title: Self-adjoint operator

text: In this case, if we initially define formula_2 on the space of smooth, rapidly decaying functions, the adjoint will be "the same" operator (i.e., given by the same formula) but on the largest possible domain, namely


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: It is then possible to show that formula_142 is not a symmetric operator, which certainly implies that formula_2 is not essentially self-adjoint. Indeed, formula_142 has eigenvectors with pure imaginary eigenvalues, which is impossible for a symmetric operator. This strange occurrence is possible because of a cancellation between the two terms in formula_142: There are functions formula_122 in the domain of formula_142 for which neither formula_148 nor formula_149 is separately in formula_150, but the combination of them occurring in formula_142 is in formula_150. This allows for formula_142 to be nonsymmetric, even though both formula_154 and formula_155 are symmetric operators. This sort of cancellation does not occur if we replace the repelling potential formula_138 with the confining potential formula_157.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Conditions for Schrödinger operators to be self-adjoint or essentially self-adjoint can be found in various textbooks, such as those by Berezin and Shubin, Hall, and Reed and Simon listed in the references.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: In the physics literature, the spectral theorem is often stated by saying that a self-adjoint operator has an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors. Physicists are well aware, however, of the phenomenon of "continuous spectrum"; thus, when they speak of an "orthonormal basis" they mean either an orthonormal basis in the classic sense "or" some continuous analog thereof. In the case of the momentum operator formula_158, for example, physicists would say that the eigenvectors are the functions formula_159, which are clearly not in the Hilbert space formula_150. (Physicists would say that the eigenvectors are "non-normalizable.") Physicists would then go on to say that these "eigenvectors" are orthonormal in a continuous sense, where the usual Kronecker delta formula_161 is replaced by a Dirac delta function formula_162.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Although these statements may seem disconcerting to mathematicians, they can be made rigorous by use of the Fourier transform, which allows a general formula_163 function to be expressed as a "superposition" (i.e., integral) of the functions formula_164, even though these functions are not in formula_163. The Fourier transform "diagonalizes" the momentum operator; that is, it converts it into the operator of multiplication by formula_166, where formula_166 is the variable of the Fourier transform.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The spectral theorem in general can be expressed similarly as the possibility of "diagonalizing" an operator by showing it is unitarily equivalent to a multiplication operator. Other versions of the spectral theorem are similarly intended to capture the idea that a self-adjoint operator can have "eigenvectors" that are not actually in the Hilbert space in question.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Partially defined operators "A", "B" on Hilbert spaces "H", "K" are unitarily equivalent if and only if there is a unitary transformation "U" : "H" → "K" such that


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: A multiplication operator is defined as follows: Let ("X", Σ, μ) be a countably additive measure space and "f" a real-valued measurable function on "X". An operator "T" of the form


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: whose domain is the space of ψ for which the right-hand side above is in "L" is called a multiplication operator.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The spectral theorem for unbounded self-adjoint operators can be proved by reduction to the spectral theorem for unitary (hence bounded) operators. This reduction uses the "Cayley transform" for self-adjoint operators which is defined in the next section. We might note that if T is multiplication by f, then the spectrum of T is just the essential range of f.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: One important application of the spectral theorem is to define a "functional calculus." That is to say, if formula_170 is a function on the real line and formula_171 is a self-adjoint operator, we wish to define the operator formula_172. If formula_171 has a true orthonormal basis of eigenvectors formula_174 with eigenvalues formula_175, then formula_172 is the operator with eigenvectors formula_174 and eigenvalues formula_178. The goal of functional calculus is to extend this idea to the case where formula_171 has continuous spectrum.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Of particular importance in quantum physics is the case in which formula_171 is the Hamiltonian operator formula_2 and formula_182 is an exponential. In this case, the functional calculus should allow us to define the operator


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Given the representation of "T" as the operator of multiplication by formula_122—as guaranteed by the spectral theorem—it is easy to characterize the functional calculus: If "h" is a bounded real-valued Borel function on R, then "h"("T") is the operator of multiplication by the composition formula_185.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: where formula_187 is the characteristic function (indicator function)of the interval formula_188. The family of projection operators E(λ) is called resolution of the identity for "T". Moreover, the following Stieltjes integral representation for "T" can be proved:


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The definition of the operator integral above can be reduced to that of a scalar valued Stieltjes integral using the weak operator topology. In more modern treatments however, this representation is usually avoided, since most technical problems can be dealt with by the functional calculus.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: In physics, particularly in quantum mechanics, the spectral theorem is expressed in a way which combines the spectral theorem as stated above and the Borel functional calculus using Dirac notation as follows:


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: where the integral runs over the whole spectrum of "H". The notation suggests that "H" is diagonalized by the eigenvectors Ψ. Such a notation is purely formal. One can see the similarity between Dirac's notation and the previous section. The resolution of the identity (sometimes called projection valued measures) formally resembles the rank-1 projections formula_192. In the Dirac notation, (projective) measurements are described via eigenvalues and eigenstates, both purely formal objects. As one would expect, this does not survive passage to the resolution of the identity. In the latter formulation, measurements are described using the spectral measure of formula_193, if the system is prepared in formula_193 prior to the measurement. Alternatively, if one would like to preserve the notion of eigenstates and make it rigorous, rather than merely formal, one can replace the state space by a suitable rigged Hilbert space.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: In the case formula_196 is the sum of an Hermitian "H" and a skew-Hermitian (see skew-Hermitian matrix) operator formula_197, one defines the biorthogonal basis set


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: (See Feshbach–Fano partitioning method for the context where such operators appear in scattering theory).


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The following question arises in several contexts: if an operator "A" on the Hilbert space "H" is symmetric, when does it have self-adjoint extensions? An operator that has a unique self-adjoint extension is said to be essentially self-adjoint; equivalently, an operator is essentially self-adjoint if its closure (the operator whose graph is the closure of the graph of "A") is self-adjoint. In general, a symmetric operator could have many self-adjoint extensions or none at all. Thus, we would like a classification of its self-adjoint extensions.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Equivalently, "A" is essentially self-adjoint if and only if the operators formula_200 and formula_201 have trivial kernels. That is to say, "A" "fails to be" self-adjoint if and only if formula_9 has an eigenvector with eigenvalue formula_203 or formula_204.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Another way of looking at the issue is provided by the Cayley transform of a self-adjoint operator and the deficiency indices. (It is often of technical convenience to deal with closed operators. In the symmetric case, the closedness requirement poses no obstacles, since it is known that all symmetric operators are closable.)


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Here, "ran" and "dom" denote the image (in other words, range) and the domain, respectively. W("A") is isometric on its domain. Moreover, the range of 1 − W("A") is dense in "H".


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Conversely, given any partially defined operator "U" which is isometric on its domain (which is not necessarily closed) and such that 1 − "U" is dense, there is a (unique) operator S("U")


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The mapping W is called the Cayley transform. It associates a partially defined isometry to any symmetric densely defined operator. Note that the mappings W and S are monotone: This means that if "B" is a symmetric operator that extends the densely defined symmetric operator "A", then W("B") extends W("A"), and similarly for S.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: This immediately gives us a necessary and sufficient condition for "A" to have a self-adjoint extension, as follows:


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: A partially defined isometric operator "V" on a Hilbert space "H" has a unique isometric extension to the norm closure of dom("V"). A partially defined isometric operator with closed domain is called a partial isometry.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Given a partial isometry "V", the deficiency indices of "V" are defined as the dimension of the orthogonal complements of the domain and range:


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: We see that there is a bijection between symmetric extensions of an operator and isometric extensions of its Cayley transform. The symmetric extension is self-adjoint if and only if the corresponding isometric extension is unitary.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: A symmetric operator has a unique self-adjoint extension if and only if both its deficiency indices are zero. Such an operator is said to be essentially self-adjoint. Symmetric operators which are not essentially self-adjoint may still have a canonical self-adjoint extension. Such is the case for "non-negative" symmetric operators (or more generally, operators which are bounded below). These operators always have a canonically defined Friedrichs extension and for these operators we can define a canonical functional calculus. Many operators that occur in analysis are bounded below (such as the negative of the Laplacian operator), so the issue of essential adjointness for these operators is less critical.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: In quantum mechanics, observables correspond to self-adjoint operators. By Stone's theorem on one-parameter unitary groups, self-adjoint operators are precisely the infinitesimal generators of unitary groups of time evolution operators. However, many physical problems are formulated as a time-evolution equation involving differential operators for which the Hamiltonian is only symmetric. In such cases, either the Hamiltonian is essentially self-adjoint, in which case the physical problem has unique solutions or one attempts to find self-adjoint extensions of the Hamiltonian corresponding to different types of boundary conditions or conditions at infinity.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Example. The one-dimensional Schrödinger operator with the potential formula_208, defined initially on smooth compactly supported functions, is essentially self-adjoint (that is, has a self-adjoint closure) for but not for . See Berezin and Schubin, pages 55 and 86, or Section 9.10 in Hall.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The failure of essential self-adjointness for formula_209 has a counterpart in the classical dynamics of a particle with potential formula_210: The classical particle escapes to infinity in finite time.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Example. There is no self-adjoint momentum operator "p" for a particle moving on a half-line. Nevertheless, the Hamiltonian formula_211 of a "free" particle on a half-line has several self-adjoint extensions corresponding to different types of boundary conditions. Physically, these boundary conditions are related to reflections of the particle at the origin (see Reed and Simon, vol.2).


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Suppose "A" is symmetric densely defined. Then any symmetric extension of "A" is a restriction of "A"*. Indeed, "A" ⊆ "B" and "B" symmetric yields "B" ⊆ "A"* by applying the definition of dom("A"*).


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: defined on the space of continuously differentiable complex-valued functions on [0,1], satisfying the boundary conditions


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Then "D" is a symmetric operator as can be shown by integration by parts. The spaces "N", "N" (defined below) are given respectively by the distributional solutions to the equation


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: which are in "L"[0, 1]. One can show that each one of these solution spaces is 1-dimensional, generated by the functions "x" → "e" and "x" → "e" respectively. This shows that "D" is not essentially self-adjoint, but does have self-adjoint extensions. These self-adjoint extensions are parametrized by the space of unitary mappings "N" → "N", which in this case happens to be the unit circle T.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: In this case, the failure of essential self-adjointenss is due to an "incorrect" choice of boundary conditions in the definition of the domain of formula_216. Since formula_216 is a first-order operator, only one boundary condition is needed to ensure that formula_216 is symmetric. If we replaced the boundary conditions given above by the single boundary condition


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: then "D" would still be symmetric and would now, in fact, be essentially self-adjoint. This change of boundary conditions gives one particular essentially self-adjoint extension of "D". Other essentially self-adjoint extensions come from imposing boundary conditions of the form formula_220.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: This simple example illustrates a general fact about self-adjoint extensions of symmetric differential operators "P" on an open set "M". They are determined by the unitary maps between the eigenvalue spaces


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: be a polynomial on R with "real" coefficients, where α ranges over a (finite) set of multi-indices. Thus


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Then the operator "P"(D) defined on the space of infinitely differentiable functions of compact support on R by


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: More generally, consider linear differential operators acting on infinitely differentiable complex-valued functions of compact support. If "M" is an open subset of R


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: where "a" are (not necessarily constant) infinitely differentiable functions. "P" is a linear operator


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The multiplication representation of a self-adjoint operator, though extremely useful, is not a canonical representation. This suggests that it is not easy to extract from this representation a criterion to determine when self-adjoint operators "A" and "B" are unitarily equivalent. The finest grained representation which we now discuss involves spectral multiplicity. This circle of results is called the "Hahn–Hellinger theory of spectral multiplicity".


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Definition. A self-adjoint operator "A" has uniform multiplicity "n" where "n" is such that 1 ≤ "n" ≤ ω if and only if "A" is unitarily equivalent to the operator M of multiplication by the function "f"(λ) = λ on


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: where H is a Hilbert space of dimension "n". The domain of M consists of vector-valued functions ψ on R such that


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Non-negative countably additive measures μ, ν are mutually singular if and only if they are supported on disjoint Borel sets.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: This representation is unique in the following sense: For any two such representations of the same "A", the corresponding measures are equivalent in the sense that they have the same sets of measure 0.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The spectral multiplicity theorem can be reformulated using the language of direct integrals of Hilbert spaces:


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Unlike the multiplication-operator version of the spectral theorem, the direct-integral version is unique in the sense that the measure equivalence class of μ (or equivalently its sets of measure 0) is uniquely determined and the measurable function formula_232 is determined almost everywhere with respect to μ. The function formula_233 is the spectral multiplicity function of the operator.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: We may now state the classification result for self-adjoint operators: Two self-adjoint operators are unitarily equivalent if and only if (1) their spectra agree as sets, (2) the measures appearing in their direct-integral representations have the same sets of measure zero, and (3) their spectral multiplicity functions agree almost everywhere with respect to the measure in the direct integral.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: As remarked above, the Laplacian is diagonalized by the Fourier transform. Actually it is more natural to consider the "negative" of the Laplacian −Δ since as an operator it is non-negative; (see elliptic operator).


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: A self-adjoint operator "A" on "H" has pure point spectrum if and only if "H" has an orthonormal basis {"e"} consisting of eigenvectors for "A".


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: This Hamiltonian has pure point spectrum; this is typical for bound state Hamiltonians in quantum mechanics. As was pointed out in a previous example, a sufficient condition that an unbounded symmetric operator has eigenvectors which form a Hilbert space basis is that it has a compact inverse.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: Cedric Bryan Maxwell (born November 21, 1955) is an American retired professional basketball player now in radio broadcasting. Nicknamed "Cornbread", he played 11 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and played a key role in two championships with the Boston Celtics.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: After a college career in which he led the UNC Charlotte 49ers to an NCAA Final Four appearance in 1977, he was drafted by the Boston Celtics. After coming off the bench his rookie year, he was elevated to a starting small forward position for the 1978–1979 season, a disappointing 29–53 team on which Maxwell was the lone bright spot. The following year, Larry Bird joined the Celtics, and the team started a resurgence that saw them become one of the dominant teams of the 1980s. Maxwell and Bird were joined in the 1980–1981 season by starting center Robert Parish and rookie forward Kevin McHale, a year in which the team won the NBA championship and Maxwell was named Finals MVP.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: Maxwell and McHale would compete for the starting forward position over the next several seasons, with McHale winning the starting job and Maxwell being traded to the Los Angeles Clippers just prior to the 1985–1986 season. Maxwell would play for a season and a half for the Clippers, before being traded midway through the 1986–1987 season to the Houston Rockets, where he would finish out his career before retiring after the 1987–1988 season with over 10,000 points scored over his career.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: Since retiring as a player, he briefly coached the Long Island Surf of the United States Basketball League before starting his career as a radio broadcaster, serving as the color commentator for Celtics radio broadcasts since 2001. His jersey number 31 was retired by the Celtics in 2003.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: Maxwell was a star forward/center for the UNC Charlotte 49ers. Among the 49ers, Maxwell ranks 6th all-time in points scored and his No. 33 jersey was retired in 1977, when he led UNC Charlotte to the NCAA Final Four. Upon completion of his career at Charlotte, Maxwell was the 12th overall pick in the 1977 NBA draft. He was drafted by the Boston Celtics, where he played for eight of his eleven seasons. During his time at UNC Charlotte, he was initiated in Omega Psi Phi fraternity via the Epsilon Zeta chapter.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: Maxwell made an impact in his second season with the Celtics. While Boston was mired in an otherwise awful 1978–79 NBA season, as they awaited Larry Bird's decision to sign with the franchise, the second-year power forward averaged 19.0 points and 9.9 rebounds per game. The Celtics would go just 29–53 on the year, but the young Maxwell's potential, along with the promising addition of Bird and others, set the stage for what would become an NBA dynasty.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: Maxwell was best known for his moves near or beneath the basket. He was very effective in the low post, faking defenders into the air, drawing contact, then making high percentage shots, and sometimes drawing a foul, using either his jump-hook close to the basket or going up against the glass. It was rare that Maxwell took an outside jump shot, especially when Celtic teammates like Bird or Tiny Archibald were on the floor. This helped the Celtics run a balanced offense with a formidable inside game that was hard for most teams to defend.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: Maxwell, in addition to being a dangerous scorer and a colorful character, was a clutch performer in the playoffs. Maxwell was named MVP of the 1981 NBA Finals. Three years later, Maxwell scored 24 points against the Los Angeles Lakers in the decisive game-seven victory during the 1984 NBA Finals. Before the game, he told his teammates to "climb on my back, boys." Maxwell's colorful side was also on display in the series as he mocked second-year Laker forward James Worthy's inability to make free throws during overtime of game 4 by walking across the lane between free throws with his hands around his own neck, suggesting Worthy's choking under pressure. Maxwell also made fun of Kurt Rambis prior to Game 4 of the 1984 Finals, wearing Rambis's trademark glasses and inadvertently missing a long range shot in front of loyal Rambis fans known as the Rambis Youth. The following season, after an injury, Maxwell lost his starting role to Kevin McHale, who had spent two seasons coming off the bench and was in the process of winning his second consecutive Sixth Man of the Year.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: Maxwell was traded, with a draft pick, on September 6, 1985, to the Los Angeles Clippers for center Bill Walton. Maxwell spent a season and a half with the Clippers before being dealt to the Houston Rockets in January, 1987, for two draft picks. He finally retired after the 1987–88 NBA season, having scored 10,465 points and pulled down 5,261 rebounds over the course of 11 seasons, which averages over the course of his career to 12.5 points and 6.3 rebounds a game.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: Maxwell was the 22nd former Celtic to have his jersey (number 31) retired by the Celtics on December 15, 2003. He is now a radio broadcaster for WBZ-FM in Boston, where he has announced Boston Celtics games with Sean Grande since 2001 and lives in Weston, Massachusetts. He was also a frequent co-host on WEEI's sports talk radio shows, such as "The Big Show" with former Celtics TV announcer Glenn Ordway, before Ordway parted with the station. He made guest appearances with the successor program "Salk & Holley". In June 2013, Grande and Maxwell, better known in Boston as Grande and Max, began co-hosting a new show, "Celtics Summer Cooler", a weekly offseason update on the Celtics. Maxwell came under fire for comments he made on the air during a game in 2007. Unhappy with the officiating of referee Violet Palmer, he told listeners that Palmer should "go back to the kitchen" and "make me some bacon and eggs." Maxwell apologized during a subsequent broadcast.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: On the March 16, 2010 "Primetime with The Packman" radio show (WFNZ-AM) originating out of Charlotte, Cedric Maxwell stated he was open to the coaching position at Charlotte. He went on to say he was hoping the school would at least offer him an interview.


title: Cedric Maxwell

text: Maxwell received the nickname "Cornbread" from his college teammate Melvin Watkins after the pair went to see the movie "Cornbread, Earl and Me", in which a 12-year-old boy is traumatized by the murder of his friend, a star basketball player. Watkins thought that Maxwell looked like the title character (played by Jamaal Wilkes) and so began calling him "Cornbread". Since Maxwell did not like the nickname, it did not gain widespread use until Maxwell was named MVP of the NIT tournament in 1976, when, according to Watkins, "The New York media picked up on [the nickname]."


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Alejandro Villanueva is an American law enforcement officer who served as the 33rd sheriff of Los Angeles County, California. He defeated incumbent sheriff Jim McDonnell in the 2018 L.A. County Sheriff's race, making him the first to unseat an incumbent in over 100 years. Before becoming Sheriff, he was a lieutenant with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: The first member of the Democratic Party to be elected Sheriff in 138 years, Villanueva campaigned as a reformer and appealed to some progressive values, but has received notoriety for more conservative policies during his tenure. Villanueva lost his bid for reelection in 2022 against former Long Beach Police Chief Robert Luna.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Villanueva was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1963 to a Puerto Rican father and Polish-American mother. His family moved to Rochester, New York at an early age. When Villanueva was nine years old, his family moved to Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, where he learned Spanish and walked to school while reading books along the rural back roads beside sugar cane fields.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Villanueva earned an associate degree in Liberal Arts from San Bernardino Valley College in 1986 and a Bachelor of Liberal Studies from the University of the State of New York, Regents College, now known as Excelsior College. Villanueva then earned a Master of Public Administration from California State University, Northridge and a Doctorate of Public Administration from University of La Verne. Villanueva's dissertation was on the subject of leadership diversity in law enforcement.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Villanueva served in the United States military for 10 years. After graduating from high school in Puerto Rico, Villanueva served in the United States Air Force and California Air National Guard from 1983 to 1985. He was stationed at Norton Air Force Base in San Bernardino, California and March Air Force Base in Riverside, California. It was at this time that Villanueva was hired by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. Villanueva remained in the military, however, for another seven years, serving in the California Army National Guard from 1985 to 1992 where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant (2nd Battalion, 144th Field Artillery Regiment, 40th Infantry Division).


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Villanueva joined the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department in 1986 and eventually settled in La Habra Heights, California. After completing the Sheriff's Academy (Class 232), Villanueva was assigned to the Inmate Reception Center, the processing center for the Sheriff's Department's jail system.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: In 1988, Villanueva initiated the drive to ban smoking in the Los Angeles County jail system as part of a national effort to ban second-hand smoke. The ban was successfully implemented in 1990.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: While he was on patrol in the community of East Los Angeles, California, Villanueva volunteered to lead one of the first community policing teams in the nation made possible by the Community Oriented Policing (COPS) grant program launched by President Bill Clinton. The team Villanueva led was located at the Maravilla Housing Project.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: After his time at East Los Angeles Sheriff Station, Villanueva transferred to the Training Bureau where he served as a Drill Instructor at the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Academy. He was promoted to the rank of Sergeant, where he worked Lennox and Carson Sheriff Stations, the Community College Bureau, as well as the Advanced Officer Training unit. Villanueva promoted to the rank of Lieutenant and served at the Century Regional Detention Facility, which primarily houses female inmates. In 2014, Villanueva moved on to the Pico Rivera Sheriff Station, where he served as Watch Commander. Villanueva retired from the Sheriff's Department in 2018.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: From 2006 to 2010, Villanueva was an adjunct professor of criminal justice at California State University, Long Beach.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: In 2012, the ACLU exposed widespread abuses in the Sheriff's Department, prompting an FBI investigation. Sheriff Lee Baca, Undersheriff Paul Tanaka, and numerous other department employees were caught in the scandal and were later convicted of various federal charges. Former Long Beach Police Chief Jim McDonnell was elected Sheriff in 2014, with the expectation he would fix the problems. However, Villanueva, then close to retirement, stated that he decided McDonnell had failed to restore trust, saying "everyone expected Jim McDonnell to clean house. But he didn't do that." McDonnell removed only a few upper-rank staff, instead focusing on catching lower-rank personnel in infractions. "It was 'management by gotcha'."


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Villanueva announced his campaign for sheriff of Los Angeles County on June 28, 2017, promising to "reform, rebuild and restore" the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department by "reforming the organization around the principles of community policing and ethical standards of conduct." He competed against incumbent Sheriff McDonnell and retired Commander Bob Lindsey. Villanueva received 33% of the vote, to McDonnell's 47%, and Lindsey's 19%. Villanueva and McDonnell advanced to the general election runoff.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Villanueva won the general election on November 4, 2018, with 53% to 47% for McDonnell. Villanueva was the first person in 104 years to unseat a sitting sheriff of Los Angeles County. Though the election is non-partisan, he was also the first Democrat to win the sheriff's seat in 138 years. He describes himself as "a Democrat of the party of JFK and FDR."


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Villanueva inherited a department that was understaffed by at least 1,300 personnel. According to an op-ed Villanueva wrote, he hired 1,100 deputies in his first year and banned the recruitment and hiring of out of state applicants for deputy sheriff, believing deputies should reflect the communities they will serve.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: He has described 80% of the LASD as "Conservative and far right", and although he is the first sheriff in 138 years to be a Democrat, he is not aligned with the more modern Democratic party.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Numerous bodies in Los Angeles County and California have clashed with Villanueva over the accountability of the Sheriff's office. Following several occasions during which the sheriff refused to appear before them, the Sheriff Civilian Oversight Commission called on Villanueva to resign in October 2020. In January 2021, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra launched a civil rights investigation of the LA County Sheriff's Department which sought to determine whether the LASD has engaged in a pattern or practice of unconstitutional policing, following allegations of excessive force, retaliation, and other misconduct.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: In 2022, a LASD commander filed legal papers accusing Villanueva of obstructing an investigation into a 2021 incident where a police deputy kneeled on a handcuffed inmate’s head, as well as retaliating against whistleblowers. In response, Villanueva held a press conference and presented a graphic with arrows linking an LA Times reporter, a political rival, and the sheriff department's inspector general, stating that all were subject to a probe, later clarifying on Twitter that the reporter was not being criminally charged.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: In September 2020, Villanueva secured $35 million in funding from the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors to implement a body-worn camera program across the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department. Though the LASD was one of the first law enforcement agencies in the nation to test body-worn camera technology, prior sheriffs had failed to implement such a system.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department has a long history with deputy gangs, some of which have been accused of violence. One of the most prominent such groups is the "Banditos" at East Los Angeles Sheriff Station. On his first day in office, Villanueva removed the captain of East Los Angeles Sheriff Station and transferred 36 deputies away from the station. Ultimately, 22 deputies were suspended for misconduct and four were terminated. Despite this, reports have surfaced from organizations like the RAND Corporation that deputy gangs persist, documenting at least four groups in the Sheriff's Department that still remain active as of 2021.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: In his first week in office, Villanueva followed through on another campaign promise to direct the removal of federal immigration agents from Los Angeles County jails, court facilities, and patrol stations.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: During his 2018 campaign, Villanueva promised to end the "pipeline to deportation" built upon the sheriff's department's cooperation and financial ties with federal immigration authorities. In August 2018, Villanueva instituted a permanent moratorium on transferring undocumented immigrants to Immigration and Customs Enforcement.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: From 2005 to 2018, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department and Board of Supervisors accepted $122,189,627 from the United States Government in exchange for a database of inmates without proof of valid immigration status. Villanueva suspended the department's participation in this program immediately after taking office, describing the cash payments as "blood money".


title: Alex Villanueva

text: In January 2020, former Los Angeles Lakers basketball player Kobe Bryant, his daughter Gianna, and seven others were killed in a helicopter crash in Calabasas, California. Within several weeks, the department learned that a deputy at the scene had shared a photo of the accident scene with an unauthorized person at a local bar. Department policy at the time did not prohibit such an act. Villanueva created a new policy to ban such behavior and supported Senate Bill 2655 to ban and criminalize the unauthorized taking or distribution of photos at accident scenes by first responders.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Department officials conducted a threat assessment in August 2020 to identify risks to the sheriff’s safety. They began work on an emergency helicopter landing pad on private property above his home in 2021 to be able to quickly extract him. County attorneys received a cease-and-desist letter from Southern California Gas that owned the property and had not given written consent for the grading and installation of the landing pad. The department also did not seek a required permit from the state for construction of an emergency use helipad.


title: Alex Villanueva

text: Villanueva is married to Vivian Villanueva, who retired from the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department in 2016 after 24 years of service. They have one child.


title: Victor Lustig

text: Victor Lustig (; January 4, 1890 – March 11, 1947) was a highly skilled con artist from Austria-Hungary, who undertook a criminal career that involved conducting scams across Europe and the United States during the early 20th century. Lustig is widely regarded as one of the most notorious con artists of his time, and is infamous for being "the man who sold the Eiffel Tower twice" and for conducting the "Rumanian Box" scam.


title: Victor Lustig

text: Lustig was born in Hostinné, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary. He was exceptionally gifted at learning throughout his youth, but also proved to be a source of trouble. At the age of 19, while taking a break from his studies in Paris, Lustig took to gambling. During this time he received a scar to the left side of his face from the jealous boyfriend of a woman he consorted with. Upon leaving school, Lustig applied both his education and his fluency in several languages to embark on a life of crime, eventually focusing on conducting a variety of scams and cons that provided him with property and money, and which transformed him into a professional con man.


title: Victor Lustig

text: Many of Lustig's initial cons were committed on ocean liners sailing between the Atlantic ports of France and New York City; amongst the schemes he pulled on rich travellers included one in which he posed as a musical producer who sought investment in a non-existent Broadway production. When the services of Trans-Atlantic liners were suspended in the wake of World War I, Lustig found himself in search of new territory to make an income from, and opted to travel to the United States. By this time, he began to earn a level of infamy amongst various law enforcement agencies for the scams he committed, including one he conducted in 1922 in which he conned a bank into giving him money for a portion of bonds he was offering for a repossessed property, only to use sleight of hand to escape with both the money and the bonds.


title: Victor Lustig

text: In 1925, Lustig traveled back to France. While staying in Paris, he chanced upon a newspaper article discussing the problems faced with maintaining the Eiffel Tower, which gave him inspiration for a new con. At the time, the monument had begun to fall into disrepair, and the city was finding it increasingly expensive to maintain and repaint it. Part of the article made a passing comment that overall public opinion on the monument would move towards calls for its removal, which was the key to convincing Lustig that using it as part of his next con would be lucrative. After researching what he needed to help him utilize the information from the article, Lustig set to work preparing the scam, which included hiring a forger to produce fake government stationery for him.


title: Victor Lustig

text: Once he was ready, Lustig invited a small group of scrap metal dealers to a confidential meeting at an expensive hotel, whereupon he identified himself to them as the Deputy Director-General of the Ministère de Postes et Télégraphes (Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs). In the meeting, he convinced the men that the upkeep of the Eiffel Tower was becoming too much for Paris and that the French government wished to sell it for scrap, but that because such a deal would be controversial and likely spark public outcry, nothing could be disclosed until all the details were thought out. Lustig revealed that he was in charge of selecting the dealer who would receive ownership of the structure, claiming that the group had been selected carefully because of their reputations as "honest businessmen". His speech included genuine insight about the monument's place in the city and how it did not fit in with the city's other great monuments like the Gothic cathedrals or the Arc de Triomphe.


title: Victor Lustig

text: During his time with the dealers, Lustig kept watch on who would be the most likely to fall for his scam and found his mark in André Poisson—an insecure man who wished to rise up amongst the inner circles of the Parisian business community. As Poisson showed the keenest interest in purchasing the monument, Lustig decided to focus on him once the dealers sent their bids to him. Arranging a private meeting with Poisson, Lustig convinced him that he was a corrupt official, claiming that his government position did not give him a generous salary for the lifestyle he wished to enjoy. Believing the sale of the Eiffel Tower would secure him a place amongst the top businessmen, Poisson agreed to pay a large bribe to secure ownership of the Eiffel Tower. However, once Lustig received his bribe and the funds for the monument's "sale" (around 70,000 francs), he soon fled to Austria.


title: Victor Lustig

text: Lustig suspected that when Poisson found out he had been conned, he would be too ashamed and embarrassed to inform the French police of what he had been caught up in, yet despite this belief, he maintained a check on newspapers while in Austria. His suspicions soon proved to be correct when he could find no reference of his con within their pages, and thus he decided to return to Paris later that year to pull off the scheme once more. However, when Lustig attempted to con another group of dealers and had managed to find a mark among them willing to buy the Eiffel Tower, the police were informed about the scam and he fled to the U.S. to evade arrest.


title: Victor Lustig

text: One of Lustig's most notable scams involved selling unsuspecting marks a box that he claimed was a machine that could duplicate any currency bills that were inserted into it, with the only catch being that the device needed six hours to print an identical copy. Referred to as the "money box" or "Rumanian Box", the scam involved a specially designed mahogany box, roughly the size of a steamer trunk. The box's design featured two small slots designed to take in bills and the paper to "print" the duplicate on, and a compartment containing a false arrangement of levers and mechanisms that had to be "operated" to make the duplicates.


title: Victor Lustig

text: In order to convince the mark it truly worked, Lustig would ask them to give him a specific denomination of bill (e.g. $100), insert it into his device along with the paper, and then wait with them until the duplicate was made. When it had, Lustig would take the mark with him to a bank to authenticate the note. In reality, Lustig had concealed a genuine note within the device; the choice of the denomination was influenced by what he put into the box beforehand. Once the mark was convinced, Lustig would refuse to sell them the box until they offered him a high price for it. Before it was sold, Lustig would pack the box with additional genuine notes, to buy him time to make a clean escape, before his mark realized they had been conned.


title: Victor Lustig

text: One of Lustig's most infamous uses of the device was upon a Texas sheriff, whom he convinced to buy it for thousands of dollars. Upon realizing he had been tricked, the sheriff pursued Lustig to Chicago. Upon meeting him again, the sheriff was conned into believing that he was not operating the device correctly, and was handed a large sum of cash as compensation, unaware that the money was counterfeit. This counterfeiting would eventually lead to Lustig's arrest by American law enforcement officers.


title: Victor Lustig

text: When the Great Depression hit, Lustig concocted a risky scam aimed at Al Capone, knowing that he faced certain death if his mark realized he was being conned. For Lustig, the scam was not a straight-out con, but one designed to get his target to part with a relatively small amount of cash. Lustig asked Capone to invest $50,000 in a crooked scheme, then kept the money given to him in a safe deposit box for two months before returning it, claiming the deal had fallen through. Capone got the impression that he was dealing with an honest man. At this point, Lustig told Capone that the failure of the deal meant he had lost all means of supporting himself. He then convinced Capone to give him $5,000 ($1,000, according to other sources) to "tide him over", as Lustig had originally planned.


title: Victor Lustig

text: In 1930, Lustig went into a partnership with two men from Nebraska—pharmacist William Watts and chemist Tom Shaw—to conduct a large scale counterfeiting operation. Watts and Shaw engraved the plates that would be used to print the counterfeit dollar bills, while Lustig organised a ring of couriers to distribute the forgeries, ensuring that they were kept in the dark regarding the production of the counterfeits. The operation managed to inject thousands of dollars of counterfeit money (nicknamed "Lustig money") to the U.S. economy each month for the next five years, though the increasing amount entering circulation eventually drew the attention of federal agents.


title: Victor Lustig

text: When Lustig's mistress, Billy May, learned that he was betraying her for Shaw's young mistress, she decided to take revenge and placed an anonymous phone call to the federal authorities. On 10 May 1935, Lustig was arrested in New York and charged with counterfeiting. Although he openly admitted to his partners' involvement in the operation, he himself feigned ignorance in the matter. However, Lustig's refusal to disclose information on a key found in his possession proved to be his undoing, as it was later found to open a locker in the Times Square subway station containing $51,000 in counterfeit bills and the plates with which they had been printed.


title: Victor Lustig

text: The day before his trial, Lustig managed to escape from the Federal House of Detention in New York City by faking illness and using a specially made rope to climb out of the building, but he was recaptured 27 days later in Pittsburgh. Lustig pleaded guilty at his trial and was sentenced to fifteen years in prison on Alcatraz Island, California for his original charge, with a further five years for his prison escape. On 9 March 1947, Lustig contracted pneumonia and died two days later at the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. On his death certificate his occupation was listed as apprentice salesman.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: Thattathin Marayathu () is a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Vineeth Sreenivasan, starring Nivin Pauly and Isha Talwar. The supporting cast includes Aju Varghese, Manoj K. Jayan, Sunny Wayne, Sreeram Ramachandran, Bhagath Manuel, Manikuttan, Sreenivasan, and Niveda Thomas. The film was produced by actors Mukesh and Sreenivasan. The film is about a Hindu boy, Vinod, and a Muslim girl, Aisha, and the conflict arising out of this inter-faith relationship.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: The film has been considered as one of the defining movies of the Malayalam New Wave. The movie was remade in Telugu as "Saheba Subramanyam" and in Tamil as "Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai".


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: The story starts with a flashback in which two school boys, Vinod Nair and his friend, are at the Thalassery pier. Vinod Nair sees a Muslim girl who he finds attractive and he prays to God to make her his wife in the future.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: Then movie shifts focus to the present, in which Vinod, hailing from a middle-class Hindu Nair family, is jailed for trespassing the property of a rich Muslim politician, Abdul Khader. Realizing that he went there to meet the Muslim girl, Aisha, the politician's niece with whom he's madly in love, Sub-inspector Prem Kumar and his men request him to tell his love story.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: From here, the movie goes back in time by a few months, when Vinod first saw Aisha while attending his friend's marriage. He accidentally collides with her while running along a corridor and she falls down a staircase, ending up unconscious in a hospital. Vinod goes to the hospital and finds a little girl beside Aisha's bed. With her help, he leaves a 'sorry' letter to Aisha, written using a stencil. Then with his close friends Abdu and Mustafa, Vinod tries to win Aisha's heart.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: To get a chance to talk to Aisha, Vinod next tries to participate in a Daffmuttu competition in Kannur University Cultural Festival in which Aisha also is participating.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: He goes to a trainer Najaf. But Vinod and Najaf have a history of bitterness when during his 12th grade senior year, the duo had a tiff. The storyline goes into further flashback mode, to a few years prior.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: Vinod along with his friends back then, Nijad and Majid had a gang, named "Smartboyz". Majid was in love with Fatima, the daughter of the local shrimp merchant. But Fatima was in love with Najaf. Thus the trio decides to take on Najaf and beat him by covering faces. After beating Najaf, in an act of heroism, Majid accidentally threw away his driving license along with some money. The driving license gives his credentials away, and the next day all three are beaten up by Najaf's friends.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: Despite this history, Najaf who is now married to his new lover Khadeeja accepts to teach him Daffmuttu. During the cultural festival, Vinod meets Aisha and wishes her a happy birthday. He is won over by her radiance and decides to confront her. After the festival is over, Vinod goes to Aisha's house late at night and confesses his feelings. There is no reply from Aisha, but after a few days, Aisha reciprocates his feelings by writing a letter. Then one night, when he believes that no one is at her home, he tries to meet her. Only to be caught and sent to police custody. With this Vinod winds up his story.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: Listening to this with full attention, S.I Premkumar lends his full support to Vinod and promises to help him unite with Aisha. Vinod tries to find a way of reaching out to Aisha by exchanging letters with her. He finds Hamza, Aisha's tutor and cousin, a friend of Abdu. Hamza is in love with Vinod's sister and he agrees to help Vinod. To make money Vinod opens a Purdah shop with the help of Sub-inspector Premkumar and asks Aisha to inaugurate the shop. She agrees to come on Friday afternoon when she's alone in her house. Aisha inaugurates the shop and meets Vinod's parents. While returning, they are blocked by some men who are enraged to see Aisha in the car with two men. After reaching home, Aisha is put into house-arrest by her father's elder brother, Abdul Khader. An accident happens in Khader's factory, which leads to a communal riot leading to which Aisha's father Abdul Rahman gets attacked. While in hospital, Khader informs his brother that they are shifting to Trivandrum the next day to prevent any untoward incidents further. Abdul Rahman agrees and Aisha sees Vinod one last time in the night. The next day, Abdul Rahman realises that he should allow Aisha to live with the one she loves. Khader departs and Aisha calls Vinod but finds that Vinod's phone is switched off and he is nowhere to be seen.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: Finally, with the help of SI Premkumar, they find him in sitting by the sea bridge and Aisha proposes him to marry her. Vinod asks to kiss her which she agrees. The scene shifts back to the first scene at the same sea-bridge where Vinod prays to God to get that beautiful girl he saw and as he leaves, a woman calls out to the little girl as 'Aisha'.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: The film ends on the note that "God is quite a person; even if we forget some of our wishes, he never does."


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: "Thattathin Marayathu" is Vineeth Sreenivasan's second directorial venture and was produced by Lumiere Film Company, a production house owned by Vineeth's father Sreenivasan and actor Mukesh and Executive Producer Antony Edakochi. The film began its shooting in April 2012 at Thalassery and Kannur.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: Nivin Pauly, Aju Varghese, Bhagath Manuel were cast once again by Vineeth Sreenivasan after their first film, while Isha Talwar was introduced by the cameraman Jomon T. John and was selected. Isha Talwar took a four-month voice training class and went through a course to learn Malayalam to ensure her debut was smooth. Ahmed Siddique was chosen to play a very similar character like the one he played in the film "Salt N' Pepper", although the differences are he plays a typical Muslim guy with an impeccable Thalassery accent.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: Moviebuzz in Sify.com rated the movie "Very Good", saying: "With a cute, simple storyline, which is meant to be enjoyed like of whiff of pure fresh air, the film just keeps you engaged all along, quite effectively." One India.com's Smitha gave a positive review, saying: "If you enjoy reading simple Mills and Boons kind of romantic love stories, you might just like Thattathin Marayathu." Similarly, Indiaglitz.com also mentioned that the film is "advised for all who enjoyed reading Mills and Boons kind of romantic love stories, at some point of your adolescence", rating the movie 6/10. The Times of India rated the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars, saying "Vineeth has crafted his dialogues with a highly laughable sense of humour".


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: However, Veeyen of Nowrunning.com rated the movie 2.5 out of 5 stars. saying: "Performances of the lead actors often come to the rescue, even as the script holds few surprises." Rediff.com's Malayalam movie reviewer Paresh C Palicha also gave a negative review, rating the movie 2 stars out of 5. "The screenplay does try to be interesting going back and forth in the first half, and even has cheeky humour punctuating the proceedings. But, after a while, it feels as if the story is stuck in 'no man's land', not knowing whether to adopt a serious tone or go with the humorous flow," he said.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: The film grossed from 67 screens in Kerala in 21 days, earning a distributor's share of from theatres alone in 3 weeks, which was a record in Malayalam cinema. "Thattathin Marayathu" created a new city record in Ernakulam where it netted 62 lakhs from Padma, Sridhar and two multiplexes. A distributor's share of approximately 34.2 lakhs in three weeks. In Thiruvananthapuram, which has the lowest ticket rates among cities in Kerala, the film has taken a distributor's share of 19.5 lakhs in 21 days. The film completed 50 days in 28 centres at the Kerala box office. The film collected 1.66 lakhs in the 1st weekend and 7.73 lakhs in the 9th weekend (final run) from US box office. The film collected 16.24 lakhs from 13th weekend (final run) from UK box office. The movie was second biggest grosser of 2012 and collected over ₹18.9 crore at the box office.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: The film's score and soundtrack were composed by Shaan Rahman. The lyrics for the soundtrack album featuring ten tracks in total, were written by Anu Elizabeth Jose, Engandiyur Chandrasekharan, and Vineeth Sreenivasan. The audio soundtrack was published by Mathrubhumi Music on 8 June 2012, at the film's audio release event held at Kochi. Actors Mammootty, Dulquer Salmaan, Kunchacko Boban and Fahadh Faasil and the actors of the film released the audio by handing over the CD to M. V. Shreyas Kumar, the managing director of Mathrubhumi company. The soundtrack album received positive reviews with the song "Muthuchippi". By late July 2012, the song had received more than six lakh hits on YouTube.


title: Thattathin Marayathu

text: "Thattathin Marayathu" was remade into Tamil and Telugu languages. It was first remade in Telugu as "Saheba Subramanyam" in 2014 starring Priyal Gor and Dileep Kumar. In 2015 a Tamil remake was also made with the title "Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai" by Mithran Jawahar starring Walter Philips and Isha Talwar.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: The Apple Cinema Display is a line of flat-panel computer monitors developed and sold by Apple Inc. between 1999 and 2011. It was initially sold alongside the older line of Studio Displays, but eventually replaced them. Apple offered 20, 22, 23, 24, 27 and 30-inch sizes, with the last model being a 27-inch size with LED backlighting.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: There have been three designs for the Cinema Display, one featuring polycarbonate plastic and two featuring anodized aluminum. The first displays were designed to match the colorful plastic of the Power Mac G3 and later the Power Mac G4, while the second revisions were designed to match the aluminum aesthetics of the Power Mac G5 and PowerBook G4. The last available design matched the unibody laptops released in October 2008.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: The Apple Cinema Display name was retired in July 2011 with the introduction of the Apple Thunderbolt Display, and the Cinema Display models were no longer offered on the Apple Store website as of August 2014.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: The first model—the 22-inch Apple Cinema Display—was introduced in September 1999 alongside the Power Mac G4 and used DVI for video input. It was enclosed in a high-density plastic frame with an easel-style stand and had a display resolution of 1600×1024.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: This model was upgraded in July 2000 with the Apple Display Connector (ADC), which ran DVI, USB, and 28V power through a single connector.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: It was eventually replaced by a 20-inch model on January 28, 2003, that sported a widescreen display with up to 1680×1050 resolution and a brightness of 230 cd/m2.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: The 20" Cinema Display was updated again June 28, 2004 to match the aluminum design of the new Cinema HD Display. It retained the 1680x1050 resolution of the previous model but saw its brightness increased to 250 cd/m2, and was introduced at a $1,299 USD price point. Apple continued to sell this display with no further changes until October 2008.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: The 23-inch model, dubbed the "Cinema HD Display," was introduced on March 20, 2002, and supported full 1:1 1080p playback on a 1920x1200 pixel display.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: On June 28, 2004, Apple introduced a redesigned line of Cinema Displays, along with a new 30-inch model that, like the 23-inch model, carried the "Cinema HD Display" name. The new models had an anodized aluminum enclosure that matched Apple's high-end lines of professional products. An alternative stand or a wall mount could be used with a VESA mount adapter kit that was sold separately. Though the display enclosures had not been redesigned for a long period of time, several "silent" improvements were made to the brightness levels and contrast ratios.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: Due to the high resolution (2560×1600), the 30-inch model requires a graphics card that supports dual-link DVI. When the monitor was released, no Macintosh models were sold with a dual-link DVI port. A Power Mac G5 with the new Nvidia GeForce 6800 Ultra DDL graphics card was initially required to run the display at full resolution.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: All Power Mac G5, PowerBook G4 15 or 17 inch and Mac Pro Mid 2006 to Mid 2010 models are capable of supporting it without the use of any adapters. Discrete MacBook Pros are also capable of driving the 30-inch display, while all Macs released after October 2008 require an additional adapter. The 30-inch Cinema Display was introduced together with the GeForce 6800, which supports two DVI-DL ports. ATI's aftermarket AGP X800 Mac Edition also supports dual-link DVI, but has only one port. The Radeon 9600 Mac/PC was another aftermarket graphics card that supported dual-link DVI and was also compatible with older AGP-based Power Macs.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: If a computer with a single-link DVI port (such as a Mac laptop with a mini-DVI connector) is connected to the 30-inch display, it will only run at 1280×800, even if the computer is capable of supporting 1920×1200 over a single-link connection.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: On October 14, 2008, the 20-inch Cinema Display and the 23-inch Cinema HD Display were replaced with a 24-inch model made with aluminum and glass, reflecting the appearances of the latest iMac, MacBook Pro and unibody MacBook designs. The display features a built-in iSight camera, microphone and dual speaker system. A MagSafe cable runs from the back of the display for charging notebooks. It is the first Cinema Display to use LED backlighting and Mini DisplayPort for video input; however, the LED backlighting is edge-lit as opposed to the fully back-lit CCFL of the previous models, resulting in a lower brightness cd/m output. This display is only officially compatible with Macs that have the Mini DisplayPort connector. A third-party converter must be used in order to use this display with older Macs. Furthermore, many newer Apple users with newer MacBooks that solely have USB-C ports have been continuously perplexed by the fact that their Apple-branded Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C) to Thunderbolt 2 adapters do not transmit a signal to their LED Cinema displays. Many users have mistakenly presumed their new MacBooks were incompatible with their older displays, when in fact an ordinary generic USB-C to Mini DisplayPort adapter will successfully transmit the same signal; This is due to a small internal difference in the newer Thunderbolt 2 and the older Mini DisplayPort standards.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: With the introduction of LED panels, the matte, anti-glare screen panels were retired, except for the 30" Cinema Display. Apple had already moved away from matte screens in its line of iMac desktop computers on August 7, 2007. Apple had not offered any equipment with a matte, anti-glare screen after the 15" non-Retina MacBook Pro was discontinued in October 2013 until the introduction of the Pro Display XDR in 2019. This had been a cause for concern among users who wanted matte screens for their area of work, particularly graphic designers, photographers and users who extensively view their screens. Matte screens, like matte-surface photographs, diffuse reflected light and cannot provide the same black levels as glossy screens, which are required for working with HDR images and videos and thus are disadvantaged in this area. However, the matte screens have a far lower level of reflectivity, which improves ease-of-use.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: "The Wall Street Journal" referred to Apple's removal of the matte screen as one of Apple's worst design decisions.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: On July 26, 2010, the 24-inch LED Cinema Display and the 30-inch Cinema HD Display were replaced by a 27-inch model that supports up to 2560×1440 resolution. This model was sold for $999 USD.


title: Apple Cinema Display

text: On July 20, 2011, the LED Cinema Display was discontinued, and replaced by the Apple Thunderbolt Display.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Yoenis Céspedes Milanés (born October 18, 1985), nicknamed "La Potencia" (The Power), is a Cuban-born professional baseball outfielder. He made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut on March 28, 2012, for the Oakland Athletics, and has also played in MLB for the Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers and New York Mets. Primarily a left fielder in his early career, he split between left and center field on the Mets. A right-hand batter and fielder, he stands tall and weighs .


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: From Campechuela, Cuba, Céspedes played eight seasons until 2010 for the Alazanes de Granma in the Cuban National Series. In that time, he batted .319, .404 on-base percentage (OBP), .565 slugging percentage (SLG), 169 home runs and 557 runs batted in (RBI) over 528 games. He was also a member of the Cuba national team, winning gold medals in three tournaments. In MLB, he won the Home Run Derby in both 2013 and 2014. He is a two-time All-Star, and in 2015, played in his first World Series as member of the National League champion Mets.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Céspedes was born in the small town of Campechuela, in Granma Province, Cuba. Céspedes is the son of Estela Milanés, a softball pitcher who appeared in the 2000 Summer Olympics for Cuba, and Cresencio Céspedes, a former Cuban League catcher who separated from Milanés when Yoenis was one year old. At age 10, he was sent by his mother to a state-run school where he could focus on baseball.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Before defecting, Céspedes' first name was generally spelled Yoennis. Céspedes debuted in the Cuban National Series with Granma during the 2003–04 Cuban National Series, hitting .302/.382/.503 (batting average, on-base percentage and slugging percentage). He was considered for the Cuban National Series Rookie of the Year Award, but lost out to Frank Montieth.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: In the 2005–06 season, he hit .351/.444/.649 with 23 home runs, 89 runs and 78 runs batted in (RBI) in 88 games played. He tied Yulieski Gurriel for the National Series lead in runs and was four home runs behind Gurriel for the lead, placing second. He tied for seventh in doubles (24), was second in total bases (220, 6 behind Gurriel) and was 4th in slugging. He hit .481/.481/.741 for Cuba in the 2006 Haarlem Baseball Week. Despite his strong performance, Cespedes was left off Cuba's roster for the inaugural World Baseball Classic in 2006. Joe Kehoskie, at the time an agent who followed Cuban baseball closely, told Toronto's The Globe and Mail that Cespedes was the best player left at home by Cuba.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: He produced at a .303/.402/.541 rate in the 2006–2007 season with 17 home runs and 79 runs in 89 games. He again led in runs. He was also fifth in doubles (24), tied Yosvani Peraza for third in home runs, was fourth in total bases (184), tied Alfredo Despaigne for 4th in RBI, tied for 4th in steals (15) and was sixth in slugging. He was 1 for 7 with a steal and a run in the 2007 Pan-American Games in his debut for the Cuban national team.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: He hit .284/.342/.552 in the 2007–08 season. He was among the league leaders in RBI (tying teammate Despaigne for third with 78), tied Urgellés for fourth in runs (82), was second in home runs (26, trailing only Alexei Bell) and fourth in 202 total bases.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: He was the starting center fielder for Cuba in the 2009 World Baseball Classic. He hit .458/.480/1.000 with a double, 3 triples, 2 home runs, five runs and five RBI in six games. He led Cuba in slugging and was second to Frederich Cepeda in average, OBP and OPS. He tied Cepeda and Gurriel for the team lead in runs and tied Gourriel for second in homers, behind Cepeda. He broke a 1–1 tie against Australia with a 6th-inning solo homer off Damian Moss and started a 16–4 romp over Mexico with a leadoff triple against Pablo Ortega. Céspedes tripled off Hisashi Iwakuma in Cuba's last game of the tournament, a 5–0 loss to Japan, but did not score. Earlier in that game, he dropped a fly from Michihiro Ogasawara to let the first two Japanese runs score. Cuba thus missed the final four of an event for the first time ever; the Cuban team had also made the finals of every global baseball competition since 1959.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Céspedes batted .323/.411/.601 in the 2008–2009 season with 24 homers and 83 runs in 87 games. He tied Leonys Martín for 4th in the league in runs and tied Rolando Meriño for third in home runs (trailing Alfredo Despaigne and Joan Carlos Pedroso). He was 7th in total bases (197), 9th in RBI (76) and 10th in slugging. He made the All-Star outfield alongside Giorvis Duvergel and Despaigne.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: He started the 2009 Baseball World Cup as Cuba's starting center fielder, but struggled and only hit .194/.275/.333 while being caught in his only steal attempt; Martín replaced him as the event went along. In the gold medal game, Céspedes pinch-hit for Yorbis Borroto successfully with a 9th-inning single off Brad Lincoln in Cuba's 10–5 loss to Team USA, settling for a silver medal.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: He hit .345/.426/.617 in the 2009–2010 season with 87 runs and 22 homers in 87 contests. He was third in the league in runs (three behind Gurriel), 10th in hits (118), 8th in home runs, 4th in total bases (211, behind Alfredo Despaigne, Gourriel and José Abreu) and was ninth in slugging. He was not picked as an All-Star outfielder as Despaigne, Cepeda and Bell took the three slots.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: He went 11 for 22 with 12 runs, 14 RBI, two doubles and four homers in six games at the 2010 World University Baseball Championship. He drove in six against South Korea and five against China. In the gold medal game, he was 0 for 4 with a strikeout as Cuba's fifth batter in a 4–3 win over Team USA. He made the tournament All-Star outfield alongside Mikie Mahtook and Shota Ishimine. He played for Cuba when it finished second in the 2011 Pan American Games Qualifying Tournament. In the 2010 Intercontinental Cup, he was 3 for 10 with a double, three runs, four RBI and a walk as a backup. In the 4–1 win over the Dutch national team in the gold medal game, he was the second of three left fielders Cuba used. He replaced Yoandry Urgellés, was retired by Berry van Driel and then replaced by Despaigne.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: He put up a .333/.424/.667 batting line with 89 runs, 33 home runs and 99 RBI in 90 games in the 2010–2011 season. He led the league in runs (five ahead of Cepeda), tied Abreu for the home run lead (breaking Despaigne's league record by one), tied Cepeda for the most total bases (236), tied Ramon Tamayo for 7th in steals (11 in 14 tries), led in RBI (6 ahead of Abreu) and finished 5th in slugging. He was named the All-Star center fielder, joining Despaigne and Cepeda in the outfield.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: In the summer of 2011, Céspedes and six others took a 23-hour speedboat ride departing Cuba and heading for the Dominican Republic. After arriving in the Dominican, he met Dominican agent Edgar Mercedes who established residency for him in Santiago which allowed him to bypass the MLB draft and become a free-agent.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Céspedes was considered a five-tool outfielder going into free agency. Kevin Goldstein of "Baseball Prospectus" declared Céspedes "arguably the best all-around player to come out of Cuba in a generation."


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: After interest from numerous Major League teams, Céspedes agreed to a 4-year, $36 million contract with the Oakland Athletics on February 13, 2012, with the deal becoming official the following month.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Céspedes began the 2012 season for the Athletics at his usual position of center field, but was later moved to left field upon the return of veteran center fielder Coco Crisp.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: On March 28, in his major league debut, he went 1 for 3, and was also hit by a pitch. The following day, he hit his first major league home run, a 2-run shot off Seattle Mariners relief pitcher Shawn Kelley. Céspedes had hit his first walk-off home run on June 21 against the Los Angeles Dodgers with the final score of 4–1, resulting in a three-game sweep. The Athletics would go on to win the American League West, with Céspedes batting .316 with a .381 OBP in the postseason.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: On July 15, 2013, Céspedes won the 2013 Home Run Derby. A last-minute addition by team captain Robinson Canó to represent the American League squad, he hit 32 home runs total in the exhibition, including 17 in the first round. He defeated the National League's Bryce Harper in the final round by hitting 9 home runs, with five swings to spare. He was the first winner of the contest who had not been selected to that year's All-Star game. Céspedes hit .240 for the year and had 26 home runs along with 80 RBI's. Though Céspedes had a great postseason, the A's were eliminated by the Detroit Tigers. Céspedes suffered several injuries throughout the season, including wrist, hamstring, and knee injuries.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Céspedes had a great start to the season, hitting .273 with 14 homers and 55 RBIs through July 1, and was 3rd in the All-Star Voting for the AL behind José Bautista of the Toronto Blue Jays and Mike Trout of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Immediately Céspedes was noticed for throwing out runners. After getting 3 putouts against the Toronto Blue Jays and Baltimore Orioles, Céspedes gunned down Chris Iannetta and Kole Calhoun at home plate in the same inning in a game against the Angels on May 31. He would have an even more memorable throw, again against the Angels, when he threw out Howie Kendrick at home on June 10. Céspedes bobbled a hit off the bat of Mike Trout, causing Kendrick to attempt to run home. Céspedes corralled the ball and fired a 300-foot throw on the fly to nail Kendrick at the plate. He would once again terrorize Angel baserunners as he threw out Albert Pujols trying to advance to third when the ball got by Céspedes in the next game. This put Céspedes at 11 outfield assists on the season, which led the league.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: On July 1, Céspedes suffered a hamstring injury while running against the Tigers on a RBI hit by Brandon Moss. Céspedes along with 5 other A's players (Josh Donaldson, Derek Norris, Brandon Moss, and pitchers Scott Kazmir and Sean Doolittle) were chosen to play in the 2014 MLB All-Star Game in Target Field. In the final week of fan voting to select starters for the All Star Game, he was passed by Adam Jones. On July 14, 2014, Céspedes won the Home Run Derby for a second time, becoming the first player to win consecutive Home Run Derby titles since Ken Griffey Jr. accomplished the feat in 1999. Céspedes played in the 2014 MLB All-Star Game where he went 0 for 2.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: On July 31, 2014, Céspedes was traded to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for pitcher Jon Lester and outfielder Jonny Gomes.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Céspedes hit his first home run as a member of the Red Sox on August 10, 2014, against the Los Angeles Angels, with a 3-run home run. In 51 games with Boston, Céspedes batted .269 with 5 home runs and 33 RBIs. Overall, for the 2014 season, Céspedes had 22 home runs with 100 RBIs, while batting .260.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: On December 11, 2014, the Red Sox traded Céspedes along with Alex Wilson and Gabe Speier to the Detroit Tigers for Rick Porcello. Céspedes played his first game with the Tigers during opening day against the Minnesota Twins on April 6, 2015, where he robbed Kurt Suzuki of a home run, leading to a 4–0 victory for the Tigers. Through June 13, Céspedes was hitting .308 with 9 home runs and 33 runs batted in. He was not selected as an All Star but was put in as a player on the All-Star Final Vote. Therefore, he could not compete in the home run derby after winning the two previous years.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Céspedes won the American League Rawlings Gold Glove Award in left field. In 99 games for the Tigers, Céspedes had nine assists, 11 Defensive Runs Saved and a 15 Ultimate Zone Rating. He became only the second player in MLB history to win a Gold Glove Award after a mid-season trade between leagues, following Vic Power in 1964.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: On July 31, 2015, Céspedes was traded to the New York Mets for minor league pitchers Michael Fulmer and Luis Cessa. On August 21, Céspedes went 5 for 6 against the Colorado Rockies, hitting 3 home runs in a game for the first time. Céspedes finished a triple shy of the cycle. It was ranked the best offensive game of the season by ESPN.com. In his first 41 games with the Mets, Céspedes exploded, posting a .309 batting average, 17 home runs, 42 RBIs, and a .691 slugging percentage. His offensive explosion helped the Mets jump up to a 9.5 game lead over the Washington Nationals in the National League East as of September 14. Because of his efforts, Céspedes was awarded the NL Player of the Week Award for September 7 to the 13th. He batted .345, hit 4 home runs, scored 6 runs, and drove 12 RBI while posting a 1.263 OPS.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: In Game 3 of the National League Division Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, his three-hit, three-run, three-RBI performance, including a home run, helped the Mets take a 13–7 win and a 2–1 series lead. In Game 1 of the National League Championship Series against the Chicago Cubs, Céspedes threw Starlin Castro out at the plate, preserving a then 1–1 tie which the Mets won 4–2. In the sixth inning of Game 3, Céspedes caught the Cubs off-guard by stealing third base. He later scored the go-ahead run when Trevor Cahill's uncaught third strike allowed Michael Conforto to reach base safely.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: The World Series started inauspiciously for Céspedes when Kansas City leadoff hitter Alcides Escobar hit Matt Harvey's first pitch to centerfield, and Céspedes misplayed the ball, then booted it into left field, resulting in the first World Series inside-the-park home run since 1929. The Royals would eventually take the series 4–1. For the Series, Céspedes batted .150 with no extra-base hits. At the end of the year, he became a free agent.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: On January 26, 2016, Céspedes re-signed with the Mets on a three-year, $75 million contract, with an opt-out after the first season. On April 26, Céspedes came off the bench against the Cincinnati Reds in the 7th inning and hit a first-pitch pinch-hit three-run homer to tie the game at 3. He had previously sat out the last few games due to a lingering leg injury. The Mets eventually won 4–3. His home run against the Chicago Cubs on June 30 tied for the longest in Citi Field history.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: On July 5, Céspedes was named to the National League roster for the 2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Petco Park, joining teammates Noah Syndergaard, Bartolo Colón, Jeurys Familia and Mets manager Terry Collins, but was later taken off the roster along with Syndergaard due to an injury. In August 2016, Céspedes was criticized for golfing while on the disabled list.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Céspedes opted out of his contract with the Mets on November 3, 2016. The Mets then signed him to a four-year contract worth $110 million, with a no-trade clause on November 30, 2016.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: On April 11, Céspedes hit three home runs in a single game as the Mets won 14–4 over the Phillies. On April 27, Cespedes left the game after pulling his left hamstring, and on the same day, he was placed on the 10-day disabled list. His season ended early on August 25 when he strained his right hamstring against the Washington Nationals. He finished the 2017 season with a .292 batting average and 17 home runs in 81 games played.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: After Spring Training ended, Céspedes spoke confidently about the 2018 Mets, claiming that they were the 'best team he had been around'. On April 18, against the Nationals, Céspedes capped off a nine-run inning for the Mets with a grand slam. Cespedes batted .262 with nine home runs and 29 RBIs in 38 games in 2018, as his season ended with him undergoing surgery on both heels which would result in him missing 8–10 months.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: On May 20, 2019, it was announced that Cespedes fractured his right ankle on his ranch, effectively ending his hopes of playing in 2019. He missed the entire season.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Céspedes returned to major league action for the Mets' 2020 season opener against the Atlanta Braves at Citi Field. He hit a home run in a 1–0 victory, becoming the first designated hitter to hit a home run in a National League game. Céspedes, off to a .161 start to the shortened season, did not report to the Mets for their August 2 game; his agent announced during the game that Céspedes had opted out of the 2020 season, citing concerns regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, Céspedes ended his five-year tenure with Mets and became a free agent at the conclusion of the 2020 season.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Céspedes lives in Manhattan, New York, during the season, and has a ranch in Port St. Lucie, Florida during the off-season. He has a son, Yoenis Jr., whom he hasn't seen since he left Cuba, and is only able to speak to on the phone. He has tried to get him into the United States. He has a half-brother, Yoelkis.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: In 2014, Céspedes signed with Jay-Z's "Roc Nation Sports", a sports agency division of "Roc Nation". An exotic car owner, Céspedes arrived to 2016 Mets spring training with a variety of custom sports cars on display. His collection includes a custom 2016 Ford F-250, two custom Polaris Slingshots, a custom Lamborghini Aventador, an Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione, and a custom Jeep Wrangler, all totaling a little under $1 million.


title: Yoenis Céspedes

text: Cespedes also bought a 270-pound hog from a local county fair while at 2016 Mets spring training. He reportedly paid $7,000 for it.


title: Cooties (film)

text: Cooties is a 2015 American comedy horror film directed by Jonathan Milott and Cary Murnion from a screenplay written by Ian Brennan and Leigh Whannell. The film stars Elijah Wood, Alison Pill, Rainn Wilson, Jack McBrayer, Whannell, Nasim Pedrad, Brennan, and Jorge Garcia as a group of elementary school employees who fight to survive an outbreak among students that turn them into aggressive and cannibalistic zombies when someone eats chicken nuggets containing a virus.


title: Cooties (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2015, before being released on September 18, 2016, in a limited release and through video on demand by Lionsgate Premiere.


title: Cooties (film)

text: In Fort Chicken, Illinois, a batch of badly made chicken nuggets containing a mutant virus arrives at Fort Chicken Elementary. A student, fourth-grader Shelley Linker, consumes one of the tainted black-dotted chicken nuggets. Meanwhile, an aspiring horror writer named Clint Hadson substitutes at Fort Chicken Elementary, where he is reunited with his former high school crush Lucy McCormick, whom he learned is dating the physical education teacher Wade Johnson.


title: Cooties (film)

text: During Clint's class, a kid named Patriot is attacked by the blister-ridden and increasingly feral Shelley after he inadvertently pulls a pigtail out of her scalp, with Clint being scratched by her before she flees. After Patriot is taken to the nurse's office, Patriot's friend Dink confronts Shelley while she attempts to dig her way out of the school. Dink plans to report Shelly to the principal's office by turning her in, but Shelley ends up infecting Dink, who then spreads it throughout the playground by scratching the majority of the children before they all proceed to kill several staff members including Mr. Peterson, Vice Principal Simms, and Sheriff Dave.


title: Cooties (film)

text: Later, Clint, Lucy, Wade, and the other surviving staff members (consisting of Doug Davis, Tracy Lacey, and Rebekkah Halverson) are forced to flee the faculty lounge when attacked by Patriot. After escaping to the library and being joined by an uninfected student named Calvin, the staff barricades themselves in the music room. Wade notices Clint has been scratched by Shelley and quarantines him; meanwhile, Doug deduces that Clint is only experiencing symptoms of stomach flu as the virus does not affect adults like it does on children. A sole uninfected student full of wisdom, Calvin concludes that "cooties" are the culprit behind the infection, completely moving the entire staff.


title: Cooties (film)

text: The staff plans to head to the roof at the end of the school day to call out to the arriving parents for help, only to watch the first arriving parent be killed by her own child before they are forced back into the school. As Wade is forced to kill Dink when he followed them into the auditorium, the group is joined by a teenager named Tamra, who they found was scratched by one of the infected kids. Doug concludes from his autopsy of Dink that the infected children are mostly brain dead and the virus only affects people that haven't gone through puberty, meaning that Tamra is safe. As Patriot takes out the power, the group sees that Calvin starts passing out from diabetic shock as they escape with the school janitor Hitachi and take refuge with him.


title: Cooties (film)

text: The group sends Clint through the ventilation system to get a chocolate bar for Calvin, along with Wade's truck keys and their cellphones. Lucy joins Clint and they manage to secure a chocolate bar to bring Calvin out of diabetic shock. Clint and Lucy are separated from the group and get trapped in the library, where they confess their feelings for each other and kiss. Shortly after, Wade apologizes to Lucy for his behavior over a walkie-talkie. Clint knocks out several children with pills and he and Lucy reconvene with Wade and the others as they made themselves improvised weapons. The staff fights their way through the hallway and the parking lot, with Hitachi being overwhelmed by the infected children inside the school, while Wade stays behind to ensure the others get away. Patriot, having hidden in Wade's truck bed, attacks Clint and ends up being crushed against a tree with the truck.


title: Cooties (film)

text: The group continues to the nearby town of Danville (Fort Chicken's rival town) before Wade's truck runs out of gas, finding the town similarly overrun while learning the viral infection has spread across the country. Several children ambush them, and they barricade themselves inside a children's entertainment building where they retrieve a contaminated chicken nugget for Doug to study in hope of developing a vaccine. They are later cornered in a playroom by Shelley and the infected children. Wade and Hitachi arrive in a van and help the group escape the room. Wade uses a massive beach ball to barricade the children inside while spraying them with a water gun filled with gasoline, lighting the gasoline trail to burn the building down. They manage to escape, driving out of the town to "someplace kids don't wanna go" as Shelley burns to death in pursuit.


title: Cooties (film)

text: In a post-credits scene, Hitachi is seen at the school, sitting in a chair and having his snack, and finishes telling a story he was telling the teachers earlier.


title: Cooties (film)

text: The film was produced by Elijah Wood's production company SpectreVision and Tove Christensen's company Glacier Films. Executive Producers include Leigh Whannell, Seth William Meier and Ian C. Brennan.


title: Cooties (film)

text: The filming began on July 15, 2013 in Los Angeles, California. Elijah Wood and Glacier Films produced the film. In September 2014, it was announced that they had filmed a new alternate ending for the film which was paid for by Lionsgate. The alternate ending debuted at the Stanley Film Festival.


title: Cooties (film)

text: The film was scored by Kreng, and was released on September 18, 2015, by Milan Records, in digital download and physical CD formats.


title: Cooties (film)

text: The film premiered on January 18, 2014, at the Egyptian Theatre in Park City, Utah during the 2014 Sundance Film Festival where it was selected to be featured in the "Park City at Midnight" program. The original planned release date in the United States was October 10, 2014. The film had its premiere opening night at the Stanley Film Festival on April 30, 2015. The film went onto screen at the Fantasia International Film Festival on July 17, 2015. The film had its Los Angeles premiere on September 3, 2015, at SpectreFest. It has also been selected to screen at the Sitges Film Festival on October 10, 2015.


title: Cooties (film)

text: The film was released in the U.S. on September 18, 2015, in a limited release and through video on demand by Lionsgate Premiere. It debuted in 29 screens, where it placed 61st with $33,031. It saw a 77% drop in its second weekend with a weekend gross of $7,545 from 20 screens, bringing its cumulative total to $55,749.


title: Cooties (film)

text: The film also opened in Russia the same weekend, where it came in seventh place with a weekend total of $113,995 from 695 screens (but with a low $164 per screen average).


title: Cooties (film)

text: The film opened in Malaysia on September 23, 2015. It debuted in eighth place with a gross of $5,381 from 40 screens. The following day saw the movie released in both Malaysia ($22,321 from 40 screens), Thailand ($57,024 from 62 screens), and Ukraine ($6,109 from 44 screens).


title: Cooties (film)

text: , the film has a reported domestic gross of $60,058 and an international gross of $521,022 for a worldwide gross of $581,080.


title: Cooties (film)

text: "Cooties" holds an approval rating of 45% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 42 reviews and an average rating of 5.28/10. The critical consensus reads: "A horror-comedy without enough of either, "Cooties" is fatally content to skate by on its intriguingly oddball premise." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 49 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Cooties (film)

text: Kyle Burton of IndieWire gave the film a B+ and said, "Gore can only go so far in the service of humor. Fortunately, the team behind "Cooties"—which includes "Saw" creator Leigh Whannell and "Glee" creator Ian Brennan—manage to pit comedy and horror together in a satisfying package. With mainstay comedy faces, "Cooties" could reach a larger audience than other similar cultish work. It's the best play on the recent zombie craze, and while not as well-timed as "Zombieland", it has the potential to match that movie's success with a wide enough release."


title: Cooties (film)

text: Peter Debruge of "Variety" said, "Circle, circle, dot, dot. A schoolyard full of anklebiters develops a genuine taste for flesh in "Cooties", an irreverent, off-color zom-com that seizes on the scourge of playgrounds everywhere when a spontaneous outbreak of brain-rotting, cannibalism-inducing germs erupts within a small-town elementary school. Told from the teachers' p.o.v., this tongue-in-cheek midnight movie feels wrong in so many ways, asking a handful of irresponsible adults to bash and bludgeon their way through foaming packs of infected kids in order to save themselves. Acquired by Lionsgate at Sundance, the franchise-ready offering should benefit enormously from one of the distrib's clever marketing campaigns." Neil Genzlinger of "The New York Times" wrote, "though "Cooties" has a reasonable amount of laughs and frights, and though real teachers may find it an apt allegory for the zombielike charges in their classrooms, it's not really funny enough to achieve grown-up cachet, and it's too ugly and violent for younger viewers."


title: Cooties (film)

text: Nick Allen for RogerEbert.com gave the film one and a half stars, saying, ""Cooties" is meant to be a big joke, but with such a stunted imagination for its story or style, it's only a single gag." Robert Abele of the "Los Angeles Times" found that the film started off promising "But as with most of these genre-tweaking romps, the fizz dissipates and what's left are obvious gore beats, lame jokes, uninspired plot mechanics and an inability to end the mayhem satisfactorily."


title: Cooties (film)

text: The film was released direct-to-video in the United Kingdom on October 12, 2015. and in Germany on October 15, 2015.


title: Latveria

text: Latveria is a fictional country appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is depicted within the storylines of Marvel's comic titles as an isolated European country ruled by the fictional Supreme Lord Doctor Doom, supposedly located in the Banat region. It is surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains, and also borders Symkaria (home of Silver Sable) to the south. Its capital is Doomstadt.


title: Latveria

text: Latveria first appeared in "Fantastic Four" Annual #2, published in 1964. Victor Von Doom is the ruler of Latveria. Though he has been dethroned a number of times, Victor has invariably managed to return to the throne of his country within a matter of months.


title: Latveria

text: Victor also has a council who obey him entirely. In "Fantastic Four" #536 in 2006, he killed his own Prime Minister for claiming control of Latveria in his absence and threatened to kill two other ministers if they failed to find the landing spot of Thor's hammer.


title: Latveria

text: Doctor Doom's style of rule can best be described as an absolute monarchy, as it was revealed that there is no legislature, and one minister boasted ""Doctor Doom decides everything. His slightest whim is Latverian law!"" It is shown Doom has devices throughout the Kingdom to watch his people and even has hidden weapons to prevent them leaving without his consent. In one story he is able to activate a force field around Latveria which prevents anybody leaving, though apparently it can be a defense against nuclear attack.


title: Latveria

text: Located in southeast Europe, Latveria was formed out of land annexed from southern Hungary centuries before, and possibly land from Serbia as well as Romania.


title: Latveria

text: At some point, Doctor Doom had his army of Servo Guards invade Rotruvia where he was successful in its annexation.


title: Latveria

text: Due to Doom's undertakings that drive him away from Latveria, the monarch is often absent. After Doom's descent into Hell, the nation became a target for conquest by the neighboring countries. This forces Reed Richards to seize control of the country, attempting to pry the populace out from under the thumb of Doom, while at the same time disarming all of Doom's weaponry and technology, so if he ever returned, he would come back to absolutely nothing. In the process, Richards relocated Doom from Hell into a pocket dimension of his own design, and although Doom used his consciousness-switching abilities to escape, the death of his host body seemingly caused him to die as well, and the Fantastic Four pulled out of the country.


title: Latveria

text: Doom survives this and rules Latveria for a time with a 'puppet' Prime Minister and robotic enforcers.


title: Latveria

text: After the Fantastic Four left, the United States attempted to fill the void left by Doom by establishing a democracy for the nation. The Countess Lucia von Bardas was elected as Prime Minister. However, when it was revealed that von Bardas was employing the Tinkerer to use Doom's technology to arm various tech-based villains in the United States, S.H.I.E.L.D. Commander Nick Fury took action.


title: Latveria

text: During "Secret War", Fury and a number of superheroes invaded Latveria without permission of the US Government and attempted to assassinate von Bardas. While von Bardas survived, she was horribly disfigured and sought to destroy Fury and the heroes responsible. She was killed by S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Daisy Johnson while trying to blow up New York with the armor of the various villains she employed.


title: Latveria

text: Much of Latveria was destroyed and the population severely reduced by an attack executed by the Marquis of Death (a.k.a. "Dooms Master").


title: Latveria

text: S.H.I.E.L.D., under the leadership of Iron Man and his team of U.S. sanctioned Avengers invaded Latveria after discovering Doom's (unintentional) involvement in the release of a symbiote virus on New York. The country was yet again devastated and Doom was taken into custody for crimes against humanity.


title: Latveria

text: Doom is released from prison due to the influence of H.A.M.M.E.R director Norman Osborn. He restores his nation with the use of his time travel technology.


title: Latveria

text: During the "Avengers vs. X-Men" storyline, Spider-Man fights against a Juggernaut-empowered Colossus here.


title: Latveria

text: The common geographic description of Latveria places it as a small nation, around the area where Hungary, Romania and Serbia (Vojvodina) meet in real life. To its south in the Marvel universe is the nation of Symkaria, which is depicted as a benevolent constitutional monarchy in contrast to the dictatorship to its north. The capital city of Latveria is Doomstadt, formerly Hassenstadt, renamed when Doom seized power, located just north of the Kline River. The administrative center is Castle Doom.


title: Latveria

text: The population consists of mixed European stock and Romani people, in whose welfare Von Doom takes a particular interest. Victor Von Doom, being Roma, has declared the Romani a protected class and attempts to shower them with benefits, however due to Latveria's poor economy and oppressive rule their lifestyles hardly outshine other ethnicities, and the Romani by and large live in the same fear of their own government as do fellow Latverians.


title: Latveria

text: Because it lacks a native superhero populace, Latveria relies largely on Dooms' robot sentinels called Doombots to keep law and order. One of the few known Latverian superhumans is Dreadknight, whom Doom himself created by punishing Dreadknight's alter ego for hoarding ideas from him. Dreadknight has since tried to get revenge on Doctor Doom, only to be thwarted by various superheroes.


title: Latveria

text: Aside from superhuman activity, the Latverian military appears to function in multiple capacity; in addition to being responsible for defense of Latveria (or more accurately, keeping Victor Von Doom on the throne), they have been commissioned to make arrests and function as Latveria's secret police.


title: Latveria

text: Much of Latveria's economy depends on Doctor Doom's high-tech inventions. The country's official currency is the "Latverian Franc" - because Doctor Doom refuses to join the European Union or adopt the Euro. The Latverian Franc is still considered to be reasonably strong against the United States Dollar.