title: Chinese nationalism

text: Chinese nationalism as it emerged in the early 20th century was based on the experience of Japanese nationalism, especially as viewed and interpreted by Sun Yat-sen. Chinese nationalism was rooted in the long historic tradition of China as the center of the world, in which all other states were offshoots and owed some sort of deference. That sense of superiority underwent a series of terrible shocks in the 19th century, including large-scale internal revolts, and more grievously the systematic gaining and removal of special rights and privileges by foreign nations who proved their military superiority during the First and Second Opium Wars, based on modern technology that was lacking in China. It was a matter of humiliation one after another, the loss of faith in the Qing Dynasty. By the 1890s, disaffected Chinese intellectuals began to develop "a new nationalist commitment to China as a nation-state in a world dominated by predatory imperialist nation states." Overall, their concern was not in preserving a traditional Chinese order but instead the construction of a strong state and society that could stand in a hostile international arena. Unlike many nationalist projects in other countries, the trend among Chinese intellectuals was to regard tradition as unsuitable for China's survival and instead to view tradition as a source of China's problems.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The most dramatic watershed came in 1900, in the wake of the invasion, capture, and pillaging of the national capital by an eight-nation coalition that punished China for the Boxer Rebellion. Ethnic nationalism was, in any case, unacceptable to the ruling Manchu elitethey were foreigners who conquered China and maintained their own language and traditions. Most citizens had multiple identities, of which the locality was more important than the nation as a whole. Anyone who wanted to rise in government non-military service had to be immersed in Confucian classics, and pass a very difficult test. If accepted, they would be rotated around the country, so the bureaucrats did not identify with the locality. The depth of two-way understanding and trust developed by European political leaders and their followers did not exist.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The Second Sino-Japanese war was one of the most important events in the modern construction of Chinese nationalism. The Chinese experience in the war helped create an ideology based on the concept of “the people” as a political body in its own right, “a modern nation as opposed to a feudal empire.”


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The discussion of modern Chinese nationalism has dominated many political and intellectual debates since the late nineteenth century. Political scientist Suisheng Zhao argues that nationalism in China is not monolithic but exists in various forms, including political, liberal, ethnical, and state nationalism. Over the first half of the twentieth century, Chinese nationalism has constituted a crucial part of many political ideologies, including the anti-Manchuism during the 1911 Revolution, the anti-imperialist sentiment of the May Fourth Movement in 1919, and the Maoist thoughts that guided the Communist Revolution in 1949. The origin of modern Chinese nationalism can be traced back to the intellectual debate on race and nation in late nineteenth century. Shaped by the global discourse of social Darwinism, reformers and intellectuals debated how to build a new Chinese national subject based on a proper racial order, particularly the Manchu-Han relations. After the collapse of the Qing regime and the founding of the Republic of China in 1911, concerns of both domestic and international threat made the role of racism decline, while anti-imperialism became the new dominant ideology of Chinese nationalism over the 1910s. While intellectuals and elites advocated their distinctive thoughts on Chinese nationalism, political scientist Chalmers Johnson has pointed out that most of these ideas had very little to do with China's majority population—the Chinese peasantry. He thus proposes to supplement the Chinese communist ideology in the discussion of Chinese nationalism, which he labels "peasant nationalism."


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Chinese nationalism in the early twentieth century was primarily based on anti-Manchurism, an ideology that was prevalent among Chinese revolutionaries from late nineteenth century to the turn of the twentieth century. After Qing's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, reformers and intellectuals debated how to strengthen the nation, the discussion of which centered on the issue of race. Liang Qichao, a late Qing reformist who participated in the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898, contended that the boundary between Han and Manchu must be erased ("ping Man-Han zhi jie"). Liang's thought was based on the idea of racial competition, a concept originating from social Darwinism that believed only superior races would survive whereas the inferior races were bound to extinct. Liang attributed the decline of China to the Qing dynasty ruled by the Manchus, who treated the Han as an "alien race" and imposed a racial hierarchy between the Han and the Manchus while ignoring the threat of imperial powers. However Liang's critique of the Qing court and the Manchu-Han relations laid the foundation for anti-Manchuism, an ideology that early Republican and nationalist revolutionaries advocated in their efforts to overthrow the Qing dynasty and found a new Republic in China. In his writing “Revolutionary Army,” Zou Rong, an active Chinese revolutionary at the turn of the twentieth century, demanded a revolution education for the Han people who were suffering from the oppression of the Manchu rule. He argued that China should be a nation of the orthodox Han Chinese and no alien race shall rule over them. According to Zou, the Han Chinese, as the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, must overthrow the Manchu rule to restore their legitimacy and rights. Wang Jingwei, a Chinese revolutionary who later became an important figure in the Kuomintang, also believed that the Manchus were an inferior race. Wang contended that a state consisting of a single race would be superior to those multiracial ones. Most of the Republican revolutionaries agreed that preserving the race was vital to the survival of the nation. Since the Han had asserted its dominant role in Chinese nationalism, the Manchus had to be either absorbed or eradicated. Historian Prasenjit Duara summarized this by stating that the Republican revolutionaries primarily drew on the international discourse of "racist evolutionism" to envision a "racially purified China."


title: Chinese nationalism

text: After the 1911 Revolution, Sun Yat-sen established the Republic of China, the national flag of which contained five colors with each symbolizing a major racial ethnicity of China. This marked a shift from the earlier discourse of radical racism and assimilation of the non-Han groups to the political autonomy of the five races. The rhetorical move, as China historian Joseph Esherick points out, was based on the practical concerns of both imperial threats from the international environment and conflicts on the Chinese frontiers. While both Japan and Russia were encroaching China, the newly born republic also faced ethnic movements in Mongolia and Tibet which claimed themselves to be part of the Qing Empire rather than the Republic of China. Pressured by both domestic and international problems, the fragile Republican regime decided to maintain the borders of the Qing Empire to keep its territories intact. With the increasing threat from the imperialist powers in the 1910s, anti-imperialist sentiments started to grow and spread in China. An ideal of "a morally just universe," anti-imperialism made racism appear shameful and thus took over its dominant role in the conceptualization of Chinese nationalism. Yet racism never perished. Instead, it was embedded by other social realms, including the discourse of eugenics and racial hygiene.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The Blue Shirts Society, a fascist paramilitary organization within the Kuomintang that modelled itself after Mussolini's blackshirts of the National Fascist Party, was anti-foreign and anti-communist, and it stated that its agenda was to expel foreign (Japanese and Western) imperialists from China, crush Communism, and eliminate feudalism. In addition to being anticommunist, some KMT members, like Chiang Kai-shek's right-hand man Dai Li were anti-American, and wanted to expel American influence. In addition, the close Sino-German relations at the time promoted close ties between the Nationalist Government and Nazi Germany.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The New Life Movement was a government-led civic movement in 1930s China initiated by Chiang Kai-shek to promote cultural reform and Neo-Confucian social morality and to ultimately unite China under a centralised ideology following the emergence of ideological challenges to the status quo. The Movement attempted to counter threats of Western and Japanese imperialism through a resurrection of traditional Chinese morality, which it held to be superior to modern Western values. As such the Movement was based upon Confucianism, mixed with Christianity, nationalism and authoritarianism that have some similarities to fascism. It rejected individualism and liberalism, while also opposing socialism and communism. Some historians regard this movement as imitating Nazism and being a neo-nationalistic movement used to elevate Chiang's control of everyday lives. Frederic Wakeman suggested that the New Life Movement was "Confucian fascism".


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In response to the Cultural Revolution, Chiang Kai-shek promoted a Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement which followed in the steps of the New Life Movement, promoting Confucian values.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In addition to anti-Manchurism and anti-imperialism, political scientist Chalmers Johnson has argued that the rise of power of the CCP through its alliance with the peasantry should also be understood as "a species of nationalism." Johnson observes that social mobilization, a force that unites people to form a political community together, is the "primary tool" for conceptualizing nationalism. In the context of social mobilization, Chinese nationalism only fully emerged during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), when the CCP mobilized the peasantry to fight against the Japanese invaders. Johnson contends that early nationalism of the Kuomintang was quite similar to the late nineteenth-century nationalism in Europe, as both referred to the search for their national identities and positions in the modern world by the intelligentsia. He argues that nationalism constructed by the intellectuals is not identical to nationalism based on mass mobilization, as the nationalist movements led by the Kuomintang, as well as the May Fourth Movement in 1919, were not mass movements because their participants were only a small proportion of the society where the peasants were simply absent. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, the CCP began to mobilize the Chinese peasantry through mass propaganda of national salvation () Johnson observed that the primary shift of the CCP's post-1937 propaganda was its focus on the discourse of national salvation and the temporary retreat of its Communist agenda on class struggle and land redistribution. The wartime alliance of the Chinese peasantry and the CCP manifests how the nationalist ideology of the CCP, or the peasant nationalism, reinforced the desire of the Chinese to save and build a strong nation.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Irredentism and expansionism have also played a role in Chinese nationalism, declaring that China should regain its “lost territories” and form a Greater China. To this day, the Republic of China maintains its territorial claims since its inception in 1912. Its territorial claims were inherited from the Great Qing government as part of the Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Defining the relationship between ethnicity and the Chinese identity has been a very complex issue throughout Chinese history. In the 17th century, with the help of Ming Chinese rebels, the Manchus conquered China proper and set up the Qing dynasty. Over the next centuries, they would incorporate groups such as the Tibetans, the Mongols, and the Uyghurs into territories which they controlled. The Manchus were faced with the issue of maintaining loyalty among the people they ruled while at the same time maintaining a distinctive identity. The main method by which they accomplished control of the Chinese heartland was by portraying themselves as enlightened Confucian sages part of whose goal was to preserve and advance Chinese civilization. Over the course of centuries the Manchus were gradually assimilated into the Chinese culture and eventually many Manchus identified themselves as a people of China.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The Chinese nation has also been referred to as descendants of Yandi and Huangdi, who were legendary historical ancestors of the Huaxia people, who were ancestral to the Han Chinese.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The complexity of the relationship between ethnicity and the Chinese identity is best exemplified during the Taiping Rebellion in which the rebels fought fiercely against the Manchus on the ground that they were barbarian foreigners while at the same time others fought just as fiercely on behalf of the Manchus on the grounds that they were the preservers of traditional Chinese values.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The Yihetuan, also known as the Boxers, were a Chinese nationalist and pro-Qing monarchist secret society who initiated the Boxer Rebellion from 1899 to 1901. Their motivations were Anti-Christianism and resistance to Westernisation. The Boxers at their peak were supported by some elements of the Imperial Army. Their slogan was "Support the Qing, destroy foreigners!".


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In 1909, the "Law of Nationality of Great Qing" () was published by the Manchu government, which defined Chinese with the following rules: 1) born in China while his/her father is a Chinese; 2) born after his/her father's death while his/her father is a Chinese at his death; 3) his/her mother is a Chinese while his/her father's nationality is unclear or stateless.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In 1919, the May Fourth Movement grew out of student protests to the Treaty of Versailles, especially its terms allowing Japan to keep territories surrendered by Germany after the Siege of Tsingtao, and spurned upsurges of Chinese nationalism amongst the protests.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The official Chinese nationalistic view in the 1920s and 1930s was heavily influenced by modernism and social Darwinism, and included advocacy of the cultural assimilation of ethnic groups in the western and central provinces into the "culturally advanced" Han state, to become in name as well as in fact members of the Chinese nation. Furthermore, it was also influenced by the fate of multi-ethnic states such as Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. It also became a very powerful force during the Japanese occupation of Coastal China during the 1930s and 1940s and the atrocities committed then.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: With the fall of Manchu Qing dynasty and the appear of modern nationalist theogries, "Zhonghua minzu" in the early Republic of China, referred to the Five Races Under One Union concept, which declared that the five major ethnicities in China, the Han Chinese, Manchus, Mongols, Hui, and Tibetans, all belonged to a single Chinese identity, so the government promoted Chinese nationalism for these five ethnic groups but with the Han Chinese are main ethnic group of "Zhonghua minzu" or China, this continued by Nationalist rule under Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang in all China until the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in Chinese Mainland and the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan. While initially rejected by Mao Zedong and his Chinese Communist Party, it later became accepted, the concept of "Chinese" created in Mao's period was "huge Chinese family" or a political union including the Han Chinese and 55 other ethnic groups, similar to the concept of the Soviet people, German Volk, and Yugoslavs, therefore, before Xi Jinping took power, Chinese nationalism of the Chinese Communist Party-led People's Republic of China was influenced strongly by the Soviet Korenizatsiya policy and the Chinese Communist Party also criticized that the Kuomintang-led Republic of China support Han chauvinism, and the official ideology of the People's Republic of China asserts that China is a multi-ethnic state, and Han Chinese, despite being the overwhelming majority (over 95% in the mainland), they are only one of many ethnic groups of China, each of whose culture and language should be respected (akin to Soviet patriotism), the government also instituted policies of affirmative action, in general, the ethnic policy of the People's Republic of China at the time was strongly influenced by the nature of its Marxist-Leninist state although Chinese nationalism was also promoted by the government, however, many critics argue that despite this official view, assimilationist attitudes remain deeply entrenched, and popular views and actual power relationships create a situation in which Chinese nationalism has in practice meant Han dominance of minority areas and peoples and assimilation of those groups. Since Xi Jinping took power, assimilation has been overt and intensified while preferential policies for ethnic minorities have shrunk.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, Chinese nationalism within mainland China became mixed with the rhetoric of Marxism, and nationalistic rhetoric become in large part subsumed into internationalist rhetoric. On the other hand, Chinese nationalism in Taiwan was primarily about preserving the ideals and lineage of Sun Yat-sen, the party he founded, the Kuomintang (KMT), and anti-Communism. While the definition of Chinese nationalism differed in the Republic of China (ROC) and PRC, both were adamant in claiming Chinese territories such as Senkaku (Diaoyutai) Islands.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In the 1990s, the dissolution of the Soviet Union, rising economic standards and the lack of any other legitimizing ideology, has led to what most observers see as a resurgence of nationalism within Mainland China.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Chinese Muslims have played an important role in Chinese nationalism. Chinese Muslims, known as Hui people, are a mixture of the descendants of foreign Muslims like Arabs and Persians, mixed with Han Chinese who converted to Islam. Chinese Muslims are sinophones, speaking Chinese and practicing Confucianism.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Hu Songshan, a Muslim Imam from Ningxia, was a Chinese nationalist and preached Chinese nationalism and unity of all Chinese people, and also against foreign imperialism and other threats to China's sovereignty. He even ordered the Chinese Flag to be saluted during prayer, and that all Imams in Ningxia preach Chinese nationalism. Hu Songshan led the Ikhwan, the Chinese Muslim Brotherhood, which became a Chinese nationalist, patriotic organization, stressing education and independence of the individual. Hu Songhan also wrote a prayer in Arabic and Chinese, praying for Allah to support the Chinese Kuomintang government and defeat Japan. Hu Songshan also cited a Hadith (), a saying of the prophet Muhammad, which says "Loving the Motherland is equivalent to loving the Faith" (). Hu Songshan harshly criticized those who were non-patriotic and those who taught anti-nationalist thinking, saying that they were fake Muslims.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Ma Qixi was a Muslim reformer, leader of the Xidaotang, and he taught that Islam could only be understood by using Chinese culture such as Confucianism. He read classic Chinese texts and even took his cue from Laozi when he decided to go on Hajj to Mecca.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Ma Fuxiang, a Chinese Muslim general and Kuomintang member, was another Chinese nationalist. Ma Fuxiang preached unity of all Chinese people, and even non-Han Chinese people such as Tibetans and Mongols to stay in China. He proclaimed that Mongolia and Tibet were part of the Republic of China, and not independent countries. Ma Fuxiang was loyal to the Chinese government, and crushed Muslim rebels when ordered to. Ma Fuxiang believed that modern education would help Hui Chinese build a better society and help China resist foreign imperialism and help build the nation. He was praised for his "guojia yizhi"(national consciousness) by non-Muslims. Ma Fuxiang also published many books, and wrote on Confucianism and Islam, having studied both the Quran and the Spring and Autumn Annals.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Ma Fuxiang had served under the Chinese Muslim general Dong Fuxiang, and fought against the foreigners during the Boxer Rebellion. The Muslim unit he served in was noted for being anti-foreign, being involved in shooting a Westerner and a Japanese to death before the Boxer Rebellion broke out. It was reported that the Muslim troops were going to wipe out the foreigners to return a golden age for China, and the Muslims repeatedly attacked foreign churches, railways, and legations, before hostilities even started. The Muslim troops were armed with modern repeater rifles and artillery, and reportedly enthusiastic about going on the offensive and killing foreigners. Ma Fuxiang led an ambush against the foreigners at Langfang and inflicted many casualties, using a train to escape. Dong Fuxiang was a xenophobe and hated foreigners, wanting to drive them out of China.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Various Muslim organizations in China like the Islamic Association of China and the Chinese Muslim Association were sponsored by the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Chinese Muslim imams had synthesized Islam and Confucianism in the Han Kitab. They asserted that there was no contradiction between Confucianism and Islam, and no contradiction between being a Chinese national and a Muslim. Chinese Muslim students returning from study abroad, from places such as Al-Azhar University in Egypt, learned about nationalism and advocated Chinese nationalism at home. One Imam, Wang Jingzhai, who studied at Mecca, translated a Hadith, or saying of Muhammad, "Aiguo Aijiao"- loving the country is equivalent to loving the faith. Chinese Muslims believed that their "Watan" was the whole of the Republic of China, non-Muslims included.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: General Bai Chongxi, the warlord of Guangxi, and a member of the Kuomintang, presented himself as the protector of Islam in China and harbored Muslim intellectuals fleeing from the Japanese invasion in Guangxi. General Bai preached Chinese nationalism and anti-imperialism. Chinese Muslims were sent to Saudi Arabia and Egypt to denounce the Japanese. Translations from Egyptian writings and the Quran were used to support propaganda in favour of a Jihad against Japan.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Ma Bufang, a Chinese Muslim general who was part of the Kuomintang, supported Chinese nationalism and tolerance between the different Chinese ethnic groups. The Japanese attempted to approach him however their attempts at gaining his support were unsuccessful. Ma Bufang presented himself as a Chinese nationalist who fought against Western imperialism to the people of China in order to deflect criticism by opponents that his government was feudal and oppressed minorities like Tibetans and Buddhist Mongols. He presented himself as a Chinese nationalist to his advantage to keep himself in power as noted by the author Erden.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In Xinjiang, the Chinese Muslim general Ma Hushan supported Chinese nationalism. He was chief of the 36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army. He spread anti-Soviet, and anti-Japanese propaganda, and instituted a colonial regime over the Uyghurs. Uyghur street names and signs were changed to Chinese, and the Chinese Muslim troops imported Chinese cooks and baths, rather than using Uyghur ones. The Chinese Muslims even forced the Uyghur carpet industry at Khotan to change its design to Chinese versions. Ma Hushan proclaimed his loyalty to Nanjing, denounced Sheng Shicai as a Soviet puppet, and fought against him in 1937.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: General Ma Hushan's brother Ma Zhongying denounced separatism in a speech at Id Kah Mosque and told the Uyghurs to be loyal to the Chinese government at Nanjing. The 36th division had crushed the Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan, and the Chinese Muslim general Ma Zhancang beheaded the Uyghur emirs Abdullah Bughra and Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra. Ma Zhancang abolished the Islamic Sharia law which was set up by the Uyghurs, and set up military rule instead, retaining the former Chinese officials and keeping them in power. The Uyghurs had been promoting Islamism in their separatist government, but Ma Hushan eliminated religion from politics. Islam was barely mentioned or used in politics or life except as a vague spiritual focus for unified opposition against the Soviet Union.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The Uyghur warlord Yulbars Khan was pro-China and supported the Republic of China. The Uyghur politician Masud Sabri served as the Governor of Xinjiang Province from 1947 to 1949.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Pandatsang Rapga, a Tibetan politician, founded the Tibet Improvement Party with the goal of modernisation and integration of Tibet into the Republic of China.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The 9th Panchen Lama, Thubten Choekyi Nyima, was considered extremely "pro-Chinese", according to official Chinese sources.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Many of the Chinese troops used to occupy Mongolia in 1919 were Chahar Mongols, which has been a major cause for animosity between Khalkhas and Inner Mongols.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In the late Qing Dynasty, revolutionaries incited anti-Manchuism to overthrow the Qing dynasty, especially Zou Rong.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: One common goal of current Chinese nationalists is the unification of mainland China and Taiwan. While this was the commonly stated goal of both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan) before 1992, both sides differed sharply in the form of unification due to obvious and salient differences in political ideology.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In Taiwan, there is a general consensus to support the status quo of Taiwan's "de facto" independence as a separate nation. Despite this, the relationship between Chinese nationalism and Taiwan remains controversial, involving symbolic issues such as the use of "The Republic of China" as the official name of the government on Taiwan and the use of the word "China" in the name of Government-owned corporations. Broadly speaking, there is little support in Taiwan for immediate unification. Overt support for formal independence is also muted due to the PRC's insistence on military action should Taiwan make such a formal declaration. The argument against unification is partly over culture and whether democratic Taiwanese should see themselves as Chinese or Taiwanese; and partly over mistrust of the authoritarian Chinese Communist Party (CCP), its human rights record, and its de-democratizing actions in Hong Kong (e.g. 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform, which sparked the Umbrella Movement). These misgivings are particularly prevalent amongst younger generations of Taiwanese, who generally view both the CCP and the KMT as obsolete and consider themselves to have little or no connection to China, whose government they perceive as a foreign aggressor.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In response to the Taiwan independence movement, there have been radical Chinese nationalist groups founded in Taiwan, such as the Patriot Alliance Association founded in 1993. Another political party is the Chinese Unification Promotion Party, founded by the Taiwanese mafia leader Chang An-lo, a radical Chinese ultranationalist. This political party has been accused of violence against Hong Kong opposition figures, such as Denise Ho and Lam Wing-kee.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In addition to the national symbols of China, the national symbols of the Republic of China, and the flags of China, there are many symbols opted for use by Chinese nationalists. Some of these include Chinese legendary or ancient figures such as the Yellow Emperor and the Fire Emperor, Yu the Great, Qin Shi Huang, or more modern figures such as Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, or Mao Zedong. Another symbol often used is the Chinese dragon as a personification for the Chinese nation.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Similar to the use of the chrysanthemum (which also has cultural significance in China) in Japan as the Imperial Seal of Japan, the plum blossom is also a national symbol of China, designated by the Legislative Yuan in the Republic of China on 21 July 1964. It was also proposed to be the national flower of the People's Republic of China. The Republic of China patriotic song The Plum Blossom revolves around its symbolism for China.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In addition to the Taiwan independence movement and Hong Kong independence movement, there are a number of ideologies which exist in opposition to Chinese nationalism.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Some opponents have asserted that Chinese nationalism is inherently backward and is therefore incompatible with a modern state. Some claim that Chinese nationalism is actually a manifestation of beliefs in Han Chinese ethnic superiority (also known as Sinocentrism), though this is hotly debated.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The so-called Milk Tea Alliance movement which exists in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Thailand is also in opposition to Chinese nationalism.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Elements of Japanese nationalism are hostile to China. In World War II, the Empire of Japan conquered large swathes of Chinese territory, and many contemporary nationalists in Japan deny the events of the Nanking Massacre.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: American scholar Edward Friedman has argued that there is a northern governmental, political, bureaucratic Chinese nationalism that is at odds with a southern, commercial Chinese nationalism.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Populist nationalism is a comparatively late development in Chinese nationalism of the 1990s. It began to take recognizable shape after 1996, as a joint result of the evolving nationalist thinking of the early 1990s and the ongoing debates on modernity, postmodernism, postcolonialism, and their political implications-debates that have engaged many Chinese intellectuals since early 1995.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: During the Cold War era, American strategies to contain the spread of communism fueled nationalist sentiment in China, including as a result of the Korean War, the Taiwan Strait Crisis, the PRC's exclusion from the United Nations, and the U.S. embargo of China.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: The end of the Cold War has seen the revival throughout the world of nationalist sentiments and aspirations, nationalism is seen as increasing the legitimacy of Chinese Communist Party rule. One remarkable phenomenon in the post-Cold War upsurge of Chinese nationalism is that Chinese intellectuals became one of the driving forces. Many well-educated people-social scientists, humanities scholars, writers, and other professionals have given voice to and even become articulators for rising nationalistic discourse in the 1990s. Some commentators have proposed that "positive nationalism" could be an important unifying factor for the country as it has been for other countries. China has also pursued ethno-nationalist policies aimed at appealing to its diaspora abroad.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: On 7 May 1999, during Operation Allied Force (NATO bombing of Yugoslavia), NATO aircraft bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, killing three Chinese citizens. The US claimed that the bombing was an accident caused by the use of outdated maps but few Chinese accepted this explanation. The incident caused widespread anger and following the attack Chinese officials described the bombing as a "barbarian act" and a "war crime" while Chinese students in Europe and America demonstrated against 'NATO fascism'. In China thousands were involved in protest marches in Beijing and other provincial capitals, some protesters threw gas bombs and rocks at the diplomatic missions of the United States and other NATO countries while in Chengdu the American Consul's residence was firebombed, deepening anti-Western and anti-American sentiment in China. China, along with Russia, had already supported Slobodan Milošević and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War, and opposed NATO bombardment of Yugoslavia.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In the 21st century, notable spurs of grassroots Chinese nationalism grew from what the Chinese saw as the marginalization of their country from Japan and the Western world. The Japanese history textbook controversies, as well as Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's visits to the Yasukuni Shrine was the source of considerable anger on Chinese blogs. In addition, the protests following the 2008 Tibetan unrest of the Olympic torch has gathered strong opposition within the Chinese community inside China and abroad. Almost every Tibetan protest on the Olympic torch route was met with a considerable pro-China protest. Because the 2008 Summer Olympics were a major source of national pride, anti-Olympics sentiments are often seen as anti-Chinese sentiments inside China. Moreover, the Sichuan earthquake in 2008 sparked a high sense of nationalism from the Chinese at home and abroad. The central government's quick response to the disaster was instrumental in galvanizing general support from the population amidst harsh criticism directed towards China's handling of the Lhasa riots only two months previously. In 2005, anti-Japanese demonstrations were held throughout Asia as a result of events such as the Japanese history textbook controversies. In 2012, Chinese people in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan held anti-Japanese protests due to the escalating Senkaku Islands dispute.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Nationalism was witnessed at the 2008 Olympic torch relay where pro-Olympic protests were held by overseas Chinese in response to disruptions by anti-China activists in Paris and London. At least 5,000 Chinese Americans including immigrants from mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asia also protested outside CNN's Hollywood offices after CNN commentator Jack Cafferty described Chinese products as "junk" and the Chinese as “goons” and “thugs” during a segment about China's relationship with America. In China, calls were made to boycott retail company Carrefour due to rumours it funded Tibetan independence groups, but the boycotts subsided partly because of efforts by French officials to apologise for the Paris torch attack.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Another example of modern nationalism in China is the Hanfu movement, which is a Chinese movement in the early 21st century that seeks the revival of Chinese traditional clothing.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Credit Suisse has determined through a 2018 survey that young Chinese consumers are turning to local brands as a result of growing nationalism. Local brands like Lenovo have also received backlash from some online Chinese for being unpatriotic.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In 2021 Hannah Bailey, a researcher of Chinese internet censorship at the University of Oxford's Internet Institute, noted a shift in China's approach toward deriving legitimacy from nationalism, compared to the earlier approach based on its economic performance.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: In response to protests during the 2008 Olympic Torch Relay, the Chinese blogosphere became filled with nationalistic material, many of which highlighted perceived biases and inaccuracies in Western media such as photos of clashes between police and Tibetan independence protestors that took place in Nepal and India but captioned to seem as if the events happened in China. One such site, Anti-CNN, claimed that news channels such as CNN and BBC pushed false narratives and only reported selectively in the 2008 Tibetan unrest.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: Chinese hackers have claimed to have attacked the CNN website numerous times, through the use of DDoS attacks. Similarly, the Yasukuni Shrine website was hacked by Chinese hackers during late 2004, and another time on 24 December 2008.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: During the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, in response to protestors doxing police officers and people unsupportive of the protests, some Chinese nationalists in Hong Kong responded by doxing protestors.


title: Chinese nationalism

text: As Xi Jinping, an admitted nationalist who solidified his control after 2012, became the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, the CCP has used the phrase "Chinese Dream", to describe his overarching plans for China. Xi first used the phrase during a high-profile visit to the National Museum of China on 29 November 2012, where he and his Standing Committee colleagues were attending a "national revival" (民族复兴; more commonly translated "national rejuvenation" to differentiate from national awakening) exhibition. Since then, the phrase has become the signature political slogan of the Xi era. In the public media, the Chinese Dream and nationalism are interwoven. In diplomacy, the Chinese dream and nationalism have been closely linked to the Belt and Road Initiative. Peter Ferdinand argues that it thus becomes a dream about a future in which China "will have recovered its rightful place."


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The Brundtland Commission, formerly the World Commission on Environment and Development, was a sub-organization of the United Nations (UN) that aimed to unite countries in pursuit of sustainable development. It was founded in 1983 when Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, appointed Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Prime Minister of Norway, as chairperson of the commission. Brundtland was chosen due to her strong background in the sciences and public health.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The Brundtland Commission officially dissolved in 1987 after releasing "Our Common Future", also known as the "Brundtland Report". The document popularized the term "sustainable development" and won the Grawemeyer Award in 1991. In 1988, the Center for Our Common Future replaced the commission.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: Ten years after the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, a number of global environmental challenges had not been adequately addressed.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: During the 1980s, the World Bank increasingly intervened with the economic and social policies of the Third World, most notably with the events at Bretton Woods in 1945. Neoliberalism and economic globalization dominated the political agenda of leading trading nations, led by the US's Ronald Reagan and the UK's Margaret Thatcher.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The underlying problem was reducing poverty in low-income countries without exacerbating global and local environmental burdens. Neither high-income Northern countries nor low-income Southern countries were willing to give up economic growth, but environmental threats such as pollution, acid rain, deforestation, desertification, and ozone depletion were impossible to overlook. Countries needed some way to reconcile economic development with environmental protection.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The 1980 World Conservation Strategy of the International Union for Conservation of Nature was the first report that included a very brief chapter on a concept called "sustainable development". It focused on global structural changes and was not widely read. The UN created an independent commission, which was asked to provide an analysis of existing problems and ideas for solving them, similar to earlier commissions such as the Independent Commission on International Development Issues (Brandt Commission) and the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues (Palme Commission).


title: Brundtland Commission

text: In December 1983, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, asked the former Prime Minister of Norway, Gro Harlem Brundtland, to create an organization independent of the UN to focus on environmental and developmental problems and solutions after an affirmation by the General Assembly resolution in the fall of 1983. This new organization was the Brundtland Commission, formally known as the World Commission on Environment and Development. It was initially headed by Brundtland as Chairman and Mansour Khalid as Vice-Chairman.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The 1983 General Assembly established the Commission with Resolution 38/161, "Process of preparation of the Environmental Perspective to the Year 2000 and Beyond". In A/RES/38/161, the General Assembly:


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The Brundtland Report was intended to respond to the conflict between globalized economic growth and accelerating ecological degradation by redefining "economic development" in terms of "sustainable development". It is credited with crafting the most prevalent definition of sustainability:"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."


title: Brundtland Commission

text: "Our Common Future" was published by Oxford University Press in 1987. The document was the culmination of a “900-day” international exercise which catalogued, analyzed, and synthesized written submissions and expert testimony from “senior government representatives, scientists and experts, research institutes, industrialists, representatives of non-governmental organizations, and the general public” held at public hearings throughout the world.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The Brundtland Commission's mandate was to:“[1] re-examine the critical issues of environment and development and to formulate innovative, concrete, and realistic action proposals to deal with them; [2] strengthen international cooperation on environment and development and assess and propose new forms of cooperation that can break out of existing patterns and influence policies and events in the direction of needed change; and [3] raise the level of understanding and commitment to action on the part of individuals, voluntary organizations, businesses, institutes, and governments” (1987: 347). Furthermore,“The Commission focused its attention on the areas of population, food security, the loss of species and genetic resources, energy, industry, and human settlements - realizing that all of these are connected and cannot be treated in isolation one from another” (1987: 27).


title: Brundtland Commission

text: These ideas are essentially equivalent to intergenerational equity; "needs" are basic and essential, economic growth will facilitate their fulfillment, and equity is encouraged by citizen participation.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: Another key element in the definition is the unity of environment and development. The Brundtland Commission argued against the assertions of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment and provides an alternative perspective on sustainable development, unique from that of the 1980 World Conservation Strategy of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The commission suggested that while the "environment" was previously perceived as a sphere separate from human emotion or action, and "development" was a term habitually used to describe political goals or economic progress, it is more comprehensive to understand the two terms in relation to each other (i.e., one can better understand the environment in relation to development and vice versa because they cannot and should not be distinguished as separate entities). Brundtland argued:"...the "environment" is where we live; and "development" is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode. The two are inseparable."The Brundtland Commission insisted that the environment should also include social and political atmospheres and circumstances, as well as how development is not just about how poor countries can ameliorate their situation, but what the entire world, including developed countries, can do to ameliorate their common situation.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The Brundtland Commission Report recognized that human resource development in the form of poverty reduction, gender equity, and wealth redistribution was crucial to formulating strategies for environmental conservation, and that environmental limits to economic growth in industrialized and industrializing societies existed. The report offered “the analysis, the broad remedies, and the recommendations for a sustainable course of development” within such societies (1987:16).


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The Brundtland definition is open to interpretation, allowing for widespread support from diverse efforts, groups and organizations, and has also been criticized for being "self-defeating and compromised rhetoric". Despite this, the issue of sustainable development entered the agenda of international and national institutions, corporations, and cities.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The Brundtland Commission was chaired by former Norwegian prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. Politicians, civil servants, and environmental experts made up the majority of the members. Members of the commission represented 21 different nations (both developed and developing countries are included). Many of the members were important political figures in their home country, such as William Ruckelshaus, former head of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. All members of the commission were appointed by both Brundtland and Khalid.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The commission focused on setting up networks to promote environmental stewardship. Most of these networks make connections between governments and non-government entities, such as Bill Clinton's Council on Sustainable Development, which invites government and business leaders to come together and share ideas on how to encourage sustainable development. The Brundtland Commission has been the most successful in forming international ties between governments and multinational corporations. The international structure and scope of the Brundtland Commission allowed multiple problems (such as deforestation and ozone depletion) to be looked at from a holistic approach.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: The three main pillars of sustainable development include economic growth, environmental protection, and social equality. While many people agree that each of these three ideas contribute to the overall idea of sustainability, it is difficult to find evidence of equal levels of initiatives for the three pillars in countries' policies worldwide. With the overwhelming number of countries that put economic growth on the forefront of sustainable development, it is evident that the other two pillars have been suffering, especially with the overall well-being of the environment in a dangerously unhealthy state. The Brundtland Commission put forth a conceptual framework that many nations agree with and want to try to make a difference with in their countries, but it has been difficult to change these concepts about sustainability into concrete actions and programs. After the commission released "Our Common Future", it called for an international meeting to take place to map out more concrete initiatives and goals, which took place in Rio de Janeiro. A comprehensive plan of action, known as Agenda 21, came out of the meeting, and entailed actions to be taken globally, nationally, and locally to make life on Earth more sustainable going into the future.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: Economic growth is the pillar that most groups focus on when attempting to attain more sustainable efforts and development. In trying to build their economies, many countries focus their efforts on resource extraction, which leads to unsustainable efforts for environmental protection and economic growth sustainability. While the commission was able to help to change the association between economic growth and resource extraction, the total worldwide consumption of resources is projected to increase in the future. Agenda 21 reinforces the importance of finding methods to generate economic growth without hurting the environment.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: Environmental protection has become more important to government and businesses over the last 20 years, leading to great improvements in the number of people willing to invest in green technologies. For the second consecutive year in 2010, the US and Europe added more power capacity from renewable sources such as the wind and sun. In 2011 the efforts continued with 45 new wind energy projects in 25 different states. The focus on environmental protection transpired globally, including a great deal of investment in renewable energy power capacity. Eco-city development occurring around the world helps develop and implement water conservation, smart grids with renewable energy sources, LED street lights, and energy-efficient building. The consumption gap remains: "roughly 80 percent of the natural resources used each year are consumed by about 20 percent of the world's population".


title: Brundtland Commission

text: Social equality and equity are pillars of sustainable development that focus on the social well-being of people. The growing gap between incomes of the rich and poor is evident throughout the world with the incomes of the richer households increasing relative to the incomes of middle- or lower-class households. The disparity is attributed partly to the land distribution patterns in rural areas where the majority live from land. Global inequality has been declining, but the richest 1% of the world's population own 40% of the world's wealth and the poorest 50% owning around 1%. The Commission reduced the number of people living on less than a dollar a day to just half of what it used to be, as many can approach the environment and use it. These achievements can also be attributed to economic growth in China and India.


title: Brundtland Commission

text: In May 1984, the commission held an organizational meeting of the Commission in Geneva to adopt its rules of procedure and operation, and to appoint a secretary general to guide its work. In July 1984, a secretariat was established in Geneva, temporarily at the Centre de Morillon and later at the Palais Wilson. Members of the secretariat have included:


title: Jesse Borrego

text: Jesse Borrego (born August 1, 1962) is an American actor best known for his roles as Cruz Candelaria in "Blood In Blood Out", Jesse V. Velasquez in "Fame", Gael Ortega in "24", and George King in "Dexter".


title: Jesse Borrego

text: Jesse Borrego was born in San Antonio, Texas, to Gloria Flores and Jesse Borrego Sr., an accordion player and singer of conjunto Mexican music. Jesse is the second oldest of five children: Gloria Marina, James, Georgina, and Grace. As a youth Jesse often danced with his sister Marina entering and winning several dance contests. Borrego lived with his grandparents during his high school years. He considered going into the US Air Force to become a pilot but pursued an acting career instead because it came naturally to him. After graduating from Harlandale High School, he attended University of the Incarnate Word, studying theater and dance, and The California Institute of the Arts alongside actor Don Cheadle. He earned a degree in Performance in 1984. About the same time, he attended an open audition for the TV Series "Fame" where he won the role of "Jesse Velasquez" for seasons 4, 5 and 6 from 1984-1987.


title: Jesse Borrego

text: He was a regular on the musical television series "Fame" for the show's final three seasons from 1984-1987. He appeared on "Married... with Children" as Bruno in the episode "Can't Dance, Don't Ask Me" (1989). He is well-remembered for his performance in the film "Blood In Blood Out" portraying the role of Cruz Candelaria.


title: Jesse Borrego

text: Borrego appeared in productions at the Joseph Papp Theatre in New York City and the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. In addition to performing on stage and in films such as "Mi Vida Loca", "Follow Me Home", "New York Stories", and "Con Air", he began Lupita Productions in 1990. He has produced theatrical productions and concerts as well as two 16mm short films: "El Suendo de Simon" (1993) by James Borrego and "Flattime" (1995) by Jimmy Santiago Baca. He also played role of an original gangster on DarkRoom Familia's "Veteranos" in 1999. Borrego is a member of the theatre group "Tribal Players." He is well known for his recurring roles on the third season of "24" as Gael Ortega and the third season of "Dexter" as George King. In 2009, Borrego starred in the movie "La Mission" where he reunited with former "Blood In Blood Out" co-star Benjamin Bratt.


title: Jesse Borrego

text: Borrego has also had his hand in directing. Borrego directed the no-budget indie film titled "Closer to Bottom" which premiered at the inaugural Austin Indie Fest in November, 2017. The movie won an award for Best Made in Texas Feature Film.


title: OFC Champions League

text: The OFC Champions League, also known as the O-League, is the premier men's club soccer competition in Oceania. It is organised by the OFC, Oceania's football governing body. Beginning as the Oceania Club Championship (1987–2006), it has been organised since 2007 under its current format.


title: OFC Champions League

text: The first four Club Championship titles were won by Australian clubs. Since 2006, 12 OFC titles have been won by clubs from New Zealand, one by a Papua New Guinean club and one by a New Caledonian club.


title: OFC Champions League

text: The Oceania Club Championship was played in one or two venues, in one host country. There were two or three groups with single round-robin format, semifinals and final. The tournament usually lasted about 10 days, with matches being played every 2 days.


title: OFC Champions League

text: At first, this competition was played as a single playoff match between champions of New Zealand and Australia. That competition was held in 1987 and Adelaide City won the inaugural season. Then 12 years pause came, until the OFC organised the next, all-Oceania Cup. In January 1999, the Oceania Club Championship was held in the Fijian cities of Nadi and Lautoka. Nine teams took part, with Australian side South Melbourne winning the trophy. They also qualified for the following year's FIFA Club World Cup.


title: OFC Champions League

text: The next competition was held two years later, with an Australian team again winning the title. Wollongong Wolves won it, beating Vanuatu representative Tafea in the final. Two more editions were held under this name and format, with Sydney and Auckland City winning titles. OFC decided to change the competition format and name, so that since 2007 the competition is known as the OFC Champions League.


title: OFC Champions League

text: The OFC decided to change competition format, to make its main competition more interesting and more important to competing clubs.


title: OFC Champions League

text: The first two seasons saw competition with two groups of three teams each, and from the third edition onwards it consists of two groups of four teams each. Group winners progress to the final, played in double playoff format, with the winner taking the title. Unlike its previous format, O-League lasts more than a half year, starting in October and ending the following April. The O-League winner qualifies to FIFA Club World Cup, entering the competition in the playoff round.


title: OFC Champions League

text: For the 2012–13 season O-League changed its format with the introduction of qualifying stage, with the champions of the four weakest leagues competing for a play-off spot with the representative of country with the worst record from the previous tournament. Later rather were also scheduling and format changes for the main tournament. That competition was played between March and May 2013 with introduction of semifinal stage and final played on neutral venue. First O-League one-legged final was played in Auckland, and was the first O-League final between two teams from the same country, with Auckland City defeating Waitakere United to win its 5th title.


title: OFC Champions League

text: The OFC Champions League saw another change for 2013–14 season, with the group stage played in a pre-determined location and the semifinals and final played on a home-and-away basis. Fiji was selected as host. The Preliminary stage was played six months before the group stage, and the winner entered the group stage.


title: OFC Champions League

text: In 2014, both finalists of the OFC Champions League participated in the OFC President's Cup, an invitational tournament organised by the OFC. However, President's Cup was held only once.


title: OFC Champions League

text: In the 2014–15 season, the tournament was sponsored by Fiji Airways and renamed the "Fiji Airways OFC Champions League" in that season.


title: OFC Champions League

text: Another format change came in 2017 when group stage was expanded to 16 teams with whole competition being played in the one year (preliminary stage followed by group stage and later knock-out stage). Each of four groups was hosted by one of teams from the group meaning more countries and teams included. Group winners qualified for the semifinal stage. The semifinals and final were both played on home-away basis. Following success of 2017 season, OFC added quarterfinal round for 2018 edition, meaning the top two teams from each group qualified for the knock-out stage.


title: OFC Champions League

text: The 2019 final, Hienghène Sport–AS Magenta (both from New Caledonia), marked the first time in the history of the competition that there was no side from New Zealand present.


title: LadBaby

text: Mark Ian Hoyle (born 12 April 1987), commonly known by his Internet pseudonym LadBaby, is a British blogger, YouTuber, and social media personality from Nottingham, England. His video content focuses on his experiences as a father, and is filmed with his wife, Roxanne Zee Hoyle. The couple had the Christmas number one on the UK Singles Chart in 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 with the novelty songs "We Built This City", "I Love Sausage Rolls", "Don't Stop Me Eatin'" and "Sausage Rolls for Everyone" respectively. This made LadBaby the first act in UK history to secure four consecutive Christmas number ones, and the second act to secure four Christmas number ones, matching the record set by The Beatles, who had four non consecutive Christmas number ones in 1963, 1964, 1965 and 1967.


title: LadBaby

text: Mark Hoyle married Roxanne Hoyle ("née" Messenger) in May 2015 after eloping to Las Vegas; they have two sons, Phoenix Forest and Kobe Notts, born in 2016 and 2018, respectively. The family currently reside in Nottingham, England. While Roxanne was pregnant with their first son, Mark created a blog named "LadBaby" (reflecting the fact that he "was a lad and [he] was having a baby"), in which he documented his day-to-day life as a first-time parent.


title: LadBaby

text: , the LadBaby YouTube channel, Facebook page and Instagram account have over 1 million subscribers, 4.9 million followers and 1.3 million followers respectively. LadBaby's video content, uploaded onto their Facebook and YouTube accounts, consists mainly of vlogs in which Mark demonstrates life hacks which help him to save money when faced with potentially costly parenting tasks. In June 2017, one vlog, in which he bought a toolbox from a hardware store to serve as a lunchbox for his son, went viral. Other creations by him include a baby walker made of pipes, a makeshift paddling pool made from a skip and a makeshift baby gate made from half of a door. Other viral videos include two uploaded in February 2018, when the Hoyle couple had each other's cars wrapped with love heart stickers and photographs of their faces. LadBaby is also known for the catchphrase "Yes, mate!", which is often said in the videos. In October 2018, the Hoyles launched a spin-off YouTube channel, LadBaby & Sons, in which their sons take a more active role. The channel generally focuses on toy testing and kid-friendly social media challenges.


title: LadBaby

text: On 14 December 2018, the Hoyle couple released their charity single, a parody cover of Starship's 1985 single "We Built This City". The amended lyrics had a sausage roll theme with the refrain being changed to "We Built This City on Sausage Rolls". Proceeds from the charity single went to The Trussell Trust. The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, beating Ava Max's "Sweet but Psycho" and Ariana Grande's "Thank U, Next" to the 2018 Christmas number one, making the Hoyles the first British YouTubers to top the chart. It also appeared in Australia's ARIA Digital Track Chart and the US Hot Rock Songs chart peaking at No. 31 and No. 47 respectively.


title: LadBaby

text: On 13 December 2019, the Hoyle couple released a single entitled "I Love Sausage Rolls", a parody cover of Alan Merrill's "I Love Rock 'n' Roll". Nick Southwood co-wrote the new lyrics with the Hoyles, produced, mixed and performed bass and lead guitar. The single's cover is based on "Abbey Road"'s cover. The song became the Christmas number one, beating the likes of Stormzy (No. 2), Lewis Capaldi (No. 3) and Dua Lipa (No. 4), and spent one week in the top 40. The couple were the third act to have two consecutive Christmas number one singles and the first to have two successive novelty Christmas number ones in the UK. On 27 December 2019, the record dropped from number 1 to number 57 and broke the record for the biggest ever drop from the top within the top 75 (as per The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles list, as "Three Lions" would have crashed out of the 'hit parade' by dropping to number 97 after it was number 1 in 2018). As with their previous single, proceeds went to The Trussell Trust. In a December 2019 interview with "The Guardian", Hoyle declined to say who he had voted for at that month's general election; and when asked whether a government that introduced austerity would do anything to mitigate the issue of food poverty, he said the incoming Conservative government were "the right people", and "I'm sure they're gonna do a great job."


title: LadBaby

text: On 13 December 2020, the couple announced their new Christmas single entitled "Don't Stop Me Eatin'", a parody cover of "Don't Stop Believin'" by Journey (which had got to number 2 in the UK charts when it was covered by the Glee Cast). In the United Kingdom, its rivals in the race for the Christmas Number One were Russ Abbott's "Atmosphere", former chart toppers Justin Bieber and The Lewisham & Greenwich NHS Choir (teaming up for a version of Bieber's "Holy") and Liam Gallagher's "All You're Dreaming Of". Again, LadBaby's parody version of "Don't Stop Believin'" had a sausage roll theme, with proceeds going to The Trussell Trust, whilst the design of the single's sleeve parodied Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody".


title: LadBaby

text: On 21 December 2020, LadBaby released an additional duet version of "Don't Stop Me Eatin'", which featured Ronan Keating performing the song with 'LadBabyMum' Roxanne Hoyle. On 22 December 2020, James Masterton (the chart analyst for "Music Week") reported that the single had sold over 116,000 copies so far, a total which included both the original and the version with Ronan.


title: LadBaby

text: On 25 December 2020, Katie Thistleton on BBC Radio 1 revealed it was the number one for Christmas 2020. It sold 158,000 to top the chart and 94% of its total figure came from paid-for sales (downloads and CDs rather than streams). It was the fastest-selling single in the UK charts since another charity record, "Bridge Over Troubled Water" by Artists For Grenfell, topped the chart in June 2017. LadBaby became the third act to secure three consecutive Christmas number ones and one of the few acts to top the chart with their first three singles.


title: LadBaby

text: On 1 January 2021, "Don't Stop Me Eatin'" dropped down the Official Chart Company's singles chart to number 78 and so became the first new track to drop out of the Top 75 ('hit parade') from number one. In doing so, it broke the record for the shortest stay in the 'hit parade' for a number one single (as in "The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles" list of Top 75 singles chart records) with only one week in the Top 75.


title: LadBaby

text: In December 2021, LadBaby announced they were trying to get a fourth consecutive festive Number 1 by releasing a new Christmas single featuring Elton John and Ed Sheeran. Unlike their other parodies, the new song "Sausage Rolls For Everyone" is based on a 2021 number one, "Merry Christmas", which became a chart-topper for featured artists Ed Sheeran and Elton John on the Official Singles Chart Top 100 on 10 December 2021 (week ending date 16 December 2021). Again, LadBaby found the new record up against oldies from Wham! and Mariah Carey (both number one hits in the previous year), as well as singles by Adele and Gayle. In the same week, an acoustic version of "Sausage Rolls For Everyone" was released with The Food Bank Choir (rather than Sheeran and John). The acoustic version also came with a new video recorded at St Margaret's the Queen Church (as it is where the Norwood and Brixton Food Bank is located), featuring the Hoyles alongside stroke survivor Donna Kennedy and her 12-year-old son Ronan.


title: LadBaby

text: On 24 December 2021, LadBaby secured their fourth Christmas No.1 in a row with a sales total of 136,445 (including 110,882 downloads and 4,898 CDs being sold), beating the original version of "Merry Christmas" by over 45,000 sales (with this number 2 getting a sales total of 90,508 in the end). On 31 December 2021, "Sausage Rolls For Everyone" was replaced at number one by the original "Merry Christmas", when it dropped to number 29 in the charts, managing a second week in the UK Top 40 and equalling the drop of 2015's "A Bridge over You" by the Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Choir, which once had the record-breaking fall from the top.


title: LadBaby

text: LadBaby's Christmas success has been challenged by comedy act The Kunts over their intentions with their charitable singles, going as far as to accuse them of profiteering from poverty.


title: LadBaby

text: In 2012, the couple took part in Channel 4’s "Hidden Talent". Trained by former champion freediver Emma Farrell, Roxanne Hoyle was able to hold her breath underwater for four minutes and eighteen seconds.


title: LadBaby

text: In June 2018, following an online public vote, Mark Hoyle won Clas Ohlson's 2018 "Celebrity Dad of the Year" award, beating Prince William and others. Nine months later, Roxanne Hoyle won Clas Ohlson's 2019 "Celebrity Mum of the Year" award.


title: LadBaby

text: In November 2019, the Hoyle couple published a book titled "Parenting for £1: …And Other Baby Budget Hacks", in which they wrote about their life hacks.


title: LadBaby

text: In October 2020, Mark and Roxanne announced they had partnered with Walkers to create limited edition sausage roll-flavoured crisps, with five pence of the proceeds from each pack going to The Trussell Trust. In November 2020, the couple filmed a Walkers Christmas Ad.


title: LadBaby

text: In 2021, Roxanne released a collaboration clothing range with In the Style with most of the clothing aimed for mothers and women of all sizes. In July 2021, Roxanne and Mark released limited edition clothing for Euro 2020. In September 2021, the couple visited Greythorn Primary School, which Mark attended as a young child, to announce they had written a children's book, "Greg the Sausage Roll: Santa's Little Helper", to be released in stores on 11 November 2021. They worked with Puffin Books, WHSmith, and the National Literacy Trust so that every time a book was pre-ordered or ordered from WH Smith, one book would be given to a child in the UK who does not have their own book. They also shared that they both have dyslexia. A couple of weeks later, Mark was nominated for a Pride of Britain Award for ITV Charity Fundraiser of the Year. In October 2021, Mark announced he was launching a Greg the Sausage Roll soft toy for Christmas. In November 2021, Mark and Roxanne began a book signing tour for "Greg the Sausage Roll: Santa's Little Helper".


title: LadBaby

text: In November 2022, the couple released another book, "Greg the Sausage Roll: The Perfect Present", which reached #1 on the Children's Bestseller List.


title: Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway

text: Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway is an approved long, 4-lane (expandable to 8 lanes) wide controlled-access expressway, which will connect Bahadurgarh border in Delhi with Katra in Jammu and Kashmir via Nakodar and Gurdaspur in Punjab.It will have a spur section which will connect Nakodar with Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport located in Raja Sansi, Amritsar. The long Delhi–Nakodar–Gurdaspur section is National Expressway 5 (NE-5) and long Amritsar–Nakodar section is National Expressway 5A (NE-5A). Once completed, it will reduce the current Delhi-Katra distance from to and the time travel will be reduced from 14 hours to 6 hours, and Delhi-Amritsar distance to and from the time travel will be reduced from 8 hours to only 4 hours.


title: Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway

text: It will have a trauma centre, ambulances, fire brigades, traffic police, bus bays, truck stops, interchanges with refreshment, and recreational facilities. To be constructed as a part of the Bharatmala Pariyojana, it is expected to cost ₹35,000 crores. Detailed Project Report (DPR) was completed in November 2019, and land acquisition commenced from January 2020. M/S Feedback Infra Pvt Ltd. was appointed as DPR consultant to carry out alignment studies which submitted the final shortest proposed alignment report of Delhi–Nakodar–Gurdaspur section in September 2019,Nakodar–Amritsar section in June 2020, and the survey is currently under progress in Jammu section.


title: Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway

text: It is a combination of greenfield and which brownfield expressway which passes through Haryana, Punjab, and Jammu and Kashmir. It starts from Kundli Manesar Palwal (KMP) Expressway near Jasaur Kheri village in Jhajjar District. It will lessen the workload of Grand Trunk Road. The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of the NDA government planned to construct 10 expressways in the country under Bharatmala Pariyojana, one of which would connect the national capital Delhi with Katra and Amritsar via Kharkhoda, Jind, Sangrur, Malerkotla,


title: Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway

text: The Greenfield expressway splits into two near Nakodar. One greenfield section towards Amritsar would pass nearby Sultanpur Lodhi, Goindwal Sahib, Khadoor Sahib, TarnTarn and ends near Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport. The second section goes straight to Katra, bypassing Kathua and Jammu, and it consists of both greenfield and brownfield parts. Central and state governments also agreed to connect Dera Baba Nanak and Kartarpur Corridor with this expressway project. Nearly 14,000 acres of the land of Punjab and 5,000 acres of Haryana will be acquired for the construction of this expressway.


title: Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway

text: The NHAI has divided the construction work of Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway into 2 Phases with a total of 20 construction packages.


title: Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway

text: The Phase-1 of Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway consists of two sections, namely Delhi–Nakodar–Gurdaspur (NE-5) and Nakodar–Amritsar (NE-5A). The Phase-2 consists of Gurdaspur–Katra section. Following is the alignment agreed by the Governments of Haryana, Punjab, and Jammu and Kashmir with the NHAI.


title: Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway

text: Alignment is from Jasaur Kheri-Kharkhoda-Gohana(west)- Jind(east)-Safidon(west)-Ratoli(Ambala-Narnaul)-Assandh(west)-Kalayat-Kaithal(west)-Barta. There is a proposal to extend it in Delhi from Jasaur Kheri to "Urban Extension Road II".


title: Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway

text: First greenfield expressway spur (99 km long) from Nakodar to Amritsar through Sultanpur Lodhi, Goindwal Sahib, Khadur Sahib, Tarn Taran Sahib and ends at Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport (Amritsar Airport).


title: Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway

text: Second greenfield expressway spur from Nakodar to Katra passing through Kartarpur, Gurdaspur, and Dinanagar.


title: Teen idol

text: A teen idol is a celebrity with a large teenage fan base. Teen idols are generally young but are not necessarily teenagers. An idol's popularity may be limited to teens, or may extend to all age groups.


title: Teen idol

text: East Asia possesses a robust fan culture centered around idols, one that spans both genders and generates broad appeal. East Asian idol culture, which first began in Japan in the 1960s, would spread to neighboring countries in later decades: in South Korea and Taiwan, for example, it took root in the 1990s, and in China the 2010s. Idols are also not limited to singing, and may take part in more explicitly image-focused venues such as pin-up photography (gravure idols) and pornography (AV idols).


title: Teen idol

text: There are many different idols and idol groups spread across many countries. In Japan, there are pop stars Ayumi Hamasaki and Namie Amuro as well as Kana Nishino and music groups such as Momoiro Clover Z, Morning Musume, AKB48, and Perfume and Johnny & Associates boy bands Arashi, NEWS, KAT-TUN, and Hey! Say! JUMP among others. In Taiwan, there are pop icons such as Jay Chou, Jolin Tsai, music groups Mayday, F4, and S.H.E. In South Korea, notable K-pop personalities include singers BoA and Rain and groups BTS, Exo, TVXQ, 2PM, 2AM, Beast, Shinee, Super Junior, 2NE1, Big Bang, Wonder Girls, T-ara, Kara, Blackpink and Girls' Generation. In Vietnam, there are the singers WanBi Tuấn Anh, Sơn Tùng M-TP, Đông Nhi, Bảo Thy and Tóc Tiên.


title: Teen idol

text: European teen idols include German popstar Bill Kaulitz of the pop-rock band Tokio Hotel and the members of the Anglo-Irish pop boy band One Direction, and Girls Aloud, another Anglo-Irish band. In Spain, La Oreja de Van Gogh, Miguel Bosé, Mecano, and Hombres G all enjoyed teen-idol status. In the Balkans, the late Macedonian singer Toše Proeski was considered a teen idol.


title: Teen idol

text: In Latin America, idols ranges from Mexican pop stars Timbiriche, Lynda Thomas, Magneto, Puerto Rican born Mexican Luis Miguel, Colombian Shakira and the popular Puerto Rican boy band Menudo in the 1980s and 1990s, and Paty Cantú, Anahí, Belinda, and RBD in the 2000s and 2010s. Besides, former Menudo member Ricky Martin, their chief rivals Los Chicos and former member Chayanne, Venezuelan actor and singer Guillermo Davila and more, to Argentina, where telenovela, "Chiquititas", ushered in a new era of teen-idols for that country, including actors Benjamin Rojas, Felipe Colombo, Luisana Lopilato, and Camila Bordonaba, who went on to form teen band Erreway, precursors to Mexican band RBD.


title: Teen idol

text: Often teen idols are actors or musicians. Some teen idols began their careers as child actors, such as Britney Spears, Raven-Symoné, Lindsay Lohan, Hilary Duff, and Miley Cyrus. There were teen idols before there were teen magazines, but idols have always been a permanent feature in magazines such as "Seventeen", "16", "Tiger Beat" and "Right On!" in the United States, and in similar magazines elsewhere. With the advent of television, teen idols were also promoted through programs such as "American Bandstand", "The Ed Sullivan Show", "Soul Train". Today's teen idols have spawned an entire industry of gossip magazines, television shows, YouTube, social media, and whole television channels such as E!.


title: Teen idol

text: The first known person to have been treated as a teen idol was Franz Liszt, the Hungarian pianist who, in the 1840s, drew such a following among teen girls that the term "Lisztomania" soon came to describe the phenomenon. The kind of idolizing following Liszt drew in Europe would not be followed for several decades. American-born Roger Wolfe Kahn became, arguably, America's first modern-day teen idol, when, in 1924 at the age of sixteen he launched his first jazz band. Throughout his teens, he became dubbed the 'Millionaire Maestro.' Geraldine Farrar, American opera singer, had a large following of young women nicknamed "Gerry-flappers" in the early 20th century. Rudy Vallée, who became a major success in 1929 with hits like "Honey" and "Deep Night", may have been the first American popular singer to have been idolised by hundreds of teen-aged girls at sold-out concerts. He was also possibly the first popular singer to have a star vehicle created for him: "The Vagabond Lover".


title: Teen idol

text: Frank Sinatra, whose early career in the 1940s is often linked to his appeal to bobby soxers, who got that name because they were forced to dance in their bobby socks so that their shoes would not damage the dance floor, is also regarded as having been amongst the first teen idols.


title: Teen idol

text: Although he had only three major movie roles, James Dean earned two Oscar nominations. He also had the image of a rebellious youth, something that was popular among girls and young women. His performance in "Rebel Without A Cause" (1955) and his untimely death in a road collision in 1955 cemented his status as an icon. Contemporary teenagers still wear white T-shirts and jeans in his style.


title: Teen idol

text: Selected by Walt Disney in 1955 for his new show "The Mickey Mouse Club", Annette Funicello became popular among viewers by the end of the first season. Elvis Presley made his debut in the mid-1950s and became a sensation. Deemed too dangerous to be filmed except from the waist up because of his sexually suggestive dance moves, he became popular among teenagers. The success of young rock stars like Presley, film stars like Marlon Brando, Paul Newman, James Dean, Tab Hunter, and Sal Mineo in the 1950s, as well as the wider emergence of youth subcultures, led promoters to the deliberate creation of teen idols such as singers Frankie Avalon, Fabian Forte, Bobby Rydell, Annette, Frankie Lymon, and Connie Stevens. Even crooners like Frank Sinatra were still considered idols and rather handsome. Actors Edd Byrnes and Troy Donahue and other artists deliberately cultivated a (safer) idol image, like Canadian musician Paul Anka.


title: Teen idol

text: Post-war teens were able to buy relatively inexpensive phonographs — including portable models that could be carried to friends' houses — and the new 45-rpm singles. Rock music played on 45s became the soundtrack to the 1960s as people bought what they heard on the radio. The great majority of the music being marketed to 1950s teens was being written by adults, but 1960s teens were increasingly appreciating and emulating artists closer to their own age, to teen fashion, and to lyrics which addressed their own concerns. Their parents worried about their attraction to artists (and DJs) who were edgy and rebellious. Faces on magazines fed fans; fans buy records, see films, watch TV and buy fashions.


title: Teen idol

text: Some marketers turned to film and TV for fresh, 'safe' faces. Tommy Sands's debut in a television film about the phenomenon, "The Idol", made a teen idol out of Sands himself. Ricky Nelson, a performer of rockabilly music, also became a teen idol through his parents' television series, "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet". With many parents disapproving of Elvis Presley, Nelson became a safe alternative. However, he found himself outclassed by the Beatles when they arrived in the U.S. in 1964.


title: Teen idol

text: The Beatles soon became the most successful and influential band in modern musical history, staying at the top of Billboard charts for a grand total of 58 weeks between 1964 and 1970. Adolescent hysteria was so loud that the band had trouble performing at concerts. The level of stardom they achieved in the U.S.—dubbed Beatlemania—was never before seen in that country, not even during the heyday of Elvis Presley.


title: Teen idol

text: Some young TV stars were being hustled into studios to make recordings; for example, ex-Mousketeer Annette Funicello became one of the first big female idols as well as the Lennon Sisters whom had cut out dolls and were always on the covers of the gossip magazines; another, Johnny Crawford of "The Rifleman", had five Top-40 hits. In 1963, Luke Halpin made a big splash as a teen idol in the television program "Flipper". After "Bye Bye Birdie" was released in 1963, Bobby Rydell became an instant teen idol.


title: Teen idol

text: In the 1960s as situation comedies and dramas on television using child actors became more popular, actors Paul Petersen, Patty Petersen, and Shelley Fabares from "The Donna Reed Show", Dwayne Hickman from "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis", Sally Field of "Gidget", Jon Provost of "Lassie", Jay North from "Dennis the Menace", and Keith and Kevin Schultz known as the "Schultz Twins" on "The Monroes" all became younger preteen idols and grew into being teen idols.


title: Teen idol

text: Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones, and the Beach Boys were teen idols, especially during the earlier part of their careers, although they quickly grew out of that status. The Rolling Stones did it through a more rebellious image, the Beatles did it through their more developed (or "grown up") music. Similarly, Neil Sedaka had two distinct eras of his career, with about a decade in between: one as a teen idol in the 1960s, and a later career in adult contemporary music. Roy Orbison was known for his songs "Oh, Pretty Woman," "Only the Lonely," and "Crying." From the family band the Cowsills, Susan Cowsill, John Cowsill and Barry Cowsill became teen idols. Many of the teen idols of the era were the sons of older, established stars; Dino, Desi & Billy were active as teen idols during the mid-sixties. The group included Dean Paul Martin (son of singer Dean Martin), and Billy Hinsche (a mutual friend whose parents were not famous). Gary Lewis, son of comedian Jerry Lewis, fronted the Playboys during this era.


title: Teen idol

text: All of the Monkees became instant teen idols in the late 1960s after their TV show became an overnight success, especially for Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones. The British-born Monkee Davy Jones was regularly featured in teen fan magazines. In 2008, "Yahoo Music" named Jones the number one teen idol of all time, and in 2009 he was ranked second in a list compiled by "Fox News".


title: Teen idol

text: Teen fan magazine "TeenSet" began publishing in 1964, focusing on youthful bands and musicians. "Tiger Beat" magazine began competing for the same audience in 1965.


title: Teen idol

text: After Davy Jones came Bobby Sherman and David Cassidy, who held the title of Teen Idols from the late 1960s until the mid-1970s. Both Sherman and Cassidy were actors on television and chart topping musicians in the pop-rock category at the time; with David Cassidy in particular enjoying immense international fame and success. Sherman was on hit TV shows "Shindig!" and "Here Come the Brides" among many others. Musical series such as Cassidy's "The Partridge Family", the animated series "The Archie Show", and (to a lesser extent) "The Brady Bunch" integrated television and teen-pop music to significant success during this time frame. The Brady Bunch's Barry Williams and Christopher Knight, as was tennis pro/actor Vincent Van Patten all were constantly in the fan magazines at the time. Popular actors such as John Molder Brown, Leonard Whiting, Ray Lovelock (Raymond Lovelock), Leif Garrett, Mark Hamill, Mark Lester, Jan-Michael Vincent and Jack Wild were the talk of the teenagers in the 1970s as well. Musical group the Hudson Brothers were on many teen magazine covers for a number of years as teen idols. They had two shows on TV during the 1970s and recorded many albums.


title: Teen idol

text: One of the features of many teen idols is that their fans (and, in some cases, the musicians themselves) tended to develop a hate for the music once they became adults, and it is not much listened to by adults, except for nostalgia: the legacy of bubblegum pop. Teen idol performers in this category would include Shaun Cassidy, Leif Garrett, the Osmond Brothers (particularly Donny Osmond and their teen idol sister Marie Osmond), Andy Gibb, Tony DeFranco of the Canadian band the DeFranco Family, and the Bay City Rollers (UK). Even modern classic hits and oldies outlets, which cover this time period, rarely play cuts from the teen idols of the era. A notable exception is Michael Jackson of the Jackson Five, who began his career as a teen idol along with his brothers, but whose individual career eventually evolved far beyond the limitations of that description and into superstardom.


title: Teen idol

text: The Jackson Five were the first African-American music group to become national teen idols, appearing along with famous white idols in magazines such as "16" and "Tiger Beat". In addition, the charismatic appeal, showmanship and flurry of fans towards lead Michael Jackson made him a teen idol and heartthrob amongst teens; his success as a soloist continued into the 1980s.


title: Teen idol

text: In 1985, actress Alyssa Milano from "Who's the Boss?" became a major teen idol and was dubbed "The Teen Queen of the 1980s". In the mid-1980s there was a group of young actors called the Brat Pack; the whole group collectively and separately became teen idols. They were Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Rob Lowe, Andrew McCarthy, Demi Moore, Judd Nelson, Molly Ringwald, and Ally Sheedy. They starred in many coming of age films together in some fashion and became very popular without being musicians. Molly Ringwald entered the limelight with the films "Sixteen Candles" and "The Breakfast Club".


title: Teen idol

text: Actors Corey Feldman and Corey Haim also became teen idols during the later part of the 1980s with films "The Goonies" and together "The Lost Boys", "Dream a Little Dream" and "License to Drive" among other films. They were dubbed "the two Coreys". Before Corey Haim's death in 2010, they did a reality TV show for two seasons (2007–08) on A&E named "The Two Coreys" after their 1980s moniker.


title: Teen idol

text: Actor River Phoenix during his teen years became a teen idol during the later part of the 1980s, as did Christian Slater.


title: Teen idol

text: Australian singer-actor Rick Springfield was regarded as the teen idol in the 1980s with such hits as "Jessie's Girl" and "Don't Talk to Strangers". The Grammy Award-winning musician Springfield was known for playing Dr. Noah Drake on the daytime drama "General Hospital". He originated the character from 1981 to 1983. He left acting after his music career took off.


title: Teen idol

text: During this decade, Puerto Rican boy band Menudo, caused a sensation in Latin America, nicknamed Menudomania that became compared to the Beatles' Beatlemania.


title: Teen idol

text: At the end of the 1980s, actor Kirk Cameron became a major teen idol. Cameron was best known for his role as Mike Seaver on the television situation comedy "Growing Pains" from 1985 to 1992. Also Scott Baio and Willie Aames of "Charles in Charge" fame found themselves regulars in teen magazines.


title: Teen idol

text: In popular music, the late 1980s was the boom of teenagers dominating the music charts. Debbie Gibson became the youngest person to write, perform and produce a number-one single, "Foolish Beat", and also had many hits from her first two albums. Tiffany, another teen icon, became a pop sensation at 15 years old thanks to an aggressive marketing strategy. She promoted her debut album in shopping malls of the US. She is also the youngest person to have a debut album hit number one and have multiple number one singles from that album ("I Think We're Alone Now" and "Could've Been"). Having become a household name, she had then-unknown band New Kids on the Block as an opening act for her shows. However, the sudden popularity of the New Kids caused their roles to be reversed. Gibson and Tiffany's careers had stalled by the early 1990s; so had NKOTB by the mid-nineties. The other boy band from Boston, New Edition, was popular with the teen set by the end of the 1980s.


title: Teen idol

text: One of the most popular female singers of the 1980s, with teen idol status was Madonna, especially among youth female audience which was latter named Madonna wannabes. With songs "Like a Prayer", "Who's That Girl" and "Like a Virgin" in the '80s top lists throughout the decade. She became a teen idol through her acclaimed music, groundbreaking videos, celebrity tabloid image, feminist punk spirit, public acceptance of the marginalised LGBTQ+ community, unique fashion at the time and her very loyal fanbase.


title: Teen idol

text: The manufacturing of teen idols has been marketed more aggressively and with greater sophistication since the 1980s. Many of the major teen idols in the 1990s were bands and musical acts. The rise of MTV in the 1980s and the success of the boy bands and girl groups during the 1990s and 2000s continued to fuel the phenomenon. Besides a combination of good, clean-cut looks and a ubiquitous marketing campaign, such bands typically include a variety of personality types (e.g. "the shy one", "the smart one", etc.) These idols were often found on the covers and pages of teen magazines during the 1990s as teen idols as well. Classic examples of boy bands include Menudo, New Kids on the Block, Take That, Backstreet Boys, and NSYNC, all becoming the best selling pop groups of the decade. Hanson was initially marketed as such a band, but eventually outgrew this label to become a successful indie band. Christina Aguilera, Jennifer Lopez, Mandy Moore, Jessica Simpson, and Britney Spears, along with female bands such as the Spice Girls, TLC, and Destiny's Child, also became very popular at the end of the decade. Even though the Spice Girls split in 2000, they remain fairly popular in England.


title: Teen idol

text: During this decade, the Latin artist Shakira was described as a "teen idol", her songs reached number 1 on Latin radio, her videos were among the most viewed, while her hair and clothing style was emulated by girls and young women. from the continent identifying with their songs, this was called "Shakiramía" or "Shakira Fever"


title: Teen idol

text: The Backstreet Boys' popularity grew in 1997 with "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)," a song produced by Max Martin. Opting against joining a girl band, Britney Spears released the music video "...Baby One More Time" in 1998 on MTV, which pushed her into the public consciousness. Her first album of the same name made its debut at the top of Billboard's charts.


title: Teen idol

text: After the movie "Clueless" (1995), Alicia Silverstone became a teen idol. The 1997 film "Titanic" made Leonardo DiCaprio a teen idol; during "Leo-Mania" his face appeared on many teen magazines. Fraternal twin sisters and actresses Ashley Olsen and Mary-Kate Olsen were major tween idols and as they grew up they later became teen idols during the 1990s.


title: Teen idol

text: The 2000s would be a decade of transition due to increasing amount of media platforms coming from TV and the internet, though Hollywood would still be a spring board for many names in the early years of the decade. Actors such as Josh Hartnett, Heath Ledger and Ashton Kutcher would dominate the teen idol scene for the early 2000s. Hartnett become the most prominent face of the young Hollywood actors entering the 2000s. He appeared on dozens of major magazine covers and was the subject of a "Vanity Fair" cover story remarking on his meteoric rise to fame. The intense attention he received during this time period caused him to turn down high-profile roles, including a reported $100 million offer to play Superman, before leaving Hollywood completely.


title: Teen idol

text: The Walt Disney Company and its numerous outlets (e.g. Disney Channel, Radio Disney and Walt Disney Pictures) were the first to successfully develop a new generation of teen idols in this period, starting with the careers of actresses and singers Hilary Duff and Lindsay Lohan, initially targeting youth and female teen audiences. While still teenagers, Duff became famous for her starring titular character in the Disney Channel teen sitcom "Lizzie McGuire" and her multi-Platinum second studio album "Metamorphosis" (2003), with which she became one of the youngest artists to reach the top of the "Billboard" 200, and Lohan became famous for her starring roles in many successful teen movies, including "Freaky Friday" (2003), "Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen" (2004), "Mean Girls" (2004) and "" (2005), and her debut studio album "Speak" (2004). The success of this marketing led to further development of the genre, including new teen idols such as Raven-Symoné, Dylan and Cole Sprouse, Zac Efron, Aly & AJ, Jesse McCartney, Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Corbin Bleu, Miley Cyrus, Selena Gomez, Demi Lovato and the Jonas Brothers. Disney has also used another one of its own TV channels, Freeform, to develop shows and stars popular among teen girls. "Mean Girls", a well-known comedy written by Tina Fey, also saw the performances of Rachel McAdams and Amanda Seyfried (in her first role).


title: Teen idol

text: Raven-Symoné gained popularity as a child actor for her roles on The Cosby Show (1989-1992) and Hangin' with Mr Cooper (1993-1997) but became a household name from being the titular character on the extremely popular and successful Disney Channel Show That's So Raven (2003-2007) as well as being apart of The Cheetah Girls and the films (2003-2006). She also had a supporting role in (2004).


title: Teen idol

text: Miley Cyrus claimed her fame by playing a fictionalized version of herself on the television show "Hannah Montana" (2006-2011). Her 2009 singles "The Climb" and "Party in the U.S.A" were both hits. However, as she began metamorphosizing into something more mature, her popularity fell as parents considered her new materials inappropriate for their children.


title: Teen idol

text: Selena Gomez made her debut by starring in the Disney situational comedy "Wizards of Waverly Place" (2007-2012) and released her first album "Kiss & Tell" in 2009. She became an icon for (adolescent) girls and women, yet details of her personal life put her under public scrutiny.


title: Teen idol

text: ViacomCBS-owned Nickelodeon, a competitor to Disney Channel, has also developed its own slate of stars for its television shows, including Drake Bell, Josh Peck, Emma Roberts, Miranda Cosgrove, Jennette McCurdy, Nathan Kress, Jamie Lynn Spears (sister of Britney Spears), Ariana Grande, Victoria Justice, Elizabeth Gillies, and groups the Naked Brothers Band and Big Time Rush, many of whom have not only starred in TV shows, but recorded songs as well. Many of the modern-day teen idols are females marketed as "role models" to teen and tween girls, a departure from the traditional role of the male teen idol marketed as the idolized teen "heartthrob". Actress Mischa Barton became a teen idol through her role on "The O.C.", with "Entertainment Weekly" naming her character Marissa Cooper “It Girl" of 2003.


title: Teen idol

text: In 2002, Canadian singer Avril Lavigne dominated the music scene and eventually became a worldwide teen idol. Listed at #4 on Yahoo!'s Top 25 Teen Idols of all-time. During the popularity of her sister Jessica Simpson's MTV reality television series "", "7th Heaven" actress Ashlee Simpson developed a music career through her own MTV spin-off reality series "The Ashlee Simpson Show" in 2004, and soon became a teen idol.


title: Teen idol

text: American musician Taylor Swift entered the scene at age 16 by co-writing the song "Tim McCraw" with Liz Rose in 2005, after which she became a well-known and successful artist as well as a teen idol.


title: Teen idol

text: Before reaching the age of 20, Ariana Grande had already been popular among secondary schoolchildren by starring in the teen comedy show "Victorious" (2010-2013)"." She left acting for singing, and although her singing career got off to a rocky start, she did capture the attention of producer and songwriter Max Martin, who had worked with many successful artists before.


title: Teen idol

text: Teen idols were also popular in the R&B and Hip-Hop realm throughout this decade, including Chris Brown, JoJo, Bow Wow, 3LW, Ciara, Mario, B2K, and Rihanna, among others.


title: Teen idol

text: In the late 2000s, bands like Lillix, KSM, Everlife, and Clique Girlz became teen pop idols and have a teenage fanbase.


title: Teen idol

text: Discovered on YouTube by media entrepreneur Scooter Braun at the age of 13, Justin Bieber was ushered into fame with his 2009 album "My World".


title: Teen idol

text: In Japan, more and more Japanese idol groups have appeared. In Japanese culture, persons called "idols" are media personalities in their teens and early twenties who are considered particularly attractive or cute and who will, for a period ranging from several months to a few years, regularly appear in the mass media, e.g. as singers for pop groups, bit-part actors, TV personalities, models in photo spreads published in magazines, advertisements, etc. One of the most successful groups is Momoiro Clover Z. Their performances incorporate elements of ballet, gymnastics, and action movies. During 2014, about 486,000 people attended their live concerts, which was the highest record of all female musicians in Japan. Momoiro Clover Z has been ranked as one of the most popular female idol groups from 2013 to 2017.