widely publicized, and the game therefore drew a rowdy crowd. As the evening wore on, on-field incidents and alcohol increased the audience's agitation. Firecrackers, streakers, and marijuana further enlivened the event—most sober fans departed early, leaving an increasingly drunk and unruly rabble behind. Continued degradation of the game culminated in a riot in the ninth inning when fans rushed the field. Players were forced to use bats to protect themselves while retreating off the field. Chief umpire Nestor Chylak declared the game to be forfeited in Texas' favor due to the mob's uncontrollable behavior.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: The Indians had previously held such promotions without incident, beginning with Nickel Beer Day in 1971. However, a bench-clearing brawl during the teams' last meeting one week earlier at Arlington Stadium in Texas left some Indians fans harboring a grudge against the Rangers.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: In Texas, the trouble had started in the bottom of the fourth inning with a walk to the Rangers' Tom Grieve, followed by a Lenny Randle single. The next batter hit a double play ball to Indians third baseman John Lowenstein; he stepped on the third base bag to retire Grieve and threw the ball to second base, but Randle disrupted the play with a hard slide into second baseman Jack Brohamer.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: The Indians retaliated in the bottom of the eighth when pitcher Milt Wilcox threw behind Randle's legs. Randle eventually laid down a bunt. When Wilcox attempted to field it and tag Randle out (which he did successfully), Randle hit him with his forearm. Indians first baseman John Ellis responded by punching Randle, and both benches emptied for a brawl. After the brawl was broken up, as Indians players and coaches were returning to the dugout, they were struck by food and beer hurled by Rangers fans; catcher Dave Duncan had to be restrained from going into the stands to brawl with fans.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: The game was not suspended or forfeited, no players from either team were ejected, and the Rangers won 3–0.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: After the game, a Cleveland reporter asked Rangers manager Billy Martin, "Are you going to take your armor to Cleveland?" to which Martin replied, "Naw, they won't have enough fans there to worry about." During the week leading up to the teams' next meeting in Cleveland, sports radio talk show host Pete Franklin and Indians radio announcer Joe Tait made comments that fueled the fans' animosity toward the Rangers. In addition, "The Plain Dealer" printed a cartoon the day of the game showing Chief Wahoo holding a pair of boxing gloves with the caption, "Be ready for anything."


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: Six days after the brawl in Texas, Cleveland's Ten Cent Beer Night promotion drew 25,134 fans to Cleveland Stadium for the Tuesday night game, twice the number expected. 12 fluid ounce (355 ml) cups of beer were offered for just 10 cents each, a substantial discount on the regular price of 65 cents, with a limit of six beers per purchase but with no limit on the number of purchases made during the game.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: The Rangers quickly took a 5–1 lead. Meanwhile, throughout the game, the increasingly inebriated crowd grew more and more unruly. Early in the game, Cleveland's Leron Lee hit a line drive into the stomach of Rangers pitcher Ferguson Jenkins, after which Jenkins dropped to the ground. Fans in the upper deck of the stadium cheered, then chanted, "Hit 'em again! Hit 'em again! Harder! Harder!" A woman ran out to the Indians' on-deck circle, flashed her breasts, and then tried to kiss umpire Nestor Chylak, who "was not in a kissing mood." As Grieve hit his second home run of the game, a naked man sprinted to second base and slid in, "probably getting dirt in places unsuitable for speculation," in the words of one sportswriter. One inning later, a father-and-son pair ran onto the outfield and mooned the fans in the bleachers.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: Although it is not clear why, hundreds of fans had brought firecrackers, which they set off in the stands at random, "lending the game a war-zone ambiance that would seem increasingly appropriate." As the game progressed, more fans ran onto the field and caused problems. Ranger first baseman Mike Hargrove was pelted with hot dogs and spit, and at one point was nearly struck by an empty gallon jug of Thunderbird.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: The Rangers later argued a call in which Lee was called safe in a close play at third base, spiking Jenkins with his cleats in the process and forcing him to leave the game. The Rangers' angry response to this call enraged Cleveland fans, who again began throwing objects onto the field. Someone tossed lit firecrackers into the Rangers' bullpen. An atmosphere made hazy by "clouds of exploded gunpowder and marijuana smoke" contributed to the unsettling mood.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: By the seventh inning, families and those fans who remained sober had mostly left the ballpark— the remaining crowd continued to grow drunker. As sportswriter Paul Jackson described in a 2008 article on the event:


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: In the bottom of the ninth, the Indians managed to rally, tying the game 5–5, and had Rusty Torres on second base representing the potential winning run. However, with a crowd that had been drinking heavily for nine innings, the situation finally came to a head.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: After the Indians had managed to tie the game, a 19-year-old fan named Terry Yerkic ran onto the field and attempted to steal Texas outfielder Jeff Burroughs' cap. Confronting the fan, Burroughs tripped. Thinking that Burroughs had been attacked, Texas manager Billy Martin charged onto the field with his players right behind, some wielding bats. A large number of intoxicated fans—some armed with knives, chains, and clubs fashioned from portions of stadium seats that they had torn apart—surged onto the field, and others hurled bottles from the stands. Two hundred fans surrounded the 25 Rangers, with more fans coming.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: Realizing that the Rangers' lives might be in danger, Cleveland manager Ken Aspromonte ordered his players to grab bats and help the Rangers, attacking the team's own fans in the process. Rioters began throwing steel folding chairs, and Cleveland relief pitcher Tom Hilgendorf was hit in the head by one of them. Hargrove, after subduing one rioter in a fistfight, had to fight another on his way back to the Texas dugout. The two teams retreated off the field through the dugouts in groups, with players protecting each other.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: The teams fled into their clubhouses and closed and locked the doors. The crowd pulled up and stole the bases and anything else it found. Rioters threw a vast array of objects including cups, rocks, bottles, batteries from radios, hot dogs, popcorn containers, and folding chairs. Umpire crew chief Chylak, realizing that order would not be restored in a timely fashion, forfeited the game to Texas. He too was a victim of the rioters, as one struck and cut his head with part of a stadium seat and his hand was cut by a thrown rock. He later called the fans "uncontrollable beasts" and stated that he'd never seen anything like what had happened "except in a zoo".


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: The rioting continued for 20 minutes. As Joe Tait and Herb Score called the riot live on radio, Score mentioned the security guards' inability to handle the crowd. Tait said, "Aw, this is absolute tragedy." The Cleveland Division of Police finally arrived to restore order, arresting nine fans. Indians players escorted the Rangers to the team bus. A local sportswriter, Dan Coughlin of the "Chronicle-Telegram", attempted to interview fans but was punched in the face twice.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: Cleveland general manager Phil Seghi blamed the umpires for losing control of the game. "The Sporting News" wrote that "Seghi's perspective might have been different had he been in Chylak's shoes, in the midst of knife-wielding, bottle-throwing, chair-tossing, fist-swinging drunks". American League president Lee MacPhail commented, "There was no question that beer played a part in the riot."


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: The next Beer Night promotion on July 18 attracted 41,848 fans with beer again selling for 10 cents per cup but with a limit of two cups per person at the reduced price.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: Among the Indians players fleeing was outfielder Rusty Torres. In his career, Torres wound up seeing three big-league baseball riots close up (all of which resulted in forfeits); in addition to this game, he had been with the New York Yankees at the Senators' final game in Washington in 1971, and he would be with the Chicago White Sox during the infamous Disco Demolition Night in 1979.


title: Ten Cent Beer Night

text: NBC newscaster Tim Russert, then a student at the Cleveland–Marshall College of Law, attended the game. "I went with $2 in my pocket," recalled the "Meet the Press" host. "You do the math."


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: The Regency of Algiers () was a state in North Africa lasting from 1516 to 1830, until it was conquered by the French. Situated between the regency of Tunis in the east, the Sultanate of Morocco (from 1553) in the west and Tuat as well as the country south of In Salah in the south (and the Spanish and Portuguese possessions of North Africa), the Regency originally extended its borders from La Calle in the east to Trara in the west and from Algiers to Biskra, and afterwards spread to the present eastern and western borders of Algeria.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: It had various degrees of autonomy throughout its existence, in some cases reaching complete independence, recognized even by the Ottoman sultan. The country was initially governed by governors appointed by the Ottoman sultan (1518–1659), rulers appointed by the Odjak of Algiers (1659–1710), and then Deys elected by the Divan of Algiers from (1710-1830).


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: From 1496, the Spanish conquered numerous possessions on the North African coast: Melilla (1496), Mers El Kébir (1505), Oran (1509), Bougie (1510), Tripoli (1510), Algiers, Shershell, Dellys, and Tenes. The Spaniards later led unsuccessful expeditions to take Algiers in the Algiers expedition in 1516, 1519 and another failed expedition in 1541.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: Around the same time, the Ottoman privateer brothers Oruç and Hayreddin—both known to Europeans as Barbarossa, or "Red Beard"—were operating successfully off Tunisia under the Hafsids. In 1516, Oruç moved his base of operations to Algiers. He asked for the protection of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, but was killed in 1518 during his invasion of the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen. Hayreddin succeeded him as military commander of Algiers.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: In 1551 Hasan Pasha, the son of Hayreddin defeated the Spanish-Moroccan armies during a campaign to recapture Tlemcen, thus cementing Ottoman control in western and central Algeria.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: After that, the conquest of Algeria sped up. In 1552 Salah Rais, with the help of some Kabyle kingdoms, conquered Touggourt, and established a foothold in the Sahara.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: In the 1560s eastern Algeria was centralized, and the power struggle which had been present ever since the Emirate of Béjaïa collapsed came to an end.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: During the 16th, 17th, and early 18th century, the Kabyle Kingdoms of Kuku and Ait Abbas managed to maintain their independence repelling Ottoman attacks several times, notably in the First Battle of Kalaa of the Beni Abbes. This was mainly thanks to their ideal position deep inside the Kabylia Mountains and their great organisation, and the fact that unlike in the West and East where collapsing kingdoms such as Tlemcen or Béjaïa were present, Kabylia had two new and energetic emirates.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: Hayreddin Barbarossa established the military basis of the regency. The Ottomans provided a supporting garrison of 2,000 Turkish troops with artillery. He left Hasan Agha in command as his deputy when he had to leave for Constantinople in 1533. The son of Barbarossa, Hasan Pashan was in 1544 when his father retired, the first governor of the Regency to be directly appointed by the Ottoman Empire. He took the title of "beylerbey". Algiers became a base in the war against Spain, and also in the Ottoman conflicts with Morocco.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: "Beylerbeys" continued to be nominated for unlimited tenures until 1587. After Spain had sent an embassy to Constantinople in 1578 to negotiate a truce, leading to a formal peace in August 1580, the Regency of Algiers was a formal Ottoman territory, rather than just a military base in the war against Spain. At this time, the Ottoman Empire set up a regular Ottoman administration in Algiers and its dependencies, headed by "Pashas", with 3-year terms to help considate Ottoman power in the Maghreb.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: Despite the end of formal hostilities with Spain in 1580, attacks on Christian and especially Catholic shipping, with slavery for the captured, became prevalent in Algiers and were actually the main industry and source of revenues of the Regency.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: In the early 17th century, Algiers also became, along with other North African ports such as Tunis, one of the bases for Anglo-Turkish piracy. There were as many as 8,000 renegades in the city in 1634. (Renegades were former Christians, sometimes fleeing the law, who voluntarily moved to Muslim territory and converted to Islam.) Hayreddin Barbarossa is credited with tearing down the Peñón of Algiers and using the stone to build the inner harbor.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: Privateers and slavery of Christians originating from Algiers were a major problem throughout the centuries, leading to regular punitive expeditions by European powers. Spain (1567, 1775, 1783), Denmark (1770), France (1661, 1665, 1682, 1683, 1688), England (1622, 1655, 1672), all led naval bombardments against Algiers. Abraham Duquesne fought the Barbary pirates in 1681 and bombarded Algiers between 1682 and 1683, to help Christian captives.


title: Ottoman Algeria

text: In 1659 the Janissaries of the Odjak of Algiers took over the country, and removed the local Pasha with the blessing of the Ottoman Sultan. From there on a system of dual leaders was in place. There was first and foremost the Agha, elected by the Odjak, and the Pasha appointed by the Ottoman Sublime Porte, whom was a major cause of unrest. Of course, this duality was not stable. All of the Aghas were assassinated, without an exception. Even the first Agha was killed after only 1 year of rule. Thanks to this the Pashas from Constantinople were able to increase the power, and reaffirm Turkish control over the region. In 1671, the Rais, the pirate captains, elected a new leader, Mohamed Trik. The Janissaries also supported him, and started calling him the Dey, which means Uncle in Turkish.