title: Entertainment (2014 film)

text: Meena Iyer of "The Times of India" praised the film's humour, Kumar's performance and his chemistry with Junior, especially in comic scenes. She stated that though the dog was not a good actor yet "his eyes can melt your heart." She said that the directors could have kept the film "tight". Mihir Fadnavis of "Firstpost" called it a "sheer genius" and said that it was Kumar's funniest film since "Hera Pheri". He wrote that the film satirised all of the Sajid-Farhad films and took "potshots at everything that is wrong with desi cinema and television." He also appreciated the scene transitions and called it "technically great." "Hindustan Times" Sweta Kaushal criticised the screenplay, Kumar and Prakash Raj's acting. She said that Bhatia "[did not] have much to do" and Chakraborty did not have much screenspace. However, she praised Abhishek's comedy and said that it was the "[only] bright spark in the film." She concluded her review by saying that the film was neither a "great piece of art" nor entertaining. Prior to the film's release, "Hindustan Times" published an article titled "Four reasons why you shouldn't waste your time on Entertainment" and criticised the film's story, songs and dialogues. Shubha Shetty-Saha of "Mid-Day" wrote ""Entertainment" pleasantly surprises with its delightful absurdity and sure gets you roaring with laughter at several points." She called it a child friendly film and appreciated the dialogues and the performance given by the actors. However, Saha stated that the pace of the film's second half was slowed down by the excessive melodrama. Writing for "The Indian Express", Shubhra Gupta called the film "dull and loud". She criticised the film's story and dialogues. Rohit Khilnani of "India Today" appreciated Kumar, Bhatia and Lever's performance and wrote that the rest of the cast was wasted. He criticised the plot and called it "senseless and full of loopholes."


title: Entertainment (2014 film)

text: Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com wrote ""Entertainment" is unapologetically filmi in its trappings, treatment, thought." She further wrote that the film was "mostly a garrulous, occasionally comical farce that intermittently serves as reminder that in the search of "entertainment, entertainment, entertainment" one can always rely on the delightfully loony Johnny Lever." Gayatri Sankar of Zee News called Kumar's acting one of the best comic performances he had given so far. She also appreciated the film's screenplay, cinematography, dialogues and the actor's portrayal of their respective characters. She wrote that a few of the songs could have been removed and the directors had succeeded in giving the message of treating "animals with respect and love". Writing for CNN-IBN, Rajeev Masand termed the film's humour repetitive and lazy. He criticised the film's story but appreciated Lever's performance by calling him "the single saving grace in this overcooked, misguided comedy". In his review for Bollywood Hungama, critic Taran Adarsh praised the humorous writing and the comedic acting talents of the actors. He called the film "a joy ride that lives up to its title." However, "Daily News and Analysis" called it a commercial failure and Tamannah Bhatia's third disaster in a row.


title: Entertainment (2014 film)

text: The film released on 8 August and collected on the same day. However, the performance at multiplexes in metropolitan areas was low. On the third day of release it collected about . During its first weekend it managed to gross and Indian film website Bollywood Hungama declared it Akshay Kumar's 7th highest opening weekend grosser. "Entertainment" recorded the ninth highest opening weekend collection of 2014. In its first 5 days of screening it collected around . In its first week the film grossed at the Indian Box office.


title: Entertainment (2014 film)

text: It grossed on its second Friday, which was a national holiday. The film received tough competition from Ajay Devgan starrer "Singham Returns" which released on the same day. "Entertainment" was declared a hit film and trade analysts expected that it would be able to gross during its total run. In its second weekend it added approx. more to its total collection. Till second week the film's total collection had reached approx. . However, it performed poorly during the third weekend and collected around . The film's producer Ramesh Taurani expected the film to do better business but was happy with the overall performance.


title: Grenache

text: Grenache () or Garnacha () is one of the most widely planted red wine grape varieties in the world. It ripens late, so it needs hot, dry conditions such as those found in Spain, where the grape most likely originated. It is also grown in the Italian island of Sardinia, the south of France, Australia, and California's Monterey AVA and San Joaquin Valley.


title: Grenache

text: It is generally spicy, berry-flavored and soft on the palate and produces wine with a relatively high alcohol content, but it needs careful control of yields for best results. Characteristic flavor profiles on Grenache include red fruit flavors (raspberry and strawberry) with a subtle, white pepper spice note. Grenache wines are highly prone to oxidation, with even young examples having the potential to show browning (or "bricking") coloration that can be noticed around the rim when evaluating the wine at an angle in the glass. As Grenache ages the wines tend to take on more leather and tar flavors. Wines made from Grenache tend to lack acid, tannin and color, and it is often blended with other varieties such as Syrah, Carignan, Tempranillo, and Cinsaut.


title: Grenache

text: In Spain, there are monovarietal wines made of "Garnacha tinta" (red Grenache), notably in the southern Aragon wine regions of Calatayud, Carinena and Campo de Borja, but it is also used in blends, as in some Rioja wines with tempranillo. Grenache is the dominant variety in most Southern Rhône wines, especially in Châteauneuf-du-Pape, where it is typically over 80% of the blend. In Australia it is typically blended in "GSM" blends with Syrah (commonly known as Shiraz in that country) and Mourvèdre with old vine examples in McLaren Vale. In Italy, the Sardinian D.O.C. wine "Cannonau di Sardegna" is by law 90% local Grenache ( in Sardinian). Grenache is also used to make rosé wines in France and Spain, notably those of the Tavel district in the Côtes du Rhône and those of the Navarre region. And the high sugar levels of Grenache have led to extensive use in fortified wines, including the red vins doux naturels of Roussillon such as Banyuls, and as the basis of most Australian fortified wine.


title: Grenache

text: Grenache or Garnacha (as it is known in Spain) most likely originated in the region of Aragon in northern Spain, according to ampelographical evidence. Plantings probably spread from the original birthplace to Catalonia and other lands under the Crown of Aragon such as Sardinia and Roussillon in southern France. An early synonym for the vine was "Tinto Aragonés" (red of Aragon). The grape is known as Cannonau in Sardinia, where it is claimed that it originated there and spread to other Mediterranean lands under Aragon rule. Grenache, under its Spanish synonym Garnacha, was already well established on both sides of the Pyrenees when the Roussillon region was annexed by France. From there the vine made its way through the Languedoc and to the Southern Rhone region where it was well established by the 19th century. Despite its prevalence in nearby Navarre and Catalonia, Garnacha was not widely planted in the Rioja till the early 20th century as vineyards were replanted following the phylloxera epidemic.


title: Grenache

text: Grenache was one of the first varieties to be introduced to Australia in the 18th century and eventually became the country's most widely planted red wine grape variety until it was surpassed by Shiraz in the mid-1960s. Early Australian Grenache was a main component in the sweet fortified wines that was the lynchpin of the early Australian wine industry. In the 19th century, California wine growers prized the vine's ability to produce high yields and withstand heat and drought conditions. The grape was extensively planted throughout the hot San Joaquin Valley where it was mainly used as a blending component for pale, sweet jug wines. In the late 20th century, the Rhone Rangers movement brought attention to the production of premium varietal Grenache and Rhone style blends modeled after the Grenache dominate wines of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. In the early 20th century, Grenache was one of the first "Vitis vinifera" grapes to be successfully vinified during the early development of the Washington wine industry with a 1966 Yakima Valley "rosé" earning mention in wine historian Leon Adams treatise "The Wines of America".


title: Grenache

text: The Grenache vine is characterized by its strong wood canopy and upright growth. It has good wind tolerance (which is useful with the northerly "Cierzo" and "Mistral" winds that influence the regions of Aragon and the Rhone) and has shown itself to be very suited for the dry, warm windy climate around the Mediterranean. The vine buds early and requires a long growing season in order to fully ripen. Grenache is often one of the last grapes to be harvested, often ripening weeks after Cabernet Sauvignon. The long ripening process allows the sugars in the grape to reach high levels, making Grenache-based wines capable of substantial alcohol levels, often at least 15% ABV. While the vine is generally vigorous, it is susceptible to various grape diseases that can affect the yield and quality of the grape production such as "coulure", bunch rot and downy mildew due to the vine's tight grape clusters. Marginal and wet climates can increase Grenache's propensity to develop these viticultural dangers. The vine's drought resistance is dependent on the type of rootstock it is planted on but on all types of rootstocks, Grenache seems to respond favorably to some degree of moisture stress.


title: Grenache

text: Grenache prefers hot, dry soils that are well drained but it is relatively adaptable to all vineyard soil types. In southern France, Grenache thrives on schist and granite soils and has responded well to the stony soil of Châteauneuf-du-Pape with the area's "galets roulés", heat-retentive stones. In Priorat, the crumbly schist soil of the region retains enough water to allow producers to avoid irrigation in the dry wine region. Vineyards with an overabundance of irrigation tend to produce pale colored wines with diluted flavors and excessive alcohol. Older vines with low yields can increase the concentration of phenolic compounds and produce darker, more tannic wines such as those found in the Priorat region of Spain where yields are often around 5-6 hectoliters/hectare (less than half a ton per acre). Yield control is intimately connected with the resulting quality of wine with yields below 35 hl/ha (2 tons/acre), such as those practiced by many Châteauneuf-du-Pape estates, producing very different wines to those with yields closer to 50 hl/ha (5 tons/acre) which is the base yield for "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) wines labeled under the Côtes du Rhône designation. The strong wood canopy of Grenache makes the vine difficult to harvest with mechanical harvesters and pruning equipment, and more labor-intensive to cultivate. In highly mechanized wine regions, such as Australia and California, this has contributed to a decline in the vine's popularity.


title: Grenache

text: Over centuries, the Grenache vine has produced color mutation vines with berries of all range of colors. While Grenache "noir" or "red" Grenache is the most well known, Grenache blanc or "white" Grenache is a very important grape variety in France where it is the fourth most widely planted white variety after Ugni blanc, Chardonnay and Semillon. Like Grenache noir, it is a permitted variety in the blends of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. In Southern France and Sardinia, the mutants Grenache "Rose" and Grenache "gris" are also found making pale "rosé" and lightly tinted white wines. "Hairy Grenache" ("Garnacha Peluda" as known in Spain, and "Garnatxa Peluda" in Catalan) is a Grenache variant evolved to grow fuzz on the underside of its leaves to protect the vine from transpiration in hot climates, "like the corresponding fuzz on rosemary or other mediterranean plants." Compared to its more widely planted cousin, it produces wines lower in alcohol and higher in acidity that show spicy and savory notes more readily as they age. It was not widely replanted after phylloxera as it was not well-adapted to making the vins doux naturels (see Fortified wine) that were "all the rage" at the time. The vine known as "Garnacha Tintorera" is a synonym for the teinturier grape Alicante which is a crossing of Grenache and Petite Bouschet. In 1961, a cross between Grenache and Cabernet Sauvignon produced the French wine grape Marselan.


title: Grenache

text: Grenache is often used as a blending component, adding body and sweet fruitiness to a wine. The grape can be troublesome for the winemaker due to tendency to oxidize easily and lose color. To compensate for the grape's naturally low tannins and phenolic compounds, some producers will use excessively harsh pressing and hot fermentation with stems to extract the maximal amount of color and phenols from the skins. This can backfire to produce green, herbaceous flavors and coarse, astringent wine lacking the grape's characteristic vibrant fruitiness. To maintain those character traits, Grenache responds best to a long, slow fermentation at cooler temperatures followed by a maceration period. To curb against oxidation, the wine should be racked as little as possible. The use of new oak barrels can help with retaining color and preventing oxidation but too much oak influence can cover up the fruitiness of Grenache.


title: Grenache

text: The high levels of sugars and lack of harsh tannins, makes Grenache well adapted to the production of fortified wines, such as the "vin doux naturels" (VDN) of the Roussillon region (e.g. Rivesaltes, Banyuls, and Maury) and the "port-style" wines of Australia. In these wines, the must ferments for three days before grape spirit is added to the must to halt the fermentation and the conversion of sugar into alcohol. The high alcoholic proof grape spirit brings the finished wine up to 15–16% alcohol. These wines can be made in a "rancio" style by being left outside in glass demi-johns (or carboys) or wooden barrels where the wine bakes in the sun for several years until it develops a maderized character and flavors of sour raisins, nuts and cheese. These fortified VDNs and port-style wines have longevity and can be drinkable well into their third decade.


title: Grenache

text: Grenache is one of the most widely planted red wine grape varieties in the world with France and Spain being its largest principal wine regions. In the late 20th century, total acreage of Grenache in Spain has been on the decline with the vineyards being uprooted in lieu of the more fashionable Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. Between the late 1980s and 2004, Spanish plantings dropped from to allowing France with its to assume the mantle as the world's largest source of Grenache. As of 2000, Grenache was the third most widely planted red wine grape variety in France, behind Merlot and Carignan. From French nurseries, Grenache has become the fourth most widely propagated vine with more than 23 million cuttings sold since 1998 according to French ampelographer Pierre Galet.


title: Grenache

text: In France, Grenache is most widely associated with the wines of the Rhone and southern France. Its history in the Rhone can be traced to the influence of Burgundian wine merchants in the 17-18th centuries who were seeking a blending variety to add body and alcohol content to their light body wines. Grenache, with its propensity for high alcohol and high yields, fit those desire nicely and was widely planted in the Châteauneuf-du-Pape and Gigondas and Vacqueyras regions. Today Grenache is most widely planted in the Languedoc-Roussillon region where it is widely blended with Carignan, Cinsaut, Syrah and Mourvèdre. The vine also has sizable plantings in the Drôme department. The vine's strong, hard wood and affinity for bush vine training allows it to thrive in the Mistral influenced southern Rhone regions of Châteauneuf-du-Pape and Gigondas. In Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Grenache noir is the most common variety of the 13 permitted varieties, although some producers in recent years have been using a higher proportion of Mourvèdre. Grenache produces a sweet juice that can have almost a jam-like consistency when very ripe. Syrah is typically blended to provide color and spice, while Mourvèdre can add elegance and structure to the wine.


title: Grenache

text: The grape's thin skin and pale coloring makes its well suited for the production of full bodied, fruit "rosé" wines. Grenache is the principal grape behind the rosés of Tavel and Lirac and its plays an important role in the Provence region as well. In the Roussillon region, Grenache noir and its "gris" and "blanc" mutations are used in the production of the fortified "vin doux naturels" of Rivesaltes, Banyuls, and Maury. The characteristic of French Grenache-based wines depends largely on the selection of its blending partners and can range from the spicy richness associated with Châteauneuf-du-Pape to the chewy fruitiness associated with basic Côtes du Rhône Villages. Other regions with sizable plantings of Grenache include the "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) regions of Minervois, Fitou and Corbières.


title: Grenache

text: In Spain, Grenache is known as Garnacha (Garnatxa in Basque and Catalan) and given the likely history of the grape this is most likely the grape's original name (although the RAE gives Italian "vernaccia" as the etymology). There are several clonal varieties of Garnacha with the thin-skinned, dark colored "Garnacha Tinta" (sometimes spelled "Tinto") being the most common. Another variety, known as "Garnacha Peluda" or "Hairy Grenache" due to the soft hairy texture on the underside of the vine's leaves is also found in Spain, mostly in Borja and Cariñena (Aragón). Compared to its more widely planted cousin, it produces wines lower in alcohol and higher in acidity that show spicy and savory notes more readily as they age. Widely planted in northeastern and central Spain, Garnacha was long considered a "workhorse" grape of low quality suitable for blending. In the late 20th century, the success of the Garnacha-based wines from Priorat in Catalonia (as well as the emerging international attention given to the New World Rhone Rangers) sparked a re-evaluation of this "workhorse" variety. Today it is the third most widely planted red grape variety in Spain (behind Tempranillo and Bobal) with more than and is seen in both varietal wines and blends.


title: Grenache

text: Garnacha plays a major role in the "denominación de origen protegida" (DOP) wines in Aragon, Catalonia, and Navarre and the "denominación de origen calificada" (DOC/DOQ) wines of Rioja and Priorat, plus the mountainous areas just southwest of Madrid: Méntrida and Cebreros. Other Spanish wine regions with sizable Garnacha plantings include Costers del Segre, Empordà, La Mancha, Madrid, Penedès, Somontano, Tarragona and Terra Alta.


title: Grenache

text: Aragon, believed to be the probable origin of the grape, concentrates the largest surface of Grenache (or Garnacha as it is called locally) in Spain, with planted. Garnacha is the dominant variety in the region and is typically used to produce single variety wines. Even though in the mid-20th century Garnacha was considered a "workhorse" variety for large volume wines, in the last 20 years a new generation of winemakers have taken a new approach, by controlling yields, taking advantage of the old vines (from 30 to more than 100 years), and applying modern techniques in combination with old traditions to increase concentration. The DOP of Calatayud (91% of its production is Grenache) holds the highest altitude Garnacha vineyards and is the only DOP to legally define "old vines" (35 years minimum). In the Campo de Borja DOP, 30+-years-old Garnacha bush trained vines and manual harvest are common; the grapes are typically slightly raisined, jammy fruit that generates alcohol of 14-14.5%. The Cariñena DOP has the largest surface of Garnacha vineyards in the region with , many of them old vines. Although many of Somontano DOP wines are now produced with international grape varieties, some of the oldest high altitude vineyards are still traditional Garnacha.


title: Grenache

text: In Rioja the grape is planted mostly in the warmer Rioja Baja region located in the eastern expanse of the wine region. Usually blended with Tempranillo, Garnacha provides juicy fruitiness and added body. In recent years, modern Rioja producers have been increasing the amount of Garnacha used in the blend in order to produce earlier maturing and more approachable Riojas in their youth. Garnacha is also used in the pale colored "rosados" of Rioja. The vine has a long history in the Navarre region where it has been the dominant red grape variety with nearly 54% of the region's vineyard planted with Garnacha.


title: Grenache

text: Compared to neighboring Rioja, the Garnacha-based blends of Navarre are lighter and fruitier, meant for earlier consumption.


title: Grenache

text: Ampelographers believe Garnacha has had a presence in the Priorat region of Catalonia for several hundred years (possibly nearly 800 years) but since the 1990s the region's old Garnacha have garnered much attention. A wave of ambitious young winemakers rediscovered the low-yield, bush-vine trained Garnacha planted throughout the llicorella (brown schist) based soils of Priorat. This unique combination of extremely old vines (the average age in most vineyards is between 35 and 60 years) planted on steep terraces and soil produces very low yields (around 5-6 hectoliters per hectare) which makes Priorat a dense, rich concentrated and dark colored wine with noticeable tannins. The traditional Priorat wine would be almost black in color and require years of aging before it would be approachable to drink. Nearly 40% of all the vineyard land in the Priorat region is planted to Garnacha, and most of the rest is Carignan but the acreage of Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Merlot increased before 2000 as modernist producers sought to blend those varieties to add complexity. Some of these new modern style Priorats tend to show softer, blackberry fruit in their youth and over time develop notes of figs and tar.


title: Grenache

text: Grenache is most commonly found as in the island of Sardinia where it is one of the principal grapes in the isle's deeply colored, full bodied red wines that routinely maintain alcohol levels around 15%. The Sardinian D.O.C. wine "Cannonau di Sardegna" is by law at least 90% local Grenache ("Cannonau").


title: Grenache

text: Grenache is also found in the regions of Sicily, Umbria (specifically in Trasimeno lake area), Marche and Calabria. Grenache is known under various name in Italy, like "Alicante", "Tocai rosso", "Guarnaccia", "Bordò", and "Vernaccia Nera".


title: Grenache

text: Grenache has been grown in Israel since the 19th century and was once an important grape in the Algerian wine industry. Today there are still some producers in Morocco producing Grenache "rosés". Sizable plantings of Grenache are also found in Cyprus and scattered among the Greek islands.


title: Grenache

text: A clone from Perpignan arrived in Australia with James Busby in his 1832 collection. More significant was the introduction into South Australia of new cuttings from the South of France, by Dr Christopher Rawson Penfold in 1844. Plantings in South Australia boomed, particularly in McLaren Vale, the Barossa Valley and Clare Valley. Until the mid 20th century, Grenache was Australia's most widely planted red wine grape variety with significant plantings in the vast Riverland region where it was vital component in the fortified "port-style" wines of the early Australian industry. As Australian winemakers started to focus more of premium still wines, Grenache gradually fell out of favor being supplanted by Shiraz and later Cabernet Sauvignon in Australian vineyards. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw a revival of interest in Grenache with old vine plantings in South Australia being used to produce varietal Grenache as well as a "GSM"-Grenache, Syrah and Mouvedre-blends becoming popular. Varietal Grenache from the McLaren Vale is characterized by luscious richness and spicy notes while Barossa Valley Grenache is characterized by jammy, intense fruitiness.


title: Grenache

text: In the early California wine industry, Grenache's high yields and alcohol level made it an ideal blending component for jug wine production. Early plantings centered in the hot central San Joaquin Valley, where the grape benefitted from its tolerance to heat and drought. It was first used to produce sweet, pale colored "white Grenache" wines similar in quality and substance to White Zinfandel. The late 20th century saw a revival of interest in the variety spearheaded by the Rhone Rangers movement. These producers imported new cuttings from the Rhone valley for planting in the cooler Central Coast region for use in the production of premium varietal Grenache and Rhone style blends. Some historic old vine plantings of Grenache in Mendocino County has also garnered interest in recent years. In the early 20th century, Grenache was one of the first "Vitis vinifera" grapes to be successfully vinified during the early development of the Washington wine industry with a 1966 Yakima Valley "rosé" earning mention in wine historian Leon Adams's treatise "The Wines of America". Despite its long history, Grenache has been a minor grape variety in Washington but has seen an increase in plantings in recent years due to the "Rhone Ranger" movement in the state. Older plantings in the Horse Heaven Hills and Columbia Gorge American Viticultural Areas (AVAs) have also begun to attract interest.


title: Grenache

text: Grenache Noir came to the Cape in the 19th century but was only confirmed as such in the early 1900s by a Stellenbosch University professor. While there isn't a lot of Grenache Noir planted in South Africa at only 305 hectares in 2014, many of the 100+ Grenache based blends are proving to be very fashionable with winemakers due to South Africa's warm climate, dry land and granitic soils.


title: Grenache

text: Despite being one of the world's most widely planted red grape varieties, Grenache's colonization of the New World has been limited apart from strongholds in Australia and California. The rising popularity and success of the Rhone Ranger's movement has brought greater attention to the variety and more plantings of Grenache are popping up every year in places like Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and South Africa.


title: Grenache

text: Though Grenache is most often encountered in blended wines (such as the Rhone wines or GSM blends), varietal examples of Grenache do exist. As a blending component, Grenache is valued for the added body and fruitiness that it brings without added tannins. As a varietal, the grape's naturally low concentration of phenolics contribute to its pale color and lack of extract but viticultural practices and low yields can increase the concentrations of phenolic compounds. Grenache-based wines tend to be made for early consumption with its propensity for oxidation make it a poor candidate for long-term aging. However, producers (such as some examples from Châteauneuf-du-Pape and Priorat) who use low yields grown on poor soils can produce dense, concentrated wines that can benefit from cellaring. The fortified "vin doux naturels" of France and Australian "port-style" wines are protected from Grenache's propensity for oxidation by the fortification process and can usually be drinkable for two or three decades.


title: Grenache

text: The characteristic notes of Grenache are berry fruit such as raspberries and strawberries. When yields are kept in check, Grenache-based wines can develop complex and intense notes of blackcurrants, black cherries, black olives, coffee, gingerbread, honey, leather, black pepper, tar, spices, and roasted nuts. When yields are increased, more overtly earthy and herbal notes emerge that tend to quickly fade on the palate. The very low-yielding old vines of Priorat can impart dark black fruits and notes of figs and tar with many traits similar to the Italian wine Amarone. Rosado or "rosé" Grenaches are often characterized by their strawberry and cream notes while fortified "vin doux nautrels" and Australian "port style" wines exhibits coffee and nutty tawny-like notes.


title: Grenache

text: Grenache is known under a variety of synonyms across the globe. These include: Abundante, Aleante, Aleantedi Rivalto, Aleante Poggiarelli, Alicant Blau, Alicante, Alicante Grenache, Aragones, Bois Jaune, Bordò, Cannonaddu, Cannonadu Nieddu, Cannonau, Cannonau Selvaggio, Canonazo, Carignane rosso, Elegante, Francese, Gamay del Trasimeno, Gamay Perugino, Garnaccho negro, Garnacha Comun, Garnacha negra, Garnacha Roja, Garnacha tinta, Garnatxa negra, Garnatxa Pais, Gironet, Granaccia, Granaxa, Grenache noir, Grenache rouge, Kek Grenache, Lladoner, Mencida, Navaro, Navarre, Navarre de la Dordogne, Navarro, Negru Calvese, Ranconnat, Red Grenache, Redondal, Retagliadu Nieddu, Rivesaltes, Roussillon Tinto, Roussillon, Rouvaillard, Sans Pareil, Santa Maria de Alcantara, Tentillo, Tintella, Tintilla, Tinto Menudo, Tinto Navalcarnero, Tai rosso, Toledana, Uva di Spagna, and Vernatxa.


title: Kanchō

text: In English-speaking countries, the term “goosing” generally refers to a comparatively mild grabbing of the buttocks with the tips of the fingers and thumb in imitation of a harmless bite on the butt from a goose. However, the kanchō prank may also be known as goosing.


title: Brine pool

text: A brine pool, sometimes called an underwater lake, deepwater or brine lake, is a volume of brine collected in a seafloor depression. The pools are dense bodies of water that have a salinity that is three to eight times greater than the surrounding ocean. Brine pools are commonly found below polar sea ice and in the deep ocean. Those below sea ice form through a process called brine rejection. For deep-sea brine pools, salt is necessary to increase the salinity gradient. The salt can come from one of two processes: the dissolution of large salt deposits through salt tectonics or geothermally heated brine issued from tectonic spreading centers. The brine often contains high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methane, which provide energy to chemosynthetic organisms that live near the pool. These creatures are often extremophiles and symbionts. Deep-sea and polar brine pools are toxic to marine animals due to their high salinity and anoxic properties, which can ultimately lead to toxic shock and possibly death. The frequency of brine pool formation coupled with their uniquely high salinity has made them a candidate for research regarding ways to harness their properties to improve human science.


title: Brine pool

text: Brine pools are sometimes called sea floor "lakes" because the dense brine does not easily mix with overlying seawater creating a distinct interface between water masses. The pools range in area from less than to as large as the Orca Basin. The high salinity raises the density of the brine, which creates a surface and shoreline for the pool. Depending on concentration, some minerals such as baryte (barium sulfate) precipitate out of the brine and form crystalline crusts around the edge of the pool.


title: Brine pool

text: Because of the brine's high density and lack of mixing currents in the deep ocean, brine pools often become anoxic and deadly to respiring organisms. Brine pools supporting chemosynthetic activity, however, form life on the pool's shores where bacteria and their symbionts grow near the highest concentrations of nutrient release. Patchy, reddish layers can be observed floating above the dense brine interface due to high densities of halophilic archaea that are supported by these environments. These shores are complex environments with significant shifts in salinity, oxygen concentration, pH, and temperature over a relatively small vertical scale. These transitions provide a variety of environmental niches.


title: Brine pool

text: Brine pools are created through three primary methods: brine rejection below sea ice, dissolution of salts into bottom water through salt-tectonics, and geothermal heating of brine at tectonic boundaries and hot spots.


title: Brine pool

text: Due to the methods of their formation and lack of mixing, brine pools are anoxic and deadly to most organisms. When an organism enters a brine pool, they attempt to "breathe" the environment and experience cerebral hypoxia due to the lack of oxygen and toxic shock from the hyper-salinity. If organisms cannot surface long enough to retreat to the rim, they quickly die. When observed by submarines or remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV), brine pools are found to be eerily littered with dead fish, crabs, amphipods, and various organisms that ventured too far into the brine. Dead organisms are then preserved in the brine for years without decay due to the anoxic nature of the pool preventing decay and creating a fish "graveyard."


title: Brine pool

text: Despite the harsh conditions, life in the form of macrofauna such as bivalves can be found in a thin area along the rim of a brine pool. A novel genus and species of bivalves, known as "Apachecorbula muriatica", have been found along the edge of the "Valdiva Deep" brine pool in the Red Sea. There have also been recorded instances of macrofauna brine pools at the seawater interface. Inactive sulfur chimneys have been found with affiliated epifauna such as polychaetes and hydroids. In fauna like gastropods, capitellid polychaetes, and top snails have also been found to be associated with brine pools in the Red Sea. Such species typically feed on microbial symbionts or bacterial and detritus films.


title: Brine pool

text: While organisms can typically flourish on the outskirts of a brine pool, they are not always safe from harm here. One possible reason for this is that underwater landslides can impact brine pools and cause waves of hypersaline brine to spill out into surrounding basins, thus negatively affecting the biological communities which live there.


title: Brine pool

text: Despite their inhospitable nature, brine pools can also provide a home, allowing organisms to flourish. Deep-sea brine pools often coincide with cold seep activity allowing for chemosynthetic life to thrive. Methane and hydrogen sulfide released by the seep is processed by bacteria, which have a symbiotic relationship with organisms such as seep mussels. The seep mussels create two distinct zones. The inner zone, which is at the edge of the pool, provides the best physiological conditions and allows for maximum growth. The outer zone is near the transition between the mussel bed and the surrounding seafloor, and this area provides the worst conditions causing these mussels to have lower maximum sizes and densities. This ecosystem is dependent on chemical energy and, relative to almost all other life on Earth, has no dependence on energy from the Sun.


title: Brine pool

text: An important part of the study of extreme environments such as brine pools is the function and survival of microbes. Microbes help support the larger biological community around environments like brine pools and are key to understanding the survival of other extremophiles. Biofilms contribute to the creation of microbes and are considered the foundation by which other micro-organisms can survive in extreme environments. The research into the growth and function of artificial extremophile biofilms has been slow due to the difficulty in recreating the extreme deep-sea environments they are found in.


title: Brine pool

text: Metagenomic analysis is a powerful approach for characterizing microbial communities in a variety of environments. Previously, genetic analysis required having the microorganisms in culture, which is problematic since most microorganisms in nature have not been cultivated. Metagenomics overcomes these problems by allowing researchers to directly sample and analyze and genetically characterize microbial communities sampled from the desired environment. Metagenomic analyses has revealed previously uncharacterized microbial communities in multiple brine pools. Common procedures for characterizing marine microbial communities by metagenomic analysis includes sampling, filtration and extraction, DNA sequencing, and comparison to databases.


title: Brine pool

text: The taxonomic makeup of the main microbial communities found at Atlantis II and Discovery without including minor or unknown species to avoid ambiguity is summarized in the following list that is based on the data from the primary articles.


title: Brine pool

text: The lack of mixing with the water column in combination with high salinity, anoxia, extremes in water temperature and hydrostatic pressure results in microbial assemblages that are specific to these environments.


title: Brine pool

text: The high salinity levels present challenges for the retention of water by cells and consequent effects on cell turgor and functioning. Brine pools also exert ionic, kosmotropic and chaotropic effects on the cells, which also causes additional challenges for the organisms to survive these extreme environments.


title: Brine pool

text: In addition, the lack of oxygen increases the difficulty of organisms to yield energy, as oxygen is the most energy-yielding electron acceptor.


title: Brine pool

text: Organisms developed different strategies to solve the challenges imposed by high levels of salinity. In order to decrease the risk of chaotropic effects on the cells, halophilic archaea have a "salt-in" approach and "compatible-solute" strategy, which increases intracellular ionic concentration (mostly K+) to decrease the osmotic pressure; Thus, these organisms have adapted their entire metabolic machinery to maintain salt concentration inside of their cells.


title: Brine pool

text: In some brine pools, high water temperatures and hydrostatic pressures, result in piezophilic microorganisms that synthesize thermoprotective molecules (e.g. hydroxyketone) to prevent the denaturation of proteins and decrease the risk of desiccation.


title: Brine pool

text: Another important adaptation is the use of alternative electron acceptors to yield energy, such as iron, manganese, sulfate, elemental sulfur, carbon dioxide, nitrite and nitrate.


title: Brine pool

text: Animals have also been found living in these anaerobic brine pools, such as the first known metazoan from these environments described by Danovaro et al. (2010). Many other taxa that from these extreme environments are still uncharacterized.


title: Brine pool

text: As the name suggests, brine pools, or deep hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs), are characterized by a very high salt concentration and anoxic conditions. Sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium ion concentration are all extremely high in brine pools. And, due to low mixing rates between the above seawater and the brine water, brine-pool water becomes anoxic within the first ten centimeters or so. While there are large variations in the geochemical composition of individual pools, as well as extreme chemical stratification within the same pool, conserved chemical trends are present. Deeper layers of DHABs will be saltier, hotter, more acidic and more anaerobic than the preceding layers. The concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Si, Cu) and certain nutrients (NO, NH, NO, and PO) will tend to increase with depth, while the concentration of SO and both organic and inorganic carbon decrease with depth. While these trends are all observed to some capacity in DHABs, the intensity and distance over which these trends take effect can vary in depth from one meter, to tens of meters.


title: Brine pool

text: The heavy stratification within DHABs has led to increased microbial metabolic diversity and varying cell concentrations between layers. The majority of cell biomass has been found at the interfaces between the distinct chemical layers (with the highest concentrations of cells located at the brine-surface interface). Microbes exploit the sharp chemical gradients between the layers to make their metabolisms more thermodynamically favorable.


title: Brine pool

text: Four heavily studied DHABs are Urania, Bannock, L’Atalante, and Discovery. All four of these brine pools are located in the Mediterranean sea, yet they all exhibit distinct chemical properties: Urania has the highest concentration of sulfuric acid observed (at ~16 mM)--compared to normal sea water (2.6 x 10 mM) or the next highest [HS] in the Bannock basin (~3 mM). Discovery has an extremely low concentration of Na+ (68 mM) and an extremely high concentration of Mg (4995 mM)--compared to the surrounding seawater with concentrations of 528 mM and 60 mM respectively. The L’Atalante basin has a high SO concentration compared to the other pools. This extreme variability in environmental conditions leads to each brine pool having a unique metabolic composition.


title: Brine pool

text: While it was initially thought that particulate organic matter (POM) was an important source of carbon for DHABs, due to their depth the concentration of POM reaching the pools it is not significant as originally thought. The majority of fixed carbon is now thought to come from autotrophy, specifically methanogenesis. Direct measurements of methane production in DHABs have provided extensive molecular evidence of methanogenesis in these environments. Proteomic analysis further support the presence of methanogenesis by identifying the enzyme RuBisCo in various DHABs. Interestingly, it has been suggested that instead of or acetoclastic methanogenesis, prokaryotes in DHABs use methylotrophic methanogenesis as it allows for a higher energy yield and the intermediates can be used for osmoprotectants.


title: Brine pool

text: One of the key metabolic features of DHABs is the dissimilatory reduction of nitrogen. This is predominantly due to the thermodynamic favorability of nitrogen based metabolisms in anaerobic environments. In Bannock basin and L’Atalante basin anammox and denitrification pathways have been identified using a combination of transcriptomics and direct isotope tracking. Other DHABs have been analyzed for anammox pathways using metatranscriptomic techniques with little positive results, which may be due to the limitations of transcriptomic sensitivity. In deeper DHAB layers, nitrogen fixation and ammonium assimilation has been observed. These reductive pathways require a lot of energy and are mainly performed by methanogens to synthesize osmoprotectants.


title: Brine pool

text: Due to the high concentration of sulfate (especially in the Uranian Basin), sulfate reduction is extremely important in the biogeochemical cycling of DHABs. The highest rates of sulfate reduction tend to be found in the deepest DHAB layers, where redox potential is lowest. Sulfate reducing bacteria have been found in the brines of Kebrit deep, Nereus Deep, Erba deep, Atlantis II deep, and Discovery Deep. Oxidative sulfur pathways help close the biogeochemical sulfur loops within the DHABs. There are three main sulfur oxidizing pathways which are likely found in DHABs:


title: Brine pool

text: 1) sulfur-oxidizing multienzyme complex which can oxidize sulfide or thiosulfate to sulfate (w/ elemental sulfur or sulfite as an intermediate).


title: Brine pool

text: A combination between the second and third pathway would allow for increased energetic yield. In addition, some novel groups have been isolated from saline lakes which can anaerobically respire sulfur using acetate, pyruvate, formate, or hydrogen as a sole electron donors.


title: Brine pool

text: There is a high concentration of bacteria present in brine pools that serve essential roles for the ecosystem, such as being part of symbiotic relationships or acting as a food source for several organisms in this habitat. Examples include tubeworms and clams having a symbiotic relationship with many of these bacteria to convert chemical energy from hydrogen sulfide, and in exchange providing them food to allow reproduction and development; or mussels providing a safe habitat for bacteria that feed on methane while thriving due to the chemosynthetic, carbon-fixing symbionts that are inhabiting their gill tissues. Thus, these symbiotic relationships with bacteria allow organisms to be abundant and have high biomass in these harsher environments.


title: Brine pool

text: Bacteria can also act as epibiotic symbiont, which were found to play an important role in the adaptations of microorganisms to these environments, such as organisms from the flagellated group Euglenozoa that have been thriving in brine pools due to this relationship.


title: Brine pool

text: One major idea involves harnessing the salinity of brine pools to use as a power source. This would be done using an osmotic engine which draws the high salinity top water through the engine and pushes it down due to osmotic pressure. This would cause the brackish stream (which is less dense and has a lighter salinity) to be propelled away from the engine via buoyancy. The energy created by this exchange can be harnessed using a turbine to create a power output.


title: Brine pool

text: It is possible to study liquid brine in order to harness its electrical conductivity to study if liquid water is present on Mars. A HABIT (Habitability: Brines, Irradiation, and Temperature) instrument will be part of a 2020 campaign to monitor changing conditions on Mars. This device will include a BOTTLE (Brine Observation Transition to Liquid Experiment) experiment to quantify the formation of transient liquid brine as well as observe its stability over time under non-equilibrium conditions.


title: Brine pool

text: A third idea involves using microorganisms in deep-sea brine pools to form natural product drugs. These microorganisms are important sources of bioactive molecules against various diseases due to the extreme environment they inhabit, giving potential to an increasing number of drugs in clinical trials. In particular, a novel finding in a study used microorganisms from the Red Sea brine pools as potential anticancer drugs.


title: Brine pool

text: Deep sea brine pools have also been a large interest in bioprospecting in the hope that unlikely environments might serve as sources of biomedical breakthroughs due to unexplored biodiversity. Some areas have been found to host antibacterial and anticancer activities in biosynthetic clusters. Other novel antibiotic resistance enzymes have been found that are useful in various biomedical and industrial applications.


title: Archelon

text: Archelon is an extinct marine turtle from the Late Cretaceous, and is the largest turtle ever to have been documented, with the biggest specimen measuring from head to tail and in body mass. It is known only from the Dakota Pierre Shale and has one species, A. ischyros. In the past, the genus also contained "A. marshii" and "A. copei", though these have been reassigned to "Protostega" and "Microstega", respectively. The genus was named in 1895 by American paleontologist George Reber Wieland based on a skeleton from South Dakota, who placed it into the extinct family Protostegidae. The leatherback sea turtle ("Dermochelys coriacea") was once thought to be its closest living relative, but now, "Protostegidae" is thought to be a completely separate lineage from any living sea turtle.


title: Archelon

text: "Archelon" had a leathery carapace instead of the hard shell seen in sea turtles. The carapace may have featured a row of small ridges, each peaking at in height. It had an especially hooked beak and its jaws were adept at crushing, so it probably ate hard-shelled crustaceans, mollusks, and possibly even sponges, while slowly moving over the seafloor. It also potentially consumed other animals, whilst swimming closer to the surface, like jellyfish, squid, or nautiloids. However, its beak may have been better-adapted for shearing flesh, with fish being another possible prey choice. With its large and strong foreflippers, "Archelon" was likely able to produce powerful strokes necessary for open-ocean travel and, if need be, escape from fellow marine predators. It inhabited the northern Western Interior Seaway, a mild to cool temperate area, dominated by plesiosaurs, hesperornithiform seabirds, and mosasaurs. It may have gone extinct due to the shrinking of the seaway, increased infant mortality rates (in the sea), higher instances of egg and hatchling predation (on land), and a rapidly cooling climate.


title: Archelon

text: The holotype specimen, YPM 3000, was collected from the Late Campanian-age Pierre Shale of South Dakota along the Cheyenne River in Custer County by American paleontologist George Reber Wieland in 1895, and described by him the following year based on a mostly complete skeleton excluding the skull. He named it "Archelon ischyros", genus name from the Ancient Greek - (-) 'first/early', () 'turtle', and species name from () 'mighty' or 'powerful'. Wieland placed it into the family "Protostegidae", which included at the time the smaller "Protostega" and "Protosphargis". The latter is now in the family Cheloniidae. A second specimen, a skull, was discovered in 1897 in the same region.


title: Archelon

text: In 1900, Wieland described a second species, "A. marshii", from remains collected in 1898 by American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh, to whom the species name refers, on the basis that the shell underside (plastron) was thicker and the humeri were straighter. However, in 1909, Wieland reclassified it as "Protostega marshii". In 1902, a third, mostly complete specimen was collected also along the Cheyenne River. In 1953, Swiss paleontologist split Protostegidae into two families: Chelospharginae and Protosteginae; to the former was assigned "Chelosphargis" and "Calcarichelys", and the latter "Archelon" and "Protostega". In the same study, the Kansas "Protostega copei", which was first described by Wieland in 1909 and named in honor of Edward Drinker Cope who first erected the family Protostegidae, was moved to the genus "Archelon" as "A. copei". In 1998, "A. copei" was moved to the new genus "Microstega" as "M. copei". In 1992, a fourth and the largest specimen to date, nicknamed "Brigitta", was discovered in Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota and resides in the Natural History Museum Vienna.


title: Archelon

text: In 2002, a fifth specimen, a partial skeleton, was discovered from the Pierre Shale of North Dakota along the Sheyenne River near Cooperstown.


title: Archelon

text: The sister group of "Protostegidae" had, in the past, been considered to be "Dermochelyidae", and thus their closest living relative would have been the dermochelyid leatherback sea turtle ("Dermochelys coriacea"). However, phylogenetic studies conclude that protostegids represent a completely separate, ancient and (basal) lineage that originated in the Late Jurassic, removing the family from the superfamily "Chelonioidea" (which includes all sea turtles). In this model, "Archelon" does not share a marine ancestor with any sea turtle.


title: Archelon

text: The holotype measures from head to tail, with the head measuring , the neck , the thoracic vertebrae , the sacrum , and the tail . The largest specimen, Brigitta, measures around from head to tail and from flipper to flipper, and, in life, weighed around . Skulls of "Archelon" measured at up to .


title: Archelon

text: "Archelon" had a distinctly elongated and narrow head. It had a defined hooked beak which was probably covered in a sheath in life, reminiscent of the beaks of birds of prey. However, in the back, the cutting edge of the beak is dull compared to such animals. Much of the length of the head derives from the elongated premaxillae–which is the front part of the beak in this animal–and maxillae. The jugal bones, the cheek bones, due to the elongate head, do not project as far as they do in other turtles. The nostrils are elongated and rest on the top of the skull, slightly posited forward, and are unusually horizontal compared to sea turtles. The jugal bones (cheekbones) are rounded as opposed to triangular in sea turtles. The articular bone, which formed the jaw joint, was probably heavily encased in cartilage. The jaw probably moved in a hammering motion.


title: Archelon

text: Five neck vertebrae were recovered from the holotype, and it probably had eight in total in life; they are X-shaped, procoelous–concave on the side towards the head and convex on the other–and their thick frame indicates strong neck muscles. Ten thoracic vertebrae were found, increasing in size until the sixth then rapidly decreasing, and they have little connection with the carapace. The three vertebrae of the sacrum are short and flat. It probably had eighteen tail vertebrae; the first eight to ten (probably in the same area as the carapace) had neural arches, whereas the remaining did not. Its tail likely had a wide range of mobility, and the tail is thought to have been able to bend at nearly a 90° angle horizontally.


title: Archelon

text: The humeri in the upper arms are proportionally massive, and the radii and ulnae of the forearms are short and compact, indicating the animal had strong flippers in life. The flippers would have had a spread of between , though most likely the more conservative estimate. Stretch marks on the limb bones indicate fast growth, with similarities to the leatherback sea turtle, the fastest growing turtle known, whose juveniles have an average growth rate of per year.


title: Archelon

text: The carapace comprises on either side eight neuralia–the plates closest to the midline–and nine pleuralia–the plates that connect the midline to the ribs. The plates of the carapace are mostly uniform in dimensions, with the exception of the two pairs of plates corresponding to the eighth thoracic vertebra which are smaller than the others, and the pygal plate closest to the tail which is larger. "Archelon" has ten pairs of ribs, and, like the leatherback sea turtle but unlike other sea turtles, the first rib does not meet the first pleural. As in sea turtles, the first rib is noticeably shorter than the second, in this case, three quarters of the length. The second to fifth ribs project at a right angle from the midline, and, in the holotype, each measure in length. A rib increases in thickness in the vertical direction distally, as it gets farther from the midline, and the ribs are relatively larger and more well-developed than those of sea turtles. The second to fifth ribs, in the holotype, originate with a thickness of and terminate with around in thickness.


title: Archelon

text: The neuralia and pleuralia form highly irregular and finger-like sutures where they meet, and one plate may have lain over the other plate while the bone was still developing and malleable. The neuralia and pleuralia–the bony portions of the carapace–are particularly thin, and the ribs, especially the first rib, and the shoulder girdle are unusually heavy and may have had to carry extra stress to compensate, a condition seen in ancient ancestral turtles. "Archelon" has osteosclerotic structures, where the bone is dense and heavy, which probably served as ballasts in life similar to the limb bones of whales and other open-ocean animals.


title: Archelon

text: The carapace, in life, probably featured a row of ridges along the midline over the chest region, perhaps totaling in seven ridges, with each ridge peaking at either . In the absence of firmly jointed neck and pleural plates, the skin over the carapace was probably thick, strong, and leathery in order to compensate and properly support the shoulder girdle. This leathery carapace is also seen in the leatherback sea turtle. The spongy makeup is similar to the bones seen in open-ocean going vertebrates such as dolphins or ichthyosaurs, and was probably also an adaptation to reduce overall weight.


title: Archelon

text: A turtle plastron, its underside, comprises (from head-most to tail-most) the epiplastron, the entoplastron, which is small and wedged in between the former and the hyoplastron; then is the hypoplastron and finally, the xiphiplastron. The plastron, as a whole, is thick, and measures (in a specimen described in 1898) in length. Unlike the carapace, it features striations throughout.


title: Archelon

text: In protostegids, the epiplastron and entoplastron are fused together, forming a single unit called an "entepiplastron" or a "paraplastron." This entepiplastron is T-shaped, as opposed to the Y-shaped entoplastrons in other turtles. The top edge of the T rounds off, except at the center which features a small projection. The outward side is slightly convex and bends somewhat, away from the body. The two ends of the T flatten out, getting broader and thinner, as they get farther from the center.


title: Archelon

text: A thick, continuous ridge connects the hyoplastron, hypoplastron, and xiphiplastron. The hyoplastron features a large number of spines projecting around the circumference. The hyoplastron is slightly elliptical, and grows thinner as it gets farther from the center, before the spines erupt. The spines grow thick and narrow towards their middle portion. The seven to nine spines projecting towards the head are short and triangular. The six middle spines are long and thin. The last 19 spines are flat. There are no marks indicating contact with the entepiplastron. The hypoplastron is similar to the hyoplastron, except it has more spines, a total of 54. The xiphiplastron is boomerang-shaped, a primitive characteristic in contrast to the straight ones seen in more modern turtles.


title: Archelon

text: "Archelon" was an obligate carnivore. The thick plastron indicates the animal probably spent a lot of time on the soft, muddy seafloor, likely a slow-moving bottom feeder. According to American paleontologist Samuel Wendell Williston, the jaws were adapted for crushing, implying the turtle ate large mollusks and crustaceans. In 1914, he suggested that the abundant, thin-shelled, bottom-dwelling Cretaceous bivalves–some exceeding in diameter–would have easily been able to sustain "Archelon". However, these were probably absent in the central Western Interior Seaway by the Early Campanian. Conversely, the beak may have been adapted for shearing flesh. It might have been able to target larger fish and reptiles, as well as, similar to the leatherback sea turtle, soft-bodied creatures such as squid and jellyfish. However, it is possible the sharp beak was used only in combat against other "Archelon". The nautilus "Eutrephoceras dekayi" was found in great number near an "Archelon" specimen, and may have been a potential food source. "Archelon" may have also occasionally scavenged off the surface water.


title: Archelon

text: "Archelon" probably had weaker arms, and thus less swimming power, than the leatherback sea turtle, and so did not frequent the open ocean as much, preferring shallower, calmer waters. This is indicated by the similarity of the humerus/arm and hand/arm ratios of it and cheloniids, which are known to have poor development of the limbs into flippers and a preference for shallow water. Conversely, the large flipper-to-carapace ratio of protostegids and the similarly large flipper spread, like that of the predatory cheloniid loggerhead sea turtle ("Caretta caretta"), combined with a broad body, indicate they could have pursued active prey, though they probably could not have sustained high speeds. Overall, it may have been a moderately-good swimmer, capable of open-ocean travel.


title: Archelon

text: "Archelon", like other marine turtles, probably would have had to have come onshore to nest; like other turtles, it probably dug out a hollow in the sand, laid several dozens of eggs, and took no part in child rearing. The right lower flipper of the holotype is missing, and stunted growth of remaining flipper bone indicates this occurred early in life. It may have been the result of attempted predation by a bird while a hatchling and trying to escape to the sea, bitten off by some large predator such as a mosasaur or a "Xiphactinus", or was crushed off by larger adults while herding on the shore. However, the latter is unlikely as juveniles probably did not frequent the coasts even during breeding season. Brigitta is estimated to have lived to 100 years, and may have died while partially covered in mud brumating–a state of dormancy–on the ocean floor. However, the longstanding belief that marine turtles brumate underwater like freshwater turtles may be incorrect given the high surfacing-frequency needed to prevent drowning.


title: Archelon

text: "Archelon" inhabited the shallow Western Interior Seaway; the muddy, oxygen-depleted seafloor was probably, on average, no more than below the surface, and average water temperature may have been in the Campanian. The Late Cretaceous Dakotas were submerged in the Northern Inland Subprovince, an area characterized by moderate to cool temperatures, with an abundance of plesiosaurs, hesperornithiform seabirds, and mosasaurs, particularly "Platecarpus". There is no fossil evidence for vertebrate migration between the northern and southern provinces. Though sharks were generally more common in the southern province, several sharks are known from the Pierre Shale, including "Squalus", "Squalicorax", "Pseudocorax", and "Cretolamna". Other large predatory fish include ichthyodectids such as "Xiphactinus". The Pierre Shale's invertebrate assemblage includes a variety of mollusks, namely ammonites–from the Pierre Shale "Placenticeras placenta", "Scaphites nodosus", "Didymoceras", and "Baculites ovatus"–bivalves–such as the giant "Inoceramus"– the squid-like belemnites, and nautilus.


title: Archelon

text: As the seaway progressively migrated southward, it is possible "Archelon" was unable to migrate with it. The increasing threat of egg or hatchling predation by new marine or mammalian species may have led to the extinction of "Archelon", and the disappearance of gigantic protostegids seems to have coincided with the increasing size of dermochelyids. Protostegidae is more-or-less absent in Maastrichtian deposits, the latest Cretaceous, and probably died off due to a cooling trend which other turtles were able to survive due to some thermoregulatory capabilities. Average water temperature may have decreased to depending on estimated CO levels. However, some Maastrichtian-age Kansas Pierre Shale fossils may have been eroded millions of years ago, and it is possible "Archelon" survived well into the Maastrichtian.


title: Bake-danuki

text: Bake-danuki () are a kind of "yōkai" (supernatural beings) found in the classics and in the folklore and legends of various places in Japan, commonly associated with the Japanese raccoon dog or "tanuki".


title: Bake-danuki

text: Although the "tanuki" is a real, extant animal, the "bake-danuki" that appears in literature has always been depicted as a strange, even supernatural animal. The earliest appearance of the "bake-danuki" in literature, in the chapter about Empress Suiko in the "Nihon Shoki" written during the Nara period, there are such passages as "in two months of spring, there are tanuki in the country of Mutsu (), they turn into humans and sing songs ()." Bake-danuki subsequently appear in such classics as the Nihon Ryōiki and the Uji Shūi Monogatari. In some regions of Japan, "bake-danuki" are reputed to have abilities similar to those attributed to "kitsune" (foxes): they can shapeshift into other things or people, and can possess human beings.


title: Bake-danuki

text: Many legends of "tanuki" exist in the Sado Islands of Niigata Prefecture and in Shikoku, and among them, like the Danzaburou-danuki of Sado, the Kinchō-tanuki and Rokuemon-tanuki of Awa Province (Tokushima Prefecture), and the Yashima no Hage-tanuki of Kagawa Prefecture, the "tanuki" that possessed special abilities were given names, and even became the subject of rituals. Apart from these places, "tanuki" are treated with special regard in a few cases.


title: Bake-danuki

text: The character , pronounced "lí" in modern Mandarin, was originally a collective name for medium-sized mammals resembling cats in China, with the leopard cat as its nucleus. When this character was brought to Japan, it could not be suitably applied to any animals. Japanese intellectuals used the character to signify "tanuki", stray cats, wild boars, Japanese badger, weasels, and Japanese giant flying squirrels.


title: Bake-danuki

text: From time immemorial, Japanese "tanuki" were deified as governing all things in nature, but after the arrival of Buddhism, animals other than envoys of the gods (foxes, snakes, etc.) lost their divinity. Since all that remained was the image of possessing special powers, they were seen as evil or as "yōkai", with "tanuki" being a representative type. Some also take the viewpoint that the image of the "tanuki" has overlapped with that of the mysterious and fearful of China (leopard cat). However, since Japanese "tanuki" do not have the fearsome image that the leopard cats of China do, unlike in China, their image took the form of a more humorous kind of monster.


title: Bake-danuki

text: In folktales like "Kachi-kachi Yama", and "Bunbuku Chagama", they often played the part of foolish animals.


title: Bake-danuki

text: Compared with "kitsune" (fox), which are the epitome of shape-changing animals, one saying is "the fox has seven disguises, the "tanuki" has eight ()". The "tanuki" is thus superior to the fox in its disguises, but unlike the fox, which changes its form for the sake of tempting people, "tanuki" do so to fool people and make them seem stupid. Also, a theory is told that they simply like to change their form.


title: Bake-danuki

text: The animal name "mujina" () also sometimes meant the Japanese raccoon dog, with overlapping folklore.


title: Bake-danuki

text: The comical image of the "tanuki" having a large scrotum is thought to have developed during the Kamakura era, where goldsmiths would use tanuki pelts for the process of hammering gold nuggets into leaf. "Tanuki" may be shown with their testicles flung over their backs like travelers' packs, or using them as drums.


title: Bake-danuki

text: "Tanuki" are also said to drum on their bellies, making sounds such as "pom poko" or "ponpon", and typically depicted as having large bellies. Tanuki may or may not be the cause of mysterious drumming sounds "tanuki-bayashi".


title: Bake-danuki

text: Stories of "bake-danuki" are told in each area of Japan, especially in Shikoku, and whenever mysterious events occur, it would be the work of a "tanuki". There are also ones known internationally like the Inugami Gyoubu and his 808 followers of his household.


title: Bake-danuki

text: The legendary "tanuki" has eight special traits that bring good fortune, possibly created to coincide to the "hachi" symbol (八, meaning 'eight') often found on the sake bottles the statues hold. The eight traits are these:


title: Bake-danuki

text: The statues available all over Japan of the tanuki are Shigaraki ware, a style of pottery long associated with tanuki imagery. According to Alice Gordenker, the modern version of the tanuki was developed by a potter named Tetsuzo Fujiwara, who moved to Shiga Prefecture in 1936 and whose pottery was admired even by the emperor.


title: Road movie

text: A road movie is a film genre in which the main characters leave home on a road trip, typically altering the perspective from their everyday lives. Road movies often depict travel in the hinterlands, with the films exploring the theme of alienation and examining the tensions and issues of the cultural identity of a nation or historical period; this is all often enmeshed in a mood of actual or potential menace, lawlessness, and violence, a "distinctly existential air" and is populated by restless, "frustrated, often desperate characters". The setting includes not just the close confines of the car as it moves on highways and roads, but also booths in diners and rooms in roadside motels, all of which helps to create intimacy and tension between the characters. Road movies tend to focus on the theme of masculinity (with the man often going through some type of crisis), some type of rebellion, car culture, and self-discovery. The core theme of road movies is "rebellion against conservative social norms".


title: Road movie

text: There are two main narratives: the quest and the outlaw chase. In the quest-style film, the story meanders as the characters make discoveries (e.g., "Two-Lane Blacktop" from 1971). In outlaw road movies, in which the characters are fleeing from law enforcement, there is usually more sex and violence (e.g., "Natural Born Killers" from 1994). Road films tend to focus more on characters' internal conflicts and transformations, based on their feelings as they experience new realities on their trip, rather than on the dramatic movement-based sequences that predominate in action films. Road movies do not typically use the standard three-act structure used in mainstream films; instead, an "open-ended, rambling plot structure" is used.


title: Road movie

text: The road movie keeps its characters "on the move", and as such the "car, the tracking shot, [and] wide and wild open space" are important iconography elements, similar to a Western movie. As well, the road movie is similar to a Western in that road films are also about a "frontiersmanship" and about the codes of discovery (often self-discovery). Road movies often use the music from the car stereo, which the characters are listening to, as the soundtrack and in 1960s and 1970s road movies, rock music is often used (e.g., "Easy Rider" from 1969 used a rock soundtrack of songs from Jimi Hendrix, The Byrds and Steppenwolf).


title: Road movie

text: While early road movies from the 1930s focused on heterosexual couples, in post-World War II films, usually the travellers are male buddies, although in some cases, women are depicted on the road, either as temporary companions, or more rarely, as the protagonist couple (e.g., "Thelma & Louise" from 1991). The genre can also be parodied, or have protagonists that depart from the typical heterosexual couple or buddy paradigm, as with "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" (1994), which depicts a group of drag queens who tour the Australian desert. Other examples of the increasing diversity of the drivers shown in 1990s and subsequent decades' road films are "The Living End" (1992), about two gay, HIV-positive men on a road trip; "To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar" (1995), which is about drag queens, and "Smoke Signals" (1998), which is about two Indigenous men. While rare, there are some road movies about large groups on the road ("Get on the Bus" from 1996) and lone drivers ("Vanishing Point" from 1971).


title: Road movie

text: The road movie has been called an elusive and ambiguous film genre. Timothy Corrigan states that road movies are a "knowingly impure" genre as they have "overdetermined and built-in genre-blending tendencies". Devin Orgeron states that road movies, despite their literal focus on car trips, are "about the [history of] the cinema, about the culture of the image", with road movies created with a mixture of Classical Hollywood film genres. The road movie genre developed from a "constellation of “solid” modernity, combining locomotion and media-motion" to get "away from the sedentarising forces of modernity and produc[e] contingency".


title: Road movie

text: Road movies are blended with other genres to create a number of subgenres, including: road horror (e.g., "Near Dark" from 1987); road comedies (e.g., "Flirting with Disaster" from 1996); road racing films (e.g., "Death Race 2000" from 1975) and rock concert tour films (e.g., "Almost Famous" from 2000). Film noir road movies include "Detour" (1945), "Desperate", "The Devil Thumbs a Ride" (1947) and "The Hitch-Hiker" (1953), all of which "establish fear and suspense around hitchhiking", and the outlaw-themed film noirs "They Live by Night" (1948) and "Gun Crazy". Film noir-influenced road films continued in the neo noir era, with "The Hitcher" (1986), "Delusion" (1991), "Red Rock West" (1992), and "Joy Ride" (2001).


title: Road movie

text: Even though road movies are a significant and popular genre, it is an "overlooked strain of film history". Major genre studies often do not examine road movies, and there has been little analysis of what qualifies as a road movie.


title: Road movie

text: The road movie is mostly associated with the United States, as it focuses on "peculiarly American dreams, tensions and anxieties". US road movies examine the tension between the two foundational myths of American culture, which are individualism and populism, which leads to some road films depicting the open road as a "utopian fantasy" with a homogenous culture while others show it as a "dystopian nightmare" of extreme cultural differences. US road movies depict the wide open, vast spaces of the highways as symbolizing the "scale and notionally utopian" opportunities to move up upwards and outwards in life.


title: Road movie

text: In US road movies, the road is an "alternative space" where the characters, now set apart from conventional society, can experience transformation. For example, in "It Happened One Night" (1934), a wealthy woman who goes on the road is liberated from her elite background and marriage to an immoral husband when she meets and experiences hospitality from regular, good-hearted Americans who she never would have met in her previous life, with middle America depicted as a utopia of "real community". The scenes in road movies tend to elicit longing for a mythic past.


title: Road movie

text: American road movies have tended to be a white genre, with Spike Lee's "Get on the Bus" (1996) being a notable exception, as its main characters are African-American men on a bus travelling to the Million Man March (the film depicts the historic role of buses in the US civil rights movement). Asian-American filmmakers have used the road movie to examine the role and treatment of Asian-Americans in the United States; examples include Wayne Wang's "Chan Is Missing" (1982), about a taxi driver trying to find about the Hollywood detective character Charlie Chan, and Abraham Lim's "Roads and Bridges" (2001), about an Asian-American prisoner who is sentenced to clean up garbage along a Midwestern highway.


title: Road movie

text: Australia's vast open spaces and concentrated population have made the road movie a key genre in that country, with films such as George Miller's Mad Max films, which were rooted in an Australian tradition for films with "dystopian and noir themes with the destructive power of cars and the country’s harsh, sparsely populated land mass". Australian road movies have been described as having a dystopian or gothic tone, as the road the characters travel on is often a "dead end", with the journey being more about "inward-looking" exploration than reaching the intended location. In Australia, road movies have been called a "complex metaphor" which refers to the country's history, current situation, and to anxieties about the future.


title: Road movie

text: The Mad Max films, including "Mad Max", "The Road Warrior" and "Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome", "have become canonical for their dystopic reinvention of the outback as a post-human wasteland where survival depends upon manic driving skills".


title: Road movie

text: Other Australian road movies include Peter Weir's "The Cars That Ate Paris" (1974), about a small town where the inhabitants cause road accidents to salvage the vehicles; the biker film "Stone" (1974) by Sandy Harbutt, about a biker gang who witness a political cover-up murder; The (1981) thriller "Roadgames" by Richard Franklin, about a truck driver who tracks down a serial killer in the Australian outback; "Dead-end Drive-in" (1986) by Brian Trenchard-Smith, about a dystopian future where drive-in theatres are turned into detention centres; "Metal Skin" (1994) by Geoffrey Wright about a street racer; and "Kiss or Kill" (1997) by Bill Bennett, a film noir-style road movie.


title: Road movie

text: "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" (1994) has been called a "watershed gay road movie that addresses diversity in Australia"." Walkabout" (1971), "Backroads" (1977), and "Rabbit-Proof Fence" (2002) use a depiction of travelling through the Australian outback to address the issue of relations between white and Indigenous people.


title: Road movie

text: In 2005, Fiona Probyn described a subgenre of road movies about Indigenous Australians that she called "No Road" movies, in that they typically do not show a vehicle travelling on an asphalt road; instead, these films depict travel on a trail, often with Indigenous trackers being shown using their tracking abilities to discern hard-to-detect clues on the trail. With the increasing depiction of racial minorities in Australian road movies, the "No Road" subgenre has also been associated with Asian-Australian films that depict travel using routes other than roads (e.g., the 2010 film "Mother Fish", which depicts travel over water as it tells the story of the boat people refugees). The iconography of car crashes in many Australian road movies (particularly the Mad Max series) has been called a symbol of white-Indigenous violence, a rupture point in the narrative which erases and forgets the history of this violence.


title: Road movie

text: Canada also has huge expanses of territory, which make the road movie also common in that country, where the genre is used to examine "themes of alienation and isolation in relation to an expansive, almost foreboding landscape of seemingly endless space", and explore how Canadian identity differs from the "less humble and self-conscious neighbours to the south", in United States. Canadian road films include Donald Shebib's "Goin' Down the Road" (1970), three Bruce McDonald films ("Roadkill" (1989), "Highway 61" (1991), and "Hard Core Logo" (1996), a mockumentary about a punk rock band's road tour), Malcolm Ingram's "Tail Lights Fade" (1999) and Gary Burns' "The Suburbanators" (1995). David Cronenberg's "Crash" (1996) depicted drivers who get "perverse sexual arousal through the car crash experience", a subject matter which led to Ted Turner lobbying against the film being shown in US theatres.


title: Road movie

text: Asian-Canadian filmmakers have made road films about the experience of Canadians of Asian origin, such as Ann Marie Fleming's "The Magical Life of Long Tak Sam", which is about her search for her "Chinese grandfather, an itinerant magician and acrobat". Other Asian-Canadian road movies look at their relatives experiences during the 1940s internment of Japanese Canadians by the Canadian government (e.g., Lise Yasui's "Family Gathering" (1988), Rea Tajiri's "History and Memory" (1991) and Janet Tanaka's "Memories from the Department of Amnesia" (1991).


title: Road movie

text: European filmmakers of road movies appropriate the conventions established by American directors, while at the same time reformulating these approaches, by de-emphasizing the speed of the driver on the road, increasing the amount of introspection (often on themes such as national identity), and depicting the road trip as a search on the part of the characters.


title: Road movie

text: The German filmmaker Wim Wenders explored the American themes of road movies through his European reference point in his Road Movie trilogy in the mid-1970s. They include "Alice in the Cities" (1974), "The Wrong Move" (1975), and "Kings of the Road" (1976). All three films were shot by cinematographer Robby Müller and mostly take place in West Germany. "Kings of the Road" includes stillness, which is unusual for road movies, and quietness (except for the rock soundtrack). Other road movies by Wenders include "Paris, Texas" and "Until the End of the World". Wender's road movies "filter nomadic excursions through a pensive Germanic lens" and depict "somber drifters coming to terms with their internal scars".


title: Road movie

text: France has a road movie tradition than stretches from Bertrand Blier's "Les Valseuses" (1973) and Agnès Varda's "Sans toit ni loi" (about a homeless woman) to 1990s films such as "Merci la vie" (1991) and Virginie Despentes and Coralie Trinh Thi's "Baise-moi" (a controversial film about two women revenging a rape), to 2000s films such as Laurent Cantet's "L'emploi du temps" (2001) and Cédric Kahn's "Feux rouges" (2004). While French road movies share the US road movie's focus on the theme of individual freedom, French movies also balance this value with equality and fraternity, according to the French Republican model of liberty-equality-fraternity.


title: Road movie

text: Neil Archer states that French and other Francophone (e.g., Belgium, Switzerland) road films focus on "displacement and identity", notably in regards to maghrebin immigrants and young people (e.g., Yamina Benguigui's "Inch'Allah Dimanche" (2001), Ismaël Ferroukhi's "La Fille de Keltoum" (2001) and Tony Gatlif's "Exils" (2004). More broadly, European films are tending to use imagery of border-crossing and focusing on "marginal identities and economic migration", which can be seen in Lukas Moodysson's "Lilja 4-ever" (2002), Michael Winterbottom's "In This World" (2002) and Ulrich Seidl's "Import/Export" (2007). European road movies also examine post-colonialism, "disclocation, memory and identity".


title: Road movie

text: Road movies from Spain have a strong American influence, with the films incorporating the road movie-comedy genre hybrid made popular in US films such as Peter Farrelly's "Dumb and Dumber" (1994). Spanish films including "Los anos barbaros", "Carretera y manta", "Trileros", "Al final del Camino", and "Airbag", which has been called the "most successful Spanish road movie of all time". "Airbag", along with "Slam" (2003), "El mundo alrededor" (2006) and "Los managers", are examples of Spanish road films that, like US movies such as "Road Trip", uses the "road movie genre as a narrative framework for...gross-out sex comedy". The director of "Airbag", Juanma Bajo Ulloa, states that he aimed to make fun of the road movie genre as established in North America, while still using the metamorphosis through road trip narrative that is popular in the genre (in this case, the main male character rejects his upper class girlfriend in favour of a prostitute he meets on the road). "Airbag" also uses Spanish equivalents to the stock road movie setting and iconography, depicting "deserts, casinos and road clubs" and use the road movie action sequences (chases, car explosions, and crashes) that remind the viewer of similar work by Tony Scott and Oliver Stone.


title: Road movie

text: A second subtype of Spanish road movies is more influenced by the female road movies from the US, such as Martin Scorsese's "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore" (1974), Jonathan Demme's "Crazy Mama" (1975), Ridley Scott's "Thelma & Louise" (1991), and Herbert Ross' "Boys on the Side" (1995), in that they show a "less traditional" and more "visible, innovative, introspective, and realistic" type of woman onscreen. Spanish road movies about women include "Hola, estas, sola", "Lisboa", "Fugitivas", "Retorno a Hansala", and "Sin Dejar Huella" address social issues about women, such as the "injustice and mistreatment" that women experience under "authoritarian patriarchal order." "Fugitivas" depicts an American road movie genre convention: the "disintegration of the family and the community" and the "journey of transformation", as it depicts two fugitives on the run, whose distrust fades as the two women learn to trust each other from their adventures on the road. The images in the film are blend of homage to US road movie conventions (gas stations, billboards) and "recognizable Spanish types", such as the "embittered drunkard".


title: Road movie

text: Other European road films include Ingmar Bergman's "Wild Strawberries" (1957), about an old professor travelling the roads of Sweden and picking up hitchhikers and Jean-Luc Godard's "Pierrot le fou" (1965) about law-breaking lovers escaping on the road. Both of these films, as well as Roberto Rossellini's "Voyage in Italy" (1953) and Godard's "Weekend" (1967) have more "existential sensibility" or pauses for "philosophical digressions of a European bent", as compared with American road films. "Three Men and a Leg" (1997) features several sketches from filmmakers and producers' Aldo, Giovanni & Giacomo's previous comedy productions overlaid with the rest of the movie's road-trip and romantic comedy atmosphere. Other European road films include Chris Petit's "Radio On" (1979), a Wim Wenders-influenced film set on the M4 motorway; Aki Kaurismäki's "Leningrad Cowboys Go America" ( 1989), about a fictional Russian rock band which travels to the US; and Theo Angelopoulos' "Landscape in the Mist", about a road trip from Greece to Germany.


title: Road movie

text: Road movies made in Latin America are similar in feel to European road films. Latin American road movies are usually about a cast of characters, rather than a couple or single person, and the films explore the differences between urban and rural regions and between north and south. Luis Buñuel's "Subida al Cielo" ("Mexican Bus Ride", 1951), is about a poor rural person's trip into a big city to help his mother, who is dying. The road trip on this film is shown as a "carnivalesque pilgrimage" or "travelling circus", an approach also used in "Bye Bye Brazil" (1979, Brazil), "Guantanamera" (1995, Cuba), and "Central do Brasil" ("Central Station", 1998, Brazil). Some Latin American road movies are also set in the era of conquest, such as "Cabeza de Vaca" (1991, Mexico). Movies about outlaws escaping from justice include "Profundo Carmesí" ("Deep Crimson", 1996, Mexico) and "El Camino" ("The Road", 2000, Argentina). "Y tu mamá también" ("And Your Mother Too", 2001, Mexico) is about two young male buddies who have sexual adventures on the road.


title: Road movie

text: Movies involving road movie genre while being rejected by mainstream media, gained huge popularity in Russian "art cinema" and surrounding post-Soviet cultures, slowly building their way into international film festivals. Well-known examples are "My Joy" (2010), "Bummer" (2003), "Major" (2013), and "How Vitka Chesnok Took Lyokha Shtyr to the Home for Invalids" (2017). Some other movies incorporate a large portion of road movie style, for example "Morphine" (2008), "Leviathan" (2014), "Cargo 200" (2007), "Donbass" (2018).


title: Road movie

text: With themes ranging from crime, corruption and power to history, addiction and existence, road movies became an independent part of cinematic landscape. From the strong flow of existentialism, to the black comedy style, the road movie experienced a new revival. Most precious are pieces from Sergei Loznitsa, in his early work "My Joy" (2010) he used black noir style to tell the story of people falling together with destruction of governments after the fall of the Soviet Union. In his later work "Donbass" (2018), he takes an opposing style, turning to black comedy and satire to underline actual war tragedies in the Russo-Ukrainian War.


title: Road movie

text: Indian screens saw a series of road movies with experimental filmmaker Ram Gopal Varma's works such as "Kshana Kshanam". Rachel Dwyer, a reader in "world cinema" at the University of London-Department of South Asia, marked Varma's contribution into the new-age film noir. The film received critical reception at the Ann Arbor Film Festival, which led to a series of genre-benders like Mani Ratnam's "Thiruda Thiruda", and Varma's "Daud", "Anaganaga Oka Roju" and "Road". Subsequently 21st century bollywood movies witnessed a surge of motion-pictures such as "Road, Movie", nominated for the Tokyo Sakura Grand Prix Award, the Tribeca Film Festival, and the Generation 14plus at the 60th Berlin International Film Festival in 2010. "Liars Dice" explores the story of a young mother from a remote village who, going in search of her missing husband, goes missing, the film examines the human cost of migration to cities and the exploitation of migrant workers. It was India's Official Entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the 87th Academy Awards. It won special prize at Sofia International Film Festival. In Karwaan, the protagonist is forced to set out on a road trip from Bengaluru to Kochi after he loses his father in an accident, but the body delivered to him is of the mother of a woman in another state.


title: Road movie

text: Ryan Gilbey of "The Guardian" was broadly positive about Zoya Akhtar's "Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara"; he wrote, "It's still playing to full houses, and you can see why. Slick it may be. But tourist board employees representing the various Spanish cities flattered in the movie are not the only ones who will come out grinning", and that he found the movie "stubbornly un-macho" for a buddy film. "Piku" tells the story of the short-tempered Piku Banerjee (Deepika Padukone), her grumpy, aging father Bhashkor (Amitabh Bachchan) and Rana Chaudhary (Irrfan Khan), who is stuck between the father-daughter duo, as they embark on a journey from Delhi to Kolkata. In Nagesh Kukunoor's children's film "Dhanak" a blind kid and his sister set off alone on a 300 km journey traversing testing Indian terrain from Jaislamer to Jodhpur, the film won the "Crystal Bear Grand Prix" for Best Children's Film, and Special Mention for the Best Feature Film by The Children's Jury for Generation Kplus at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival "Finding Fanny" is based on a road trip set in Goa and follows the journey of five dysfunctional friends who set out on a road trip in search of Fanny. "The Good Road" is told in a hyperlink format, where several stories are intertwined, with the center of the action being a highway in the rural lands of Gujarat near a town in Kutch.


title: Road movie

text: Several road movies have been produced in Africa, including "Cocorico! Monsieur Poulet" (1977, Niger); "The Train of Salt and Sugar" (2016, Mozambique); "Hayat" (2016, Morocco); Touki Bouki (1973, Senegal) and "Borders" (2017, Burkina Faso).


title: Road movie

text: The genre has its roots in spoken and written tales of epic journeys, such as the "Odyssey" and the "Aeneid". The road film is a standard plot employed by screenwriters. It is a type of bildungsroman, a story in which the hero changes, grows or improves over the course of the story. It focuses more on the journey rather than the goal. David Laderman lists other literary influences on the road movie, such as "Don Quixote" (1615), which uses a description of a journey to create social satire; "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884), a story about a journey down the Mississippi River that is full of social commentary; "Heart of Darkness" (1902), about a journey down a river in the Belgian Congo to search for a rogue colonial trader; and "Women in Love" (1920), which describes "travel and mobility" while also providing social commentary about the woes of industrialization. Laderman states that "Women in Love" particularly lays the groundwork for the future road films, as it showed a couple who rebelled against social norms by leaving their familiar location and going on an aimless, meandering journey.


title: Road movie

text: Steinbeck's novel "The Grapes of Wrath" (1939) depicts a family that struggles to survive on the road during the Great Depression, a book that has been called "America's best-known proletarian road saga". The movie version of the novel, made a year later, depicts the hungry, weary family's travel on Route 66 using "montage sequences, reflected images of the road on windshields and mirrors", and shots taken from the driver's point of view to create a sense of movement and place. Even though Henry Miller's "The Air-Conditioned Nightmare" (1947) is not a fictional work, it captures the mood of frustration, restlessness and aimlessness that became prevalent in the road movie. In the book, which describe's Miller's cross-country journey across the United States, he criticizes the nation's descent into materialism.


title: Road movie

text: Western films such as John Ford's "Stagecoach" (1939) have been called "proto-road movies." In the film, an unusual group of travellers, including a banker, prostitute, escaped prisoner and a military officer's wife, move through the dangerous desert trails. Even though the travellers are so unlike each other, the mutual danger they must face in travelling through Geronimo's Apache territory requires them to work together to create a "utopia of...community". The difference between older stories about wandering characters and the road movie is technological: with road movies, the hero travels by car, motorcycle, bus or train, making road movies a representation of modernity's advantages and social ills. The on-the-road plot was used at the birth of American cinema but blossomed in the years after World War II, reflecting a boom in automobile production and the growth of youth culture. Early road movies have been criticized for their "casual misogyny", "fear of otherness", and for not examining issues such as power, privilege, and gender and for mostly showing white people.


title: Road movie

text: The road movie of the pre-WW II era was changed by the publication of Jack Kerouac's "On the Road" in 1957, as it sketched out the future for the road movie and provided its "master narrative" of exploration, questing, and journeying. The book includes many descriptions of driving in cars. It also depicted the character Sal Paradise, a middle class college student who goes on the road to seek material for his writing career, a bounded journey with a clear start and finish which differs from the open ended wandering of previous films, with characters making chance encounters with other drivers who influence where one travels or ends up. To contrast the intellectual Sal character, Kerouac has the juvenile delinquent Dean, a wild, fast-driving character who represents the idea that the road provides liberation.


title: Road movie

text: By depicting a movie character who was marginalized and who could not be incorporated into mainstream American culture, Kerouac opened the way for road movies to depict a more diverse range of characters, rather than just heterosexual couples (e.g., "It Happened One Night"), groups on the move (e.g., "The Grapes of Wrath"), notably the pair of male buddies. "On the Road" and another novel published in the same era, Vladimir Nabokov's novel "Lolita" (1955), have been called "two monumental road novels that rip back and forth across American with a subversive erotic charge."


title: Road movie

text: In the 1950s, there were "wholesome" road comedies such as Bob Hope and Bing Crosby's "Road to Bali" (1952), Vincente Minnelli's "The Long, Long Trailer" (1954) and the Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis film "Hollywood or Bust" (1956). There were not many 1950s road films, but "postwar youth culture" was depicted in "The Wild One" (1953) and "Rebel Without a Cause" (1955).


title: Road movie

text: Timothy Corrigan states that post-WW II, the genre of road films became more codified, with features solidifying such as the use of characters experiencing "amnesia, hallucinations and theatrical crisis". David Laderman states that road movies have a modernist aesthetic approach, as they focus on "rebellion, social criticism, and liberating thrills", which shows "disillusionment" with mainstream political and aesthetic norms. Awareness of the "road picture" as a separate genre came only in the 1960s with "Bonnie and Clyde" and "Easy Rider". Road movies were an important genre in the late 1960s and 1970s era of the New Hollywood, with films such as Terrence Malick's "Badlands" and Richard Sarafian's "Vanishing Point" (1971) showing an influence from "Bonnie and Clyde".


title: Road movie

text: There may have been influences from French cinema in the creation of "Bonnie and Clyde"; David Newman and Robert Benton have stated that they were influenced by Jean-Luc Godard's "A bout de souffle" (1960) and François Truffaut's "Tirez sur la pianiste" (1960). More generally, Devin Orgeron states that American road movies were based on post-WW II European cinema's own take on the American road film approach, showing a mutual influence between US and European filmmakers in this genre.


title: Road movie

text: The addition of violence to the sexual tension of road movies in the late 1960s and in subsequent decades can be seen as a way to create more excitement and "frisson". From the 1930s to 1960s, merely showing a man and woman on a road trip was exciting for audience, as all the motel stays and closeness had implied, yet deferred, consummation of the sexual attraction between the characters (sex could not be depicted due to the Motion Picture Production Code). With "Bonnie and Clyde" (1967) and "Natural Born Killers" (1994), the heterosexual couple are united by their involvement in murder; as well, with jail hanging over their heads, there can be no return to domestic life at the end of the film.


title: Road movie

text: There have been three historical eras of the "outlaw-rebel" road movie: the post-WW II film noir era (e.g., "Detour"), the late 1960s era which was rocked by the Vietnam War ("Easy Rider" and "Bonnie and Clyde"), and the post-Reagan era of the 1990s, when the "masculinist heroics of the Gulf War gave way to closer scrutiny" ("My Own Private Idaho", "Thelma & Louise" and "Natural Born Killers"). In the 1970s, there were low-budget outlaw films depicting chases, such as "Eddie Macon's Run". In the 1980s, there were rural Southern road movies such as "Smokey and the Bandit" and the "Cannonball Run" chase films of 1981 and 1984. The outlaw couple movie was reinvented in the 1990s with a postmodernist take in films such as "Wild at Heart", "Kalifornia" and "True Romance".