title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: When the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) gained power over mainland China in 1949 and the Kuomintang retreated to the island of Taiwan, a former colony of the Empire of Japan ruled from 1895 to 1945, the United States allied with, and recognized, the Republic of China as the sole government of China. Before his election as president in 1968, former Vice President Richard Nixon hinted at establishing a new relationship with the PRC. Early in his first term, Nixon, through his National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger, sent subtle overtures hinting at warmer relations to the PRC government. After a series of these overtures by both countries, Kissinger flew on secret diplomatic missions to Beijing in 1971, where he met with Chinese premier Zhou Enlai. On July 15, 1971, the President announced on live television that he would visit the PRC the following year.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: The week-long visit, from February 21 to 28, 1972, allowed the American public to view images of mainland China for the first time in over two decades. Throughout the week the President and his senior advisers engaged in substantive discussions with the PRC leadership, including a meeting with CCP chairman Mao Zedong, while First Lady Pat Nixon toured schools, factories and hospitals in the cities of Beijing, Hangzhou and Shanghai with the large American press corps in tow.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Nixon dubbed his visit "the week that changed the world", a descriptor that continues to echo in the political lexicon. Repercussions of the Nixon visit continue to this day; near-immediate results included a significant shift in the Cold War balance, driving a wedge between the Soviet Union and China and resulting in significant Soviet concessions to the U.S. The trip also spawned China's opening to the world and economic parity with capitalist countries.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: The relationship between China and the U.S. is now one of the most important bilateral relationships in the world, and every successive U.S. president, except for Jimmy Carter and Joe Biden, has visited China. The trip is consistently ranked by historians, scholars, and journalists as one of the most important—if not the most important—visits by a U.S. president anywhere. Also, a "Nixon to China" moment has since become a metaphor to refer to the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among their supporters for representing and defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism and even opposition if taken by someone without those credentials.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Improved relations with the Soviet Union and the PRC are often cited as the most successful diplomatic achievements of Nixon's presidency. After World War II, Americans saw relations between the United States and the Soviet Union deteriorating, the Soviets consolidating communist allies over much of Eastern Europe, and the potential victory of CCP forces in the Chinese Civil War. The American ruling class was concerned that communists might dominate schools or labor unions.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: In China, from the beginning of the Sino-Soviet split in 1956, there was a perceived necessity for external allies to counterbalance the power of the Soviet Union.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: The reason for opening up China was for the U.S. to gain more leverage over relations with the Soviet Union. Resolving the Vietnam War was a particularly important factor. National Security Council staffer (and later U.S. Ambassador to China) Winston Lord noted that, by flexibly dealing with both the Soviet Union and China, the United States sought to pressure both countries to reduce their support for North Vietnam in their new prioritization of relations with the United States.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: One of the main reasons Richard Nixon became the 1952 vice-presidential candidate on the Dwight Eisenhower ticket was his strong anti-communist stance. Despite this, in 1972 Nixon became the first U.S. president to visit mainland China while in office. Ulysses S. Grant visited China on a world tour after leaving office, meeting Prince Gong and Li Hongzhang. Two decades before becoming president Herbert Hoover lived in China as a mining manager from 1899 to 1901, being also somewhat proficient in Mandarin. Eisenhower made a state visit to Taiwan in 1960, during the period when the United States recognized the Republic of China government in Taipei as the sole government of China.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: In July 1971, President Nixon's National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger secretly visited Beijing during a trip to Pakistan, and laid the groundwork for Nixon's visit to China. This meeting was arranged and facilitated by Pakistan through its strong diplomatic channels with China. Transcripts of White House meetings and once confidential documents show Nixon began working to open a channel of communication with Beijing from his first day in the White House. For this ambitious goal to be reached President Nixon had carried out a series of carefully calibrated moves through Communist China's allies Romania and Pakistan.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: President Nixon, his wife, and their entourage left the White House on February 17, 1972, spending a night in Kaneohe Marine Corps Air Station, Oahu, Hawaii. They arrived the next day in Guam at 5 pm, where they spent the night at Nimitz Hill, the residence of the Commander, Naval Forces, Marianas. The next morning, February 21, at 7 am the Nixons left Guam for Shanghai. After 4 hours in the air, the Nixons arrived in Shanghai. From Shanghai, the Nixons traveled to Beijing.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: From February 21 to 28, 1972, U.S. President Richard Nixon traveled to Beijing, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. Almost as soon as the American president arrived in the Chinese capital, CCP Chairman Mao Zedong summoned him for a quick meeting. Kissinger and his assistant Winston Lord were also present. To avoid embarrassing Secretary of State William P. Rogers, Nixon requested to the Chinese for Lord to be cropped out of all the official photographs of the meeting. Although Nixon was in China for a week, this would be his only meeting with Mao.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Unknown to Nixon and the rest of the American diplomats at the time, Mao was in poor health and he had been hospitalized for several weeks up to only nine days before Nixon's arrival. Nevertheless, Mao felt well enough to insist to his officials that he would meet with Nixon upon his arrival. Upon being introduced to Nixon for the first time, Mao, speaking through his translator, said to Nixon: "I believe our old friend Chiang Kai-shek would not approve of this". Mao also joked that "I voted for you during your last election." Nixon, charmed, said "you voted for the lesser of two evils," and Mao replied, "I like rightists, I am comparatively happy when these people on the right come into power."


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: As an observer of the Mao–Nixon meeting, Lord noted Mao's peasant-like sensibilities and self-deprecating humor. Mao spoke simply and inelegantly, but clearly communicated approval of the visit and its diplomatic utility. Lord described Mao's purposeful and episodic language as a "very skillful performance."


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Due to secrecy surrounding diplomatic negotiations during the visit and various media restrictions, American press in China often followed Pat Nixon's sightseeing.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Nixon held many meetings with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai during the trip, and made visits to the Great Wall, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. Nixon's porcelain swans statue, a gift to Mao, was presented along the way in the gift-giving ceremony.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: February 27 marked the joint issuing of the Shanghai Communiqué, a statement of Chinese and American foreign policy views that has remained the basis of Sino-American bilateral relations. In the communiqué, both nations pledged to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic policy and acknowledged longstanding differences.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Nixon concluded the visit in the morning of February 28, when he left China on a flight to Anchorage, Alaska.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: The Chinese agreed to a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question. The statement enabled the U.S. and PRC to temporarily set aside the "crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations" concerning the political status of Taiwan and to open trade and other contacts. However, the U.S. continued to maintain official relations with the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan and did not break off until 1979, when the U.S. established full diplomatic relations with the PRC.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: This was the week that changed the world, as what we have said in that Communique is not nearly as important as what we will do in the years ahead to build a bridge across 16,000 miles and 22 years of hostilities which have divided us in the past. And what we have said today is that we shall build that bridge.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Nixon and his aides carefully planned the trip to have the biggest possible impact on television audiences in the United States. The media coverage of the trip was overwhelmingly positive. Later interviews with correspondents who traveled with the President show how eager they were to be on the trip, which some labeled the most important summit meeting ever.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: John T. Downey and Richard Fecteau, CIA operatives who were held captive in China from November 1952, were released after Nixon's visit to China.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Within a year after Nixon's visit, a number of U.S. allies including Japan, Great Britain, and West Germany had broken relations with Taiwan in order to establish them with China.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Nixon's visit to China was well-planned. The media presented Nixon communicating with Chinese government officials, attending dinners, and being accorded tours with other people of influence.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Max Frankel of "The New York Times" received the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting for his coverage of the event.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: The aftermath of the Watergate scandal later in 1972 led Nixon to deprioritize further diplomatic efforts with the PRC. This resulted in putting off deliberations over the establishment of a Beijing-Washington hotline, which was first proposed during the visit to China and discussed between Kissinger and Zhou in November 1973 meetings. The Beijing-Washington hotline was later created in 2007.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: The visit inspired John Adams' 1987 opera "Nixon in China". It was also the subject of a PBS documentary film, "".


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Nixon's visit played a role in leading to the September 1972 Japan-China Joint Communiqué. In his discussion with Japanese PM Kakuei Tanaka, Mao Zedong recounted, "I told Nixon, 'I voted for you when you ran for President. You still don't know.'" Mao said that he had no interest in Japan's Communist Party, and "also voted" for Kakuei Tanaka.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: Nixon's visit played a role in opening China to U.S. trade eventually putting downward pressure on U.S. inflation.


title: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China

text: In 1979, there was a state visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States from January to February, the first official visit to the U.S. by a senior leader of the P.R.C. Deng met with then-sitting President Jimmy Carter and ex-President Nixon at a state dinner in the White House.


title: Repton School

text: Repton School is a 13–18 co-educational, independent, day and boarding school in the English public school tradition, in Repton, Derbyshire, England.


title: Repton School

text: Sir John Port of Etwall, on his death in 1557, left funds to create a grammar school which was then established at the Repton Priory. For its first 400 years, the school accepted only boys; girls were admitted from the 1970s, and the school was fully co-educational by the 1990s.


title: Repton School

text: Notable alumni, also known as "Old Reptonians", include C. B. Fry, Jeremy Clarkson, Roald Dahl, and Michael Ramsey.


title: Repton School

text: The school was founded by a 1557 legacy in the will of Sir John Port of Etwall, leaving funds for a grammar school at Etwall or Repton, conditional on the students praying daily for the souls of his family. The social mix of the early school was very broad. Among the first twenty-two names on the register of Repton there are five gentlemen, four husbandmen, nine yeomen, two websters, or weavers, a carpenter and a tanner. During the 17th century, the school educated the sons of Earl of Chesterfield and Earl of Ardglass, Samuel Shaw, and John Woodward, who was apprenticed as a linen draper before he took up medicine, eventually being appointed Gresham Professor of Physic.


title: Repton School

text: Buildings at the site of Repton Priory were granted for the school in 1559 by Gilbert Thacker. Not long after this, relations between the school and the Thacker family began to deteriorate due to a conflict of interest in accessibility. In 1642, the school commenced an action against the Thacker family, and, in 1670, a wall was built to keep the two parties apart.


title: Repton School

text: Within the first hundred years, student body numbers rose to 200, but they had fallen by 1681 to twenty-eight boys. As the school was free until 1768, it is unclear how teaching was afforded, though the headmaster kept cattle in a room within the school around this period. A pupil's letter home in 1728 relates to his father that the headmaster, George Fletcher, would withhold meals from the boys if they were unable to recite scripture.


title: Repton School

text: In the early centuries of the school's development, there was a pupil-conferred role called "Cock of the School" within the pupil body. A boy would be identified as the holder of this office after competing against likely candidates; once a boy was incumbent in this role, the younger boys deferred to him to do his work; writing in 1907, G. S. Messiter described the practice as an "ancient custom."


title: Repton School

text: In 1874, local village children began attending the school, along with boarders. The headmaster at the time lamented the tension between local boys and boarders, stating that despite a sincere attempt to break down the barriers between them, he had had little success, and a substantial number of applications from "persons of good standing... and good fortune" had been withdrawn when told the boys were "of all classes down to the sons of blacksmiths and washerwomen". Due to this conflict, local village boys stopped attending Repton, which the headmaster at the time said was "mainly for the sake of the village boys... [to mitigate a] constant fear of their being ill-treated."


title: Repton School

text: The first Committee of the Headmasters' Conference, appointed in December 1870, included the headmaster of Repton.


title: Repton School

text: Geoffrey Fisher became headmaster in 1914. Before going on to become Archbishop of Canterbury, Fisher was known for his tenure as headmaster being extremely intolerant. He expelled two senior boys after accusations of homosexuality arose within the student body. Harold Abrahams, the Olympic champion in the 100m sprint in the 1924 Paris Olympics, joined the school in 1914. Recalling his time at the school, Abrahams said he encountered antisemitism from other students, often feeling bullied and alone.


title: Repton School

text: In 1907, a gymnasium was added. This building is now grade II listed. In this decade, the chapel was enlarged, the Science Block, the Gymnasium, Armoury, Shooting Range and Swimming Bath were built, and the Priory 'Tithe' Barn turned into the Art School.


title: Repton School

text: A reforming master, Victor Gollancz, established evening classes in political education for the boys in the early 1900s. At the time, the school considered that this tended to "undermin[e] the authority of the teachers by encouraging the pupils to ask questions." Gollancz was later dismissed from the school.


title: Repton School

text: 1,912 former pupils of the school served in the First World War, of whom 355 died in service. A war memorial was unveiled on major general Sir John Burnett-Stuart, director of military operations and intelligence, and dedicated by Edwyn Hoskyns, Bishop of Southwell on 1 November 1922.


title: Repton School

text: In 1917, the writers Christopher Isherwood and Edward Upward began their time at Repton. They formed a friendship which continued when they both at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. They revolted at school against everything associated with the establishment, which they called "the other side", and Upward reflected after leaving that "everyone was homosexual, up to a point, at Repton". In the 1920s, the poet Vernon Watkins was sent to Repton. His gentle character provoked regular bullying in his early years. When he died, the school claimed him as "perhaps the best poet Repton has had".


title: Repton School

text: In 1924, George Gilbert Stocks, a director of music at the school, set the hymn "Dear Lord and Father of Mankind" to the tune "Repton" for use in the school's chapel. He took the melody from Hubert Parry's 1888 contralto aria "Long since in Egypt's plenteous land" in his oratorio "Judith".


title: Repton School

text: The writer Roald Dahl attended in the 1930s. His experiences are related in his semi-autobiographical book "Boy", in which he describes his negative experience with physical altercations between students. He later stated that he "couldn't get over it" and has "never got over it." An account of a beating of boy called Micheal, in Roald Dahl's 1984 autobiographical book "Boy", was attributed by Dahl to Fisher. But Dahl's biographer, Jeremy Treglown, has pointed out he was mistaken: the beating was in May 1933, a year after Fisher had left Repton, and the headmaster concerned was John Christie, Fisher's successor. In his 1984 autobiography, Dahl states that when he was a young fag, he was instructed to warm toilet seats for older boys at the school. He was also, along with other boys at the school, used as a product tester for Cadbury who were located close by, and it has been speculated that this helped to inspire "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory".


title: Repton School

text: The headmaster from 1937 to 1943 was H.G. Michael Clarke, who left the school to pursue an ecclesiastical career and became Provost of Birmingham Cathedral. He led the school during one of the most difficult periods of its history, when mounting debts and falling numbers, together with the effects of the war, led to questions as to the continuing viability of the institution; Clarke was obliged to close departments and two houses (The Cross and Latham). The school owed £50,000 (around £3.5 million at today's prices) and, in 1941, the Board of Education said its "future is doubtful".


title: Repton School

text: The total number of pupils was 353 at the outbreak of war, which fell to 273 in 1943. To record these losses, a tablet extension to the war memorial was commissioned in 1948 and inaugurated in a ceremony lead on 10 July 1949, unveiled by lieutenant general Sir Charles Gairdner and dedicated by Geoffrey Fisher, Archbishop of Canterbury.


title: Repton School

text: Numbers attending the school recovered in the late 1940s, such that The Cross was able to reopen in 1945 and Latham House in 1947. By 1957, the school was in better health: full with 470 pupils.


title: Repton School

text: In the Second World War, 188 former members of the school died serving in the armed forces. Airmen were billeted in Mitre House during the war.


title: Repton School

text: 1957 saw the 400 year centenary of the school, celebrated with a royal visit from Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. A new chemistry block and workshops were added within the precinct, as well as extensive alterations to the science block. John Gammell took office as headmaster in 1968 and during his tenure girls began to be educated at Repton. It started with the arrival of two girls in 1970. By 1979, the first purpose-built girls' boarding house was opened.


title: Repton School

text: Hazing is recorded as having taken place at Repton into the late 20th century. Jeremy Clarkson attended the school, later noting that he had suffered extreme hazing by other students, including being plunged into an ice pool and having his trousers cut in half. He was later expelled for "drinking, smoking and generally making a nuisance" of himself. He has stated that this conduct included doing car stunts on the sports pitches, smoking in the chapel, filling all the locks on the premises with Polyfilla, and attending lessons naked from the waist down.


title: Repton School

text: In the 1980s, Chris Adams was at the school and subsequently observed, "The ingrained hierarchy whereby the older boys would subject the younger pupils to a lot of misery through the system of fagging. It was basically a system of slavery and I hated seeing the young lads literally trembling with fear".


title: Repton School

text: In the early 1980s, the old Sanatorium was converted into a Music School. A fall in student numbers in the 1990s led to headmaster Graham Jones' decision to close two boys boarding houses (Brook House and The Hall) and reconfigure their occupants into a single new house, School House.


title: Repton School

text: The school marked its 450th anniversary in 2007 with a royal visit from Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex. Celebrations also included concerts featuring Michael Ball and Bryan Ferry.


title: Repton School

text: In 2011, the 400 Hall theatre (originally built in 1957) was remodelled by Avery Associates Architects, following a £3.3 million upgrade. In 2013, a £9 million science block was built. During the preparations for the building work, archaeological digs were undertaken which indicated the site had been occupied in the Roman period. Around this time, the old Squash Courts were made into a new gallery and textiles studio for the Art department.


title: Repton School

text: The period 2015–2019 saw some rapid cycling of leadership of the school. Nevertheless, a new teaching block, the Lynam Thomas Building, in the precinct and a major refurbishment programme was being undertaken. In November 2019, Adam Peaty opened a newly redeveloped £6m sports centre at the school. Alastair Land was headmaster from 2016 to 2019 and was succeeded as headmaster by Mark Semmence. The building has since been nominated for Excellence in Design by the East Midlands Bricks Awards.


title: Repton School

text: In September 2019, the school began using an AI service called AS Tracking in order to monitor students' mental health. The software was also used in 150 schools, tracking over 50,000 students' wellbeing. In November 2019, Libby Lane, Lord Bishop of Derby was appointed visitor of Repton School.


title: Repton School

text: The school has a Combined Cadet Force and a music school, as well as various after-school clubs. All pupils are enrolled in CCF for one year; involvement thereafter is voluntary. Pupils can also choose to participate in the Duke of Edinburgh Award.


title: Repton School

text: The school competes in various sports. Main sports are: men's football, hockey and cricket; women's hockey, netball and tennis. Repton School has produced more than 150 first-class cricketers, 11 internationals, and three Test captains. Notable sporting former pupils include the 1932 Wimbledon tennis finalist, Bunny Austin, and several first-class cricketers. The Olympic gold medal and world record holder Adam Peaty used Repton's swimming pool as a training facility. His coach, Melanie Marshall, taught swimming at the school.


title: Repton School

text: In October 2018, Repton announced a complete £6 million renovation of the school's sporting facilities, including a new sports hall and a new strength and conditioning gymnasium. Repton's football team also won The 2018 ISFA Barry Burns Northern Eights Competition.


title: Repton School

text: In January 2019, Repton announced Chris Read, former England cricketer, as the school's director of cricket. In 2019, the first ever all-girls Lord's Taverners "Wicketz Festival", three days of celebration, education and cricket was held at the school. The U18 girls (outdoor), U16 girls (outdoor and indoor), U16 boys (outdoor), and U14 girls (outdoor) won national titles that same year.


title: Repton School

text: In February 2020, Repton announced Scott Talbot, former Olympian and coach for the New Zealand and Australian national swim squads, as the school's director of swimming.


title: Repton School

text: Repton's art programme currently features two artists-in-residence: visual artist Louisa Chambers, and fine art media specialist Maria Georgoula.


title: Repton School

text: Repton opened their 400 Hall theatre in 1957. In 2011, the theatre reopened after a £3.3 million renovation. A studio theatre was added in 2003 and the complex extended and fully refurbished in 2011 by architect Bryan Avery.


title: Repton School

text: The school has been hosting a literary festival in October for some years. There is an annual Plowright lecture, with the 2020 lecture being on serial killers. One of the students won Ayn Rand Essay Competition prizes in consecutive years. In 2022, this event was branded "a flop", with organisers stating "audience for many of the speakers were woefully small...Everywhere was completely thin. It was such a shame".


title: Repton School

text: The school's theatre was used for various performances during a time of closure of a theatre space in the Derby Guildhall, operated by the local authority in Derby.


title: Repton School

text: Approximately 70 percent of pupils are boarders. Former houses that have renamed or redeveloped include: The Hall (now known as School House) and Brook House.


title: Repton School

text: The school currently has 10 houses: six for boys and four for girls. The houses and their colours are:


title: Repton School

text: There are scholarships available for drama, sport, art, music, academic capacity and "all-rounder talent"; these do not exceed 20% of the school's fees. There is also some bursary assistance.


title: Repton School

text: The school is inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate. An integrated inspection took place in March 2014, finding the school to be "exceptionally successful in achieving its aims... the quality of the pupils' achievements is excellent".


title: Repton School

text: An emergency inspection in January 2015 was ordered by the Department for Education reviewing welfare and safeguarding compliance under the Independent School Standard Regulations (ISSRs) and the National Minimum Standards for Boarding (NMSB). The school failed to meet a number of the regulations, namely those dealing with pupil safeguarding; the promotion of good behaviour; suitability of staff and governance, leadership and management of the school.


title: Repton School

text: A regulatory compliance inspection took place in 2018 which found that the school met all of the minimums and associated requirements. The subsequent integrated regulatory compliance and educational quality inspection in 2020 found that Repton met all regulatory compliance standards and was awarded the highest rating in each area.


title: Repton School

text: Repton Priory was a 12th-century Augustinian foundation. It was dissolved in 1538. After dissolution, the Thacker family lived at the priory until 1553. One of this family, Gilbert Thacker, destroyed the church, almost entirely in a day; he did this during the time of Queen Mary, fearing the priory would be recommissioned as part of the Counter-Reformation.Only parts of the original buildings remained when the school was established. These comprised: the footings of areas of the priory remain in some areas, uncovered during construction work in 1922; the bases of a cluster of columns of the former chancel and chapels; fragments of an arch belonging to the former pulpitum, moved to their current position in 1906; fragments of the door surrounds of both the chapter house and warming room. and largest surviving portion of the priory known as "Prior Overton's Tower", which is post 1437; largely altered, it has been incorporated into a 19th-century building.


title: Repton School

text: The school set up Repton International Schools Ltd (RISL) in 2013 to establish, develop and maintain British international schools. The overseas schools are owned and funded by local investors, which can be education businesses, real estate corporates, private equity firms or wealthy philanthropists. They are licensed to use the Repton School "brand" and enter into a services agreement with RISL, which provides a full range of educational services and academic oversight. RISL remits its profits to Repton School Trust in the UK, which helps fund capital projects and bursaries. Repton has partnerships with John Port Spencer Academy, Etwall, and Repton Primary School.


title: Repton School

text: In early 2020, it was announced that Repton School would be merging with Foremarke Hall School from September 2020 into a single school called Repton Prep. Shortly after, St Wystan's School joined the Repton group of schools.


title: Repton School

text: Alexander Wilson, novelist, a spy and serial bigamist with four wives lied about being an alumnus of Repton School, which he was not; Fred Perry also lied about having attended Repton School, which he did not do either.


title: Repton School

text: The "Stig" character in Top Gear is said to have been named after the school's pejorative slang term for new boys, a private reference with the producer Andy Wilman, who attended Repton with Clarkson.There is also a steam locomotive called "Repton" named after the school in 1934: Southern Rail, class V, Schools No 926, today based at the North Yorkshire Moors Railway.


title: Repton School

text: The school's motto, ("the gate is free from blame"), is a quotation from Ovid's . "The gate" () refers to the school's arch and, by a synecdoche of , the school itself, whilst also being a pun on the name of the school's founder, Sir John Port.


title: Repton School

text: The school has twice, in the 1930s and 1980s respectively, represented the fictional Brookfield School in a 1939 film and a 1984 BBC version of "Goodbye, Mr. Chips." Around 200 pupils were extras in the 1939 film. Similarly, pupils appeared as extras in the 1984 BBC version.


title: Repton School

text: In September 2005, the school was one of fifty independent schools operating independent school fee-fixing, in breach of the Competition Act, 1998. All of the schools involved were ordered to abandon this practice, pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 each and to make ex-gratia payments totalling three million pounds into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information had been shared. The Bursar at the time was Carl Bilson.


title: Repton School

text: Female staff members were paid 56–57% less than their male coworkers at the school in 2018, and 50% less in 2019.


title: Repton School

text: In 2014, Southern Derbyshire Magistrates' Court fined the school £10,000 following a guilty plea to a health and safety charge after an incident of negligence. In April 2019, a teacher tested positive for drink-driving after police saw his vehicle mount a kerb and then enter the school grounds. He was subsequently convicted and banned from driving for 20 months. Two months later a chemical spillage at the school's sports centre resulted in nine individuals needing precautionary treatment, as a result of a chlorine leak.


title: Repton School

text: The Charity Commission expressed "serious concerns" about safeguarding in 2018 after it received a sequence of serious incident reports from Repton School early in that year, specifically:


title: Repton School

text: In September of 2022, 3 governors resigned "en block" over safeguarding issues at the school; these were new addition safeguarding issues to those set out above that came to light after the jailing of Simon Clague.


title: Repton School

text: Criminal barrister of the Queen's Counsel Tim Hannam, Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards Kathryn Stone, and former Chief Constable of Nottinghamshire Susannah Fish (Order of the British Empire, Queen's Police Medal) were identified in press reports as the three governors who quit their roles. Ms Fish's resignation letter to the chairman of the governors, Mark Shires, said the decision to allow the teacher to remain in post means the school had not taken seriously:"an appalling catalogue [of alleged past misconduct and it was therefore the case that]... safeguarding of pupils past, present and future is now in jeopardy and lacks credibility’.


title: Repton School

text: In May 2016, the school made defibrillators on its site available to the local community. Some of the staff at the school have been vocal about the issue of speeding traffic in the village of Repton and have participated in public speed gun enforcement.


title: Repton School

text: Repton School and Repton village combine every year for a charity event known as Sale of Work. Funds raised are distributed to a range of local and national charities chosen by representatives of both communities.


title: Mount Damavand

text: Mount Damavand ( ) is a potentially active stratovolcano, the highest peak in Iran and Western Asia and the highest volcano in Asia and the 2nd highest volcano in the Eastern Hemisphere (after Mount Kilimanjaro), at an elevation of . Damāvand has a special place in Persian mythology and folklore. It is in the middle of the Alborz range, adjacent to "Varārū", "Sesang", "Gol-e Zard", and "Mīānrūd". It is near the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, in Amol County, Mazandaran Province, northeast of the city of Tehran.


title: Mount Damavand

text: Mount Damāvand is the 12th most prominent peak in the world and the second most prominent in Asia after Mount Everest. It is part of the Volcanic Seven Summits mountaineering challenge.


title: Mount Damavand

text: Damavand is a significant mountain in Persian mythology. It is the symbol of Iranian resistance against despotism and foreign rule in Persian poetry and literature. In Zoroastrian texts and mythology, the three-headed dragon Aži Dahāka was chained within Mount Damāvand, there to remain until the end of the world. In a later version of the same legend, the tyrant Zahhāk was also chained in a cave somewhere in Mount Damāvand after being defeated by Kāveh and Fereydūn. Persian poet Ferdowsi depicts this event in his masterpiece, the "Shahnameh":


title: Mount Damavand

text: The mountain is said to hold magical powers in the "Shahnameh". Damāvand has also been named in the Iranian legend of Arash (as recounted by Bal'ami) as the location from which the hero shot his magical arrow to mark the border of Iran, during the border dispute between Iran and Turan. The poem Damāvand by Mohammad Taqī Bahār is also one fine example of the mountain's significance in Persian literature. The first verse of this poem reads:


title: Mount Damavand

text: The origins and meaning of the word "Damavand" is unclear, yet some prominent researchers have speculated that it probably means "The mountain from which smoke and ash arises", alluding to the volcanic nature of the mountain.


title: Mount Damavand

text: Mount Damavand first erupted in the Pleistocene almost 1.78 million years ago. After several known eruptions around 600,000 and 280,000 years ago, its last eruption was around 5300 BC in the Holocene. Its steep cone is formed of ash and lava flows mainly of trachyte, andesite, and basalt. The Quaternary lavas are directly on the Jurassic sediments. The volcano is crowned by a small crater with sulfuric deposits. There are also fumaroles, hot springs, and mineral deposits of travertine. Mount Damavand could be considered as a potentially active volcano, because there are fumaroles near the summit crater emitting sulfur, which was known to be active on July 6, 2007.


title: Mount Damavand

text: Mineral hot springs are mainly located on the volcano's flanks and at the base, giving evidence of volcanic heat comparatively near the surface of the earth. While no historic eruptions have been recorded, hot springs at the base and on the flanks, and fumaroles and solfatara near the summit, indicate a hot or cooling magma body still present beneath the volcano.


title: Mount Damavand

text: The most important of these hot springs are located in "Abe Garm Larijan" in a village by the name Larijan in the district of Larijan in Lar Valley. The water from this spring is useful in the treatment of chronic wounds and skin diseases. Near these springs there are public baths with small pools for public use.


title: Mount Damavand

text: A major settlement for mountain climbers is the new Iranian Mountain Federation Camp in the village of Polour, located on the south of the mountain.


title: Mount Damavand

text: There are at least 16 known routes to the summit, with varying levels of difficulty. Some of them are dangerous and require ice climbing. The most popular route is the southern route which has steps and a camp midway called Bargah Sevom Camp/Shelter at . The Northeastern route is the longest and requires two days to reach the summit starting from the downhill village of Nāndal and a night stay at Takht-e Fereydoun (elevation , a two-story shelter. The western route is noted for its sunset view. Simurgh (Sīmorgh/Sīmurgh) shelter in this route at is a newly constructed two-story shelter. There is a frozen waterfall/icefall (Persian name Ābshār Yakhī) about tall whose elevation of makes it the highest fall in Iran and the Middle East.


title: Mount Damavand

text: Armenian mouflon ("Ovis orientalis") and wild goat ("Capra aegagrus") live in the region of Damavand Mts. Persian leopard ("Panthera pardus saxicolor") and Syrian brown bear ("Ursus arctos syriacus") also inhabit in this region. Smaller mammals include the snow vole ("Chionomys nivalis"), mouse-like hamster ("Calomyscus bailwardi") and Afghan pika ("Ochoton rufescens").


title: Mount Damavand

text: The attractive and unreachable Caspian snowcock ("Tetraogallus caspius") lives at high altitudes. Golden eagle ("Aquila chrysaetos") breeds in this area. Griffon vultures ("Gyps fulvus") are common. Chukar partridge ("Alectoris chukar") has a high population and nests between stone and shrubs. Red-fronted serin ("Serinus pusillus"), linnet ("Carduelis cannabina"), snow finch ("Montifringilla nivalis"), rock sparrow ("Petronia petronia"), rock bunting ("Emberiza cia") and horned lark ("Eremophila alpestris") are native; in winter they come to the lower hillsides. In spring northern wheatear ("Oenanthe oenanthe"), rock thrush ("Monticola saxatilis"), and nightingale ("Luscinia megarhynchos") come from Africa for breeding. Grey-necked bunting ("Emberiza buchanani"), black-headed bunting ("Emberiza melanocephala") and common rosefinch ("Carpodacus erythrinus") come from India.


title: Mount Damavand

text: Marsh frogs ("Rana ridibunda") live in Lar riversides. Meadow viper ("Vipera ursinii"), blunt-nosed viper ("Macrovipera lebetina"), Iranian valley viper ("Vipera latifii") and Caucasian agama ("Laudakia caucasia") are among the reptiles of this mountainous region.


title: Mount Damavand

text: On the southern slope of Damavand, there are remnants of wild pistachia trees ("Pistacia atlantica"). Along its riversides different kinds of "Salix" trees like willow ("Salix acomphylla") and oleaster ("Elaeagnus angustifolia") are found. Greek juniper ("Juniperus excelsa") is common in the higher altitudes. On northern slopes, because of higher humidity, there are wild oak, beech, hornbean and hazel trees like: Persian oak ("Quercus macranthera"), Oriental beech ("Fagus orientalis"), Eastern hornbeam ("Carpinus orientalis"), and Turkish hazel ("Corylus colurna"). There are also many wild flowers such as mountain tulip ("Tulipa montana") and Persian stone cress ("Aethionema grandiflorum"). At higher altitudes, shrubs tend to be sphere and cushion like, examples are : "Astragalus" species ("Astragalus microcephalus"), mountain sainfoin ("Onobrychis cornuta") and prickly ("Acantholimon erinaceum"). Different kinds of grasses complete this alpine scene.


title: Mount Damavand

text: From mid-May to mid-June the foothills of . This unique type of poppy, growing in areas between 2,000 and 3,500 metres, is referred to in botany books as the Lar poppy or Rineh poppy (Rineh and Lar are villages in the foothills of Damavand).


title: Mount Damavand

text: An anthropologist of Mazandaran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Department, Touba Osanlou, has said that a proposal has been made by a group of Iranian mountaineers to register the highest peak in the Middle East, Mount Damavand as a national heritage site.


title: Mount Damavand

text: Mazandaran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Department has accepted the proposal, the Persian daily Jam-e Jam reported. Osanlou noted that the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization is presently in the process of renaming an upcoming ancient festivity after Mount Damavand. "We have proposed Tirgan Festivity, Tabari Nowruz, to be named as Damavand National Day," she added. Tirgan Festivity is held in Amol County's Rineh region in Mazandaran province.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes, before some event occurs, to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity of time. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate is multiplicative with respect to the hazard rate. For example, taking a drug may halve one's hazard rate for a stroke occurring, or, changing the material from which a manufactured component is constructed may double its hazard rate for failure. Other types of survival models such as accelerated failure time models do not exhibit proportional hazards. The accelerated failure time model describes a situation where the biological or mechanical life history of an event is accelerated (or decelerated).


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Survival models can be viewed as consisting of two parts: the underlying baseline hazard function, often denoted formula_1, describing how the risk of event per time unit changes over time at "baseline" levels of covariates; and the effect parameters, describing how the hazard varies in response to explanatory covariates. A typical medical example would include covariates such as treatment assignment, as well as patient characteristics such as age at start of study, gender, and the presence of other diseases at start of study, in order to reduce variability and/or control for confounding.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: The "proportional hazards condition" states that covariates are multiplicatively related to the hazard. In the simplest case of stationary coefficients, for example, a treatment with a drug may, say, halve a subject's hazard at any given time formula_2, while the baseline hazard may vary. Note however, that this does not double the lifetime of the subject; the precise effect of the covariates on the lifetime depends on the type of formula_1. The covariate is not restricted to binary predictors; in the case of a continuous covariate formula_4, it is typically assumed that the hazard responds exponentially; each unit increase in formula_4 results in proportional scaling of the hazard.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Sir David Cox observed that if the proportional hazards assumption holds (or, is assumed to hold) then it is possible to estimate the effect parameter(s), denoted formula_6 below, without any consideration of the full hazard function. This approach to survival data is called application of the Cox proportional hazards model, sometimes abbreviated to Cox model or to "proportional hazards model". However, Cox also noted that biological interpretation of the proportional hazards assumption can be quite tricky.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Let be the realized values of the covariates for subject "i". The hazard function for the Cox proportional hazards model has the form


title: Proportional hazards model

text: This expression gives the hazard function at time "t" for subject "i" with covariate vector (explanatory variables) "X". Note that between subjects, the baseline hazard formula_1 is identical (has no dependency on "i"). The only difference between subjects' hazards comes from the baseline scaling factor formula_9.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: To start, suppose we only have a single covariate, formula_4, and therefore a single coefficient, formula_11. Consider the effect of increasing formula_4 by 1:


title: Proportional hazards model

text: We can see that increasing a covariate by 1 scales the original hazard by the constant formula_14. Rearranging things slightly, we see that:


title: Proportional hazards model

text: The right-hand-side is constant over time (no term has a formula_2 in it). This relationship, formula_17, is called a proportional relationship.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: More generally, consider two subjects, i and j, with covariates formula_18 and formula_19 respectively. Consider the ratio of their hazards:


title: Proportional hazards model

text: The right-hand-side isn't dependent on time, as the only time-dependent factor, formula_1, was cancelled out.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Often there is an intercept term (also called a constant term or bias term) used in regression models. The Cox model lacks one because the baseline hazard, formula_1, takes the place of it. Let's see what would happen if we did include an intercept term anyways, denoted formula_23:


title: Proportional hazards model

text: where we've redefined formula_25 to be a new baseline hazard, formula_26. Thus, the baseline hazard incorporates all parts of the hazard that are not dependent on the subjects' covariates, which includes any intercept term (which is constant for all subjects, by definition).


title: Proportional hazards model

text: The Cox partial likelihood, shown below, is obtained by using Breslow's estimate of the baseline hazard function, plugging it into the full likelihood and then observing that the result is a product of two factors. The first factor is the partial likelihood shown below, in which the baseline hazard has "canceled out". The second factor is free of the regression coefficients and depends on the data only through the censoring pattern. The effect of covariates estimated by any proportional hazards model can thus be reported as hazard ratios.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: where ) and the summation is over the set of subjects "j" where the event has not occurred before time "Y" (including subject "i" itself). Obviously 0 < "L"(β) ≤ 1. This is a partial likelihood: the effect of the covariates can be estimated without the need to model the change of the hazard over time.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Treating the subjects as if they were statistically independent of each other, the joint probability of all realized events is the following partial likelihood, where the occurrence of the event is indicated by "C" = 1:


title: Proportional hazards model

text: This function can be maximized over "β" to produce maximum partial likelihood estimates of the model parameters.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Using this score function and Hessian matrix, the partial likelihood can be maximized using the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The inverse of the Hessian matrix, evaluated at the estimate of "β", can be used as an approximate variance-covariance matrix for the estimate, and used to produce approximate standard errors for the regression coefficients.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Several approaches have been proposed to handle situations in which there are ties in the time data. "Breslow's method" describes the approach in which the procedure described above is used unmodified, even when ties are present. An alternative approach that is considered to give better results is "Efron's method". Let "t" denote the unique times, let "H" denote the set of indices "i" such that "Y" = "t" and "C" = 1, and let "m" = |"H"|. Efron's approach maximizes the following partial likelihood.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Note that when "H" is empty (all observations with time "t" are censored), the summands in these expressions are treated as zero.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Suppose the endpoint we are interested is patient survival during a 5-year observation period after a surgery. Patients can die within the 5 year period, and we record when they died, or patients can live past 5 years, and we only record that they lived past 5 years. The surgery was performed at one of two hospitals, A or B, and we'd like to know if the hospital location is associated with 5-year survival. Specifically, we'd like to know the relative increase (or decrease) in hazard from a surgery performed at hospital A compared to hospital B. Provided is some (fake) data, where each row represents a patient: T is how long the patient was observed for before death or 5 years (measured in months), and C denotes if the patient died in the 5-year period. We've encoded the hospital as a binary variable denoted X: 1 if from hospital A, 0 from hospital B.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Our single-covariate Cox proportional model looks like the following, with formula_11 representing the hospital's effect, and i indexing each patient:


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Using statistical software, we can estimate formula_11 to be 2.12. The hazard ratio is the exponential of this value, formula_41. To see why, consider the ratio of hazards, specifically:


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Thus, the hazard ratio of hospital A to hospital B is formula_43. Putting aside statistical significance for a moment, we can make a statement saying that patients in hospital A are associated with a 8.3x higher risk of death occurring in any short period of time compared to hospital B.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: To demonstrate a less traditional use case of survival analysis, the next example will be an economics question: what is the relationship between a companies' price-to-earnings ratio (P/E) on their 1-year IPO anniversary and their future survival? More specifically, if we consider a company's "birth event" to be their 1-year IPO anniversary, and any bankruptcy, sale, going private, etc. as a "death" event the company, we'd like to know the influence of the companies' P/E ratio at their "birth" (1-year IPO anniversary) on their survival.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Provided is a (fake) dataset with survival data from 12 companies: T represents the number of days between 1-year IPO anniversary and death (or an end date of 2022-01-01, if did not die). C represents if the company died before 2022-01-01 or not. P/E represents the companies price-to-earnings ratio at their 1-year IPO anniversary.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Unlike the previous example where there was a binary variable, this dataset has a continuous variable, P/E. However, the model looks similar:


title: Proportional hazards model

text: where formula_48 represents a company's P/E ratio. Running this dataset through a Cox model produces an estimate of the value of the unknown formula_11, which is -0.34. Therefore an estimate of the entire hazard is:


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Since the baseline hazard, formula_1, was not estimated, the entire hazard is not able to be calculated. However, consider the ratio of the companies i and j's hazards:


title: Proportional hazards model

text: All terms on the right are known, so calculating the ratio of hazards between companies is possible. Since there is no time-dependent term on the right (all terms are constant), the hazards are proportional to each other. For example, the hazard ratio of company 5 to company 2 is formula_53. This means that, within the interval of study, company 5's risk of "death" is 0.33 ≈ 1/3 as large as company 2's risk of death.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Extensions to time dependent variables, time dependent strata, and multiple events per subject, can be incorporated by the counting process formulation of Andersen and Gill. One example of the use of hazard models with time-varying regressors is estimating the effect of unemployment insurance on unemployment spells.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: In addition to allowing time-varying covariates (i.e., predictors), the Cox model may be generalized to time-varying coefficients as well. That is, the proportional effect of a treatment may vary with time; e.g. a drug may be very effective if administered within one month of morbidity, and become less effective as time goes on. The hypothesis of no change with time (stationarity) of the coefficient may then be tested. Details and software (R package) are available in Martinussen and Scheike (2006).


title: Proportional hazards model

text: In this context, it could also be mentioned that it is theoretically possible to specify the effect of covariates by using additive hazards, i.e. specifying


title: Proportional hazards model

text: If such additive hazards models are used in situations where (log-)likelihood maximization is the objective, care must be taken to restrict formula_65 to non-negative values. Perhaps as a result of this complication, such models are seldom seen. If the objective is instead least squares the non-negativity restriction is not strictly required.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: The Cox model may be specialized if a reason exists to assume that the baseline hazard follows a particular form. In this case, the baseline hazard formula_1 is replaced by a given function. For example, assuming the hazard function to be the "Weibull" hazard function gives the "Weibull proportional hazards model".


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Incidentally, using the Weibull baseline hazard is the only circumstance under which the model satisfies both the proportional hazards, and accelerated failure time models.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: The generic term "parametric proportional hazards models" can be used to describe proportional hazards models in which the hazard function is specified. The Cox proportional hazards model is sometimes called a "semiparametric model" by contrast.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: Some authors use the term "Cox proportional hazards model" even when specifying the underlying hazard function, to acknowledge the debt of the entire field to David Cox.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: The term "Cox regression model" (omitting "proportional hazards") is sometimes used to describe the extension of the Cox model to include time-dependent factors. However, this usage is potentially ambiguous since the Cox proportional hazards model can itself be described as a regression model.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: There is a relationship between proportional hazards models and Poisson regression models which is sometimes used to fit approximate proportional hazards models in software for Poisson regression. The usual reason for doing this is that calculation is much quicker. This was more important in the days of slower computers but can still be useful for particularly large data sets or complex problems. Laird and Olivier (1981) provide the mathematical details. They note, "we do not assume [the Poisson model] is true, but simply use it as a device for deriving the likelihood." McCullagh and Nelder's book on generalized linear models has a chapter on converting proportional hazards models to generalized linear models.


title: Proportional hazards model

text: In high-dimension, when number of covariates p is large compared to the sample size n, the LASSO method is one of the classical model-selection strategies. Tibshirani (1997) has proposed a Lasso procedure for the proportional hazard regression parameter. The Lasso estimator of the regression parameter β is defined as the minimizer of the opposite of the Cox partial log-likelihood under an L-norm type constraint.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: An oxygen concentrator is a device that concentrates the oxygen from a gas supply (typically ambient air) by selectively removing nitrogen to supply an oxygen-enriched product gas stream. They are used industrially and as medical devices for oxygen therapy.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Two methods in common use are pressure swing adsorption and membrane gas separation. Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) concentrators utilize multiple molecular sieves consisting of zeolite minerals that adsorbs pressurized nitrogen in fast cycles.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Home medical oxygen concentrators were invented in the early 1970s, with the manufacturing output of these devices increasing in the late 1970s. Union Carbide Corporation and Bendix Corporation were both early manufacturers. Before that era, home medical oxygen therapy required the use of heavy high-pressure oxygen cylinders or small cryogenic liquid oxygen systems. Both of these delivery systems required frequent home visits by suppliers to replenish oxygen supplies. In the United States, Medicare switched from fee-for-service payment to a flat monthly rate for home oxygen therapy in the mid-1980s, causing the durable medical equipment (DME) industry to rapidly embrace concentrators as a way to control costs. This reimbursement change dramatically decreased the number of primary high pressure and liquid oxygen delivery systems in use in homes in the United States at that time. Oxygen concentrators became the preferred and most common means of delivering home oxygen. The number of manufacturers entering the oxygen concentrator market increased greatly as a result of this change. Union Carbide Corporation invented the molecular sieve in the 1950s which made these devices possible. It also invented the first cryogenic liquid home medical oxygen systems in the 1960s.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Oxygen concentrators using pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology are used widely for oxygen provision in healthcare applications, especially where liquid or pressurized oxygen is too dangerous or inconvenient, such as in homes or portable clinics. For other purposes, there are also concentrators based on nitrogen separation membrane technology.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: An oxygen concentrator takes in air and removes nitrogen from it, leaving an oxygen-enriched gas for use by people requiring medical oxygen due to low oxygen levels in their blood. Oxygen concentrators provide an economical source of oxygen in industrial processes where they are also known as oxygen gas generators or oxygen generation plants.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: These oxygen concentrators utilize a molecular sieve to adsorb gases and operate on the principle of rapid pressure swing adsorption of atmospheric nitrogen onto zeolite minerals at high pressure. This type of adsorption system is therefore functionally a nitrogen scrubber leaving the other atmospheric gases to pass through, leaving oxygen as the primary gas remaining. PSA technology is a reliable and economical technique for small to mid-scale oxygen generation. Cryogenic separation is more suitable at higher volumes and external delivery generally more suitable for small volumes.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: At high pressure, the porous zeolite adsorbs large quantities of nitrogen, because of its large surface area and chemical characteristics. The oxygen concentrator compresses air and passes it over zeolite, causing the zeolite to adsorb the nitrogen from the air. It then collects the remaining gas, which is mostly oxygen, and the nitrogen desorbs from the zeolite under the reduced pressure to be vented.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: An oxygen concentrator has an air compressor, two cylinders filled with zeolite pellets, a pressure-equalizing reservoir, and some valves and tubes. In the first half-cycle, the first cylinder receives air from the compressor, which lasts about 3 seconds. During that time the pressure in the first cylinder rises from atmospheric to about 2.5 times normal atmospheric pressure (typically 20 psi/138 kPa gauge, or 2.36 atmospheres absolute) and the zeolite becomes saturated with nitrogen. As the first cylinder reaches near pure oxygen (there are small amounts of argon, CO, water vapour, radon and other minor atmospheric components) in the first half-cycle, a valve opens and the oxygen-enriched gas flows to the pressure-equalizing reservoir, which connects to the patient's oxygen hose. At the end of the first half of the cycle, there is another valve position change so that the air from the compressor is directed to the second cylinder. The pressure in the first cylinder drops as the enriched oxygen moves into the reservoir, allowing the nitrogen to be desorbed back into gas. Partway through the second half of the cycle, there is another valve position change to vent the gas in the first cylinder back into the ambient atmosphere, keeping the concentration of oxygen in the pressure equalizing reservoir from falling below about 90%. The pressure in the hose delivering oxygen from the equalizing reservoir is kept steady by a pressure-reducing valve.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Older units cycled for a period of about 20 seconds and supplied up to 5 litres per minute of 90+% oxygen. Since about 1999, units capable of supplying up to 10 L/min have been available.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Classic oxygen concentrators use two-bed molecular sieves; newer concentrators use multi-bed molecular sieves. The advantage of the multi-bed technology is the increased availability and redundancy, as the 10 L/min molecular sieves are staggered and multiplied on several platforms. With this, over 960 L/min can be produced. The ramp-up time - the elapsed time until a multi-bed concentrator is producing oxygen at >90% concentration - is often less than 2 minutes, much faster than simple two-bed concentrators. This is a big advantage in mobile emergencies. The option, to fill standard oxygen cylinders (e.g. 50 L at 200 bar = 10,000 L each) with high-pressure boosters, to ensure automatic failover to previously filled reserve cylinders and to ensure the oxygen supply chain e.g. in case of power failure, is given with those systems.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: In membrane gas separation, membranes act as a permeable barrier which different compounds move across at different rates or do not cross at all.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Medical oxygen concentrators are used in hospitals or at home to concentrate oxygen for patients. PSA generators provide a cost-efficient source of oxygen. They are a safer, less expensive, and more convenient alternative to tanks of cryogenic oxygen or pressurised cylinders. They can be used in various industries including medical, pharmaceutical production, water treatment and glass manufacture.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: PSA generators are particularly useful in remote or inaccessible parts of the world or mobile medical facilities (military hospitals, disaster facilities).


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Since the early 2000s, many companies have produced portable oxygen concentrators. Typically, these devices produce the equivalent of one to five liters per minute of continuous oxygen flow and they use some version of pulse flow or "demand flow" to deliver oxygen only when the patient is inhaling. They can also provide pulses of oxygen either to provide higher intermittent flows or to reduce the power consumption.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Research into oxygen concentration is ongoing and modern techniques suggest that the amount of adsorbent required by medical oxygen concentrators can be potentially "reduced by a factor of three while offering ∼10–20% higher oxygen recovery compared to a typical commercial unit."


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: The FAA has approved the use of portable oxygen concentrators on commercial airlines. However, users of these devices should check in advance as to whether a particular brand or model is permitted on a particular airline. Unlike in commercial airlines, users of aircraft without cabin pressurization need oxygen concentrators which are able to deliver enough flowrate even at high altitudes.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Usually, "demand" or pulse-flow oxygen concentrators are not used by patients while they sleep. There have been problems with the oxygen concentrators not being able to detect when the sleeping patient is inhaling. Some larger portable oxygen concentrators are designed to operate in a continuous-flow mode in addition to pulse-flow mode. Continuous-flow mode is considered safe for night use when coupled with a CPAP machine.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Repurposed medical oxygen concentrators or specialized industrial oxygen concentrators can be made to operate "small" oxyacetylene or other fuel gas cutting, welding and lampworking torches.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Oxygen is widely needed for the oxidation of different chemicals for industrial purposes. Previously, these industries purchased oxygen cylinders in large numbers to meet their requirements. But it was very expensive, and oxygen cylinders were not always available in the market.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Oxygen is needed here for the bleaching of paper pulp with the help of the oxidation process to make the paper white.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Moreover, lignin present in the wood is removed by the delignification process, which also needs oxygen.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Huge furnaces are needed to melt the raw materials that combine to form glass. Oxygen flares up the furnace's fire to burn at a higher temperature needed for the production of glass.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Oxygen is needed for the oxidation of different chemicals to form the desired chemical substances. Waste chemical products are burnt down and destroyed in the incinerator with the help of oxygen. Thus, the continuous supply of a bulk amount of oxygen is essential, which is possible only by a PSA oxygen generator.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: In both clinical and emergency-care situations, oxygen concentrators have the advantage of not being as dangerous as oxygen cylinders, which can, if ruptured or leaking, greatly increase the combustion rate of fire. As such, oxygen concentrators are particularly advantageous in military or disaster situations, where oxygen tanks may be dangerous or unfeasible.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Oxygen concentrators are considered sufficiently foolproof to be supplied to individual patients as a prescription item for use in their homes. Typically they are used as an adjunct to CPAP treatment of severe sleep apnea. There also are other medical uses for oxygen concentrators, including COPD and other respiratory diseases.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: People who depend upon oxygen concentrators for home care may have life-threatening emergencies if the electricity fails during a natural disaster.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Industrial processes may use much higher pressures and flows than medical units. To meet that need, another process, called vacuum swing adsorption (VSA), has been developed by Air Products. This process uses a single low-pressure blower and a valve that reverses the flow through the blower so that the regeneration phase occurs under a vacuum. Generators using this process are being marketed to the aquaculture industry. Industrial oxygen concentrators are often available in a much wider range of capacities than medical concentrators.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Industrial oxygen concentrators are sometimes referred to as oxygen "generators" within the oxygen and ozone industries to distinguish them from medical oxygen "concentrators". The distinction is used in an attempt to clarify that industrial oxygen concentrators are not medical devices approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and they are not suitable for use as bedside medical concentrators. However, applying the oxygen generator nomenclature can lead to confusion. The term, oxygen "generator," is a misnomer in that the oxygen is not "generated" as it is with a chemical oxygen generator, but rather it is concentrated from the air.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: Non-medical oxygen concentrators can be used as feed gas to a medical oxygen system, such as the oxygen system in a hospital, though governmental approval is required, such as by the FDA, and additional filtering is generally required.


title: Oxygen concentrator

text: The COVID-19 pandemic increased the demand for oxygen concentrators. During the pandemic open source oxygen concentrators were developed, locally manufactured – with prices below imported products – and used, especially during a COVID-19 pandemic wave in India.


title: The Fast Show

text: The Fast Show, known as Brilliant in the US, is a BBC comedy sketch show that ran from 1994 to 1997, with specials in 2000 and 2014. The show's central performers were Paul Whitehouse, Charlie Higson, Simon Day, Mark Williams, John Thomson, Arabella Weir and Caroline Aherne. Other significant cast members included Felix Dexter, Paul Shearer, Rhys Thomas, Jeff Harding, Maria McErlane, Eryl Maynard, Colin McFarlane and Donna Ewin.


title: The Fast Show

text: Loosely structured and reliant on character sketches, running gags and many catchphrases, its fast-paced "blackout" style set it apart from traditional sketch series because of the number and relative brevity of its sketches; a typical half-hour TV sketch comedy of the period might have consisted of nine or ten major items, with contrived situations and extended setups, whereas the premiere episode featured 27 sketches in 30 minutes, with some items lasting less than ten seconds and none running longer than three minutes. Its style and presentation influenced many later series such as "Little Britain" and "The Catherine Tate Show".


title: The Fast Show

text: The show was released on VHS, DVD and audio CD. Some of its characters, such as Ted and Ralph and Swiss Toni, have had their own spin-off programmes. It also produced two national tours, the first in 1998, with the cast of the BBC surrealist comedy quiz show "Shooting Stars", and the second, their Farewell Tour, in 2002. Higson announced on 5 September 2011 that "The Fast Show" would return for a new, online-only series.


title: The Fast Show

text: The series was later shown as two 30-minute parts rather than the original eleven short episodes as part of a 50th birthday celebration for BBC2, the channel on which originally aired.


title: The Fast Show

text: "The Fast Show" was the brainchild of Paul Whitehouse and friend and writing partner Charlie Higson; Higson had previously enjoyed some success in the UK as a musician in the band The Higsons. After meeting through a mutual friend, comedian Harry Enfield invited Whitehouse to write for him. Whitehouse in turn asked Higson to help him out.


title: The Fast Show

text: In the early 1990s, Higson and Whitehouse worked extensively with Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer, writing for and performing in the series "The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer" and "Bang Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer" (both of which Higson produced). These series also featured numerous appearances by future "Fast Show" cast members Caroline Aherne, Simon Day, Mark Williams and Rhys Thomas. Higson made many appearances in minor roles, while Williams and Whitehouse had recurring roles (with Vic and Bob) in "The Smell of Reeves and Mortimer", parodying the members of rock group Slade in the "Slade in Residence" and "Slade on Holiday" sketches.


title: The Fast Show

text: Inspired by a press preview tape of Enfield's show, compiled by producer friend Geoffrey Perkins and consisting of fast-cut highlights of Enfield's sketches, the pair began stockpiling material and developing the idea of a rapid-fire 'MTV generation'-format based on quick cuts and soundbites/catchphrases. After unsuccessfully trying to sell the series to ITV through an independent production company, Higson and Whitehouse approached the new controller of BBC2, Michael Jackson. He was looking for new shows at the time to replace several high-profile series that had been recently lost to BBC1, and their show was picked up.


title: The Fast Show

text: Whitehouse and Higson, as co-producers and main writers, assembled the original team of writers and performers, which included David Cummings, Mark Williams, Caroline Aherne, Paul Shearer, Simon Day, Arabella Weir, John Thomson, Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews (of "Father Ted" fame), Dave Gorman, Vic Reeves, Bob Mortimer and Craig Cash (who went on to write and perform with Aherne in "The Royle Family"). Musical director Philip Pope was also an established comedy actor with extensive experience in TV and radio comedy, and had previously appeared in series such as "Who Dares Wins" and "KYTV"; he also enjoyed success as a comedy recording artist as part of The HeeBeeGeebees, the Bee Gees parody group. "The Fast Show" was a working title disliked by both Whitehouse and Higson but it went unchanged through production and eventually remained as the final title.


title: The Fast Show

text: The first series introduced many signature characters and sketches including Ted and Ralph, Unlucky Alf, the Fat Sweaty Coppers, Ron Manager, Roy and Renée, Ken and Kenneth (The Suit You Tailors), Jesse (of "Jesse's diets"), Arthur Atkinson, Bob Fleming, Brilliant Kid, Insecure Woman, Janine Carr, Denzil Dexter, Carl Hooper, Ed Winchester, the Patagonians, "Jazz Club" and the parody "Chanel 9."


title: The Fast Show

text: Many characters were never named, with their sketches being written to give their catchphrase as the punchline of each sketch. Examples include "Anyone fancy a pint?" (played by Whitehouse), "You ain't seen me, right!" (a mysterious gangster-like character played by Mark Williams), "I'll get me coat" (Williams) and "Ha!," a sarcastic elderly woman played by Weir.


title: The Fast Show

text: Other long-standing running jokes in the programme included the fictitious snack food "Cheesy Peas" in various forms, shapes and flavours, in satirical adverts presented by a northern boy who claims, "They're great for your teas!" and has since become a reality thanks to UK TV chef Jamie Oliver. The earnestness of the born-again Christian was parodied in another group of sketches where various characters responded to any comment or question by extolling the virtues of "Our Lord Jesus" and ended the sketch with the exclamation "He died for all our sins, didn't he?" or something similar; and "We're from the Isle of Man," featuring a stereotype of odd townsfolk in a setting portrayed as an impoverished and desolate cultural wasteland.


title: The Fast Show

text: Some of the characters resembled parodies of well-known personalities: for example, Louis Balfour, host of "Jazz Club" was reminiscent of Bob Harris of "The Old Grey Whistle Test" and Ron Manager of football pundits Jimmy Hill, Trevor Brooking and Graham Taylor. Paul Whitehouse said that Ron Manager was based on ex-QPR, Luton Town and Fulham manager Alec Stock. Arthur Atkinson is a composite of Arthur Askey and Max Miller.


title: The Fast Show

text: The show ended in 2000, with a three-part "Last Ever" show, in the first episode of which "Fast Show" fan Johnny Depp had a guest-starring role as a customer of The Suit You Tailors, after three series and a Christmas special.


title: The Fast Show

text: The theme tune was "Release Me", a song which had been a hit for pop singer Engelbert Humperdinck. In the first series it was performed over the opening credits by Whitehouse in the guise of abnormally transfiguring singer Kenny Valentine. In subsequent series, the tune only appeared in the closing credits, played on the saxophone.


title: The Fast Show

text: The show featured many characters and sketches. Some of the more prominent recurring characters/sketches are:


title: The Fast Show

text: In "", Jack Sparrow quotes the show, the Rowley Birkin line "... and then they made me their chief!". In a deleted scene of the movie, Sparrow also uses the Mark Williams catchphrase "I'll get me coat." Johnny Depp is a major fan of "The Fast Show" and an ardent admirer of Paul Whitehouse, whom he once described as "the greatest actor in the world". In 2000, Depp made a cameo appearance as the hapless customer in the 'Suit You, Sir' sketch in the "Fast Show" farewell special, and in a 2015 interview, he commented: "It was absolutely one of my proudest achievements. No question. It was one of my favourite things, to have been on the last "Fast Show"." Depp's 2015 movie "Mortdecai" features Paul Whitehouse in a minor role and has been noted for alluding to "Fast Show" characters.


title: The Fast Show

text: A significant proportion of "The Fast Show" was shot externally, unusually for a sketch show. Early on in the series much of this filming was done in and around the North East of England: County Durham, Tyne and Wear, Northumberland, Teesside and also North Yorkshire. Locations included:


title: The Fast Show

text: At the conclusion of the third series, there was a one-off spinoff, "Ted & Ralph", which aired on 27 December 1998 on BBC Two. They were the first characters to have their own spinoff show outside the sketches.


title: The Fast Show

text: In 1999, The Fast Show did a number of adverts for Holsten Pils. Ken and Kenneth, Chanel 9 news with Kolothos Apollonia and Poutremos Poutra-Poutros, a Mexican band, a Chanel 9 cooking segment with Mark Williams playing a chef, Jesse, Bob Fleming and The Unpronounceables.


title: The Fast Show

text: In 2001, Ron Manager, Tommy and the interviewer fronted a comedy panel game show on Sky 1 called "Jumpers for Goalposts". The interviewer was the presenter while Ron Manager and Tommy were the resident team captains.


title: The Fast Show

text: "Swiss Toni" featured the eponymous character in a stand-alone series broadcast on BBC Three in 2003 and 2004. The first three episodes of the first series were repeated on BBC One.


title: The Fast Show

text: In 2006, Higson and Whitehouse produced and performed in "Down the Line", a spoof talkback show for BBC Radio 4, hosted by Rhys Thomas, which featured many of the regular "Fast Show" cast, including Higson, Whitehouse, Simon Day, Arabella Weir and Felix Dexter. Further series were broadcast in 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2013. A follow-on TV series, "Bellamy's People", was broadcast in 2010.


title: The Fast Show

text: Speaking on the BBC Two show "Something for the Weekend" on 9 September 2007, Higson mentioned the upcoming DVD boxed set release and that a reunion of some sort to help promote it was being considered. This took place at the Dominion Theatre in London on Sunday 4 November, and was a collection of some new sketches, videos of cast favourites and performances of classic sketches (including the return of Ed Winchester). Higson and Whitehouse stated they were working on a film script which would feature the "Fast Show" team, but would not have any of the characters from the show.


title: The Fast Show

text: A new online-only series was commissioned in a sponsorship deal with Foster's Lager, and aired beginning 14 November 2011; the trailer was released on 9 November on Foster's YouTube Channel. New episodes featured the original cast with the exception of Mark Williams, who declined involvement in the project due to scheduling clashes.


title: The Fast Show

text: "You Ain't Seen These, Right!" was a one-off programme, shown during BBC 2's "Fast Show Night", featuring various sketches which were filmed, predominantly from the third series, that did not make it onto the final show. Some of these were:


title: The Fast Show

text: An extended 50-minute version of the original 30-minute special was included in the UK edition of the VHS boxed-set of Series 3 and on the seven-disc "Ultimate Fast Show" DVD boxed-set.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Cristobal Arreola (born March 5, 1981) is an American professional boxer who has challenged three times for the WBC heavyweight title. He was ranked by BoxRec as the world's No.8 heavyweight at the conclusion of 2007 and as No.7 heavyweight from 2008 to 2010.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Arreola was born in Los Angeles, California to Mexican parents. As a child he met boxer Julio César Chávez a couple of times. Arreola said of it "I had a chance to go to his house in Culiacán because my father was from near there and my aunt lived in Culiacan. I used to go and watch him train."


title: Chris Arreola

text: Arreola grew up in East Los Angeles. His father was a boxer and started him boxing at the age of eight with trainer Hector Rodríguez. At 16, he had "about 200 amateur bouts" before losing interest and quitting. In 2001 at 20 he got back into boxing and after only three months of training managed to win the National Golden Gloves at the Light Heavyweight division. To win, Chris beat Dallas Vargas, who had about 300 amateur fights at the time.


title: Chris Arreola

text: After another hiatus from boxing, this time for two years, he tried to come back for the 2003 Golden Gloves but arrived shortly after the check-in deadline prompting him to turn pro.


title: Chris Arreola

text: In 2003, Goossen-Tutor promoted him and turned him pro at heavyweight with little fanfare. Looking back he says: "I really didn't know if boxing was going to be my career. I wasn't sure about turning pro and once I did, I just took it one fight at a time. But then I starting knocking guys out and I gradually started thinking, 'Hey, maybe I can make some money doing this'."


title: Chris Arreola

text: In 2005, he fought Domonic Jenkins who despite his record of only 6–3 held a win over Malcolm Tann (and later KOd amateur stars Victor Bisbal and Carlos Barnett). After trailing for six rounds he turned the fight around and won by KO.


title: Chris Arreola

text: In 2006, he stopped Sedreck Fields, Cuban Damian Norris (who later defeated the unbeaten Roderick Willis) and in a match of unbeaten Californian prospects Damian Wills (coming in at 22–0–0–0).


title: Chris Arreola

text: In 2007, he KOd former amateur star Zakeem Graham (11–0). He was scheduled to fight undefeated Olympian Devin Vargas, brother of his amateur foe Dallas Vargas, but knocked out late sub Malcolm Tann when Vargas got injured in training, in May 2007 on ShoBox. He KO'd Thomas Hayes (record 27–0–0–0) in September 2007, in round 1.


title: Chris Arreola

text: On June 21, 2008, Arreola faced fellow undefeated prospect Chazz Witherspoon (23-0) and defeated him via disqualifaction.


title: Chris Arreola

text: On November 29, 2008, Arreola faced Travis Walker and knocked him out early in the 3rd round, improving Arreola's record to 26–0.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Arreola defeated the previously retired heavyweight veteran Jameel McCline (40-8 23 KO's) on April 11, 2009, with a knockout at 2:01 of the 4th round.


title: Chris Arreola

text: After his win, Arreola was the number one contender to challenge Vitali Klitschko for his WBC Heavyweight title belt. Arreola was happy with his draw when it was announced they would fight in Arreola's home town. The match took place on September 26, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. It was broadcast on HBO. Arreola's corner and the referee stopped the fight before the start of the 11th round, giving Klitschko a 10th-round RTD (TKO) victory. The final scorecards read 99–91, 99–91, and 100–89, all for Klitschko.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Soon after his first career loss, Arreola fought Brian Minto as an undercard for the Paul Williams vs. Sergio Martínez fight. Chris landed well with his straight right hand and eventually floored Minto in the 4th round; Minto got up at 8 and continued to get hit with right hands before being dropped again. The referee stopped the fight when Minto rose at 9 and appeared to be in no condition to proceed with the fight.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Arreola lost his next fight, to former two-division world champion Tomasz Adamek, by majority decision on 24 April 2010. Arreola was again looking out of shape for a professional boxer at the time of the fight.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Arreola in his next fight defeated Manuel Quezada in Ontario, California by a 12-round unanimous decision. Quezada was down three times in the fight: twice in the 9th round and once in the 12th. The scores (117–108) and two judges had it (118–107). Before the fight Arreola had an interview on ESPN saying that his last two defeats were because he did not train well (as well as skipping days) and stepped into the training camp weighing nearly 300 pounds. He said that he now knew how to prepare for a fight, and realizes he needs to take the training camp seriously. He came in at 256 pounds (he fought the best at 230–240, and lost his previous two weighing over 250 pounds) and fought sluggishly against a tough opponent. At the end of the fight, Arreola said he gave himself a C− for overall performance.


title: Chris Arreola

text: After his knockout over American Joey Abell on ESPN, Arreola took out title contender Nagy Aguilera in the third round. This bout was televised on Showtime's Andre Ward vs. Arthur Abraham undercard. Thirteen days after the fight with Aguilera, Cristobal knocked out tough veteran Kendrick Releford in the seventh round, as the main-event on ESPN.


title: Chris Arreola

text: He has since then won by a 10-round unanimous decision against Friday Ahunanya on July 9, and a third-round TKO over Raphael Butler on November 5, 2011, in Guanajuato Domo De La Feria, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Arreola's next fight was on the Paul Williams vs. Nobuhiro Ishida undercard at the American Bank Center, Corpus Christi, Texas, on February 18, 2012. The opponent was heavyweight contender Éric Molina. Arreola won the fight by first-round KO.


title: Chris Arreola

text: After the knockout, Arreola created some stir in the post fight interview when he referred to Molina's promoter Don King as a "f—ing a–hole and a racist," prompting Showtime's Jim Gray to immediately terminate the interview. "Honestly Don King called me a wetback, and other Mexicans," Arreola told Fightnews.com. "That's a strong word. It's like me dropping N bombs. You don't say things like that."


title: Chris Arreola

text: Arreola had a chance at a rematch with Vitali Klitschko in April 2013 when he faced Bermane Stiverne. Although a favorite to win the fight, Arreola was knocked down in the third round and wound up losing a unanimous decision.


title: Chris Arreola

text: After Klitschko vacated the title in December 2013, Arreola was signed to fight Bermane Stiverne for the vacant title. On May 10, 2014, Stiverne won the title after a sixth-round knockout.


title: Chris Arreola

text: On March 13, 2015, Arreola made his return to the ring to face heavyweight Curtis Harper. The fight took place during the first Premier Boxing Champions on Spike TV broadcast at the Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, CA. Arreola was awarded a victory by unanimous decision following 8 rounds of boxing.


title: Chris Arreola

text: On July 18, 2015, Arreola fought to a ten-round draw with Fred Kassi. The scores were 96–94 for Arreola, 95–95 on the remaining two cards.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Arreola's tight 12-round split decision victory over Travis Kauffman on Dec. 12 at the AT&T Center in San Antonio was changed to a no-decision on Jan. 5, after Arreola tested positive for marijuana.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Arreola made his third challenge for the WBC heavyweight title when he travelled to Birmingham, Alabama on July 16, 2016, to face WBC champion Deontay Wilder. Wilder eventually won by 8th round retirement to retain his title.


title: Chris Arreola

text: After two consecutive wins following his loss to Deontay Wilder, Arreola faced the unbeaten Adam Kownacki in a thrilling fight on August 3, 2019. The two men put on a record-breaking heavyweight display at the Barclays Center, New York, combining to throw over 2100 punches over 12 rounds. Kownacki won a unanimous decision to give Arreola his sixth career loss, with scores of 118–110, 117–111, 117–111.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Following Arreola's loss to Adam Kownacki, he next returned to the ring over a year later on May 1, 2021 to face former unified heavyweight champion Andy Ruiz Jr. on Fox PPV. Ruiz Jr was ranked #6 by The Ring, #4 by the WBC and #5 by the WBA and WBO. Arreola started well and scored a second round knockdown, but ultimately lost a unanimous decision, with scores of 117–110, 118–109, 118–109.


title: Chris Arreola

text: Arreola was very unhappy with the judges' scorecards, which he expressed in his post-fight interview: "Did he [Ruiz] win? Fine. But don't tell me you're only going to give me two or three rounds. Fuck that! I'm gonna be like Dr. Dre, all y'all can suck my motherfuckin' dick!" In the post-fight press conference, he proceeded to repeat his displeasure with the judges: "These motherfuckers just straight up like fucking raped me, and don't even kiss me dude, that's some fucked up ass shit."


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: The prime minister of the Republic of Korea (PMOTROK or PMOSK; ) is the deputy head of government and the second highest political office of South Korea who is appointed by the President of the Republic of Korea, with the National Assembly's approval. The prime minister may be a member of the National Assembly, but this is not required to hold the office. The prime minister of South Korea is not the head of government of South Korea, for the President is both the head of state and government in the country.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: The Sino-Korean word "gukmu" (/) means "state affairs" and "chongri" (/) means "prime minister", "premier" or "chancellor", so the full title in Korean means literally "Prime Minister for State Affairs", but it is not used as official English title. The short title in Korean is just "Chongri".


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: The position was created on 31 July 1948, two weeks before the government of South Korea was founded, and was held by Lee Beom-seok until 1950. The title was Chief Cabinet Minister from 1961 until 1963.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: On 27 April 2014, Prime Minister Chung Hong-won announced his desire to resign. However, due to unsuccessful nominations, Chung remained in office until February 2015.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: On 23 January 2015, President Park Geun-hye named Saenuri's Floor Leader Lee Wan-koo as the new prime minister. Lee was confirmed by the National Assembly as Prime Minister on 16 February 2015. However, on April 20 of the same year, he offered his resignation to the President in the midst of a bribery scandal.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: The prime minister is the principal executive assistant to the president, with the president being the actual head of government, but not the prime minister. The prime minister holds the second position after the president in the State Council of South Korea, which is the nominal cabinet of South Korea. The prime minister assists the president by supervising ministries, making recommendations for ministers, and serves as the vice-chairman of the Cabinet. The prime minister is the first in the order of succession to discharge the duties of the office of the president as the acting president should the president be unable to discharge her or his office. The most recent person to have served as Acting President was Hwang Kyo-ahn, during the impeachment of Park Geun-hye in 2016. The role of the Prime Minister is more akin to the Vice President of the United States than it is to the Prime Ministers of parliamentary democracies.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: A prime minister that has been appointed by the president but not yet confirmed by the National Assembly is informally called as the acting prime minister. The term may also be applied to a prime minister that has resigned but in the interim remains in office in a caretaker role.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: The prime minister is supported by two deputy prime ministers. The prime minister of South Korea sometimes holds some professional or technological knowledge whereas the president is always a sole politician.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: The procedure for impeachment is set out in the 10th Constitution of South Korea in 1987. And according to Article 65 Clause 1, if the president, prime minister, or other state council members violate the Constitution or other laws of official duty, the National Assembly can impeach them.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: Clause 2 states the impeachment bill must be proposed by one third, and approved by the majority of members of the National Assembly for passage. In the case of the president, the motion must be proposed by a majority and approved by two thirds or more of the total members of the National Assembly, meaning that 200 of 300 members of the parliament must approve the bill. This article also states that any person against whom a motion for impeachment has been passed shall be suspended from exercising his/her power until the impeachment has been adjudicated, and a decision on impeachment shall not extend further than removal from public office. However, impeachment shall not exempt the person impeached from civil or criminal liability for such violations.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: By the Constitutional Court Act of 1988, the Constitutional Court must make a final decision within 180 days after it receives any case for adjudication, including impeachment cases. If the respondent has already left office before the pronouncement of the decision, the case is dismissed.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: The Prime Minister's Office consists of two organisations - Office for Government Policy Coordination and Prime Minister's Secretariat which are led by ministerial-level minister for government policy coordination and vice-ministerial-level chief of staff to the prime minister respectively.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: The prime minister has a salary of $163,000 as set by the National Assembly along with a lifelong pension that is always given to former prime ministers.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: The prime minister's residence is Chongri Gonggwan. It is owned and operated by the South Korean Government, and has served as the residence of the Prime Minister since the early 1990s after construction was concluded and was completed around the same time as the Presidential Blue House.


title: Prime Minister of South Korea

text: All former prime ministers are given a lifelong pension and a Presidential Security Service detail but do not have to accept the protection if they so wish. Prime ministers when they die usually have a state funeral so the public and government officials both past and present can pay their respects.


title: Attractor

text: In the mathematical field of dynamical systems, an attractor is a set of states toward which a system tends to evolve, for a wide variety of starting conditions of the system. System values that get close enough to the attractor values remain close even if slightly disturbed.


title: Attractor

text: In finite-dimensional systems, the evolving variable may be represented algebraically as an "n"-dimensional vector. The attractor is a region in "n"-dimensional space. In physical systems, the "n" dimensions may be, for example, two or three positional coordinates for each of one or more physical entities; in economic systems, they may be separate variables such as the inflation rate and the unemployment rate.


title: Attractor

text: If the evolving variable is two- or three-dimensional, the attractor of the dynamic process can be represented geometrically in two or three dimensions, (as for example in the three-dimensional case depicted to the right). An attractor can be a point, a finite set of points, a curve, a manifold, or even a complicated set with a fractal structure known as a "strange attractor" (see strange attractor below). If the variable is a scalar, the attractor is a subset of the real number line. Describing the attractors of chaotic dynamical systems has been one of the achievements of chaos theory.


title: Attractor

text: A trajectory of the dynamical system in the attractor does not have to satisfy any special constraints except for remaining on the attractor, forward in time. The trajectory may be periodic or chaotic. If a set of points is periodic or chaotic, but the flow in the neighborhood is away from the set, the set is not an attractor, but instead is called a repeller (or "repellor").


title: Attractor

text: A dynamical system is generally described by one or more differential or difference equations. The equations of a given dynamical system specify its behavior over any given short period of time. To determine the system's behavior for a longer period, it is often necessary to integrate the equations, either through analytical means or through iteration, often with the aid of computers.