title: House of Nassau

text: In 1255, Henry II's sons, Walram II and Otto I, split the Nassau possessions. The descendants of Walram became known as the Walram Line, which became important in the Countship of Nassau and Luxembourg. The descendants of Otto became known as the Ottonian Line, which would inherit parts of Nassau, France and the Netherlands. Both lines would often themselves be divided over the next few centuries. In 1783, the heads of various branches of the House of Nassau sealed the Nassau Family Pact ("Erbverein") to regulate future succession in their states, and to establish a dynastic hierarchy whereby the Prince of Orange-Nassau-Dietz was recognised as President of the House of Nassau.


title: House of Nassau

text: The Walramian Line concentrated their efforts primarily on their German lands. The exception was Adolf, King of the Romans (c. 1255 – 2 July 1298) who was the count of Nassau from about 1276 and the elected king of Germany from 1292 until his deposition by the prince-electors in 1298. He was never crowned by the pope, which would have secured him the imperial title. He was the first physically and mentally healthy ruler of the Holy Roman Empire ever to be deposed without a papal excommunication. Adolf died shortly afterwards in the Battle of Göllheim fighting against his successor Albert of Habsburg. He was the second in the succession of so-called count-kings of several rivalling comital houses striving after the Roman-German royal dignity after the expiration the Hohenstaufen. The Nassaus, however, were not on the imperial throne long enough to establish themselves in larger landholdings to increase their hereditary power such as the Luxemburgers did in Bohemia or the Habsburgs did in Austria.


title: House of Nassau

text: After Gerlach's death, the possessions of the Walram line were divided into Nassau-Weilburg and Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein.


title: House of Nassau

text: Count Walram II began the Countship of Nassau in Weilburg (Nassau-Weilburg), which existed to 1816. The Walram line also received the lordship of Merenberg in 1328 and Saarbrücken (by marriage) in 1353. The sovereigns of this house afterwards ruled the Duchy of Nassau from its establishment in 1806 as part of the Confederation of the Rhine (jointly with Nassau-Usingen until 1816). The last reigning Duke, Adolph, became Duke of Nassau in August 1839, following the death of his father William. The Duchy was annexed to Prussia in 1866 after Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War.


title: House of Nassau

text: From 1815 to 1839, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was ruled by the kings of the Netherlands as a province of the Netherlands. Following the Treaty of London (1839), the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg became independent but remained in personal union with the Netherlands. Following the death of his sons, the Dutch king William III had no male heirs to succeed him. In the Netherlands, females were allowed to succeed to the throne. Luxembourg, however, followed Salic law which barred females from succession. Thus, upon King William III's death, the crown of the Netherlands passed to his only daughter, Wilhelmina, while that of Luxembourg passed to Adolph in accordance with the Nassau Family Pact. Adolph died in 1905 and was succeeded by his son, William IV.


title: House of Nassau

text: and from 1890 the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The branch of Nassau-Weilburg ultimately became rulers of Luxembourg.


title: House of Nassau

text: "Count of Merenberg" (German: "Graf von Merenberg") is a hereditary title of nobility that was bestowed in 1868 by the reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, George Victor, upon the morganatic wife and male-line descendants of Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau (1832–1905), younger brother of Adolf, last Duke of Nassau/Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Nicholas married Natalia Alexandrovna Pushkina (1836–1913), former wife of Russian general Mikhail Leontievich von Dubelt.


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1907 Grand Duke Adolph declared the family non-dynastic/morganatic. Had they not been excluded from the succession, they would have inherited the headship of the house in 1912. Georg Nickolaus would have thus become the reigning Grand Duke of Luxembourg.


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1907, William IV, obtained passage of a law in Luxembourg confirming the exclusion of the Merenbergs from succession to the grand ducal throne. Georg Nikolaus's protests against the Luxembourg Diet's confirmation of the succession rights of William IV's daughter, Princess Marie-Adélaïde, were expected to be taken up by the Netherlands and by the Great Powers which had guaranteed Luxembourg's neutrality in 1867. Nonetheless, Marie-Adélaïde did succeed her father, to become Luxembourg's first female monarch, in 1912. She, in turn, abdicated in favour of her sister Charlotte, whose descendants have reigned over Luxembourg since then. Georg Nikolaus died in 1948. His son Georg Michael Alexander was the last legitimate descendant of the House of Nassau. He died in 1965


title: House of Nassau

text: From the documentary mention in 1102 until 1721, Idstein was, with interruptions, residence of the Counts of Nassau-Idstein and other Nassau lines. One of the Counts was, as said above, Adolf of Germany, the Holy Roman Emperor from 1292 to 1298.


title: House of Nassau

text: The Nassau Counts' holdings were subdivided many times among heirs, with the parts being brought together again whenever a line died out. This yielded an older Nassau-Idstein line from 1480 to 1509, later merging once again with Nassau-Wiesbaden and Nassau-Weilburg and, from 1629 to 1721, a newer Nassau-Idstein line.


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1721, Idstein passed to Nassau-Ottweiler, and in 1728 to Nassau-Usingen, thereby losing its status as a residence town, although it became the seat of the Nassau Archives and of an "Oberamt".


title: House of Nassau

text: In the 1170s, the Count of Nassau, Walram I, received the area around Wiesbaden as a fiefdom. In 1232 Wiesbaden became a Reichsstadt, an imperial city, of the Holy Roman Empire. Wiesbaden returned to the control of the House of Nassau in 1270 under Count Walram II, Count of Nassau. However, Wiesbaden and the castle at Sonnenberg were again destroyed in 1283 in conflict with Eppstein.


title: House of Nassau

text: Walram's son and successor Adolf was, as said above, king of Germany from 1292 until 1298. In 1329, under Adolf's son Gerlach I of Nassau-Weilburg the House of Nassau and thereby, Wiesbaden, received the right of coinage from Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Bavarian.


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1355, the County of Nassau-Weilburg was divided among the sons of Gerlach. The County of Nassau's holdings would be subdivided many times among heirs, with the parts being brought together again whenever a line died out. Wiesbaden became the seat of the County of Nassau-Wiesbaden under Count Adolf I (1307–1370), eldest son of Gerlach. It would eventually fell back to Nassau-Weilburg in 1605.


title: House of Nassau

text: Philipp I ruled both Nassau-Saarbrücken and Nassau-Weilburg and in 1393 inherited through his wife Johanna of Hohenlohe the lordships Kirchheimbolanden and Stauf. He also received half of Nassau-Ottweiler in 1393 and other territories later during his reign. After his death in 1429 the territories around Saarbrücken and along the Lahn were kept united until 1442, when they were again divided among his sons into the lines Nassau-Saarbrücken (west of the Rhine) and Nassau-Weilburg (east of the Rhine), the so-called Younger line of Nassau-Weilburg.


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1507 Count John Ludwig I significantly enlarged his territory. After his death in 1544 the county was split into three parts, the three lines (Ottweiler, Saarbrücken proper and Kirchheim) were all extinct in 1574 and all of Nassau-Saarbrücken was united with Nassau-Weilburg until 1629. This new division however was not executed until the Thirty Years' War was over and in 1651 three counties were established: Nassau-Idstein, Nassau-Weilburg and Nassau-Saarbrücken.


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1735 Nassau-Usingen was divided again into Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Saarbrücken. In 1797 Nassau-Usingen finally inherited Nassau-Saarbrücken, it was (re-)unified with Nassau-Weilburg and raised to the Duchy of Nassau in 1806. The first Duke of Nassau was Frederick August of Nassau-Usingen who died in 1816. Wilhelm, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg inherits the Duchy of Nassau. But, territories of Nassau Saarbrücken was occupied by France in 1793 and was annexed as Sarre department in 1797. Finally County of Nassau-Saarbrücken was part of Prussia in 1814.


title: House of Nassau

text: After Henry Louis's death, Nassau-Saarbrücken fell to Charles William, Prince of Nassau-Usingen until Adolph came of age in 1805.


title: House of Nassau

text: The origin of the county lies in the medieval county of Weilnau that was acquired by the counts of Nassau-Weilburg in 1602. That county was divided in 1629 into the lines of Nassau-Weilburg, Nassau-Idstein and Nassau-Saarbrücken that was divided only 30 years later in 1659. The emerging counties were Nassau-Saarbrücken, Nassau-Ottweiler and Nassau-Usingen. At the beginning of the 18th century, three of the Nassau lines died out and Nassau-Usingen became their successor (1721 Nassau-Idstein, 1723 Nassau-Ottweiler und 1728 Nassau-Saarbrücken).


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1735 Nassau-Usingen was divided again into Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Saarbrücken. In 1797 Nassau-Usingen inherited Nassau-Saarbrücken. In 1816, Nassau-Usingen merged with Nassau-Weilburg to form the Duchy of Nassau. See "Dukes of Nassau" above.


title: House of Nassau

text: Following Frederick Augustus' death, the princely title was adopted (in pretense) by his half brother through an unequal marriage, Karl Philip. As head of the House in 1907, Wilhelm IV declared the Count of Merenberg non-dynastic; by extension, this would indicate that (according to Luxembourgish laws regarding the House of Nassau) this branch would assume the Salic headship of the house in 1965, following the death of the last male Count of Merenberg.


title: House of Nassau

text: The partition of the county of Nassau between Otto, and his older brother Walram (above), resulted in a permanent division between the 2 branches of the family. The Walramian branch tended to concentrate on their German lands, while the Ottonians, as we will see below, established themselves in the Netherlands and became great magnates, leaders of the Dutch Revolt, the stadtholders of the Dutch Republican government, and eventual kings of the Netherlands. This, however, was not before many divisions and reunitings. The first was between sons of Otto, with the main power base being centered around the caste of Dillenburg:


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1303, Otto's sons divided the possessions of the Ottonian line. Henry received Nassau-Siegen, John received Nassau-Dillenburg and Emicho I received Nassau-Hadamar. After John's death. Nassau-Dillenburg fell to Henry.


title: House of Nassau

text: The Ottonian portion of the county of Nassau was divided and sub-divided, as shown in the genealogical charts below, several times, so that each son of the previous count would have a portion. Eventually, these lines would all die out in favor of the main branch of the family, which had established themselves in The Netherlands.


title: House of Nassau

text: The counts of Nassau in Beilstein were involved mostly in local/regional German affairs in their area of the Rhine.


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1343, Nassau-Beilstein was split off from Nassau-Dillenburg. After John III's death, Nassau-Beilstein fell back to Nassau-Dillenburg. It was split off again in 1607 (see below) for George, who inherited the rest of Nassau-Dillenburg in 1620.


title: House of Nassau

text: The branch of "Nassau-Siegen" was a collateral line of the House of Nassau, and ruled in Siegen. The first Count of Nassau in Siegen was Count Henry, Count of Nassau in Siegen (d. 1343), the elder son of Count Otto I of Nassau. His son Count Otto II of Nassau ruled also in Dillenburg. In 1328, John of Nassau-Dillenburg died unmarried and childless, and Dillenburg fell to Henry of Nassau-Siegen. For counts of Nassau-Siegen in between 1343 and 1606, see "Counts of Nassau-Dillenburg" above.


title: House of Nassau

text: The House of Orange-Nassau stems from the elder branch of the Ottonian Line. The connection was via Engelbert I, who offered his services to the Duke of Burgundy, married in 1403 Johanna van Polanen, the heiress of the barony of Breda, the lordship of den Lek and other lands in the duchy of Brabant at the mouth of the Rhine delta and the Scheldt river. As the Scheldt was the main trade artery in the Burgundian/Habsburg Netherlands during the time, the Netherand Nassaus benefitted from the commerce. These lands formed the core of the Nassau's Dutch possessions.


title: House of Nassau

text: The importance of the Nassaus grew throughout the 15th and 16th century. Henry III of Nassau-Breda was appointed stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht by Emperor Charles V in the beginning of the 16th century. Henry married Claudia of Châlon-Orange from French Burgundy in 1515. Their son René of Chalon inherited in 1530 the independent and sovereign Principality of Orange from his mother's brother, Philibert of Châlon. As the first Nassau to be the Prince of Orange, René could have used "Orange-Nassau" as his new family name. However, his uncle, in his will, had stipulated that René should continue the use of the name Châlon-Orange. At René's death in 1544, he left all his lands to his cousin William of Nassau-Dillenburg, including the sovereign principality of Orange. This "William I of Orange", in English better known as William the Silent, became the founder of the House of Orange-Nassau and the leader of the Dutch Revolt that lead to the formation of the Dutch Republic as a separate sovereign nation.


title: House of Nassau

text: Within the government of the Dutch Republic, The Prince of Orange was also not just another noble among equals in the Netherlands. First, he was the traditional leader of the nation in war and in rebellion against Spain. He was uniquely able to transcend the local issues of the cities, towns and provinces. He was also a sovereign ruler in his own right (see Prince of Orange article). This gave him a great deal of prestige, even in a republic. He was the center of a real court like the Stuarts and Bourbons, French speaking, and extravagant to a scale. It was natural for foreign ambassadors and dignitaries to present themselves to him and consult with him as well as to the States General to which they were officially credited. The marriage policy of the princes, allying themselves twice with the Royal Stuarts, also gave them acceptance into the royal caste of rulers.


title: House of Nassau

text: The house of Orange-Nassau was relatively unlucky in establishing a hereditary dynasty in an age that favoured hereditary rule. The Stuarts and the Bourbons came to power at the same time as the Oranges, the Vasas and Oldenburgs were able to establish a hereditary kingship in Sweden and Denmark, and the Hohenzollerns were able to set themselves on a course to the rule of Germany. The House of Orange was no less gifted than those houses, in fact, some might argue more so, as their ranks included some the foremost statesmen and captains of the time. Although the institutions of the United Provinces became more republican and entrenched as time went on, William the Silent had been offered the countship of Holland and Zealand, and only his assassination prevented his accession to those offices. This fact did not go unforgotten by his successors.


title: House of Nassau

text: Besides showing the relationships among the family, the tree above then also points out an extraordinary run of bad luck. In the 211 years from the death of William the Silent to the conquest by France, there was only one time that a son directly succeeded his father as Prince of Orange, Stadholder and Captain-General without a minority (William II). When the Oranges were in power, they also tended to settle for the actualities of power, rather than the appearances, which increasingly tended to upset the ruling regents of the towns and cities. On being offered the dukedom of Gelderland by the States of that province, William III let the offer lapse as liable to raise too much opposition in the other provinces.


title: House of Nassau

text: The main house of Orange-Nassau also spawned several illegitimate branches. These branches contributed to the political and economic history of England and the Netherlands. Justinus van Nassau was the only extramarital child of William of Orange. He was a Dutch army commander known for unsuccessfully defending Breda against the Spanish, and the depiction of his surrender on the famous picture by Diego Velázquez, "The Surrender of Breda". Louis of Nassau, Lord of De Lek and Beverweerd was a younger illegitimate son of Prince Maurice and Margaretha van Mechelen. His descendants were later created Counts of Nassau-LaLecq. One of his sons was the famous general Henry de Nassau, Lord of Overkirk, King William III's Master of the Horse, and one of the most trusted generals of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. His descendants became the Earls of Grantham in England. Frederick van Nassau, Lord of Zuylestein, an illegitimate son of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, gave rise to the Earls of Rochford in England. The 4th earl of Rochford was a famous English diplomat and a statesman.


title: House of Nassau

text: With the death of William III, the legitimate direct male line of William the Silent became extinct and thereby the first House of Orange-Nassau. John William Friso, the senior agnatic descendant of William the Silent's brother and a cognatic descendant of Frederick Henry, grandfather of William III, inherited the princely title and all the possessions in the low countries and Germany, but not the Principality of Orange itself. Orange had been invaded and captured by King Louis XIV in 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War, and again in August 1682, but William did not concede his claim to rule, and recovered the principality via the peace treaties. Louis again invaded and captured the principality in 1702. He enfeoffed François Louis, Prince of Conti, a Bourbon relative of the Châlon dynasty, with the Principality of Orange, so that there were three claimants to the title. The Principality was finally ceded to France under the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the wars with King Louis XIV. Frederick I of Prussia ceded the Principality to France (without surrendering the princely title), though John William Friso of Nassau-Dietz, the other claimant to the principality, did not concur. Only with the treaty of partition in 1732 did John William Friso's successor William IV, Prince of Orange, renounce all his claims to the territory, but again (like Frederick I) he did not renounce his claim to the title. In the same treaty an agreement was made between both claimants, stipulating that both houses be allowed to use the title. John William Friso, who also was the Prince of Nassau-Dietz, founded thereby the second House of Orange-Nassau (the suffix name "Dietz" was dropped of the combined name Orange-Nassau-Dietz).


title: House of Nassau

text: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic era was a tumultuous episode of the history of both the Ottonian and Walramian branches of the House of Nassau. France's dominance of the international order severely strained the House of Nassau's traditional strategy of international conflict resolution, which was to maintain links with all serious power-brokers through a dynastic network in the hope of playing one off against the other. Despite that both branches of the House of Nassau reinvigorated the dynastic network in the years of liberation, 1812–1814, the post-Napoleonic European order saw both branches set on different historical paths.


title: House of Nassau

text: After the post-Napoleonic reorganization of Europe, the head of House of Orange-Nassau became "King/Queen of the Netherlands".


title: House of Nassau

text: Following defunct German laws that no longer have relevance due to the end of German nobility, the House of Orange-Nassau(-Dietz) has been extinct since the death of Wilhelmina (1962). Dutch laws and the Dutch nation do not consider it extinct.


title: House of Nassau

text: When William the Silent inherited the lands of the Netherland Nassaus and the Principality of Orange, the German lands in the county of Nassau went to his younger brother, Jan VI, as shown below, and were subdivided amongst his surviving sons in 1606. A good many of these maintained ties with the Dutch Republic and served as stadholders and officers in the Dutch States Army.


title: House of Nassau

text: The counts of Nassau in Dillenburg were the continuation of the main line of the Ottonian counts of Nassau, although only the 2nd oldest after The Netherlands Nassaus/house of Orange-Nassau. John VI is called the "elder", but this is not in relation to his older brother William the Silent, but in relation to his son, John VII "the Middle" and his grandson, John VIII "the younger". In the male line, the kings of The Netherlands spring from John VI until Queen Wilhelmina abdicated in 1948. John VI played a leading role during the Dutch Revolt: he was the principle author of the Union of Utrecht, which was the constitution of the Dutch Republic. He also served as stadholder of Utrect and Gelderland when they were reconquered from the Spanish. His eldest son, William Louis "Us Heit" (West Frisian for "our father") was Stadholder of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe, a General in the Dutch States Army and the chief lieutenant of his cousin Prince Maurice of Nassau, in their innovations in military strategy and organization, victories in the field, and governing of the Dutch Republic.


title: House of Nassau

text: The counts (later princes in 1650) of Nassau-Dietz continued their service to the Dutch Republic. After the death of William Louis (see Second House of Nassau-Dillenburg) they were usually elected Stadholder of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe. They also served as senior Generals in the Dutch States Army.


title: House of Nassau

text: In his will, William III appointed John William Friso as his heir in The Netherlands (his lordships being his property to dispose of by law) as well as his heir to the principality of Orange, the principality being a sovereign state, and so his right to appoint his successor. This was contested by the House of Hohenzollern, Kings of Prussia, and not finally settled until the mid 18th century. In any case, the succession was in the title only, as Louis XIV of France had conquered the actual territory.


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1620, the younger line of Nassau-Hadamar was split off from Nassau-Dillenburg, as shown below. John Louis, the first count, was a diplomat, who tried to protect his county from the ravages of the Thirty Years War. In 1647, for his efforts in bringing about peace between Spain and the Netherlands, King Philip IV of Spain appointed him a knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece. In addition, as a special thanks for his role in establishing the Peace of Westphalia, he was elevated to the rank of prince in 1650 by Emperor Ferdinand III. He did convert to Catholicism, so that Hadamar was Catholic after that.


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1606 the younger line of Nassau-Siegen was split off from the House of Nassau-Dillenburg for John VII "the Middle". As Dillenburg eventually was inherited by a younger son of John VI (see below), the line of Nassau-Siegen became the elder line of the Ottonian House of Nassau. After John VII of Nassau-Siegen died in 1628, the land was divided:


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1652, John Francis Desideratus of the Catholic line was elevated to Imperial Prince. Count Henry of the Protestant line married Mary Magdalene of Limburg-Stirum, who brought the Lordship of Wisch in the County of Zutphen into the marriage. In 1652, John Maurice of the Protestant line was also elevated to Imperial Prince.


title: House of Nassau

text: In 1734, the Protestant line died out with the death of Frederick William II. Protestant Nassau-Siegen was annexed by Christian of Nassau-Dillenburg and William IV of Nassau-Diez. When William Hyacinth, the last ruler of the Catholic line, died in 1743, Nassau-Siegen had died out in the male line, and the territory fell to Prince William IV of the Orange-Nassau-Dietz line, who thereby reunited all the lands of the Ottonian line of the House of Nassau.


title: House of Nassau

text: The gallery below show the coats of arms used by the main members of the house of Nassau-Weilburg/Grand Dukes of Luxembourg and the house of Orange-Nassau. The basic family coat of arms of the gold lion rampant and the billets on blue (azure) is in all of them. Their growing complexity and use of crowns shows how arms are used to reflect the growing political position and royal aspirations of the family. A much more complete armorial is given at the Armorial of the House of Nassau, and another one at at the Dutch Wikipedia.


title: Henry Carlton Cumberbatch

text: Henry Carlton Cumberbatch (8 December 1900 – 27 January 1966) was an officer of the British Royal Navy who served as a submarine commander before and at the start of the Second World War.


title: Henry Carlton Cumberbatch

text: Cumberbatch was born and grew up in Manisa Soma, Anatolia, then part of the Ottoman Empire, the son of Helene Gertrude (née Rees) and Henry Arnold Cumberbatch, who served as the British Consul-General at Smyrna from 1896 until 1908.


title: Henry Carlton Cumberbatch

text: Cumberbatch was educated at the Rıfat Dağdelen Anatolian Highschool at Manisa/Soma and Dartmouth from May 1914, until appointed a midshipman on 15 August 1917. He then served aboard the battlecruiser until January 1919, seeing action at the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight. After serving on several battleships and destroyers, and being promoted to sub-lieutenant in January 1921 and to lieutenant in December 1922, he attended officer training courses before serving as First Lieutenant of the submarines and between 1924 and 1928.


title: Henry Carlton Cumberbatch

text: After completing the commanding officers' course at Portsmouth, Cumberbatch was appointed commander of the submarine in late 1928. He then spent 18 months aboard the battleship in the Mediterranean in 1929-1931, being promoted to lieutenant commander in December 1930. He then served aboard the submarine depot ship "Lucia" throughout 1932. He commanded the submarines , , and successively, between 1933 and 1938, and also served as commander of "A" Group of Submarines in Immediate Reserve, while based at Portsmouth in 1938 and 1939.


title: Henry Carlton Cumberbatch

text: Just prior to the outbreak of World War II Cumberbatch was appointed commander of the submarine , then took command of the depot ship at the end of the year. Appointed an acting commander in April 1940, he subsequently served as captain of the depot ships and . He spent most of 1943 based at the Combined Training Headquarters (HMS "Monck") at Largs, then served as Chief Staff Officer to the Naval Officer-in-Charge, Naples, until mid-1945, finally ending his career stationed at HMS "Valkyrie", a training camp for radio and radar technicians at Douglas, Isle of Man. Cumberbatch retired from the navy in December 1945, and was placed on the retired list with the rank of commander.


title: Henry Carlton Cumberbatch

text: Cumberbatch married Pauline Ellen Laing Congdon, daughter of T. E. Congdon, on 26 April 1934 at St. Mary Abbot's church, Kensington, London. The reception afterwards at the Royal Palace Hotel included nearly 140 guests, including Sir William and Lady McKercher, Sir Alexander and Lady Murray, the Honourable Maurice Baring, Sir Thomas and Lady Catto, Sir Thomas and Lady Neave.


title: Henry Carlton Cumberbatch

text: They went on to have two children; a daughter Amber, and a son, Timothy – an actor and father of actor Benedict Cumberbatch.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a quantized version of the Hall effect which is observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall resistance exhibits steps that take on the quantized values


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: where is the Hall voltage, is the channel current, is the elementary charge and is Planck's constant. The divisor can take on either integer () or fractional () values. Here, is roughly but not exactly equal to the filling factor of Landau levels. The quantum Hall effect is referred to as the integer or fractional quantum Hall effect depending on whether is an integer or fraction, respectively.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The striking feature of the integer quantum Hall effect is the persistence of the quantization (i.e. the Hall plateau) as the electron density is varied. Since the electron density remains constant when the Fermi level is in a clean spectral gap, this situation corresponds to one where the Fermi level is an energy with a finite density of states, though these states are localized (see Anderson localization).


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The fractional quantum Hall effect is more complicated and still considered an open research problem. Its existence relies fundamentally on electron–electron interactions. In 1988, it was proposed that there was quantum Hall effect without Landau levels. This quantum Hall effect is referred to as the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect. There is also a new concept of the quantum spin Hall effect which is an analogue of the quantum Hall effect, where spin currents flow instead of charge currents.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The quantization of the Hall conductance (formula_2) has the important property of being exceedingly precise. Actual measurements of the Hall conductance have been found to be integer or fractional multiples of to nearly one part in a billion. It has allowed for the definition of a new practical standard for electrical resistance, based on the resistance quantum given by the von Klitzing constant . This is named after Klaus von Klitzing, the discoverer of exact quantization. The quantum Hall effect also provides an extremely precise independent determination of the fine-structure constant, a quantity of fundamental importance in quantum electrodynamics.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: In 1990, a fixed conventional value was defined for use in resistance calibrations worldwide. On 16 November 2018, the 26th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures decided to fix exact values of (the Planck constant) and (the elementary charge), superseding the 1990 value with an exact permanent value .


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The integer quantum hall is considered part of "exact quantization". Exact quantization in full generality is not completely understood but it has been explained as a very subtle manifestation of the combination of the principle of gauge invariance together with another simmetry (see Anomalies). The integer quantum hall instead is considered a solved research problem and understood in the scope of TKNN formula and Chern-Simons Lagrangians.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The fractional quantum Hall effect is still considered an open research problem. The fractional quantum Hall effect can be also understood as an integer quantum Hall effect, although not of electrons but of charge-flux composites known as composite fermions. Other models to explain the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect also exists.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: Currently it is considered an open research problem because no single, confirmed and agreed list of fractional quantum numbers exists, neither a single agreed model to explain all of them, although there are such claims in the scope of composite fermions and Non Abelian Chern-Simons Lagrangians.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, enabled physicists to study electron behavior in a nearly ideal two-dimensional gas. In a MOSFET, conduction electrons travel in a thin surface layer, and a "gate" voltage controls the number of charge carriers in this layer. This allows researchers to explore quantum effects by operating high-purity MOSFETs at liquid helium temperatures.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The integer quantization of the Hall conductance was originally predicted by University of Tokyo researchers Tsuneya Ando, Yukio Matsumoto and Yasutada Uemura in 1975, on the basis of an approximate calculation which they themselves did not believe to be true. In 1978, the Gakushuin University researchers Jun-ichi Wakabayashi and Shinji Kawaji subsequently observed the effect in experiments carried out on the inversion layer of MOSFETs.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: In 1980, Klaus von Klitzing, working at the high magnetic field laboratory in Grenoble with silicon-based MOSFET samples developed by Michael Pepper and Gerhard Dorda, made the unexpected discovery that the Hall resistance was "exactly" quantized. For this finding, von Klitzing was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics. A link between exact quantization and gauge invariance was subsequently proposed by Robert Laughlin, who connected the quantized conductivity to the quantized charge transport in a Thouless charge pump. Most integer quantum Hall experiments are now performed on gallium arsenide heterostructures, although many other semiconductor materials can be used. In 2007, the integer quantum Hall effect was reported in graphene at temperatures as high as room temperature, and in the magnesium zinc oxide ZnO–MgZnO.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: In two dimensions, when classical electrons are subjected to a magnetic field they follow circular cyclotron orbits. When the system is treated quantum mechanically, these orbits are quantized. To determine the values of the energy levels the Schrödinger equation must be solved.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: Since the system is subjected to a magnetic field, it has to be introduced as an electromagnetic vector potential in the Schrödinger equation. The system considered is an electron gas that is free to move in the x and y directions, but is tightly confined in the z direction. Then, a magnetic field is applied in the z direction and according to the Landau gauge the electromagnetic vector potential is formula_3 and the scalar potential is formula_4. Thus the Schrödinger equation for a particle of charge formula_5 and effective mass formula_6 in this system is:


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: where formula_8 is the canonical momentum, which is replaced by the operator formula_9 and formula_10 is the total energy.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: To solve this equation it is possible to separate it into two equations since the magnetic field just affects the movement along x and y axes. The total energy becomes then, the sum of two contributions formula_11. The corresponding equations in z axis is:


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: To simplify things, the solution formula_13 is considered as an infinite well. Thus the solutions for the z direction are the energies formula_14, formula_15 and the wavefunctions are sinusoidal. For the formula_16 and formula_17 directions, the solution of the Schrödinger equation can be chosen to be the product of a plane wave in formula_17-direction with some unknown function of formula_16, i.e., formula_20. This is because the vector potential does not depend on formula_17 and the momentum operator formula_22 therefore commutes with the Hamiltonian. By substituting this Ansatz into the Schrödinger equation one gets the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator equation centered at formula_23.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: where formula_25 is defined as the cyclotron frequency and formula_26 the magnetic length. The energies are:


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: And the wavefunctions for the motion in the formula_29 plane are given by the product of a plane wave in formula_17 and Hermite polynomials attenuated by the gaussian function in formula_16, which are the wavefunctions of a harmonic oscillator.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: From the expression for the Landau levels one notices that the energy depends only on formula_32, not on formula_33. States with the same formula_32 but different formula_33 are degenerate.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: At zero field, the density of states per unit surface for the two-dimensional electron gas taking into account degeneration due to spin is independent of the energy


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: As the field is turned on, the density of states collapses from the constant to a Dirac comb, a series of Dirac formula_37 functions, corresponding to the Landau levels separated formula_38. At finite temperature, however, the Landau levels acquire a width formula_39 being formula_40 the time between scattering events. Commonly it is assumed that the precise shape of Landau levels is a Gaussian or Lorentzian profile.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: Another feature is that the wave functions form parallel strips in the formula_17 -direction spaced equally along the formula_16-axis, along the lines of formula_43. Since there is nothing special about any direction in the formula_29-plane if the vector potential was differently chosen one should find circular symmetry.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: Given a sample of dimensions formula_45 and applying the periodic boundary conditions in the formula_17-direction formula_47 being formula_48 an integer, one gets that each parabolic potential is placed at a value formula_49.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The number of states for each Landau Level and formula_50 can be calculated from the ratio between the total magnetic flux that passes through the sample and the magnetic flux corresponding to a state.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: Note the dependency of the density of states with the magnetic field. The larger the magnetic field is, the more states are in each Landau level. As a consequence, there is more confinement in the system since less energy levels are occupied.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: Rewriting the last expression as formula_53 it is clear that each Landau level contains as many states as in a 2DEG in a formula_54.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: Given the fact that electrons are fermions, for each state available in the Landau levels it corresponds two electrons, one electron with each value for the spin formula_55. However, if a large magnetic field is applied, the energies split into two levels due to the magnetic moment associated with the alignment of the spin with the magnetic field. The difference in the energies is formula_56 being formula_57 a factor which depends on the material (formula_58 for free electrons) and formula_59 the Bohr magneton. The sign formula_60 is taken when the spin is parallel to the field and formula_61 when it is antiparallel. This fact called spin splitting implies that the density of states for each level is reduced by a half. Note that formula_62 is proportional to the magnetic field so, the larger the magnetic field is, the more relevant is the split.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: In order to get the number of occupied Landau levels, one defines the so-called filling factor formula_63 as the ratio between the density of states in a 2DEG and the density of states in the Landau levels.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: In general the filling factor formula_63 is not an integer. It happens to be an integer when there is an exact number of filled Landau levels. Instead, it becomes a non-integer when the top level is not fully occupied. Since formula_66, by increasing the magnetic field, the Landau levels move up in energy and the number of states in each level grow, so fewer electrons occupy the top level until it becomes empty. If the magnetic field keeps increasing, eventually, all electrons will be in the lowest Landau level (formula_67) and this is called the magnetic quantum limit.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: It is possible to relate the filling factor to the resistivity and hence, to the conductivity of the system. When formula_63 is an integer, the Fermi energy lies in between Landau levels where there are no states available for carriers, so the conductivity becomes zero (it is considered that the magnetic field is big enough so that there is no overlap between Landau levels, otherwise there would be few electrons and the conductivity would be approximately formula_69). Consequently, the resistivity becomes zero too (At very high magnetic fields it is proven that longitudinal conductivity and resistivity are proportional).


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: If the longitudinal resistivity is zero and transversal is finite, then formula_72. Thus both, the longitudinal conductivity and resistivity become zero.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: Instead, when formula_63 is a half-integer, the Fermi energy is located at the peak of the density distribution of some Landau Level. This means that the conductivity will have a maximum .


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: This distribution of minimums and maximums corresponds to ¨quantum oscillations¨ called "Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations" which become more relevant as the magnetic field increases. Obviously, the height of the peaks are larger as the magnetic field increases since the density of states increases with the field, so there are more carriers which contribute to the resistivity. It is interesting to notice that if the magnetic field is very small, the longitudinal resistivity is a constant which means that the classical result is reached.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: From the classical relation of the transverse resistivity formula_74 and substituting formula_75 one finds out the quantization of the transverse resistivity and conductivity:


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: One concludes then, that the transverse resistivity is a multiple of the inverse of the so-called conductance quantum formula_77. Nevertheless, in experiments a plateau is observed between Landau levels, which indicates that there are in fact charge carriers present. These carriers are localized in, for example, impurities of the material where they are trapped in orbits so they can not contribute to the conductivity. That is why the resistivity remains constant in between Landau levels. Again if the magnetic field decreases, one gets the classical result in which the resistivity is proportional to the magnetic field.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The quantum Hall effect, in addition to being observed in two-dimensional electron systems, can be observed in photons. Photons do not possess inherent electric charge, but through the manipulation of discrete optical resonators and coupling phases or on-site phases, an artificial magnetic field can be created. This process can be expressed through a metaphor of photons bouncing between multiple mirrors. By shooting the light across multiple mirrors, the photons are routed and gain additional phase proportional to their angular momentum. This creates an effect like they are in a magnetic field.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The integers that appear in the Hall effect are examples of topological quantum numbers. They are known in mathematics as the first Chern numbers and are closely related to Berry's phase. A striking model of much interest in this context is the Azbel–Harper–Hofstadter model whose quantum phase diagram is the Hofstadter butterfly shown in the figure. The vertical axis is the strength of the magnetic field and the horizontal axis is the chemical potential, which fixes the electron density. The colors represent the integer Hall conductances. Warm colors represent positive integers and cold colors negative integers. Note, however, that the density of states in these regions of quantized Hall conductance is zero; hence, they cannot produce the plateaus observed in the experiments. The phase diagram is fractal and has structure on all scales. In the figure there is an obvious self-similarity. In the presence of disorder, which is the source of the plateaus seen in the experiments, this diagram is very different and the fractal structure is mostly washed away.


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: Concerning physical mechanisms, impurities and/or particular states (e.g., edge currents) are important for both the 'integer' and 'fractional' effects. In addition, Coulomb interaction is also essential in the fractional quantum Hall effect. The observed strong similarity between integer and fractional quantum Hall effects is explained by the tendency of electrons to form bound states with an even number of magnetic flux quanta, called "composite fermions".


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: The value of the von Klitzing constant may be obtained already on the level of a single atom within the Bohr model while looking at it as a single-electron Hall effect. While during the cyclotron motion on a circular orbit the centrifugal force is balanced by the Lorentz force responsible for the transverse induced voltage and the Hall effect, one may look at the Coulomb potential difference in the Bohr atom as the induced single atom Hall voltage and the periodic electron motion on a circle as a Hall current. Defining the single atom Hall current as a rate a single electron charge formula_78 is making Kepler revolutions with angular frequency formula_79


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: and the induced Hall voltage as a difference between the hydrogen nucleus Coulomb potential at the electron orbital point and at infinity:


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: One obtains the quantization of the defined Bohr orbit Hall resistance in steps of the von Klitzing constant as


title: Quantum Hall effect

text: Relativistic examples of the integer quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall effect arise in the context of lattice gauge theory.


title: Airport apron

text: The airport apron, apron, flight line, ramp, or tarmac is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled, boarded, or maintained. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to the general public, and a permit may be required to gain access. An apron's designated areas for aircraft parking are called "aircraft stands".


title: Airport apron

text: By extension, the term "apron" is also used to identify the air traffic control position responsible for coordinating movement on this surface at busier airports. When the aerodrome control tower does not have control over the apron, the use of the apron may be controlled by an "apron management service" ("apron control" or "apron advisory") to provide coordination between the users. Apron control allocates aircraft parking stands (gates) and communicates this information to tower or ground control and to airline handling agents; it also authorises vehicle movements where they could conflict with taxiing aircraft such as outside of painted road markings. The authority responsible for the aprons is also responsible for relaying to ATC information about the apron conditions such as water, snow, construction or maintenance works on or adjacent to the apron, temporary hazards such as birds or parked vehicles, systems failure etc. Procedures should be established for a coordinated information provision between the aircraft, vehicle, apron control unit and ATC to facilitate the orderly transition of aircraft between the apron management unit and the aerodrome control tower.


title: Airport apron

text: The apron is designated by the ICAO as not being part of the maneuvering area but included in the movement area. "Aircraft stand taxilanes" (providing access to aircraft stands) and "apron taxiways" (taxi routes across the apron) are located on the apron. All vehicles, aircraft and people using the apron are referred to as "apron traffic".


title: Airport apron

text: The apron at airports is sometimes informally called "the tarmac", even though most of these areas are paved with concrete, not tarmac. Specific materials used include asphalt concrete (which itself is often inexactly called "tarmac", adding to the confusion), porous friction course, and Portland cement concrete.


title: Airport apron

text: In the United States, the word "ramp" is an older term for an area where pre-flight activities were done; an "apron" was any area for parking and maintenance. Passenger gates are the main feature of a terminal ramp. The word "apron" is the ICAO and FAA terminology (the word "ramp" is not), so the word "ramp" is not used with this meaning outside the US, Canada, the Maldives, and the Philippines. IATA cites "ramp" as an equivalent term to "apron". For seaplanes, a "ramp" is used to access the apron from the water.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Disappearance at Clifton Hill (initially known as Clifton Hill) is a 2019 Canadian thriller film, directed by Albert Shin. The film stars Tuppence Middleton as Abby, a young woman who returns home to Niagara Falls, Ontario, when she inherits a family-owned motel in the city's Clifton Hill tourist district following her mother's death, and becomes obsessed with reconstructing inchoate childhood memories of witnessing a kidnapping.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: The film's cast also includes Hannah Gross, Marie-Josée Croze, Andy McQueen, Noah Reid, Dan Lett, Aaron Poole, Connor Jessup, Elizabeth Saunders, and Maxwell McCabe-Lokos, as well as filmmaker David Cronenberg in a rare acting appearance as a local historian and podcaster. The film was nominated for four Canadian Screen Award nominations, including Best Supporting Actor for McQueen.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Fishing and picnicking with her family near their home at Niagara Falls, seven-year-old Abby sees a young boy, one eye covered by a bloody bandage, hiding in the woods. He gestures her to be quiet, but a couple drive up and drag him away, throwing him into the trunk of their car. Abby runs back to her family by the lakeside, but does not tell them what she has witnessed. Later she tells her sister, Laure, who does not believe her.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Many years later, the adult Abby returns to Niagara Falls following the death of her mother. Abby has had various problems in her adult life, and among other things is a compulsive liar. Her mother ran a motel called The Rainbow, but the business is no longer viable. Laure wants to sell the motel to local businessman Charlie Lake, whose family has effectively owned the town for three generations, but Abby is reluctant to do this. She is still obsessed with the abduction of the “one-eyed boy.”


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Abby unofficially moves back into the motel and starts to investigate the mystery, the local police having declined to get involved. After viewing microfiches at the local library, she finds a picture and a name, Alex Moulin. Alex was the son of a husband-and-wife magical act, the Magnificent Moulins, a huge local attraction at the time. Their act involved a live tiger. Alex Moulin disappeared around the time that Abby saw the boy in the woods, and was believed to have committed suicide by jumping over the Falls. Following his disappearance, his parents moved to the American side.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Abby meets local diving expert, conspiracy theorist and podcaster, Walter Bell, who is of the opinion that Alex did not commit suicide, as no trace of his body was ever found. Walter says that in his experience as a diver this is extremely unusual. Walter also says that Charlie Lake had a predilection for young boys, and that Alex was not the first to disappear. He believes the powerful Lake family covered up the disappearances.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: In order to gain access to Charlie’s office, Abby pretends she has signed the papers authorising the sale of the motel (she has in point of fact signed them in disappearing ink). While at the office she sees a photo of the Moulins. With them is a woman who was one of the people who captured Alex at the lake. Abby finds out that the woman is called Bev Mole, and her husband Gerry (the other person at the lake) is now paraplegic. Bev worked with the Moulins as an animal trainer. She was once a regular gambler at a casino near The Rainbow Motel, but was eventually banned.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Abby obtains Bev Mole’s phone number, and pretends she is calling from the casino. She says the casino mistakenly placed a block on Bev’s account, and they’d like to welcome her back, including free accommodation at The Rainbow Motel. Bev accordingly checks in, with her wheelchair using husband.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: When Bev goes to the casino, Abby enters her room and finds Gerry shut in a closet, his wheelchair chained so he can’t escape. But before Abby can talk to him about Alex, Bev returns, angry because she believes the casino were trying to “entrap” her. Abby hides as Bev leaves with her husband.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Abby uses her sister’s passport to travel to the American side, to see the Magnificent Moulins magic show, in which Mr. Moulin enters a cage and is apparently changed into a tiger. She approaches the couple after the show, produces a photo of Alex, and tells them to meet her across the street in the diner. The Moulins show up, assuming that Abby is trying to blackmail them. Mrs. Moulin tells Abby their son was “weak” and when he was unable to work in their act with the tiger, she hints that they fed him to the animal. Then she laughs and says it is all a lie.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Trying to return to the Canadian side, Abby’s stolen passport is queried and she is arrested. At the police station, with her sister and family attorney, various lies she has told about her recent past are exposed. With no one believing her about Alex, and no actual proof that the boy did not commit suicide, Abby’s investigations appear to have come to nothing.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: However, determined to get to bottom of Alex’s disappearance, she finds out Bev Mole’s address and goes to her house, watching till Bev leaves. Inside the house, Abby finds Gerry chained up as before. He tells her that they kidnapped Alex, took numerous photos of the injuries he had sustained from the tiger attack (including the loss of an eye) and intended to use them to blackmail the Moulins.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Later, acting on Abby’s report, the police raid the house, rescue Gerry and arrest his wife. In the house they find the photos the Moles had taken of Alex's injuries.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: In the following months, the case receives huge media coverage. Charlie Lake is arrested, although he claims he is innocent of killing Alex; similarly, the Moulins plead ignorance and innocence in the disappearance of their son. Abby has moved on and is working reception in another, more up-market, motel. A man checks in, wearing a black leather eye patch over his left eye. He is around the age Alex would have been, and bears a passing resemblance to him. He looks at Abby quizzically and asks if perhaps they've met before, as she seems somehow familiar. Abby is dumbstruck, unsure how to answer. Noticing a newspaper on the desk with Charlie’s picture, he tells Abby that Lake is not lying and states that in fact, he saved that boy’s life. Abby stares after him in wonderment as he leaves the reception area to check into his room.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: The film was based in part on Shin's own life; his parents formerly owned a motel in Niagara Falls, where Shin has childhood memories of witnessing what he understood at the time to be a kidnapping. However, during the making of the film, he faced resistance from the Clifton Hill business improvement association, because the organization feared that the film would paint the city and the district in a negative light.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: The film premiered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival under the title "Clifton Hill". IFC Midnight obtained the U.S. distribution rights to the film and released it on February 28, 2020.


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, of 46 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads, "While admittedly a bit less than the sum of its intriguing parts, "Disappearance at Clifton Hill" offers an entertaining diversion for noir fans." On Metacritic, another aggregator, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Sheri Linden of "The Hollywood Reporter" praised the film, writing, "Between its opening image of a fish dangling on a hook (a stand-in for the audience?) and its flawlessly underplayed final moment, it casts a one-of-a-kind spell." Radheyan Simonpillai of "NOW Toronto" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, writing, "Niagara's clash between gaudy neon lights, dingy diners, shadowy alleys and general David Lynch vibes sets the stage for a mystery that may only be imagined." Barry Hertz of "The Globe and Mail" gave the film 3.5 out of 4, writing that ""Clifton Hill" becomes just as thrilling and disturbing as its titular strip of haunted houses and fading-fast motels."


title: Disappearance at Clifton Hill

text: Conversely, Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, writing, "Pulpy Canadian whodunit "Disappearance at Clifton Hill" is never as fun as it should be;" and fellow RogerEbert.com critic Brian Tallerico panned the film, writing, "Disappointingly flat in filmmaking terms, both in the lackluster design and dull performances." Scott Tobias of "Variety" also criticized the film, writing, "The deeper the film goes, the more it loses its grip."


title: Shiva (1990 film)

text: Shiva is a 1990 Indian Hindi-language action film written and directed by Ram Gopal Varma. It was a remake of Varma's debut Telugu film, "Siva" (1989). The film has Nagarjuna (in his Hindi debut) and Amala in lead roles. The film became a blockbuster. The success led to Ram Gopal Varma directing a prequel in 2006.


title: Shiva (1990 film)

text: The film opens in a classroom in a (fictional) VAS college of Arts & Sciences. After the classes, upon the directions of a college student JD, a bunch of goons led by Ganesh savagely assaults a group of students right outside the college gate. It was later made clear that JD was settling some campus scores and that the incident resulted in at least one student leaving the college, deepening the fear for JD on the campus.


title: Shiva (1990 film)

text: It turns out that JD is the (unopposed) president of the college students' union and the leader of a notorious campus gang, powerful enough to prevent the college Principal from taking disciplinary actions against their unsavory conduct, which includes eve-teasing and insulting professors. JD's connections, through Ganesh, reach a gangster named Bhavani Chaudhury, whose criminal network lends muscle to a local politician Tilak Dhari.


title: Shiva (1990 film)

text: Shiva is a new student at college. He joins a small group of friends, including Prakash and Asha. Shiva's confident gait and tough attitude lead to JD locking horns with him. An inevitable fight ensues, in which Shiva and friends beat up JD's gang, in broad daylight within the campus. Emboldened by the incident, Shiva's friends plan to fight the students' union elections. Shiva proposes to the nerdy friend Naresh to stand for the president-ship. He also rebuffs Ganesh's initial warning to stay out of politics.


title: Shiva (1990 film)

text: When Ganesh attempts to use force, Shiva beats him back too. The matter comes before Bhavani. Bhavani is mildly annoyed, but he studies Shiva as a potential replacement for JD. At his behest, Naresh is assaulted and rendered unable to run. At this point, Shiva accepts the nomination and decides to run.


title: Shiva (1990 film)

text: Meanwhile, Bhavani has other troubles. He refuses to side with a worker's union leader Krishna Rao. Krishna Rao takes his plight to Shiva; Shiva agrees to help in return for muscle, and Rao provides this by calling upon the workers. Around this time, Asha expresses a romantic interest in Shiva. The friendship progresses, and they eventually marry.


title: Shiva (1990 film)

text: The stage is now set. Bhavani launches a set of sniper attacks on those close to Shiva. Shiva retaliates in kind and takes out many of Bhavani's leaders. Tilak Dhari notices that Shiva is launching a fitting response to Bhavani and decides to stop supporting Bhavani. Angered, humiliated, and defeated, Bhavani strikes Shiva's home and finds Asha. When he learns that Ganesh has already been presented in court and an arrest warrant has been issued for him, Bhavani kills Asha, also Tilakdhari for betrayal and leaves.


title: Shiva (1990 film)

text: A final fight ensues in which eventually, Shiva manages to kill Bhavani, ridding the city of one of its most terrifying anti-social elements, while personally coming to terms with the fact that he has lost almost everything in the bargain.


title: Shiva (1990 film)

text: The college campus depicted in the film was shot at Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in Hyderabad.


title: Shiva (1990 film)

text: Music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Lyrics were written by Majrooh Sultanpuri. All songs are blockbuster hits. Music was released on Venus Cassettes.


title: Joy Mukherjee

text: Joy Mukherjee (24 February 1939 – 9 March 2012) was an Indian actor and director. He was titled as the 'heart throb of the 1960s and 1970s'.


title: Joy Mukherjee

text: Joy Mukherjee was the son of Sashadhar Mukherjee and Sati Devi. His father was a successful producer and a co-founder of Filmalaya Studios. His uncles were director Subodh Mukherjee, Ashok Kumar, Anoop Kumar and Kishore Kumar. Joy Mukherjee was educated in Col. Brown Cambridge School in Dehra Dun and St. Xavier College. His wife's name is Neelam and they had two sons Monjoy (also known as Toy), Sujoy (also known as Boy) and a daughter Simran.


title: Joy Mukherjee

text: Joy debuted opposite Sadhana in the film "Love in Simla" (1960), directed by R. K. Nayyar. He then starred with Asha Parekh for several hits like "Phir Wohi Dil Laya Hoon", "Love in Tokyo," "Ziddi and Hum Hindustani". Some of his films like "Aao Pyar Karen" and "Shagird" (opposite Saira Bano), "Ek Musafir Ek Haseena" with Sadhna, "Ishaara" with Vyjayantimala and "Jee Chahta Hai" with Rajashree were superhit movies. Most of his movies had hit music. By the late 1960s, acting roles began drying up, so he began directing and producing.


title: Joy Mukherjee

text: He produced and directed "Humsaya" although this films did not do well. Despite a late success with home production "Ek Baar Muskura Do" (1972) with brother Deb Mukherjee and later to be sister-in-law Tanuja, Joy faded from the silver screen.


title: Joy Mukherjee

text: He later directed Rajesh Khanna in "Chailla Babu" in 1977 which was a major box office success. This film's success solved his insolvency problems which arose due to production of "Love In Bombay". Later in 1985, Rajesh Khanna even gave him opportunity as a villain in the film "Insaaf Main Karoonga", which became the last successful film of actor Joy Mukherjee.


title: Joy Mukherjee

text: "Love in Bombay" brought deep financial troubles for Joy Mukherjee but late director-actor's wife Neelam, who is releasing the movie 40 years later, says that despite losing everything, the film remained very close to him. "This film was my husband's Waterloo. He lost everything he had in this film. He sunk in lot of his own money, major properties. There were 37 cases of insolvency against him. But he cleared everything and had a clean slate and started afresh. This film was very dear to him despite it bringing so much problems to him," Mrs Mukherjee said. The 1973 film, was the third part of the "Love in" series which started with Joy debuting with the blockbuster hit "Love in Simla" in 1960 and the golden jubilee hit "Love in Tokyo" in 1966. His insolvency issues got resolved when he directed his sole successful directorial venture "Chailla Babu" in 1977.


title: Joy Mukherjee

text: Joy Mukherjee died on 9 March 2012 in Mumbai's Leelavati Hospital, exactly two weeks after his 73rd birthday, where he had been on a ventilator. He had a prolonged illness.


title: Too Low for Zero

text: Too Low for Zero (stylised as 2 ▼ 4 0) is the seventeenth studio album by English musician Elton John. Released in 1983, the album marked a comeback for John, whose previous four albums had failed to yield many enduring international hit singles, and had disappointing sales compared to his string of hit records released during the first half of the 1970s.


title: Too Low for Zero

text: It is his second best selling album of the 1980s (after "Sleeping with the Past"), earning Platinum certification by both the RIAA and the BPI. It produced several hit songs, each accompanied by successful MTV music videos, and it spent over a year on the "Billboard" album chart.


title: Too Low for Zero

text: For the first time since "Blue Moves" in 1976, all lyrics were written by Bernie Taupin. John also reunited with the core of his backing band of the early 1970s: Dee Murray, Nigel Olsson and Davey Johnstone as well as Ray Cooper, Kiki Dee and Skaila Kanga (who played harp on John's self-titled album and "Tumbleweed Connection").


title: Too Low for Zero

text: The album was produced by Chris Thomas and recorded at AIR Studios in Montserrat (the same studio for "Jump Up!") and Sunset Sound Recorders in Hollywood.


title: Too Low for Zero

text: For the first time since "A Single Man", John played synthesizers in addition to piano, since James Newton Howard left the band. John felt that synths allowed him to write better fast rock songs, having not been entirely happy with such compositions performed on piano.


title: Too Low for Zero

text: The original LP issue of the album featured a die-cut cover with a special inner sleeve. The four shapes shown on the cover were cut out, with the colours (shown as ink smears on the inner sleeve) showing through the holes. The 2010 Japanese SHM CD release of the album is the only CD version to replicate the packaging of the original LP with the die-cut design.


title: Too Low for Zero

text: All B-sides released on US singles from this time originate from his 1978 album "A Single Man" and the "21 at 33" sessions from 1980. They were also previously released on European singles. In the US, "Too Low for Zero" was certified gold in January 1984 and platinum in October 1995 by the RIAA.


title: Too Low for Zero

text: Reviewing the album in "Rolling Stone", Don Shewey commented, "Elton John and Bernie Taupin have written some great hit singles, but since the early "Elton John" LP, they have never produced an album of consistently first-rate material. And although "Too Low for Zero" is a big step up from losers like "Blue Moves" and "A Single Man", it doesn't hang together, either." He praised the catchy energy of "I'm Still Standing", "Kiss the Bride", "Crystal", and "Too Low for Zero", and approved of the way those four songs synthesized the styles of popular artists such as The Pointer Sisters and Joe Jackson. However, he felt the rest of the album suffered from poor lyrics, finding the morbidity of "Cold as Christmas" and "One More Arrow" to be especially distasteful.


title: V Live

text: V Live (stylized as VLIVE), sometimes referred to as V App, is a South Korean live video streaming service that allows celebrities based in the country to broadcast live videos such as live chat sessions with fans, performances, reality shows and award shows on the internet. The service is available for streaming via web browsers on Windows, macOS, and Linux, as well as apps on iOS and Android devices. The company was launched by Naver Corporation in late August 2015, and transferred to Weverse Company on March 2, 2022. It is expected to end on December 31, 2022.


title: V Live

text: In 2007, Naver Corporation launched its video platform channel, but availability was highly restricted and unavailable in many countries.


title: V Live

text: In early August 2015, Naver Corporation released the live streaming app, V Live. The application was originally available only on the Google Play Store for Android, but later launched on App Store for iOS. The app was aimed at reaching international fan bases, particularly those in Japan, China, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Therefore, there were no region restrictions and the website had a variety of language options, such as English, Chinese and Japanese.


title: V Live

text: V Live provided beta service on August 1, 2015, and the official service started on September 1, 2015.


title: V Live

text: V Live released the full Android version on September 2, 2015, and the full iOS version was released in mid-September 2015.


title: V Live

text: According to Sensor Tower, the application had 200,000 downloads and earned $600,000 in Aug 2017; by May 2018, the V Live app had over 1 million downloads on the Google Play Store and iTunes.


title: V Live

text: On January 27, 2021, it was announced that Naver Corporation, will transfer their V Live service to Hybe Corporation's technology subsidiary, Weverse Company Inc. (formerly known as beNX Inc.). The transfer are scheduled to start on March 2, 2022, onwards starting with transfer of users information and change of management company prior to the gradual phase out of the service in favor of a consolidated yet to be named service.


title: V Live

text: V Live has over 1,450 channels associated with different K-pop stars, including BTS, Big Bang, Blackpink, Winner, iKon, Exo, Red Velvet, Got7, Gfriend, TXT, Ateez, Treasure, Monsta X, BtoB, Astro, Apink, T-ara, NCT, Twice, Stray Kids, Itzy, Iz*One, Infinite, Mamamoo, Rocket Punch, Golden Child, Enhypen, Oneus, Victon and Seventeen as well as several actors, such as Lee Jong-suk, Lee Dong-wook, and Park Bo-young. V Live may broadcast programs that range from live chat sessions with fans, performances, reality shows, and award shows.


title: V Live

text: V Live makes it easy for fans to interact with the website. Users are alerted when a channel they follow begins a live stream or uploads new content. Users can also comment or send hearts on videos, which the idol or idols can also see in real time. Special effects will occur on the screen when the hearts add up to a certain amount. (e.g., congratulations for reaching 100 million) Every interaction contributes to the user's "chemi-beat". The chemi-beat tracks the users chemistry with a celebrity. Users can increase their chemi-beat by regularly engaging with a channel, turning on push notifications and sharing videos. Having a high chemi-beat increases the user's chances of winning an event hosted by an idol.


title: V Live

text: V Live+ refers to paid content types that offer unreleased, downloadable and fan catered content. V Live+ content can be purchased with V coins, which roughly amount to 50 for US$1, or redeemed using a code presented with an external purchase, such as an album.


title: V Live

text: Some idols also offer CH+, a premium channel that can only be accessed with a subscription. CH+ channels can be purchased with V coins on a 30-day, 3 month, 6 month or yearly basis. CH+ channels differ from regular channels in that they provide hidden broadcasts, videos and posts.


title: V Live

text: Behind the scenes of VLive-only dramas can also be seen in the CH+ channel. For example: "Welcome to Heal Inn" and "We See Winter", both series with Fromis 9.


title: V Live

text: 'V COIN' refers to the electronic currency within 'service' to purchase 'paid product'. 'Paid product' means various products (viewing rights to certain 'content', and/or download rights, specific features within 'service', etc.) that the 'member' can purchase within the 'service'. 'V COIN' can be purchased/recharged through and by app market purchase, credit card, cell phone, bank transfer, and other payment methods set by the company within the service platform. However, if 'member' selects the payment method with an independent operator, the 'member' must follow the payment procedures set by the relevant operator to continue with purchase (iOS only).


title: V Live

text: Stickers are image items that can be used in V Live chat. Some sticker packs are restricted to particular channels and can only be used in these channel's chats. Stickers could be purchased in the STORE using V coins. Most sticker packs are either free or 100 coins (US$1.99).


title: V Live

text: V Lightstick (stylized in all caps) is a digital item that acts as a special "heart" icon. The V Lightstick provides the user with double the "hearts" when tapped, a special on-screen effect when heart milestones are hit and a 3 dimensional interactive object representing the lightstick. 1-day and 30-day passes were available for purchase in the STORE for 50 coins and 150 coins respectively. V Lightstick was only been able to be used on the mobile app.


title: V Live

text: V Lightstick was introduced on December 7, 2018, and was originally only available for BTS, GOT7, Red Velvet, Monsta X, NU'EST W, and Twice. On December 27, 2018, V Live announced the expansion of V Lightstick to include Blackpink, iKon, Seventeen, Winner and Cosmic Girls.


title: V Live

text: V Fansubs refers to the subtitling service that allows users to submit their own foreign-language subtitle translations for V Live videos. These subtitles are reviewed by a team from V Fansubs before they are uploaded onto V Live. This subtitling feature has been a significant aspect of V Live's growth, attracting a large international fanbase outside of South Korea.


title: V Live

text: Chemi-beat refers to the level of "chemistry and beat" a user has with a certain channel. This corresponds to the amounts of interaction a user has with a certain channel. There are seven levels of Chemi-beat which a user can obtain. In additional, all users of each channel are ranked based on their Chemi-beat. These ranks are updated daily and the TOP 100 users are displayed on each channel's home page.


title: V Live

text: While there are currently no additional benefits based on Chemi-beat, V Live has stated they have plans to provide additional benefits in the future.


title: V Live

text: By April 2020, it was announced South Korean largest entertainment company SM Entertainment and Naver had signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the purpose to expand the reach of concerts to global audience. The joint efforts lead to the creation of "Beyond LIVE", a series of online live concerts which - according to SM representative - combine "SM's content development capabilities with Naver's platform technology". The concerts are hosted on Vlive app.


title: V Live

text: The platform holds yearly awards, colloquially called the V Live Awards, to honor the most popular people and content on the website. The primary awards, the Global Top 10 and Rookie Top 5, are awarded to the top ten most popular V Live channels, the latter specifically for new artists. Additional popularity awards are selected via online voting. Initially, the fifteen channels held an individual broadcast where they received the award, however, starting in 2019, V Live began presenting the awards at a ceremony entitled V Heartbeat.


title: V Live

text: V Live is a medium in which Korean celebrities can reach a global audience and has allowed non-Korean speaking fans worldwide to intimately interact with their favorite Hallyu idols. There is an online community on V Live for fan translators who create foreign subtitles so that more people can enjoy the content worldwide. Translators are ranked by the number of lines that they have translated. The subtitling process is made user-friendly so that fans do not need any specific technical skills. Contests and events are held to encourage fan-subbing. For example, fan translators in the past have won V coins and video calls with their favorite idols. Because of fan translators, some videos have as many as 17 subtitle options.


title: V Live

text: V Live has collaborated with RBW Entertainment Vietnam (a subsidiary of the Korean entertainment company) to produce a lot of Vietnamese-based shows. Moreover, V Live launched special mini-concerts called "V Heartbeat" to connect K-pop and V-pop stars. For their opening show they invited Winner to perform in Vietnam.


title: Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)

text: "Forever Young" is a song by Bob Dylan, recorded in California in November 1973. The song first appeared, in two different versions, a slow-pace and a fast-pace, on Dylan's fourteenth studio album "Planet Waves".


title: Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)

text: A demo version of the song, recorded in New York City in June 1973, was included on Dylan's 1985 compilation "Biograph". In the notes included with that album, Dylan is quoted as saying that he wrote "Forever Young" in Tucson, Arizona, "thinking about" one of his sons and "not wanting to be too sentimental".


title: Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)

text: A live version of the song, recorded in Tokyo on 28 February 1978 and included on Dylan's album "Bob Dylan at Budokan", was released as a European single in 1979.


title: Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)

text: Written as a lullaby for his eldest son Jesse, born in 1966, Dylan's song relates a father's hopes that his child will remain strong and happy. It opens with the lines, 'May God bless and keep you always / May your wishes all come true', echoing the priestly blessing from the Book of Numbers, which has lines that begin: 'May the Lord bless you and guard you / May the Lord make His face shed light upon you.' Not wishing to sound 'too sentimental', Dylan included two versions of the song on the album "Planet Waves", one a lullaby and the other more rock-oriented.


title: Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)

text: In notes on "Forever Young" written for the 2007 album "Dylan", Bill Flanagan writes that Dylan and the Band 'got together and quickly knocked off an album, "Planet Waves", that featured two versions of a blessing from a parent to a child. In the years he was away from stage, Dylan had become a father. He had that in common with a good chunk of the audience. The song was memorably recited on American television by Howard Cosell when Muhammad Ali won the heavyweight crown for the third time'.


title: Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)

text: According to his website, Dylan performed the song live 493 times between its live debut in 1974 and its last outing in 2011. This includes a duet with Bruce Springsteen at the Concert for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, OH in 1995. Dylan also performed the song live on the "Late Show with David Letterman" in 1993.


title: Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)

text: Rod Stewart recorded a song titled "Forever Young" that was released as a single and included on his 1988 album "Out of Order". Stewart's manager, Arnold Stiefel, said, "[I]t would be fair to say that while the melody and the music is not at all the same [as Dylan's song], the idea of the song is similar. The architecture of the lyrics of the song is very much from Dylan–there are definite similarities." The similarities were enough to cause Stiefel to contact Dylan, who requested a share of the royalties, and Stewart agreed. His version charted at #12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US, while it made #57 in the UK Singles Chart on its release in 1988, and #55 on re-release in 2013.


title: Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)

text: In December 2015, Louisa Johnson, the winner of the twelfth series of "The X Factor", released a cover version of "Forever Young" as her winner's single. It was released on December 13, 2015, immediately after Johnson won. Johnson performed the song live on "The X Factor" final. She also performed it on "Text Santa". Johnson's version entered the UK Singles Chart on December 18 at number nine, and was the first "X Factor" winner single not to reach number one. The song has sold 99,648 copies in the UK as of June 2016.


title: Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)

text: Dylan lent his name, voice, and song as the theme to the television show "Parenthood". Lucy Schwartz sang "When We Were Young" in seasons 3–6 internationally. On August 31, 2010, Arrival Records/Scion Music Group released a soundtrack for "Parenthood". The soundtrack includes both theme songs for "Parenthood", "Forever Young" by Bob Dylan, and the international theme, "When We Were Young" by Lucy Schwartz. It also includes a cover of "Forever Young" performed by John Doe and Lucy Schwartz. Rhiannon Giddens and Iron & Wine covered "Forever Young" for the show's final episode on January 29, 2015.


title: Forever Young (Bob Dylan song)

text: The lyrics to “Forever Young” were published as a children's book along with illustrations by illustrator Paul Rogers. Rogers's visual interpretation of “Forever Young” includes references to Bob Dylan's life and livelihood juxtaposed against the backdrop of the social and political climate.


title: Plott Hound

text: The Plott Hound is a large scent hound, originally bred for hunting bears. In 1989, the North Carolina General Assembly designated the Plott Hound as the official State Dog. The Plott Hound was first registered with the United Kennel Club in 1946. Plott Hounds were recognized by the American Kennel Club in 2006 and were exhibited at the Westminster Show in 2008.


title: Plott Hound

text: Chosen for their tracking and hunting abilities, two Plott Hound puppies have been trained as K9 deputies for the Guilford County Sheriff's Department in North Carolina.


title: Plott Hound

text: The Plott Hound is generally athletic, muscular, and agile in appearance, with a medium build. Unlike some other hounds, the Plott Hound's skin is not baggy. The Plott Hound is a very strongly built yet moderate hound, with a distinct brindle-colored coat. Its appearance suggests the capacity for speed, stamina and endurance.


title: Plott Hound

text: May have an identification mark on it that is used to identify the dog when hunting. Such a mark is not penalized in conformation shows.


title: Plott Hound

text: The Plott Hound's fur should be fine to medium in texture, short or medium in length, and have a smooth and glossy appearance. According to the National Plott Hound Association, the dog's fur should be brindled. Brindled is defined as "Finely streaked or striped effect or pattern of black or tan fur with fur of a lighter or darker background color. Brindle shades accepted are yellow brindle, red brindle, tan brindle, brown brindle, black brindle, grey brindle, and maltese (slate grey, blue brindle)." Black with brindle trim and solid black are other acceptable alternatives. The Association dictates that while some white on the chest and/or feet is permissible, white found anywhere else is a fault.


title: Plott Hound

text: A Plott Hound should measure approximately 20 to 25 in (55 to 71 cm) at the withers for males, 20 to 23 in (53 to 63 cm) for females. Males should weigh 50 to 60 lb (23 to 27 kg). Females should weigh 40 to 55 lb (18 to 25 kg).


title: Plott Hound

text: Of the seven breeds of United Kennel Club (UKC) registered coonhounds, the Plott Hound is the only that does not trace its ancestry to the foxhound.


title: Plott Hound

text: The Plott Balsams, a mountain range in North Carolina, are named for the Plott family, whose ancestor, (Johannes) George Plott (c. 1733-1815), immigrated to North Carolina in the late 18th century from Germany. The Plott Hound breed of hunting dog is also named for the Plotts.


title: Plott Hound

text: The ancestors of today's Plott Hounds were used for boar hunting in Germany. Originally from Germany, in 1750 Johannes "George" Plott emigrated to the English colony of North Carolina. He brought a few wild boarhounds (five Hanover Hounds, used for bear and boar hunting) with him. These dogs had been bred for generations for their stamina and gameness. George and his wife Margaret with their family settled in the mountains of western North Carolina. Though there is no evidence that Plott ever went to western North Carolina, his son Henry settled there around 1801 to 1810 (as the census discloses) and was responsible for the Plott Hound's later development.


title: Plott Hound

text: Plott supposedly kept his strain entirely pure, making no outcrosses. In 1780, the Plott Hound pack passed into the hands of Henry Plott.


title: Classical planet

text: In classical antiquity, the seven classical planets or seven luminaries are the seven moving astronomical objects in the sky visible to the naked eye: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The word "planet" comes from two related Greek words, πλάνης "planēs" (whence πλάνητες ἀστέρες "planētes asteres" "wandering stars, planets") and πλανήτης "planētēs", both with the original meaning of "wanderer", expressing the fact that these objects move across the celestial sphere relative to the fixed stars. Greek astronomers such as Geminus and Ptolemy often divided the seven planets into the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets.


title: Classical planet

text: The term "planet" in modern terminology is only applied to natural satellites directly orbiting the Sun (or other stars), so that only five of the seven classical planets are planets in the modern sense. The same seven planets, along with the ascending and descending lunar node, are mentioned in Vedic astrology as the nine Navagraha.


title: Classical planet

text: The Babylonians recognized seven planets. A bilingual list in the British Museum records the seven Babylonian planets in the following order:


title: Classical planet

text: In Mandaeism, the names of the Seven Planets are derived from the seven Babylonian planets. Similarly, in Syriac, all the planet names derive from the Babylonian planets in the Akkadian language.


title: Classical planet

text: The astrological symbols for the classical planets appear in the medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved. In the original papyri of these Greek horoscopes, there are found a circle with one ray () for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon.


title: Classical planet

text: The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri. The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the initial letters of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus.


title: Classical planet

text: A. S. D. Maunder finds antecedents of the planetary symbols in earlier sources, used to represent the gods associated with the classical planets. "Bianchini's planisphere", produced in the 2nd century, shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.


title: Classical planet

text: A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century "Compendium of Astrology" shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter "zeta" (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark seen in modern versions of the symbols. The modern Sun symbol, pictured as a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in the Renaissance.


title: Classical planet

text: The Ptolemaic system used in Greek astronomy placed the planets in order, closest to Earth to furthest, as the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. In addition the day was divided into seven hour intervals, each ruled by one of the planets, although the order was staggered (see below).


title: Classical planet

text: The first hour of each day was named after the ruling planet, giving rise to the names and order of the Roman seven-day week. Modern Latin-based cultures, in general, directly inherited the days of the week from the Romans and they were named after the classical planets; for example, in Spanish "Miércoles" is Mercury, and in French "mardi" is Mars-day.


title: Classical planet

text: The modern English days of the week were mostly inherited from gods of the old Germanic Norse culture – Wednesday is "Wōden"’s-day ("Wōden" or "Wettin" eqv. Mercury), Thursday is "Thor"’s-day (Thor eqv. Jupiter), Friday is "Frige"-day (Frige eqv. Venus). Equivalence here is by the gods' roles; for instance, Venus and Frige were both goddesses of love. It can be correlated that the Norse gods were attributed to each Roman planet and its god, probably due to Roman influence rather than coincidentally by the naming of the planets. A vestige of the Roman convention remains in the English name Saturday.


title: Classical planet

text: In alchemy, each classical planet (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) was associated with one of the seven metals known to the classical world (silver, mercury/quicksilver, copper, gold, iron, tin and lead respectively). As a result, the alchemical glyphs for the metal and associated planet coincide. Alchemists believed the other elemental metals were variants of these seven (e.g. zinc was known as "Indian tin" or "mock silver").


title: Classical planet

text: Alchemy in the Western World and other locations where it was widely practiced was (and in many cases still is) allied and intertwined with traditional Babylonian-Greek style astrology; in numerous ways they were built to complement each other in the search for hidden knowledge (knowledge that is not common i.e. the occult). Astrology has used the concept of classical elements from antiquity up until the present day today. Most modern astrologers use the four classical elements extensively, and indeed they are still viewed as a critical part of interpreting the astrological chart.


title: Classical planet

text: Traditionally, each of the seven "planets" in the solar system as known to the ancients was associated with, held dominion over, and "ruled" a certain metal (see also astrology and the classical elements).


title: Classical planet

text: Some alchemists (e.g. Paracelsus) adopted the Hermetic Qabalah assignment between the vital organs and the planets as follows:


title: Classical planet

text: Indian astronomy and astrology (Jyotiṣa) recognises seven visible planets (including the sun and moon) and two additional invisible planets("tamo'graha").


title: Classical planet

text: The cycles of the Chinese calendar are linked to the orbit of Jupiter, there being 12 sacred beasts in the Chinese dodecannualar geomantic and astrological cycle, and 12 years in the orbit of Jupiter.


title: Classical planet

text: Mercury and Venus are visible only in twilight hours because their orbits are interior to that of Earth. Venus is the third-brightest object in the sky and the most prominent planet. Mercury is more difficult to see due to its proximity to the Sun. Lengthy twilight and an extremely low angle at maximum elongations make optical filters necessary to see Mercury from extreme polar locations. Mars is at its brightest when it is in opposition, which occurs approximately every twenty-five months. Jupiter and Saturn are the largest of the five planets, but are farther from the Sun, and therefore receive less sunlight. Nonetheless, Jupiter is often the next brightest object in the sky after Venus. Saturn's luminosity is often enhanced by its rings, which reflect light to varying degrees, depending on their inclination to the ecliptic; however, the rings themselves are not visible to the naked eye from the Earth. Uranus and sometimes the asteroid Vesta are in principle visible to the naked eye on very clear nights, but, unlike the true naked-eye planets, are less luminous than thousands of stars, and as such, do not stand out enough for their existence to be noticed without the aid of a telescope.


title: RabbitMQ

text: RabbitMQ is an open-source message-broker software (sometimes called message-oriented middleware) that originally implemented the Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) and has since been extended with a plug-in architecture to support Streaming Text Oriented Messaging Protocol (STOMP), MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT), and other protocols.


title: RabbitMQ

text: Written in Erlang, the RabbitMQ server is built on the Open Telecom Platform framework for clustering and failover. Client libraries to interface with the broker are available for all major programming languages. The source code is released under the Mozilla Public License.


title: RabbitMQ

text: Originally developed by Rabbit Technologies Ltd. which started as a joint venture between LShift and CohesiveFT in 2007, RabbitMQ was acquired in April 2010 by SpringSource, a division of VMware. The project became part of Pivotal Software in May 2013.


title: RabbitMQ

text: This section gives sample programs written in Python (using the "pika" package) for sending and receiving messages using a queue.


title: RabbitMQ

text: The following code fragment establishes a connection, makes sure the recipient queue exists, then sends a message and finally closes the connection.


title: Statues (game)

text: Statues (also known as Red Light, Green Light in North America, and Grandma's/Grandmother's Footsteps or Fairy Footsteps in the United Kingdom) is a popular children's game, often played in different countries. There are variations of play throughout different regions of the world.


title: Statues (game)

text: Red Light, Green Light is a variation of Statues played throughout North America. The title of the game refers to the colors of a traffic light.


title: Statues (game)

text: There are different levels of stringency in regard to how much movement the Caller may observe to send a player back to the start. Some allow general movement as long as the players are not moving their feet from the ground, while others restrict any large bodily movements, such as swaying of the arms or even smiling. Blinking and breathing are generally permitted.


title: Statues (game)

text: In the Dutch version, instead of "green light!" the Caller sings in a slow voice "Annemaria", followed by a quick and loud "Koekoek!" ("Cuckoo!") when they turn around (like "red light!"). "Koekoek!" is also the Dutch equivalent of a Peekaboo game played with babies, where the parents hide their face with their hands, then reveal themselves whilst saying "Peek-a-boo!" (also known in Dutch as "Kiekeboe!").


title: Statues (game)

text: The Flemish version of the game is called "1, 2, 3 Piano", in which the Caller shouts "één, twee, drie, piano!" (translating to one, two, three, piano in English) before turning around to the other players. Only during the time this sentence is being shouted, the participants are allowed to move.


title: Statues (game)

text: Winnie the Pooh is a variation of Statues where the person playing "Pooh" (the Curator) usually leans against a wall and has to shout "1, 2, 3, Winnie the Pooh, stop!" (so it is long enough for the players to reach some distance and because of the rhyme it provides in Bulgarian, where this version comes from) before turning to face the players. Whenever a player tags Pooh they have to run so it doesn't catch them. If they manage to go back to the wall where Pooh was leaning before it catches them, they become Pooh and the game starts over. In this variation the role of Pooh is more desirable.


title: Statues (game)

text: Another variation of the game was altered as a team building exercise. It follows the Red Light, Green Light rules with exception that if anybody moves after the red light the whole team must return to the starting line. Also, the object of the game is for the players to "steal" an "object" positioned near the "it" person and return with it to the other side of the field. Once the "object" is moved it has to stay hidden from "it" who has several guesses as to who has it at the moment. If guessed successfully then the whole team must return to the starting line.


title: Kaskade

text: Ryan Gary Raddon (born February 25, 1971), better known by his stage name Kaskade, is an American DJ, record producer and remixer. "DJ Times" voted Kaskade "America's Best DJ" in 2011 and 2013. "DJ Mag" named Kaskade fifty-first on its 2009 list of Top 100 DJs.


title: Kaskade

text: Born in Chicago, Kaskade grew up in nearby Northbrook and attended Glenbrook North High School. As a teenager, he would shop for music at Gramaphone Records on Clark Street in Chicago. His brother, Rich Raddon, became an entrepreneur and film producer. He attended Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah from 1989 to 1990, working on his DJ skills in his dorm room. At age 19, Raddon served a two-year full-time mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan. Following his mission, in 1992, he moved to Salt Lake City to attend the University of Utah, eventually graduating with a degree in communications. While attending school, Kaskade and his close friend Jodi Call ran a record store in Salt Lake City called Mechanized.