title: Duplicate (1998 film)

text: Now seeing that the light is on in Bablu's home, Manu thinking Bablu is home starts calling for him but really it is Bablu's mother. She thinks Bablu is drunk since Manu who is posing as Bablu is calling out for Bablu, so she scolds him and tells him to go to sleep. Soon they switch back since the police are not looking for Manu anymore. Now Manu, who wants to kill Bablu, calls Bablu's mother and Sonia to a rundown place so they can meet each other so Sonia can now marry him (trapping Bablu). Bablu loses too much money and thinking Manu did it locates him. Since Bablu runs late, he arrives where Sonia and Bablu's mom are waiting. The Police, thinking they have tracked down Manu come and try to arrest him. But Sonia intervenes and tells them they have the wrong guy. Bablu now coming to the location tells the police that is Manu. Manu reappears out of the blue and says he is Bablu. However, Bablu's mom says that Bablu was a big wrestler before he came to Mumbai and she says whoever pulls her to their respective side is the real Bablu. When Bablu sees that his mother's arms are hurting, he decides to let go because he can't bear to see his mother in pain. Now thinking Bablu is Manu, the police grab him but she says that the man holding her is Manu because she knew that Bablu would not dare to try and let his mother bear any pain. But Manu has a gun and tries to shoot her but before he can do that, Lily shoots him from behind, and reveals that she informed the police because Bablu taught her how to be a good person. The film ends on a happy note with Bablu and Sonia's wedding.


title: Duplicate (1998 film)

text: The songs featured in the film are composed by Anu Malik with lyrics penned by Javed Akhtar. The songs were rendered by Kavita Krishnamurthy, Alka Yagnik, Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan and Abhijeet Bhattacharya. The songs "Ek Sharaarat (La Lai Lai)" and "Ladna Jhagadna" became hit songs, while "Mere Mehboob Mere Sanam" became one of the Blockbuster Songs of the Year.


title: Duplicate (1998 film)

text: "Duplicate" grossed in India and $1 million (4.10 crore) in other countries, for a worldwide total of , against its budget. It had a worldwide opening week of . It is the 12th-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 1998 worldwide.


title: Duplicate (1998 film)

text: It grossed $375,000 (1.53 crore) in its first week and earned a total of $1 million (4.10 crore) outside India. Overseas, it is the 3rd-highest-grossing Bollywood film of 1998 behind "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" ($6.3 million (21.49 crore)) and "Dil Se.." ($2.32 million (9.86 crore)), which were also Shah Rukh Khan starrers.


title: Duplicate (1998 film)

text: Duplicate's DVD was released by Ultra Media & Entertainment.Duplicate's television premiere occurred on Zee TV.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: Thornton Niven Wilder (April 17, 1897 – December 7, 1975) was an American playwright and novelist. He won three Pulitzer Prizes — for the novel "The Bridge of San Luis Rey" and for the plays "Our Town" and "The Skin of Our Teeth" — and a U.S. National Book Award for the novel "The Eighth Day".


title: Thornton Wilder

text: Wilder was born in Madison, Wisconsin, the son of Amos Parker Wilder, a newspaper editor and later a U.S. diplomat, and Isabella Thornton Niven.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: Wilder had four siblings as well as a twin who was stillborn. All of the surviving Wilder children spent part of their childhood in China when their father was stationed in Hong Kong and Shanghai as U.S. Consul General. Thornton's older brother, Amos Niven Wilder, became Hollis Professor of Divinity at the Harvard Divinity School. He was a noted poet and was instrumental in developing the field of theopoetics. Their sister Isabel Wilder was an accomplished writer. They had two more sisters, Charlotte Wilder, a poet, and Janet Wilder Dakin, a zoologist.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: Wilder began writing plays while at the Thacher School in Ojai, California, where he did not fit in and was teased by classmates as overly intellectual. According to a classmate, "We left him alone, just left him alone. And he would retire at the library, his hideaway, learning to distance himself from humiliation and indifference." His family lived for a time in China, where his sister Janet was born in 1910. He attended the English China Inland Mission Chefoo School at Yantai but returned with his mother and siblings to California in 1912 because of the unstable political conditions in China at the time. Thornton graduated from Berkeley High School in 1915.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: After having served a three-month enlistment in the Army's Coast Artillery Corps at Fort Adams, Rhode Island, in World War I (rising to the rank of corporal), he attended Oberlin College before earning his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1920 at Yale University, where he refined his writing skills as a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, a literary society. He earned his Master of Arts degree in French literature from Princeton University in 1926.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: After graduating, Wilder went to Italy and studied archaeology and Italian (1920–21) as part of an eight-month residency at The American Academy in Rome, and then taught French at the Lawrenceville School in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, beginning in 1921. His first novel, "The Cabala", was published in 1926. In 1927, "The Bridge of San Luis Rey" brought him commercial success and his first Pulitzer Prize (1928). He resigned from the Lawrenceville School in 1928. From 1930 to 1937 he taught at the University of Chicago, during which time he published his translation of André Obey's own adaptation of the tale "Le Viol de Lucrece" (1931) under the title "Lucrece" (Longmans Green, 1933). In Chicago, he became famous as a lecturer and was chronicled on the celebrity pages. In 1938 he won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play "Our Town", and he won the prize again in 1943 for his play "The Skin of Our Teeth".


title: Thornton Wilder

text: World War II saw Wilder rise to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army Air Force Intelligence, first in Africa, then in Italy until 1945. He received several awards for his military service. He went on to be a visiting professor at Harvard University, where he served for a year as the Charles Eliot Norton professor. Though he considered himself a teacher first and a writer second, he continued to write all his life, receiving the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in 1957 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963. In 1968 he won the National Book Award for his novel "The Eighth Day".


title: Thornton Wilder

text: Proficient in four languages, Wilder translated plays by André Obey and Jean-Paul Sartre. He wrote the libretti of two operas, "The Long Christmas Dinner", composed by Paul Hindemith, and "The Alcestiad", composed by Louise Talma and based on his own play. Alfred Hitchcock, whom he admired, asked him to write the screenplay of his thriller "Shadow of a Doubt", and he completed a first draft for the film.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: "The Bridge of San Luis Rey" (1927) tells the story of several unrelated people who happen to be on a bridge in Peru when it collapses, killing them. Philosophically, the book explores the question of why unfortunate events occur to people who seem "innocent" or "undeserving". It won the Pulitzer Prize in 1928, and in 1998 it was selected by the editorial board of the American Modern Library as one of the 100 best novels of the twentieth century. The book was quoted by British Prime Minister Tony Blair during the memorial service for victims of the September 11 attacks in 2001. Since then its popularity has grown enormously. The book is the progenitor of the modern disaster epic in literature and film-making, where a single disaster intertwines the victims, whose lives are then explored by means of flashbacks to events before the disaster.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: Wilder wrote "Our Town", a popular play (and later film) set in fictional Grover's Corners, New Hampshire. It was inspired in part by Dante's "Purgatorio" and in part by his friend Gertrude Stein's novel "The Making of Americans". Wilder suffered from writer's block while writing the final act. "Our Town" employs a choric narrator called the Stage Manager and a minimalist set to underscore the human experience. Wilder himself played the Stage Manager on Broadway for two weeks and later in summer stock productions. Following the daily lives of the Gibbs and Webb families, as well as the other inhabitants of Grover's Corners, the play illustrates the importance of the universality of the simple, yet meaningful lives of all people in the world in order to demonstrate the value of appreciating life. The play won the 1938 Pulitzer Prize.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: In 1938, Max Reinhardt directed a Broadway production of "The Merchant of Yonkers", which Wilder had adapted from Austrian playwright Johann Nestroy's "Einen Jux will er sich machen" (1842). It was a failure, closing after 39 performances.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: His play "The Skin of Our Teeth" opened in New York on November 18, 1942, featuring Fredric March and Tallulah Bankhead. Again, the themes are familiar – the timeless human condition; history as progressive, cyclical, or entropic; literature, philosophy, and religion as the touchstones of civilization. Three acts dramatize the travails of the Antrobus family, allegorizing the alternate history of mankind. It was claimed by Joseph Campbell and Henry Morton Robinson, authors of "A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake", that much of the play was the result of unacknowledged borrowing from James Joyce's last work.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: In his novel "The Ides of March" (1948), Wilder reconstructed the characters and events leading to, and culminating in, the assassination of Julius Caesar. He had met Jean-Paul Sartre on a U.S. lecture tour after the war, and was under the influence of existentialism, although rejecting its atheist implications.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: In 1954, Tyrone Guthrie encouraged Wilder to rework "The Merchant of Yonkers" into "The Matchmaker". This time the play opened in 1955 and enjoyed a healthy Broadway run of 486 performances with Ruth Gordon in the title role, winning a Tony Award for Guthrie, its director. It became the basis for the hit 1964 musical "Hello, Dolly!", with a book by Michael Stewart and score by Jerry Herman.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: In 1960, Wilder was awarded the first ever Edward MacDowell Medal by The MacDowell Colony for outstanding contributions to American culture.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: In 1962 and 1963, Wilder lived twenty months in the small town of Douglas, Arizona, apart from family and friends. There he started his longest novel, "The Eighth Day", which went on to win the National Book Award. According to Harold Augenbraum in 2009, it "attack[ed] the big questions head on, ... [embedded] in the story of small-town America".


title: Thornton Wilder

text: His last novel, "Theophilus North", was published in 1973, and made into the film "Mr. North" in 1988.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: The Library of America republished all of Wilder's plays in 2007, together with some of his writings on the theater and the screenplay of "Shadow of a Doubt". In 2009, a second volume was released, containing his first five novels, six early stories, and four essays on fiction. Finally, the third and final volume in the Library of America series on Wilder was released in 2011, containing his last two novels "The Eighth Day" and "Theophilus North", as well as four autobiographical sketches.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: Six years after Wilder’s death, Samuel Steward wrote in his autobiography that he had sexual relations with him. In 1937, Gertrude Stein had given Steward, then a college professor, a letter of introduction to Wilder. According to Steward, Alice B. Toklas told him that Wilder liked him and that Wilder had reported he was having trouble starting the third act of "Our Town" until he and Steward walked around Zürich all night in the rain and the next day wrote the whole act, opening with a crowd in a rainy cemetery. Penelope Niven disputes Steward's claim of a relationship with Wilder and, based on Wilder's correspondence, says Wilder started work on the third act of "Our Town" and completed it several months later, and all of this happened before his first meeting with Samuel Steward.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: Robert Gottlieb, reviewing Penelope Niven's work in "The New Yorker" in 2013, claimed Wilder had become infatuated by a man, not identified by Gottlieb, and Wilder’s feeling were not reciprocated. Gottlieb asserted that "Niven ties herself in knots in her discussion of Wilder’s confusing sexuality" and that "His interest in women was unshakably nonsexual." He takes Steward's view that Wilder was a latent homosexual but never comfortable with sex.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: Wilder had a wide circle of friends, including writers Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zelda Fitzgerald, Toklas, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Stein; actress Ruth Gordon; fighter Gene Tunney; and socialite Sibyl, Lady Colefax.


title: Thornton Wilder

text: From the earnings of "The Bridge of San Luis Rey", in 1930 Wilder built a house for his family in Hamden, Connecticut. His sister Isabel lived there for the rest of her life. This became his home base, although he traveled extensively and lived away for significant periods. He died in this house on December 7, 1975, of heart failure. He was interred at Mount Carmel Cemetery, Hamden, Connecticut.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: Sione Havea Vailahi (born 6 September 1958) is a Tongan professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, The Barbarian. He is best known for his various stints with National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and for being a part of tag teams The Powers of Pain with The Warlord and Faces of Fear with Meng.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: His first national exposure was in the NWA territory Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), where Powers of Pain held the World Six-Man Tag Team Championship until they departed the company in 1988 and joined WWF, where they competed in the tag team division until the team was quietly split in 1990. Barbarian then competed as a singles wrestler until departing in 1992 and returning to WCW, where he became one half of the final United States Tag Team Champions with Dick Slater. During this time, Barbarian challenged Ron Simmons for the World Heavyweight Championship at Halloween Havoc. He left WCW in 1993 and returned to the WWF in 1994 as Headshrinker Sione to form The New Headshrinkers with Fatu. He left the company in 1995 and made a second return to WCW, where he briefly reunited with The Warlord as The Super Assassins. Barbarian would then join Meng to form Faces of Fear and become a part of factions Dungeon of Doom and The First Family.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: Born and raised in Tonga, Sione was one of six teenagers and young men sent by the King of Tonga to Japan to study Sumo wrestling in the mid-1970s. Tonga Fifita was also part of the group. Sione was known in sumo circles as "Sachinoshima".


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: After migrating to the United States, he trained in professional wrestling under the tutelage of Rolland 'Red' Bastien. In 1980, he made his debut, wrestling Killer Karl Krupp in Modesto, California. He wrestled as King Konga in several National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) regional territories in 1981. He soon went to the NWA's Jim Crockett Promotions, where he teamed up with Ron Garvin as a fan favorite. He had a short term in World Class Championship Wrestling as a villain named Tonga John.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: now back in Crockett's territory Jim Crockett, Jr. changed Vailahi into Konga the Barbarian. He debuted in JCP on 29 December 1984 episode of "WorldWide" after a match between Assassin #1 and Kareem Mohammad as a member of Paul Jones' Army. He defeated Sam Houston in his first match later in the night. Vailahi was brought into the company to aid Jones in his rivalry with Jimmy Valiant. He was paired with Superstar Billy Graham under the management of Jones. At the inaugural The Great American Bash, Barbarian teamed with Graham and Abdullah the Butcher in a loss to Sam Houston, Manny Fernandez and Buzz Tyler in a six-man tag team match. Following the event, Barbarian occasionally teamed with Abdullah and turned on Graham by the end of the year. Barbarian lost to Graham in an arm wrestling contest and then in a singles match at Starrcade. At the "NWA/AWA Star Wars", Vailahi lost to Capitol Sports Promotions star Carlos Colón. Vailahi frequently teamed with Black Bart, Shaska Whatley, Teijho Khan, as well as Baron von Raschke throughout 1986. Vailahi teamed with Raschke to participate in the 1986 Crockett Cup, losing to Jimmy Valiant and Manny Fernandez in the opening round. It was during this time that "Konga" was dropped from his name and he became simply The Barbarian. Raschke left Jones' team and became a rival of the group. At Starrcade, Whatley and Barbarian lost to Hector Guerrero and Raschke in a tag team match.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: Vailahi entered the 1987 Crockett Cup with Bill Dundee, beating Tim Horner and Mike Rotunda in the opening round and lost to The Super Powers (Dusty Rhodes and Nikita Koloff) in the second round. Vailahi teamed with the likes of Manny Fernandez and Vladimir Petrov throughout 1987. In 1987, he appeared in the movie "Body Slam", as Axe, of the tag team called The Cannibals. In late 1987, he formed a team with Ivan Koloff, who was also his coach. During this time, he formed The Powers of Pain with The Warlord and the team began feuding heavily with another team of big men, The Road Warriors (Animal and Hawk). Vailahi made his pay-per-view debut at the Bunkhouse Stampede Finals pay-per-view on 24 January 1988, as a participant in a Steel cage Bunkhouse Stampede. He was the runner-up, being eliminated by Dusty Rhodes. They injured Animal's eye in storyline during a weightlifting contest and soon after teamed with Ivan Koloff to beat Rhodes and Road Warriors to win the NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship at a live event on 12 February. Koloff and Powers of Pain would lose to Rhodes and Road Warriors in a barbed wire match at "Clash of the Champions I" on 27 March. The following month, Powers of Pain entered the 1988 Crockett Cup, defeating Mark Starr and Chris Champion in the second round and Road Warriors in the quarter-final and lost to eventual winners Lex Luger and Sting in the semi-final. In April 1988, Crockett decided he wanted the feuding tag teams to have a series of scaffold matches, which neither team wanted because they felt that they were too large to safely participate. This was especially so for the Powers of Pain, who were scheduled to lose the matches by falling off the scaffolding. Barbarian and Warlord decided to leave the company. The NWA announcers explained that the Road Warriors had run them off, even though they still held the World Six-Man Tag Team Championship.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: Upon their arrival in WWF, the Powers of Pain were fan favorites, initially managed by Tito Santana, They feuded with WWF World Tag Team Champions Demolition who had defeated Strike Force (Santana and Rick Martel) for the titles and then injured Martel (kayfabe). The Powers were introduced as mercenaries to help Martel and Santana gain revenge on Demolition for both the title loss and the injury to Martel. They made their debut in a dark match (of which footage survives) at a TV taping on 18 June 1988 as a replacement for Strike Force in a WWF World Tag Team Championship match where they beat Demolition by count-out when the champions walked out. Their televised debut was filmed later that evening and screened on 16 July episode of "Superstars" where they defeated enhancement talents Iron Mike Sharpe and Tony Ulysses. The Powers had their first televised rivalry against The Bolsheviks (Nikolai Volkoff and Boris Zhukov). They defeated Bolsheviks in their pay-per-view debut at the inaugural SummerSlam, where they introduced their new manager The Baron. The Baron left the WWF in early November.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: At the Survivor Series, The Powers led a team of fan favorite tag teams against Demolition's team of villainous tag teams in a Survivor Series match, during which a double turn took place when Demolition's manager Mr. Fuji turned on Demolition by causing them to get eliminated by count-out. The Powers afterwards came to Fuji's aid and thus became villains and Demolition became fan favorites. The Powers of Pain then eliminated Los Conquistadores to win the match before Demolition returned to the ring to confront the Powers and Fuji. Following this, Demolition and the Powers (with Fuji now in their corner) engaged in a series of championship matches at house shows, typically ending in double disqualification or a narrow countout victory for the Powers. On 12 December episode of "Prime Time Wrestling", Fuji was confirmed as the new manager of The Powers of Pain.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: Barbarian entered the Royal Rumble match at the 1989 Royal Rumble pay-per-view as the number 26 entrant. He and Ted DiBiase eliminated Brutus Beefcake and Hercules, before Barbarian was eliminated by Rick Martel. On 20 February episode of "Prime Time Wrestling", Powers of Pain received an opportunity for the Tag Team Championship against Demolition, which they lost via disqualification. At WrestleMania V, Powers of Pain and Mr. Fuji competed against Demolition for the title in a handicap match, where Demolition retained the title by pinning Fuji. At Survivor Series, Powers of Pain and Demolition were on opposing teams as Powers of Pain were paired with Ted DiBiase and Zeus in the Million $ Team against Hulk Hogan's Hulkamaniacs (Demolition and Jake Roberts). Powers of Pain eliminated both members of Demolition before being disqualified for double teaming Hogan. Hulkamaniacs won the match. After coming up short in their title hunt, Powers of Pain feuded with tag teams such as The Hart Foundation, The Bushwhackers and The Rockers. Barbarian participated in the 1990 Royal Rumble match as the number 28 entrant. He was eliminated by Hercules. Powers of Pain faced Demolition for the last time in a tag team match on 10 February episode of "Superstars", which Demolition won by disqualification. Powers of Pain's last televised match as a team was on 19 February televised special on the MSG Network, where they teamed with Mr. Fuji against Jim Duggan and The Rockers in a match, which they lost. On 3 March episode of "Superstars", it was announced that Barbarian would face Tito Santana at WrestleMania VI. The following week on "Superstars", it was announced that Fuji had sold the contracts of Powers of Pain, thus splitting up the team. Powers of Pain had their last match as a team on 25 March, where they lost to Hulk Hogan and The Big Boss Man.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: On 24 March episode of "Superstars", Bobby Heenan became the manager of Barbarian. As a member of Heenan's faction, Barbarian's image was tweaked: he grew out his Road Warrior-like mohawk and face paint, instead wearing a fur cloak, a helmet with reindeer-like antlers, and a skull to the ring. He briefly wrestled in singles competition, defeating Tito Santana at WrestleMania VI. He was a member of Natural Disasters (Earthquake, Dino Bravo and Haku) against The Hulkamaniacs (Hulk Hogan, Big Boss Man, Tugboat and Jim Duggan) at Survivor Series. Hulkamaniacs won. On 22 December episode of "Superstars", it was announced that Barbarian would face Heenan Family's rival The Big Boss Man in a match at the 1991 Royal Rumble, which Barbarian lost. He would also lose a subsequent rematch to Boss Man on 18 February episode of "Prime Time Wrestling". Barbarian was paired with Heenan Family member Haku in a tag team on 23 February episode of "Superstars", where it was announced that the duo would face The Rockers at WrestleMania VII. Their first match as a team was on 9 March episode of "Superstars", where they defeated enhancement talents. Barbarian and Haku lost the match to Rockers at WrestleMania VII. Later in the event, Haku and Barbarian helped Mr. Perfect retain the Intercontinental Championship against Big Boss Man. Barbarian was utilized as a mid-carder throughout the year.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: During this time, Barbarian had only one major match, a loss to The British Bulldog at Battle Royal at the Albert Hall. Immediately after the match, Barbarian participated in a battle royal, in which he was eliminated by Tito Santana. On 1 December episode of "Wrestling Challenge", it was announced that Barbarian would challenge Bret Hart for the Intercontinental Championship at This Tuesday in Texas but no-showed the event and was replaced by Skinner. On 18 January 1992, Barbarian reunited with his Powers of Pain tag team partner The Warlord in a loss to New Foundation (Owen Hart and Jim Neidhart). Barbarian participated in the 1992 Royal Rumble match for the vacant WWF Championship as the number eight entrant. He was eliminated by Hercules. He left the WWF in February 1992 and returned to JCP, which had become World Championship Wrestling (WCW).


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: Barbarian made his televised debut in WCW as a villain on 4 July episode of "Saturday Night", where he defeated Steve Pritchard. On 12 July episode of "Main Event", Barbarian and Dick Slater were booked to defeat The Fabulous Freebirds (Jimmy Garvin and Michael Hayes) for the United States Tag Team Championship. However, this was the last match for this title as the title was retired a month later. Barbarian was heavily pushed throughout the summer with a winning streak against the likes of Brian Pillman, Tom Zenk, Marcus Alexander Bagwell and Barry Windham. He was placed in an alliance with Tony Atlas, Cactus Jack, Jake Roberts and Butch Reed. Their main rival was Ron Simmons, whom Barbarian unsuccessfully challenged for the World Heavyweight Championship at the Halloween Havoc pay-per-view. Barbarian entered the King of Cable Tournament, losing to Dustin Rhodes in the quarter-final on 14 November episode of "Saturday Night". On 18 November "Clash of the Champions XXI", Barbarian, Cactus Jack and Tony Atlas lost to Simmons and his debuting partner 2 Cold Scorpio in a handicap match. Barbarian appeared at the company's premier pay-per-view Starrcade on 29 December, where he was randomly paired with Kensuke Sasaki against Big Van Vader and Dustin Rhodes in a Lethal Lottery qualifying match, which the latter duo won.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: On 13 January 1993 "Clash of the Champions XXII", Barbarian was supposed to team with Vader, Paul Orndorff and Barry Windham against Sting, Dustin Rhodes and Ron Simmons in a Thundercage match but Barbarian was kicked out of his team by Harley Race for siding with Cactus Jack. As a result, Barbarian turned into a heroic character. On 17 January episode of "Main Event", Barbarian and Jack faced Vader and Orndorff in a match, which ended in a double disqualification. The two teams faced off in a no disqualification match on 23 January episode of "Power Hour" which Vader and Orndorff won. On 30 January episode of "Saturday Night", Barbarian lost to Orndorff in singles competition. Barbarian received a title match against Vader for the World Heavyweight Championship on 7 February episode of "Main Event", where Vader retained the title. Barbarian made his last televised appearance on 7 March episode of "Main Event", where he lost to Steve Regal in the first round match of a tournament for the vacant World Television Championship. He would compete on the house show circuit for the next few months and departed the company in June.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: On 6 June 1994, Barbarian returned to the WWF at a house show to face Razor Ramon as a substitute for Diesel. He would wrestle numerous matches on house shows against the likes of Lex Luger, Tatanka and Typhoon for the next two months. On 1 September, Barbarian replaced an injured Samu and teamed with Fatu against Two Dudes with Attitudes (Shawn Michaels and Diesel) for the Tag Team Championship, just a few days after Michaels and Diesel had beaten The Headshrinkers (Fatu and Samu) for the titles. Later that month, he permanently replaced Samu and was renamed Seone, one half of the new version of The Headshrinkers with Fatu after Samu left the WWF. On 10 October episode of "Monday Night Raw", Vailahi made his televised return to WWF. The new combination made only one pay-per-view appearance as a team which was at the Survivor Series event as part of The Bad Guys (Razor Ramon, 1-2-3 Kid and The British Bulldog) against The Teamsters (Shawn Michaels, Diesel, Jeff Jarrett, Owen Hart and Jim Neidhart). New Headshrinkers were quickly eliminated but their team won the match after Michaels and Diesel broke up as a team. This resulted in Michaels vacating the Tag Team Championship and a tournament was set up to crown the new champions. New Headshrinkers participated in the tournament, beating Owen Hart and Jim Neidhart by disqualification in the quarter-final round on 31 December episode of "Superstars", before losing to Bam Bam Bigelow and Tatanka in the semi-final round on 14 January 1995 episode of "Superstars". Seone participated in the 1995 Royal Rumble match as the number six entrant. He eliminated Kwang and Rick Martel and then he and Eli Blu eliminated each other. This sparked a feud between New Headshrinkers and The Blu Brothers (Jacob and Eli), in which New Headshrinkers came up short. New Headshrinkers received an opportunity for the Tag Team Championship against Owen Hart and Yokozuna on 6 May episode of "Superstars", but lost the match. By July, the Headshrinkers dissolved, as Vailahi left the WWF for WCW.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: While WWE currently references Vailahi as Sione on their website, the character's name was actually spelled Seone on television and in WWF Magazine during his 1994-1995 run.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: In late 1995, Vailahi returned to WCW, wearing a mask and teaming with his former Powers of Pain tag team partner, The Warlord. They were known as the masked "Super Assassins", managed by Col. Robert Parker. Super Assassins made their televised debut on 27 November episode of "Prime", with a win over The American Males. No mention was ever made on television of their former identities, and the team did not last long as Warlord left WCW in early 1996.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: Later on, he was added into Kevin Sullivan's Dungeon of Doom and was paired with Dungeon teammate Haku (now known as Meng) in a tag team called Faces of Fear on 29 January episode of "Monday Nitro", where they lost to the returning Road Warriors. Faces of Fear were part of Alliance to End Hulkamania against Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage in a Doomsday Cage match at Uncensored, which Hogan and Savage won. At the Slamboree pay-per-view, Barbarian was randomly paired with Diamond Dallas Page in a Lethal Lottery match, where they defeated Meng and Hugh Morrus in the first match and then Rick Steiner and The Booty Man in the second match to qualify for the Lord of the Ring battle royal, in which Vailahi was the runner-up, being eliminated by Page. Dungeon of Doom were entered into a rivalry with Four Horsemen, stemming from The Taskmaster's rivalry with Horsemen member Chris Benoit over Woman. At the Halloween Havoc pay-per-view, Faces of Fear lost to Horsemen members Benoit and Steve McMichael in a tag team match. Faces of Fear began pursuing the World Tag Team Championship as they faced The Outsiders (Scott Hall and Kevin Nash) and Nasty Boys (Brian Knobbs and Jerry Sags) in a triangle match for the title at World War 3, where Outsiders retained the title. Faces of Fear received another title match against Outsiders at Starrcade but failed to win the title.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: Faces of Fear competed in the tag team division throughout 1997 and failed to get any championship success. Dungeon of Doom disbanded after Taskmaster's retirement. Faces of Fear would then feud with Wrath and Mortis, whom they faced in a losing effort at Fall Brawl. On 29 September episode of "Monday Nitro", Barbarian lost to newcomer Goldberg, becoming one of the earliest victims of his undefeated streak. Faces of Fear had their next rivalry against Glacier and Ernest Miller, whom they defeated at World War 3. On 12 February 1998 episode of "Thunder", Barbarian tried to separate Meng from Hugh Morrus after Meng defeated Morrus and refused to release the "Tongan Death Grip". Meng then applied the hold on Barbarian as well, thus breaking up Faces of Fear. Barbarian formed a tag team with Morrus under the management of Jimmy Hart and feuded with Meng throughout the year. The former partners competed in the opening match of the Road Wild pay-per-view, where Meng defeated Barbarian.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: Jimmy Hart reunited Faces of Fear in early 1999 and put them in a tournament for the vacated World Tag Team Championship. Barbarian turned on Meng during a tournament match against Bobby Duncum, Jr. and Mike Enos on 12 February episode of "Thunder" by striking Meng with the "Kick of Fear". Barbarian continued his rivalry with Meng throughout the year. He was then placed in Jimmy Hart's The First Family faction with, Hugh Morrus, Brian Knobbs and Jerry Flynn. The stable dissolved after only two months. Barbarian's last televised match in WCW was on 27 March 2000 episode of "Thunder", a loss to the World Television Champion Jim Duggan. WCW terminated Barbarian's contract in April 2000 in an effort of lowering budget costs.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: In March 2004, The Barbarian won the NWA Virginia Heavyweight Championship, and feuded with David Flair for the title, until he was ruled ineligible to compete due to a lack of a valid Virginia wrestling license. In 2005, The Barbarian again teamed with The Warlord in Gladiator Championship Wrestling, and renewed his feud with Road Warrior Animal. In 2007, at the Annual Championship Wrestling/IRW Fun Fest Slam in Kingsport, Tennessee, The Barbarian wrestled 'Big' Steve Fury, the CW Heavyweight Champion, in front of 1,100 people. He also made an appearance in IWA Mid South, at the April Bloodshowers 2007 event, where he wrestled Jimmy Jacobs. In 2008, The Barbarian teamed with Demolition Ax (Bill Eadie), and managed by Ted DiBiase, in Seagrove North Carolina, defeating Cowboy Willie Watts and Leroy Greene. In 2009, The Barbarian teamed with the Iron Chief in the Ivan Koloff's tag team tournament in the Allied Independent Wrestling Federation (AIWF). In August 2012, Chikara announced that The Barbarian would be making his debut for the promotion in the following month's 2012 King of Trios tournament, where he will reunite with The Warlord and Meng as The Faces of Pain in reference to their previous team names Faces of Fear and Powers of Pain. On 14 September, the team was eliminated from the tournament in the first round by Team ROH (Mike Bennett, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson). Two days later, on the final day of the tournament, The Barbarian and The Warlord took part in a tag team gauntlet match, from which they eliminated their old WWF rivals, Demolition, before being eliminated themselves by 1-2-3 Kid and Marty Jannetty.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: Sione has seven children with his wife, Seini Tonga. His youngest son, Peter, was a college football player, who signed with Brigham Young University in February 2005. However, in the early stages of his BYU contract, Peter withdrew in order to play closer to his home in Charlotte, North Carolina. Peter signed to attend Wingate University in Wingate, North Carolina. His son Joey competes in powerlifting and strongman events. Sione's nephew Samu Manoa is an American rugby union player who currently plays second row or back row for Toulon in France. Samu Manoa also plays for the US National Team. Sione's nephew Luke Kaumatule played TE/DE for Stanford University and nephew Canton Kaumatule played DE for Oregon University but transferred to the University of Central Florida to begin playing in the 2018 season. Both Luke and Canton are the younger brothers to Samu Monoa.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: He is the uncle and trainer of Lei'D Tapa, who is a German professional women's wrestler, MMA fighter, and professional boxer.


title: The Barbarian (wrestler)

text: In July 2016, Sione was named part of a class action lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred traumatic brain injuries during their tenure and that the company concealed the risks of injury. The suit was litigated by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in a number of other lawsuits against WWE. In September 2018, the lawsuit was dismissed by US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant. In September 2020, an appeal for the lawsuit dismissed by a federal appeals court.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: "Donna" Beatrice Borromeo Arese Taverna (born 18 August 1985, in San Candido) is an Italian journalist and fashion model. Born into an aristocratic family, she graduated from Bocconi University and Columbia University. She became a journalist for "Il Fatto Quotidiano", "Newsweek" and "Daily Beast". She also worked as a broadcast journalist for "Anno Zero" on Rai 2 and hosted a weekly show on the Radio 105 Network. She married Pierre Casiraghi, a son of Caroline, Princess of Hanover, in 2015 and had two children. As a model, she became the 2021 ambassador of Dior.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: Borromeo is the daughter of "Don" Carlo Ferdinando Borromeo, Count of Arona (born in 1935), the son of Vitaliano Borromeo, 2nd Prince of Angera, and his long-time companion, Countess Donna Paola (born in 1955). Through her father she is related to Carlo Borromeo (1538–1584), who became a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop of Milan, and a canonized saint. The family currently owns most of the Borromean Islands in the Lago Maggiore, Milan city, and many other estates in the Lombardy and Piedmont countrysides.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: Borromeo has an older brother, Carlo Ludovico Borromeo, who is married to Marta Ferri. She has three older half-sisters from her father's marriage to German model Marion Sybil Zota: Isabella, married to Count Ugo Brachetti Peretti; Lavinia, married to John Elkann; and Matilde, married to Prince Antonius zu Fürstenberg.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: Borromeo's maternal grandmother was the fashion designer Marta Marzotto (née Vacondio), ex-wife of Count Umberto Marzotto. Her uncle, Count Matteo Marzotto, is the former president and director of the Valentino fashion house at the time the label belonged to the Marzotto Group.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: She finished secondary education, in 2004, at Milan's Liceo Classico Giovanni Berchet. Borromeo received a bachelor of laws from Bocconi University, Milan in 2010, under supervision of prof. Lorenzo Cuocolo. She received a Masters in Journalism from the Columbia University Journalism School in May 2012.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: Beatrice was a contributor to "Newsweek" and the "Daily Beast" in 2013. Prior to that, and from the newspaper's beginning in 2009, she worked as a full-time reporter for "Il Fatto Quotidiano". She continued in that position through the year 2016. She has appeared on many television shows in Italy, beginning with "Anno Zero" on Rai 2 where she worked for two years, from 2006 to 2008. Every week she interviewed an average three guests on political development and social evils. In 2009, she even hosted a weekly show on the Radio 105 Network. She interviewed Roberto Saviano, the famous author of "Gomorrah", for "Above" magazine's June 2009 issue.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: She also interviewed American author of "LA Confidential" James Ellroy and former candidate for Colombia's presidency Ingrid Betancourt both for "Il Fatto Quotidiano".


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: For the same newspaper, she interviewed Marcello Dell'Utri, Italian Senator and co-founder of Forza Italia. In the interview, Dell'Utri admitted to have entered politics to get immunity in order to escape his arrest. Her first article for Il Fatto Quotidiano, published on 14 September 2009, was about Vito De Filippo, then-president of the Italian region of Basilicata, allocating European funds for the Miss Italia contest. She also wrote an article for The Daily Beast published in June 2012 about Italian prosecutor Nicola Gratteri.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: Borromeo directed "Mamma Mafia", a documentary about mafia women: its preview was released by the Newsweek Daily Beast Company on 31 January 2013. That was her sole film in the English language. She has directed several documentaries in the Italian language, ranging from topics as the women of 'Ndrangheta, "selfie surgery", and the children of Caivano.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: Speaking of the children who live in the slums of Caivano, Borromeo said: "These children never get to be children. They live in horror and daily terror and that seems to be normal."


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: Borromeo collaborated with Marco Travaglio and Vauro Senesi on the book "Italia Annozero" (Chiarelettere, 2009).


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: She also wrote the preface for Birgit Hamer's "Delitto senza castigo: La Vera Storia di Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia". (Aliberti, 2011). Birgit Hamer is a very old family friend; her mother is dear friends with Borromeo's mother, and Borromeo has admitted to having grown up hearing about the murder of Dirk Hamer from his sisters, including Birgit. Borromeo broke the story of the video confession of Vittorio Emanuele, who subsequently sued the newspaper for defamation. In 2015 a court ruled in favour of the newspaper. Borromeo then posted on Twitter: "Vincere una causa e' sempre piacevole, ma contro Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia la goduria è doppia!" ("Winning a case is always nice, but against Victor Emmanuel of Savoy the pleasure is double"), which resulted in spat on social media with his son Emanuele Filiberto.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: Beatrice began modelling in 2000, when she was 15 years old. Her mother entrusted her to her friend Piero Piazzi, who worked at the Tomei modelling agency; he managed and launched her career as a model. She then walked for brands such as Chanel, Valentino, Trussardi, as well as becoming the face of Blumarine. In March 2021, Borromeo was announced as 2021 Dior ambassador.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: Since 2008, Borromeo became increasingly known in the tabloid press as the girlfriend of Pierre Casiraghi, the younger son of Caroline, Princess of Hanover. The couple married in a civil ceremony on Saturday, 25 July 2015 in the gardens of the Prince's Palace of Monaco. The religious ceremony took place on 1 August 2015 on Isola Bella, one of the Borromean Islands on Lake Maggiore, Italy.


title: Beatrice Borromeo

text: Pierre and Beatrice's first son, Stefano Ercole Carlo, was born on 28 February 2017. Their second son Francesco Carlo Albert was born on 21 May 2018.


title: Aswath Damodaran

text: Aswath Damodaran (born 24 September 1957), is a Professor of Finance at the Stern School of Business at New York University (Kerschner Family Chair in Finance Education), where he teaches corporate finance and equity valuation.


title: Aswath Damodaran

text: Known as the "Dean of Valuation" due to his expertise in that subject, Damodaran is best known as the author of several widely used academic and practitioner texts on Valuation, Corporate Finance and Investment Management as well as provider of comprehensive, regularly updated fundamental data for valuation purposes. He is widely quoted on the subject of valuation, with "a great reputation as a teacher and authority".


title: Aswath Damodaran

text: He is widely published in leading journals of finance, including "The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis", "The Journal of Finance", "The Journal of Financial Economics" and the "Review of Financial Studies". He is also known as being a resource on valuation and analysis to investment banks on Wall Street.


title: Aswath Damodaran

text: Prior to joining NYU, he served as visiting lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley from 1984 to 1986.


title: Aswath Damodaran

text: He was profiled in Business Week as one of the top 12 U.S. business school professors; he has also received awards for excellence in teaching from both universities.


title: Aswath Damodaran

text: Damodaran also teaches on the TRIUM Global Executive MBA Program, an alliance of NYU Stern, the London School of Economics and HEC School of Management, and for the Master of Science in Global Finance (MSGF), which is a joint program between Stern and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.


title: Aswath Damodaran

text: He also teaches the "Valuation" Open Enrollment program for Stern Executive Education. Widely recognized for his online contribution in the world of valuation, Damodaran also teaches on the "Advanced Valuation" and "Corporate Finance" online certificates at NYU Stern.


title: Aswath Damodaran

text: Damodaran holds M.B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the UCLA Anderson, along with a B.Com. in Accounting from Loyola College, Chennai and an M.S. from the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: Mad Money is a 2008 crime comedy film starring Diane Keaton, Queen Latifah and Katie Holmes, and directed by Callie Khouri. It is loosely based on the 2001 British film "Hot Money".


title: Mad Money (film)

text: The film begins "in medias res", with the suspects getting caught and being interrogated. Then it flashes back to three years earlier and the film continues forward from there, interspersed with occasional bits from the interrogation.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: Three years before getting caught, Bridget Cardigan (Diane Keaton) lived a comfortable upper middle class life until her husband Don Cardigan (Ted Danson) was "downsized" from his position and sank into debt. The paycheck for Selina, the housecleaner, bounces again. Selina confronts Bridget and suggests she take a job as a janitor at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: On her first day on the job, Bridget hatches a scheme to steal worn-out dollar bills slated for destruction. For her team she chooses Nina (Queen Latifah), who works the dollar bill shredder, and Jackie (Katie Holmes), who takes bill carts from the Secret Service room to the shredding room. It takes some work to persuade Nina to join, but Jackie joins them quickly.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: The plan is that in the Secret Service room Bridget will switch a cart's official Master-brand lock with a near identical lock she purchased at Home Depot. Bridget will tell Jackie the cart number and give Nina the official lock. When Jackie gets the chosen cart, she dumps some bills from the cart into a trash can before taking the cart to Nina, who then uses Bridget's key to open it and restores the official lock, and then proceeds to shred the remaining bills. Meanwhile, Bridget, in the course of her janitorial duties, retrieves the dumped bills from the trash and splits them among Nina and Jackie in the women's restroom.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: Their first robbery is a success though the take is not as big as they had hoped. However, they're emboldened to do it repeatedly. Once Don and Bridget pay off their debt, Don suggests they stop before they get caught. Bridget rejects this idea and persuades Nina and Jackie to keep going. They almost get caught but they end up cutting in Barry (Roger Cross), one of the security guards, who is attracted to Nina.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: A Federal Bank Examiner shows up at a party at Bridget's house, and the next day Bridget sees him at work. The Examiner confronts Glover (Stephen Root), who is unwilling as a matter of professional pride to admit anyone has stolen a single bill out of his bank. Tipped off, that night Bridget and her accomplices begin trying to get rid of all the loot stashed in their houses, but the cops move in before all the evidence is destroyed. Bridget escapes but the others get caught.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: Bridget hires a tax attorney to defend them. The lawyer gets Bridget and all her accomplices off the hook for their crimes, because neither the law enforcement, nor the examiner can "prove" that the large stash of cash in their homes came from the Federal Reserve Bank. Technically, it isn't illegal to have a couple of hundred thousand dollars in cash lying around inside a private residence. However, they spent a large sum of that stolen cash to buy expensive objects and improvements on their houses, and did not pay the taxes for them because they couldn't justify the income. The IRS demands they pay their taxes, which "turn out" to be equal in amount to the money that still remains.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: Eight months later, Bridget reveals to Nina and Jackie that she had stashed away much of the stolen money in the basement of a friend's bar.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: "Hot Money" (2001), the original UK TV film produced by Granada Television, is based on the true story of three women who worked at the Bank of England and embarked on a plan to steal thousands of pounds of banknotes that were due to be destroyed at the bank's incinerating plant in Essex. No one except these women know the exact details of the theft. In the director's commentary for the "Mad Money" DVD, director Callie Khouri credits producer Jay Cohen with having brought the TV film to her attention and obtaining the rights to adapt it.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: Khouri and Cohen worked for five years to bring a deliberately Americanized version of "Hot" "Money" to the screen using various writers. Both Diane Keaton and Queen Latifah were attached early on to the project and writers began designing the characters specifically around the two actresses.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: The film debuted in fifth place at the box office on its opening day in the United States, with a return of US$2.3 million from 2,470 screens. "Reuters" referred to this return as a "modest" result for the film's opening day. By the end of its opening weekend, "Mad Money" had slipped to seventh place, with a weekend take of $7.7 million. Writing for Rotten Tomatoes, Gitesh Pandya noted that the opening weekend per theater revenue "averaged a not-so-impressive $3,126." "amNewYork" called the film's opening weekend return "a big flop at the box office," and the "New Zealand Herald" described it as "a box-office flop". Richard Johnson of the "New York Post" wrote that the movie "bombed, debuting at an abysmal seventh place on the box-office charts." The film's four-day take was a dismal $9.2 million. The film also did not fare well in its release in other countries, and Conor Bresnan of "Box Office Mojo" reported that "Mad Money bombed in its first two markets" overseas. The film grossed $26.4 million worldwide.


title: Mad Money (film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 22% of 105 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A laborious, unfunny and implausible heist film." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 41 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Mad Money (film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film a rating of one and a half stars, and wrote, "The bottom line is, some girls will like it, the men not so much." The film also received one and a half stars in a review in the "Chicago Tribune", and Michael Phillips wrote that the film's cast was not to blame: "Do not blame the cast. The cast is game. The dreary visual scheme, however, combines unwell with the pokey, enervated rhythm of the heist scenes, and while I'm neither a medical doctor nor a script doctor, it seems this film could use a few uppers."


title: Mad Money (film)

text: The film received three stars in "Newsday", and Jan Stuart wrote ""Mad Money" is no "Rififi", but Khouri and Gers invest it with an individuality and generosity of spirit that lift it into the realm of guiltless pleasure." Bill Wine of "All Headline News" gave the film two and a half stars, writing ""Mad Money" is a light and lively, likable low-tech lark. Don't expect big laughs, but you can at least bank on it to hold your interest." "The Canadian Press" gave the film one and a half stars, and criticized Katie Holmes<nowiki>'</nowiki>s performance "While Keaton has long done zany and giddy well, and she and Latifah have an interesting contrast of personalities, Holmes' presence feels like an afterthought." In contrast, Peter Howell of the "Toronto Star" reviewed the film positively, praising the "exuberance of the cast." The "New York Post", "The New York Times" and "Variety" also criticized Katie Holmes<nowiki>'</nowiki>s performance in the film, and "The New York Times" called Holmes "the movie's weakest link."


title: Mad Money (film)

text: In an article in the "Boston Herald" titled "Don't waste your "Mad Money" on poor comedy", Stephen Schaefer gave the film a rating of "C", writing "Even with the legendary Diane Keaton center stage, "Mad Money" fails to hit the stratosphere of giddy, intoxicating comedy." The film received a critical review in from Claudia Puig in "USA Today" "Is it the perfect crime? No, it's a particularly imperfect heist comedy that offers little entertainment value and few laughs."


title: Participatory democracy

text: Participatory democracy, participant democracy or participative democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives. Elements of direct and representative democracy are combined in this model.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Participatory democracy is a type of democracy, which is itself a form of government. The term "democracy" is derived from the Greek expression (dēmokratia) "(δῆμος/dēmos": people, "Κράτος/kratos": rule). It has two main subtypes, direct and representative democracy. In the former, the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation; in the latter, they choose governing officials to do so. While direct democracy was the original concept, its representative version is the most widespread today.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Public participation, in this context, is the inclusion of the public in the activities of a polity. It can be any process that directly engages the public in decision-making and gives consideration to its input. The extent to which political participation should be considered necessary or appropriate is under debate in political philosophy.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Participatory democracy is primarily concerned with ensuring that citizens have the opportunity to be involved in decision-making on matters that affect their lives. It is not a new concept and has existed in various forms since the Athenian democracy. Its modern theory was developed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the 18th century and later promoted by John Stuart. Mill and G. D. H. Cole, who argued that political participation is indispensable for a just society. In the early 21st century, participatory democracy has been more widely studied and experimented with, leading to various institutional reform ideas such as participatory budgeting.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Democracy in general first appeared in the city-state of Athens during classical antiquity. It was first established under Cleisthenes in 508–507 BC. This was a direct democracy, in which ordinary citizens were randomly selected to fill government administrative and judicial offices, and there was a legislative assembly consisting of all Athenian citizens. However, Athenian citizenship excluded women, slaves, foreigners (μέτοικοι/"métoikoi") and youths below the age of military service. Athenian democracy was the most direct in history as the people controlled the entire political process through the assembly, the boule and the courts, and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in public matters.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In the late 19th century a small number of thinkers, including Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Mikhail Bakunin and Oscar Wilde began advocating for participatory democracy. Marx and Engels in particular were influenced by the short-lived social democracy the French revolutionary government known as the Paris Commune introduced in 1871. During the 20th century, practical implementations began to take place, mostly on a small scale, attracting considerable academic attention in the 1980s.


title: Participatory democracy

text: During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) the parts of Spain controlled by anarchist members of the Republican faction were governed almost completely by participatory democracy. The philosopher Simone Weil, who had been a soldier on the side of the anarchists, later wrote a political manifesto titled "The Need for Roots" promoting participatory democracy.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In the 1960s, US national student activist organisation Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was organised around the principles of participatory democracy. In the 1980s, participatory democracy became more widely researched, first by Professor James S. Fishkin, who also introduced the concept of the deliberative opinion poll.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In 1996, the Texas government commissioned a deliberative opinion poll to gage citizens' willingness to pursue alternative sources of energy. First, a raw opinion poll was taken, then a representative sample of citizens was provided with briefing books and invited to deliberate with moderating. Following a weekend of deliberation, the participants developed opinions that significantly diverged from their ones: beforehand, 52% of participants supported a $2–5 increase on monthly invoices in exchange for renewable energy. By the end of the experiment, support increased to 84%. The results of the poll heavily influenced the actions of the Texan government and electric power industry. While in 1996, the state was only the 49th largest producer of renewable energy in the United States, as of 2021, it leads the country in the production of wind power.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Other experiments in participatory democracy took place in various cities around the world. As one of the earliest examples, Porto Alegre, Brazil adapted a system of participatory budgeting in 1989. A World Bank study found that participatory democracy in these cities seemed to result in considerable improvement in the quality of life for residents.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In the early 21st century, experiments in participatory democracy began to spread throughout South and North America, China, and across the European Union. In a US example, the plans to rebuild New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 were drafted and approved by thousands of ordinary citizens.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In the 2010s, systems of participatory democracy have become more frequent with multiple governments around the world commissioning ""citizens' conventions"" to address specific issues. Participants were typically chosen through sortition with stratified sampling to make the body more representative. Conventions were divided into groups to explore specific topics in greater depth, guided by testimonies of experts. Deliberation was led by professional facilitators and legal experts helped with the formulation of proposals. Reports of such conventions were often put to a referendum or used to advise government bodies.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In 2011, as a response to citizens' growing distrust in the government following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Ireland authorised a citizens' assembly called ""We the Citizens"". Its task was to pilot the use of a participatory democratic body and test whether it could increase political legitimacy. There was an increase in both efficacy and interest in governmental functions, as well as significant opinion shifts on contested issues like taxation. In 2012, Ireland held a Constitutional Convention (""An Coinbhinsiún ar an mBunreach")" to discuss proposed amendments to its constitution. It used a hybrid model, meaning that participants included 66 regular citizens, 33 legislators from the Irish Parliament, and chairman Tom Arnold, an economist. After 14 months of work, several of the citizens' recommendations were put to referendums. In 2015, Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, the Marriage Equality Act, was added after a referendum, and success was attributed to the 2012 Constitutional Convention.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Next was the Citizens' Assembly "("An Tionól Saoránach")" in 2015–2016, composed of 99 ordinary citizens and one government-appointed chairperson. Among other issues, it considered whether the Eighth Amendment, which banned abortion in nearly all instances, should be removed from the constitution. Debate occurred over a 5 month period and a secret ballot was held at the end with members voting to replace the amendment with a provision that authorised the parliament to legislate abortion. In a following countrywide referendum, 66% voted to repeal the amendment. The close alignment of the percentages of the assembly's ballot and the popular referendum suggested that it had been a representative body.


title: Participatory democracy

text: The French government organised ""le grand débat national"" (the Great National Debate) in early 2019 as a response to the Yellow vests movement. It consisted of 18 regional conventions, each with 100 randomly selected citizens, that had to deliberate on issues they valued the most so that they could influence government action. After the debate, a citizens' convention was created specifically to discuss climate change, ""la Convention citoyenne pour le climat"" (the Citizens Convention for Climate, CCC), designed to serve as a legislative body to decide how the country could reduce its greenhouse gas emissions with social justice in mind. It consisted of 150 citizens selected by sortition and stratified sampling, who were sorted into five sub-groups to discuss individual topics. The members were helped by experts on steering committees. The proceedings of the CCC garnered international attention. After 9 months, the convention outlined 149 measures in a 460-page report, and President Macron committed to supporting 146 of them. A bill containing these was submitted to the parliament in late 2020.


title: Participatory democracy

text: The UK held the UK Climate Assembly in 2020 to discuss climate change following the Extinction Rebellion. The framing question asked how the UK should approach reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Rather than functioning as a legislative body (as the CCC in France) it was more of an advisory body with stricter rules of engagement. In it, 108 citizens deliberated for over four months, resulting in more than 50 recommendations outlined in a 556-page report, which advised the government's next steps in mitigating climate change.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In recent years, social media has led to changes in the conduct of participatory democracy. Citizens with differing points of view are able to join conversations, mainly through the use of hashtags. To promote public interest and involvement, local governments have started using social media to make decisions based on public feedback. Users have also organised online committees to highlight local needs and appoint budget delegates who work with the citizens and city agencies.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Participatory democracy was a notable feature of the Occupy movement in 2011. "Occupy camps" around the world made decisions based on the outcome of working groups where every protester had a say. These decisions were then aggregated by general assemblies. This process combined equality, mass participation, and deliberation.


title: Participatory democracy

text: With participatory democracy, individuals or groups can realistically achieve their interests, "[providing] the means to a more just and rewarding society, not a strategy for preserving the status quo."


title: Participatory democracy

text: Participatory democracy may also have an educational effect. Greater political participation can lead to the public to seeking to also make it higher quality in efficacy and depth: "the more individuals participate the better able they become to do so", an idea already promoted by Rousseau, Mill, and Cole. Pateman emphasises this potential as it counteracts the widespread lack of faith in the capacity and capability of citizens to meaningfully participate, especially in societies with complex organisations. Joel D. Wolfe asserts his confidence that such models could be implemented even in large organizations, progressively diminishing state intervention.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Criticisms of participatory democracy generally align with advocacy for minimal democracy. The main opposition is the disbelief in citizens' capabilities to bear the greater responsibility. Some reject the feasibility of participatory models and refutes its proposed educational benefits.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Critics conclude that the citizenry is disinterested and leader-dependent, making the mechanism for participatory democracy inherently incompatible with advanced societies.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Other concerns are whether such massive political input can be managed and turned into effective output. David Plotke highlights that the institutional adjustments needed to make greater political participation possible would require a representative element. Consequently, both direct and participatory democracy must rely on some type of representation to sustain a stable system. He also states that achieving equal direct participation in large and heavily populated regions is hardly possible, and ultimately argues in favor of representation over participation, calling for a hybrid between participatory and representative models.


title: Participatory democracy

text: A third category of criticism, primarily advanced by Dr. Roslyn Fuller, rejects equating or even subsuming instruments of Deliberative Democracy (such as citizens’ assemblies) under the term of Participatory Democracy, as such instruments violate the hard-won concept of political equality (One Man, One Vote), in exchange for a small chance of being randomly selected to participate and are thus not ‘participatory’ in any meaningful sense.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Proponents of Deliberative Democracy in her view misconstrue the role sortition played in the ancient Athenian democracy (where random selection was limited only to offices and positions with very limited power whereas participation in the main decision-making forum was open to all citizens).


title: Participatory democracy

text: Dr. Fuller's most serious criticism is that Deliberative Democracy purposefully limits decisions to small, externally controllable groups while ignoring the plethora of e-democracy tools available which allow for unfiltered mass participation and deliberation.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Scholars have recently proposed several mechanisms to increase citizen participation in democratic systems. These methods intend to increase the agenda-setting and decision-making powers of the people by giving citizens more direct ways to contribute to politics.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Also called mini-publics, citizens' assemblies are representative samples of a population that meet to create legislation or advise legislative bodies. As citizens are chosen to participate by stratified sampling, the assemblies are more representative of the population than elected legislatures whose representatives are often disproportionally wealthy, male, and white. Assemblies chosen by sortition provide average citizens with the opportunity to exercise substantive agenda-setting and/or decision-making power. Over the course of the assembly, citizens are helped by experts and discussion facilitators, and the results are either put to a referendum or sent in a report to the government.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Critics of citizens' assemblies have raised concerns about their perceived legitimacy. Political scientist Daan Jacobs finds that although the perceived legitimacy of assemblies is higher than that of system with no participation, but not any higher than that of any system involving self-selection. Regardless, the use of citizens' assemblies has grown throughout the early 21st century and they have were often used in constitutional reforms, such as in British Columbia's Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform in 2004 and the Irish Constitutional Convention in 2012.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Trademarked by Stanford professor James S. Fishkin, deliberative opinion polls allow citizens to develop informed opinions before voting through deliberation. Deliberative polling begins with surveying a random representative sample of citizens to gage their opinion. The same individuals are then invited to deliberate for a weekend in the presence of political leaders, experts, and moderators. At the end, the group is surveyed again, and the final opinions are taken to be the conclusion the public would have reached if they had the opportunity to engage with the issue more deeply. Philosopher Cristina Lafont, a critic of deliberative opinion polling argues that the "filtered" (informed) opinion reached at the end of a poll is too far removed from the opinion of the citizenry, delegitimizing the actions based on them.


title: Participatory democracy

text: E-democracy is an umbrella term describing a variety of proposals to increase participation through technology. Open discussion forums provide citizens the opportunity to debate policy online while facilitators guide discussion. These forums usually serve agenda-setting purposes or are sometimes used to provide legislators with additional testimony. Closed forums may be used to discuss more sensitive information: in the United Kingdom, one was used to enable domestic violence survivors to testify to the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Domestic Violence and Abuse while preserving their anonymity.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Another e-democratic mechanism is online deliberative polling, a system in which citizens deliberate with peers virtually before answering a poll. The results of deliberative opinion polls are more likely to reflect the considered judgments of the people and encourage increased citizen awareness of civic issues.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In a hybrid between direct and representative democracy, liquid democracy permits individuals to either vote on issues themselves or to select issue-competent delegates to vote on their behalf. Political scientists Christian Blum and Christina Isabel Zuber suggest that liquid democracy has the potential to improve a legislature's performance through bringing together delegates with a greater awareness on a specific issue, taking advantage of knowledge within the population. To make liquid democracy more deliberative, a trustee model of delegation may be implemented, in which the delegates vote after deliberation with other representatives.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Some concerns have been raised about the implementation of liquid democracy. Blum and Zuber, for example, find that it produces two classes of voters: individuals with one vote and delegates with two or more. They also worry that policies produced in issue-specific legislatures will lack cohesiveness. Liquid democracy is utilized by Pirate Parties for intra-party decision-making.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Participatory budgeting allows citizens to make decisions on the allocation of a public budget. Originating in Porto Alegre, Brazil, the general procedure involves the creation of a concrete financial plan that then serves as a recommendation to elected representatives. Neighbourhoods are given the authority to design budgets for the greater region and local proposals are brought to elected regional forums. This system lead to a decrease in clientelism and corruption and an increase in participation, particularly amongst marginalized and poorer residents. Theorist Graham Smith observes that participatory budgeting still has some barriers to entry for the poorest members of the population.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In binding referendums, citizens vote on laws and/or constitutional amendments proposed by a legislative body. Referendums afford citizens greater decision-making power by giving them the ultimate decision, and they may also use referendums for agenda-setting if they are allowed to draft proposals to be put to referendums in efforts called popular initiatives. Compulsory voting can further increase participation. Political theorist Hélène Landemore raises the concern that referendums may fail to be sufficiently deliberative as people are unable to engage in discussions and debates that would enhance their decision-making abilities.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Switzerland currently uses a rigorous system of referendums, under which all laws the legislature proposes go to referendums. Swiss citizens may also start popular initiatives, a process in which citizens put forward a constitutional amendment or propose the removal of an existing provision. Any proposal must receive the signature of 100,000 citizens to go to a ballot.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In local participatory democracy, town meetings provide all residents with legislative power. Practiced in the United States, particularly in New England, since the 17th century, they assure that local policy decisions are made directly by the public. Local democracy is often seen as the first step towards a participatory system. Theorist Graham Smith, however, notes the limited impact of town meetings that cannot lead to action on national issues. He also suggests that town meetings are not representative as they disproportionately represent individuals with free time, including the elderly and the affluent.


title: Participatory democracy

text: In his 2016 book "Against Democracy", Jason Brennan advocates for a less participatory system because of the irrationality of voters in a representative democracy. He proposes several mechanisms to reduce participation, presented with the assumption that a vote-based system of electoral representation is maintained.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Comparing an untested voter to an unlicensed driver, Brennan argues that exams should be administered to all citizens to determine if they are competent to participate in public matters. Under this system, citizens either have one or zero votes, depending on their test performance. He also proposes a plural voting regime in which each citizen has by default one vote (or zero votes) but can earn additional votes through passing voter entrance exams or possessing academic degrees. Critics of Brennan, including reporter Sean Illing, found parallels between his proposed system and the literacy tests the Jim Crow laws that prevented black people from voting in the United States between.


title: Participatory democracy

text: Brennan proposes a second system in which all citizens have equal rights to vote or otherwise participate in government, but decisions made by the elected representatives are scrutinized by an epistocratic council. This council could not make law, only "unmake" it, and would likely be composed of individuals who pass rigorous competency exams. He admits that an epistocratic veto could lead to significant gridlock but suggests that this may be a necessary evil in the process of reducing democratic incompetence. The epistocratic veto would thus serve as a back-end check, as opposed to a front-end check in restricted suffrage, that still allows all citizens to participate in electing representatives.


title: RS-422

text: RS-422, also known as TIA/EIA-422, is a technical standard originated by the Electronic Industries Alliance that specifies electrical characteristics of a digital signaling circuit. It was meant to be the foundation of a suite of standards that would replace the older RS-232C standard with standards that offered much higher speed, better immunity from noise, and longer cable lengths. RS-422 systems can transmit data at rates as high as 10 Mbit/s, or may be sent on cables as long as at lower rates. It is closely related to RS-423, which uses the same signaling systems but on a different wiring arrangement.


title: RS-422

text: RS-422 specifies differential signaling, with every data line paired with a dedicated return line. It is the voltage difference between these two lines that define the mark and space, rather than, as in RS-232, the difference in voltage between a data line and a local ground. As the ground voltage can differ at either end of the cable, this required RS-232 to use signals with voltage magnitudes greater than 5 volts. Moving to dedicated return lines and always defining ground in reference to the sender allows RS-422 to use 0.4 V, allowing it to run at much higher speeds. RS-423 differs primarily in that it has a single return pin instead of one for each data pin.


title: RS-422

text: RS-422 is the common short form title of American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard "ANSI/TIA/EIA-422-B Electrical Characteristics of Balanced Voltage Differential Interface Circuits" and its international equivalent "ITU-T Recommendation T-REC-V.11", also known as "X.27". These technical standards specify the electrical characteristics of the balanced voltage digital interface circuit. RS-422 provides for data transmission, using balanced, or differential, signaling, with unidirectional/non-reversible, terminated or non-terminated transmission lines, point to point, or multi-drop. In contrast to EIA-485, RS-422/V.11 does not allow multiple drivers but only multiple receivers.


title: RS-422

text: The first version of RS-422 was issued in 1975, with revision A issued in December 1978. Revision B, published in May 1994 was reaffirmed by the Telecommunications Industry Association in 2005.


title: RS-422

text: Several key advantages offered by this standard include the differential receiver, a differential driver and data rates as high as 10 megabits per second at 12 meters (40 ft). Since the signal quality degrades with cable length, the maximum data rate decreases as cable length increases. Figure A.1 in the annex plotting this stops at 10 Mbit/s.


title: RS-422

text: The maximum cable length is not specified in the standard, but guidance is given in its annex. (This annex is not a formal part of the standard, but is included for information purposes only.) Limitations on line length and data rate varies with the parameters of the cable length, balance, and termination, as well as the individual installation. Figure A.1 shows a maximum length of , but this is with a termination, and the annex discusses the fact that many applications can tolerate greater timing and amplitude distortion, and that experience has shown that the cable length may be extended to several kilometers. Conservative maximum data rates with 24AWG UTP (POTS) cable are 10 Mbit/s at to 90 kbit/s at , as shown in the figure A.1. This figure is a conservative guide based on empirical data, not a limit imposed by the standard.


title: RS-422

text: RS-422 specifies the electrical characteristics of a single balanced signal. The standard was written to be referenced by other standards that specify the complete DTE/DCE interface for applications which require a balanced voltage circuit to transmit data. These other standards would define protocols, connectors, pin assignments and functions. Standards such as EIA-530 (DB-25 connector) and EIA-449 (DC-37 connector) use RS-422 electrical signals. Some RS-422 devices have 4 screw terminals for pairs of wire, with one pair used for data in each direction.


title: RS-422

text: RS-422 cannot implement a true multi-point communications network, such as with EIA-485, since there can be only one driver on each pair of wires. However, one driver can fan-out to up to ten receivers.


title: RS-422

text: RS-422 can interoperate with interfaces designed to MIL-STD-188-114B, but they are not identical. RS-422 uses a nominal 0 to 5-volt signal, while MIL-STD-188-114B uses a signal symmetric about 0 V. However, the tolerance for common-mode voltage in both specifications allows them to interoperate. Care must be taken with the termination network.


title: RS-422

text: When used in relation to communications wiring, RS-422 wiring refers to cable made of 2 sets of twisted pair, often with each pair being shielded, and a ground wire. While a double-pair cable may be practical for many RS-422 applications, the RS-422 specification only defines one signal path and does not assign any function to it. Any complete cable assembly with connectors should be labeled with the specification that defined the signal function and mechanical layout of the connector, such as RS-449.


title: RS-422

text: One of the most widespread uses of RS-422 was on the early Macintosh computers. This was implemented in a multi-pin connector that had enough pins to support the majority of the common RS-232 pins; the first models used a 9-pin D connector, but this was quickly replaced by a mini-DIN-8 connector. The ports could be put into either RS-232 or RS-422 mode, which changes the behavior of some of the pins while turning others on or off completely. These connectors are used to support RS-232 devices like modems, AppleTalk networking, RS-422 printers, and other peripherals. Two such ports were part of early Apple Macintosh series designs until they were replaced, along with ADB ports, by Universal Serial Bus on the iMac in 1998.


title: RS-422

text: RS-422 is a common transport mechanism for RS-232 extenders. These consist of RS-232 ports on either end of an RS-422 connection.


title: RS-422

text: Before hard-disk-based playout and editing systems were used, broadcast automation systems and post-production linear editing facilities used RS-422A to remotely control the players/recorders located in the central apparatus room. In most cases the Sony 9-pin connection was used, which makes use of a DE-9 connector. This is the de facto industry standard connector for RS-422, which is still found on broadcast equipment today.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: Patrick Watson (born October 8, 1979) is an American-born Canadian singer-songwriter from Montreal, Quebec. It also refers to the eponymous band formed by Watson, whose blend of cabaret pop and classical music influences with indie rock has been compared to Rufus Wainwright, Andrew Bird, Nick Drake, Jeff Buckley and Pink Floyd for its experimental musicianship. Patrick Watson's album "Close to Paradise" was awarded the Polaris Music Prize in 2007.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: Born in Lancaster, California to Canadian parents and raised in Hudson, Quebec, Watson attended Lower Canada College. While living in Hudson, Watson worked as a pool and hot tub water analyst at Piscines et Spas Hudson. He began his musical career in high school as a member of a ska band called Gangster Politics. Patrick Watson studied music at Vanier College in Montreal.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: Watson co-wrote and performed on several songs on The Cinematic Orchestra's 2007 album "Ma Fleur" including the opening track "To Build a Home". His "Missing Home" remix of Champion's "Guy Doune", from Champion's 2006 album "The Remix Album", reached Number 1 on CBC Radio 3's "R3-30" chart in early 2007.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: Watson has toured with several artists, including John Cale, The Cinematic Orchestra, Cold War Kids, Amon Tobin, The Dears, Feist and James Brown. He was Starbucks "Pick of the week" free download in September 2009 and then again in June 2015.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: After creating music and releasing albums in various styles, Watson formed a group with guitarist Simon Angell, percussionist Robbie Kuster, and bassist Mishka Stein. The band has performed with artists like James Brown, The Dears, Philip Glass and The Stills.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: The band received a nomination for New Artist of the Year at the 2007 Juno Awards. In the same year, Watson and Caroline Dhavernas received a Genie Award nomination for Best Original Song at the 27th Genie Awards in 2007, for the song "Trace-moi" from the film "The Beautiful Beast (La Belle bête)".


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: On July 10, 2007, "Close to Paradise" made the shortlist for the 2007 Polaris Music Prize. It was announced as the winning album on September 24. Their 2009 album "Wooden Arms" was a finalist for the 2009 prize.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: The band is well known for using unusual objects to make sounds in their music; for example, Watson "played" a bicycle in the studio for the song "Beijing". and percussionist Robbie Kuster used two spoons to create a tremolo picking effect on an acoustic guitar in the opening of "Man Like You".


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: After several years of touring internationally—including shows in regions as distant as Beijing with Split Works in 2010, the group returned to Montreal in 2011 to record their fourth studio album, "Adventures in Your Own Backyard", which was released internationally in April 2012. The album marks a subtle shift in the band's style to a simpler and less experimental sound, described by one critic as "a dreamy bath of chamber-pop and fancy cabaret, less clacky without the kitchen-utensil or bike-wheel percussion of "Wooden Arms" and slightly more grounded than "Close to Paradise"". Prior to the album's release, the band performed at South by Southwest in Austin, Texas, where they were named by "Rolling Stone" magazine as one of the 25 "can't-miss acts" of the festival. The band toured in support of the new album from April to July 2012.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: In September 2013, Watson created a T-shirt for the Yellow Bird Project to raise money for Cape Farewell, an organization which aims to instigate cultural awareness of climate change.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: "Wave", the band's sixth album, was released on October 18, 2019. This album marked a departure of the band's longtime percussionist Robbie Kuster. Kuster, along with bassist Mishka Stein, created a new musical act, Black Legary. They also are part of another new act, Colonel Sun.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: The song "The Great Escape" was featured on episode 16 of the third season of "Grey's Anatomy", which aired on February 15, 2007, on a Tropicana Canada commercial, in the movie "One Week" starring Joshua Jackson, in the 2010 movie "The High Cost of Living", the Season 2 finale of "World of Jenks", and in the 2008 movie "Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (Maman est chez le coiffeur)". The song was also used for the finale of the television show "ReGenesis". Also, the song "Noisy Sunday" was featured on the season 3 premiere of the TV show "The Walking Dead". The song was also featured on the 2012 indie movie "Struck by Lightning". The songs "Big Bird in a Small Cage", "Into Giants", "Blackwind" and "Lighthouse" were featured in the 2013 film "The F Word". The song "Good Morning Mr. Wolf" was featured on Season 3 Episode 10 of Ray Donovan in 2015.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: In 2008, Watson composed the entire soundtrack for the French-Canadian film "It's Not Me, I Swear! (C'est pas moi, je le jure!)". The soundtrack features collaborations by Elie Dupuis and the star of the movie, who was 12 years old at the time.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: The song "Lighthouse" from the album "Adventures in Your Own Backyard" was featured in the TV shows "American Idol", "Haven", "The Blacklist" and "The Disappearance" in addition to the film "Yves Saint Laurent"


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: The song "Words in the Fire" was sampled in the 2012 hit single of the Nigerian hip hop artist MI ABAGA, titled "Ashes" in memory of four students who were killed in an unprovoked attack that same year.


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: In 2017, the song "To Build a Home" was featured in the season 5 finale of the hit Netflix original series "Orange is the New Black".


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: On 1 January 2018, the song "Love Songs for Robots" featured in season 3 episode 4 of the Netflix drama series "Lovesick".


title: Patrick Watson (musician)

text: The song "To Build a Home" was also featured in the end of the January 23, 2018 episode of "This Is Us", at the end of the episode.


title: Ruslan Stefanchuk

text: Ruslan Oleksiyovych Stefanchuk (; born 29 October 1975) is a Ukrainian politician, lawyer and Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (since October 2021).


title: Ruslan Stefanchuk

text: Stefanchuk was touted as the ideologue of Volodymyr Zelenskiy’s election campaign in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. He was elected to the Ukrainian parliament as a member of the Servant of the People party (placed 2nd on the party list) in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election.


title: Ruslan Stefanchuk

text: On the morning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Stefanchuk was rushed to the Mariinskyi Palace, amid reports of assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy, as his role meant he would have to take command of the country had the president been killed.


title: Ruslan Stefanchuk

text: Stefanchuk received a law degree from the . He also studied at the Khmelnytskyi National University. Doctor of Law, Professor.


title: Ruslan Stefanchuk

text: Stefanchuk is a corresponding member of the . Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Ukraine (2017).


title: Ruslan Stefanchuk

text: Stefanchuk is one of the authors of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky's 2019 election program. Zelensky won the election, in the second round of the election he defeated incumbent president Petro Poroshenko with nearly 73% of the vote to Poroshenko's 25%.


title: Ruslan Stefanchuk

text: Stefanchuk was the Representative of the President of Ukraine Zelensky at the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's national parliament) from 21 May 2019 until 7 October 2021.


title: Ruslan Stefanchuk

text: In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election Stefanchuk was elected into parliament (placed 2nd on the party list) Servant of the People party. His brother Mykola Stefanchuk was (in the same election) elected for the same party in the single-mandate constituency 187 (located in Khmelnytskyi Oblast). In total Servant of the People won 124 seats on the nationwide party list and 130 constituency seats.


title: Ruslan Stefanchuk

text: On 7 October 2021, the Verkhovna Rada voted to dismiss Dmytro Razumkov from his post as Chairman of the parliament. The following day Stefanchuk was elected Chairman of the parliament with 261 members backing the appointment.


title: Ruslan Stefanchuk

text: On 15 October 2021 Stefanchuk was appointed as member of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine by President Zelensky.


title: Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)

text: Ultimate Spider-Man is a 2005 action-adventure video game based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man and the comic book of the same name. The game was published by Activision for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance, GameCube and Nintendo DS in September 2005. The PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions were developed by Treyarch and are drastically different from the handheld versions, which were developed by Vicarious Visions. The Windows version is a port of the PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions, developed by Beenox. A "Limited Edition" of the game was released for the PlayStation 2, and includes additional content such as a "making of" documentary and an interview with Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee.


title: Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)

text: Like Treyarch's previous Spider-Man title, "Spider-Man 2", the game incorporates an open world design, allowing players to freely explore fictitious representations of Manhattan and Queens when not completing main missions to advance the narrative. One notable feature exclusive to this game is the ability to play as both Spider-Man and Venom, who control differently and have exclusive storylines, which cross over with each other. The game's storyline is set within the Ultimate Marvel universe, three months after the Venom story arc from the "Ultimate Spider-Man" comics, and centers on Spider-Man's investigation of the company Trask Industries and their connection to the creation of the Venom symbiote and his parents' death. Meanwhile, Venom must avoid constant capture attempts by Bolivar Trask, who wants to recreate the symbiote's capabilities.


title: Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)

text: "Ultimate Spider-Man" received generally positive reviews from critics across all platforms, and is retrospectively regarded as one of the best Spider-Man games ever made. A prequel, "", developed by Torus Games, was released in November 2006 for the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS. Treyarch's next Spider-Man game, "Spider-Man 3", was released in May 2007.


title: Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)

text: "Ultimate Spider-Man" is a third-person action-adventure video game, set in an open world based on Manhattan and parts of Queens. Players take on the role of Spider-Man or Venom and complete missions—linear scenarios with set objectives—to progress through the story. The player starts in story mode where they can only free roam as Spider-Man, and the game automatically switches between Spider-Man and Venom during missions. After the main story is completed, the player can switch between the two characters at any time.


title: Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)

text: The two characters play differently from one another. Spider-Man is more agile and uses webs to travel through the city, being able to either web swing or web zip. Similarly to "Spider-Man 2", the player needs to be close to buildings and manually attach webs to them. Spider-Man can also use his webs during fights, immobilizing enemies for a few seconds, or grabbing and throwing them around. Once an enemy is down, the player needs to quickly web them in order to immobilize them for good, otherwise they will get up and continue attacking Spider-Man.


title: Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)

text: Venom is much more aggressive and uses his tentacles to pull himself to buildings, much like Spider-Man's web zip. He can also perform massive jumps and grab enemies, whom he can either throw away, crush against the ground, or consume. While playing as Venom, players can consume non-player characters to regenerate health; normal pedestrians usually grant the player more health points than enemies. While free roaming as Venom, he will slowly lose health regardless of taking damage or not, requiring the player to constantly consume people to regenerate health. Venom can throw cars and go on destructive rampages, earning police attention. The more destruction Venom causes, the more police will attempt to stop him.


title: Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)

text: As the game progresses, Spider-Man and Venom will have certain "City Goals" to accomplish in order to continue the storyline. These consist of various side missions, such as races, combat tours, and collectibles.


title: Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)

text: The Game Boy Advance version of "Ultimate Spider-Man" is a side-scroller beat 'em up, divided into seven "issues", each containing three chapters. Both Spider-Man and Venom are playable, and each has his own series of levels. In addition to the two main characters, the game features three additional bosses: Shocker, Silver Sable, and Carnage. This version includes a limited supply of Spider-Man's web fluid, which can be refilled by picking up special markers scattered throughout levels or dropped by enemies. Additionally, players may choose to collect hidden power-ups to gain more web fluid capacity or gain moves and abilities for both Spider-Man and Venom.


title: Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)

text: The Nintendo DS version of "Ultimate Spider-Man" is a side-scroller beat 'em up, albeit it features a 3D environment. Both Spider-Man and Venom are playable, and each play differently from the other. In the Spider-Man levels, most of the game happens on the top screen and the touch screen is only used for selecting special attacks and operating certain objects (moving heavy objects, opening broken elevator doors, etc.). In the Venom levels, the game switches to the touch screen, and players are able to grab and throw objects or enemies using Venom's tentacles, or attack by tapping the screen. The game also features a slightly modified storyline and a multiplayer mode, where players can unlock different characters and arenas for a head-to-head fight.


title: Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)

text: The game opens with Peter Parker explaining how he became Spider-Man, and the creation of the Venom symbiote. While researching a cure for terminal illnesses, Peter and Eddie Brock's fathers, Richard Parker and Eddie Sr., created a black liquid substance that can envelop one's body and heal them, in addition to granting them superhuman abilities. However, the two were tricked into selling the project to Trask Industries, and subsequently died in a plane crash, without ever getting to complete work on the 'suit'. Years later, Peter and Eddie reunite and discover the suit is their inheritance. After learning how his dad was cheated by Trask Industries, Peter tries to steal the suit and is covered by a portion of it. While it enhances his powers, the unstable suit also tries to consume him, forcing Peter to remove it. After discovering what Peter did and deducing his identity as Spider-Man, Eddie feels betrayed and takes the rest of the suit for himself, becoming Venom.