title: Magnesium carbonate

text: The hydrates of the salts lose water at different temperatures during decomposition. For example, in the trihydrate , which molecular formula may be written as , the dehydration steps occur at 157 °C and 179 °C as follows:


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: The primary use of magnesium carbonate is the production of magnesium oxide by calcining. Magnesite and dolomite minerals are used to produce refractory bricks. is also used in flooring, fireproofing, fire extinguishing compositions, cosmetics, dusting powder, and toothpaste. Other applications are as filler material, smoke suppressant in plastics, a reinforcing agent in neoprene rubber, a drying agent, and colour retention in foods.


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: Because of its low solubility in water and hygroscopic properties, was first added to salt in 1911 to make it flow more freely. The Morton Salt company adopted the slogan "When it rains it pours", meaning that its salt containing would not stick together in humid weather. Magnesium carbonate, most often referred to as "chalk", is also used as a drying agent on athletes' hands in rock climbing, gymnastics, weightlifting and other sports in which a firm grip is necessary.


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: As a food additive, magnesium carbonate is known as E504. Its only known side effect is that it may work as a laxative in high concentrations.


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: Magnesium carbonate is used in taxidermy for whitening skulls. It can be mixed with hydrogen peroxide to create a paste, which is spread on the skull to give it a white finish.


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: In addition, high purity magnesium carbonate is used as an antacid and as an additive in table salt to keep it free flowing. Magnesium carbonate can do this because it does not dissolve in water, only in acid, where it will effervesce (bubble).


title: Cycloid

text: In geometry, a cycloid is the curve traced by a point on a circle as it rolls along a straight line without slipping. A cycloid is a specific form of trochoid and is an example of a roulette, a curve generated by a curve rolling on another curve.


title: Cycloid

text: The cycloid, with the cusps pointing upward, is the curve of fastest descent under uniform gravity (the brachistochrone curve). It is also the form of a curve for which the period of an object in simple harmonic motion (rolling up and down repetitively) along the curve does not depend on the object's starting position (the tautochrone curve).


title: Cycloid

text: The cycloid has been called "The Helen of Geometers" as it caused frequent quarrels among 17th-century mathematicians.


title: Cycloid

text: Historians of mathematics have proposed several candidates for the discoverer of the cycloid. Mathematical historian Paul Tannery cited similar work by the Syrian philosopher Iamblichus as evidence that the curve was known in antiquity. English mathematician John Wallis writing in 1679 attributed the discovery to Nicholas of Cusa, but subsequent scholarship indicates that either Wallis was mistaken or the evidence he used is now lost. Galileo Galilei's name was put forward at the end of the 19th century and at least one author reports credit being given to Marin Mersenne. Beginning with the work of Moritz Cantor and Siegmund Günther, scholars now assign priority to French mathematician Charles de Bovelles based on his description of the cycloid in his "Introductio in geometriam", published in 1503. In this work, Bovelles mistakes the arch traced by a rolling wheel as part of a larger circle with a radius 120% larger than the smaller wheel.


title: Cycloid

text: Galileo originated the term "cycloid" and was the first to make a serious study of the curve. According to his student Evangelista Torricelli, in 1599 Galileo attempted the quadrature of the cycloid (determining the area under the cycloid) with an unusually empirical approach that involved tracing both the generating circle and the resulting cycloid on sheet metal, cutting them out and weighing them. He discovered the ratio was roughly 3:1, which is the true value, but he incorrectly concluded the ratio was an irrational fraction, which would have made quadrature impossible. Around 1628, Gilles Persone de Roberval likely learned of the quadrature problem from Père Marin Mersenne and effected the quadrature in 1634 by using Cavalieri's Theorem. However, this work was not published until 1693 (in his "Traité des Indivisibles").


title: Cycloid

text: Constructing the tangent of the cycloid dates to August 1638 when Mersenne received unique methods from Roberval, Pierre de Fermat and René Descartes. Mersenne passed these results along to Galileo, who gave them to his students Torricelli and Viviana, who were able to produce a quadrature. This result and others were published by Torricelli in 1644, which is also the first printed work on the cycloid. This led to Roberval charging Torricelli with plagiarism, with the controversy cut short by Torricelli's early death in 1647.


title: Cycloid

text: In 1658, Blaise Pascal had given up mathematics for theology but, while suffering from a toothache, began considering several problems concerning the cycloid. His toothache disappeared, and he took this as a heavenly sign to proceed with his research. Eight days later he had completed his essay and, to publicize the results, proposed a contest. Pascal proposed three questions relating to the center of gravity, area and volume of the cycloid, with the winner or winners to receive prizes of 20 and 40 Spanish doubloons. Pascal, Roberval and Senator Carcavy were the judges, and neither of the two submissions (by John Wallis and Antoine de Lalouvère) was judged to be adequate. While the contest was ongoing, Christopher Wren sent Pascal a proposal for a proof of the rectification of the cycloid; Roberval claimed promptly that he had known of the proof for years. Wallis published Wren's proof (crediting Wren) in Wallis's "Tractus Duo", giving Wren priority for the first published proof.


title: Cycloid

text: Fifteen years later, Christiaan Huygens had deployed the cycloidal pendulum to improve chronometers and had discovered that a particle would traverse a segment of an inverted cycloidal arch in the same amount of time, regardless of its starting point. In 1686, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz used analytic geometry to describe the curve with a single equation. In 1696, Johann Bernoulli posed the brachistochrone problem, the solution of which is a cycloid.


title: Cycloid

text: The cycloid through the origin, generated by a circle of radius rolling over the "-"axis on the positive side (), consists of the points , with


title: Cycloid

text: where is a real parameter corresponding to the angle through which the rolling circle has rotated. For given , the circle's centre lies at .


title: Cycloid

text: The Cartesian equation is obtained by solving the ""-equation for and substituting into the "-"equation:formula_2or, eliminating the multiple-valued inverse cosine:formula_3When is viewed as a function of , the cycloid is differentiable everywhere except at the cusps on the -axis, with the derivative tending toward formula_4 or formula_5 near a cusp. The map from to is differentiable, in fact of class , with derivative 0 at the cusps.


title: Cycloid

text: A cycloid segment from one cusp to the next is called an arch of the cycloid, for example the points with formula_8 and formula_9.


title: Cycloid

text: Considering the cycloid as the graph of a function formula_10, it satisfies the differential equation:


title: Cycloid

text: The involute of the cycloid has exactly the same shape as the cycloid it originates from. This can visualized as the path traced by the tip of a wire initially lying on a half arch of the cycloid: as it unrolls while remaining tangent to the original cycloid, it describes a new cycloid (see also cycloidal pendulum and arc length).


title: Cycloid

text: This demonstration uses the rolling-wheel definition of cycloid, as well as the instantaneous velocity vector of a moving point, tangent to its trajectory. In the adjacent picture, formula_12 and formula_13 are two points belonging to two rolling circles, with the base of the first just above the top of the second. Initially, formula_12 and formula_13 coincide at the intersection point of the two circles. When the circles roll horizontally with the same speed, formula_12 and formula_13 traverse two cycloid curves. Considering the red line connecting formula_12 and formula_13 at a given time, one proves "the line is always" "tangent to the lower arc at formula_13 and orthogonal to the upper arc at formula_12". Let formula_22 be the point in common between the upper and lower circles at the given time. Then:


title: Cycloid

text: This is three times the area of the rolling circle. This and similar results can be obtained geometrically without calculation by Mamikon's visual calculus.


title: Cycloid

text: Another geometric way to calculate the length of the cycloid is to notice that when a wire describing an involute has been completely unwrapped from half an arch, it extends itself along two diameters, a length of . This is thus equal to half the length of arch, and that of a complete arch is .


title: Cycloid

text: If a simple pendulum is suspended from the cusp of an inverted cycloid, such that the string is constrained to be tangent to one of its arches, and the pendulum's length "L" is equal to that of half the arc length of the cycloid (i.e., twice the diameter of the generating circle, "L = 4r"), the bob of the pendulum also traces a cycloid path. Such a pendulum is isochronous, with equal-time swings regardless of amplitude. Introducing a coordinate system centred in the position of the cusp, the equation of motion is given by:


title: Cycloid

text: where formula_84 is the angle that the straight part of the string makes with the vertical axis, and is given by


title: Cycloid

text: where is the "amplitude", formula_86 is the radian frequency of the pendulum and "g" the gravitational acceleration.


title: Cycloid

text: The 17th-century Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens discovered and proved these properties of the cycloid while searching for more accurate pendulum clock designs to be used in navigation.


title: Cycloid

text: All these curves are roulettes with a circle rolled along another curve of uniform curvature. The cycloid, epicycloids, and hypocycloids have the property that each is similar to its evolute. If "q" is the product of that curvature with the circle's radius, signed positive for epi- and negative for hypo-, then the similitude ratio of curve to evolute is 1 + 2"q".


title: Cycloid

text: The cycloidal arch was used by architect Louis Kahn in his design for the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas. It was also used by Wallace K. Harrison in the design of the Hopkins Center at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.


title: Cycloid

text: Early research indicated that some transverse arching curves of the plates of golden age violins are closely modeled by curtate cycloid curves. Later work indicates that curtate cycloids do not serve as general models for these curves, which vary considerably.


title: Cataplexy

text: Cataplexy is a sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness accompanied by full conscious awareness, typically triggered by emotions such as laughing, crying, or terror. Cataplexy affects approximately 70% of people who have narcolepsy, and is caused by an autoimmune destruction of hypothalamic neurons that produce the neuropeptide hypocretin (also called orexin), which regulates arousal and has a role in stabilization of the transition between wake and sleep states. Cataplexy without narcolepsy is rare and the cause is unknown.


title: Cataplexy

text: The term cataplexy originates from the Greek κατά ("kata", meaning "down"), and πλῆξις ("plēxis", meaning "strike") and it was first used around 1880 in German physiology literature to describe the phenomenon of tonic immobility also known as "playing possum" (in reference to the opossum's behavior of feigning death when threatened). In the same year the French neuropsychiatrist Jean-Baptiste Gélineau coined the term 'narcolepsy' and published some clinical reports that contain details about two patients who have similar condition as the narcoleptic cases nowadays. Nevertheless, the onset reported by him was in adulthood as compared to the nowadays cases reported in childhood and adolescence. Even if he preferred the term 'astasia' instead of 'cataplexy' the case described by him remained iconic for the full narcoleptic syndrome.


title: Cataplexy

text: Cataplexy manifests itself as muscular weakness which may range from a barely perceptible slackening of the facial muscles to complete muscle paralysis with postural collapse. Attacks are brief, most lasting from a few seconds to a couple of minutes, and typically involve dropping of the jaw, neck weakness, and/or buckling of the knees. Even in a full-blown collapse, people are usually able to avoid injury because they learn to notice the feeling of the cataplectic attack approaching and the fall is usually slow and progressive. Speech may be slurred and vision may be impaired (double vision, inability to focus), but hearing and awareness remain normal.


title: Cataplexy

text: Cataplexy attacks are self-limiting and resolve without the need for medical intervention. If the person is reclining comfortably, they may transition into sleepiness, hypnagogic hallucinations, or a sleep-onset REM period. While cataplexy worsens with fatigue, it is different from narcoleptic sleep attacks and is usually, but not always, triggered by strong emotional reactions such as laughter, anger, surprise, awe, and embarrassment, or by sudden physical effort, especially if the person is caught off guard. One well known example of this was the reaction of 1968 Olympic long jump medalist Bob Beamon on understanding that he had broken the previous world record by over 0.5 meters (almost 2 feet). Cataplectic attacks may occasionally occur spontaneously, with no identifiable emotional trigger.


title: Cataplexy

text: Cataplexy is considered secondary when it is due to specific lesions in the brain that cause a depletion of the hypocretin neurotransmitter. Secondary cataplexy is associated with specific lesions located primarily in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus. Cataplexy due to brainstem lesions is uncommon particularly when seen in isolation. The lesions include tumors of the brain or brainstem and arterio-venous malformations. Some of the tumors include astrocytoma, glioblastoma, glioma, and subependynoma. These lesions can be visualized with brain imaging, however in their early stages they can be missed. Other conditions in which cataplexy can be seen include ischemic events, multiple sclerosis, head injury, paraneoplastic syndromes, and infections such as encephalitis. Cataplexy may also occur transiently or permanently due to lesions of the hypothalamus that were caused by surgery, especially in difficult tumor resections. These lesions or generalized processes disrupt the hypocretin neurons and their pathways. The neurological process behind the lesion impairs pathways controlling the normal inhibition of muscle tone drop, consequently resulting in muscle atonia.


title: Cataplexy

text: A phenomenon of REM sleep, muscular paralysis, occurs at an inappropriate time. This loss of tonus is caused by massive inhibition of motor neurons in the spinal cord. When this happens during waking, the patient who had a cataplectic attack loses control of their muscles. As in REM sleep, the person continues to breathe and is able to control eye movements.


title: Cataplexy

text: The hypothalamus region of the brain regulates basic functions of hormone release, emotional expression and sleep. A study in 2006 in "Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine" concluded that the neurochemical hypocretin, which is regulated by the hypothalamus, was significantly reduced in study participants with symptoms of cataplexy. Orexin, also known as Hypocretin, is a primary chemical important in regulating sleep as well as states of arousal. Hypocretin deficiency is further associated with decreased levels of histamine and epinephrine, which are chemicals important in promoting wakefulness, arousal and alertness.


title: Cataplexy

text: The diagnosis of narcolepsy and cataplexy is usually made by symptom presentation. Presenting with the tetrad of symptoms (Excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep onset paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, cataplexy symptoms) is strong evidence of the diagnosis of narcolepsy. A Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) is often conducted in order to quantify daytime sleepiness.


title: Cataplexy

text: Cataplexy is treated with medications. Treatment for narcolepsy and cataplexy can be divided to those that act on the excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and those that improve cataplexy. For most of the patients, this represents lifelong use of medications.


title: Cataplexy

text: Nevertheless, most of the treatments in humans will act only symptomatically and do not target the loss of the orexin producing neurons.


title: Cataplexy

text: When treating cataplexy, all three systems: adrenergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic must be considered. In the studies made both in vitro and in vivo, it was proven that the adrenergic system can be inhibited by the antidepressants. In mouse models, cataplexy is regulated by the dopaminergic system via the D2-like receptor, which when blocked decreases cataplectic attacks . The role of the cholinergic system was also observed in canine models, where it was suggested that stimulation of this system led to severe cataplexy episodes.


title: Cataplexy

text: There are no behavioral treatments. People with narcolepsy will often try to avoid thoughts and situations that they know are likely to evoke strong emotions because they know that these emotions are likely to trigger cataplectic attacks.


title: Cataplexy

text: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB, also known as sodium oxybate) has been found to be effective at reducing the number of cataplexy episodes. Sodium oxybate is generally safe and is typically the recommended treatment.


title: Cataplexy

text: Sodium oxybate (GHB) is a natural metabolite of GABA. Its main target is the dopaminergic system because at pharmacological concentration it acts as an agonist and modulates the dopamine neurotransmitters and dopaminergic signalling. GHB was used to treat narcolepsy and cataplexy for more than 15 years and it is the only drug authorised by the EMA to treat the whole disease in adults, and by the FDA to treat patients who have cataplexy with the indication to be used for combating excessive daytime sleepiness. This drug helps to normalise the sleep architecture, pushing the REM sleep toward its normal setting, and inhibits the intrusion during the day of its elements like the paralysis in cataplexy.


title: Cataplexy

text: If the above treatment is not possible venlafaxine is recommended. Evidence for benefit is not as good .


title: Cataplexy

text: Previous treatments include tricyclic antidepressants such as imipramine, clomipramine or protriptyline. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors may be used to manage both cataplexy and the REM sleep-onset symptoms of sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.


title: Cataplexy

text: In clinical practice, venlafaxine (doses 75–225 mg daily) or clomipramine (25–100 mg daily) are the most common antidepressants used to treat cataplexy. If the patient wishes to have a sedative effect then clomipramine is prescribed. The effect of these drugs is to suppress the REM component and to increase the brainstem monoaminergic levels. Venlafaxine is a norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor whereas clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant. Their effects can be seen within 48 hours after the drug is administrated and at doses smaller than the ones used in depression. Nonetheless, antidepressants are not approved by the FDA for the treatment of cataplexy; some jurisdictions have approved clomipramine for this use, however. Frequently, tolerance is developed by the patients and typically the risk of cataplexy rebound or "status cataplecticus" appears when their intake is abruptly interrupted.


title: Cataplexy

text: Narcolepsy with cataplexy is considered an autoimmune-mediated disorder, so some therapies based on this hypothesis were developed. The immune-based therapies developed were more or less effective and include:


title: Cataplexy

text: The histaminergic neurons have a very important role in preserving consciousness and in helping maintain wakefulness and remain active during cataplexy. In narcolepsy, there seems to be an increase in these neurons, possibly to compensate for hypocretin loss. A promising therapy would be to increase the activation of histaminergic neurons by an inverse agonist of the histamine H3 receptor, which enhances histamine release in hypothalamus. An inverse agonist of the histamine H3 is Pitolisant. Results after testing on animals have indicated increased wakefulness in normal animals, decreased sleepiness and blocked the abnormal transitions from REM sleep to awake state in the hypocretin knock-out mice. Also placebo-controlled studies suggest some positive effects of Pitolisant on cataplexy symptoms increasing the levels of alertness and wakefulness.


title: Cataplexy

text: Research is being conducted on hypocretin gene therapy and hypocretin cell transplantation for narcolepsy-cataplexy.


title: FIFA 20

text: FIFA 20 is a football simulation video game published by Electronic Arts as part of the "FIFA" series. It is the 27th installment in the series and was released on 27 September 2019 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch. This is the first game in the franchise to not have an Xbox 360 version and also since FIFA 07 to not have a PlayStation 3 version.


title: FIFA 20

text: Real Madrid winger Eden Hazard was named the new cover star of the Standard Edition, with Liverpool defender Virgil van Dijk on the cover of the Champions Edition. Former Juventus and Real Madrid midfielder Zinedine Zidane was later named as the cover star for the Ultimate Edition.


title: FIFA 20

text: The game features "VOLTA" "Football" for the first time, a new mode that provides a variance on the traditional 11v11 gameplay and focuses on small-sided street and futsal games. The mode shares similarities to the former "FIFA Street" series.


title: FIFA 20

text: Gameplay changes to "FIFA 20" focus primarily on a new feature titled "VOLTA Football". The mode, which translates to 'return' in Portuguese, focuses on street football rather than the traditional matches associated with the "FIFA" series, similar to the "FIFA Street" series. It includes several options to play in three versus three, four versus four and five versus five matches, as well as with professional futsal rules. The mode will incorporate the same engine, but places emphasis on skill and independent play rather than tactical or team play.


title: FIFA 20

text: Additionally, players have the option to create their custom player by gender, clothing, shoes, hats, accessories and tattoos. Following the completion of the three-part series ""The Journey"" in "FIFA 19", players are now able to follow a similar storyline mode in "VOLTA Football", which would be played with the player's own character. Alex Hunter also makes a cameo in the game, along with his agent Beatriz Villanova.


title: FIFA 20

text: Changes were also made to the traditional 11 versus 11 mode to encourage more one-on-ones and off-the-ball space creation. New penalty and free-kick mechanics were implemented and updates were made to the ball physics.


title: FIFA 20

text: VOLTA Football includes 17 locations, with each providing a unique experience. In addition to the generic warehouse and parking lot, VOLTA Football features venues based in real-life cities, namely Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Cape Town, Lagos, London, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Miami, New York City, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Rome and Tokyo.


title: FIFA 20

text: Commentary is once again provided by Martin Tyler and Alan Smith and alternating with Derek Rae and Lee Dixon for all competitions, with Alan McInally providing in-game score updates and Geoff Shreeves providing pitch-side injury updates.


title: FIFA 20

text: Each player has his own overall rating, with Lionel Messi having the highest rating in the game with a 94.


title: FIFA 20

text: Pro clubs is a game mode in FIFA 20 where players can create personalised pros and compete in a squad against other squads online. The objective is to rise up the Divisions, starting in Division 10 and climbing to compete for the Division 1 title.


title: FIFA 20

text: Ultimate Team features 88 icon players, including 15 new names. Carlos Alberto, John Barnes, Kenny Dalglish, Didier Drogba, Michael Essien, Garrincha, Pep Guardiola, Kaká, Ronald Koeman, Andrea Pirlo, Ian Rush, Hugo Sánchez, Ian Wright, Gianluca Zambrotta and Zinedine Zidane all feature as icons for the first time.


title: FIFA 20

text: Two new game modes – King of the Hill and Mystery Ball – are also incorporated in Ultimate Team following their previous inclusion in kick-off mode. Mystery Ball gives the attacking side boosts to passing, shooting, dribbling, speed or all attributes, adding unpredictability to every match. King of the Hill sees players fight for possession in a randomly generated zone on the pitch to boost the amount the next goal is worth. Ultimate Team also includes a new dedicated kit supporting Premier League's No Room for Racism campaign.


title: FIFA 20

text: Career Mode, following feedback from the community, saw some major updates – mainly to the manager mode. New additions include fully interactive press conferences and player conversations, an improved player morale system which can affect the team or individual players stats, performance levels and stance with the manager. The ability to fully customise the manager's appearance and gender, a new dynamic player potential system, live news screenshots, league oriented UI and new negotiation environments.


title: FIFA 20

text: The player, nicknamed "Revvy", successfully tries out for the street football team "J10", named for and led by legendary street footballer, Jason "Jayzinho" Quezada. J10's dream to win the World Championship in Buenos Aires are dashed when Jayzinho suffers an injury that will sideline him for several months. While Revvy and Sydney "Syd" Ko decide to stay on the team, the others players see no chance of winning without Jayzinho and quit. Jayzinho plans to forfeit a tournament in Tokyo organized by fellow legend Kotaro Tokuda. Revvy convinces Jayzhino to have Kotaro find a replacement third player to meet the tournament's three player requirement.


title: FIFA 20

text: In Tokyo, Kotaro introduces a third player to join Revvy and Syd on the field. To J10's surprise, one of their former teammates, Peter Panna, is playing for an opposing team. After defeating his team to win the tournament, Peter apologies for leaving and is invited back into J10, after which they play an exhibition against Kotaro's team.


title: FIFA 20

text: J10 travels to Amsterdam to train with legendary player Edward Van Gils, and find former teammate Big T as well. Big T challenges J10 to play and win five consecutive matches, which they accomplish. J10 defeats Big T's team and Revvy asks him to rejoin J10. Afterward, J10 plays against legendary street footballer Rocky Hehakaija's team.


title: FIFA 20

text: Jayzinho sends J10 to Rio de Janeiro to recruit former member Bobbi Pillay. Bobbi had been training local youths in street football and invites J10 to play against her and her pupils, agreeing to return to J10 if they win. After winning, Vinícius Júnior and legendary street player Issy Hitman play against J10.


title: FIFA 20

text: Thanks to J10's winning streak and Syd's social media campaigning, Revvy is invited to the prestigious Pro Street Invitational in New York City by Alex Hunter's agent, Beatriz Villanova. Additionally, J10 earn a place in the World Championships.


title: FIFA 20

text: At the Pro Street Invitational, Revvy learns that Jayzinho was originally going to be invited, but was replaced by Revvy due to his injury. Playing alongside and against several professional footballers, Revvy wins the tournament to great fanfare, but is accused by Jayzinho of undermining his leadership and stealing his glory.


title: FIFA 20

text: At the World Championship, Revvy discovers that Jayzinho has entered the tournament with a team composed of all the legendary street players they played against. Furthermore, Jayzinho has reclaimed the name J10 for his new team, prompting Revvy to choose a new name for their own team to play under.


title: FIFA 20

text: As Revvy's team progresses through the tournament, Beatriz offers to represent Revvy and get them on a professional team. This development upsets Syd, as she assumes Revvy will abandon her as their other teammates had. Revvy reveals that before joining J10, they were offered contracts from several professional teams, but the offers were rescinded once Revvy fell into depression following their sister's sudden death. Revvy thanks Syd for helping them overcome their depression by reminding them of her, which Syd appreciates.


title: FIFA 20

text: Revvy's team beats J10 to become the World Champions. Revvy invites Jayzinho to lift the trophy at the celebration, publicly crediting him for establishing J10 and mentoring them. Jayzinho reconciles with Revvy and accepts Vinícius Júnior's offer to run street tournaments across the world, while Revvy declines Beatriz's offer in favor of continue playing street football for J10 with Syd.


title: FIFA 20

text: The game features more than 30 officially licensed leagues, over 700 clubs and over 17,000 players. For the first time in FIFA History, the Romanian Liga I and its 14 teams were added, as well as Emirati club Al Ain, who were added following extensive requests from the fans in the region.


title: FIFA 20

text: Juventus, Boca Juniors and River Plate are not featured after they signed exclusive partnership deals with "eFootball PES 2020". As a result, they are instead referred to as Piemonte Calcio (Juventus), Buenos Aires (Boca Juniors), and Núñez (River Plate). While these teams feature the players' likenesses, their official badges and kits are not licensed, and thus replaced by custom designs created by EA Sports. The three teams' stadiums, the Juventus Stadium, La Bombonera and El Monumental, are replaced in the game by generic stadiums as well. Bayern Munich is featured in the game with their licensed players and kits, but without their home stadium Allianz Arena, which also happens to be exclusively licensed to PES 2020.


title: FIFA 20

text: "FIFA 20" retains the exclusive licenses to the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, and UEFA Super Cup, first seen in "FIFA 19". The deal includes authentic broadcast packages, branding, and custom commentary. Additionally, the Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana and the Recopa Sudamericana is featured in the game via an update released on 13 March 2020.


title: FIFA 20

text: EA also signed a deal with ITV to use the Soccer Aid branding included in the 10 June 2020 update, containing FUT icons in Kick-Off.


title: FIFA 20

text: There are 90 fully licensed stadiums from 15 countries in "FIFA 20", as well as 29 generic stadiums. Bramall Lane has been included following Sheffield United's promotion, ensuring that all Premier League teams have their respective stadiums. Three new Spanish stadiums have also been added – Estadio El Alcoraz (home of SD Huesca), Estadio De Vallecas (home of Rayo Vallecano) and Estadio José Zorrilla (home of Real Valladolid).


title: FIFA 20

text: As part of an extensive new licensing deal, 13 new stadiums across the Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga were included. These include BayArena (home of Bayer 04 Leverkusen), Mercedes-Benz Arena (home of VfB Stuttgart), Red Bull Arena (home of RB Leipzig) and Volkswagen Arena (home of VfL Wolfsburg). Also added into the game is the Groupama Stadium, home of Olympique Lyonnais in Ligue 1; Red Bull Arena, home of New York Red Bulls in Major League Soccer; as well as the Atatürk Olympic Stadium, the venue originally slated to host the 2020 UEFA Champions League Final before the location was changed to Lisbon due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: FIFA 20

text: 2 new stadiums were added in 2020 when the Copa Libertadores was released in March. The stadium Estadio Libertadores de América of the Argentinian club Club Atlético Independiente is now available, as well as the stadium Estadio Presidente Juan Domingo Perón of the Argentinian club Racing Club de Avellaneda.


title: FIFA 20

text: The FIFA 20 demo was released on 10 September 2019 and includes 6 playable teams which can be played on the UEFA Champions League kick-off mode – Borussia Dortmund, Liverpool, Chelsea, Paris Saint-Germain, Tottenham Hotspur and Real Madrid and a demo of the new "VOLTA Football" mode. The demo is available for PS4, Xbox One and PC.


title: FIFA 20

text: The game was released through the EA Access subscription on 24 September 2019, which also offers a free 10 hour trial.


title: FIFA 20

text: "FIFA 20" features three cover stars across all regional editions. Real Madrid winger Eden Hazard was named the new cover star of the Regular Edition, with Liverpool defender Virgil van Dijk on the cover of the Champions Edition. Former Real Madrid midfielder and manager Zinedine Zidane was later named as the cover star for the Ultimate Edition.


title: FIFA 20

text: Whilst the Xbox One, PS4 and PC versions have all of the new features, the Nintendo Switch version was released under the label "Legacy Edition", with updated kits, rosters and minor updates, but without the new "VOLTA Football" mode or any of the other new features. "FIFA 20" was not released on Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3, making "FIFA 19" the final game in the series to be released on those platforms.


title: FIFA 20

text: "FIFA 20" received "generally favourable" reviews for the PS4 and Xbox One versions of the game from critics, while the Nintendo Switch version received "generally unfavorable" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: FIFA 20

text: Despite changing some of the mode's features, upon release, the game's Career Mode was criticised for being riddled with bugs including computer-controlled opposition managers picking unusually weak teams, players changing positions seemingly at random, and unexplained ratings changes. The criticism has been described as "issues that either turn its take on realism into a bit of a joke or break the game entirely", with claims that EA is attempting to cover up or downplay the game's flaws. The "#FixCareerMode" hashtag trended for several days on Twitter in the United Kingdom, with fans hoping to draw attention to the issues in the mode. On 16 October 2019, EA responded by releasing a new patch for the game which fixed various issues that were reported to be present.


title: FIFA 20

text: In a re-review of the game by the Bleacher Report, (it originally awarded the game a 7.5/10 rating), it was described as a 'defensive borefest', going on to criticise the game as frustrating and unbalanced; citing server issues, frustrating game mechanics such as the slow communication between players and the overpowering of AI defending mechanic (a criticism shared by various players online), as well as a general lack of 'fun challenges and rewards' in the popular 'Ultimate Team' mode. Bleacher Report then gave an updated score of 6/10. This view was shared by former world No. 1 FIFA player 'Fnatic Tekzz', who said at a pro event, "Nobody enjoys playing it."


title: FIFA 20

text: The Nintendo Switch version of the game was criticised for being released as "Legacy Edition"; a tagline given to versions of the game where only kits, rosters and stadiums are updated from the previous edition of the game.


title: FIFA 20

text: Many professional players online have widely criticised FIFA 20 as one of the most frustrating editions in the history of the franchise, citing the clunky gameplay, dynamic difficulty and balancing issues. Players have also criticised the popular 'Ultimate Team' for adopting a 'pay-to-play' model, citing the steps that Electronic Arts have taken to make the game more friendly for e-sports competitions.


title: FIFA 20

text: In early October 2019, it was reported that some players' personal information was exposed to other gamers. Some players' that signed up to the Fifa 20 Global Series found a completed registration form with other people's information. The error exposed email addresses and birth dates of players. According to EA the problem affected about 1,600 people.


title: The Krankies

text: The Krankies are a Scottish comedy duo who enjoyed success as a cabaret act in the 1970s and on television in the 1980s, featuring in their own television shows and making pop records. Since this period, they have also regularly appeared in pantomime. The duo comprises wife Janette Tough and her husband Ian. As the Krankies they portray schoolboy Wee Jimmy Krankie (Janette), and paternal figure Ian Krankie (Ian), though in their comedy act they also portray other characters. Beginning in the 1990s, they regularly appeared as The Krankies in episodes of the BBC comedy series "French and Saunders". Wee Jimmy Krankie often used the catchphrase exclamation "Fandabidozi!"


title: The Krankies

text: Janette was born on 16 May 1947 in Queenzieburn, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, and Ian on 26 March 1947 in Clydebank, Dunbartonshire. The two met in 1966, and were married in 1969.


title: The Krankies

text: The Krankies began their career as a comedy duo performing as various characters and working the comedy circuit. In 1978, they got their big break when they were given a spot on the Royal Variety Performance.


title: The Krankies

text: During the 1980s, the duo were given roles in several television shows, including the BBC's stalwart children's entertainment series "Crackerjack" (1980–1982). Other appearances included "The Krankies Klub" (1983–1984), "The Joke Machine" (1985), "The Krankies Elektronik Komik" (1985–1987) and "K.T.V" for Border Television (1989–1992).


title: The Krankies

text: From 1975 to 1984, The Krankies released a series of pop singles and an album. "Fan–Dabi–Dozi", based on their catchphrase which peaked at number 46 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1981.


title: The Krankies

text: Janette also appeared as Jimmy Krankie in the video for the 2007 Comic Relief single "500 Miles" with The Proclaimers, Brian Potter, Andy Pipkin and other celebrity stars.


title: The Krankies

text: The pair made recurring appearances in various series of "French & Saunders". Janette played, for example, Anadin Skywalker in the "" parody "The Phantom Millennium", and they both appeared in several other movie parodies throughout the series. Her most recent appearance was on the 2005 Christmas Special, in which she appeared in the mock theatre trailers for "The Graduate" and "Chicago". She also appeared in the fifth series of "Absolutely Fabulous" playing both a midwife and nightmare baby in the episode "Book Clubbin."


title: The Krankies

text: In 1999, Janette Tough made a cameo appearance in a season 4 episode of "Murder Most Horrid" ("Elvis, Jesus, and Zack"). The episode concerns an artist who fakes his death to gain popularity. Janette is seen at the end of the episode, calling Dawn French's character for help faking her own death. The same year, she appeared as Janice, a friend of the character Petula in an episode of "dinnerladies".


title: The Krankies

text: In 2003, "Wee Jimmy Krankie" was voted "The Most Scottish Person in the World" by the readers of "The Glasgow Herald". The following year, Janette was badly injured in a fall during a performance in the pantomime "Jack and the Beanstalk", but made a full recovery.


title: The Krankies

text: In 2008, The Krankies appeared in a widely seen advertising campaign for STV Bingo. In 2007, they appeared in the video for the Comic Relief remake of The Proclaimers' song "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)", which featured Brian Potter and Andy Pipkin (fictional characters portrayed by Peter Kay and Matt Lucas respectively).


title: The Krankies

text: On 12 June 2008 they appeared as guests on "The Paul O'Grady Show", where they appeared in character at the beginning, before coming on later in the show as themselves. They were promoting a forthcoming tour in which they performed with other "semi-retired" acts such as Frank Carson, Brotherhood of Man, and Jimmy Cricket (all best known in the 1970s and 1980s).


title: The Krankies

text: On 14 December 2009, they once again were on the Paul O'Grady show for the pantomime special of "Sleeping Beauty", in which Janette played a hooker and Ian played a rampant camel. The duo appeared on ITV's daytime show "Loose Women" on 25 February 2010.


title: The Krankies

text: During the 2010 panto season, the Krankies made a re-appearance in Scottish pantomime alongside John Barrowman at the SECC for Aladdin. They appeared as the Police, with Janette parodying Susan Boyle and Lady Gaga, and making an appearance as Wee Jimmy Krankie. The Krankies returned alongside Barrowman in 2011 and soon became SECC veterans. After four years, Barrowman announced he would not return, and David Hasselhoff joined The Krankies for the 2015 pantomime. In 2016, they joined Barrowman again in pantomime at Birmingham Hippodrome, and in 2017 at Manchester Opera House.


title: The Krankies

text: In December 2011, during an appearance on BBC Radio Scotland's "Stark Talk" programme, Ian Tough revealed the couple had enjoyed a colourful sex life at the time when their profile was at its highest in the 1980s, admitting to episodes of swinging. He told the story of one amorous incident where the pair almost sailed off course to France in a small boat while partaking in a sex act.


title: The Krankies

text: In December 2015, "" sparked controversy and accusations of racism when it was announced that Janette Tough would be playing a male Japanese character named Huki Muki. Korean American comedian Margaret Cho accused Janette Tough of "yellowface", which she described as "when white people portray Asian people. And unfortunately it's happening in this film." Upon release of the film it became apparent that the character was not, in fact, Japanese but Scottish. When asked about the controversy Jennifer Saunders replied "the whole film is about people being what they're not, Huki Muki is a brand, she is the designer and she looks a bit Japanese, but the moment she opens her mouth she's from Glasgow. There's no yellow makeup..."


title: The Krankies

text: On 24 December 2015, the Krankies appeared on the BBC One programme "Pointless", losing out to Su Pollard and Jeffrey Holland who reached the final.


title: The Krankies

text: In August 2018, they appeared in the third series of BBC's travel documentary "The Real Marigold Hotel".


title: The Krankies

text: On 8 April 2022 they appeared on GB News's "Mark Dolan Tonight" on Dolan's "Mark Meets" segment. They also appeared as panellists on Dolan's show on 3 July 2022.


title: Mannie Fresh

text: Byron Otto Thomas (born March 20, 1969), better known by his stage name Mannie Fresh, is an American music producer and rapper. He's best known for his productions on Cash Money Records releases, as well being half of the hip hop duo (alongside label co-founder Birdman) the Big Tymers. He produced all or most of the songs on 17 multi-platinum, platinum or gold albums for Cash Money from 1998 to 2004 before leaving the label. He also was their only in-house producer when the company started in 1991.


title: Mannie Fresh

text: Thomas was born and raised in the 7th Ward of New Orleans. Influenced by his father DJ Sabu, Thomas became a DJ for New Orleans hip hop crew New York Incorporated in 1984 at age 15. In the late 1980s, he began a partnership with New Orleans rapper MC Gregory D. They released their first album together "Throwdown" in 1987, with Mannie Fresh producing and MC Gregory D rapping. They would release two more records together in the late 1980s and early 1990s. After their last album together, in 1993, Thomas met Bryan "Baby" Williams, who gave him an opportunity to become the in-house producer of his record label Cash Money Records. With Williams' help, Thomas made chart-topping albums for the Hot Boys, which was composed of Lil Wayne, B.G., Juvenile, and Turk, producing all of the group's albums. He also produced all tracks on the members' solo works as well.


title: Mannie Fresh

text: Later, Thomas formed the Big Tymers along with Williams, as Mannie Fresh and Birdman respectively, bringing him fame, and released five albums. In 2004, he released his own debut solo album "The Mind of Mannie Fresh", which consisted of 30 tracks and featured the single "Real Big," which peaked at #72 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In 2005, he split from Cash Money for financial reasons, and later joined Def Jam South, to which he is currently signed. On October 27, 2009, Mannie Fresh released his second solo album, "Return of the Ballin'". The album was entirely produced by Fresh himself and featured prominent guests Rick Ross and Lil Jon.


title: Pashupatastra

text: The Pashupatastra (IAST: Pāśupatāstra, Sanskrit: पाशुपतास्त्र; the weapon of Pashupati, an epithet of Shiva) is an astra, a celestial missile, affiliated to the Hindu deity Shiva, as well as Kali and Adi Parashakti, which can be discharged by the mind, the eyes, words, or a bow.


title: Pashupatastra

text: Never to be used against lesser enemies or by lesser warriors, the Pashupatastra is capable of destroying creation and vanquishing all beings. In the Mahabharata, only Arjuna, and in the Ramayana, only the sage Vishvamitra and Rama possessed the Pashupatastra. It is one of the six "Mantramukta" weapons that cannot be resisted.


title: Pashupatastra

text: After the battle at the Khandava forest, Indra had promised Arjuna to give him all his weapons, as a boon for matching him in battle, with the requirement that Shiva should be appeased by him. Following the advice of Krishna to undertake a "tapasya" to attain this divine weapon, Arjuna left his brothers for the performance of a penance.


title: Pashupatastra

text: On learning about Arjuna's penance, Duryodhana sent the asura Mukasura to kill Arjuna. Mukasura took the form of a wild boar to interrupt Arjuna's worship. Upon knowing this, Shiva appeared there, in the form of a hunter. Arjuna shot an arrow at the boar, and slew it. At the same time, Shiva had also released an arrow from his bow. A scuffle arose between the two as to whose arrow had slain the boar. The scuffle led to an exchange of arrow-fire, until Arjuna's quiver was depleted. The Pandava struck the hunter's head with his sword, which shattered to pieces. The two exchanged blows, until Arjuna was beaten senseless against the earth.


title: Pashupatastra

text: Shiva, and his consort, Parvati, offered their darshana to Arjuna, and blessed him with the Pashupatastra.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: Thomas Richard Suozzi (; born August 31, 1962) is an American politician, attorney and accountant serving as the U.S. Representative for New York's 3rd congressional district since 2017. His district includes part of the North Shore of Long Island.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: A member of the Democratic Party, Suozzi was the county executive of Nassau County, New York from 2002 to 2009. He was first elected to the post in 2001 after four two-year terms as mayor of Glen Cove. In 2006, he ran unsuccessfully against Eliot Spitzer for the Democratic nomination for governor of New York, on a "Fix Albany" platform. Suozzi was elected to the House of Representatives in 2016 and reelected in 2018 and 2020. He ran again for the Democratic nomination for governor of New York in 2022, losing to incumbent Governor Kathy Hochul.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: The son of former Glen Cove mayor Joseph A. Suozzi, Thomas Suozzi was born on August 31, 1962 in Glen Cove. His father was born in Italy and his mother, Marguerite, is of Irish and English descent. The youngest of five siblings, Tom Suozzi attended Catholic schools, graduating from Chaminade High School, Boston College, and Fordham University School of Law. He is trained as both a lawyer and a CPA.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: In 1993, Suozzi was elected mayor of Glen Cove, New York. He served as mayor for four terms. His father and his uncle, Vincent Suozzi, were mayors of Glen Cove before him.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: As mayor, Suozzi focused on environmental cleanup of commercial and industrial sites. A focal point of his administration was redeveloping brownfield and superfund sites. In 1994, the Glen Cove incinerator was permanently closed and dismantled. In 1998, the city demolished and redeveloped the defunct Li Tungsten Refinery grounds, a federal superfund site. Then-Vice President Al Gore recognized Suozzi for the city's environmental cleanup efforts and Glen Cove was awarded the Brownfields Award in 1998.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: Suozzi was elected Nassau County Executive in 2001, becoming the first Democrat elected to the position in traditionally Republican Nassau in 30 years. He assumed office amid a fiscal crisis. By 1999, Nassau was on the brink of financial collapse: the county faced a $300 million annual deficit, was billions of dollars in debt, and its credit rating had sunk to one level above junk status. According to "The New York Times", he "earned high marks from independent institutions for his signature achievement, the resuscitation of Nassau's finances."


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: While in office, Suozzi cut spending and reduced borrowing and debt. He also oversaw 11 county bond upgrades over two years, eliminated deficits in Nassau, and accumulated surpluses. In 2005, "Governing Magazine" named Suozzi one of its Public Officials of the Year, calling him "the man who spearheaded Nassau County, New York's, remarkable turnaround from the brink of fiscal disaster." According to "The New York Times", Suozzi garnered praise for social services like his "no wrong door" program, which centralized access to social services.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: Suozzi lost the 2009 county executive election to Ed Mangano. After working in the private sector as an attorney, he announced that he would seek a rematch against Mangano in 2013. He attacked Mangano for "presiding over a decline in the county" while also emphasizing that, while he was county executive, Suozzi had eight years of balanced budgets and reduced crime. In November, Mangano defeated Suozzi, 59% to 41%.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: Suozzi declared his candidacy for governor of New York in the Democratic primary against Eliot Spitzer on February 25, 2006. The bid appeared from the start to be something of a long shot given Spitzer's reputation as a "corporate crusader", though Suozzi often pointed out that he prevailed as a long shot before when he first ran for Nassau County Executive.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: Few prominent Democrats apart from Nassau County Democratic Party Chairman Jay Jacobs supported his bid; most of New York's Democratic legislators and mayors campaigned for Spitzer. One of Suozzi's biggest supporters was Victor Rodriguez, founder of the now disbanded Voter Rights Party. Rodriguez eventually became the lead field organizer for Suozzi's Albany campaign office. The campaign was funded in part by Home Depot co-founder Kenneth Langone, former NYSE CEO Richard Grasso, David Mack of the MTA, and many people on Wall Street whom Spitzer had investigated and prosecuted.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: On June 13, 2006, Suozzi spoke before the New York State Conference of Mayors along with Spitzer and John Faso. Suozzi received a standing ovation from the crowd of mayors. On July 6, Suozzi announced to his followers that he had collected enough petitions to place himself on the primary ballot. During a debate, he said he had presidential aspirations. On August 7, after much speculation, Suozzi announced that he would not seek an independent line were he to lose the primary.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: On November 29, 2021, Suozzi announced his candidacy for governor of New York in the 2022 election. He lost the Democratic primary to incumbent governor Kathy Hochul.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: In June 2016, Suozzi won a five-way Democratic primary in New York's 3rd congressional district. He was endorsed by "The New York Times", "Newsday", and "The Island Now". He defeated Republican State Senator Jack Martins in the general election on November 8, and began representing New York's 3rd congressional district in the 115th United States Congress in January 2017.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: In June 2018, Suozzi won the Democratic primary unopposed. In the general election, Suozzi defeated Republican nominee Dan DeBono, a future Trump administration Chief Infrastructure Funding Officer and former trader and investment banker, by 18 points.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: In June 2020, Suozzi won a three-way Democratic primary in New York's 3rd congressional district with 66.5% of the votes. In the general election, he defeated Republican nominee George A. Santos, a finance executive, by over 12 points.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: He is vice-chair of the Bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus, which comprises 22 Democrats and 22 Republicans. He also co-chairs the Long Island Sound Caucus, co-chairs the Quiet Skies Caucus, and chairs the United States Merchant Marine Academy’s Board of Visitors. Suozzi is a member of the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus, the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus the Climate Solutions Caucus, is a Commissioner on the Congressional Executive Commission on China, and is the Chairman of the Congressional Uyghur Caucus.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: In Congress, Suozzi authored and is the leading voice on legislation to restore the State and Local Tax (SALT) Deduction, which was capped at $10,000 in 2017. Through his work, Suozzi orchestrated a call from the New York Congressional Delegation for the repeal of the SALT cap.


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: In 2022, Suozzi strongly opposed a proposal by Governor Kathy Hochul to permit homeowners to add an accessory dwelling unit (such as an extra apartment and backyard cottage) on lots zoned for single-family housing. The proposal was intended to alleviate New York's housing shortage and make housing more affordable. Suozzi said that he supported efforts to tackle housing problems, but that he was against "ending single-family housing".


title: Thomas Suozzi

text: Suozzi and his wife, Helene, have three children. Their son Joe played baseball at Boston College and is in the minor-league system of the New York Mets.


title: Missing man formation

text: The missing man formation is an aerial salute performed as part of a flypast of aircraft at a funeral or memorial event, typically in memory of a fallen pilot, a well-known military service member or veteran, or a well-known political figure. The planes fly in a formation with a space where one plane should be, symbolizing the person's absence.


title: Missing man formation

text: Missing man formations are also used in motorsport in memory of a recently deceased driver and in American football in memory of a recently deceased player.


title: Missing man formation

text: Several variants of the formation are seen. The formation most commonly used in the United States is based on the "finger-four" aircraft combat formation composed of two pairs of aircraft. The aircraft fly in a V-shape with the flight leader at the point and their wingman on their left. The second element leader and his wingman fly to their right. The formation flies over the ceremony low enough to be clearly seen and the second element leader abruptly pulls up out of the formation while the rest of the formation continues in level flight until all aircraft are out of sight.


title: Missing man formation

text: In an older variant, the formation is flown with the second element leader position conspicuously empty. In another variation, the flight approaches from the south, preferably near sundown, and one of the aircraft will suddenly split off to the west, flying into the sunset. In all cases, the aircraft performing the pull-up, split off, or missing from the formation is honoring the person (or persons) who has died, and is representing their departure.


title: Missing man formation

text: In 1936, King George V received the first recorded flypast for a non-RAF funeral. The United States adopted the tradition in 1938 during the funeral for Major General Oscar Westover with over 50 aircraft and one blank file. By the end of World War II, the missing man formation had evolved to include the pull-up. In April 1954, United States Air Force General Hoyt Vandenberg was buried at Arlington National Cemetery without the traditional horse-drawn artillery caisson. Instead, Vandenberg was honored by a flyover of jet aircraft with one plane missing from the formation.


title: Missing man formation

text: On January 31, 1986, four NASA T-38s flew the missing man formation over Johnson Space Center to honor the STS-51L Challenger crew.


title: Missing man formation

text: On November 26, 1999, four Air Force F-16s flew the missing man formation over Kyle Field to honor the 12 Texas A&M students who died during the Aggie Bonfire collapse.


title: Missing man formation

text: The Delaware Air National Guard flew the missing man formation over the Dover International Speedway on June 3, 2001 to honor NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt Sr., who had died in a wreck on the final lap of the 2001 Daytona 500 race earlier that year.


title: Missing man formation

text: On June 9, 2004, during the State Funeral of President Ronald Reagan, 21 Air Force F-15E Strike Eagles from the 4th Fighter Wing, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base in North Carolina, flew over in a missing man formation.


title: Missing man formation

text: In December 2004, as a final tribute to Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands's former military role in the Royal Netherlands Air Force, three modern F-16 jet fighters and a World War II Spitfire performed a missing man formation during his funeral.


title: Missing man formation

text: On September 13, 2007, two days after two Bo 105 helicopters operated by the Swedish Air Force collided, four Saab JAS 39 Gripen performed the missing man formation when relatives to the pilots, accompanied by Micael Bydén, visited the crash site.


title: Missing man formation

text: On May 25, 2012, the Royal Norwegian Air Force performed the flypast at the funeral of World War II resistance fighter Gunnar Sønsteby, Norway's most highly decorated citizen.


title: Missing man formation

text: The missing man formation was flown at a family memorial service in Indian Hill, Ohio on 31 August 2012 in honour of former American astronaut, US Navy pilot, and test pilot Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the Moon.


title: Missing man formation

text: In November 2014 the state memorial service for former Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, who had served as a navigator in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II, concluded with a missing man formation flight conducted by four RAAF F/A-18 Hornet fighters.


title: Missing man formation

text: On 29 March 2015, the Republic of Singapore Air Force's Black Knights planned to fly the missing man formation as an aerial salute to long-serving former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew during his funeral procession from Parliament House to the University Cultural Centre of the National University of Singapore. However, they could not due to rain, low overcast clouds and low visibility; instead they flew over, above the cloud.


title: Missing man formation

text: On March 11, 2016, Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt IIs, also known as Warthogs, performed a missing man formation flyover at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. The Warthogs flew over the burial service for retired US Air Force Col. Avery Kay, considered the father of the A-10.


title: Missing man formation

text: On September 18, 2017, a missing man formation was performed by three Sukhoi-30MKI of the Indian Air Force during the funeral ceremony of Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh in New Delhi.


title: Missing man formation

text: In October 2017, the Spanish Air Force performed a missing man formation as a tribute to two pilots who died in separate accidents within a week.


title: Missing man formation

text: On September 2, 2018, the Virginia-based Super Hornets flew the formation over the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, at the end of the interment ceremony for Senator John McCain.


title: Missing man formation

text: On October 23, 2018, a missing man formation was flown for Jon Thocker, a stunt pilot who died during a performance on October 13. The formation was flown by 12 RV aircraft at Lunken Airport.


title: Missing man formation

text: On December 6, 2018, a missing man formation was flown at the funeral of President George H. W. Bush, who was a distinguished naval aviator. This formation included 21 aircraft.


title: Missing man formation

text: On 22 February 2019, around 8:45 am, a "finger-four" missing man formation was flown over Sheffield, England as part of a flypast of aircraft to honour the 75th anniversary of B-17 "Mi Amigo" crashing after returning from a mission.


title: Missing man formation

text: On 19 February 2019 a missing man formation was flown by the Surya Kiran Aerobatic Team of Indian Air Force to honour Wg Commander Sahil Gandhi who was killed when he was practicing for the display for Aero India 2019, two aircraft crashed on that day in Bangalore.


title: Missing man formation

text: On 12 February 2020, a missing wingman formation was flown in honor Kenya's second president, Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi, after a 19-gun salute, during his funeral at his Kabarak home.


title: Missing man formation

text: On March 13, 2020, a missing man formation was flown by the Pakistan Air Force to honor Wing Commander Nauman Akram who was killed when his F-16 crashed near Shakarparian, Islamabad during Pakistan Day Parade rehearsals.


title: Missing man formation

text: On May 3, 2020, a missing man formation was flown by the RCAF Snowbirds over 12 Wing Shearwater to honor the crew of a CH-148 Helicopter operating aboard HMCS "Fredericton" that was lost in the Ionian Sea on April 30 during a training exercise.


title: Missing man formation

text: On October 26, 2021, a missing man formation was flown by six DH Chipmunks in honour of Squadron Leader Bill Purchase MBE during his funeral in Peterborough (England). Purchase had a distinguished flying career with the Royal Air Force, and became synonymous with the DH Chipmunk, the aircraft type he flew around the world as part of operation Northern Venture.


title: Missing man formation

text: Permanent memorial sculptures depicting the missing man aerial formation exist at Randolph Air Force Base ("Missing Man Monument", 1977, Mark Pritchett) in San Antonio, Texas, Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam ("Missing Man Memorial", 1995) in Honolulu, Hawaii, and Valor Park ("Missing Man Formation", 2000) near the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.


title: Missing man formation

text: Outside the United States, a missing man memorial was dedicated at the Militaire Luchtvaart Museum ("", 2004, Leendert Verboom) near Soesterberg Air Base to commemorate the 21 June 1944 crash of the Consolidated B-24 Liberator "Connie" following a bombing raid in Germany; it was moved to the museum near Rijsenhout in 2014.


title: Missing man formation

text: The missing man formation is also used in various types of motorsport to commemorate the death of a driver, rider, or official. In case of a rolling start, during the pace laps before the race begins, the driver in the pole position drops back a row into the second row and the field paces with no vehicle in the lead position. This was done during the 2001 Dura Lube 400 at Rockingham by Jeff Gordon, in honor of Dale Earnhardt following his death the week before at the Daytona 500. Similarly, the pole position on a starting grid can be left empty for a standing start.


title: Missing man formation

text: After the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, in the next race in Monaco, the first two grid positions were left empty and painted with the colors of their home countries' flags - Brazil and Austria, respectively.


title: Missing man formation

text: The missing man formation has been frequently used by American football teams to commemorate the death of a teammate. Typically, on the first play in which the fallen player would have appeared, the team takes the field with only ten players, leaving his position in the formation open. The team will usually then take a delay of game, with their opponent declining the penalty.


title: Missing man formation

text: On September 1, 2007 the USC Trojans college football team performed the missing man. After scoring their first touchdown, USC lined up for the extra point without a kicker in tribute to teammate Mario Danelo who had died just after the 2006 season.


title: Missing man formation

text: On December 2, 2007 the NFL's Washington Redskins (now known as the Washington Commanders) lined up for their first defensive play of the game with 10 men in honor of safety Sean Taylor who died on November 27, 2007.


title: Missing man formation

text: On September 3, 2016 the Nebraska Cornhuskers college football team lined up in punt formation without a punter on their first fourth down in their game against the Fresno State Bulldogs to honor punter Sam Foltz, who died in a traffic accident on July 23, 2016.


title: Missing man formation

text: On December 12, 2021, the Denver Broncos lined up with 10 men in formation for their first play of the game against the Detroit Lions in honor of former wide receiver Demaryius Thomas, who had died on December 9, 2021.


title: Missing man formation

text: In the 2022 film "", a missing man formation is observed at the funeral of Admiral Tom "Iceman" Kazansky.


title: Missing man formation

text: In the 1986 film Iron Eagle, a missing man formation is observed for Lt. Col. Charles "Chappy" Sinclair who is presumed to have died on impact in the Mediterranean Sea.


title: Missing man formation

text: In the 2013 film Furious 7, the characters drove a land vehicle version of the aerial missing man formation in memory of the passing of Paul Walker.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson, billed as Lewis–Tyson: Is On, was a heavyweight professional boxing match that took place on June 8, 2002, at the Pyramid Arena in Memphis, Tennessee. The defending unified WBC, IBF, IBO, and "The Ring" champion Lennox Lewis defeated former undisputed heavyweight champion Mike Tyson by knockout in the eighth round. Prior to the event, Lewis was awarded "The Ring" magazine heavyweight title, which had been vacant since the late 1980s and was last held by Tyson.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: The fight was originally scheduled for April 6, 2002 in Las Vegas. However, Nevada refused to grant Tyson a license after a press conference brawl between Lewis and Tyson (see below). Several other states refused Tyson a license before Memphis finally bid US$12 million in order to host the fight.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: The referee for the fight was Eddie Cotton, officiating his 20th world title bout. Alfred Buqwana of South Africa, Anek Hongtongkam of Thailand and Bob Logist of Belgium were appointed as judges, as both the WBC and the Tennessee Athletic Commission wanted judges from different continents. Lewis weighed in at and Tyson at (the second highest of his career).


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: The fight was promoted by Main Events and was a pay-per-view shown as a joint collaboration between HBO and Showtime in the United States and on Sky Box Office in the United Kingdom. The joint promotion was a rarity as at the time HBO and Showtime were arch-rivals in American boxing broadcasting, though it would later be repeated in 2015 with the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao match. HBO's Jim Lampley called the fight alongside Showtime's Bobby Czyz, and in addition each fighter was introduced by a ring announcer allied with a specific network: Lewis had HBO's Michael Buffer introduce him, while Jimmy Lennon Jr. of Showtime did the same for Tyson. It was the highest-grossing event in pay-per-view history, generating US$106.9 million from 1.95 million buys in the U.S., until it was surpassed by De La Hoya vs. Mayweather in 2007. In 2013, Mayweather vs. Álvarez surpassed the gross revenue generated from pay-per-view buys.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: However, the ticket sales were slow because they were priced as high as US$2,400, but a crowd of 15,327 turned up to see the fight. Lewis entered the bout as 2/1 favorite.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Among the celebrities in attendance were Samuel L. Jackson, Denzel Washington, Tom Cruise, Britney Spears, Clint Eastwood, Ben Affleck, Hugh Hefner, Halle Berry, Richard Gere, Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, Vince McMahon, The Undertaker, LL Cool J, Tyra Banks, Wesley Snipes, Donald Trump, Kevin Bacon, Chris Webber, Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Morgan Freeman, Alec Baldwin, and heavyweight boxer Evander Holyfield.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: On January 22, 2002, at a press conference held in New York to publicise the bout, a brawl involving the two boxers and their entourages occurred.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Tyson went on stage at the Hudson Theatre and stared in the direction of where Lewis was to appear. As soon as Lewis appeared, Tyson quickly walked toward him and appeared to be about to assault Lewis. One of Lewis' bodyguards attempted to block Tyson's access to Lewis before Tyson threw a left hook in the bodyguard's direction.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: During the melee WBC president José Sulaimán claimed to be knocked out when he hit his head on the table. He later filed a US$56 million lawsuit against Lewis and Tyson for injuries caused in the scuffle. Sulaiman claims he was spat on and Tyson threatened to kill him, when he got up after being knocked out.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Following the brawl Tyson came to the edge of the podium, grabbed his crotch and started shouting expletives at someone at the crowd who was later guessed to be either Lewis's mother or a female photographer. Then he overheard freelance journalist Mark Malinowski suggesting that he should be in a straitjacket, which prompted him to issue another profanity-laden tirade, this time directed at Malinowski. He repeatedly referred to the reporter as a "punk white boy" and a "faggot", and punctuated his oration by vowing to "fuck [Malinowski] 'till you love me". The brawl at the press conference for this fight was named "The Ring" magazine "Event of the Year" for 2002.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Round one: The early moments of the fight provided arguably the most evenly fought display of back-and-forth action between Tyson and Lewis as they started by jabbing away. Just before 30 seconds had elapsed, Tyson leaned forward with a left-jab at Lewis; then lunged towards his midsection, landing a right-and-left combination of body blows before Lewis could manage to steer him backward with three effectively landed uppercuts of his own. As they subsequently traded body shots, Tyson ended the initial sequence by missing on a wild left hook. As the middle stages of the round came about, Lewis began to clinch and grab hold of Tyson as a strategy to fend off his repeated attempts to draw near for body attacks, keeping him at bay. But with just under a minute remaining in the round, Tyson connected with a left hook to Lewis' jaw, catching him off-guard. Lewis stumbled then recovered by once again clinching an approaching Tyson and pushing him back into the ropes while landing another jab. Mike Tyson came out on top of the inaugural round.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Round two: Both fighters began jabbing at one another, before Cotton warned Lewis twice for holding. Lewis landed a number of effective punches on Tyson as he tried to approach, including several powerful uppercuts that kept Tyson staggering backwards.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Round three: As the third round opened Lewis continued jabbing away. Later in the round Tyson went on to headbutt Lewis before connecting with a left hook, but Lewis managed to cut Tyson above his right eye later in the round.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Round four: Again Tyson rushed out in the round's beginning moments, but Lewis then landed two strong jabs before landing a big right. With 10 seconds left in the round Lewis landed a couple of punches on Tyson who went down. Referee Eddie Cotton ruled it a slip and deducted a point from Lewis for pushing Tyson down. Tyson's face had then started to swell.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Round five: Cotton stopped the fight and talked to Lewis again in the fifth round about pushing. As the round went on, a visibly weakened Tyson began throwing fewer and fewer punches while struggling to land on most of his attempts.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Round six: Lewis stayed in control by mostly connecting on jabs. With just over a minute left in the round, Tyson was able to land a couple of shots which had created swelling just below Lewis' left eye. But by the conclusion of the round Tyson had already sustained lacerations above both his eyes.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Round seven: In the seventh round, Lewis put Tyson off balance upon landing a crushing right hook. Lewis once more was overpowering in taking the round, with what was little resistance at that point; continuing on as he had shown without relent through most of the fight, landing 31 punches in comparison to only 4 landed for Tyson.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: Round eight: with 47 seconds left to the bell, Tyson was hit with a heavy right cross from Lewis, knocking him to the canvas and down for the second time in the round. As Tyson lay on his back, he was counted out by the referee at the 2:25 mark, as he made no real effort to get back up and continue fighting. Lennox Lewis was declared the winner by KO.


title: Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson

text: A month later, Lewis vacated the IBF title deciding not to fight Chris Byrd, who was the mandatory challenger.


title: Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory

text: Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory is an American reality television series that aired on MTV from February 8, 2009, to March 5, 2015.


title: Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory

text: On September 17, 2013, it was announced that "Fantasy Factory" was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on January 16, 2014. The sixth season was originally announced to be the final season, but in June 2014, MTV announced that "Fantasy Factory" would return for a seventh season. The seventh season premiered on January 1, 2015, and ended on March 5, 2015.


title: Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory

text: The factory is a space for skateboarder Rob Dyrdek to manage two aspects of his life, business and pleasure. The 25,000-square-foot complex contains two distinct areas: A warehouse designed for skateboarding and an office complex. Dyrdek's cousin, Christopher "Drama" Pfaff serves as Dyrdek's assistant on the show. Christopher "Big Black" Boykin, originally from "Rob & Big", made his debut appearance to the Fantasy Factory beginning in the fourth season. Rashawn "Bam Bam" Davis, who co-starred with Rob, Big Black, and Drama in "Rob & Big", made his first appearance in the Fantasy Factory on the third episode of Season 5.


title: Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory

text: Throughout the series, guest appearances included Ryan Sheckler, John Mayer, Danny Way, Steve Berra, Ludacris, and Johnny Knoxville and Chris Pontius from "Jackass".


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The Civil Rights Act of 1968 () is a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Titles II through VII comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of the guarantees of the U.S. Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes. (that Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code).


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Titles VIII and IX are commonly known as the Fair Housing Act, which was meant as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (this is different legislation than the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, which expanded housing funding programs). While the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex. Since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children. Pregnant women are also protected from illegal discrimination because they have been given familial status with their unborn child being the other family member. Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and the 1866 act's section 1983 to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits). The act also made it a federal crime to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone... by reason of their race, color, religion, or national origin, handicap or familial status."


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Title X, commonly known as the Anti-Riot Act, makes it a felony to "travel in interstate commerce...with the intent to incite, promote, encourage, participate in and carry on a riot." That provision has been criticized for "equating organized political protest with organized violence."


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The first shift towards equality for African Americans occurred when President Abraham Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which declared that "all persons held as slaves... shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free...". The Civil Rights Act of 1866 declared all people born in the United States are legally citizens. That means they could rent, hold, sell and buy property. It was meant to help former slaves, and those who refused to grant the new rights to ex-slaves were guilty and punishable under law. The penalty was a fine of $1000 or a maximum of one year in jail. The 1866 act provided no means to enforce the provisions.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968), beginning after the "Brown v. Board of Education case," paved the way for the passage of a few civil rights bills. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 created the United States Commission on Civil Rights and the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division. The Civil Rights Act of 1960 enacted federal legislation of local registration polls and if anyone obstructed someone's right to vote, there were severe penalties. It also extended the Civil Rights Commission, so it could oversee registration and voting practices. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. Unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation, and employment discrimination were also prohibited. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, similar to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibited racial discrimination in voting. The Act was later expanded to help protect the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country (mainly the South).


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Another impetus for the law's passage came from the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement, led by Martin Luther King Jr., James Bevel, and Al Raby. Also influential was the 1963 Rumford Fair Housing Act in California, which had been backed by the NAACP and CORE. and the 1967 Milwaukee fair housing campaigns led by James Groppi and the NAACP Youth Council. Senator Walter Mondale advocated for the bill in Congress, but noted that over successive years, a federal fair housing bill was the most filibustered legislation in US history. It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators, as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards. A proposed "Civil Rights Act of 1966" collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision. Mondale commented:


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: A lot of [previous] civil rights [legislation] was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from George Wallace…. This came right to the neighborhoods across the country. This was civil rights getting personal.:


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Two developments revived the bill. The Kerner Commission report on the 1967 race riots strongly recommended "a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law," and was cited regularly by Congress members arguing for the legislation. The final breakthrough came in the aftermath of the April 4, 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the civil unrest across the country following King's death. On April 5, Johnson wrote a letter to the United States House of Representatives urging passage of the Fair Housing Act. The Rules Committee, "jolted by the repeated civil disturbances virtually outside its door," finally ended its hearings on April 8. With newly urgent attention from legislative director Joseph Califano and Democratic Speaker of the House John McCormack, the bill (which was previously stalled) passed the House by a wide margin on April 10.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: In 1966, President Johnson proposed a new civil rights bill, but it was not passed through by the Senate. On February 17, 1967, the bill was introduced in the House by Rep. Manny Celler and in the Senate by Senator Philip A. Hart.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The House Judiciary Committee cleared HR 2516 (civil rights bill) and HR 10805 (extended life of Civil Rights Commission for another five years). House Judiciary Subcommittee No. 5 June 22 approved a package combining HR 2516 and HR 421 (Administration bill) in order to strengthen protections for civil rights workers.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The initial vote in the House of Representatives was 327–93 (161–25 in the House Republican Conference and 166–67 in the House Democratic Caucus) with 12 members voting present or abstaining, while in the Senate the final vote with amendments was 71–20 (29–3 in the Senate Republican Conference and 42–17 in the Senate Democratic Caucus) with 5 members voting present or abstaining. The House agreed to the Senate amendments by a vote of 250–172 (100–84 in the House Republican Conference and 150–88 in the House Democratic Caucus) with 10 members voting present or abstaining.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Bill H.R. 2516 was passed by the 90th United States Congress and signed by the 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson on April 11, 1968.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The Civil Rights Act of 1968 also enacted (b)(2), which permits federal prosecution of anyone who "willingly injures, intimidates or interferes with another person, or attempts to do so, by force because of the other person's race, color, religion or national origin" because of the victim's attempt to engage in one of six types of federally protected activities, such as attending school, patronizing a public place/facility, applying for employment, acting as a juror in a state court or voting.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Persons violating this law face a fine or imprisonment of up to one year or both. If bodily injury results or if such acts of intimidation involve the use of firearms, explosives or fire, individuals can receive prison terms of up to 10 years, while crimes involving kidnapping, sexual assault, or murder can be punishable by life in prison or the death penalty.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Though sexual orientation and gender identity were also excluded from this law, they are included in a more recent Federal hate-crime law, the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 granted Native Americans full access to the United States Bill of Rights. The first minor section focuses on re-establishing amendments now granted to Native Americans. The main portion of the section focuses on Native Americans in the United States legal system. The last section of this act points out other materials related to more constitutional rights of Native Americans, such as the "Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties" doctrine.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 is commonly referred to as the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Since 1968 its protections have been expanded significantly by amendment. The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity within the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development is charged with administering and enforcing this law.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Only certain kinds of discrimination are covered by fair housing laws. Landlords are not required by law to rent to any tenant who applies for a property. Landlords can select tenants based on objective business criteria, such as the applicant's ability to pay the rent and take care of the property. Landlords can lawfully discriminate against tenants with bad credit histories or low incomes, and (except in some areas) do not have to rent to tenants who will be receiving Section 8 vouchers. Landlords must be consistent in the screening, treat tenants who are inside and outside the protected classes in the same manner, and should document any legitimate business reason for not renting to a prospective tenant.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development has stated that buyers and renters may discriminate and may request real estate agents representing them to limit home searches to parameters that are discriminatory. The primary purpose of the Fair Housing Act is to protect the buyer's (and renter's) right to seek a dwelling anywhere they choose. It protects the buyer's right to discriminate by prohibiting certain discriminatory acts by sellers, landlords, and real estate agents.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The Fair Housing Act defines a person with a disability in the same manner as the Americans with Disabilities Act – “a person with a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities; a record of such an impairment; or being regarded as having such an impairment.”


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The Fair Housing Act provides several specific protections for buyers and tenants with disabilities. Landlords and sellers cannot make a dwelling unit unavailable or deny a dwelling to a buyer or renter because of their disability or the disability of any person who intends to reside in the dwelling or because of the disability of anyone with whom they are associated. Landlords cannot deny a person with a disability all of the privileges provided in connection with the dwelling, because of the person's disability.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The Fair Housing Act (FHA) provides some specific protections for people with disabilities that facilitate independence and community living. First, the FHA allows tenants to make reasonable modifications to the existing premises. It makes it illegal for landlords to not allow people with disabilities to make reasonable modifications to the premises, at their own expense, if they need the modification to have full enjoyment of the premises. For example, an individual with a disability may require grab bars installed in order to have access to take a shower. The landlord must allow the tenant to install the grab bars to allow access to take a shower. However, technically, the landlord may require the tenant remove the grab bars at the end of the tenancy, at the tenant's own expense. However, the regulations specify that in rental housing, a landlord may not condition widening a bathroom doorway to provide wheelchair access, to its return to its former narrow state upon the end of the tenancy, since it will not interfere with the next tenants use and enjoyment of the premises.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The second protection offered by the FHA includes the requirement that no one can refuse to make reasonable accommodations to “rules, policies, practices, or services, when the accommodation is necessary to afford” a person with a disability “equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling unit,” including the amenities of the dwelling, which may involve common areas. For example, a building with a “No Pets” policy would violate the FHA if it did not allow a blind person to have their seeing eye dog live with them as a reasonable accommodation to the policy. Similarly, a wheelchair user could request an assigned, accessible parking space as a reasonable accommodation in a “first come first serve” parking lot attached to an apartment complex.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The Act included the "Anti-Riot Act," enacted at (with its key terms, "riot" and "incite a riot," defined in ), which makes it a federal crime to use interstate or foreign commerce routes or facilities (such as by crossing state lines or through mail, use of the Internet, or phone calls) to incite a riot, organize, promote or participate in a riot or to extend activities of a riot, or to aid and abet any person performing such activities. The provision has been informally referred to as the "H. Rap Brown Law" since the arrest and trial of H. Rap Brown in 1967 for carrying a gun across state lines. Rulings by the 4th Circuit in 2020 and 9th Circuit in 2021 struck down in those circuits the portions of the law which prohibit "urging" a riot on the grounds of freedom of speech, leaving in place bans on inciting and participation in riots.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Note: Most of the information provided in this Section was paraphrased from the Titles. If you are interested at looking through the original titles, feel free to look at the Civil Rights Act of 1968.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Section 101 holds that Chapter 13, civil rights, title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting a new section (Section 245) called Federally protected activities. It establishes that this section isn't set as an intent on the part of Congress, or is constructed to limited the authority of Federal officers (or Federal grand jury) to investigate possible violations in this section. In this section of the bill sets the standard for preventing any kind of threat of force by someone who willfully injures, intimidates, interferes with or even attempts any of these actions upon a person of color (full discrimination set as race, color, religion, or national origin) when the minority in question is:


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Any citizen who has been ordered to discourage these citizens from aiding/encouraging other persons to participate without discrimination in any activities listed above will be:


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: There is a similar section that also involved prevention for intimidation in fair housing, in Title XII.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The rest of the sections in this title are based around amendments to this legislative Act. For example, besides Section 245, Section 2101 called Riots has also been added. In this section, it focuses on putting a penalty behind any related riot actions, where a person can be fined $10,000 or imprisoned for 5 years (or both). There is a definition section (Section 2102) for defining: riot and to incite a riot. Also, This section also holds an edit for the United States Code, where a chapter called Riots is inserted.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 applies to the Indian tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the federally recognized tribes. The Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The US Supreme Court had made clear that tribal internal affairs concerning tribal members' individual rights were not covered by the Fifth Amendment to the US constitution. However, the tribes were ultimately subjected to the power of Congress and the Constitution. The court case "Talton v. Mayes" helped establish the principles. There were other court cases over the following years to continue the thoughts "that tribes were not arms of the federal government when punishing tribal members for criminal acts and that Indian tribes were exempt from many of the constitutional protections governing the actions of state and federal governments."


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: In the 1960s, Congress held a series of hearings on the subject of the authority of tribal governments. The hearings told about the abuses that many tribal members had endured from the "sometimes corrupt, incompetent, or tyrannical tribal officials." In response, the Indian Civil Rights Act was enacted.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: According to the US Government Publishing Office, in "imprisonment for a term of one year and a fine of $5,000, or both" in paragraph 7, "and" should probably be "or."


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The act also requires tribal courts to afford due process and other civil liberties. Also, Native American courts try to provide a setting similar to that of a US courtroom, which is familiar to lawyers. That aided the attorneys and helped to divert non-Indian ridicule and established the view that tribal courts were legitimate courts. Tribal courts adopted rules of evidence, pleading, and other requirements similar to those in state and federal courts.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The ICRA incorporated many constitutional protections, but it modified others or did not include them at all: "The law did not impose the establishment clause, the guarantee of a republican form of government, the requirement of a separation of church and state, the right to a jury trial in civil cases, or the right of indigents to appointed counsel in criminal cases." The provisions were excluded because the government recognized the different political and cultural status of the tribes.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Even though the federal government respected their individuality in this respect, the establishment of the ICRA caused the tribal governments to "mirror" modern American courts and procedures.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The impact of ICRA was greatly limited by the Supreme Court by the "Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez" court case (1978). "Martinez" involved a request to stop denying tribal membership to those children born to female (not male) tribal members who married outside of the tribe. The mother who brought the case pleaded that the discrimination against her child was solely based on sex, which violated the ICRA. The courts decided that "tribal common-law sovereign immunity prevented a suit against the tribe." "Martinez" ultimately strengthened tribal self-determination by further proving that generally, the federal government played no enforcement role over the tribal governments.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: The Secretary of Interior is supposed to recommend (to Congress) a model code to govern the administration of justice when it comes to Indian offenses on Indian reservations on July 1, 1968. The title also mentions some provisions for individuals being tried in the court of Indian offenses:


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: In order to carry out these provisions, the Secretary of Interior was also encouraged to consult with Indians, Indian tribes, and agencies of the U.S.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Section 401 covers assumptions by states. It's the main foundation for Indian rights. It states that Indians shall not be alienated or deprived of any right, privilege, or immunity afforded under Federal treaty, agreement, or statute with respect to hunting, trapping, or fishing or the control, licensing, or regulation.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Section 402 covers assumptions by states of civil jurisdiction. The main point to focus on here is to note how the States don't have jurisdiction over civil causes of action between Indians or Indian parties. However, this section also brings up more Indian rights. It states that nothing shall authorize the alienation, encumbrance, or taxation of any real or personal property, including water lights, belonging to any Indian or any Indian tribe, band, or community.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Section 403 covers retrocession of jurisdiction by states. The United States is authorized to accept a retrocession by any state of all or any measure of the criminal or civil jurisdiction (or both).


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Section 404 covers consent to amend state laws. The United States is given to the people of any state to amend their state constitution or existing statutes, in order to remove any legal impediment to the assumption of civil or criminal jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of this title.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1968

text: Section 405 covers actions not to abate. It states that no action pending immediately prior to any cession of jurisdiction shall abate by reason of that section. For the action or proceeding, such cession shall take place on the day after the date of the final determination of the action or proceeding. Also, it states that no cession made by the United States shall deprive any court to hear, determine, render judgment, or impose sentence in any criminal action instituted against any person for any offense committed.