title: Samsung Galaxy Note 8

text: The Note 8 came with Android 7.1.1 "Nougat" with Samsung's own custom user interface pre-installed. The S Pen offers expanded software features, including "Live Message" for the creation of handwritten notes combined with emojis resulting in short animated GIFs. Users can remove the S Pen from the device and immediately write notes on the display through "Screen Off Memo," which works due to the screen's always-on capabilities. The screen can collect up to 100 notes and allows the user to easily go back to notes pinned directly on the always-on screen. A "Translate" feature now recognizes punctuation marks, letting users highlight entire sentences rather than single words, and supports 71 different languages. The edges of the screen on the Note 8 allow the user to open two apps at once in a multi-window view, dubbed "App Pair." In the Camera application, a new "Live Focus" effect lets users adjust the intensity of background blur both before and after capturing photos, while "Dual Capture" makes both rear cameras take individual photos of the same subject, with one acting as a close-up shot and the other from a distance capturing the whole scene.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 8

text: The Samsung Galaxy Note 8 received an Android 8.0 "Oreo" update on March 30, 2018 with Samsung's custom skin overlaid. The software update brought enhancements and changes in the user interface with the menu options in the home screen and settings streamlined. The Edge lighting has also been improved with introductions to new lighting options. The Oreo update also brought enhanced stability to the Samsung DEX (UI/UE) docking system as well as introduced improvements to the DEX interface, where the Apps screen displays in full screen instead of in a pop-up window. An update to Android 9 Pie was released on 26 February 2019.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 8

text: Camera testing company DxOMark gave the Note 8 a rating of 94, the joint-highest score of any phone, shared with the iPhone 8 Plus. Just a few days after the report of the Note 8 published was, the Pixel 2 tested was and given a 98 score, besting them both. It was noted that the Note 8 had better optical image stabilization than the IPhone X.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 8

text: Like the Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+, the Note 8 was heavily criticized for its placement of the fingerprint scanner, which unlike most other Android phones that have the fingerprint scanner placed underneath the rear camera, the S8, S8+ and Note 8 instead had it placed next to the camera, making it uncomfortable and forces many users to shift their hands upwards in order to reach it.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 8

text: Due to the battery incident with the Note 7, Samsung was more cautious with the Note 8, implementing a slightly smaller battery than the Note 7, which had a 3500 mAh battery; a non-removable 3300mAh lithium-ion battery was used in the Note 8. As a result, the Note 8 did not have the best battery life, and many users did not hold back from complaining about it.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 8

text: The Note 8 was praised by both consumers and critics for the "Infinity Display" (meaning the display has much smaller bezels than the traditional smartphone), for its "punchy colors" and brightness, which is approximately 1200 nits.


title: Samsung Galaxy Note 8

text: Multiple tech reviewers pointed out that the Note 8 had a weak mono speaker. However, it was also praised for being one of the few 2017 flagships left that still included a headphone jack, unlike most flagships that followed Apple's 2016 controversial decision to remove the headphone jack entirely from the IPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which required users to use the included 3.5 mm headphone jack adapter or use wireless ear buds instead.


title: This Is England '90

text: This Is England '90 is a 2015 British TV drama mini-series written by Shane Meadows and Jack Thorne and produced by Warp Films. A spin-off from the 2006 film "This Is England", it is also a sequel to the series "This Is England '86" and "This Is England '88". "This Is England '90" was originally due in late 2012, but in July 2012, Meadows announced that the production had been put on hold in order for him to complete his The Stone Roses, and the actors were still waiting for confirmation as to when filming would start.


title: This Is England '90

text: In March 2014, Meadows confirmed that shooting would start later in the year although he had not yet finished the script. He also confirmed that this will likely be the final series of the saga.


title: This Is England '90

text: In October 2014, Channel 4 announced that filming had begun in Sheffield and the series would be made up of four episodes due to air in 2015. On 31 July 2015, the first trailer for the series was released to YouTube, on the Channel 4 channel. The series premiered on 13 September 2015.


title: This Is England '90

text: "This Is England '90" looks at rave culture and the 1990 FIFA World Cup. It features Shaun, Kelly, Trev, Harvey and Gadget who are involved in the rave scene. Combo is released from prison after serving his sentence for the manslaughter of Mick in "This Is England '86". Flip and Higgy from the moped gang in "This Is England '86" are more prominently featured in the cast in this series.


title: This Is England '90

text: Similar to the film and the two previous series, "'90" featured a montage of the era at the beginning of the first episode, featuring the resignation of Margaret Thatcher in November 1990 which is set to the 1988 song "There She Goes" by The La's (which was re-released in October 1990). The music of The Stone Roses was also featured prominently.


title: This Is England '90

text: Each episode is set against a different season of the year, starting with Spring, and having significant time pass between each episode.


title: This Is England '90

text: Much of the filming took place in Sheffield, particularly in the Gleadless area, with the Park Hill flats serving as the location for Harvey and Gadget's flat.


title: This Is England '90

text: Milky, Woody, Lol and the gang are all reunited in the classic era of 1990s rave culture, Following on from the events of 1988, Woody and Lol are back together and have a little baby, Jimmy. Lol has a job running the local school kitchen with Chrissie, Kelly and Trev working as dinnerladies, while Woody stays at home with the kids.


title: This Is England '90

text: Gadget, Harvey, Kelly, Trev and Shaun are all following the Madchester rave scene, smoking cannabis in bongs and taking whatever drugs they have, usually provided by Harvey who appears to have become a low-level dealer on the estate.


title: This Is England '90

text: After a conversation with Cynthia about the events of '88, Shaun goes to find Smell who dumped him in '88 for cheating on her with Fay after the Christmas production at college. When he finally managed to find her ending a day at her new college course, Shaun tells Smell he has missed her and invites her to a Manchester-themed discothèque at the town hall but Smell is reluctant to go, then tells him she has met someone else, which hits him hard, prompting his crying.


title: This Is England '90

text: Meanwhile, Woody and Lol have gone round to Woody's parents' house where there is a certain surprise for Woody, after seeing that his ex – Jennifer – is staying over, after a row with her parents. A certain blast from the past bursts out of the cupboard... Mr Squires, Woody's old boss. He offers Woody a partnership but Woody gets upset and angry because he doesn't want to end up like his dad and then an argument erupts.


title: This Is England '90

text: Later Shaun is seen round at Harvey and Gadget's flat taking bong hits. Shaun tells the lads what happened when he saw Smell and then Harvey jokes about it, impersonating Smell and cheering up Shaun.


title: This Is England '90

text: Afterwards Woody, Lol and the gang are all round at Lol's mums talking about the disco, then Kelly and Trev persuade Lol to attend so the girls get ready and head off. Shaun, Harvey and Gadget are heading into the disco when Shaun suddenly starts suffering with dizziness and nausea, a reaction to the bong hits he previously took, but Harvey gives him some speed to perk him up for the night.


title: This Is England '90

text: The girls meet the lads in the disco and "Fools Gold" starts to play and everybody gets pumped up and raves. After the disco a Goth-like lad called Harrison goes over to Shaun to tell him that he is Smell's boyfriend, and he is sorry Smell can't make it, but then Shaun, feeling disrespected in front of his mates, over-reacts and a skirmish occurs.


title: This Is England '90

text: After things have calmed down everyone goes home and we see Woody asleep and Lol getting ready to go to bed.


title: This Is England '90

text: Shaun, Harvey, Gadget, Kelly and Trev all pack into a small car, venturing into the countryside in search of a rave. On the way they meet Flip and Higgy, whose car has broken down, so all seven squeeze into one car. After a long day trying to find their intended venue, they give up and begin to camp out in the woods for the night. In the distance, they hear the sound of drums and assume it's the rave they've been trying to find. Walking down into a field they stumble upon a commune of new-age travellers and spontaneously join their party. Shaun finds comfort with an attractive older lady, whilst Kelly, already drunk on alcohol and high on Ecstasy, is encouraged by three older men to smoke drugs before having sex with them in a trailer. After waking, whilst watching the sunrise, a tearful Kelly confides in Gadget ""I'm a fucking slag Gadget...I just do what I fucking want, Gadge, that's the fucking problem"".


title: This Is England '90

text: Lol, Woody and Milky stay at home, spending the afternoon having a barbecue in their front garden. When the phone rings in the evening, Lol says it is her mother and takes the call in another room. She later tells Woody that it wasn't her mother, but it was Combo, who is about to be released from prison and needs a place to stay.


title: This Is England '90

text: Lol and Woody invite everyone round to their house for Sunday dinner. After the meal, they inform everyone that it wasn't Combo who killed Mick, but Lol. Lol also tells her sister Kelly that Mick raped Trev the night before he was killed. Kelly refuses to believe that her father was a bad person. Lol and Woody continue with the news that Combo is about to be released from prison and has nowhere to stay. Once it becomes clear that Combo will be staying with them, Milky refuses to let his daughter stay under the same roof as the racist man who beat him half to death. Shaun's place at college is reconsidered and he gains a place on the photography course, much to Cynthia and Sandhu's excitement. Woody proposes to Lol, and Combo moves in with them, meanwhile Milky prepares an attack on Combo.


title: This Is England '90

text: While Lol and Woody plan their wedding, Milky plans revenge against Combo who is now about to start his first day working at a local community centre. Harvey catches Kelly smoking heroin in his bathroom and instructs her to leave immediately. When Gadget finds out he has a blazing row with Harvey before leaving to find Kelly.


title: This Is England '90

text: Shaun has started his photography course at college, making use of his new camera bought by his mother and Mr. Sandhu. He and fellow photography student Juliette begin an assignment together. While out taking photographs, the pair meet a distressed Gadget as he looks for Kelly. Shaun joins Gadget in the search. They eventually find her in an isolated spot where her father's ashes were scattered. Both offer to find her a place to stay, but she refuses their help, mocks Gadget's pity and leaves with a man friend who is unknown to Shaun and Gadget, and who Kelly is later seen living with.


title: This Is England '90

text: Combo enjoys his first day at work at the community centre. After saying he is going out for lunch, he is surprised by Milky waiting outside, wanting to go for a cup of tea and a talk "man to man" about the racist attack that Combo launched on him seven years ago that left him clinging to life. During a long drive into the countryside, anxious that several cafés have been left behind, Combo becomes suspicious.


title: This Is England '90

text: Sitting in a cafe, Combo tells Milky he was a coward for what he did, and that he was secretly jealous of the love Milky had from his family. Milky's relative, Rudy (played by Vauxhall Jermaine), arrives with other family members and it soon transpires that promises were made to avenge the attack. Combo apologises to Milky again, saying he hopes Milky will one day forgive him. He is then ushered into the back of a van. At some disused dockside buildings, Combo is handed over to two white men. Crying and screaming he is dragged away. He is not seen again.


title: This Is England '90

text: Two months later, at the reception after Woody and Lol's church wedding ceremony, Smell, who is with her boyfriend Harrison, tries to create a scene after meeting Shaun's new girlfriend, Juliette, whom she describes as a "hot mess". Her angry behaviour mirrors Shaun's reaction to his meeting with Harrison at the disco. 'Missing' Kelly is then seen sitting by herself in a room in a run down drugs-den.


title: This Is England '90

text: During a quiet interlude from the wedding festivities, when alone in the snooker room of the working men's club, Lol asks Milky if he has seen or heard from Combo. He evades the questions, reacting in a non-committal way, rather uneasily. Lol has noticed that Milky is subdued and not quite himself, and is suspicious that Milky was involved in the disappearance.


title: This Is England '90

text: Kelly leaves the house and walks to her sister's wedding reception. She attempts to leave a card and disappear before she is seen by anyone, but is spotted by Lol. The two sisters reconcile during a deep conversation and eventually Kelly agrees to stay and join in the wedding celebrations, becoming re-united with her family and friends.


title: This Is England '90

text: The episode ends with a wedding-dance party scene containing most of the major characters from the film and television series, such as Meggy and Pob. The happy montage is intercut with a lone Milky standing at the bar brooding over his part in Combo's disappearance.


title: This Is England '90

text: The show won three BAFTA Television Awards in 2016, for Mini-Series, Supporting Actress for Chanel Cresswell, and Director for Shane Meadows.


title: This Is England '90

text: Although "This Is England '90" was previously expected to be the final instalment in the "This Is England" series, in interviews close to the May 2016 BAFTA awards, Meadows talked about the potential of one final film as a way of "bookending [the series] for cinema and TV", saying "I think there's a film that's left in there ... there is still one little gem in there". He implied this would be a future release to end the series, shown simultaneously in cinemas and on television.


title: This Is England '90

text: Planning for another film was again confirmed in 2017, although no timescale has been discussed for the project.


title: This Is England '90

text: In May 2019, while promoting "The Virtues" with Stephen Graham, Meadows once again talked of a final film "set at the millennium" and which would be entitled "This Is England '00" if it were to come to fruition. Although Meadows has not yet written a script for the film, he described the storyline as "an absolute banger". The idea of a sequel has been re-iterated by Shane Meadows as recently as April 2020, who expressed his hope for "This Is England '00" to be filmed depicting the following ten years after "This Is England '90" for continuity reasons.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts. Some of the more familiar species grow as a flattened leafless thallus, but most species are leafy with a form very much like a flattened moss. Leafy species can be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses on the basis of a number of features, including their single-celled rhizoids. Leafy liverworts also differ from most (but not all) mosses in that their leaves never have a costa (present in many mosses) and may bear marginal cilia (very rare in mosses). Other differences are not universal for all mosses and liverworts, but the occurrence of leaves arranged in three ranks, the presence of deep lobes or segmented leaves, or a lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves all point to the plant being a liverwort. Liverworts are distinguished from mosses in having unique complex oil bodies of high refractive index.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Liverworts are typically small, usually from 2–20 mm wide with individual plants less than 10 cm long, and are therefore often overlooked. However, certain species may cover large patches of ground, rocks, trees or any other reasonably firm substrate on which they occur. They are distributed globally in almost every available habitat, most often in humid locations although there are desert and Arctic species as well. Some species can be a nuisance in shady greenhouses or a weed in gardens.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Most liverworts are small, measuring from wide with individual plants less than long, so they are often overlooked. The most familiar liverworts consist of a prostrate, flattened, ribbon-like or branching structure called a thallus (plant body); these liverworts are termed "thallose liverworts". However, most liverworts produce flattened stems with overlapping scales or leaves in two or more ranks, the middle rank is often conspicuously different from the outer ranks; these are called "leafy liverworts" or "scale liverworts". ("See the gallery below for examples.")


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Liverworts can most reliably be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses by their single-celled rhizoids. Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts; but the lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves in thallose species, or in leafy species the presence of deeply lobed or segmented leaves and the presence of leaves arranged in three ranks, as well as frequent dichotomous branching, all point to the plant being a liverwort. Unlike any other embryophytes, most liverworts contain unique membrane-bound oil bodies containing isoprenoids in at least some of their cells, lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of all other plants being unenclosed. The overall physical similarity of some mosses and leafy liverworts means that confirmation of the identification of some groups can be performed with certainty only with the aid of microscopy or an experienced bryologist.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Liverworts, like other bryophytes, have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, with the sporophyte dependent on the gametophyte. The sporophyte of many liverworts are non-photosynthetic, but there are also several that are photosynthetic to various degrees. Cells in a typical liverwort plant each contain only a single set of genetic information, so the plant's cells are haploid for the majority of its life cycle. This contrasts sharply with the pattern exhibited by nearly all animals and by vascular plants. In the more familiar seed plants, the haploid generation is represented only by the tiny pollen and the ovule, while the diploid generation is the familiar tree or other plant. Another unusual feature of the liverwort life cycle is that sporophytes (i.e. the diploid body) are very short-lived, withering away not long after releasing spores. In mosses, the sporophyte is more persistent and in hornworts, the sporophyte disperses spores over an extended period.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: The life of a liverwort starts from the germination of a haploid spore to produce a protonema, which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or a flattened thallus. The protonema is a transitory stage in the life of a liverwort, from which will grow the mature gametophore ("gamete-bearer") plant that produces the sex organs. The male organs are known as antheridia ("singular:" antheridium) and produce the sperm cells. Clusters of antheridia are enclosed by a protective layer of cells called the perigonium ("plural:" perigonia). As in other land plants, the female organs are known as archegonia ("singular:" archegonium) and are protected by the thin surrounding perichaetum ("plural:" perichaeta). Each archegonium has a slender hollow tube, the "neck", down which the sperm swim to reach the egg cell.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Liverwort species may be either dioicous or monoicous. In dioicous liverworts, female and male sex organs are borne on different and separate gametophyte plants. In monoicous liverworts, the two kinds of reproductive structures are borne on different branches of the same plant. In either case, the sperm must move from the antheridia where they are produced to the archegonium where the eggs are held. The sperm of liverworts is "biflagellate", i.e. they have two tail-like flagellae that enable them to swim short distances, provided that at least a thin film of water is present. Their journey may be assisted by the splashing of raindrops. In 2008, Japanese researchers discovered that some liverworts are able to fire sperm-containing water up to 15 cm in the air, enabling them to fertilize female plants growing more than a metre from the nearest male.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: When sperm reach the archegonia, fertilisation occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. After fertilisation, the immature sporophyte within the archegonium develops three distinct regions: (1) a foot, which both anchors the sporophyte in place and receives nutrients from its "mother" plant, (2) a spherical or ellipsoidal capsule, inside which the spores will be produced for dispersing to new locations, and (3) a seta (stalk) which lies between the other two regions and connects them. The sporophyte lacks an apical meristem, an auxin-sensitive point of divergence with other land plants some time in the Late Silurian/Early Devonian. When the sporophyte has developed all three regions, the seta elongates, pushing its way out of the archegonium and rupturing it. While the foot remains anchored within the parent plant, the capsule is forced out by the seta and is extended away from the plant and into the air. Within the capsule, cells divide to produce both elater cells and spore-producing cells. The elaters are spring-like, and will push open the wall of the capsule to scatter themselves when the capsule bursts. The spore-producing cells will undergo meiosis to form haploid spores to disperse, upon which point the life cycle can start again.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Some liverworts are capable of asexual reproduction; in bryophytes in general "it would almost be true to say that vegetative reproduction is the rule and not the exception." For example, in "Riccia", when the older parts of the forked thalli die, the younger tips become separate individuals.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Some thallose liverworts such as "Marchantia polymorpha" and "Lunularia cruciata" produce small disc-shaped gemmae in shallow cups. "Marchantia" gemmae can be dispersed up to 120 cm by rain splashing into the cups. In "Metzgeria", gemmae grow at thallus margins. "Marchantia polymorpha" is a common weed in greenhouses, often covering the entire surface of containers; gemma dispersal is the "primary mechanism by which liverwort spreads throughout a nursery or greenhouse."


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Thalloid liverworts typically harbor symbiotic glomeromycete fungi which have arbuscular (cilia-bearing) rootlets resembling those in vascular plants. Species in the Aneuraceae, however, associate with basidiomycete fungi belonging to the genus "Tulasnella", while leafy liverworts typically harbor symbiotic basidiomycete fungi belonging to the genus "Serendipita".


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Today, liverworts can be found in many ecosystems across the planet except the sea and excessively dry environments, or those exposed to high levels of direct solar radiation. As with most groups of living plants, they are most common (both in numbers and species) in moist tropical areas. Liverworts are more commonly found in moderate to deep shade, though desert species may tolerate direct sunlight and periods of total desiccation.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Traditionally, the liverworts were grouped together with other bryophytes (mosses and hornworts) in the Division Bryophyta, within which the liverworts made up the class Hepaticae (also called Marchantiopsida). Somewhat more recently, the liverworts were given their own division (Marchantiophyta), as bryophytes became considered to be paraphyletic. However, the most recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that liverworts are indeed likely part of a monophyletic clade ("Bryophyta "sensu lato"" or "Bryophyta Schimp.") alongside mosses and hornworts. Hence, it has been suggested that the liverworts should be de-ranked to a class called Marchantiopsida. In addition, there is strong phylogenetic evidence to suggest that liverworts and mosses form a monophyletic subclade named Setaphyta.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: An important conclusion from these phylogenies is that the ancestral stomata appear to have been lost in the liverwort lineage. Among the earliest fossils believed to be liverworts are compression fossils of "Pallaviciniites" from the Upper Devonian of New York. These fossils resemble modern species in the Metzgeriales. Another Devonian fossil called "Protosalvinia" also looks like a liverwort, but its relationship to other plants is still uncertain, so it may not belong to the Marchantiophyta. In 2007, the oldest fossils assignable at that time to the liverworts were announced, "Metzgeriothallus sharonae" from the Givetian (Middle Devonian) of New York, United States. However, in 2010, five different types of fossilized liverwort spores were found in Argentina, dating to the much earlier Middle Ordovician, around 470 million years ago.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Bryologists classify liverworts in the division Marchantiophyta. This divisional name is based on the name of the most universally recognized liverwort genus "Marchantia". In addition to this taxon-based name, the liverworts are often called Hepaticophyta. This name is derived from their common Latin name as Latin was the language in which botanists published their descriptions of species. This name has led to some confusion, partly because it appears to be a taxon-based name derived from the genus "Hepatica" which is actually a flowering plant of the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. In addition, the name Hepaticophyta is frequently misspelled in textbooks as Hepatophyta, which only adds to the confusion.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Although there is no consensus among bryologists as to the classification of liverworts above family rank, the Marchantiophyta may be subdivided into three classes:


title: Marchantiophyta

text: It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts, at least 85% of which belong to the leafy group. Despite that fact, no liverwort genomes have been sequenced to date and only few genes identified and characterized.


title: Marchantiophyta

text: In ancient times, it was believed that liverworts cured diseases of the liver, hence the name. In Old English, the word liverwort literally means "liver plant". This probably stemmed from the superficial appearance of some thalloid liverworts which resemble a liver in outline, and led to the common name of the group as "hepatics", from the Latin word "hēpaticus" for "belonging to the liver". An unrelated flowering plant, "Hepatica", is sometimes also referred to as liverwort because it was once also used in treating diseases of the liver. This archaic relationship of plant form to function was based in the "Doctrine of Signatures".


title: Marchantiophyta

text: Liverworts have little direct economic importance today. Their greatest impact is indirect, through the reduction of erosion along streambanks, their collection and retention of water in tropical forests, and the formation of soil crusts in deserts and polar regions However, a few species are used by humans directly. A few species, such as "Riccia fluitans", are aquatic thallose liverworts sold for use in aquariums. Their thin, slender branches float on the water's surface and provide habitat for both small invertebrates and the fish that feed on them.


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection, originally released under the title Sounds of the Season: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection, is a Christmas-special extended play (EP) by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The EP was first released as a Target exclusive on October 14, 2007, by Big Machine Records. It was released to other retailers on December 2, 2008 and was re-released to Target on October 6, 2009.


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection" consists of six tracks—four are cover versions of Christmas classics ("Last Christmas", "Santa Baby", "Silent Night", and "White Christmas") and two are original tracks written by Swift ("Christmases When You Were Mine" and "Christmas Must Be Something More"). Produced by Nathan Chapman, the EP has a country pop sound using instruments such as fiddles and pedal steels. Songs from the EP received airplay on US country radio, with "Last Christmas" becoming the best-charting track, reaching number 28 on Hot Country Songs.


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: Music critics thought the EP was fine but praise was reserved. Some critics praised Swift's self-written material and wished the EP had been longer, but others disliked the country-pop makeover of the Christmas classics. "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection" peaked at number 20 on the US "Billboard" 200 and at number one on Top Holiday Albums. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and has sold over one million copies in the United States.


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: The EP was originally titled "Sounds of the Season: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection". For the release, Swift and Big Machine Records partnered with Target, who exclusively distributed the EP in the United States. It was commercially released via Target on October 14, 2007. "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s cover art is taken from Swift's music video for "Teardrops on My Guitar" (2007).


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: The EP was released to other retailers, including the iTunes Store and Amazon.com, on December 2, 2008. On October 6, 2009, the EP was re-released by Target and made available as a digital download on the iTunes Store and Amazon.com, both making minor adjustments to its cover art and removing "Sounds of the Season:" from the title, leaving it as simply "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection".


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection" is holiday music with a country pop inclination. The EP is mainly composed of cover versions of holiday hits and Christmas carols. The EP's opening track is a cover version of "Last Christmas" (1986) by the English pop duo Wham! The original song "Christmases When You Were Mine" was written by Swift, Liz Rose, and Nathan Chapman. Lyrically, the track fixates on prior Christmases, in which the song's protagonist was happier. The lyrics also express that the current Christmas is much harder to cheer for than previous ones. It is the only song to date that Swift has ever recorded in which Chapman is credited as a co-writer. In all of their other collaborations, Chapman is only credited as a producer, while Swift and sometimes other songwriters are credited.


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: Swift covered "Santa Baby", a 1953 song originally performed by Eartha Kitt. "Silent Night" is a Christmas carol cover that is musically performed differently, replacing the instrumentation from piano to acoustic guitar; Swift's vocals are also faster than traditionally recorded for the song. "Christmas Must Be Something More" is the second original song from "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection", self-penned by Swift. The lyrics attempt for audiences to recognize the reason for the celebration of Christmas, the commemoration of Jesus Christ's birth. The closing track is a rendition of Irving Berlin's "White Christmas", which was popularized by Bing Crosby on his 1942 album of the same name.


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: On November 27, 2007, Swift promoted "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection" through an autograph-signing event held at NBC's Experience Store in New York. The following day, she performed "Silent Night" on a rhinestoned acoustic guitar for "Today" at the Rockefeller Center; she dressed in a long black dress and a white winter coat. She then performed "Christmases When You Were Mine" on November 29, 2007, in St. Charles, Missouri, at the Family Arena, as part of her set for WIL's Jinglefest 2007, and "Santa Baby" in Bloomington, Minnesota, at the Mall of America on December 8, 2007. Swift appeared on "Today" again on Christmas Day of 2007, performing "Christmases When You Were Mine" and "Silent Night".


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: Songs from the EP received airplay on US country radio starting from the week of December 10, 2007, with "Last Christmas" being the week's most-added Christmas song. Two songs, "Santa Baby" and "Christmases When You Were Mine", were among the top 100 most-played country-music holiday songs of 2007 in the United States. For the holiday season of 2008, all EP songs again aired on US country radio stations beginning from the week of November 24, 2008, with "Last Christmas" being among the 10 most-played holiday songs on country radio of the season.


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: All EP tracks except "Christmas Must Be Something More" charted on "Billboard"'s airplay chart Hot Country Songs: "Last Christmas" peaked at number 28, Christmases When You Were Mine" at number 48, "Santa Baby" at number 43, "Silent Night" at number 54, and "White Christmas" at number 59. "Last Christmas" and "Santa Baby" also charted on Holiday 100, peaking at numbers 18 and 89, respectively. On the all-time Holiday 100 chart published by "Billboard" in 2016, Swift's "Last Christmas" ranked at number 56.


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said the songs on "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection" were "all crisp, cheerful arrangements that are suitably seasonal but also faithful to her bright country-pop." Craig Shelburne of CMT said, "Thanks to this teen star, a new generation of sensitive girls may discover the melancholy but oh-so-melodic 'Last Christmas'. She also includes two original holiday songs." Dan Maclntosh of "Country Standard Time" concluded, "Swift is a fine singer, who finds ways to inject sincere emotion into every line she sings. They say the best things come in small packages. And that saying holds true for Swift's new one." In the "Pittsburgh Tribune-Review", Kellie B. Gormly commented that the EP was "sweet" and highlighted the "deeply spiritual" track "Christmas Must Be Something More" as a standout.


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: David Yonke in "The Blade" said that he wished the EP had been longer, and selected two tracks as highlights: "Christmases When You Were Mine" ("a mature, wistful ballad") and "Santa Baby" ("a sassy wink-and-a-nod"). A review in the "Deseret News" by Scott Iwasaki complimented Swift's self-penned songs and said the EP overall was fine, with the exception of "Silent Night", which he found heavy on the arrangement. Jonathan Takiff from the "Philadelphia Daily News" disapproved of the "fiddle and pedal steel-flavoring" makeover of the Christmas classics, but praised Swift's original tracks with "the high gloss". "The Florida Times-Union"'s Roger Bull was less complimentary, saying that the EP is not bad but questioning whether anyone other than teenage girls would buy it. "Billboard" ranked the album as the 18th-best Christmas album of the twenty-first century.


title: The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection

text: On the week ending December 8, 2007, "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection" debuted at number 88 on the "Billboard" 200. It debuted at number 18 on the Top Country Albums chart, selling 15,000 copies first-week. The following week, the EP rose to a new peak at number 46 on the "Billboard" 200. Following its 2009 re-release, "The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection" re-entered the "Billboard" 200 at number 20, its peak, and extended its run on the chart to 24 weeks. For the 2007 holiday season, the EP peaked at number 18 on Top Country Albums and at number 22 on Top Holiday Albums, and for the 2009 holiday season, it peaked at number 14 on both Top Country Albums and Top Holiday Albums. For the 2010 holiday season, "The Taylor Holiday Collection" re-entered the Top Holiday Albums Chart at number one. As of July 2019, the EP had sold 1.08 million copies in the United States.


title: Kalpana (Malayalam actress)

text: Kalpana Ranjani (5 October 1965 – 25 January 2016), better known mononymously as Kalpana, was an Indian actress who appeared in South Indian films, predominantly in Malayalam and Tamil. Kalpana has acted in over 300 films in various South Indian languages. She won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in "Thanichalla Njan" (2012) at the 60th National Film Awards. Kalpana started her career as a child artist in the late 1970s. Although she came into the industry with the intention of being a lead actress, she turned out to be popular among the audiences for her comic roles.


title: Kalpana (Malayalam actress)

text: Kalpana began her career as a child artist in the film "Vidarunna Mottukal". After making her debut as a mainstream actor in the 1980 film "Pokkuveyil", directed by G. Aravindan, she went on to star in several critically acclaimed films and her portrayals as a comedian were appreciated by critics. Her Tamil debut was through the 1985 released successful film "Chinna Veedu", opposite K. Bhagyaraj. Her other memorable films include "Sathi Leelavathi" (1995) and "Kaliveedu" (1996). She performed in a music album with Usha Uthup. She has published her memoirs, "Njan Kalpana". Kalpana has sung a song in the movie "Kudumbakodathi", along with K.S. Chithra, in which she appeared as a Telugu speaking character. She had an inevitable presence in stage shows. She was the chairperson of "Janaseva Shishu Bhavan" and assistant chairperson of "Street Birds" and a strong promoter of "Kudumbasree".She was the brand ambassador of "Leo Natura".


title: Kalpana (Malayalam actress)

text: Kalpana was born to theater artists Chavara V. P. Nair and Vijayalakshmi. Actors Kalaranjini and Urvashi are her sisters. She married Malayalam film director Anil Kumar in 1998 and got divorced in 2012. They have one daughter, Sreemayi and a son before getting divorced.


title: Kalpana (Malayalam actress)

text: Kalpana went to Hyderabad for the shooting of the movie "Oopiri". On 25 January 2016, she was found unconscious in her hotel room and was immediately taken to the hospital by the crew members, but died of a heart attack on the way. Postmortem was conducted and her body was flown to her native place on 26 January 2016. The funeral took place on the same day.


title: John Anderson (actor)

text: John Robert Anderson (October 20, 1922 – August 7, 1992) was an American character actor who performed in hundreds of stage, film, and television productions during a career that spanned over four decades.


title: John Anderson (actor)

text: Anderson was born and raised in Clayton, Illinois in 1922. Anderson served in the United States Coast Guard during World War II. Anderson held a master's degree in drama from the University of Iowa.


title: John Anderson (actor)

text: Anderson started out on Broadway, including an appearance in the musical "Paint Your Wagon" in 1951. He later worked primarily in film and television.


title: John Anderson (actor)

text: Standing 6 ft 2 in tall (188 cm), he bore a strong resemblance to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, whom he portrayed three times. He appeared in Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho" (1960) as "California Charlie", the used car salesman who helps Marion Crane (Janet Leigh). On television, he appeared in such series as "The Rockford Files", "Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre", "Gunsmoke", "The Rifleman", "Laramie", "Have Gun – Will Travel ", "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour", "The Virginian", "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp", "The Californians", "Johnny Ringo", "Bonanza", "Little House on the Prairie", "Trackdown", "The Big Valley", "Tales of Wells Fargo", "Emergency!", "The Incredible Hulk", "MacGyver" and "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" (episode "Cradle of the Deep").


title: John Anderson (actor)

text: Anderson was cast on "The Rat Patrol" four times (three of those occasions as the same character). He also made three guest appearances on "Perry Mason", which include the episodes "The Case of the Calendar Girl" (1959), "The Case of the Bartered Bikini" (1959), and "The Case of the Greek Goddess". In 1961 Anderson appeared as Hassayampa Edwards in the TV western "Lawman" in the episode titled "Hassayampa". He can also be seen in other series produced in this period, such as "Overland Trail", "The Tall Man", and "The Legend of Jesse James". He portrays an eccentric farmer who jealously guards his prize watermelon with a shotgun in "For the Love of Willadean: A Taste of Melon", a story originally broadcast on Walt Disney's "Wonderful World of Color" in 1964.


title: John Anderson (actor)

text: Anderson had a recurring role in "MacGyver" as Harry Jackson, MacGyver's grandfather. Other credits include: "Man Without a Gun"; "Hawaii Five-O"; "M*A*S*H" as Major General Collins; "Once an Eagle"; "Rich Man, Poor Man Book II"; "Backstairs at the White House"; "" and "Dallas". A recurring "Twilight Zone" actor, he appeared in four different episodes: "The Old Man in the Cave", "Of Late I Think of Cliffordville", "The Odyssey of Flight 33", and "A Passage for Trumpet". He was also The Interrogator on an episode of "The Outer Limits" titled "Nightmare".


title: John Anderson (actor)

text: The first release of the 1993 soundtrack album "Music from the Television Series Quantum Leap" was dedicated to him. He had been featured in the fourth season episode "The Last Gunfighter" of that sci-fi series as Pat Knight; the episode had first aired about six months before his death.


title: John Anderson (actor)

text: On June 8, 1946, Anderson married Patricia A. Cason in the rectory of St. Boniface Catholic Church. They moved to Iowa City, Iowa, where Anderson studied in the liberal arts college at the University of Iowa and earned his master's degree in drama. Anderson was married to Patricia Ann Cason until her death on February 18, 1989. Three years later, Anderson suffered a fatal heart attack at his home in Sherman Oaks, California, at the age of 69.


title: Plaid (company)

text: Plaid is a financial services company based in San Francisco, California. The company builds a data transfer network that powers fintech and digital finance products.


title: Plaid (company)

text: Plaid's product, a technology platform, enables applications to connect with users’ bank accounts. It allows consumers and businesses to interact with their bank accounts, check balances, and make payments through different financial technology applications. The company operates in the U.S., Canada, the UK, France, Spain, Ireland, and the Netherlands.


title: Plaid (company)

text: On January 13, 2020, Visa announced it was intending to acquire Plaid for $5.3 billion. Visa later abandoned the deal after opposition by the United States Department of Justice due to data privacy, antitrust risks and monopolist reasons.


title: Plaid (company)

text: Plaid was founded in 2013 by Zach Perret and William Hockey. The pair originally attempted to build consumer financial management products, including budgeting and bookkeeping software. When confronted with difficulties in connecting bank accounts required for these tools, they decided to pivot their core business focus to a unified banking API.


title: Plaid (company)

text: Plaid builds a data transfer network that powers Fintech and digital finance products. From the consumer side, this means they allow common apps such as Venmo and Chime to offer banking services without having to develop all the infrastructure themselves. For immediate linking of their bank funds, users of the apps are required to share their bank login credentials with Plaid. For some banks, Plaid will not receive user credentials and instead users will authorize access to bank data through their bank's portal.


title: Plaid (company)

text: In October 2020, Plaid announced the "all-new Plaid Link" to reduce the steps necessary to connect financial products.


title: Plaid (company)

text: In late 2013, Plaid raised a $2.8million seed round from Spark Capital, Google Ventures, and New Enterprise Associates. In 2014, Plaid raised $12.5million from New Enterprise Associates.


title: Plaid (company)

text: On December 11, 2018, the company announced a $250million Series C round with a valuation of $2.65billion. The funding round was led by Mary Meeker, with Andreessen Horowitz and Index Ventures joining as new investors. Former backers Goldman Sachs, NEA and Spark Capital also participated. It was later revealed by Plaid that both Visa and Mastercard had invested in the round.


title: Plaid (company)

text: On January 13, 2020, Plaid announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to be acquired by Visa for $5.3 billion. The deal was double the company's most recent Series C round valuation of $2.65 billion, and was expected to close in the next 3–6 months, subject to regulatory review and closing conditions. According to the deal, Visa would pay $4.9 billion in cash and approximately $400 million of retention equity and deferred equity, according to a presentation deck prepared by Visa.


title: Plaid (company)

text: Visa CEO Alfred Kelly described the acquisition as an "insurance policy" to neutralize a "threat to our important US debit business."


title: Plaid (company)

text: On November 5, 2020, the United States Department of Justice filed a lawsuit seeking to block the acquisition, arguing that Visa is a monopolist trying to eliminate a competitive threat by purchasing Plaid. Visa said it disagrees with the lawsuit and "intends to defend the transaction vigorously."


title: Plaid (company)

text: On January 12, 2021, Plaid announced the proposed merger agreement had been officially terminated almost exactly a year after its initial public announcement of the deal.


title: Plaid (company)

text: In January 2022, Plaid announced it had acquired the identity verification and compliance platform, Cognito, for an undisclosed sum.


title: Plaid (company)

text: The company has faced controversy for scraping user data, impersonating bank login screens, and not properly disclosing the privacy risks associated with the service. TD Bank filed a lawsuit against Plaid in 2020 accusing the company of trying to "dupe" its users.


title: Plaid (company)

text: In 2021, Plaid settled a $58 million class action lawsuit over claims that it passed on personal banking data to third party firms without user consent. The settlement encompasses five separate lawsuits combined as one. Each claims that Plaid used consumers’ banking login credentials to gather and distribute detailed financial data without prior consent.


title: Plaid (company)

text: Plaid has "exploited its position as middleman," the plaintiffs alleged. Approximately 98 million people are affected by the settlement. Claimants will be given the option to receive the settlement money automatically through payment platforms such as PayPal and Venmo.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Zvonimir "Zvone" Boban (; born 8 October 1968) is a Croatian former footballer who currently works at UEFA as the Chief of Football. Boban played as a midfielder and was usually deployed as an attacking midfielder. He played most of his professional career for Italian club Milan with whom he won four Serie A titles and one UEFA Champions League title. He also captained the Croatia national team which won third place at the 1998 FIFA World Cup.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Before 1990 and the international recognition of Croatia's national team, Boban had played for the Yugoslavia under-20 team which won the 1987 World Youth Championship. Boban scored three times in this tournament, as well as scoring in the final (drawn 1–1 with West Germany) and then converting the decisive penalty in the shootout. Having made his debut for the senior Yugoslavia team in 1988, Boban switched to playing for Croatia after the national team's inception, debuting against Romania in December 1990. Having appeared seven times for Yugoslavia, scoring once, Boban was capped 49 times for Croatia, scoring 12 goals, between 1992 and 1999.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Since retiring from playing in 2002, Boban gained a history degree from the University of Zagreb. He has also become a football pundit on Croatian and Italian television, working most notably for Sky Italia and RTL Televizija. He has a reputation as an outspoken analyst.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Born in Imotski, Boban started his career with Dinamo Zagreb. He made his debut for the team in the 1985–86 season, aged 16. He would play 109 games for the club over six seasons, scoring 45 goals and becoming club captain aged 19.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: In a game against Red Star Belgrade on 13 May 1990, Boban kicked a police officer in the face for assaulting a Dinamo supporter after a riot broke out in the stadium. This incident made Boban a nationalist icon in Croatia and is cited by some as the expression of Croatian discontent with the Yugoslav regime. It also earned him a suspension from the Yugoslav national team, causing him to miss the 1990 World Cup in Italy. In January 2011, the match (due to the incident) was named by CNN as one of "five football games that changed the world". The police officer (who turned out to be a Bosniak) later forgave Boban for his action.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: A.C. Milan signed Boban in 1991 in a deal worth £8 million. Milan immediately loaned him to Bari, as they felt he needed time to settle in Italy without counting as one of the 3 non-Italian players the club was limited to at the time. Bari were relegated in this season, but Boban ably demonstrated his ability in the team and was recalled to Milan. He stayed in the club for nine seasons, and enjoyed great success with them, helping the team to the 1994 Champions League title and contributing to the 1995 campaign in which they ended as runners-up. Playing 251 games for Milan and scoring 30 goals, Boban won four Serie A titles, as well as three Italian Supercups. In the second leg of the 1994 UEFA Super Cup Final against Arsenal in Milan, he scored the opening goal in Milan's 2–0 aggregate victory. In August 2001, with his role at Milan diminished due to the signing of Rui Costa, he was loaned to La Liga side Celta Vigo where he played in only four league matches. Unhappy with his role as a substitute, he retired in October 2001 and finished his last season earlier than he intended.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Boban played a big part in Yugoslavia's win in 1987 World Youth Championship. He scored three goals for Yugoslavia in this tournament, and also scored a decisive penalty in the final shootout. At the full international level, he earned seven caps for Yugoslavia between 1988 and 1991, debuting against the Republic of Ireland on 27 April 1988. He played his last game for Yugoslavia on 16 May 1991 against the Faroe Islands, during which he scored his only goal for Yugoslavia.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: When the nation of Croatia declared its independence of Yugoslavia, Boban left Yugoslavia to play for Croatia. He played his first international match for Croatia against a Romanian side on 22 December 1990. The match was considered unofficial because Croatia at that time was not affiliated to FIFA. This match was only the second fixture Croatia had played as an independent nation since 1956. Boban played his last match for the national team in a friendly against France on 13 November 1999. He blamed back pain for his decision to quit international football, but would go on to play in two more seasons of club football. In his career with the Croatian national team, Boban won 49 international caps and scored 12 goals.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Boban was a member of the Croatian team that finished third at the 1998 World Cup, captaining the squad at that tournament, as he had at the 1996 European Football Championship. A mistake he made in the semi-final allowed France to equalize immediately after Croatia had fought hard to earn a one-goal lead. To make matters worse, Boban was injured and wanted to come off at half time but stayed on until the 65th minute, when he was replaced by Silvio Maric. France won the match 2–1 and eventually won the tournament. Croatia went on to defeat the Netherlands, with Boban providing the pass to Davor Šuker to score the winner, allowing Croatia to attain third place and receive the bronze medal.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Nicknamed "Zorro", Boban was a talented and creative yet tenacious and hard-working player, known for his use of feints to beat opponents. He was gifted with excellent vision, passing range, dribbling skills, technical ability, and an eye for the final ball; he mixed these attributes with a unique tactical versatility and intelligence, which enabled him to be deployed in several midfield and offensive positions throughout his career. In addition to his preferred playmaking role behind the forwards as an attacking midfielder, he was also capable of playing on the wing, as a central midfielder, or even as a supporting striker, due to his powerful and accurate bending shots from distance; he was also effective from set-pieces. Throughout his career, he also became known for his vocal presence, determination and aggression on the pitch, as well as his strong character.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Boban officially retired from football in 2002 after receiving little pitch time at Celta Vigo. On 7 October 2002, Boban organised and played in a farewell testimonial, with Croatia's 1998 World Cup team supported by tennis star Goran Ivanišević matching up against a World XI featuring such stars as Rivaldo, Marco van Basten and Lothar Matthäus.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Since retiring from football, Boban, always known to be a literary man, completed his history degree at the University of Zagreb. He graduated from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb in 2004, with a thesis named "Christianity in the Roman Empire".


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: He also started a career in sports journalism, being the administration president for the Croatian daily sports newspaper "Sportske novosti", a co-commentator during live broadcasts of the Croatian national team's away matches on the country's commercially-funded national TV station RTL Televizija as well as a commentator for SKY Italia and columnist for "La Gazzetta dello Sport". Boban also owns a restaurant in Zagreb, called "Boban".


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: On 30 May 2016, Boban was appointed FIFA's Deputy Secretary-General, focusing on developing the game and the organization of competitions. He has been immediately among the endorsers of the implementation of technology on the field and played a fundamental role in the development of the video assistant referee. In fact, during the 2018 World Cup played in Russia, the first-ever with the VAR, he lived in Moscow alongside Pierluigi Collina, chairman of FIFA's Referees' Committee, and Massimo Busacca, head of FIFA's Refereeing Department, thus bringing referees' world closer to the Institutions. On 14 June 2019, after three years in office, he resigned. FIFA President Gianni Infantino had words of thanks for the Croatian: "I cannot thank Zvonimir enough for everything he has done for FIFA and for the game of football over the last three years by our side. Nobody embodies football better than he does and he has always worked for the good of the game. Many of the positive changes that we have made over the last three years could not have been achieved without Zvone. He has shown the same commitment, heart, and passion at FIFA that characterized his attitude on the pitch. We will miss him a lot at FIFA." One of Infantino's collaborators at FIFA said it was a massive loss, especially now that his work was beginning to make a difference for the whole organization.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: In June 2019, Boban resigned from his FIFA job to return to his former club A.C. Milan where he was hired as a Chief Football Officer, the closest cooperator of the club's technical director Paolo Maldini. However, he was sacked on 7 March 2020, after he publicly criticized club owner Ivan Gazidis, who negotiated a possible job offer with German manager Ralf Rangnick for the 2020−21 season behind Boban and Maldini's backs.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: In April 2021, Boban was hired by UEFA as the Chief of Football, first ever person to hold that position.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Boban made headlines, as the Dinamo Zagreb captain, by kicking a Yugoslav policeman in the face after the officer had attacked a Dinamo Zagreb supporter during an on-pitch riot. For this act alone, Boban was proclaimed a national hero in Croatia at that time.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Boban married Leonarda Lončar, a fashion designer, in 1994. They have five children: adopted children Marija, Gabrijel, Marta, Rafael, and a biological daughter Ruža (Rose). In 2021, the couple separated.


title: Zvonimir Boban

text: Boban is also a keen tennis player. He is known to be close friends with Goran Ivanišević, with whom he plays at his private indoor clay tennis court.


title: Te Deum

text: The "Te Deum" (, ; from its incipit, , ) is a Latin Christian hymn traditionally ascribed to AD 387 authorship, but with antecedents that place it much earlier. It is central to the Ambrosian hymnal, which spread throughout the Latin Church with other parts of the Milanese Rite in the 6th to 8th centuries. It is sometimes known as the Ambrosian Hymn, although authorship by Saint Ambrose is unlikely. The term Te Deum can also refer to a short religious service (of blessing or thanks) based upon the hymn.


title: Te Deum

text: Authorship of the hymn is traditionally ascribed to Saint Ambrose (died 397) or Saint Augustine (died 430).


title: Te Deum

text: In 19th-century scholarship, Saint Hilary of Poitiers (died 367) and Saint Nicetas of Remesiana (died 414) were proposed as possible authors. In the 20th century, the association with Nicetas has been deprecated, so that the hymn, while almost certainly dating to the 4th century, is considered as being of uncertain authorship. Authorship of Nicetas of Remesiana was suggested by the association of the name "Nicetas" with the hymn in manuscripts from the 10th century onward, and was particularly defended in the 1890s by Germain Morin. Hymnologists of the 20th century, especially Ernst Kähler (1958), have shown the association with "Nicetas" to be spurious. The Te Deum has structural similarities with a eucharistic prayer and it has been proposed that it was originally composed as part of one.


title: Te Deum

text: The hymn was part of the Old Hymnal since it was introduced to the Benedictine order in the 6th century, and it was preserved in the Frankish Hymnal of the 8th century. It was, however, removed from the New Hymnal which became prevalent in the 10th century. It was restored in the 12th century in hymnals that attempted to restore the praiseful intent of the Rule of St. Benedict, Chap. 12: How the Morning Office Is to Be Said.


title: Te Deum

text: In the traditional office, the Te Deum is sung at the end of Matins on all days when the Gloria is said at Mass; those days are all Sundays outside Advent, Septuagesima, Lent, and Passiontide; on all feasts (except the Triduum) and on all ferias during Eastertide.


title: Te Deum

text: Before the 1961 reforms of Pope John XXIII, neither the Gloria nor the Te Deum were said on the feast of the Holy Innocents, unless it fell on Sunday, as they were martyred before the death of Christ and therefore could not immediately attain the beatific vision.


title: Te Deum

text: In the Liturgy of the Hours of Pope Paul VI, the Te Deum is sung at the end of the Office of Readings on all Sundays except those of Lent, on all solemnities, on the octaves of Easter and Christmas, and on all feasts. A plenary indulgence is granted, under the usual conditions, to those who recite it in public on New Year's Eve.


title: Te Deum

text: It is also used together with the standard canticles in Morning Prayer as prescribed in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, as an option in Morning Prayer or Matins for Lutherans, and is retained by many churches of the Reformed tradition.


title: Te Deum

text: The hymn is in regular use in the Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Anglican Church and Methodist Church (mostly before the Homily) in the Office of Readings found in the Liturgy of the Hours, and in thanksgiving to God for a special blessing such as the election of a pope, the consecration of a bishop, the canonization of a saint, a religious profession, the publication of a treaty of peace, a royal coronation, etc. It is sung either after Mass or the Divine Office or as a separate religious ceremony. The hymn also remains in use in the Anglican Communion and some Lutheran Churches in similar settings.


title: Te Deum

text: The petitions at the end of the hymn (beginning "Salvum fac populum tuum") are a selection of verses from the book of Psalms, appended subsequently to the original hymn.


title: Te Deum

text: The hymn follows the outline of the Apostles' Creed, mixing a poetic vision of the heavenly liturgy with its declaration of faith. Calling on the name of God immediately, the hymn proceeds to name all those who praise and venerate God, from the hierarchy of heavenly creatures to those Christian faithful already in heaven to the Church spread throughout the world.


title: Te Deum

text: The hymn then returns to its credal formula, naming Christ and recalling his birth, suffering and death, his resurrection and glorification. At this point the hymn turns to the subjects declaiming the praise, both the universal Church and the singer in particular, asking for mercy on past sins, protection from future sin, and the hoped-for reunification with the elect.


title: Te Deum

text: "In the Book of Common Prayer, verse is written in half-lines, at which reading pauses, indicated by colons in the text."


title: Te Deum

text: A Te Deum service is a short religious service, based upon the singing of the hymn, held to give thanks. In Sweden, for example, it may be held in the Royal Chapel in connection with the birth of a Prince or Princess, christenings, milestone birthdays, jubilees and other important events within the Royal Family of Sweden.


title: Te Deum

text: In Luxembourg, a service is held annually in the presence of the Grand-Ducal Family to celebrate the Grand Duke's Official Birthday, which is also the nation's national day, on either 23 or 24 June.


title: Te Deum

text: In the Autonomous Region of Madeira, the Bishop of Funchal holds a Te Deum service on December 31 of each year.


title: Te Deum

text: It is also celebrated in some South American countries such as Argentina, Chile, and Peru on their national days.


title: Te Deum

text: The text has been set to music by many composers, with settings by Zelenka, Handel, Haydn, Mozart, Berlioz, Verdi, Bruckner, Furtwängler, Dvořák, Britten, Kodály, and Pärt among the better known. Jean-Baptiste Lully wrote a setting of Te Deum for the court of Louis XIV of France, and received a fatal injury while conducting it. Michel Richard de Lalande wrote a setting of the Te Deum, S.32. The prelude to Marc-Antoine Charpentier's setting (H.146) is well known in Europe on account of its being used as the theme music for Eurovision network broadcasts of the European Broadcasting Union, most notably the Eurovision Song Contest and "Jeux Sans Frontières". He wrote also three other settings of the Te Deum: H.145, H.147, H.148. Henry Desmarets, two settings of Te Deum (1687). Louis-Nicolas Clérambault wrote three settings of the Te Deum: C.135, C.136, C.155. Earlier it had been used as the theme music for Bud Greenspan's documentary series, "The Olympiad". Sir William Walton's "Coronation Te Deum" was written for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. Other English settings include those by Thomas Tallis, William Byrd, Henry Purcell, Edward Elgar, and Herbert Howells, as well as five settings by George Frideric Handel and three settings by Charles Villiers Stanford.


title: Te Deum

text: Puccini's opera "Tosca" features a dramatic performance of the initial part of the Te Deum at the end of Act I.


title: Te Deum

text: The traditional chant melody was the basis for elaborate Te Deum compositions by notable French composer organists, Louis Marchand, Guillaume Lasceux, Charles Tournemire (1930), Jean Langlais (1934), and Jeanne Demessieux (1958), which are still widely performed today.


title: Te Deum

text: A version by Father Michael Keating is popular in some Charismatic circles. Mark Hayes wrote a setting of the text in 2005, with Latin phrases interpolated amid primarily English lyrics. In 1978, British hymnodist Christopher Idle wrote "God We Praise You", a version of the text in 8.7.8.7.D meter, set to the tune "Rustington". British composer John Rutter has composed two settings of this hymn, one entitled "Te Deum" and the other "Winchester Te Deum". Igor Stravinsky set the first 12 lines of the text as part of "The Flood" in 1962. Antony Pitts was commissioned by the London Festival of Contemporary Church Music to write a setting for the 2011 10th Anniversary Festival. The 18th-century German hymn "Großer Gott, wir loben dich" is a free translation of the Te Deum, which was translated into English in the 19th century as "Holy God, We Praise Thy Name."


title: Anonymous function

text: In computer programming, an anonymous function (function literal, lambda abstraction, lambda function, lambda expression or block) is a function definition that is not bound to an identifier. Anonymous functions are often arguments being passed to higher-order functions or used for constructing the result of a higher-order function that needs to return a function.


title: Anonymous function

text: If the function is only used once, or a limited number of times, an anonymous function may be syntactically lighter than using a named function. Anonymous functions are ubiquitous in functional programming languages and other languages with first-class functions, where they fulfil the same role for the function type as literals do for other data types.


title: Anonymous function

text: Anonymous functions originate in the work of Alonzo Church in his invention of the lambda calculus, in which all functions are anonymous, in 1936, before electronic computers. In several programming languages, anonymous functions are introduced using the keyword "lambda", and anonymous functions are often referred to as lambdas or lambda abstractions. Anonymous functions have been a feature of programming languages since Lisp in 1958, and a growing number of modern programming languages support anonymous functions.


title: Anonymous function

text: The names "lambda abstraction", "lambda function", and "lambda expression" refer to the notation of function abstraction in lambda calculus, where the usual function would be written ( is an expression that uses ). Compare to the Python syntax of lambda x: M.


title: Anonymous function

text: The name "arrow function" refers to the mathematical "maps to" symbol, . Compare to the JavaScript syntax of x => M.


title: Anonymous function

text: Anonymous functions can be used for containing functionality that need not be named and possibly for short-term use. Some notable examples include closures and currying.


title: Anonymous function

text: The use of anonymous functions is a matter of style. Using them is never the only way to solve a problem; each anonymous function could instead be defined as a named function and called by name. Some programmers use anonymous functions to encapsulate specific, non-reusable code without littering the code with a lot of little one-line normal functions.


title: Anonymous function

text: In some programming languages, anonymous functions are commonly implemented for very specific purposes such as binding events to callbacks or instantiating the function for particular values, which may be more efficient, more readable, and less error-prone than calling a more-generic named function.


title: Anonymous function

text: When attempting to sort in a non-standard way, it may be easier to contain the sorting logic as an anonymous function instead of creating a named function.


title: Anonymous function

text: Most languages provide a generic sort function that implements a sort algorithm that will sort arbitrary objects.


title: Anonymous function

text: This function usually accepts an arbitrary function that determines how to compare whether two elements are equal or if one is greater or less than the other.


title: Anonymous function

text: The anonymous function accepts one argument, codice_1, and returns the length of its argument, which is then used by the codice_2 method as the criteria for sorting.


title: Anonymous function

text: The expression returned by the lambda function can be assigned to a variable and used in the code at multiple places.


title: Anonymous function

text: Another example would be sorting items in a list by the name of their class (in Python, everything has a class):


title: Anonymous function

text: Note that codice_3 has class name "codice_4", codice_5 has class name "codice_6", and codice_7 has class name "codice_8". The sorted order is "codice_4", "codice_6", then "codice_8".


title: Anonymous function

text: Closures are functions evaluated in an environment containing bound variables. The following example binds the variable "threshold" in an anonymous function that compares the input to the threshold.


title: Anonymous function

text: It would be impractical to create a function for every possible comparison function and may be too inconvenient to keep the threshold around for further use. Regardless of the reason why a closure is used, the anonymous function is the entity that contains the functionality that does the comparing.


title: Anonymous function

text: Currying is the process of changing a function so that rather than taking multiple inputs, it takes a single input and returns a function which accepts the second input, and so forth. In this example, a function that performs division by any integer is transformed into one that performs division by a set integer.


title: Anonymous function

text: While the use of anonymous functions is perhaps not common with currying, it still can be used. In the above example, the function divisor generates functions with a specified divisor. The functions half and third curry the divide function with a fixed divisor.


title: Anonymous function

text: A higher-order function is a function that takes a function as an argument. This is commonly used to customize the behavior of a generically defined function, often a looping construct or recursion scheme. Anonymous functions are a convenient way to specify such function arguments. The following examples are in Python 3.


title: Anonymous function

text: The map function performs a function call on each element of a list. The following example squares every element in an array with an anonymous function.


title: Anonymous function

text: The anonymous function accepts an argument and multiplies it by itself (squares it). The above form is discouraged by the creators of the language, who maintain that the form presented below has the same meaning and is more aligned with the philosophy of the language:


title: Anonymous function

text: The filter function returns all elements from a list that evaluate True when passed to a certain function.


title: Anonymous function

text: The anonymous function checks if the argument passed to it is even. The same as with map, the form below is considered more appropriate:


title: Anonymous function

text: A fold function runs over all elements in a structure (for lists usually left-to-right, a "left fold", called codice_13 in Python), accumulating a value as it goes. This can be used to combine all elements of a structure into one value, for example:


title: Anonymous function

text: The result of a fold need not be one value. Instead, both map and filter can be created using fold. In map, the value that is accumulated is a new list, containing the results of applying a function to each element of the original list. In filter, the value that is accumulated is a new list containing only those elements that match the given condition.


title: Anonymous function

text: The following is a list of programming languages that support unnamed anonymous functions fully, or partly as some variant, or not at all.


title: Anonymous function

text: This table shows some general trends. First, the languages that do not support anonymous functions (C, Pascal, Object Pascal) are all statically typed languages. However, statically typed languages can support anonymous functions. For example, the ML languages are statically typed and fundamentally include anonymous functions, and Delphi, a dialect of Object Pascal, has been extended to support anonymous functions, as has C++ (by the C++11 standard). Second, the languages that treat functions as first-class functions (Dylan, Haskell, JavaScript, Lisp, ML, Perl, Python, Ruby, Scheme) generally have anonymous function support so that functions can be defined and passed around as easily as other data types.


title: Anonymous function

text: Only some dialects support anonymous functions, either as dfns, in the tacit style or a combination of both.


title: Anonymous function

text: The anonymous function is not supported by standard C programming language, but supported by some C dialects, such as "GCC" and "Clang".


title: Anonymous function

text: GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) supports anonymous functions, mixed by nested functions and statement expressions. It has the form:


title: Anonymous function

text: The following example works only with GCC. Because of how macros are expanded, the codice_14 cannot contain any commas outside of parentheses; GCC treats the comma as a delimiter between macro arguments.


title: Anonymous function

text: The argument codice_15 can be removed if codice_16 is available; in the example below using codice_16 on array would return codice_18, which can be dereferenced for the actual value if needed.


title: Anonymous function

text: Using the aforementioned "blocks" extension and Grand Central Dispatch (libdispatch), the code could look simpler:


title: Anonymous function

text: C++11 also supports closures, here called captures. Captures are defined between square brackets codice_22and codice_23 in the declaration of lambda expression. The mechanism allows these variables to be captured by value or by reference. The following table demonstrates this:


title: Anonymous function

text: Variables captured by value are constant by default. Adding codice_24 after the parameter list makes them non-constant.


title: Anonymous function

text: This computes the total of all elements in the list. The variable codice_25 is stored as a part of the lambda function's closure. Since it is a reference to the stack variable codice_25, it can change its value.


title: Anonymous function

text: The capture of codice_29 is special. It can only be captured by value, not by reference. However in C++17, the current object can be captured by value (denoted by codice_30), or can be captured by reference (denoted by codice_29). codice_29 can only be captured if the closest enclosing function is a non-static member function. The lambda will have the same access as the member that created it, in terms of protected/private members.


title: Anonymous function

text: If codice_29 is captured, either explicitly or implicitly, then the scope of the enclosed class members is also tested. Accessing members of codice_29 does not need explicit use of codice_35 syntax.


title: Anonymous function

text: The specific internal implementation can vary, but the expectation is that a lambda function that captures everything by reference will store the actual stack pointer of the function it is created in, rather than individual references to stack variables. However, because most lambda functions are small and local in scope, they are likely candidates for inlining, and thus need no added storage for references.


title: Anonymous function

text: If a closure object containing references to local variables is invoked after the innermost block scope of its creation, the behaviour is undefined.


title: Anonymous function

text: Lambda functions are function objects of an implementation-dependent type; this type's name is only available to the compiler. If the user wishes to take a lambda function as a parameter, the parameter type must be a template type, or they must create a codice_36 or a similar object to capture the lambda value. The use of the codice_37 keyword can help store the lambda function,


title: Anonymous function

text: Here is an example of storing anonymous functions in variables, vectors, and arrays; and passing them as named parameters:


title: Anonymous function

text: A lambda expression with an empty capture specification (codice_38) can be implicitly converted into a function pointer with the same type as the lambda was declared with. So this is legal:


title: Anonymous function

text: Starting from C++23, a lambda expression can be recursive through explicit codice_29 as first parameter:


title: Anonymous function

text: In C#, support for anonymous functions has deepened through the various versions of the language compiler. The language v3.0, released in November 2007 with .NET Framework v3.5, has full support of anonymous functions. C# names them "lambda expressions", following the original version of anonymous functions, the lambda calculus.


title: Anonymous function

text: While the function is anonymous, it cannot be assigned to an implicitly typed variable, because the lambda syntax may be used for denoting an anonymous function or an expression tree, and the choice cannot automatically be decided by the compiler. E.g., this does not work:


title: Anonymous function

text: However, a lambda expression can take part in type inference and can be used as a method argument, e.g. to use anonymous functions with the Map capability available with codice_40 (in the codice_41 method):


title: Anonymous function

text: Prior versions of C# had more limited support for anonymous functions. C# v1.0, introduced in February 2002 with the .NET Framework v1.0, provided partial anonymous function support through the use of delegates. This construct is somewhat similar to PHP delegates. In C# 1.0, delegates are like function pointers that refer to an explicitly named method within a class. (But unlike PHP, the name is unneeded at the time the delegate is used.) C# v2.0, released in November 2005 with the .NET Framework v2.0, introduced the concept of anonymous methods as a way to write unnamed inline statement blocks that can be executed in a delegate invocation. C# 3.0 continues to support these constructs, but also supports the lambda expression construct.


title: Anonymous function

text: In the case of the C# 2.0 version, the C# compiler takes the code block of the anonymous function and creates a static private function. Internally, the function gets a generated name, of course; this generated name is based on the name of the method in which the Delegate is declared. But the name is not exposed to application code except by using reflection.


title: Anonymous function

text: fn = () => singleExpression // singleExpression is implicitly returned. There is no need for the braces or the return keyword


title: Anonymous function

text: fn = singleParam => { // if the arrow function has only one parameter, there's no need for parentheses


title: Anonymous function

text: fn = (x, y) => { // if the arrow function has zero or multiple parameters, one needs to use parentheses


title: Anonymous function

text: Since version 2.0, D allocates closures on the heap unless the compiler can prove it is unnecessary; the codice_42 keyword can be used for forcing stack allocation.


title: Anonymous function

text: Haskell uses a concise syntax for anonymous functions (lambda expressions). The backslash is supposed to resemble λ.


title: Anonymous function

text: Lambda expressions are fully integrated with the type inference engine, and support all the syntax and features of "ordinary" functions (except for the use of multiple definitions for pattern-matching, since the argument list is only specified once).


title: Anonymous function

text: A lambda expression consists of a comma separated list of the formal parameters enclosed in parentheses, an arrow token (codice_45), and a body. Data types of the parameters can always be omitted, as can the parentheses if there is only one parameter. The body can consist of one statement or a statement block.


title: Anonymous function

text: Lambda expressions are converted to "functional interfaces" (defined as interfaces that contain only one abstract method in addition to one or more default or static methods), as in the following example:


title: Anonymous function

text: In this example, a functional interface called codice_46 is declared. Lambda expressions that implement codice_46 are passed to the codice_48 method to be executed. Default methods like codice_49 define methods on functions.


title: Anonymous function

text: Java 8 introduced another mechanism named method reference (the codice_50 operator) to create a lambda on an existing method. A method reference doesn't indicate the number or types of arguments because those are extracted from the abstract method of the functional interface.


title: Anonymous function

text: In the example above, the functional interface codice_51 declares an abstract method codice_52, so the compiler looks for a method codice_53 in the class codice_54.


title: Anonymous function

text: Anonymous classes of lambda-compatible interfaces are similar, but not exactly equivalent, to lambda expressions.


title: Anonymous function

text: The main difference here is that the lambda expression does not necessarily need to allocate a new instance for the , and can return the same instance every time this code is run.


title: Anonymous function

text: Additionally, in the OpenJDK implementation at least, lambdas are compiled to instructions, with the lambda body inserted as a static method into the surrounding class, rather than generating a new class file entirely.


title: Anonymous function

text: ES6 supports "arrow function" syntax, where a => symbol separates the anonymous function's parameter list from the body:


title: Anonymous function

text: This construct is often used in Bookmarklets. For example, to change the title of the current document (visible in its window's title bar) to its URL, the following bookmarklet may seem to work.


title: Anonymous function

text: However, as the assignment statement returns a value (the URL itself), many browsers actually create a new page to display this value.


title: Anonymous function

text: The function statement in the first (outer) pair of parentheses declares an anonymous function, which is then executed when used with the last pair of parentheses. This is almost equivalent to the following, which populates the environment with codice_55 unlike an anonymous function.


title: Anonymous function

text: JavaScript has syntactic subtleties for the semantics of defining, invoking and evaluating anonymous functions. These subliminal nuances are a direct consequence of the evaluation of parenthetical expressions. The following constructs which are called immediately-invoked function expression illustrate this:


title: Anonymous function

text: a parenthetical within a parenthetical codice_58 and a parenthetical applied to a parenthetical codice_59.


title: Anonymous function

text: Note the general syntactic ambiguity of a parenthetical expression, parenthesized arguments to a function and the parentheses around the formal parameters in a function definition. In particular, JavaScript defines a codice_60 (comma) operator in the context of a parenthetical expression. It is no mere coincidence that the syntactic forms coincide for an expression and a function's arguments (ignoring the function formal parameter syntax)! If codice_55 is not identified in the constructs above, they become codice_62 and codice_63. The first provides no syntactic hint of any resident function but the second MUST evaluate the first parenthetical as a function to be legal JavaScript. (Aside: for instance, the codice_64's could be ([],{},42,"abc",function(){}) as long as the expression evaluates to a function.)


title: Anonymous function

text: Also, a function is an Object instance (likewise objects are Function instances) and the object literal notation brackets, codice_65 for braced code, are used when defining a function this way (as opposed to using codice_66). In a very broad non-rigorous sense (especially since global bindings are compromised), an arbitrary sequence of braced JavaScript statements, codice_67, can be considered to be a fixed point of


title: Anonymous function

text: Lisp and Scheme support anonymous functions using the "lambda" construct, which is a reference to lambda calculus. Clojure supports anonymous functions with the "fn" special form and #() reader syntax.


title: Anonymous function

text: Common Lisp has the concept of lambda expressions. A lambda expression is written as a list with the symbol "lambda" as its first element. The list then contains the argument list, documentation or declarations and a function body. Lambda expressions can be used inside lambda forms and with the special operator "function".


title: Anonymous function

text: "function" can be abbreviated as #'. Also, macro "lambda" exists, which expands into a function form:


title: Anonymous function

text: One typical use of anonymous functions in Common Lisp is to pass them to higher-order functions like "mapcar", which applies a function to each element of a list and returns a list of the results.


title: Anonymous function

text: In Lua (much as in Scheme) all functions are anonymous. A "named function" in Lua is simply a variable holding a reference to a function object.


title: Anonymous function

text: The Wolfram Language is the programming language of Mathematica. Anonymous functions are important in programming the latter. There are several ways to create them. Below are a few anonymous functions that increment a number. The first is the most common. codice_75 refers to the first argument and codice_76 marks the end of the anonymous function.


title: Anonymous function

text: Also, Mathematica has an added construct to make recursive anonymous functions. The symbol '#0' refers to the entire function. The following function calculates the factorial of its input:


title: Anonymous function

text: Anonymous functions in MATLAB or Octave are defined using the syntax codice_77. Any variables that are not found in the argument list are inherited from the enclosing scope and are captured by value.


title: Anonymous function

text: Anonymous functions in OCaml are functions without a declared name. Here is an example of an anonymous function that multiplies its input by two:


title: Anonymous function

text: In the example, fun is a keyword indicating that the function is an anonymous function. We are passing in an argument x and -> to separate the argument from the body.


title: Anonymous function

text: Other constructs take "bare blocks" as arguments, which serve a function similar to lambda functions of one parameter, but don't have the same parameter-passing convention as functions -- @_ is not set.


title: Anonymous function

text: PHP 4.0.1 introduced the codice_79 which was the initial anonymous function support. This function call makes a new randomly named function and returns its name (as a string)


title: Anonymous function

text: Otherwise, PHP assumes "codice_80" means the variable codice_80 and will substitute it into the string (despite possibly not existing) instead of leaving "codice_80" in the string.


title: Anonymous function

text: For functions with quotes or functions with many variables, it can get quite tedious to ensure the intended function body is what PHP interprets.


title: Anonymous function

text: Each invocation of codice_79 makes a new function, which exists for the rest of the program, and cannot be "garbage collected", using memory in the program irreversibly. If this is used to create anonymous functions many times, e.g., in a loop, it can cause problems such as memory bloat.


title: Anonymous function

text: PHP 5.3 added a new class called codice_84 and magic method codice_85 that makes a class instance invocable.


title: Anonymous function

text: PHP 5.3 mimics anonymous functions but it does not support true anonymous functions because PHP functions are still not first-class objects.


title: Anonymous function

text: The variable codice_80 is bound by reference so the invocation of codice_86 modifies it and the changes are visible outside of the function.


title: Anonymous function

text: Anonymous functions (in general anonymous "predicates") were introduced in Visual Prolog in version 7.2. Anonymous predicates can capture values from the context. If created in an object member, it can also access the object state (by capturing codice_92).


title: Anonymous function

text: codice_93 returns an anonymous function, which has captured the argument codice_94 in the closure. The returned function is a function that adds codice_94 to its argument:


title: Anonymous function

text: Python supports simple anonymous functions through the lambda form. The executable body of the lambda must be an expression and can't be a statement, which is a restriction that limits its utility. The value returned by the lambda is the value of the contained expression. Lambda forms can be used anywhere ordinary functions can. However these restrictions make it a very limited version of a normal function. Here is an example:


title: Anonymous function

text: In general, Python convention encourages the use of named functions defined in the same scope as one might typically use an anonymous functions in other languages. This is acceptable as locally defined functions implement the full power of closures and are almost as efficient as the use of a lambda in Python. In this example, the built-in power function can be said to have been curried:


title: Anonymous function

text: In Raku, all blocks (even those associated with if, while, etc.) are anonymous functions. A block that is not used as an rvalue is executed immediately.


title: Anonymous function

text: Ruby supports anonymous functions by using a syntactical structure called "block". There are two data types for blocks in Ruby. codice_97s behave similarly to closures, whereas codice_98s behave more analogous to an anonymous function. When passed to a method, a block is converted into a Proc in some circumstances.


title: Anonymous function

text: With type inference, however, the compiler is able to infer the type of each parameter and the return type, so the above form can be written as:


title: Anonymous function

text: However, one may need complex rules to describe how values in the body of the closure are captured. They are implemented using the codice_99, codice_100, and codice_101 traits:


title: Anonymous function

text: With these traits, the compiler will capture variables in the least restrictive manner possible. They help govern how values are moved around between scopes, which is largely important since Rust follows a lifetime construct to ensure values are "borrowed" and moved in a predictable and explicit manner.


title: Anonymous function

text: The following demonstrates how one may pass a closure as an input parameter using the codice_99 trait:


title: Anonymous function

text: In certain contexts, like when an anonymous function is a parameter being passed to another function, the compiler can infer the types of the parameters of the anonymous function and they can be omitted in the syntax. In such contexts, it is also possible to use a shorthand for anonymous functions using the underscore character to introduce unnamed parameters.


title: Anonymous function

text: In Smalltalk anonymous functions are called blocks and they are invoked (called) by sending them a "value" message. If several arguments are to be passed, a "value:...value:" message with a corresponding number of value arguments must be used.


title: Anonymous function

text: Smalltalk blocks are technically closures, allowing them to outlive their defining scope and still refer to the variables declared therein.


title: Anonymous function

text: For sake of brevity and expressiveness, the parameter types and return type can be omitted if these can be inferred:


title: Anonymous function

text: Finally, the parameter names can be omitted as well; when omitted, the parameters are referenced using shorthand argument names, consisting of the $ symbol followed by their position (e.g. $0, $1, $2, etc.):


title: Anonymous function

text: This example involves two candidates for what it means to be a "function" in Tcl. The most generic is usually called a "command prefix", and if the variable "f" holds such a function, then the way to perform the function application "f"("x") would be


title: Anonymous function

text: where codice_111 is the expansion prefix (new in Tcl 8.5). The command prefix in the above example is


title: Anonymous function

text: apply codice_112 Command names can be bound to command prefixes by means of the codice_113 command. Command prefixes support currying. Command prefixes are very common in Tcl APIs.


title: Anonymous function

text: The other candidate for "function" in Tcl is usually called a "lambda", and appears as the codice_114 part of the above example. This is the part which caches the compiled form of the anonymous function, but it can only be invoked by being passed to the codice_115 command. Lambdas do not support currying, unless paired with an codice_115 to form a command prefix. Lambdas are rare in Tcl APIs.


title: Anonymous function

text: Visual Basic .NET 2008 introduced anonymous functions through the lambda form. Combined with implicit typing, VB provides an economical syntax for anonymous functions. As with Python, in VB.NET, anonymous functions must be defined on one line; they cannot be compound statements. Further, an anonymous function in VB.NET must truly be a VB.NET codice_117 - it must return a value.


title: Anonymous function

text: Visual Basic.NET 2010 added support for multiline lambda expressions and anonymous functions without a return value. For example, a function for use in a Thread.


title: Bohr radius

text: The Bohr radius ("a") is a physical constant, approximately equal to the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state. It is named after Niels Bohr, due to its role in the Bohr model of an atom. Its value is


title: Bohr radius

text: In the Bohr model for atomic structure, put forward by Niels Bohr in 1913, electrons orbit a central nucleus under electrostatic attraction. The original derivation posited that electrons have orbital angular momentum in integer multiples of the reduced Planck constant, which successfully matched the observation of discrete energy levels in emission spectra, along with predicting a fixed radius for each of these levels. In the simplest atom, hydrogen, a single electron orbits the nucleus, and its smallest possible orbit, with the lowest energy, has an orbital radius almost equal to the Bohr radius. (It is not "exactly" the Bohr radius due to the reduced mass effect. They differ by about 0.05%.)


title: Bohr radius

text: The Bohr model of the atom was superseded by an electron probability cloud obeying the Schrödinger equation as published in 1926. This is further complicated by spin and quantum vacuum effects to produce fine structure and hyperfine structure. Nevertheless, the Bohr radius formula remains central in atomic physics calculations, due to its simple relationship with fundamental constants (this is why it is defined using the true electron mass rather than the reduced mass, as mentioned above). As such, it became the unit of length in atomic units.


title: Bohr radius

text: In Schrödinger's quantum-mechanical theory of the hydrogen atom, the Bohr radius is the value of the radial coordinate for which the radial probability density of the electron position is highest. The expected value of the radial distance of the electron, by contrast, .


title: Bohr radius

text: The Bohr radius is one of a trio of related units of length, the other two being the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron (formula_8) and the classical electron radius (formula_9). Any one of these constants can be written in terms of any of the others using the fine-structure constant formula_7: