title: Awesome Kong

text: In mid–August, Kong, representing TNA, started a brief feud with Lei'D Tapa, who represented Jeff Jarrett's Global Force Wrestling. The two faced off on August 12 in a match, that ended in a double count-out. On the September 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Kong competed in a fatal–four-way match against Brooke, Gail Kim and Tapa for the TNA Women's Knockout Championship, which Kim would win. At "Bound for Glory", Kong received a match against Kim for but was unsuccessful in regaining the championship. During October and November (taped in July), she participated in the TNA World Title Series, where she ended first of her block, tied with Gail Kim, advancing to the finals where she lost to Jessie Godderz.


title: Awesome Kong

text: On January 5, 2016, during "Impact Wrestling"'s debut on Pop, Kong allied with The Dollhouse (Jade, Marti Bell and Rebel) and became their new leader after she attacked The Beautiful People (Madison Rayne and Velvet Sky) and Gail Kim, once again turning heel in the process. On February 5, TNA announced that Stevens had been released from her contract following a backstage real-life physical altercation with Rebecca (Reby) Hardy just a week before TNA's tour in the United Kingdom.


title: Awesome Kong

text: Kong returned for one night only at Bound for Glory along with Taryn Terrell, Christy Hemme and Dixie Carter to induct Gail Kim into the TNA Hall of Fame.


title: Awesome Kong

text: On May 25, 2019, Awesome Kong debuted in All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a surprise entrant in the women's triple threat match at "AEW Double or Nothing", making it a Fatal 4-way match, which she failed to win. On July 13, 2019, she accompanied Brandi Rhodes to the ring at AEW Fight for the Fallen, being face to face with Aja Kong after Rhodes won her match. She began appearing in vignettes showing her alliance with Brandi. During the "Full Gear" pre-show, after Britt Baker defeated Bea Priestley, Kong and Rhodes made their way to the ring, assaulting Priestley and cutting a lock of her hair with a karambit. Kong then tied it to her gear where other locks of hair were already seen. In the following months, Stevens and Brandi Rhodes formed a stable known as The Nightmare Collective. The group was later joined by Mel and Dr. Luther. Being poorly received by the fans, the angle was dropped in February 2020 after Stevens went on hiatus to film "GLOW". After not appearing on AEW since February 2020, AEW decided not to renew her contract on June 1, 2021.


title: Awesome Kong

text: On August 28, 2021, she announced her retirement from in-ring competition at "NWA EmPowerrr", thus concluding her nearly 20-year career. On October 9 at Knockouts Knockdown, it was announced that Kong will be inducted into the Impact Hall of Fame at Bound for Glory. At Bound for Glory on October 23, Gail Kim inducted Kong into the Impact Hall of Fame.


title: Awesome Kong

text: Stevens plays Tammé "The Welfare Queen" Dawson in the Netflix original comedy series "GLOW" from producer Jenji Kohan (creator of "Orange Is the New Black"), which was inspired by the 1980s female professional wrestling league Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling. She also appeared in the third episode of the first season of 2020 Netflix sketch comedy series "Aunty Donna's Big Ol' House of Fun".


title: Awesome Kong

text: Stevens grew up in Carson, California. Her mother, Phyllis Durant, was an actress and contestant coordinator for "Family Feud". She has a younger brother. Prior to becoming a professional wrestler, she was a social worker and owned a business which put vending machines in high schools. Stevens' family and friends helped her fund her career in wrestling when she went to train in Japan. She has also sold Nu Skin Enterprises, a Multi-level marketing company for skin and nutritional products.


title: Awesome Kong

text: On May 30, 2011, Stevens revealed that she was pregnant with her first child. On December 31, 2011, she suffered a miscarriage. After competing in the 2012 Royal Rumble, false reports claimed that she had given birth to a baby boy named Jamie. Stevens revealed the truth about her miscarriage in March.


title: Awesome Kong

text: On August 6, 2012, weeks after she confirmed her WWE release, Stevens stated that she was on a mission to lose weight. She recruited a team of fitness experts and a therapist so she could get back into wrestling shape. She also showed interest into turning the experience into a reality show. Photos from August 2012 revealed a much slimmer Stevens.


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: Susan Penhaligon (born 3 July 1949) is a British actress and writer known for her role in the drama series "Bouquet of Barbed Wire" (1976), and for playing Helen Barker in the sitcom "A Fine Romance" (1981–1984).


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: She appeared in the soap opera "Emmerdale" as Jean Hope in 2006, and her film appearances include "Under Milk Wood" (1972); "No Sex Please, We're British" (1973); "The Land That Time Forgot" (1974); "The Uncanny" (1977); Paul Verhoeven's "Soldier of Orange" (1977) and as Lucy Westenra in "Count Dracula" (1977). She has also had a substantial stage career.


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: Tagged the "British Bardot" in the 1970s, she was described by Clive Aslet in "The Daily Telegraph" as "the face of the decade".


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: Penhaligon was the eldest child of Bill, an engineer for the Shell Oil Company, and Jean Penhaligon who ran a bed and breakfast. Born in Manila where her father was working, Penhaligon returned with her family to the UK aged six and spent her formative years living in St Ives and Falmouth in Cornwall. Aged 11 she was sent to boarding school in Bristol where her acting ambitions were encouraged. She has two brothers and a sister in the USA. After her parents divorced, her father went to live in San Francisco. She is a cousin of the late David Penhaligon, a former Liberal member of parliament in Cornwall.


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: While training at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art, Penhaligon shared a flat with Peter Hammill; she is mentioned in the lyrics of the Van der Graaf Generator song "Refugees" and the Hammill song "Easy to Slip Away".


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: Penhaligon's first appearance in the theatre was playing Juliet in "Romeo and Juliet" at the Connaught Theatre, Worthing in a two weekly repertory company.


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: In the West End she appeared in a 1987 production of "Three Sisters" at the Albery Theatre. In 1982, she played a leading part in "The Real Thing" at the Strand Theatre, Aldwych (now called the Novello). She appeared in "The Maintenance Man" at the Comedy Theatre in 1987, and played Curley’s Wife in a 1984 production of "Of Mice and Men" at the Mermaid Theatre. She has toured the UK extensively, appearing in productions of "The Constant Wife" (Richmond Theatre, 2004), "Mrs. Warren's Profession" (Richmond Theatre, 2009), "Death Trap" (Theatre Royal, Norwich, 2002), Agatha Christie's "Verdict" (Floral Pavilion Theatre, 2011), "Dangerous Obsession" with Simon Ward (Theatre Royal, Bath, 1989), and "Lord Arthur Saville's Crime" by Oscar Wilde (Richmond Theatre, 2005).


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: She was in "Time and the Conways", "Lower Depths" and "The Cherry Orchard", and played a leading part in Arthur Miller's "Broken Glass" at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds.


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: In the Edinburgh Festival Fringe she appeared in the premiere of Dario Fo's "Abduction Diana" and she appeared in a critically acclaimed production of "Misery" at the King's Head Theatre and "Keeping Up With the Joans" with her friend Katy Manning.


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: Her television credits include "Public Eye" (1975, as Tuesday Simpson, a lesbian, would-be seductress of Julian Bradley, played by Ronald Lewis), "Count Dracula" (1977) with Louis Jourdan, "Bouquet of Barbed Wire", "Upstairs Downstairs", "Tales of the Unexpected", "Bergerac", "Remington Steele", "Wycliffe", "Doctor Who", "The Taming of the Shrew" by the BBC Shakespeare series, "Heart of the Country" and "A Kind of Loving". In "A Fine Romance", she played Helen Barker. She has been in three episodes of "Doctors" and three episodes of "Casualty". She also played Jean Hope in UK soap "Emmerdale", for a year.


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: Penhaligon had roles in films such as "Say Hello to Yesterday" (1970), "Private Road" (1971), "Under Milk Wood" (1972) as Mae Rose Cottage, "No Sex Please, We're British" (1973), "The Land That Time Forgot" (1974), "House of Mortal Sin" (1976), "Nasty Habits" (1977), Paul Verhoeven's "Soldier of Orange" (1977) as a British military officer, "The Uncanny" (1977), "Leopard in the Snow" (1978), "Patrick" (1978), "The Masks of Death" (1984) and "Top Dog" (2014). She also played the role of the sole survivor of LANSA Flight 508, Juliane Koepcke in the film "Miracles Still Happen" (1974), directed by Giuseppe Maria Scotese.


title: Susan Penhaligon

text: Her novel "For the Love of Angel", published in 2008 by Truran Books, is set in Cornwall in the 1880s.


title: Jason Goldberg

text: Jason Goldberg (born 1972) is an American film and television producer. Goldberg is the producer of the films "Guess Who" and "The Butterfly Effect" and executive producer of the shows "Beauty and the Geek" and "Punk'd". He often works with Ashton Kutcher.


title: Jason Goldberg

text: Goldberg began working as a producer in 1994 on the Blythe Danner film "Homage". Next, he produced "Cafe Society" with Lara Flynn Boyle and Peter Gallagher. He and Ashton Kutcher run a production company, Katalyst Films.


title: Jason Goldberg

text: He has been on the board of directors for Environmental Media Association (EMA), an environmental action group based in Los Angeles.


title: Jason Goldberg

text: Goldberg married actress Soleil Moon Frye (best known as the child actress who portrayed the title character on the 1980s TV sitcom "Punky Brewster") on October 25, 1998. They wed in a traditional Jewish ceremony in Los Angeles. Their first child, daughter Poet Sienna Rose Goldberg, was born on August 24, 2005. Their second child, daughter Jagger Joseph Blue Goldberg, was born on March 17, 2008. Their third child, son Lyric Sonny Roads Goldberg, was born February 9, 2014. Their fourth child, son Story Goldberg, was born May 16, 2016.


title: Jason Goldberg

text: Goldberg and Moon-Frye renewed their marriage vows in a ceremony in 2008. However, in 2020, after 22 years of marriage, the couple separated. The divorce was finalized in 2022.


title: Paralanguage

text: Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, is a component of meta-communication that may modify meaning, give nuanced meaning, or convey emotion, by using techniques such as prosody, pitch, volume, intonation, etc. It is sometimes defined as relating to nonphonemic properties only. Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously.


title: Paralanguage

text: The study of paralanguage is known as paralinguistics and was invented by George L. Trager in the 1950s, while he was working at the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S. Department of State. His colleagues at the time included Henry Lee Smith, Charles F. Hockett (working with him on using descriptive linguistics as a model for paralanguage), Edward T. Hall developing proxemics, and Ray Birdwhistell developing kinesics. Trager published his conclusions in 1958, 1960 and 1961.


title: Paralanguage

text: His work has served as a basis for all later research, especially those investigating the relationship between paralanguage and culture (since paralanguage is learned, it differs by language and culture). A good example is the work of John J. Gumperz on language and social identity, which specifically describes paralinguistic differences between participants in intercultural interactions. The film Gumperz made for BBC in 1982, "Multiracial Britain: Cross talk", does a particularly good job of demonstrating cultural differences in paralanguage and their impact on relationships.


title: Paralanguage

text: Paralinguistic information, because it is phenomenal, belongs to the external speech signal (Ferdinand de Saussure's "parole") but not to the arbitrary conmodality]]. Even vocal language has some paralinguistic as well as linguistic properties that can be "seen" (lip reading, McGurk effect), and even "felt", e.g. by the Tadoma method.


title: Paralanguage

text: Speech signals arrive at a listener's ears with acoustic properties that may allow listeners to identify location of the speaker (sensing distance and direction, for example). Sound localization functions in a similar way also for non-speech sounds. The perspectival aspects of lip reading are more obvious and have more drastic effects when head turning is involved.


title: Paralanguage

text: The speech organs of different speakers differ in size. As children grow up, their organs of speech become larger, and there are differences between male and female adults. The differences concern not only size, but also proportions. They affect the pitch of the voice and to a substantial extent also the formant frequencies, which characterize the different speech sounds. The organic quality of speech has a communicative function in a restricted sense, since it is merely informative about the speaker. It will be expressed independently of the speaker's intention.


title: Paralanguage

text: Paralinguistic cues such as loudness, rate, pitch, pitch contour, and to some extent formant frequencies of an utterance, contribute to the emotive or attitudinal quality of an utterance. Typically, attitudes are expressed intentionally and emotions without intention, but attempts to fake or to hide emotions are not unusual.


title: Paralanguage

text: Consequently, paralinguistic cues relating to expression have a moderate effect of semantic marking. That is, a message may be made more or less coherent by adjusting its expressive presentation. For instance, upon hearing an utterance such as "I drink a glass of wine every night before I go to sleep" is coherent when made by a speaker identified as an adult, but registers a small semantic anomaly when made by a speaker identified as a child. This anomaly is significant enough to be measured through electroencephalography, as an N400. Autistic individuals have a reduced sensitivity to this and similar effects.


title: Paralanguage

text: Emotional tone of voice, itself paralinguistic information, has been shown to affect the resolution of lexical ambiguity. Some words have homophonous partners; some of these homophones appear to have an implicit emotive quality, for instance, the sad "die" contrasted with the neutral "dye"; uttering the sound /dai/ in a sad tone of voice can result in a listener writing the former word significantly more often than if the word is uttered in a neutral tone.


title: Paralanguage

text: Ordinary phonetic transcriptions of utterances reflect only the linguistically informative quality. The problem of how listeners factor out the linguistically informative quality from speech signals is a topic of current research.


title: Paralanguage

text: Some of the linguistic features of speech, in particular of its prosody, are paralinguistic or pre-linguistic in origin. A most fundamental and widespread phenomenon of this kind is described by John Ohala as the "frequency code". This code works even in communication across species. It has its origin in the fact that the acoustic frequencies in the voice of small vocalizers are high, while they are low in the voice of large vocalizers. This gives rise to secondary meanings such as "harmless", "submissive", "unassertive", which are naturally associated with smallness, while meanings such as "dangerous", "dominant", and "assertive" are associated with largeness. In most languages, the frequency code also serves the purpose of distinguishing questions from statements. It is universally reflected in expressive variation, and it is reasonable to assume that it has phylogenetically given rise to the sexual dimorphism that lies behind the large difference in pitch between average female and male adults.


title: Paralanguage

text: In text-only communication such as email, chatrooms and instant messaging, paralinguistic elements can be displayed by emoticons, font and color choices, capitalization and the use of non-alphabetic or abstract characters. Nonetheless, paralanguage in written communication is limited in comparison with face-to-face conversation, sometimes leading to misunderstandings.


title: Paralanguage

text: A gasp is a kind of paralinguistic respiration in the form of a sudden and sharp inhalation of air through the mouth. A gasp may indicate difficulty breathing and a panicked effort to draw air into the lungs. Gasps also occur from an emotion of surprise, shock or disgust. Like a sigh, a yawn, or a moan, a gasp is often an automatic and unintentional act. Gasping is closely related to sighing, and the inhalation characterizing a gasp induced by shock or surprise may be released as a sigh if the event causing the initial emotional reaction is determined to be less shocking or surprising than the observer first believed.


title: Paralanguage

text: As a symptom of physiological problems, apneustic respirations (a.k.a. apneusis), are gasps related to the brain damage associated with a stroke or other trauma.


title: Paralanguage

text: A sigh is a kind of paralinguistic respiration in the form of a deep and especially audible, single exhalation of air out of the mouth or nose, that humans use to communicate emotion. It is voiced pharyngeal fricative, sometimes associated with a guttural glottal breath exuded in a low tone. It often arises from a negative emotion, such as dismay, dissatisfaction, boredom, or futility. A sigh can also arise from positive emotions such as relief, particularly in response to some negative situation ending or being avoided. Like a gasp, a yawn, or a moan, a sigh is often an automatic and unintentional act. In literature, a sigh is often used to signify that the person producing it is lovelorn.


title: Paralanguage

text: Scientific studies show that babies sigh after 50 to 100 breaths. This serves to improve the mechanical properties of lung tissue, and it also helps babies to develop a regular breathing rhythm. Behaviors equivalent to sighing have also been observed in animals such as dogs, monkeys, and horses.


title: Paralanguage

text: In text messages and internet chat rooms, or in comic books, a sigh is usually represented with the word itself, 'sigh', possibly within asterisks, *sigh*.


title: Paralanguage

text: Moaning and groaning both refer to an extended guttural sounds emanating from the throat, which typically indicate displeasure, and are made by humans beginning in infancy. Although moaning is associated with pain and suffering, moans may also accompany pleasurable physical experiences such as eating stimulating food, receiving a massage, or engaging in sexual activity. Moans and groans are also noises traditionally associated with ghosts, and their supposed experience of suffering in the afterlife.


title: Paralanguage

text: Clearing one's throat is a metamessaging nonverbal form of communication used in announcing one's presence upon entering the room or approaching a group. It is done by individuals who perceive themselves to be of higher rank than the group they are approaching and utilize the throat-clear as a form of communicating this perception to others.


title: Paralanguage

text: And in chimpanzee social hierarchy, this utterance is a sign of rank, directed by alpha males and higher-ranking chimps to lower-ranking ones and signals a mild warning or a slight annoyance.


title: Paralanguage

text: As a form of metacommunication, the throat-clear is acceptable only to signal that a formal business meeting is about to start.


title: Paralanguage

text: It is not acceptable business etiquette to clear one's throat when approaching a group on an informal basis;


title: Paralanguage

text: the basis of one's authority has already been established and requires no further reiteration by this ancillary nonverbal communication.


title: Paralanguage

text: is between a literal language and movement, by making a noise "hmm" or "mhm", to make a pause for the conversation or as a chance to stop and think.


title: Paralanguage

text: The "mhm" utterance is often used in narrative interviews, such as an interview with a disaster survivor or sexual violence victim. In this kind of interview, it's better for the interviewers or counselors not to intervene too much when an interviewee is talking. The "mhm" assures the interviewee that they are being heard and can continue their story. Observing emotional differences and taking care of an interviewee's mental status is an important way to find slight changes during conversation.


title: Paralanguage

text: "Huh?", meaning "what? (that is, used when an utterance by another is not fully heard or requires clarification), is an essentially universal expression, but may be a normal word (learned like other words) and not paralanguage. If it is a word, it is a rare (or possibly even unique) one, being found with basically the same sound and meaning in almost all languages.


title: Paralanguage

text: Several studies have used the fMRI paradigm to observe brain states brought about by adjustments of paralinguistic information. One such study investigated the effect of interjections that differed along the criteria of lexical index (more or less "wordy") as well as neutral or emotional pronunciation; a higher hemodynamic response in auditory cortical gyri was found when more robust paralinguistic data was available. Some activation was found in lower brain structures such as the pons, perhaps indicating an emotional response.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar (born Yaduveer Gopalraj Urs, 24 March 1992) is an Indian royal and the biological great-grandson and adoptive grandson of Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar. He was adopted by Pramoda Devi Wadiyar, the wife of Yuvaraja Srikantadatta Wadiyar fourteen months after the latter's death on 10 December 2013.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: Wadiyar was installed as the "Maharaja of Mysore" in an private ceremony in 2015. Although princely pensions, titles, and privileges are abolished in India, families of former princely rulers have created private roles and styled titles for some within their ranks to preside over family ceremonies and traditions; in some instances, this has been done with a view to sustaining the wealth, fame, and influence that the families possess.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: Yaduveer Wadiyar was born as Yaduveer Gopal Raj Urs, the only son of Swarup Anand Gopal Raj Urs of Bettada Kote by his wife Leela Tripurasundari Devi of Kallahalli. He has a younger sister, Jayathmika Lakshmi.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: Bettada Kote was one of the larger "Jagirs" (feudal estates) bearing allegiance to the Maharaja of Mysore, and Yaduveer was born a scion of that feudal family. His paternal family is related distantly (but agnatically) to the Wodeyar family of the Maharajas of Mysore, because Yaduveer's great-great-great-granduncle had been adopted into the royal family and had ascended the throne as Maharaja Chamarajendra Wadiyar X in 1868. A closer connection to the royal family exists through Yaduveer's mother. Leela Tripurasundari Devi is the daughter of Kantharaj Basavaraj Urs, ruler of Kallahalli feudal estate (again under Mysore) by his wife Princess Gayatri Devi, eldest daughter of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar, last ruling Maharaja of Mysore. Thus, Yaduveer's maternal grandmother, Gayatri Devi, was a sister of the late Maharaja Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar, Yaduveer's adoptive father.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: Yaduveer received his education in Bangalore, initially at Vidya Niketan School and then at the Canadian International School. He then obtained an undergraduate degree in English literature and economics from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: Yaduveer Wadiyar's great-uncle, Srikantadatta Wadiyar, the previous head of the former ruling family, died childless on 10 December 2013 without naming a successor, leaving the family headship vacant. As per the traditions of the family, and in accordance with Hindu custom, it was left to his widow, now the Rajamaate, to adopt an heir to assume the position of head of the family. She and other members of the family, as also the former senior nobility of the state, pondered the question for over one year. During this interregnum, no celebrations or non-religious observances of any kind were held in the palace, except for the rituals connected to Dasara, which, according to tradition, are never deferred even by the death of the head of the family because it is the connection to honouring Goddess Durga Chamundeshwari, presiding deity of Mysore, in the palace. On this occasion, the "royal sword" was used to represent the majesty of the late head of the family and the rituals were conducted using that traditional device.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: The interregnum lasted for more than one year, during which the Rajamate held consultations with members of the family, the Rajaguru and priesthood which traditionally advises the head of the family, and with important members of the erstwhile nobility of Mysore. Finally, on 12 February 2015, fourteen months after the death of her husband, the dowager Satya Pramoda Devi Wadiyar held a press conference in the Palace and announced the name of her 'adopted son designate.' The chosen candidate was Yaduveer Urs, son of Swaroopanand Gopalraj Urs of Bettada Kote, and he was a grandson of Princess Gayatri Devi, the deceased eldest sister of the late head of family. The choice, said the Pramoda Devi, had met with the consent of almost every member of the family, as also of the other eminences temporal and spiritual whose opinion had been sought.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: The announcement was met with both relief and acclaim across Mysore state, where people were becoming disturbed at the unprecedented length of the interregnum. The monarchy does not have formal existence at present; the state had been merged with the rest of India in 1948 and the residual titles and privileges of the titular Maharaja had been taken away by the government of India in 1971. The idea was shocking to the inhabitants of the state, who continue to have a strong emotional resonance with the erstwhile royal family. The Srikantadatta had continued to play an important, pivotal role in religious and social ceremonies, and the family is a lodestar and fountainhead of honour for many talented performing artists, musicians, and craftsmen; it continues to have an important role in the cultural life of Karnataka state. Rajamate Pramoda Devi's announced that the customs and traditions of the family, and its bond with the people, would continue as before.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: Pramoda Devi formally adopted him in a ceremony on 23 February 2015. The ceremony was a private affair, followed by a public procession late in the evening. This adoption made him the son of Srikantadatta Wadiyar and Pramoda Devi Wadiyar, and he was formally renamed Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: With his anointment ceremony on 28 May 2015, he became, at 23, the twenty-seventh head of the erstwhile royal family of the Kingdom of Mysore. He conducted his first Dasara durbar in September 2015.


title: Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar

text: On 27 June 2016, over a year after his appointment, Yaduveer Wadiyar married Trishikha Kumari Devi, daughter of Harshvardhan Singh and Maheshree Kumari of the erstwhile Dungarpur royal family from Rajasthan. Trishikha gave birth to a boy, Aadyaveer Narasimharaja Wadiyar, on 6 December 2017 in Bangalore.


title: Refinitiv

text: Refinitiv is an American-British global provider of financial market data and infrastructure. The company was founded in 2018. It is a subsidiary of London Stock Exchange Group after a US$27 billion sale from previous owners Blackstone Group LP which held a 55% stake and Thomson Reuters which owned 45%. The company has an annual turnover of $6 billion with more than 40,000 client companies in 190 countries.


title: Refinitiv

text: Thomson Reuters sold a 55% majority stake in its Financial & Risk (F&R) unit to private equity firm Blackstone Group LP on October 1, 2018, in a deal which valued the total F&R business at about $20 billion. This business was formed into Refinitiv.


title: Refinitiv

text: Under the deal, Thomson Reuters transferred its complete financial and risk product portfolio to Refinitiv, with the exception of Regulatory Intelligence, Risk Compliance Learning and Data Privacy Advisory Services. Company CEO David Craig presided over the transfer from Thomson Reuters, which he joined as Group Strategy Director in 2007. British-born Craig's previous role was a partner at US-based global management consulting firm McKinsey & Company.


title: Refinitiv

text: In August 2019, London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG) agreed to buy Refinitiv in an all-share transaction valuing the company at $27 billion. LSEG expected to receive regulatory approval to close the transaction in the first quarter of 2021. It was finally awarded such approval by EU regulators in January 2021.


title: Refinitiv

text: In March 2020, Refintiv announced the purchase of software-as-services firm Scivantage for an undisclosed amount.


title: Refinitiv

text: Under pressure from the government of China, Refinitiv censored over 200 stories by Reuters covering the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, removing them from its Eikon platform for consumers in Mainland China. The company developed a "Strategic China filter" to block politically-sensitive stories from readers in Mainland China.


title: Refinitiv

text: Refinitiv runs more than 130 fintech data, analytics, trading, and risk assessment tools including World-Check, a risk intelligence database for financial crime legislation compliance, FXall, Eikon, the execution management system REDI, Datastream for macro-economic analysis, Quantitative Analytics on the Cloud, AutoAudit and the Elektron Data Platform, creating 32,000 risk intelligence records every month from internal and third-party sources. Another, the World-Check Risk Intelligence database, compiles information from international financial watch lists, government records, and media searches to tackle money laundering. Refinitiv also maintains a database featuring more than a million mergers and acquisitions (M&A) deals spanning over 40 years, covering corporate finance transactions and investment banking league tables across equity markets, debt, loans, bonds, project finance, initial public offerings (IPOs), joint ventures, repurchases, private equity and municipal bonds.


title: Refinitiv

text: Although Thomson Reuters used to be a minority shareholder in Refinitiv, it supplies Reuters news and content to the company's 400,000 plus customers in more than 40,000 businesses around the world, supported by a network of at least 13,000 registered developers.


title: Refinitiv

text: The company's innovation group, branded as Refinitiv Labs is tasked with taking the lead in exploring new directions and creating new capabilities, derived from part of Thomson Reuters Labs, initially with sites in London, New York, Singapore, San Francisco and Cape Town (later the Cape Town site was closed and the San Francisco site moved to another part of the organization). It consists of engineering, user experience (UX)/design thinking, research, data science and management functions.


title: Refinitiv

text: Refinitiv's Developer Portal includes data feeds, SDKs and APIs, documentation, sample code, learning materials and community Q & A forums. These run alongside "developer days" in regional centers on topics including machine learning, cloud services and relevant legislation such as GDPR.


title: Refinitiv

text: Refinitiv is the provider of World-Check, a database of Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs) and heightened risk individuals and organizations. And is also a member of the Global Coalition to Fight Financial Crime.


title: Anamaria Marinca

text: Anamaria Marinca (born 1 April 1978) is a Romanian actress. She made her screen debut with the Channel 4 film "Sex Traffic", for which she won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress. Marinca is also known for her performance in "4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days", earning several awards for her performance, and was nominated for the European Film Award for Best Actress, London Film Critics Circle Award for Actress of the Year, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress and National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress. In 2008, at the 58th Berlin International Film Festival, she was presented the Shooting Stars Award by the European Film Promotion.


title: Anamaria Marinca

text: Marinca was born in Iași, Romania. She grew up with a strong foundation in the arts. Her mother was a classically trained violinist while her father was a theatre professor at the university level. She studied the violin all throughout her childhood when, at around the age of seven, she had announced she wanted to become an actress.


title: Anamaria Marinca

text: In 2005, she won three Best Actress Awards (the BAFTA Television Awards, the Royal Television Society Award and the 'Golden Nymph' at 45th ) for her role in "Sex Traffic", a CBC/Channel 4 drama about human trafficking. As well as appearing on stage in Romanian theatre productions, she also acted in "Measure for Measure" at the National Theatre in London.


title: Anamaria Marinca

text: In 2007, she starred in the Romanian film "" ("4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days") by Cristian Mungiu, which won the Palme d'Or at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, and two other awards (the Cinema Prize of the French National Education System and the FIPRESCI Prize). She also appeared in the Francis Ford Coppola film "Youth Without Youth". In 2008, she appeared as Yasim Anwar in the BBC 5-episode miniseries "The Last Enemy". Marinca appeared in the Romanian drama "Boogie" and Oliver Hirschbiegel's acclaimed "Five Minutes of Heaven". She later had a prominent role in the 2014 film "Fury", in which she played a German woman named Irma who meets up with an American tank crew during World War II. She is a regular in the Welsh TV detective series "Hinterland".


title: 11 Downing Street

text: 11 Downing Street (sometimes referred to as just Number 11) is the official residence of Britain's Chancellor of the Exchequer (who traditionally also has the title of Second Lord of the Treasury). The residence, in Downing Street in London, was built alongside the official residence of the Prime Minister at Number 10 in 1682.


title: 11 Downing Street

text: The first Chancellor to live there was Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice in 1806, but Number 11 did not become the Chancellor's official residence until 1828.


title: 11 Downing Street

text: From 1997 onwards, Prime Ministers Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris Johnson chose to reside for all or part of their term of office in the flat above Number 11, as its residential apartment is larger than at Number 10. However, the Prime Minister's home is traditionally described being at Number 10.


title: 11 Downing Street

text: Number 11 is part of a (blackened) yellow-brick Georgian-era . The building overlooks St. James's Park and Horse Guards Parade and consists—from left to right—of Numbers 12, 11 and 10.


title: 11 Downing Street

text: Number 11 is located on the left side of Number 10, the official residence of the Prime Minister (or First Lord of the Treasury) since the early 19th century. Number 12, to the left of Number 11, is the official residence of the Chief Whip, but it is now used as the Prime Minister's press office.


title: 11 Downing Street

text: As a result of many internal alterations over the years, the three terraced houses are internally a single complex; one can walk from number 11 to number 10, via an internal connecting door, without using the street doors. The Cabinet Office on Whitehall is also directly connected to these at its rear making up an executive office of the prime Minister and senior Privy Councillors.


title: 11 Downing Street

text: The terraced house was one of several built by Sir George Downing between 1682 and 1684. It was altered c. 1723–35; refaced c. 1766–75 by Kenton Couse and with early C.19 alterations. Along with Number 10, it underwent a major reconstruction by Raymond Erith, 1960–64. Despite reconstruction, the interior retains a fine staircase with carved bracket tread ends and three slender turned balusters per tread. The fine Dining Room of 1825–26 is by Sir John Soane.


title: 11 Downing Street

text: When Tony Blair became Prime Minister in 1997 he chose to reside in Number 11, rather than Number 10, as it has a larger living area; Blair was living with his wife and their several young children, while Gordon Brown, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, was still a bachelor. In 2007, when Brown became Prime Minister, he at first chose to live in Number 11, but soon moved back to Number 10.


title: 11 Downing Street

text: Following the 2010 general election, the incoming prime minister, David Cameron, moved into 11, and George Osborne chose to remain in his Notting Hill home. In early August 2011, Osborne moved into Number 10.


title: 11 Downing Street

text: Prime Minister Boris Johnson lived in Number 11 recently, instead of his first and second Chancellor (Sajid Javid and Rishi Sunak, respectively). Mr Sunak is expected to move back in as Prime Minister in 2022.


title: 11 Downing Street

text: In March 2020, Johnson refurbished the residential apartment at Number 11. An Electoral Commission inquiry is investigating the financing of this refurbishment. This is known in the press as the Cash-for-Curtains scandal.


title: Kaufland

text: Kaufland is a German hypermarket chain, part of the Schwarz Gruppe which also owns Lidl. The hypermarket directly translates to English as 'buy-land'. It opened its first store in 1984 in Neckarsulm and quickly expanded to become a major chain in what was formerly East Germany. It operates over 1,400 stores in Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Moldova.


title: Kaufland

text: The history of Kaufland began when Joseph Schwarz entered the "Südfrüchte Großhandlung Lidl & Co." company as a shareholder in 1930, which was then renamed "Lidl & Schwarz KG". The company expanded its range from fruit to a food and goods wholesaler.


title: Kaufland

text: After World War II, the company was rebuilt: in 1954 it moved into its own property in Heilbronn and joined the "A & O" retail chain. With "Handels- und Fruchthof Heilbronn GmbH" the first regional warehouse was opened in northern Württemberg. In 1964, the company expanded its range of products by opening a meat department.


title: Kaufland

text: In 1968 the first "Handelshof" discount store was opened in Backnang, and in 1977 at the same place a hypermarket of the same name was established. After the death of Joseph Schwarz in 1977 his son Dieter Schwarz took over the management of the company. Taking the name of his father's former business partner, he introduced the "Lidl" chain which were primarily discount stores and they quickly grew into 30 stores. As an alternative to these stores, he developed "Kaufland". In 1984 the first "Kaufland" hypermarket was opened.


title: Kaufland

text: After the reunification of Germany the Kaufland chain expanded into the Eastern German states and opened numerous markets. The first East German "Kaufland" store was opened in Meissen in 1990. In 1998, the first department store outside of Germany was established in the Czech Republic. In the 2000s, the company established branches in Slovakia (since 2000), Croatia (2001), Poland (2001), Romania (2005), Bulgaria (2006) and Moldova (2018).


title: Kaufland

text: In 2006 and 2007, other store openings followed in Germany and Kaufland also took over shares of competitors. In February 2009 the corporation claimed to have 73,000 employees in Germany.


title: Kaufland

text: In January 2010, it was announced that "Karl Lupus GmbH & Co. KG" was cleared by antitrust authorities to sell their 12 stores of the "famila Handels-Betriebe GmbH & Co. KG Rhein-Neckar" and the "Cash-&-Carry-Markt Lupus Food Service" with 1,400 employees to Kaufland.


title: Kaufland

text: In January 2010, the Kaufland group had purchased all five Schleckerland drug stores in Ehingen, Geislingen, Tempe, Neu-Ulm, Schwäbisch Gmünd and all but the Neu-Ulm store had been converted to the Kaufland brand by then. The local Schleckerland was closed down because Kaufland was already present in Neu-Ulm.


title: Kaufland

text: From 2011 onward, all Handelshof stores were to be gradually be converted to the "Kaufland" brand and to be partly rebuilt and enlarged.


title: Kaufland

text: In November 2016, Kaufland's parent company applied for Kaufland trademarks in Australia. In September 2019, Kaufland announced plans to open 20 stores in Australia. In January 2020, Kaufland announced it would leave Australia, two years after buying its first store and six months after starting work on its distribution centre. It had invested about 310 million euro and hired over 200 staff members but never opened a store. The first stores were originally expected to open in 2019 but the launch date had been pushed back to 2021.


title: Kaufland

text: On 26 September 2019, the first two Moldovan stores were opened in the capital city of Chișinău. Construction of the fourth Moldovan store have started on 23 July 2020, in the southern city of Comrat. The beginning of construction at the fifth Moldovan store in the city of Ungheni was announced on 6 October 2020.


title: File (tool)

text: A file is a tool used to remove fine amounts of material from a workpiece. It is common in woodworking, metalworking, and other similar trade and hobby tasks. Most are hand tools, made of a case hardened steel bar of rectangular, square, triangular, or round cross-section, with one or more surfaces cut with sharp, generally parallel teeth. A narrow, pointed tang is common at one end, to which a handle may be fitted.


title: File (tool)

text: A rasp is a form of file with distinct, individually cut teeth used for coarsely removing large amounts of material.


title: File (tool)

text: Files have also been developed with abrasive surfaces, such as natural or synthetic diamond grains or silicon carbide, allowing removal of material that would dull or resist steel files, such as ceramic.


title: File (tool)

text: Early filing or rasping has prehistoric roots and grew naturally out of the blending of the twin inspirations of cutting with stone cutting tools (such as hand axes) and abrading using natural abrasives, such as well-suited types of stone (for example, sandstone). Relatedly, lapping is also quite ancient, with wood and beach sand offering a natural pair of lap and lapping compound. The Disston authors state, "To abrade, or file, ancient man used sand, grit, coral, bone, fish skin, and gritty woods,—also stone of varying hardness in connection with sand and water."


title: File (tool)

text: The Bronze Age and the Iron Age had various kinds of files and rasps. Archaeologists have discovered rasps made from bronze in Egypt, dating back to the years 1200–1000 BC. Archaeologists have also discovered rasps made of iron used by the Assyrians, dating back to the 7th Century BC.


title: File (tool)

text: During the Middle Ages files were already quite advanced, thanks to the extensive talents of blacksmiths. By the 11th century, there already existed hardened files that would seem quite modern even to today's eyes. But although they existed, and could even have spread widely, in a geographical sense, via trade, they were not widespread in the cultural sense of the word—that is, most people, and even many smiths, did not have them. For example, in the 13th century, ornamental iron work at Paris was done skillfully with the aid of files, but the process was a secret known only to a master craftsman. The Disston authors state, "It was not until the fourteenth century, however, that those who practiced art in ironwork began to use other tools, besides heat and the hammer, regularly." This statement could mislead in the sense that stoning (with sandstone) and lapping (with wood, sand, and water) have never been rare activities among humans, or especially smiths. But the point is that modern iron or steel files, with teeth and hardening, and the material culture of intricate filing that would lead to locksmithing and gunsmithing, for example, are what took time to become common. But by the late Middle Ages, the transition was extensive. The Disston authors mention Nuremberg, Sheffield, and Remscheid (they use the "Reimscheid" spelling) as leading centers of production for files as well as tools in general. The activity in Remscheid reflects the metalworking spirit of the Rhine-Ruhr region in general (including Essen, Düsseldorf, and Cologne) rather than representing a single village of geniuses in isolation. (Considering the Disston authors' mention of the blacksmith guilds of 13th-century Florence and 15th-century England, coupled with their mention of Nuremberg, Sheffield, and Remscheid, the region that sweeps from Florence through Nuremberg, the Rhine-Ruhr, the Netherlands, and up to Sheffield, can be compared to the modern economics notation of the Blue Banana.) Most files of the period were smithed by hand in a sequence in which the iron was forged (heated and hammered), then the teeth were cut with a chisel (some of this action was just as much upsetting/swaging as it was cutting), and then the piece was hardened (by heating and then quenching), followed sometimes by tempering. Among the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci is a sketch of a machine tool for the cutting of files (the chisel would make one strike, swaging a tooth, then automatically advance into position for the next tooth, and strike again).


title: File (tool)

text: Prior to the industrialization of machining and the development of interchangeable parts during the 19th century, filing was much more important in the construction of mechanisms. Component parts were roughly shaped by forging, casting, and by primitive machining operations. These components were then individually hand-fitted for assembly by careful and deliberate filing. The potential precision of such fitting is much higher than generally assumed, but the components of such hand-fit assemblies are decidedly not interchangeable with those from another assembly. Locks, clocks, and firearms (flintlocks and earlier) were manufactured in this way for centuries before the Industrial Revolution.


title: File (tool)

text: Machining in the mid-19th century was heavily dependent on filing, because milling practice was slowly evolving out of its infancy. As late as the early 20th century, manufacturing often involved filing parts to precise shape and size. In today's manufacturing environment, milling and grinding have generally replaced this type of work, and filing (when it occurs at all) usually tends to be for deburring only. Skillful filing to shape and size is still a part of diemaking, moldmaking, toolmaking, etc., but even in those fields, the goal is usually to avoid handwork when possible.


title: File (tool)

text: Files come in a wide variety of materials, sizes, shapes, cuts, and tooth configurations. The cross-section of a file can be flat, round, half-round, triangular, square, knife edge or of a more specialized shape. Steel files are made from high carbon steel (1.0 to 1.25% carbon) and may be through hardened or case hardened.


title: File (tool)

text: There is no unitary international standard for file nomenclature; however, there are many generally accepted names for certain kinds of files. A file is "blunt" if its sides and width are both parallel throughout its length. It is "tapered" if there is a reduction in its dimensions from its heel toward its point. A file may taper in width, in thickness, or both. A "tang" is a protrusion at the heel, tapered, parallel sided, or conical, for gripping, inserting in a handle, or mounting in a chuck.


title: File (tool)

text: The "cut" of the file refers to how fine its teeth are. They are defined as (from roughest to smoothest): rough, middle, bastard, second cut, smooth, and dead smooth. A "single-cut" file has one set of parallel teeth while a "cross-cut" or "double-cut" file has a second set of cuts forming diamond shaped cutting surfaces. In Swiss-pattern files the teeth are cut at a shallower angle, and are graded by number, with a number 1 file being coarser than a number 2, etc. Most files have teeth on all faces, but some specialty flat files have teeth on only one face or one edge, so that the user can come right up to another edge without damaging the finish on it.


title: File (tool)

text: Instead of having teeth cut into the file's working surface, diamond files have small particles of industrial diamond embedded in their surface (or into a softer material that is bonded to the underlying surface of the file). The use of diamonds in this manner allows the file to be used effectively against extremely hard materials, such as stone, glass or very hard metals such as hardened steel or carbide against which a standard steel file is ineffective. Diamond files are also the only type that may be used with a back-and-forth motion without damaging the file. These may also be called diamond laps, as the "teeth" are not regular projections, as in a file, but particles, usually shaped and located randomly and held in place by a softer (any other) material.


title: File (tool)

text: Needle files are small files that are used in applications where the surface finish takes priority over metal removal rates but they are most suited for smaller work pieces. They are often sold in sets, including different shapes.


title: File (tool)

text: Riffler files are small to medium-sized files in an assortment of cross sectional shapes and profiles. The varying profiles and shapes enable them to be used in hard to reach, or unusually shaped areas. They are often used as an intermediate step in die making where the surface finish of a cavity die may need to be improved, e.g. in plastic injection moulding or die casting.


title: File (tool)

text: Files are produced specifically for use in a "filing machine", which is similar in appearance to a scroll saw with a vertically reciprocating file mounted in the middle of a table. A workpiece is manipulated around the file's face as the shape requires.


title: File (tool)

text: A cone point (as pictured in the top and bottom files at left) allows a file to center itself in its mount. Files with flat mounting surfaces must be secured with set screws.


title: File (tool)

text: Filing machines are rarely seen in modern production environments, but may be found in older toolrooms or diemaking shops as an aid in the manufacture of specialist tooling.


title: File (tool)

text: Escapement files, also known as watchmaker's files, are a classification of short, (very) thin files with bastard-cut or embedded diamond surfaces, similar to needle files in form and function but smaller. Typical dimensions are on the order of approximately 100–140 mm (4–5 in.) in length and 3–5 mm (– in.) in width. Best used for fine, delicate work on small pieces or mechanisms (such as escapements), escapement files are commonly used by clock and watchmakers, as well as in crafting jewelry.


title: File (tool)

text: During root canal therapy, round files ranging from diameter files are used to smooth the narrow canals of the interior of the tooth and thus facilitate disinfection of the internal surface. Typically the files are made of stainless steel or nickel titanium (NiTi) and come in a variety of styles. Mechanized files, known as rotary files, are also commonly used. These files attach to the head of a specific oscillating or rotating drill.


title: File (tool)

text: Files have forward-facing cutting teeth, and cut most effectively when pushed over the workpiece. A variety of strokes are employed to stabilize the cutting action and produce a varied result. Pulling a file directly backwards on a workpiece will cause the teeth to dull. "Draw filing" is an operation in which the file is grasped


title: File (tool)

text: at each end, and with an even pressure alternately pulled and pushed perpendicularly over the work. A variation involves laying the file sideways on the work, and carefully pushing or pulling it across the work. This catches the teeth of the file sideways instead of head on, and a very fine shaving action is produced. There are also varying strokes that produce a combination of the straight ahead stroke and the drawfiling stroke, and very fine work can be attained in this fashion. Using a combination of strokes, and progressively finer files, a skilled operator can attain a surface that is perfectly flat and near mirror finish.


title: File (tool)

text: "Pinning" refers to the clogging of the file teeth with "pins", which are material shavings. These pins cause the file to lose its cutting ability and can scratch the workpiece. A "file card", which is a brush with metal bristles, is used to clean the file. (The name, "card", is the same as used for the "raising cards" (spiked brushes) used in woolmaking.) Chalk can help prevent pinning.


title: Hedone

text: Hedone (, "hēdonē") is the Greek word meaning "pleasure." It was an important concept in Ancient Greek philosophy, especially in the Epicurean school. It is also the root of the English word "hedonism".


title: Hedone

text: In Greek mythology, Hedone is personified as a goddess of pleasure, enjoyment, and delight, as the daughter born from the union of Eros (personification of love) and Psyche (personification of the soul). She was associated more specifically with sensual pleasure. Her opposites were the Algea, personifications of pain. Her equivalent in Roman mythology is Voluptas. There is no evidence that she was ever the object of cult worship.


title: Hedone

text: Aristotle identified it as one of the two elements or components of "pathe", with the other being "lype" or pain. The philosopher described "pathe" in these words: "Let the emotions be all those things on account of which people change their minds and differ in regard to their judgments, and upon which attend pain and pleasure."


title: Hedone

text: "Hēdonē," in Aristotelian ethics, is part of the philosopher's account of virtue and that pleasure (along with pain) is said to reveal a person's character. It is good if it is a consequence of a virtuous life as opposed to the position of some philosophers such as Aristippus, which holds that it is wholly good. For the concept to be good or true, it must conform to nature, reason, or virtue and that, although, "hēdonē" can harmonize with these three, Aristotle gave it less value. An example is the concept of proper pleasure or "oikeia hedone", which has been discussed in Poetics and considered a process of restoration. Martin Heidegger's interpretation of Aristotelian philosophy explains that pleasure is a movement of the soul and that tranquility arises from it.


title: Hedone

text: In the philosophy of Epicurus, "hēdonē" is described as a pleasure that may or may not derive from actions that are virtuous, whereas another form of pleasure, "terpsis", is always virtuous. Another Epicurean reading, which distinguished "hēdonē" from "terpsis," referred to it as a feeling of pleasure that is episodic and might or might not be beneficial. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Epicurus uses "hēdonē" in reference to only physical pleasures.


title: Hedone

text: The Stoics held a negative view of "hēdonē," arguing that it is not in accordance with nature and reason. This can be understood within the philosophy's position that emotions are by definition excessive or are excessive impulses that exceed the measure of natural reason and – as in other forms of excess – leads to other evils of irrationality.


title: Chuvash language

text: Chuvash ( , ; , , ) is a Turkic language spoken in European Russia, primarily in the Chuvash Republic and adjacent areas. It is the only surviving member of the Oghur branch of Turkic languages, one of the two principal branches of the Turkic family.


title: Chuvash language

text: The writing system for the Chuvash language is based on the Cyrillic script, employing all of the letters used in the Russian alphabet and adding four letters of its own: Ӑ, Ӗ, Ҫ and Ӳ.


title: Chuvash language

text: Chuvash is the native language of the Chuvash people and an official language of Chuvashia. It is spoken by 1,640,000 persons in Russia and another 34,000 in other countries. 86% of ethnic Chuvash and 8% of the people of other ethnicities living in Chuvashia claimed knowledge of Chuvash language during the 2002 census. Despite that and although Chuvash is taught at schools and sometimes used in the media, it is considered endangered, because Russian dominates in most spheres of life and few children learning the language are likely to become active users.


title: Chuvash language

text: A fairly significant production and publication of literature in Chuvash still continues. According to UNESCO's "Index Translationum", at least 202 books translated from Chuvash were published in other languages (mostly Russian) since ca. 1979. However, as with most other languages of the former USSR, most of the translation activity took place before the dissolution of the USSR: out of the 202 translations, 170 books were published in the USSR and just 17, in the post-1991 Russia (mostly, in the 1990s). A similar situation takes place with the translation of books from other languages (mostly Russian) into Chuvash (the total of 175 titles published since ca. 1979, but just 18 of them in post-1991 Russia).


title: Chuvash language

text: Chuvash is the most distinctive of the Turkic languages and cannot be understood by other Turkic speakers, whose languages have varying degrees of mutual intelligibility within their respective subgroups. Chuvash is classified, alongside several extinct languages including Bulgar, as the only remaining member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family. Since the surviving literary records for the non-Chuvash members of Oghuric are scant, the exact position of Chuvash within the Oghuric family cannot be determined.


title: Chuvash language

text: The Oghuric branch is distinguished from the rest of the Turkic family (the Common Turkic languages) by two sound changes: "r" corresponding to Common Turkic "z" and "l" corresponding to Common Turkic "š". The first scientific fieldwork description of Chuvash, by August Ahlqvist in 1856, allowed researchers to establish its proper affiliation.


title: Chuvash language

text: Chuvash language is a highly divergent form of Turkic, and is not easily recognized as such. Some scholars suggest Hunnic had strong ties with Chuvash and classify Chuvash as Hunno-Bulgar. Chuvash is so divergent from the main body of Turkic languages that some scholars formerly considered Chuvash to be a Turkified Finno-Ugric (Uralic) language. Conversely, other scholars regard it as a Turkic language heavily influenced by Finno-Ugric languages.


title: Chuvash language

text: Most of the (non-allophonic) consonant changes listed in the table above are thought to date from the period before the Bulgars migrated to the Volga region in the 10th century; some notable exceptions are the "č" > "ś" shift and the final stage of the "-d" > "-ð" > "-z" > "-r" shift, which date from the following, Volga Bulgar period (between the 10th-century migration and the Mongol invasions of the 13th century). The vowel changes mostly occurred later, mainly during the Middle Chuvash period (between the invasions and the 17th century), except for the diphthongisation, which took place during the Volga Bulgar period. Many sound changes known from Chuvash can be observed in Turkic loanwords into Hungarian (from the pre-migration period) and in Volga Bulgar epitaphs or loanwords into languages of the Volga region (from the Volga Bulgar period). Nevertheless, these sources also indicate that there was significant dialectal variation within the Oguric-speaking population during both of these periods.


title: Chuvash language

text: In the VIII—X centuries in Central Asia, the ancient Turkic script (the Orkhon-Yenisei runic script) was used for writing in Turkic languages. Turkic epitaphs of VII-IX AD were left by speakers of various dialects (table):


title: Chuvash language

text: In modern times, in Chuvash [a] remains, Tatar "kapka" ~ Chuvash "hapha" (gate), when there should be a ""hupha"" from the root ""hup - close"".


title: Chuvash language

text: The literary language is based on both the Lower and Upper dialects. Both Tatar and the neighbouring Uralic languages such as Mari have influenced the Chuvash language, as have Russian, Mongolian, Arabic and Persian, which have all added many words to the Chuvash lexicon.


title: Chuvash language

text: Fanmade Latin alphabet used by Chuvash people living in the USA and Europe, used for the convenience of writing Chuvash words


title: Chuvash language

text: The most ancient writing system, known as the Old Turkic alphabet, disappeared after the Volga Bulgars converted to Islam. Later, the Arabic script was adopted. After the Mongol invasion, writing degraded. After Peter the Great's reforms Chuvash elites disappeared, blacksmiths and some other crafts were prohibited for non-Russian nations, the Chuvash were educated in Russian, while writing in runes recurred with simple folk.


title: Chuvash language

text: The consonants are the following (the corresponding Cyrillic letters are in brackets): The stops, sibilants and affricates are voiceless and fortes but become lenes (sounding similar to voiced) in intervocalic position and after liquids, nasals and semi-vowels. Аннепе sounds like "annebe", but кушакпа sounds like "kuzhakpa". However, geminate consonants do not undergo this lenition. Furthermore, the voiced consonants occurring in Russian are used in modern Russian-language loans. Consonants also become palatalized before and after front vowels. However, some words like пульчӑклӑ "dirty", present palatalized consonants without preceding or succeeding front vowels, and should be understood that such are actually phonemic: , , .


title: Chuvash language

text: According to Krueger (1961), the Chuvash vowel system is as follows (the precise IPA symbols are chosen based on his description since he uses a different transcription).


title: Chuvash language

text: András Róna-Tas (1997) provides a somewhat different description, also with a partly idiosyncratic transcription. The following table is based on his version, with additional information from Petrov (2001). Again, the IPA symbols are not directly taken from the works so they could be inaccurate.


title: Chuvash language

text: The vowels ӑ and ӗ are described as reduced, thereby differing in quantity from the rest. In unstressed positions, they often resemble a schwa or tend to be dropped altogether in fast speech. At times, especially when stressed, they may be somewhat rounded and sound similar to and .


title: Chuvash language

text: The usual rule given in grammars of Chuvash is that the last full (non-reduced) vowel of the word is stressed; if there are no full vowels, the first vowel is stressed. Reduced vowels that precede or follow a stressed full vowel are extremely short and non-prominent. One scholar, Dobrovolsky, however, hypothesises that there is in fact no stress in disyllabic words in which both vowels are reduced.


title: Chuvash language

text: Vowel harmony is the principle by which a native Chuvash word generally incorporates either exclusively back or hard vowels (а, ӑ, у, ы) and exclusively front or soft vowels (е, ӗ, ӳ, и). As such, a Chuvash suffix such as -тен means either -тан or -тен, whichever promotes vowel harmony; a notation such as -тпӗр means either -тпӑр, -тпӗр, again with vowel harmony constituting the deciding factor.


title: Chuvash language

text: Chuvash has two classes of vowels: "front" and "back" (see the table above). Vowel harmony states that words may not contain both front and back vowels. Therefore, most grammatical suffixes come in front and back forms, e.g. Шупашкарта, "in Cheboksary" but килте, "at home".


title: Chuvash language

text: Vowel harmony does not apply for some invariant suffixes such as the plural ending -сем and the 3rd person (possessive or verbal) ending -ӗ, which only have a front version. It also does not occur in loanwords and in a few native Chuvash words (such as анне "mother"). In such words suffixes harmonize with the final vowel; thus Аннепе "with the mother".


title: Chuvash language

text: Compound words are considered separate words with respect to vowel harmony: vowels do not have to harmonize between members of the compound (so forms like сӗтел|пукан "furniture" are permissible).


title: Chuvash language

text: The consonant т often alternates with ч before ӗ from original *"i" (ят 'name' - ячӗ 'his name'). There is also an alternation between т (after consonants) and р (after vowels): тетел 'fishing net (nom.)' - dative тетел-те, but пулӑ 'fish (nom.)' - dative пулӑ-ра.


title: Chuvash language

text: As characteristic of all Turkic languages, Chuvash is an agglutinative language and as such, has an abundance of suffixes but no native prefixes or prepositions, apart from the partly reduplicative intensive prefix, such as in: - "white", - "snow-white", - "black", - "jet black", - "flat", - "absolutely flat", - "full", - "chock full" (compare to Turkish - "white", "snow-white", - "black", - "jet black", - "flat", - "absolutely flat", - "full", - "chock full"). One word can have many suffixes, which can also be used to create new words like creating a verb from a noun or a noun from a verbal root. See Vocabulary below. It can also indicate the grammatical function of the word.


title: Chuvash language

text: Chuvash nouns decline in number and case and also take suffixes indicating the person of a possessor. The suffixes are placed in the order possession - number - case. There are six noun cases in the Chuvash declension system:


title: Chuvash language

text: In the suffixes where the first consonant varies between р- and т-, the allomorphs beginning in т- are used after stems ending in the dental sonorants -р, -л and -н. The allomorphs beginning in р- occur under all other circumstances. The dative-accusative allomorph beginning in н- is mostly used after stems ending in vowels, except in -и, -у, and -ӑ/-ӗ, whereas the one consisting only of a vowel is used after stems ending in consonants.


title: Chuvash language

text: The nominative is used instead of the dative-accusative to express indefinite or general objects, e.g. утӑ типӗт 'to dry hay'. It can also be used instead of the genitive to express a possessor, so that the combination gets a generalised compound-like meaning (лаша пӳҫӗ 'a horse head' vs лашан пӳҫӗ 'the horse's head'); with both nominative and genitive, however, the possessed noun has a possessive suffix (see below).


title: Chuvash language

text: In the genitive and dative-accusative cases, some nouns ending in -у and -ӳ were changed to -ӑв and -ӗв (ҫыру → ҫырӑван, ҫырӑва, but ҫырура; пӳ → пӗвен, пӗве, but пӳре). In nouns ending in -ӑ, the last vowel simply deletes and may cause the last consonant to geminate (пулӑ 'fish' > пуллан). Nouns ending in consonants sometimes also geminate the last letter (ҫын 'man' → ҫыннан).


title: Chuvash language

text: Possession is expressed by means of constructions based on verbs meaning "to exist" and "not to exist" ("пур" and "ҫук"). For example, to say, "The cat had no shoes":


title: Chuvash language

text: Stem-final vowels are deleted when the vowel-initial suffixes (-у, -и, -ӑр) are added to them. The 3rd person allomorph -ӗ is added to stems ending in consonants, whereas -и is used with stems ending in vowels. There is also another postvocalic variant -шӗ, which is used only in designations of family relationships: аппа 'elder sister' > аппа-шӗ. Furthermore, the noun атте 'father' is irregularly declined in possessive forms:


title: Chuvash language

text: When case endings are added to the possessive suffixes, some changes may occur: the vowels comprising the 2nd and 3rd singular possessive suffixes are dropped before the dative-accusative suffix: (ывӑл-у-на 'to your son', ывӑл-ӗ-нe 'to his son' > ывӑлна, ывӑлнe), whereas a -н- is inserted between them and the locative and ablative suffixes: ывӑл-у-н-та 'in/at your son', ывӑл-ӗ-н-чен 'from his son'.


title: Chuvash language

text: Adjectives do not agree with the nouns they modify, but may receive nominal case endings when standing alone, without a noun. The comparative suffix is -рах/-рех, or -тарах/терех after stems ending in -р or, optionally, other sonorant consonants. The superlative is formed by encliticising or procliticising the particles чи or чӑн to the adjective in the positive degree. A special past tense form meaning '(subject) was A' is formed by adding the suffix -(ч)чӗ. Another notable feature is the formation of intensive forms via complete or partial reduplication: кǎтра 'curly' - кǎп-кǎтра 'completely curly'.


title: Chuvash language

text: Both nouns and adjectives, declined or not, may take special 'separating' forms in -и (causing gemination when added to reduced vowel stems and, in nouns, when added to consonant-final stems) and -скер. The meaning of the form in -и is, roughly, 'the one of them that is X', while the form in -скер may be rendered as '(while) being X'. For example, пӳлӗм-р(е)-и-сем 'those of them who are in the room'. The same suffixes may form the equivalent of dependent clauses: ачисем килте-скер-ӗн мӗн хуйхӑрмалли пур унӑн? 'If his children (are) at home, what does he have to be sad about?', йӗркеллӗ çынн-и курӑнать 'You (can) see that he is a decent person', эсӗ килт(e)-и савӑнтарать (lit. 'That you are at home, pleases one').


title: Chuvash language

text: The personal pronouns exhibit partly suppletive allomorphy between the nominative and oblique stems; case endings are added to the latter:


title: Chuvash language

text: Demonstratives are ку 'this', çак 'this' (only for a known object), çав 'that' (for a somewhat remote object), леш 'that' (for a remote object), хай 'that' (the above-mentioned). There is a separate reflexive originally consisting of the stem in х- and personal possessive suffixes:


title: Chuvash language

text: Interrogatives are кам 'who', мӗн 'what', хаш/хӑшӗ 'which'. Negative pronouns are formed by adding the prefix ни- to the interrogatives: никам, ним(ӗн), etc. Indefinite pronouns use the prefix та-: такам etc. Totality is expressed by пур 'all', пӗтӗм 'whole', харпӑр 'every'.


title: Chuvash language

text: Among the pronominal adverbs that are not productively formed from the demonstratives, notable ones are the interrogatives хăçан 'when' and ăçта 'where'.


title: Chuvash language

text: Chuvash verbs exhibit person and can be made negative or impotential; they can also be made potential. Finally, Chuvash verbs exhibit various distinctions of tense, mood and aspect: a verb can be progressive, necessitative, aorist, future, inferential, present, past, conditional, imperative or optative.


title: Chuvash language

text: The sequence of verbal suffixes is as follows: voice - iterativity - potentiality - negation - tense/gerund/participle - personal suffix.


title: Chuvash language

text: The 1st person allomorph containing -п- is found in the present and future tenses, the one containing -м- is found in other forms. The 3rd singular is absent in the future and in the present tenses, but causes palatalisation of the preceding consonant in the latter. The vowel-final allomorph of the 3rd plural -ҫӗ is used in the present. The imperative has somewhat more deviant endings in some of its forms:


title: Chuvash language

text: To these imperative verb forms, one may add particles expressing insistence (-сам) or, conversely, softness (-ччӗ) and politeness (-ах).


title: Chuvash language

text: The consonant -т of the present tense marker assimilates to the 3rd plural personal ending: -ҫҫĕ. The past tense allomorph -р- is used after vowels, while -т- is used after consonants. The simple past tense is used only for witnesses events, whereas retold events are expressed using the past participle suffix -н(ӑ) (see below). In addition to the iterative past, there is also an aspectual iterative suffix -кала- expressing repetitive action.


title: Chuvash language

text: There are also modal markers, which do not combine with tense markers and hence have sometimes been described as tenses of their own:


title: Chuvash language

text: The concessive suffix -ин is added after the personal endings, but in the 2nd singular and plural, a -с- suffix is added "before" them: кур-ӑ-сӑн(-ин) 'alright, see it'. If the particle -ччӗ is added, the meaning becomes optative.


title: Chuvash language

text: The negative is expressed by a suffix inserted before the tense and modal markers. It contains -м- and mostly has the form -м(а)-, but -мас- in the present and -мӑ- in the future. The imperative uses the proclitic particle ан instead (or, optionally, an enclitic мар in the 1st person).


title: Chuvash language

text: A change of valency to a passive-reflexive 'voice' may be effected by the addition of the suffixes -ӑл- and -ӑн-, but the process is not productive and the choice of suffix is not predictable. Still, if both occur with the same stem, -ӑл- is passive and -ӑн- is reflexive. A 'reciprocal voice' form is produced by the suffixes -ӑш and -ӑҫ. There are two causative suffixes - a non-productive -ат/ар/ӑт and a productive -(т)тар (the single consonant allomorph occurring after monosyllabic stems).


title: Chuvash language

text: There are, furthermore, various periphrastic constructions using the non-finite verb forms, mostly featuring predicative use of the participles (see below).


title: Chuvash language

text: The suffix -и may be added to participles to form a verbal noun: ҫыр-нӑ ;'written' > ҫыр-н-и 'writing'.


title: Chuvash language

text: Word order in Chuvash is generally subject–object–verb. Modifiers (adjectives and genitives) precede their heads in nominal phrases, too. The language uses postpositions, often originating from case-declined nouns, but the governed noun is usually in the nominative, e.g. тĕп çи-не 'onto (the surface of) the ground' (even though a governed "pronoun" tends to be in the genitive). Yes/no-questions are formed with an encliticised interrogative particle -и. The language often uses verb phrases that are formed by combining the adverbial participle in -са and certain common verbs such as пыр 'go', çӳре 'be going', кай 'go (away from the speaker)', кил 'go (towards the speaker)', ил 'take', кала 'say', тăр 'stand', юл 'stay', яр 'let go'; e.g. кĕрсe кай 'go entering > enter', тухса кай 'go exiting > leave'.


title: Chuvash language

text: The tens are formed in somewhat different ways: from 20 to 50, they exhibit suppletion; 60 and 70 have a suffix -мӑл together with stem changes; while 80 and 90 juxtapose the corresponding single digit and the word 'ten'.


title: Chuvash language

text: Ordinal numerals are formed with the suffix -mĕš ("-мӗш)", e.g. pĕrremĕš "(пӗррӗмӗш)" 'first', ikkĕmĕš "(иккӗмӗш)" 'second'. There are also alternate ordinal numerals formed with the suffix -ӑм/-ĕм, which are used only for days, nights and years and only for the numbers from three to seven, e.g. wişĕm "(виҫӗм)" 'third', tvatăm "(тватăм)", pilĕm "(пилĕм)", ultăm "(ултăм)", şiçĕm "(çичĕм)", wunăm "(вунăм)".


title: Chuvash language

text: Some notable suffixes are: -ҫӑ for agent nouns, -лӑх for abstract and instrumental nouns, -ӑш, less commonly, for abstract nouns from certain adjectives, -у (after consonants) or -v (after vowels) for action nouns, -ла, -ал, -ар, and -н for denominal verbs. The valency changing suffixes and the gerunds were mentioned in the verbal morphology section above. Diminutives may be formed with multiple suffixes such as -ашка, -(к)ка, -лчӑ, -ак/ӑк, -ача.


title: Franz von Holzhausen

text: Franz von Holzhausen (born May 10, 1968) is an American vehicle designer. Since 2008, he has been in charge of design at Tesla, Inc. He designed the Tesla Model S, Model 3, Model X, Model Y, and the unveiled but not-yet-released Cybertruck, Semi, and second-generation Tesla Roadster. Prior to Tesla, he worked in design at Mazda, General Motors, and Volkswagen.


title: Franz von Holzhausen

text: In 1992, Holzhausen started his career with Volkswagen, where he worked on the designs for the Microbus and the New Beetle concept project, known as "Concept One," under design lead J Mays.


title: Franz von Holzhausen

text: In 2000, he moved to General Motors as a design manager where he worked on the Saturn Sky and Pontiac Solstice.


title: Franz von Holzhausen

text: In 2005, he took a role at Mazda, where he was chief of design. He led the designs of the Mazda Kabura concept car that debuted at the 2006 North American International Auto Show and of the Mazda Furai concept car that was unveiled at the 2008 North American International Auto Show, both in Detroit.


title: Franz von Holzhausen

text: In 2008, he went to work for Tesla. He is known for designing Tesla vehicles, including the Model S, Model 3, Model X, Model Y, Semi, and the unveiled but not-yet-released Cybertruck, and second-generation Tesla Roadster.


title: Franz von Holzhausen

text: Franz von Holzhausen is married to Vicki von Holzhausen, a designer who runs the "" fashion label focused on vegan leather products that are made from plant-based materials.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Joseph Robinette Biden Jr., the 46th president of the United States, was born November 20, 1942, at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Biden (née Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr. The oldest child in a Catholic family, Biden has a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, Francis and James.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Biden's father had once led an affluent life, but suffered financial setbacks soon after Biden was born, and for several years the family lived with Biden's maternal grandparents. Beginning in 1953, the family lived in an apartment in Claymont, Delaware, before moving to a house in Wilmington, Delaware. Biden's father later became a successful used-car salesman, maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle. At Archmere Academy, Biden himself was class president in his junior and senior years. He graduated from Archmere in 1961. At the University of Delaware, Biden earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 with a double major in history and political science, and a minor in English.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: In 1966, Biden married Neilia Hunter, a student at Syracuse University. They had three children: Beau, Robert Hunter, and Naomi Christina "Amy". In 1968, Biden earned a Juris Doctor degree from the university's College of Law, ranked him 76th in his class of 85 students. He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969 and practiced as a lawyer before running for political office. In 1972, Biden's wife and daughter died in a car crash, just seven days before Christmas. Biden came close to resigning from the Senate, to which he had recently been elected for the first time that year. Five years later, Biden married Jill Jacobs—they have one daughter together, Ashley Blazer.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Biden was born on November 20, 1942, at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania, to Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Biden (née Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr. He was the first of four siblings in a Catholic family, with a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, James and Frank, following. Biden's mother was of Irish descent, with roots variously attributed to County Louth or County Londonderry, while his father had English, French, and Irish ancestry. His maternal great-grandfather, Edward Francis Blewitt, was a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Biden's father had led an affluent lifestyle as a young adult, in part due to working as an executive for, and experiencing the largess of, the Sheene Armor Company. The Sheene Company was a business, focusing on selling water resistant graves, which subsequently secured a number of government contracts during World War II to manufacture plastic armor for ships. Very early in Biden's life the family relocated to a suburb outside Boston, where his father was running the company's branch office there. The company was run by Biden Sr.'s uncle, Bill Sheene, Sr. Biden Sr, and his cousin, Bill Sheene Jr., were close.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: After the war was over, the business failed, and several attempts by Biden's father to start his own businesses faltered. Jean Biden took her children back to Scranton in 1948, and Joe Sr. soon followed. For several years, the family had to live with Biden's maternal grandparents, the Finnegans. Biden attended St. Paul's, a Catholic primary school in Scranton. He made several lifelong friends in Scranton, who describe "file drawers full of memories" of childhood antics and escapades. But when the Scranton area fell into economic decline during the 1950s, Biden's father could not find sustained work.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: In 1953, the Biden family moved into an apartment in Claymont, Delaware. The next year the Bidens relocated to the Village of Arden, an art colony. The year after that, they moved to Wilmington, Delaware. Joe Biden Sr. became a successful used car salesman, and the family's circumstances were middle class. Biden attended two more Catholic primary schools: Holy Rosary in Claymont and then St. Helena's Elementary in Wilmington. At several times during his youth, Biden considered becoming a priest.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Biden attended the Archmere Academy in Claymont where he was a standout halfback/wide receiver in the high school football team. Scoring ten touchdowns, he helped lead a perennially losing team to an undefeated season in his senior year. His coach, who would be inducted into the Delaware Sports Hall of Fame, subsequently said of Biden, "He was a skinny kid, but he was one of the best pass receivers I had in 16 years as a coach." Biden played as an outfielder on the school's baseball team as well, becoming a starter in his senior year albeit batting in the bottom half of the order.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: From an early age, Biden had been afflicted by a severe stutter, which often brought teasing from other children and embarrassment with teachers. Excelling in sports was especially important to Biden as it gave him a way of gaining social acceptance despite his speech issue. While not a major participant in the ongoing civil rights movement, he did walk out of a restaurant that refused to serve a football teammate of his who was black. Academically, Biden was a 'B' (above-average) student at Archmere, was considered a natural leader among his classmates, and was elected class president during his junior and senior years. He graduated in 1961.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Biden attended the University of Delaware in Newark, where he was more interested in sports and socializing than in studying, although his classmates were impressed by his cramming abilities. He played halfback with the "Blue Chicks" freshman football team (at the time, freshmen were not eligible to play varsity sports). However, when he got a poor 1.9 grade point average for the semester, his parents told him that he had to give up football to concentrate on his classes. He continued to get mostly "C" and "D" grades for his next two semesters. His grades then began to improve, but never became especially good. He wanted to return to the football, and by the spring practices of his junior year he thought he was about to earn a starting spot as a defensive back on the varsity for that fall.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: In 1964, while on spring break in the Bahamas, he met and began dating Neilia Hunter, who was from an affluent background in Skaneateles, New York, and attended Syracuse University. He told her that he aimed to become a senator by the age of 30 and then president. He dropped his plan to play for the varsity football team, enabling him to spend more time visiting out of state with her. He earned his bachelor's in 1965 from the University of Delaware, with a double major in history and political science and a minor in English. He had a "C" average overall for his four years, graduating with a class rank of 506 out of 688.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Biden then entered the Syracuse University College of Law, chosen in part because it would put him near Neilia Hunter. He received a half scholarship based on financial need with some additional assistance based on academics. By his own description, he found law school to be "the biggest bore in the world" and he said he pulled many all-nighters to get by. He relied on the notes of other students for classes that he skipped as well as help from Neilia Hunter in studying. He participated in football and rugby at the collegiate club level and ran for class president, losing by one vote to future financial marketplace executive William J. Brodsky. To date, Brodsky is the only person to ever beat Biden in a head-to-head election.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: During his first year there, Biden submitted a fifteen-page paper for a legal methods course that was found to have contained academic plagiarism of five pages of a recently published article in the "Fordham Law Review". A report from the law school faculty said that Biden should be failed in the course as a result; in response, Biden said the copying was inadvertent due to his not knowing the proper rules of citation. Such mistakes were not uncommon among first-year students still learning the requirements of attribution. Biden was permitted to retake the course after receiving a failing "F" grade, which was subsequently dropped from his record.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Overall, evaluations from Biden's professors were mixed, but Biden's grades were such that he was consistently near the bottom of his class the entire time he was in the school. One professor later said that Biden had done very well in a legislation course and that "I had the impression this was a young man who was going to do well and go a long way," while another professor later said of Biden, "He was one of the great successes after law school, but not in law school. It happens all the time." Biden received his Juris Doctor in 1968, graduating 76th of 85 in his class. He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Negative impressions of drinking alcohol in the Biden and Finnegan families and in the neighborhood led to Biden becoming a teetotaler. Having suffered from stuttering through much of his childhood and into his twenties, he has said that he finally overcame it by spending many hours reciting poetry in front of a mirror.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: During the early 1960s, Biden participated in a demonstration against the last remaining segregated theater in Wilmington. Some sources have also described Biden participating in a protest while he was still in high school, against the Towne Theatre. During one summer while in college, he worked as the only white lifeguard at swimming pool in a black neighborhood of Wilmington, an experience which he later credited with expanding his thinking regarding racial issues. In later life, Biden repeatedly told a story that, while working at the pool, he confronted a man nicknamed "Corn Pop", the leader of a gang called the Romans, persuading the man to walk away from a potential fight by apologizing to him. While considered outlandish or bizarre by some commentators, various lifelong Delawareans and contemporary newspaper articles confirmed the broad outlines of Biden's story, identifying his antagonist as a man named William "Corn Pop" Morris.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Regarding the U.S. military draft, Biden received five "2-S" student deferments during this period, with the first coming in late 1963 and the last in early 1968 at the peak of the Vietnam War. Student deferments such as Biden received were given out routinely during this period. In April 1968, he received a draft notice as he was about to graduate from law school; but after a medical examination he was reclassified by the Selective Service System as "1-Y", not available for service except in national emergency, due to having had asthma as a teenager. The notion that Biden suffered from asthma has been questioned by some observers, given his past participation in football and other sports and his having appeared healthy in the time leading up to his examination. Some sources report that Biden's 2007 memoir, "Promises to Keep", never mentions asthma; but he does briefly mention having had "childhood asthma" in a passage in the book describing his health during and after his 1988 presidential campaign. Young men looking to avoid active-duty military service was common during the Vietnam War. Other figures from the era who would go on to become national leaders also received similar numbers of student deferments or non-obvious medical exemptions. Biden was generally supportive of the war during much of this time, and never took part in anti-war demonstrations, later saying that at the time he was preoccupied with marriage and law school, and "wore sports coats ... not tie-dyed".


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: On August 27, 1966, while Biden was still a law student, he married Neilia Hunter. They overcame her parents' initial reluctance for her to wed a Roman Catholic, and the ceremony was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles. The couple had three children, Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III in 1969, Robert Hunter in 1970, and Naomi Christina in 1971.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: During 1968, Biden clerked for six months at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett and, as he later said, "thought of myself as a Republican". He disliked the conservative racial politics of incumbent Democratic Governor of Delaware Charles L. Terry and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968. The local Republicans tried to recruit him, but he resisted due to his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon, and registered as an Independent instead.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: In 1969, Biden resumed practicing law in Wilmington, first as a public defender. Biden's time as a public defender was short, but several of his cases attracted newspaper coverage, including his defenses of a fisherman accused of stealing a cow (sentenced to no jail time), and a 15-year-old charged with drug possession (acquitted). Biden later described the job in his memoir as "God's work", but also wrote that "God's work wasn't full time work in 1969".


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Biden then joined a firm headed by Sid Balick, a locally active Democrat. Balick named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party, and Biden switched his registration to Democratic. He also started his own firm, Biden and Walsh. Corporate law, however, did not appeal to him and criminal law did not pay well. He supplemented his income by managing properties.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Later in 1969, Biden ran as a Democrat for the New Castle County Council on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburban area. He won by a solid, two-thousand vote margin in the usually Republican district and in a bad year for Democrats in the state. Even before taking his seat, he was already talking about running for the U.S. Senate in a couple of years. He served on the County Council from 1970 to 1972 while continuing his private law practice. Biden represented the 4th district on the county council. Among issues he addressed on the council was his opposition to large highway projects that might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods, including those related to Interstate 95.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Biden's entry into the 1972 U.S. Senate election in Delaware presented a unique circumstance. Longtime Delaware political figure and Republican incumbent Senator J. Caleb Boggs was considering retirement, which would likely have left U.S. Representative Pete du Pont and Wilmington Mayor Harry G. Haskell Jr. in a divisive primary fight. To avoid that, U.S. president Richard Nixon helped convince Boggs to run again with full party support. No other Democrat wanted to run against Boggs. Biden's campaign had virtually no money and was given no chance of winning. It was managed by his sister Valerie Biden Owens (who would go on to manage his future campaigns) and staffed by other family members, and relied upon handed-out newsprint position papers and meeting voters face-to-face; the small size of the state and lack of a major media market made the approach feasible. He did receive some assistance from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell. His campaign issues focused on withdrawal from Vietnam, the environment, civil rights, mass transit, more equitable taxation, health care, the public's dissatisfaction with politics-as-usual, and "change". During the summer, he trailed by almost 30 percentage points, but his energy level, his attractive young family, and his ability to connect with voters' emotions gave the surging Biden an advantage over the ready-to-retire Boggs. He won the November 7, 1972 election in an upset by a margin of 3,162 votes.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: On December 18, 1972, a few weeks after the election, Biden's wife and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware. Neilia Biden's station wagon was hit by a tractor-trailer truck as she pulled out from an intersection, possibly because her head was turned and she did not see the other vehicle; the truck swerved and overturned in an attempt to avoid the collision. Within a couple of days of the accident, a Delaware chief deputy attorney general, Jerome O. Herlihy, announced that the truck driver had been cleared of any wrongdoing in it.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Biden's sons Beau and Hunter survived the accident and were taken to the hospital in fair condition, Beau with a broken leg and other wounds, and Hunter with a minor skull fracture and other head injuries. Doctors soon said both would make full recoveries. Biden considered resigning to care for them, saying that the people of Delaware "can always get another senator" but that his children "can't get another father," but was persuaded not to by Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: In later years, Biden said on several occasions that the truck driver had been drinking alcohol before the collision, and several media outlets reported this as fact. The driver died in 1999, but his daughter sought to have his name again cleared and to get an apology from Biden. By this time, the police records regarding the accident had been lost, but the accident investigator Herlihy, who had become a Delaware Superior Court judge, reiterated that "The rumor about alcohol being involved by either party, especially the truck driver, is incorrect." Subsequently, a Biden spokesperson said that Biden "fully accepts the [driver's] family's word that these rumors were false." Biden called the driver's daughter to apologize personally, which she accepted.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: Biden was sworn into office on January 5, 1973, by Francis R. Valeo, the secretary of the Senate, in a small chapel at the Delaware Division of the Wilmington Medical Center. Beau was wheeled in with his leg still in traction; Hunter, who had already been released, was also there, as were other members of the extended family. Witnesses and television cameras were also present and the event received national attention.


title: Early life and career of Joe Biden

text: At age 30 (the minimum age required to hold the office), Biden became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history, and one of only 18 senators who took office before reaching the age of 31. But the accident had left him filled with both anger and religious doubt: "I liked to [walk around seedy neighborhoods] at night when I thought there was a better chance of finding a fight ... I had not known I was capable of such rage ... I felt God had played a horrible trick on me." To be at home every day for his young sons, Biden began the practice of commuting every day by Amtrak train for 90 minutes each way from his home in the Wilmington suburbs to Washington, D.C., which he continued to do throughout his Senate career. In the aftermath of the accident, he had trouble focusing on work and appeared to just go through the motions of being a senator. In his memoirs, Biden notes that staffers were taking bets on how long he would last. A single father for five years, he left standing orders that he be interrupted in the Senate at any time if his sons called. In remembrance of his wife and daughter, Biden does not work on December 18, the anniversary of the accident.