title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On December 16 at , Edwards reunited with Davey Richards in a tag team match, where they defeated Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly. Following their win, the American Wolves received a shot at the ROH World Tag Team Championship, but were defeated by the defending champions, the Briscoe Brothers, on January 18, 2013. On August 3, the American Wolves defeated the Forever Hooligans (Alex Koslov and Rocky Romero) to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship for the second time. They lost the title to reDRagon (Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly) on August 17. On September 20 at Death Before Dishonor XI, the American Wolves unsuccessfully challenged Forever Hooligans for New Japan Pro-Wrestling's IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship. On December 14 at Final Battle 2013, Edwards wrestled his ROH farewell match, where he and B. J. Whitmer defeated Jay Lethal and Roderick Strong. Following the match, Edwards was attacked by The Decade (Whitmer, Strong, and Jimmy Jacobs).


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: Edwards made his Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) debut on March 4, 2011, teaming with Davey Richards to participate in the fifth annual "Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament". After defeating the RockNES Monsters (Johnny Goodtime and Johnny Yuma) in the opening round, Edwards and Richards were eliminated in the semifinals by eventual winners The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson). A short time later, Edwards became a member of the roster. During "All Star Weekend 8" on May 27 and 28, Edwards picked up his first singles victories in PWG, defeating Alex Shelley and El Generico on "Night One" and "Night Two", respectively. On August 20, Edwards took part in the "2011 Battle of Los Angeles", defeating Roderick Strong in the opening round before losing against PWG World Champion Kevin Steen in a non-title semifinal match.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: At "Fear" on December 10, Edwards and Richards reunited to defeat the Super Smash Brothers (Player Uno and Stupefied). Edwards received his first PWG World Championship title shot on March 17, 2012, at "World's Finest". He was scheduled to wrestle champion El Generico in a rematch of their "All Star Weekend 8" encounter; the bout was turned into a three-way to include Kevin Steen, who subsequently pinned Edwards and regained the championship. Edwards made his "Battle of Los Angeles" return on September 1 and 2. He defeated Kyle O'Reilly in the opening round, before being eliminated in the quarterfinals by Adam Cole, who ultimately won the tournament. At "Mystery Vortex", which took place on December 1, Edwards teamed with Roderick Strong under the team name "Dojo Bros." and earned back-to-back tag team victories; first defeating The Young Bucks in the opening match and then PWG World Tag Team Champions Super Smash Brothers in a non-title bout. On March 23, 2013, the Dojo Bros. received a shot at the PWG World Tag Team Championship, now held by The Young Bucks, but were defeated by the defending champions. On December 21, the Dojo Bros. defeated A. R. Fox and Rich Swann in Edwards' PWG farewell match.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: Edwards was set to make his return to PWG on July 24, 2015, alongside Davey Richards; however, they were later pulled before the event took place.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: In August 2013, after their contracts with ROH had expired, Edwards and Davey Richards took part in a tryout camp for WWE, where they were described as "standing out". On November 18, Edwards and Richards entered the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida for another week-long tryout. Three days later, Edwards and Richards made their NXT debut; using the team name "The American Pitbulls" and billed as John Cahill and Derek Billington respectively, they lost to NXT Tag Team Champions The Ascension (Konnor and Viktor) in a non-title match.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On January 16, 2014, Edwards and Richards (now renamed as The Wolves), appeared on the first episode of the "Genesis" specials of "Impact Wrestling" in a backstage segment with Dixie Carter. As part of their debut storyline, they revealed they had signed contracts with a new investor in TNA. Their in-ring debut came the following week, when they and Samoa Joe defeated The BroMans (Robbie E and Jessie Godderz) and Zema Ion in a six-man tag team match. On February 23 Edwards and Richards defeated TheBroMans to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship. After a week-long reign, The Wolves lost the championship back to The BroMans at Wrestle-1's "" event in Tokyo, Japan in a three-way match, also including Team 246 (Kaz Hayashi and Shuji Kondo). On April 27 at the Sacrifice pay-per-view, The Wolves regained the championship by defeating Robbie E, Godderz, and DJ Z in a two-on-three handicap match. On June 15, 2014, at Slammiversary XII Edwards competed in six-way ladder match for TNA X Division Championship, which was won by Sanada. The Wolves returned to Wrestle-1 on July 6, successfully defending the TNA World Tag Team Championship against the Junior Stars (Koji Kanemoto and Minoru Tanaka). They also retained the championship in matches against Bram and Magnus and The Hardys (Matt and Jeff Hardy). After being challenged to a three-way tag team match for the title by The Hardys and Team 3D, it was decided all three teams would compete in a best of three series for the title, with the winners of the each match being able to choose the stipulation of the next. At the end of the series, the teams each had won one match so a fourth match was held; The Wolves won a Full Metal Mayhem match to retain the championship. At the "Impact Wrestling" tapings on September 19, Edwards and Richards lost the championship to James Storm and Abyss, but regained the title on January 30, 2015, from The Revolution.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On February 15, Edwards suffered a broken heel during a special match against his partner Davey Richards at the One Night Only X-Travaganza taping, and required surgery. As a result of the injury, The Wolves vacated the Tag Team Championship at the television tapings on March 13. On May 8, 2015 on a live edition of Impact Wrestling. he returned and him and Davey Richards issued a Challenge to Bobby Roode & Austin Aries to a best of 5 series for the TNA World Tag Team Titles. The Wolves won the first 2 matches and Dirty Heels won the next two. At Slammiversary, Aries defeated Richards, so he choose the stipulation for the last match of the series, a 30 minutes tag team Iron Man match. On June 25, 2015 (aired July 1, 2015) The Wolves defeated Dirty Heels to win the Tag Team Titles. With this victory, The Wolves shared with Beer Money the record of most reigns, with four. On July 28, (aired September 2, 2015) they lost the titles to Brian Myers and Trevor Lee. The Wolves regained the titles the following week in a rematch. At Bound for Glory, The Wolves successfully retained their titles against Myers and Lee in a rematch. During October and November (taped in July), Edwards participated in the TNA World Title Series as a member of Group Tag Team Specialists along with Robbie E his fellow partner Davey Richards and Matt Hardy, where he ended of his fourth block, failing to advance to the finals.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: At , The Wolves successfully retained their titles in a three-way tag team match against Kurt Angle and Drew Galloway and Eli Drake and Jessie Godderz. Then, they started a feud against Decay, defeating them by disqualification on the January 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling". The feud culminated in a Monster's Ball match on the February 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", which The Wolves won, retaining their titles. On the March 8 episode of "Impact Wrestling", The Wolves dropped the titles to Beer Money.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: Davey would be injured in the match, and Eddie would embark on a singles career. He started a feud with Trevor Lee and Gregory Helms, challenged Lee in a match for the TNA X Division Championship, in a three-way also involving DJ Z, on the April 19 episode of "Impact Wrestling", but lost the match. Then, Eddie failed to win the X Division Championship two times, in an Ultimate X match at May Mayhem, which also included DJ Z and Andrew Everett, and in a singles match against Trevor Lee on the June 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling". On June 12 at Slammiversary, Edwards defeated Lee, DJ Z and Andrew Everett in a four-way match to win the TNA X Division Championship, marking his first singles title in TNA. He successfully retained his title against Trevor Lee in a rematch on the "Gold Rush" special episode of "Impact Wrestling".


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On the June 14 tapings of the June 21 episode of Impact Wrestling, however, Edwards dropped the title to Mike Bennett. Edwards regained the title the following day during an Ultimate X match to become a two-time X Division Champion. At Destination X he used the Option C for having a match against Lashley for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, his title was also on the line. However, the match ended in a no-contest after an interference from Mike Bennett and Eddie was attacked by the debuting Moose. A week later Eddie Edwards lost the X Division Championship to Lashley in a "Winner Takes All" Six Sides of Steel match with the TNA World Heavyweight Championship also on the line. On the September 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he saved DJZ from an attack by The Helms Dynasty, and challenged him for a match for his X Division Championship, which DJZ accepted. However, a week later, Edwards failed to win the championship. After the match, both men were attacked by The Helms Dynasty. At Bound for Glory, he replaced Drew Galloway in his match against Aron Rex for the inaugural Impact Grand Championship, but was ultimately defeated.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On the October 6 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Edwards defeated Lashley to win his first TNA World Heavyweight Championship.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On the October 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he successfully defended his title against Cody and against Lashley on the November 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling". The following week, Edwards defeated Bound for Gold winner Eli Drake to retain his title. After the match, he was attacked by the Death Crew Council. On the November 17 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he and Brother Nero were defeated by the Death Crew Council in a No Disqualification handicap match. On the December 8 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Edwards defended his title against Ethan Carter III, but the match ended in a no contest.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On January 5, 2017, Edwards successfully defended his title against EC3 and Lashley in a three-way match after interference from Davey Richards. The next day, Edwards successfully defended his title against EC3 at the event. At Genesis, Edwards lost the championship against Lashley in an Iron Man match. On the February 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Edwards lost his rematch after Richards and his wife Angelina Love interfered and turned on Edwards and his wife Alisha Edwards. After the match, Richards attacked Edwards, thus ending The Wolves in the process.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On the February 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Eddie faced Davey in a Street Fight, however the match ended in a no-contest. On the March 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Edwards brawled with Richards at the beginning of the show, but the two were separated by security guards. On the April 6 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Edwards was defeated by Richards in a Last Man Standing match. A month later, Edwards was defeated by Matt Sydal. After the match, Edwards and Alisha were attacked by Richards and Love. At No Surrender, Edwards once again failed to regain the Impact World Heavyweight Championship from Lashley. On the June 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Edwards and Alisha defeated Richards and Love in a mixed tag team match. On the June 29 episode of "Impact Wrestling" in India, Edwards teamed with Alberto El Patron, James Storm and Mahabali Shera to defeat Richards, Ethan Carter III, Kongo Kong and Lashley. The feud ended at Slammiversary when Edwards and Alisha defeated Richards and Love in a Full Metal Mayhem match.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: After a series of various match, notably against Eli Drake, Edwards entered at number one in the 20-man Gauntlet for the vacated GFW World Heavyweight Championship on the August 24 episode of "Impact Wrestling", in which he was eliminated last by Eli Drake. The following week, Edwards and Johnny Impact ruined Drake's championship celebration, which led to a tag-team match in the main event, which by Drake and Chris Adonis won. On the September 14 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Edwards saved Ethan Carter III from AAA wrestlers El Hijo del Fantasma and Pagano. The following week, Edwards teamed with EC3 in a tag team match against Fantasma and Pagano, but lost after an interference of El Texano Jr.. Following the match, they were continually assaulted by the trio until James Storm made the save. Storm shook Eddie Edwards' hand, but refused to shake EC3's hand. At Bound for Glory, Eddie, Storm and Carter defeated Team AAA (El Hijo del Fantasma, Pagano and Texano). On November 6, 2017 in Canada, Edwards made his second defense for the GHC Heavyweight Championship against El Hijo del Fantasma, defeating him.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: After a series of matches for "Impact Wrestling Xplosion" and "Impact Wrestling specials episodes", Edwards showed support for Moose during his feud against Lashley and the American Top Team on the January 11 episode of "Impact Wrestling". This led to a tag-team match in which Edwards and Moose were defeated by Lashley and KM.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On the February 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Eddie teamed with his long-time rival Lashley and defeated Ohio Versus Everything. On the March 1, 2018 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Edwards was accidentally struck in the head by a baseball bat during a post-match brawl with Sami Callihan, where a chair was placed near his head and Callihan swung a baseball bat into the chair. The strike caught Edwards in the head, near his eye and nose. He was immediately taken to the hospital where he had a CT scan done, in addition to broken bones in his face, he also suffered a broken nose too. This led to a House of Hardcore match at Redemption alongside Moose and Tommy Dreamer, but the team was defeated by OVE. Immediately after the match, Eddie attacked Callihan with a barbed baseball bat and a kendo stick. He also attacked the rest of OVE, and pushed Tommy Dreamer who tried to stop him. In his rage, Eddie accidentally hurt his wife Alisha Edwards. Edwards defeated Callihan during the May 17 episode of "House of Hardcore". He once again attacked Callihan and OVE after the match under the eyes of a shocking Tommy Dreamer. On the June 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Eddie and Callihan wrestled in an Unsanctioned Fight in the Woods, where Eddie tried to kill Callihan, until being stopped by Dreamer and Alisha. On the June 14 episode of Impact Wrestling, Edwards brutally attacked Tommy Dreamer with a kendo stick after a confrontation between the duo. This led to a House of Hardcore match at Slammiversary where Eddie defeated Dreamer. After the match, Eddie cried and apologized to Dreamer for his actions. The two shook hands and Dreamer gave Eddie a kendo stick before leaving.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On the July 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Eddie attacked Impact World Champion Austin Aries with his kendo stick, and once again the following week. This led to a championship match on the August 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling" which Eddie loses after being attacked by Killer Kross. The following week, Eddie attacked Kross with his kendo stick, but Aries made the save and the duo brutalized Edwards. On the August 23 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Eddie was once again attacked by Aries and Kross before being saved by Moose. The following week at ReDEFINED, a match between Edwards and Moose and the duo was scheduled, however Moose was attacked before the match. Edwards wrestled the match alone, until Moose came to the ring to "help". However, Moose betrayed him, and Edwards was attacked by the trio. On the September 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling" at Mexico, Eddie Edwards returned and attacked the trio with his kendo stick alongside Johnny Impact. In March 2019, it was announced that Edwards had signed a multi-year deal with Impact Wrestling.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: Throughout the second half of 2019 and into 2020, Edwards would feud with Ace Austin, and then Michael Elgin (engaging in a best of five series with the latter that came to a draw after a double pin in match five).


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On July 18, 2020, he would capture the now renamed Impact World Championship for the second time, winning a fatal five-way elimination match at Slammiversary for the vacant title. During this time, he would declare open challenges every week and at the same time, started a feud with the returning Eric Young. In the following weeks, he successfully defended the title in singles bouts against Trey Miguel, Sami Callihan, Brian Myers and Rob Van Dam. Edwards lost the Impact World Championship to Young on the September 1 episode of "Impact!". At Victory Road, Edwards lost to Young in the rematch for the title. On October 24, at Bound for Glory, he lost to Ken Shamrock after tapping out to the ankle lock. At Turning Point, he defeated Daivari. In early December, Eddie reignited his feud with Callihan after being attacked by him and going after his wife Alisha, before fighting him off after taking his bat. At Final Resolution, he and Alisha lost an intergender tag team match against Tenille Dashwood and Kaleb with a K, before being attacked by Callihan and getting hit with a piledriver.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: On January 16, 2021, at Hard To Kill, Eddie defeated Sami Callihan in a Barbed Wire Massacre match, ending their feud. On February 13, at No Surrender, he and Matt Cardona teamed up and fought Brian Myers and Hernandez in a losing effort. The following month at Sacrifice, Edwards defeated Myers in a Hold Harmless match. In April, he got involved in a feud against Violent By Design (VBD), losing to them in an eight-man Hardcore War match at Hardcore Justice and a regular eight-man tag team match at Rebellion. On May 15, at Under Siege, Edwards teamed with FinJuice (David Finlay and Juice Robinson) in a six-man tag team match and defeated Kenny Omega and The Good Brothers (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson). On the June 24 episode of "Impact!", he teamed with New Japan Pro-Wrestling talent Satoshi Kojima to face VBD members Deaner and Joe Doering for the Impact World Tag Team Championship, but failed to win. In July, Edwards got into a feud with W. Morrissey, losing a singles bout at Slammiversary but defeated him at Homecoming in a Hardcore match. On September 18, at Victory Road, he teamed with old rival Callihan to face Morrissey and Moose in a losing effort. In November, Edwards won a three-way match to become the number one contender to Moose's Impact World Championship, but failed to win the title at Turning Point in a Full Metal Mayhem match.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: At Hard To Kill on January 8, 2022, Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino were attacked by Honor No More, a stable of Ring of Honor (ROH) wrestlers Matt Taven, Mike Bennett, PCO, and Vincent. In the following weeks on "Impact", it was announced that Team Impact (Edwards, Chris Sabin, Rhino, Rich Swann, and Steve Maclin) will face Honor No More at No Surrender. At No Surrender on February 19, Edwards joined Honor No More by attacking Team Impact, costing them the match, turning heel for the first time in his Impact career.


title: Eddie Edwards (wrestler)

text: Maher is married to fellow Impact wrestler Alisha (nee Inacio), and the two have one daughter together. Maher is close friends with fellow pro wrestlers Davey Richards, Roderick Strong, and Bryan Danielson.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village, sometimes shortened to StuyTown, is a large post–World War II private residential development on the east side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. The complex consists of 110 red brick apartment buildings on an tract stretching from First Avenue to Avenue C, between 14th and 23rd Streets. Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village is split up into two parts: Stuyvesant Town, south of 20th Street, and Peter Cooper Village, north of 20th Street. Together, the two developments contain 11,250 apartments.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village was planned, beginning in 1942, and opened its first building in 1947. It replaced the Gas House district of gas storage tanks. The complex has been sold multiple times, most recently in 2015 when it was sold to Ivanhoé Cambridge and Blackstone for $5.45 billion.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village is part of Manhattan Community District 6, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10009 and 10010. It is patrolled by the 13th Precinct of the New York City Police Department (NYPD).


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village is bounded by First Avenue on the west, 23rd Street on the north, Avenue C on the east, and 14th Street on the south. The complex covers about of land in total, including parkland. Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village contains 11,250 apartments in 55 buildings, which have 110 separate street addresses.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The buildings south of 20th Street are known as Stuyvesant Town, or "Stuy Town". They were named after Peter Stuyvesant, the last director-general of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, whose farm occupied the site in the 17th century. The buildings north of 20th Street are called Peter Cooper Village, named after the 19th-century industrialist, inventor and philanthropist Peter Cooper, who founded Cooper Union.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village abuts the Stuyvesant Park and Gramercy Park neighborhoods on the west, the East Village and Alphabet City to the south, and Kips Bay to the north. The surrounding area to the west is notable for a historic two-block park surrounded by the old Stuyvesant High School called Stuyvesant Square, Saint George's Church, and the Beth Israel Medical Center.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: In 1842, one gas storage tank at East 23rd Street and the river was erected, quickly followed by the construction of other gas tanks, and by the late 19th century, the site of the complex had become known as the "Gashouse District" because of the many gas storage tanks owned by Consolidated Gas Company that dominated the streetscapes. The tanks, which sometimes leaked, made the area undesirable to live in, as did the Gas House Gang and other predators who operated in the area.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The population was predominantly poor, at first largely Irish, and then Germans and Jews. Later, Slovaks and other Eastern Europeans were the dominant ethnic groups, including a large population of Armenians who lived in the upper Twenties between First and Lexington avenues.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Crime in the district was endemic. When Alexander S. Williams was promoted to police captain on May 31, 1872, and assigned to the area, he met the gangs' violence with equal force of his own, putting together a brute squad that beat up gangsters with clubs. He commented: "There is more law at the end of a policeman's nightstick than in a decision of the Supreme Court."


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: With the construction of the FDR Drive, the area began to improve. By the 1930s, all but four tanks were gone, and, while shabby, the area was no more blighted than many parts of the city after the years of the Great Depression.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Before the construction of Stuyvesant Town, the neighborhood contained 18 city blocks, with public schools, churches, factories, private homes, apartments, small businesses and even relatively new modern-style apartment buildings. In all, 600 buildings, containing 3,100 families, 500 stores and small factories, three churches, three schools, and two theaters, were razed. As would be repeated in later urban renewal projects, some 11,000 persons were forced to move from the neighborhood. In 1945, "The New York Times" called the move from the site "the greatest and most significant mass movement of families in New York's history." The last residents of the Gas House district, the Delman family, moved out in May 1946, allowing demolition to be completed shortly thereafter.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Due to a New York City housing shortage that had been growing since the Depression, Stuyvesant Town was already being planned as a post-war housing project in 1942–43, some years before the end of World War II. A provision was made that the rental applications of veterans would have selection priority. The complex was developed by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, and was based on its earlier development in the Parkchester neighborhood of the Bronx, which was completed in 1942. The same companies and developers also built Riverton, which was completed around the same time.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Metropolitan Life president Frederick H. Ecker said of Stuyvesant Town in its initial offering that it would make it possible for generations of New Yorkers "to live in a park – to live in the country in the heart of New York." On the first day the company received 7,000 applications; it would receive 100,000 applicants by the time of first occupancy. The complex's first tenants, two World War II veterans and their families, moved into the first completed building on August 1, 1947. In 1947, rents ranged from $50 to $91 per month. Current rents range from $3,300 for a one bedroom apartment to the $9,000, 5 bedroom unit (there is only one in the complex.)


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town was controversial from the beginning. In 1943, the National Association of Housing Officials described the fight as "a battle up to now lacking only in beer bottles and murder." Although nominally a private development, it was championed by Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, who has been called the "dominant force in [the] creation" of both Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village. At the behest of Mayor LaGuardia, Moses sought "to induce insurance companies and savings banks to enter the field of large-scale slum clearance." It was enabled by various state laws and amendments which permitted private companies to enter what was previously a public field of action.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The new public-private partnership, and the contract entered between the city and the developer, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, were the source of much debate. Among the issues at stake were use of the power of eminent domain for private purposes; the reversion of public streets and land, such as public school property, to private ownership; the 25-year tax exemption granted by the contract; and the lack of any restrictions on the company prohibiting discrimination in selecting tenants.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: When the $50 million Stuyvesant Town plan was approved by the City Planning Commission on May 20, 1943 by a five to one vote, discrimination against African-Americans was already a significant topic of debate. Councilmen Stanley M. Isaacs and Adam Clayton Powell Jr. sought to introduce a provision into the contract that would prevent racial or religious discrimination in tenant selection. This provision was not accepted; those who rejected it, including Robert Moses, argued that the company's profitability would be harmed, and that opponents were "obviously looking for a political issue and not for results in the form of actual slum clearance."


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: In the years after it opened, black people were barred from living in the complex. Metropolitan Life's president, Frederick H. Ecker, stated that "negroes and whites do not mix". He also believed that integrating Stuyvesant Town would depress demand for, and hence valuation of, other real estate in the area.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Lee Lorch, a City College of New York professor, petitioned to allow African Americans into the development, and was fired from his teaching position as a result of pressure from Metropolitan Life. Upon accepting a position at Pennsylvania State University, Lorch allowed a black family to occupy his apartment, thus circumventing the 'no Negroes' rule. As a result of pressure from Metropolitan Life, he was dismissed from his new position as well.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Lawsuits were filed on the basis that the project was public or semi-public, and thus violated anti-discrimination laws for New York City public housing. In July 1947, a New York Supreme Court judge ruled that the development was private and that, in the absence of laws to the contrary, the company could discriminate as it saw fit. The judge wrote, "It is well settled that the landlord of a private apartment or dwelling house may, without violating any provision of the Federal or State Constitutions, select tenants of its own choice because of race, color, creed or religion... Clearly, housing accommodation is not a recognized civil right."


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: By this date, Metropolitan Life was building the Riverton Houses, a separate-but-equal housing project in Harlem with residents who were mainly black. Some years later, the company admitted a few black families to Stuyvesant Town and a few white families to Riverton. Both projects, however, remain largely segregated.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: A host of other issues and controversies surrounded Stuyvesant Town's planning and design. From the outset, objections were made to the haste with which the project was approved and lack of public participation in the process; the project's population density; the absence of any public facilities such as schools, community centers, or shops in the development; the gated-community, private property character of the complex, and the denial of city residents of the right to walk through a part of the city that was once public; and violations of the city's master plan. Lawsuits were brought by property owners of the land, but in February 1944 the Supreme Court of the United States refused to review the constitutionality of the New York State law that enabled the development, despite the taking of public property for private profit, the granting of tax exemptions, and the public benefits advanced by the developers and their advocates.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The complex contained original plaques honoring Frederick H. Ecker and marking the complexes as housing for moderate-income families, which were dedicated during the complexes' opening day in 1947. In 2002, when the property went luxury market rate, the plaques were removed.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: In October 2006, MetLife agreed to sell the complex to Tishman Speyer Properties and the real estate arm of BlackRock for $5.4 billion. The sale was expected to close by November 15, 2006, according to documents which CB Richard Ellis, a commercial real estate broker representing MetLife, sent to bidders. MetLife hired a broker, who started registering bidders, and intended to name a winner by November 2006. The sale had drawn interest from dozens of prospective buyers, including New York's top real estate families, pension funds, international investment banks and investors from Dubai, according to "The New York Times", citing real estate executives.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: New York City Council member Daniel Garodnick, a lifelong resident of Peter Cooper Village, attempted to organize tenants and investors to place a buyout bid on the complex. Initially, MetLife deemed the tenants group an unqualified bidder, but, after being pressured by elected officials, the company reversed its position, and distributed bid books to the tenant group; bids were to have been submitted by October 5, 2006. Bids included the tenants' $4.6 billion offer, a bid by Vornado Realty Trust, a joint offer between Lehman Brothers and The Related Companies, and one by Apollo Global Management which came within $100 million of Speyer's $5.4 billion. Tishman Speyer paid just $56 million in cash for the property while raising $4 billion in debt from Wachovia and another $500 million from Merrill Lynch & Co.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: On January 22, 2007, a class action lawsuit was filed against MetLife, Tishman Speyer Properties, and their associates on behalf of the market rate tenants of Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village. The suit claimed that MetLife was improperly charging tenants "market rate" rents while at the same time receiving real estate tax benefits from the City of New York under the J-51 program, which requires property owners to maintain apartments as rent-stabilized during the period in which they are receiving benefits. The lawsuit asked for a monetary award of between $215 million and $320 million in rent overcharges and damages. Furthermore, it called for the market rate apartments to revert to rent stabilization until the expiration of the J-51 benefit period, sometime after 2017.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: In January 2010, Tishman Speyer Properties defaulted on the mortgage, the largest commercial mortgage default in U.S. history. On January 24, 2010, Tishman Speyer Properties gave up control of the properties by handing the complex to creditors, thereby avoiding a bankruptcy of the site. The default was predicted many months in advance; Fitch ratings downgraded the associated CMBS in August 2009. As of January 2010, the complex was estimated to be worth around $1.9 billion or less than 40 percent of the $5.4 billion the property was purchased for in 2006.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: While the legal battle over rent stabilization played a small role in the demise, it is likely Tishman Speyer would have defaulted even had it won the case. The assumptions underlying the $5.4 billion 2006 valuation were extremely aggressive; the valuation assumed that the income from the properties would triple by 2011. The landmark sale and default are the subject of the 2013 book "Other People's Money: Inside the Housing Crisis and the Demise of the Greatest Real Estate Deal Ever Made" by "New York Times" real estate reporter Charles V. Bagli, who covered Stuyvesant Town for the newspaper.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: , the property was set to be sold to Blackstone Group LP and Ivanhoé Cambridge, the real-estate arm of pension-fund giant Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec for about $5.3 billion. Blackstone had recently raised a $15.8 billion fund, the largest real-estate fund ever. New York City was expected to contribute $225 million to help preserve a portion of the complex as affordable to low- and middle-income residents. Under a binding agreement with the city, Blackstone agreed to keep roughly 5,000 units below market rents until at least 2035.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Most of those units would be aimed at what the developers and the city classify as "middle income" families: two-bedroom apartments, for example, will rent for about $3,200 a month, a rent considered affordable for a family of three making up to $128,000 a year, though the median household income in New York City as of the 2011-2015 American Community Survey was $53,373. About 500 units would be set aside for lower-income families, with two-bedroom units renting for up to $1,500 a month. The Federal National Mortgage Association would be providing Blackstone with a $2.7 billion loan through Wells Fargo Multifamily Capital, and the debt would have a term of 10 years.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The $5.45 billion sale was completed in December 2015. SL Green had threatened to file a lawsuit to block the sale, but was paid $10 million to drop its suit.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Growing rents and a gradual conversion of more rent-regulated units to market rates has brought the net operating income of the property up each year since 2006. With about 45% of the complex's residents still paying the regulated rents – down from 71% in 2006 – income is above $200 million a year.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The complex is designed as two large "superblocks", independent of the grid system that characterizes the majority of Manhattan below 155th Street. It consists of two large parks, one for each part of the complex, juxtaposed with modern red brick apartment towers. Its design was heavily influenced by the modernist "Towers in the park" theory advocated by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier in which residences consist of tall apartment buildings situated within a park-like environment.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Solar panels were installed atop Stuyvesant Town's towers in a project completed in 2019. They comprise the largest array of solar panels on an apartment complex in the United States.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Stuyvesant Town/Peter Cooper Village was 21,049, a change of 1,948 (9.3%) from the 19,101 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 74.1% (15,600) White, 3.6% (751) African American, 0.1% (23) Native American, 12.6% (2,662) Asian, 0% (6) Pacific Islander, 0.1% (23) from other races, and 2.6% (539) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.7% (1,405) of the population.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The entirety of Community District 6, which comprises Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown, had 53,120 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 84.8 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (45%) are between the ages of 25 and 44, while 22% are aged between 45 and 64, and 13% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 7% and 12% respectively.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 6 was $112,383. The median income in Peter Cooper Village individually was $99,324, and the median income in Stuyvesant Town was $86,345. In 2018, an estimated 10% of Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty-five residents (4%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 42% in Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town, along with Gramercy and Madison Square, is patrolled by the 13th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 230 East 21st Street. The 13th Precinct and neighboring 17th Precinct ranked 57th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. The high per-capita crime rate is attributed to the precincts' high number of property crimes. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 35 per 100,000 people, Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 180 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The 13th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 80.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 2 murders, 18 rapes, 152 robberies, 174 felony assaults, 195 burglaries, 1,376 grand larcenies, and 37 grand larcenies auto in 2018.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The complex has its own public safety force of 40 officers. They are not permitted to carry firearms, as per New York State Law, but do carry batons, pepper spray, and handcuffs. As public safety officers they have limited enforcement powers on Cooper Village. They patrol the property in specialized vehicles.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: As of late March 2009, security cameras were installed and activated in all Stuyvesant Town buildings. In addition, sensors were installed on the roof doors to prevent unauthorized access. There are over 1,200 surveillance cameras located throughout the complex, which are all connected to the Stuy Town security HQ in the Oval.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The requirement of photo ID card-keys was introduced in mid-October 2008 in Stuyvesant Town, and replaced door keys to each building's lobby. The parking garages along Avenue C, 20th Street, and 14th Street also implemented a key-card access system and installed security cameras.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 5 fire station, located at 340 East 14th Street.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: , preterm births and births to teenage mothers in Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown are lower than the city average. In Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown, there were 78 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 1.5 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide), though the teenage birth rate was based on a small sample size. Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 3%, less than the citywide rate of 12%, though this was based on a small sample size.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown is , more than the city average. Twelve percent of Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown residents are smokers, which is less than the city average among residents of 14%. In Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown, 10% of residents are obese, 5% are diabetic, and 18% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 7% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 90% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown, there are seven bodegas.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Beth Israel Medical Center is located in Stuyvesant Town. In addition, the Bellevue Hospital Center and NYU Langone Medical Center are located in Kips Bay.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town and Peter Cooper Village are located in three ZIP Codes. The area south of 20th Street and in Stuyvesant Town is located in 10009, while the area north of 20th Street and in Peter Cooper Village is located in 10010. Several buildings on First Avenue are located in 10003, the ZIP Code for the East Village. The United States Postal Service operates the Peter Stuyvesant Station post office at 335 East 14th Street.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city . A majority of residents age 25 and older (82%) have a college education or higher, while 3% have less than a high school education and 15% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown, 8% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 91% of high school students in Stuyvesant Town and East Midtown graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The New York City Department of Education operates the following public elementary schools near Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village:


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: There are no library branches in Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village. The nearest library is the New York Public Library (NYPL)'s Epiphany branch, at 228 East 23rd Street in Gramercy/Kips Bay.


title: Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village

text: The community has its own newspaper, "Town & Village", also known as "the T&V". It was first published in 1947 and has been published every week since, covering news in Stuyvesant Town, Peter Cooper Village, Waterside Plaza, and Gramercy Park. The paper was founded by Charles G. Hagedorn and as of the late 2000s (decade) is published by Hagedorn Communications. "Town & Village" is independent and not affiliated with the ownership of the complex.


Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House is a 2017 American biographical political thriller film written and directed by Peter Landesman, and based on the 2006 autobiography of FBI agent Mark Felt, written with John O'Connor. The film depicts how Felt became the anonymous source nicknamed "Deep Throat" for reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein and helped them in their investigation of the Watergate scandal, which resulted in the resignation of President Richard Nixon.


title: Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House

text: The film stars Liam Neeson, Diane Lane, Tony Goldwyn, and Maika Monroe. It premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, and was theatrically released on September 29, 2017, by Sony Pictures Classics. It is also the fourth film on the Watergate scandal, following "All the President's Men" (1976), "The Final Days" (1989), and "Dick" (1999).


text: The movie starts on April 11, 1972. Nixon's advisers at the White House ask Mark Felt how to ask J. Edgar Hoover to step aside as the FBI director. Some days later, Hoover dies. Pat Gray becomes the acting FBI director. In June 1972, several ex-CIA and FBI agents burglarize Watergate hotel to bug the DNC headquarters.


text: Attorney General Richard Kleindienst announces that the Watergate investigation has concluded without the White House or CREEP (Nixon's re-election committee) being implicated.


text: Pat Gray's Senate confirmation hearings gets derailed when it comes to light that he was sending the FBI investigative files to the White House.


text: A side story of the movie revolves around Mark Felt tracking and locating his runaway hippie daughter in a commune.


text: An untitled project about FBI agent Mark Felt, known as Deep Throat, who was an informant for reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, was announced on January 24, 2006, written by Peter Landesman. The film was to be directed by Jay Roach for Universal Pictures and Playtone, and Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman were attached as producers. On November 3, 2015, it was announced that Landesman would himself direct the film, which had been titled "Felt". Liam Neeson was cast in the title role. MadRiver Pictures financed the film and also produced it, along with Scott Free Productions, Playtone, and Cara Films, and producers Ridley Scott, Goetzman, Hanks, Giannina Scott, Marc Butan, Christopher Woodrow, Roach, and Landesman. On November 5, 2015, Diane Lane was cast to play Felt's brilliant and troubled wife, Audrey, who shares the burden of Felt's dangerous dilemma about the White House's Watergate scandal. On November 6, 2015, Jason Bateman joined the film to play an FBI agent and Felt lieutenant, Charlie Bates, who suspects that Felt is leaking classified information on the Watergate investigation. On December 9, 2015, Maika Monroe also joined the cast, as Felt's daughter Joan.


text: On April 29, 2016, a complete cast was announced; Tony Goldwyn as FBI intel chief Ed Miller; Kate Walsh as Miller's wife, Pat; Josh Lucas as Charlie Bates, replacing Bateman; Michael C. Hall as John Dean; Marton Csokas and Tom Sizemore as Felt's rivals at the FBI, Pat Gray and Bill Sullivan, respectively; Wendi McLendon-Covey as Felt's secretary, Carol Tschudy; Ike Barinholtz as head of the Watergate investigation, Angelo Lano; Bruce Greenwood as "Time" magazine reporter Sandy Smith; Brian d'Arcy James as FBI special agent Robert Kunkel; Noah Wyle as Stan Pottinger; and Colm Meaney and Eddie Marsan as CIA agents, though Meaney did not appear in the finished film. Felt's real-life grandson Will Felt also appears in a background cameo as a CIA agent, and Daniel Pemberton composed the film's score.


text: Principal photography began on May 2, 2016, in Atlanta. Filming locations included the Virginia–Highland neighborhood, Cobb Galleria and North Druid Hills.


text: Cinematographer Adam Kimmel shot the film with Arri Alexa XT cameras. It was his first time using digital cameras to shoot a feature film. This was also the first film to be shot with Cooke Anamorphic/i SF (Special Flair) anamorphic lenses, which feature a special coating on the standard Anamorphic/i lenses that increase flare, bokeh and other aberrations inherent in anamorphic. Kimmel thought these lenses helped him find a balance between a 1970s period look and a "more accessible" modern one. Because Kimmel and Landesman didn't think the 2.40:1 anamorphic aspect ratio was right for the film, it was cropped on the sides to a 2:1 ratio.


text: Much of Diane Lane's performance was cut due to running time constraints. At a press conference, Landesman and Liam Neeson both championed Lane's performance, saying how devastated they all were (especially Lane herself) that so much of her work was not in the finished film. There were hints that the scenes may be included as "deleted scenes" or as part of an "extended cut" on the home video release of the film.


text: In May 2017, Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film, which had been retitled "The Silent Man". Under the title "Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House", it premiered as part of the Special Presentations section of the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, and was theatrically released in the United States on September 29, 2017.


text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 36% based on 115 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""Mark Felt" may dramatize the man behind Deep Throat, but its stodgy treatment of history offers little insight into the famous whistleblower." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


text: Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a generally positive review, praising Neeson while criticizing the script and writing, ""Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House" (please get a new title) does its job of presenting who Mark Felt was and what a burden it was for him personally to betray his beloved FBI. And if you want to know more about Felt (or, maybe, you just like Liam Neeson), then "Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House" does its job. But, I'd recommend anyone palette [sic] cleanse after by watching "All the President’s Men"."


title: Gay anthem

text: A gay anthem is a popular song that has become widely popular among, or has become identified with, the gay community, although some of these songs have also become anthems for the wider LGBT community. Not all songs labelled as "gay anthems" were written intentionally to become gay anthems, but those that do are often marked by themes of perseverance, inner strength, acceptance, pride, and unity. Research in 2007 suggested that the song most commonly identified as a gay anthem is "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor, and described the song as "a classic emblem of gay culture in the post-Stonewall and AIDS eras".


title: Gay anthem

text: Other classic gay anthems include Village People's "Y.M.C.A.", The Weather Girls's "It's Raining Men", Diana Ross's "I'm Coming Out", and ABBA's "Dancing Queen".


title: Gay anthem

text: Although every song is individual, the criteria for what makes a gay anthem has shown a trend among the years. In the 2002 book "Queer", the following ten main themes were listed that are common among many, if not all gay anthems:


title: Gay anthem

text: Madonna's "Vogue", Mariah Carey's "Hero", Ultra Naté's "Free", Janet Jackson's "Together Again", Cher's "Believe", Jessica Simpson's "I Think I'm in Love with You" and "A Public Affair", Kylie Minogue's "Spinning Around" and "Can't Get You Out of My Head", Geri Halliwell's "It's Raining Men", Dannii Minogue's "I Begin to Wonder", Melanie C's "Never Be the Same Again" and "Think About It", Tamar Braxton's "Hot Sugar" and "My Man", Lady Gaga's "Born This Way", and Ariana Grande's "Break Free" are considered as gay anthems for the new generation.


title: Gay anthem

text: Through the first decade of the 21st century, chart-topping popular songs became a "refuge of unambiguous support for gay rights" in a time when legal support for LGBT rights in the US was lagging (Don't Ask, Don't Tell would be repealed in 2011, and same-sex marriage would only be fully legalized in 2015). Even before its single release, Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" was predicted by Elton John to replace Gloria Gaynor's classic gay anthem "I Will Survive". UK LGBT rights charity Stonewall named Christina Aguilera's "Beautiful" the most empowering song of the 2000s decade for LGBT people.


title: Chuck Panozzo

text: Charles Salvatore Panozzo (born September 20, 1948) is an American musician best known as a co-founder of the rock band Styx. He is currently a part-time bass player in the band, sharing bass duties with Ricky Phillips. Panozzo suffers from HIV, which prevents him from full-time participation.


title: Chuck Panozzo

text: Panozzo grew up in a working-class Italian Catholic neighborhood in South Side, Chicago. At the age of 7, Panozzo and his fraternal twin brother, drummer John Panozzo, who died in July 1996, took music lessons from an uncle. He attended Catholic schools. Since age 7, Panozzo realized that he was gay.


title: Chuck Panozzo

text: In 1961-1962, Panozzo founded Styx with his brother and singer/keyboardist Dennis DeYoung. Panozzo received a degree in art education and taught art at the high school level.


title: Chuck Panozzo

text: In 1991, he was diagnosed as being HIV positive, which he kept secret along with his sexuality. In 2001, at the Human Rights Campaign annual dinner, in front of 1,000 guests, Panozzo announced that he is gay and is living with HIV. In 2007, he released his autobiography "The Grand Illusion: Love, Lies, and My Life With Styx."


title: Chabeli Iglesias

text: María Isabel "Chábeli" Iglesias Preysler (born 3 September 1971) is a Spanish journalist and socialite. She is the daughter of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias and Filipina socialite Isabel Preysler, and the older sister of singers Julio Iglesias Jr. and Enrique Iglesias.


title: Chabeli Iglesias

text: Iglesias has appeared in many local and international covers of gossip and entertainment magazines worldwide, at a young age, as the entertainment industry made the Iglesiases one of their favourite celebrity families. After the kidnapping of her grandfather in 1981, her father Julio Iglesias decided to move her and her brothers to safety in Miami in the United States, where she lived in protective custody. During the 1990s, Iglesias appeared in several American talk shows. This was followed by a television show called "El Show de Chábeli", which aired on Univision.


title: Chabeli Iglesias

text: Chábeli Iglesias was married to Ricardo Bofill Jr, the son of Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill. Their marriage ended several years later.


title: Chabeli Iglesias

text: In June 1999, Iglesias was involved in a car accident in Los Angeles in California, requiring hospitalization. The police declared that with the kind of injuries she had, only one out of a million people would survive. She was in the passenger seat when the vehicle rolled over several times and both passengers were ejected.


title: Chabeli Iglesias

text: On 8 October 2001, she married businessman Christian Fernando Altaba. Their son Alejandro Altaba was born prematurely on 14 January 2002. Alejandro's godparents are Julio Iglesias, Jr. and Ana Boyer.


title: Chabeli Iglesias

text: On 2 February 2010, Iglesias announced that she was pregnant with twin girls who were expected to be born in the summer of 2010. However, on 12 March 2010, "People en Español" reported that she had suffered a miscarriage.


title: Chabeli Iglesias

text: In February 2012 she announced that she and her husband had become parents of a daughter, Sofia Altaba on 4 January 2012, after a pregnancy kept totally secret.


title: Polyuria

text: Polyuria () is excessive or an abnormally large production or passage of urine (greater than 2.5 L or 3 L over 24 hours in adults). Increased production and passage of urine may also be termed diuresis. Polyuria often appears in conjunction with polydipsia (increased thirst), though it is possible to have one without the other, and the latter may be a cause or an effect. Primary polydipsia may lead to polyuria. Polyuria is usually viewed as a symptom or sign of another disorder (not a disease by itself), but it can be classed as a disorder, at least when its underlying causes are not clear.


title: Polyuria

text: The most common cause of polyuria in both adults and children is uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, which causes osmotic diuresis, when glucose levels are so high that glucose is excreted in the urine. Water follows the glucose concentration passively, leading to abnormally high urine output. In the absence of diabetes mellitus, the most common causes are decreased secretion of aldosterone due to adrenal cortical tumor, primary polydipsia (excessive fluid drinking), central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Polyuria may also be due to various chemical substances, such as diuretics, caffeine, and ethanol. It may also occur after supraventricular tachycardias, during an onset of atrial fibrillation, childbirth, and the removal of an obstruction within the urinary tract. Diuresis is controlled by antidiuretics such as vasopressin, angiotensin II and aldosterone. "Cold diuresis" is the occurrence of increased urine production on exposure to cold, which also partially explains immersion diuresis. "High-altitude diuresis" occurs at altitudes above and is a desirable indicator of adaptation to high altitudes. Mountaineers who are adapting well to high altitudes experience this type of diuresis. Persons who produce less urine even in the presence of adequate fluid intake are probably not adapting well to altitude.


title: Polyuria

text: Polyuria in osmotic cases, increases flow amount in the distal nephron where flow rates and velocity are low. The significant pressure increase occurring in the distal nephron takes place particularly in the cortical-collecting ducts. One study from 2008 lays out a hypothesis that hyperglycaemic and osmotic polyuria play roles ultimately in diabetic nephropathy.


title: Polyuria

text: Depending on the cause of the polyuria, the adequate treatment should be afforded. According to NICE, desmopressin can be considered for nocturnal polyuria, which can be caused by diabetes mellitus, if other medical treatments have failed. The recommendation had no studies that met the criteria for consideration.


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: Papua New Guinea, a sovereign state in Oceania, is the most linguistically diverse country in the world. According to Ethnologue, there are 839 living languages spoken in the country. In 2006, Papua New Guinea Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare stated that "Papua New Guinea has 832 living languages (languages, not dialects)." Languages with statutory recognition are Tok Pisin, English, Hiri Motu, and Papua New Guinean Sign Language. Tok Pisin, an English-based creole, is the most widely spoken, serving as the country's lingua franca. Papua New Guinean Sign Language became the fourth officially recognised language in May 2015, and is used by the deaf population throughout the country.


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: English is an official language of Papua New Guinea and is used by the government, courts, and the education system. In the 2011 census, 48.9% of the population was literate in English.


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: From 1884 to 1914, the northern half of the present-day country was a German colony known as German New Guinea, in which German was the official language. Tok Pisin derives some vocabulary from German as a result of this influence. Today however, German is not a generally spoken language in Papua New Guinea.


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: Unserdeutsch, or Rabaul Creole German, is a German-based creole language spoken mainly in East New Britain Province. It is the only creole language that has developed from colonial German. The lexicon is derived from German, while the substrate language is Tok Pisin.


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: Tok Pisin is an English-based creole language spoken throughout Papua New Guinea. It is an official language of Papua New Guinea and the most widely used language in the country. In parts of Western, Gulf, Central, Oro and Milne Bay provinces, however, the use of Tok Pisin has a shorter history, and is less universal especially among older people. In the 2011 census, 57.4% of the population were literate in Tok Pisin.


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a simplified version of the Motu language of the Austronesian language family. In the 2011 census, 4.7% of the population were literate in Hiri Motu.


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: Outside Papua New Guinea, Papuan languages that are also spoken include the languages of Indonesia, East Timor, and the Solomon Islands.


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: Below is a full list of Papuan language families spoken in Papua New Guinea, following Palmer, et al. (2018):


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: People speaking languages belonging to the Austronesian family arrived in New Guinea approximately 3,500 years ago.


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: Austronesian languages spoken in Papua New Guinea include Meso-Melanesian languages (such as Nalik, spoken in New Ireland Province; Kuanua, spoken in East New Britain Province; and Nakanai spoken in West New Britain Province).


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: The Austronesian languages are widely spread across the globe, as far west as Malagasy in Madagascar, as far east as Rapa Nui in Easter Island, and as far as north as the Formosan languages of Taiwan. Austronesian has several primary branches, all but one of which are found exclusively on Taiwan.


title: Languages of Papua New Guinea

text: PNGSL is an official language of Papua New Guinea; it is based on Auslan and various home sign forms.


title: Brain size

text: The size of the brain is a frequent topic of study within the fields of anatomy, biological anthropology, animal science and evolution. Brain size is sometimes measured by weight and sometimes by volume (via MRI scans or by skull volume). Neuroimaging intelligence testing can be used to study the volumetric measurements of the brain. Regarding "intelligence testing", a question that has been frequently investigated is the relation of brain size to intelligence. This question is quite controversial and will be addressed further in the section on intelligence. The measure of brain size and cranial capacity is not just important to humans, but to all mammals.


title: Brain size

text: In humans, the right cerebral hemisphere is typically larger than the left, whereas the cerebellar hemispheres are typically closer in size. The adult human brain weighs on average about . In men the average weight is about 1370 g and in women about 1200 g. The volume is around 1260  cm in men and 1130  cm in women, although there is substantial individual variation. Yet another study argued that adult human brain weight is 1,300-1,400g for adult humans and 350-400g for newborn humans. There is a range of volume and weights, and not just one number that one can definitively rely on, as with body mass. It is also important to note that variation between individuals is not as important as variation within species, as overall the differences are much smaller. The mechanisms of interspecific and intraspecific variation also differ.


title: Brain size

text: From early primates to hominids and finally to "Homo sapiens", the brain is progressively larger, with exception of extinct Neanderthals whose brain size exceeded modern Homo sapiens. The volume of the human brain has increased as humans have evolved (see Homininae), starting from about 600 cm in "Homo habilis" up to 1680 cm in Homo neanderthalensis, which was the hominid with the biggest brain size. The increase in brain size stopped with neanderthals. Since then, the average brain size has been shrinking over the past 28,000 years. One study suggests that this decrease in brain size "was surprisingly recent, occurring in the last 3,000 years", not the past 28,000 years. The cranial capacity has decreased from around 1,550 cm to around 1,440 cm in males while the female cranial capacity has shrunk from around 1,500 cm to around 1,240 cm. Other sources with bigger sample sizes of modern Homo sapiens find approximately the same cranial capacity for males but a higher cranial capacity of around 1330 cm in females. However, a study that reanalyzed data used in the study that suggested a decrease in brain size in the last 3,000 years, indicates that brain size did not decrease over this timespan and neither within 300 ka as suggested by other studies. It concluded that "the samples need to be specific enough to test the hypothesis across different times and populations".<ref name="10.3389/fevo.2022.963568"></ref>


title: Brain size

text: "Homo floresiensis" is a hominin from the island of Flores in Indonesia with fossils dating from 60,000-100,000 years ago. Despite its relatively derived position in the hominin phylogeny, CT imaging of its skull reveals that its brain volume was only 417 cm, less than that of even "Homo habilis", which is believed to have gone extinct far earlier (around 1.65 million years ago.). The reason for this regression in brain size is believed to be "island syndrome" in which the brains of insular species become smaller due to reduced predation risk. This is beneficial as it reduces the basal metabolic rate without significant increases in predation risk.


title: Brain size

text: In recent years, experiments have been conducted drawing conclusions to brain size in association to the gene mutation that causes microcephaly, a neural developmental disorder that affects cerebral cortical volume.


title: Brain size

text: A 2021 study proposed that the recent decrease in brain size in the last 3,000 years has resulted from externalization of knowledge and group decision-making, partly via the advent of social systems of distributed cognition, social organization, division of labor and sharing of information.<ref name="10.3389/fevo.2021.742639"></ref> A 2022 study, that reanalyzed data used in the study, refutes their conclusion that the brain size did decrease at all during the last 3,000 years.


title: Brain size

text: Exceptional cases of hydrocephalus, such as what was reported by John Lorber in 1980 and by a study with rats, suggest that relatively high levels of intelligence and relatively normal functioning are possible even with very small brains. It is unclear what conclusions could be drawn from such reports – such as about brain capacities, redundancies, mechanics and size requirements.


title: Brain size

text: Efforts to find racial or ethnic variation in brain size are generally considered to be a pseudoscientific endeavor and have traditionally been tied to scientific racism and attempts to demonstrate a racial intellectual hierarchy.


title: Brain size

text: The majority of efforts to demonstrate this have relied on indirect data that assessed skull measurements as opposed to direct brain observations. These are considered scientifically discredited.


title: Brain size

text: A large-scale 1984 survey of global variation in skulls has concluded that variation in skull and head sizes is unrelated to race, but rather climatic heat preservation, stating "We find little support for the use of brain size in taxonomic assessment (other than with paleontological extremes over time). Racial taxonomies which include cranial capacity, head shape, or any other trait influenced by climate confound ecotypic and phyletic causes. For Pleistocene hominids, we doubt that the volume of the braincase is any more taxonomically 'valuable' than any other trait."


title: Brain size

text: A human baby's brain at birth averages 369 cmand increases, during the first year of life, to about 961 cm, after which the growth rate declines. Brain volume peaks at the teenage years, and after the age of 40 it begins declining at 5% per decade, speeding up around 70. Average adult male brain weight is , while an adult female has an average brain weight of . (This does not take into account neuron density nor brain-to-body mass ratio; men on average also have larger bodies than women.) Males have been found to have on average greater cerebral, cerebellar and cerebral cortical lobar volumes, except possibly left parietal. The gender differences in size vary by more specific brain regions. Studies have tended to indicate that men have a relatively larger amygdala and hypothalamus, while women have a relatively larger caudate and hippocampi. When covaried for intracranial volume, height, and weight, Kelly (2007) indicates women have a higher percentage of gray matter, whereas men have a higher percentage of white matter and cerebrospinal fluid. There is high variability between individuals in these studies, however.


title: Brain size

text: However, Yaki (2011) found no statistically significant gender differences in the gray matter ratio for most ages (grouped by decade), except in the 3rd and 6th decades of life in the sample of 758 women and 702 men aged 20–69. The average male in their third decade (ages 20–29) had a significantly higher gray matter ratio than the average female of the same age group. In contrast, among subjects in their sixth decade, the average woman had a significantly larger gray matter ratio, though no meaningful difference was found among those in their 7th decade of life.


title: Brain size

text: Total cerebral and gray matter volumes peak during the ages from 10–20 years (earlier in girls than boys), whereas white matter and ventricular volumes increase. There is a general pattern in neural development of childhood peaks followed by adolescent declines (e.g. synaptic pruning). Consistent with adult findings, average cerebral volume is approximately 10% larger in boys than girls. However, such differences should not be interpreted as imparting any sort of functional advantage or disadvantage; gross structural measures may not reflect functionally relevant factors such as neuronal connectivity and receptor density, and of note is the high variability of brain size even in narrowly defined groups, for example children at the same age may have as much as a 50% differences in total brain volume. Young girls have on average relative larger hippocampal volume, whereas the amygdalae are larger in boys. However, multiple studies have found a higher synaptic density in males: a 2008 study reported that men had a significantly higher average synaptic density of 12.9 × 108 per cubic millimeter, whereas in women it was 8.6 × 108 per cubic millimeter, a 33% difference. Other studies have found an average of 4 billion more neurons in the male brain, corroborating this difference, as each neuron has on average 7,000 synaptic connections to other neurons.


title: Brain size

text: Significant dynamic changes in brain structure take place through adulthood and aging, with substantial variation between individuals. In later decades, men show greater volume loss in whole brain volume and in the frontal lobes, and temporal lobes, whereas in women there is increased volume loss in the hippocampi and parietal lobes. Men show a steeper decline in global gray matter volume, although in both sexes it varies by region with some areas exhibiting little or no age effect. Overall white matter volume does not appear to decline with age, although there is variation between brain regions.


title: Brain size

text: Adult twin studies have indicated high heritability estimates for overall brain size in adulthood (between 66% and 97%). The effect varies regionally within the brain, however, with high heritabilities of frontal lobe volumes (90-95%), moderate estimates in the hippocampi (40-69%), and environmental factors influencing several medial brain areas. In addition, lateral ventricle volume appears to be mainly explained by environmental factors, suggesting such factors also play a role in the surrounding brain tissue. Genes may cause the association between brain structure and cognitive functions, or the latter may influence the former during life. A number of candidate genes have been identified or suggested, but they await replication.


title: Brain size

text: Studies demonstrate a correlation between brain size and intelligence, larger brains predicting higher intelligence. It is however not clear if the correlation is causal. The majority of MRI studies report moderate correlations around 0.3 to 0.4 between brain volume and intelligence. The most consistent associations are observed within the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum, but only account for a relatively small amount of variance in IQ, which suggests that while brain size may be related to human intelligence, other factors also play a role. In addition, brain volumes do not correlate strongly with other and more specific cognitive measures. In men, IQ correlates more with gray matter volume in the frontal lobe and parietal lobe, which is roughly involved in sensory integration and attention, whereas in women it correlates with gray matter volume in the frontal lobe and Broca's area, which is involved in language.


title: Brain size

text: Research measuring brain volume, P300 auditory evoked potentials, and intelligence shows a dissociation, such that both brain volume and speed of P300 correlate with measured aspects of intelligence, but not with each other. Evidence conflicts on the question of whether brain size variation also predicts intelligence between siblings, as some studies find moderate correlations and others find none. A recent review by Nesbitt, Flynn et al. (2012) point out that crude brain size is unlikely to be a good measure of IQ, for example brain size also differs between men and women, but without well documented differences in IQ.


title: Brain size

text: A discovery in recent years is that the structure of the adult human brain changes when a new cognitive or motor skill, including vocabulary, is learned. Structural neuroplasticity (increased gray matter volume) has been demonstrated in adults after three months of training in a visual-motor skill, as the qualitative change (i.e. learning of a new task) appear more critical for the brain to change its structure than continued training of an already-learned task. Such changes (e.g. revising for medical exams) have been shown to last for at least 3 months without further practicing; other examples include learning novel speech sounds, musical ability, navigation skills and learning to read mirror-reflected words.


title: Brain size

text: The largest brains are those of sperm whales, weighing about . An elephant's brain weighs just over , a bottlenose dolphin's , whereas a human brain is around . Brain size tends to vary according to body size. The relationship is not proportional, though: the brain-to-body mass ratio varies. The largest ratio found is in the shrew. Averaging brain weight across all orders of mammals, it follows a power law, with an exponent of about 0.75. There are good reasons to expect a power law: for example, the body-size to body-length relationship follows a power law with an exponent of 0.33, and the body-size to surface-area relationship follows a power law with an exponent of 0.67. The explanation for an exponent of 0.75 is not obvious; however, it is worth noting that several physiological variables appear to be related to body size by approximately the same exponent—for example, the basal metabolic rate.


title: Brain size

text: This power law formula applies to the "average" brain of mammals taken as a whole, but each family (cats, rodents, primates, etc.) departs from it to some degree, in a way that generally reflects the overall "sophistication" of behavior. Primates, for a given body size, have brains 5 to 10 times as large as the formula predicts. Predators tend to have relatively larger brains than the animals they prey on; placental mammals (the great majority) have relatively larger brains than marsupials such as the opossum. A standard measure for assessing an animal's brain size compared to what would be expected from its body size is known as the encephalization quotient. The encephalization quotient for humans is between 7.4-7.8.


title: Brain size

text: When the mammalian brain increases in size, not all parts increase at the same rate. In particular, the larger the brain of a species, the greater the fraction taken up by the cortex. Thus, in the species with the largest brains, most of their volume is filled with cortex: this applies not only to humans, but also to animals such as dolphins, whales or elephants. The evolution of "Homo sapiens" over the past two million years has been marked by a steady increase in brain size, but much of it can be accounted for by corresponding increases in body size. There are, however, many departures from the trend that are difficult to explain in a systematic way: in particular, the appearance of modern man about 100,000 years ago was marked by a decrease in body size at the same time as an increase in brain size. Even so, it is noteworthy that Neanderthals, which became extinct about 40,000 years ago, had larger brains than modern "Homo sapiens".


title: Brain size

text: Not all investigators are happy with the amount of attention that has been paid to brain size. Roth and Dicke, for example, have argued that factors other than size are more highly correlated with intelligence, such as the number of cortical neurons and the speed of their connections. Moreover, they point out that intelligence depends not just on the amount of brain tissue, but on the details of how it is structured. It is also well known that crows, ravens, and grey parrots are quite intelligent even though they have small brains.


title: Brain size

text: While humans have the largest encephalization quotient of extant animals, it is not out of line for a primate. Some other anatomical trends are correlated in the human evolutionary path with brain size: the basicranium becomes more flexed with increasing brain size relative to basicranial length.


title: Brain size

text: Cranial capacity is a measure of the volume of the interior of the skull of those vertebrates who have a brain. The most commonly used unit of measure is the cubic centimetre (cm). The volume of the cranium is used as a rough indicator of the size of the brain, and this in turn is used as a rough indicator of the potential intelligence of the organism. Cranial capacity is often tested by filling the cranial cavity with glass beads and measuring their volume, or by CT scan imaging. A more accurate way of measuring cranial capacity, is to make an endocranial cast and measure the amount of water the cast displaces. In the past there have been dozens of studies done to estimate cranial capacity on skulls. Most of these studies have been done on dry skull using linear dimensions, packing methods or occasionally radiological methods.


title: Brain size

text: Knowledge of the volume of the cranial cavity can be important information for the study of different populations with various differences like geographical, racial, or ethnic origin. Other things can also affect cranial capacity such as nutrition. It is also used to study correlating between cranial capacity with other cranial measurements and in comparing skulls from different beings. It is commonly used to study abnormalities of cranial size and shape or aspects of growth and development of the volume of the brain. Cranial capacity is an indirect approach to test the size of the brain. A few studies on cranial capacity have been done on living beings through linear dimensions.


title: Brain size

text: However, larger cranial capacity is not always indicative of a more intelligent organism, since larger capacities are required for controlling a larger body, or in many cases are an adaptive feature for life in a colder environment. For instance, among modern "Homo sapiens", northern populations have a 20% larger visual cortex than those in the southern latitude populations, and this potentially explains the population differences in human brain size (and roughly cranial capacity). Neurological functions are determined more by the organization of the brain rather than the volume. Individual variability is also important when considering cranial capacity, for example the average Neanderthal cranial capacity for females was 1300 cm and 1600 cm for males. Neanderthals had larger eyes and bodies relative to their height, thus a disproportionately large area of their brain was dedicated to somatic and visual processing, functions not normally associated with intelligence. When these areas were adjusted to match anatomically modern human proportions it was found Neanderthals had brains 15-22% smaller than in anatomically-modern humans. When the neanderthal version of the NOVA1 gene is inserted into stem cells it creates neurons with fewer synapses than stem cells containing the human version.


title: Brain size

text: Parts of a cranium found in China in the 1970s show that the young man had a cranial capacity of around 1700cm at least 160,000 years ago. This is greater than the average of modern humans.


title: Brain size

text: In an attempt to use cranial capacity as an objective indicator of brain size, the encephalization quotient (EQ) was developed in 1973 by Harry Jerison. It compares the size of the brain of the specimen to the expected brain size of animals with roughly the same weight. This way a more objective judgement can be made on the cranial capacity of an individual animal. A large scientific collection of brain endocasts and measurements of cranial capacity has been compiled by Holloway.


title: Ambroxol

text: Ambroxol is a drug that breaks up phlegm, used in the treatment of respiratory diseases associated with viscid or excessive mucus. Ambroxol is often administered as an active ingredient in cough syrup.


title: Ambroxol

text: Ambroxol is indicated as "secretolytic therapy in bronchopulmonary diseases associated with abnormal mucus secretion and impaired mucus transport. It promotes mucus clearance, facilitates expectoration and eases productive cough, allowing patients to breathe freely and deeply".


title: Ambroxol

text: There are many different formulations developed since the first marketing authorisation in 1978. Ambroxol is available as syrup, tablets, pastilles, dry powder sachets, inhalation solution, drops and ampules as well as effervescent tablets.


title: Ambroxol

text: Ambroxol also provides pain relief in acute sore throat. Pain in sore throat is the hallmark of acute pharyngitis. Sore throat is usually caused by a viral infection. The infection is self limited and the patient recovers normally after a few days. What is most bothering for the patient is the continuous pain in the throat maximized when the patient is swallowing. The main goal of treatment is thus to reduce pain. The main property of ambroxol for treating sore throat is the local anaesthetic effect, described first in the late 1970s, but explained and confirmed in more recent work.


title: Ambroxol

text: Field tests to date have not uncovered specific contraindications of ambroxol; however, caution is suggested for patients with gastric ulceration, and usage during the first trimester of pregnancy is not recommended.


title: Ambroxol

text: The substance acts on mucus membranes, restoring the physiological clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract (which play an important role in the body's natural defence mechanisms) through several mechanisms, including breaking up phlegm, stimulating mucus production, and stimulating synthesis and release of surfactant by type II pneumocytes. Surfactant acts as an anti-glue factor by reducing the adhesion of mucus to the bronchial wall, in improving its transport and in providing protection against infection and irritating agents.


title: Ambroxol

text: Ambroxol is a potent inhibitor of the neuronal Na+ channels. This property led to the development of a lozenge containing 20 mg of ambroxol. Many state-of-the-art clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ambroxol in relieving pain in acute sore throat, with a rapid onset of action, with its effect lasting at least three hours. Ambroxol is also anti-inflammatory, reducing redness in a sore throat.


title: Ambroxol

text: Ambroxol has recently been shown to increase activity of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Because of this it may be a useful therapeutic agent for both Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease.


title: Ambroxol

text: It was also recently shown that ambroxol triggers exocytosis of lysosomes by releasing calcium from acidic cellular calcium stores. This occurs by diffusion of ambroxol into lysosomes and lysosomal pH neutralization. This mechanism is most likely responsible for the mucolytic effects of the drug, but may also explain the reported activity in Gaucher and Parkinson's disease.


title: Ambroxol

text: Both ambroxol and its parent drug bromhexine have been shown to induce autophagy in several cell types, and ambroxol was shown to potentiate rifampicin therapy in a model of tuberculosis through host directed effects. Ambroxol also enhances lung levels of a wide range of antibiotics.


title: Ambroxol

text: It is the active ingredient of Muciclar (Italy), Mucosolvan, Mucobrox (Spain), Bisolvon (Australia and Switzerland), Mucol, Lasolvan, Mucoangin, Surbronc, Brontex (Lithuanian), Ambro (Kazakhstan), Ambolar, and Lysopain.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Dorothea Jordan, née Bland (21 November 17615 July 1816), was an Anglo-Irish actress, as well as a courtesan. She was the long-time mistress of Prince William, Duke of Clarence, later William IV, and the mother of ten illegitimate children by him, all of whom took the surname FitzClarence. She was known professionally as Dorothea Francis and Dorothea Jordan, was informally Dora Jordan, and was also commonly referred to as Mrs Jordan and Mrs FitzClarence.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Dorothea Bland was born near Waterford City in Ireland on 22 November 1761, and was baptised at St Martin in the Fields, Middlesex, on 5 December of that year. She was the third of six children born to Francis Bland (1736 – 2 January 1778, in Dover) and his mistress, Grace Phillips (c. 1740 – 1789 in Edinburgh). Her siblings were:


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Her paternal grandparents were Nathaniel Bland (1695/96, in Killarney, County Kerry – 1760), Vicar General of Ardfert and Aghadoe, and Judge of the Prerogative Court of Dublin, Ireland, and his second wife Lucy (née Heaton). The reports about Jordan's maternal ancestry are unproven; Grace Phillips has been described as the daughter of a Welsh clergyman, whose parish was at Trelethyn.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Before April 1774, when she was thirteen, Jordan's father, who worked as a stagehand, abandoned the family to marry an Irish actress. However, he continued to support the family by sending them meagre sums of money. This allowance was on the condition that the children would not use his last name. Jordan then adopted her mother's maiden name, Phillips.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: The historical record of Jordan's first stage appearance is not clear. Some sources claim that she made her debut in 1777 in Dublin, as Phoebe in "As You Like It," whilst others suggest she premiered as Lucy in the Interlude "The Virgin Unmask'd," on 3 November 1779. The knowledge of Jordans's time and other roles performed in Ireland is fragmentary, however she is known to have played Priscilla Tomboy in Bickerstaff's "The Romp", Anne in "Richard III", and Adelaide in the tragedy "The Count of Narbonne." At the Smock Alley Theatre, under the management of Richard Daly, Jordan began playing male roles in the company's "reversed" cast. Documentation shows her last appearance in Dublin came on 16 May 1782 when she spoke "The Maid of Oaks"' Prologue"." At the time she was pregnant with the illegitimate child of Daly, who was married.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Rumours spread and she fled to England, specifically Leeds, where she was employed by Tate Wilkinson, manager of the York Company. It was during this move that she adopted the surname 'Jordan,' and like all the other women in the company (both unmarried and married), adopted the title "Mrs." Her first performance in England was the tragic role of Calista in "The Fair Penitent," on 11 July 1782 for which she had been tutored by the scholar Cornelious Swan. Wilkinson paid her 15 shillings a week and she quickly won over the favour of her audiences, packing theatres. Despite the actress's versatile acting talents, the critics were not pleased with her performing tragedy roles. Dora faced harsh criticism for these roles as she was not considered socially acceptable to play women of a higher standing. Swan wrote to Tate to express his amazement at Jordan's talents:


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Jordan performed in the Yorkshire Circuit with Wilkinson's company for three years from 1782 to 1785. She was able to learn her lines quickly and seemed to have a natural talent, which made the other actresses in the company jealous. In her first few months, she was given the role of Fanny in "The Clandestine Marriage", which only made her more unpopular with the women in the company.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: During this first tour, while in Hull, Jordan gave birth to her first daughter Frances. After the delivery, while she cared for the baby, the actresses of the company "blackened her character among the people of Hull." When she returned to the stage on Boxing Day playing Calista in "The Fair Penitent", she was met with strong disapproval. Audiences felt that the similarities between Jordan and Calista were too similar. However, Wilkinson came to Jordan's aid to dispel the gossip, painting Jordan as a mild mannered victim. Through Wilkinson's support and Jordan's hard work and good nature, she was eventually able to win over the people before they returned to York.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Some time later, while in York, Sarah Siddons came to visit Wilkinson and see Dora Jordan perform in one of her popular breeches roles. Siddons however, was not impressed with Jordan's performance, and said that she should remain on the Yorkshire Circuit, for she was "not up to London." This remark was soon discounted when William Smith came from London and offered Jordan a salary of £4 a week at Drury Lane. She took the offer and performed for Wilkinson's company for a final time on 9 September 1785 before departing to London with her mother, two-year-old daughter and sister Hester.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Though no specific dates can be sourced, Dora is believed to have performed the role of Lady Teazle in Sheridan's The School for Scandal before she arrived in London. In 1785, she made her first London appearance at Drury Lane as Peggy in "The Country Girl". The "Morning Post" the next day reported on her performance:


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Gradually, it came to be recognised that her talent lay in comedy. She was acclaimed for her "naturalness" on stage, and called a "child of nature", a slightly derogatory term for someone who is of illegitimate birth. Audiences also enjoyed her performances in breeches roles such as Viola in Twelfth Night, Sir Harry Wildair in "The Constant Couple" and William in "Rosina". "


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: In addition to her being "the most admired comic actress of her time", Jordan was also a competent Shakespearean and tragic actress, playing the roles of Ophelia, Imogen in Cymbeline, Emilia in Othello and Zara in Aaron Hill's play of that name. When she first auditioned for Wilkinson, on being asked whether she preferred "tragedy, comedy or opera?" she answered "All."


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Play them "all" she did, though Jordan found less success in playing women of higher social standing with some individuals believing that she lacked the "artifice and incisiveness" of other actresses who commonly played high standing female roles.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: In addition to playing at Drury Lane and Covent Garden, Jordan continued to return to the provincial circuits. She returned to Wilkinson's Circuit in York several times, as well Edinburgh, Margate, Liverpool, Bath, Bristol and Manchester.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Her engagement at Drury Lane lasted until 1809, and she played a large variety of parts. During the rebuilding of Drury Lane she played at the Haymarket; she transferred her services in 1811 to Covent Garden. Here, in 1814, she made her last appearance on the London stage, and the following year, at Margate, retired altogether.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: During her time on the stage she wrote the popular song The Bluebells of Scotland, published under her name around 1800.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: While working as a milliner's assistant, she received her first proposal of marriage, from a man known to posterity only as Smith, whose father considered her much too young to marry. The next proposal came when she was acting in Waterford, where she spent a summer while the Dublin theatres were closed. There she met Charles Doyne, an army lieutenant. He "felt hopeful" of being accepted, but her mother regarded him as unsuitable, and Jordan returned to Dublin intent on success in the theatre.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: She had an affair with Richard Daly, who was manager of Dublin's Crow Street Theatre and then of Smock Alley. Daly was married, and she had an illegitimate child with him:


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Jordan's work with Richard Daly helped establish her as an actress in Dublin until the two separated and she left for England.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: She then went to work for the theatre company operated by Tate Wilkinson. It was at this point she adopted the name "Mrs. Jordan" – a reference to her escape across the Irish Sea, likened to the River Jordan. The name "Mrs Jordan" was also reportedly given to her by Richard Daly for 'motherly reasons', soon after she gave birth to their first illegitimate child. She appeared at Wilkinson's York Circuit theatres, including The Theatre, Leeds, where she complained of uncomfortable working conditions.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: Shortly after her affair with Wilkinson was over, she began an affair with George Inchbald, the male lead in the Wilkinson company. According to biographer Claire Tomalin, Jordan had hopes of their marrying, but he was wary of committing himself; later he regretted this and proposed to her, but she turned him down.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: In late 1786, Jordan began an affair with Sir Richard Ford, then a police magistrate and lawyer. She moved in with him, believing he intended marriage. They had three illegitimate children:


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: She left Ford when marriage was no longer possible. Jordan's children were placed under the care of her sister Hester, who moved with them to a house in Brompton. According to a settlement dated 4 November 1791, Jordan transferred all her savings to Ford and Hester for the maintenance and education of the children; in addition, she allowed them an annual payment and granted Hester an allowance for her services.


title: Dorothea Jordan

text: In 1790, Jordan became the mistress of Prince William, Duke of Clarence, the third son of King George III. He had met her at Drury Lane. She began living with him first at Clarence Lodge and later, in 1797, at Bushy House. Together they had ten illegitimate children, all of whom took the surname FitzClarence: