title: Neural oscillation

text: Sleep is a naturally recurring state characterized by reduced or absent consciousness and proceeds in cycles of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Sleep stages are characterized by spectral content of EEG: for instance, stage N1 refers to the transition of the brain from alpha waves (common in the awake state) to theta waves, whereas stage N3 (deep or slow-wave sleep) is characterized by the presence of delta waves. The normal order of sleep stages is N1 → N2 → N3 → N2 → REM.


title: Neural oscillation

text: Neural oscillations may play a role in neural development. For example, retinal waves are thought to have properties that define early connectivity of circuits and synapses between cells in the retina.


title: Neural oscillation

text: Specific types of neural oscillations may also appear in pathological situations, such as Parkinson's disease or epilepsy. These pathological oscillations often consist of an aberrant version of a normal oscillation. For example, one of the best known types is the spike and wave oscillation, which is typical of generalized or absence epileptic seizures, and which resembles normal sleep spindle oscillations.


title: Neural oscillation

text: A tremor is an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving to-and-fro movements of one or more body parts. It is the most common of all involuntary movements and can affect the hands, arms, eyes, face, head, vocal cords, trunk, and legs. Most tremors occur in the hands. In some people, tremor is a symptom of another neurological disorder. Many different forms of tremor have been identified, such as essential tremor or Parkinsonian tremor. It is argued that tremors are likely to be multifactorial in origin, with contributions from neural oscillations in the central nervous systems, but also from peripheral mechanisms such as reflex loop resonances.


title: Neural oscillation

text: Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by seizures. These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal, excessive or hypersynchronous neuronal activity in the brain.


title: Neural oscillation

text: In thalamocortical dysrhythmia (TCD), normal thalamocortical resonance is disrupted. The thalamic loss of input allows the frequency of the thalamo-cortical column to slow into the theta or delta band as identified by MEG and EEG by machine learning. TCD can be treated with neurosurgical methods like thalamotomy.


title: Neural oscillation

text: Neural oscillations are sensitive to several drugs influencing brain activity; accordingly, biomarkers based on neural oscillations are emerging as secondary endpoints in clinical trials and in quantifying effects in pre-clinical studies. These biomarkers are often named "EEG biomarkers" or "Neurophysiological Biomarkers" and are quantified using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). EEG biomarkers can be extracted from the EEG using the open-source Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox.


title: Neural oscillation

text: Neural oscillation has been applied as a control signal in various brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). For example, a non-invasive BCI can be created by placing electrodes on the scalp and then measuring the weak electric signals. Although individual neuron activities cannot be recorded through non-invasive BCI because the skull damps and blurs the electromagnetic signals, oscillatory activity can still be reliably detected. The BCI was introduced by Vidal in 1973 as challenge of using EEG signals to control objects outside human body.


title: Neural oscillation

text: After the BCI challenge, in 1988, alpha rhythm was used in a brain rhythm based BCI for control of a physical object, a robot. Alpha rhythm based BCI was the first BCI for control of a robot. In particular, some forms of BCI allow users to control a device by measuring the amplitude of oscillatory activity in specific frequency bands, including mu and beta rhythms.


title: Tony Way

text: Tony Paul Way (born 7 October 1978) is an English actor, comedian, and writer. He is best known for playing characters in a number of British comedy TV series including "Extras", "After Life", "Black Books" and "Bang, Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer", as well as comedy movies including "Sightseers" and "Ali G Indahouse". He has since moved into drama, appearing as Plague in "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo", Dontos Hollard in HBO's "Game of Thrones", and Thomas Nashe in "Anonymous".


title: Tony Way

text: Way started his career in comedy and acting at the age of 17 when he, Rhys Thomas, Stephen Burge, and Glynne Wiley started making comedy videos as sketch group Stay Alive Pepi while at college. The videos were noticed by Bob Mortimer and Charlie Higson, who gave Way his first television appearances in a sketch on "The Fast Show" and in several sketches in "Bang, Bang, It's Reeves and Mortimer". Way went on to write for and perform in more comedy shows, including "Mongrels", "Extras", "Spaced", and "Tittybangbang".


title: Tony Way

text: Way has also performed in many television shows and feature films, including "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo", "Anonymous", "Tunnel of Love", "Finding Neverland", "Cheeky", "Ali G Indahouse", "Fairytales", "Down Terrace" and "Sightseers". From 2012 to 2014, Way appeared as Ser Dontos Hollard on HBO's "Game of Thrones". In 2014, he co-starred in the sci-fi film "Edge of Tomorrow", and made an appearance on "Doctor Who". Since 2013 he has played Terry in BBC Radio 4 sitcom "Seekers", written by his friend and collaborator Stephen Burge. Way also still regularly works with Rhys Thomas on the "Thomas and Way Podcast", which they have been recording irregularly since 2011.


title: Glam (group)

text: Glam (; stylized in all caps) was a South Korean girl group that debuted in 2012 managed by Source Music and produced by Big Hit Entertainment, now known as Big Hit Music. The group originally consisted of five members: Zinni, Trinity, Jiyeon, Dahee, and Miso. They were the first girl group of Source Music and Big Hit Entertainment. The group officially debuted in 2012 with the single “Party XXO”. Glam disbanded in 2015. The name of the group means "Girls be Ambitious".


title: Glam (group)

text: Before officially debuting, Glam was featured on 2AM's song "Just Me" from the boy band's 2010 album, "Saint o'Clock". Glam and BTS were also featured artists on Lee Hyun's song "Bad Girl" from the singer's 2011 album, "You Are Best of My Life". The group also gained spotlight after member Dahee provided the vocals for the VOCALOID3 product SeeU.


title: Glam (group)

text: In 2012, Glam starred in the reality show, "Real Music Drama: GLAM", which aired on SBS MTV from June 6 until the group's official debut.


title: Glam (group)

text: On July 16, 2012, Glam officially debuted with the release of their debut single, "Party (XXO)." Later that year, they released the song, "The Person I Miss" for the soundtrack of the Korean drama, "Five Fingers".


title: Glam (group)

text: On December 31, Source Music and Big Hit Entertainment announced that Trinity was leaving the group due to personal reasons and that Glam would continue as a four-member group.


title: Glam (group)

text: On January 2, 2013, Glam released their second single, "I Like That" which sampled the song "Why Do You" by Chuli and Miae. On March 15, Glam made their second comeback of the year with the single, "In Front of the Mirror" which combined genres including Europop, trot, and hip hop.


title: Glam (group)

text: On September 2, 2014, the actor Lee Byung-hun accused two women of blackmailing him by using a compromising video as leverage. Dahee and model Lee Ji-yeon were later identified as the women involved and were charged with blackmailing the actor for 5 billion won. On January 15, 2015, the Seoul District Court sentenced Dahee to one year in prison. The same day, Glam's agency confirmed that the members of the group had ended their contracts with the agency, and the group had officially disbanded.


title: Glam (group)

text: On March 26, 2015, the Seoul District Court, under Lee Byung-hun's request, gave Dahee a two-year suspended sentence instead of 1-year prison sentence.


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. It is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs usually in persons who are immunocompromised, especially those with human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The white lesion, which cannot be scraped off, is benign and does not require any treatment, although its appearance may have diagnostic and prognostic implications for the underlying condition.


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: Depending upon what definition of leukoplakia is used, hairy leukoplakia is sometimes considered a subtype of leukoplakia, or a distinct diagnosis.


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: There are no symptoms associated with the lesion itself, although many and varied symptoms and signs may be associated with the underlying cause of immunosuppression. The lesion is a white patch, which almost exclusively occurs on the lateral surfaces of the tongue, although rarely it may occur on the buccal mucosa, soft palate, pharynx or esophagus. The lesion may grow to involve the dorsal surface of the tongue. The texture is vertically corrugated ("hairy") or thickly furrowed and shaggy in appearance.


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: The white appearance is created by hyperkeratosis (overproduction of keratin) and epithelial hyperplasia. The causative agent implicated is Epstein-Barr virus, the same virus that causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever). After the primary EBV infection has been overcome, the virus will persist for the rest of the host's life and "hides" from the immune system by latent infection of B lymphocytes. The virus also causes lytic infection in the oropharynx, but is kept in check by a normal, functioning immune system. Uncontrolled lytic infection is manifested as oral hairy leukoplakia in immunocompromised hosts. OHL usually arises where the immunocompromise is secondary to HIV/AIDS. Rarely are other causes of immunocompromise associated with OHL, but it has been reported in people who have received transplants and are taking immunosuppressive medication. OHL may also accompany chronic graft versus host disease. Even more rare are reports of OHL in persons with competent immune systems.


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: The white lesion cannot be wiped away, unlike some other common oral white lesions, e.g. pseudomembranous candidiasis, and this may aid in the diagnosis. Diagnosis of OHL is mainly clinical, but can be supported by proof of EBV in the lesion (achieved by in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, Southern blotting, or electron microscopy) and HIV serotesting. When clinical appearance alone is used to diagnose OHL, there is a false positive rate of 17% compared to more objective methods. The appearance of OHL in a person who is known to be infected with HIV does not usually require further diagnostic tests as the association is well known. OHL in persons with no known cause of immunocompromise usually triggers investigations to look for an underlying cause. If tissue biopsy is carried out, the histopathologic appearance is of hyperplastic and parakeratinized epithelium, with "balloon cells" (lightly staining cells) in the upper stratum spinosum and "nuclear beading" in the superficial layers (scattered cells with peripheral margination of chromatin and clear nuclei, created by displacement of chromatin to the peripheral nucleus by EBV replication). Candida usually is seen growing in the parakeratin layer, but there are no normal inflammatory reactions to this in the tissues. There is no dysplasia (OHL is not a premalignant lesion).


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: In a classification of the oral lesions in HIV disease, OHL is grouped as "lesions strongly associated with HIV infection" (group I). It could also be classed as an opportunistic, viral disease. Hairy leukoplakia occurs on the tongue and has a similar name to hairy tongue, but these are separate conditions with different causes.


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: Treatment is not necessary since the lesion is benign, however, the person may have aesthetic concerns about the appearance. The condition often resolves rapidly with high dose acyclovir or desiclovir but recurs once this therapy is stopped, or as the underlying immunocompromise worsens. Topical use of podophyllum resin or retinoids has also been reported to produce temporary remission.


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: Antiretroviral drugs such as zidovudine may be effective in producing a significant regression of OHL. Recurrence of the lesion may also signify that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is becoming ineffective.


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: The oral lesion itself is benign and self-limiting, however this may not necessarily be the case for the underlying cause of immunocompromise. For instance, OHL with HIV/AIDS is a predictor of bad prognosis, (i.e. severe immunosuppression and advanced disease).


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: Hairy leukoplakia is one of the most common oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS, along with oral candidiasis. It is the most common HIV/AIDS related condition caused by EBV, although EBV associated lymphomas may also occur. OHL mainly occurs in adult males, less commonly in adult females and rarely in children. The incidence rises as the CD4 count falls, and the appearance of OHL may signify progression of HIV to AIDS. A study from 2001 reported a significant decrease in the incidence of some oral manifestations of AIDS (including OHL and necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis), which was attributed to the use of HAART, whilst the incidence of other HIV-associated oral lesions did not alter significantly.


title: Hairy leukoplakia

text: Oral hairy leukoplakia was discovered by Deborah Greenspan and John S. Greenspan, and in 1985 they identified a connection between it and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Oral hairy leukoplakia was first described by Greenspan "et al." in 1984, a few years after the start of the AIDS epidemic. A link with OHL was not initially reported as scientific understanding of HIV/AIDS was just beginning to develop at that time. It was subsequently thought to occur only in HIV-infected, homosexual males, however, this is now known to not always be the case.


title: Penelope Mitchell

text: Penelope Mitchell (born 24 July 1991) is an Australian actress best known for playing the roles of Letha Godfrey in the American horror television series "Hemlock Grove", and Liv Parker in "The Vampire Diaries".


title: Penelope Mitchell

text: Born in Melbourne, Victoria to a French-born artist mother and Australian entrepreneur father, Mitchell spent most of her childhood in Australia with her two older brothers. She studied ballet from age 4 to 16.


title: Penelope Mitchell

text: Mitchell finished in the top 1% of her graduating year, with an International Baccalaureate diploma. She attended Melbourne University, with the intention of becoming a lawyer. Mitchell completed her undergraduate degree in Arts: Media Communication, before moving to Los Angeles to pursue acting.


title: Penelope Mitchell

text: Penelope is the granddaughter of Lester Mitchell, MBE, and Heather Mitchell, OBE, prominent agriculturalists and political activists. Heather Mitchell was the first female president of the National Farmers Federation, and the co-founder of Landcare Australia, with former Victorian Premier, Joan Kirner.


title: Penelope Mitchell

text: She began acting a few years before she landed her role on "Hemlock Grove", appearing on shows including "Toon Time", an Australian kids show, the ABC (Australia) show "Next Stop Hollywood", which followed six Australian actors (including Penelope) who move to Hollywood to audition for pilots, and an episode of Australian police drama "Rush".


title: Penelope Mitchell

text: In the United States, Mitchell is known for her roles on the television series "The Vampire Diaries" and "Hemlock Grove". as well as the films "Hellboy" and "Zipper." She was also recently cast as Renée Picard in the television series "".


title: Jaxson Hayes

text: Jaxson Reed Hayes (born May 23, 2000) is an American professional basketball player for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Texas Longhorns.


title: Jaxson Hayes

text: Hayes attended Moeller High School in Cincinnati, Ohio. He grew from six feet as a freshman to 6'11" as a senior. In 2018 he took part in the Junior International Tournament (JIT), in Lissone, Italy, leading Team Ohio to the win of its fifth title. As a senior, he averaged 12 points, seven rebounds and four blocks per game. He committed to the University of Texas to play college basketball.


title: Jaxson Hayes

text: As a freshman at Texas, Hayes averaged 10.0 points and 5.0 rebounds per game while shooting 72.8% from the field. He scored a career-high 19 points along with seven boards, two steals and a block in a 69–56 loss to TCU. Hayes injured his left knee in a loss to Kansas in the Big 12 Tournament. He was named Big 12 Freshman of the Year. On April 11, 2019, Hayes declared for the NBA draft, forfeiting his remaining three years of eligibility.


title: Jaxson Hayes

text: On June 20, 2019, the Atlanta Hawks selected Hayes with the 8th overall pick of the 2019 NBA draft and then had his draft rights traded to New Orleans Pelicans along with the draft rights to Nickeil Alexander-Walker and the draft rights to Didi Louzada along with a heavily protected 2020 first round pick for the draft rights to De'Andre Hunter and veteran wing Solomon Hill. The trade was officially completed on July 7. Hayes made his NBA debut for the Pelicans on October 10, 2019, scoring 19 points on 8-of-11 shooting against the Golden State Warriors in an 11 point loss. On November 17, he made his first career start in place of the injured Derrick Favors, achieving his first double-double with 10 points and 10 rebounds along with 3 blocks in a 108–100 victory over the Golden State Warriors. On January 9, 2020, Hayes recorded his second NBA double-double, scoring 14 points and adding 12 rebounds to go along with 4 blocks in under 24 minutes of play. Days later, Hayes recorded 18 points and 10 rebounds in a victory over the New York Knicks, tallying consecutive double-doubles for the first time in his NBA career. The following night, Hayes posted a then career-high 20 points in a 35 point loss to the Boston Celtics.


title: Jaxson Hayes

text: On May 7, 2021, Hayes scored a season-high 19 points in a 107–109 loss to the Philadelphia 76ers. On May 14, he matched this total in a 122–125 loss to the Golden State Warriors.


title: Jaxson Hayes

text: Hayes father, Jonathan Hayes, played in the National Football League (NFL) and was the head coach of the XFL’s St. Louis BattleHawks. His mother, Kristi (Kinne), played basketball at Drake University (1991–95) and earned honorable mention Kodak All-American accolades and Missouri Valley Conference Player of the Year honors as a senior (1994–95). She recorded 3,406 career points during her four years (1987–91) at Jefferson-Scranton High School in Jefferson, Iowa. She previously served as an assistant women’s basketball coach at Oklahoma, Iowa, and Southern Illinois-Carbondale. Hayes has 3 siblings; Jillian, a varsity basketball player at Loveland High School who committed to play basketball at the University of Cincinnati, Jewett, and Jonah.


title: Jaxson Hayes

text: Hayes was arrested on July 28, 2021 and resisted arrest by the Los Angeles Police Department. Officers were investigating a radio call that involved a domestic dispute between Hayes and his girlfriend. Hayes shoved an officer into a wall and was treated for minor injuries before being taken into custody.


Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs is a book written by Hunter S. Thompson, published in 1967 by Random House. It was widely lauded for its up-close and uncompromising look at the Hells Angels motorcycle club, during a time when the gang was highly feared and accused of numerous criminal activities. "The New York Times" described Thompson's portrayal as "a world most of us would never dare encounter."


title: Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs

text: "Hell's Angels" began as the article "The Motorcycle Gangs: Losers and Outsiders" (reprinted here) written by Thompson for the May 17, 1965 issue of "The Nation". In March 1965, "The Nation" editor Carey McWilliams wrote to Thompson and offered to pay the journalist for an article on the subject of motorcycle gangs, and the Hells Angels in particular. Thompson took the job, and the article, published about a month later, prompted book offers from several publishers interested in the topic.


text: Thompson spent the next year preparing for the new book in close quarters with the Hells Angels, in particular the San Francisco and Oakland chapters of the club and their president Ralph "Sonny" Barger. Thompson was upfront with the Angels about his role as a journalist, a dangerous move given their marked distrust of reporters from what the club considered to be bad press. Thompson was introduced to the gang by Birney Jarvis, a former club member and then police-beat reporter for the "San Francisco Chronicle". This introduction, coming from an Angel and reporter, allowed Thompson to get close to the gang in a way others had not been able.


text: Far from being wary of this outsider, the Angels were sincere in their participation, often talking at length into Thompson's tape recorder and reviewing early drafts of the article to ensure he had his facts straight. The gang often visited his apartment at 318 Parnassus Avenue in San Francisco, much to the dismay of his wife and neighbors. Thompson, however, felt comfortable with the arrangement. When "jokingly" threatened with violence, he pointed to a loaded double-barrelled shotgun that he kept hanging on his wall and replied in a similar vein that he would "croak two of them first."


text: Thompson remained close with the Angels for a year, but ultimately the relationship waned. It ended for good after several members of the gang gave him a savage beating or "stomping" over a remark made by Thompson to an Angel named Junkie George, who was beating his wife. Thompson said: "Only a punk beats his wife and dog." The beating stopped only when senior members of the club ordered it. Thompson had essentially ended his time with the Angels by then, but he would later note in letters to friends and Sonny Barger that the members who had participated in the beating had not been those with whom he had most closely associated. He continued being fond of Barger and others in the club.


text: The book details Thompson's experiences living with the Hells Angels, a notorious motorcycle club in California. The author spent over a year embedded with one chapter, learning their unique subculture and immersing himself in their lifestyle. He recounts his time spent traveling through California by motorcycle, and describes the contrast between the general lawlessness of the club and the exaggerated fear that very lawlessness engenders in society. According to a contemporary "New York Times" review of the book, Thompson relates how he "drank at their bars, exchanged home visits, recorded their brutalities, viewed their sexual caprices, became converted to their motorcycle mystique, and was so intrigued, as he puts it, that 'I was no longer sure whether I was doing research on the Hell's Angels or being slowly absorbed by them.' "


text: The book's epigraph is a translation of François Villon's 15th-century poem "Ballade du concours de Blois":


text: "Hell's Angels" was the book that launched Thompson's career as a writer. Even though by this point in his career he had published numerous articles for various journals and newspapers and was recognized as a journalist, the book was his first true exposure to a national audience. Reviews of the work were generally very positive and despite a poor performance on the publicity tour by Thompson, who was by his own admission drunk or exhausted for nearly every interview, the book sold relatively well. Even so, Thompson himself made little from the royalties from early editions of the book, a misfortune he blamed on a succession of agents and the book's publisher, Random House.


text: Thompson's treatment of a gang-rape by Hells Angels was criticized by feminist Susan Brownmiller in her 1975 book "Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape."


title: Arcade (song)

text: "Arcade" is a song by Dutch singer-songwriter Duncan Laurence. The song was released on 7 March 2019 by Spark Records. It was later included as the lead single on his debut studio album "Small Town Boy", and also features on his debut EP "Worlds on Fire". The song was written by Laurence, Joel Sjöö, Wouter Hardy and Will Knox.


title: Arcade (song)

text: "Arcade" represented the in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel, which it won, marking the Netherlands' first Eurovision victory since 1975. After the complete line-up of songs was announced, "Arcade" was the bookmakers' favourite to win Eurovision, and had remained so until the contest ended. An acoustic version of the song was released on 19 July 2019, followed by a duet version featuring American singer Fletcher on 27 November 2020. In February 2020, "Arcade" won an Edison Award for Best Pop Song of the Year.


title: Arcade (song)

text: In the second half of 2020, "Arcade" went viral on social media platform TikTok, resulting in new chart successes and streams on various platforms.


title: Arcade (song)

text: In January 2021, "Arcade" became the most-streamed Eurovision song on Spotify, passing "Soldi" by Mahmood, the runner-up of Eurovision 2019. Later that year, in April, "Arcade" became the first Eurovision song in 25 years and the first Eurovision winning song in 45 years to chart on the US "Billboard" Hot 100; by September, it peaked at number 30.


title: Arcade (song)

text: Laurence wrote the song while he attended the Tilburg Rock Academy. He worked on the song for over two years, predominantly while collaborating with Wouter Hardy, a former band member with Sharon Kovacs. The song is inspired by the heartbreak of a loved one of Duncan's who died. Laurence told WiwiBloggs, "Arcade is a story about the search for the love of your life. It's about the hope to reach something that seems unreachable". The namesake lyric ""Small town boy in a big arcade"" refers to his experience, being from a small town, as a Rock Academy freshman entering the summer fair of Tilburg, the largest in the Netherlands. Throughout the song, the fair and its arcade games are used as a metaphor for love, addiction and gambling with relationships.


title: Arcade (song)

text: "Arcade" is inspired by film soundtracks and consists of 165 tracks. The pop song opens with four chords played on piano, accompanied by a simple piano riff and overdubbed vocals. The triple metre verses contrast with the 4/4 time signature of the rest of the song, giving it a distinct sound. Heavy emphasis is put on Laurence's vocals. After the soft verses, in which he expresses his sadness and vulnerability, the chorus kicks in with heavy drums, accompanied with a choir of backing vocals, to enhance the lyrics' expressions of anger and frustration.


title: Arcade (song)

text: Ilse DeLange, runner-up of Eurovision 2014 as a member of The Common Linnets, came across Duncan in "The Voice of Holland" later that year, where she became his coach, and he regularly shared his songs with her since. DeLange sent one of those songs, "Arcade", to the Dutch Eurovision selection committee. Laurence was revealed as representative of the Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 on 21 January 2019, after "Arcade" was internally selected by the Dutch broadcaster. The song was never specifically written for Eurovision. Following the announcement, the selection committee received backlash from social media users, because of the decision to let an unknown artist represent the Netherlands in Eurovision, after previously sending unknown artists to the contest who usually achieved miserable results for the country.


title: Arcade (song)

text: After "Arcade" itself was revealed on 7 March 2019, the track received mostly positive reactions. The sound of "Arcade" has been compared to that of Coldplay. Peter Van de Veire, Belgium's Dutch-language Eurovision commentator, said that the gravity of the song's lyrics and composition would appeal to Eurovision viewers. Editors of the Eurovision fan site Wiwibloggs praised the emotional atmosphere of "Arcade" and gave the song an average score of 9.15 out of 10. Dan Niazi from ESCXtra, another Eurovision fan site, said he was not prepared for a song "as good and as perfectly produced as Arcade" to represent the Netherlands. He praised the song's composition and lyrical content, and thought the song had "the potential of changing the face of the contest for good", comparing the song to Loreen's "Euphoria", Sweden's 2012 entry. OGAE members placed the song third overall, behind Switzerland's and Italy's entries. Shortly after the release of "Arcade", the Netherlands became the leader of the betting odds; the Dutch broadcaster revealed they had a hosting plan on hand in case of a Dutch victory, written years beforehand, and The Hague had already applied a bid for hosting the following Eurovision, might Laurence take home the trophy, by April 2019.


title: Arcade (song)

text: On 28 January 2019, an allocation draw was held, which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. The Netherlands were placed into the second semi-final, held on 16 May 2019, and were scheduled to perform in the second half of the show. Once all the competing songs for the 2019 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the show's producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. The Netherlands performed from starting position 16 and qualified for the final.


title: Arcade (song)

text: The performance of the song in Tel Aviv featured Laurence sitting behind an electric grand piano, with three backing vocalists supporting him offstage. DeLange and the Netherlands' creative team decided that Laurence should sit behind a piano on stage, because, him being a singer-songwriter, they wanted to portray him on stage as a musician. Surrounding Laurence and his piano, smoke, water and lighting effects, reminiscent of the official music video, accompanied the performance. Reactions to the simplistic performance were mixed. "The Telegraph"s Charlotte Runcie found that "the song deserves to do well, but the pared-back staging was in danger of being forgettable". Heidi Stephens, reporter for "The Guardian", found the Dutch performance "bleak, but hauntingly beautiful". Writing for "The Independent", Rob Holley found that "Arcade" was well performed, and although he feared that the performance was underwhelming for Eurovision standards, he thought the Netherlands were the biggest contenders for victory. The BBC's commentator for the semi-finals, Rylan Clark-Neal, put the Netherlands in his top five. During the Eurovision week, the Netherlands remained a favourite to win the competition, according to the bookmakers; shortly before the contest's final, their chances of winning were as high as 46 percent.


title: Arcade (song)

text: In the Grand Final, Laurence was drawn to perform in the first half of the show, in spot 12. Arcade received the maximum score of 12 points from six national juries, and twice from national audiences. The Netherlands finished third in the jury vote, behind North Macedonia and Sweden, and second in the televote, behind Norway, but ended up winning the Eurovision Song Contest with 492 points. After the Belarusian jury's results were revised, the final number of points was 498. It was the first Eurovision victory for the country since 1975, when Teach-In won for The Netherlands with "Ding-a-dong". Apart from winning the contest, "Arcade" also won the Marcel Bezençon Press Award. During his victory speech, the artist said: "This is to dreaming big; this is to music first, always."


title: Arcade (song)

text: The song was featured three times in the "Eurovision Home Concerts" series, and covered by all the acts in Armenia's Depi Evratesil selection for the 2020 contest that would be cancelled in a group performance. The song was covered once again by Polish Junior Eurovision victors Roksana Węgiel and Viki Gabor, alongside a hologram image of Laurence as part of the interval act of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020 which took place in Warsaw, Poland on 29 November 2020.


title: Arcade (song)

text: Following its Eurovision victory, "Arcade" reached the weekly charts of 26 European countries, peaking at number one in Belgium, Estonia, Iceland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands; it was subsequently certified quadruple platinum in the latter. Starting in late 2020, "Arcade" went viral on TikTok, resulting in renewed success on various weekly charts, including in the United States, where the song became a sleeper hit. It debuted at number 100 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on 17 April 2021, and peaked at number 30 by 4 September.


title: Arcade (song)

text: In addition to its platinum certifications in the Netherlands, the song was also certified diamond in France, triple platinum in Poland, double platinum in Portugal, platinum in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Mexico and the United States, and gold in Denmark, Greece, Italy, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom.


title: Arcade (song)

text: On 18 May 2021, during the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2021, Laurence received a Global Platinum certification for over one billion streams of "Arcade" worldwide. He was presented the award by 2021 Eurovision co-presenter Edsilia Rombley. By August 2022, the song was reported to have amassed over 10 billion streams across all platforms.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Steve is a fictional character from the "Minecraft" video game. Created by Swedish video game developer Markus "Notch" Persson and introduced in the initial Java-based version of "Minecraft" which was publicly released on May 17, 2009, Steve is one of nine default player character skins available for players of contemporary versions of "Minecraft". Steve lacks an official backstory by the developers of "Minecraft" as he is intended to be a customizable player avatar as opposed to being a predefined character. His feminine counterpart, Alex, was first introduced in August 2014 for PC versions of "Minecraft," with the other seven first debuting in the Java edition in October 2022. Depending on the version of "Minecraft", players have a chance of spawning as either Steve or Alex when starting a new game.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Steve became a widely recognized character in the video game industry following the critical and commercial success of the "Minecraft" franchise. Considered by some critics as a mascot for the "Minecraft" intellectual property, his likeness has appeared extensively in advertising and merchandise, including wearable apparel and collectible items. The character has also inspired a number of unofficial media and urban legends, most notably the Herobrine creepypasta which became widely shared around internet communities as a meme during the 2010s.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Steve is presented as a human character with a blocky appearance, which is consistent with the aesthetic and art style of "Minecraft". His name originated as an in-joke by Persson, and was confirmed as his official name in the "Bedrock Edition" of "Minecraft". Steve's face consists of an eight-by-eight pixel image, usually adorned with a goatee. He wears a light blue top, a pair of blue trousers, and a pair of smart-casual shoes.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: In spite of his masculine name and features, Persson claimed that Steve's gender was never intended to be fixed. In 2012, Persson explained that "Minecraft" blocky graphics inadvertently reinforced a default aesthetic for the game which is "traditionally masculine". He emphasized that "Minecraft" was designed to "be a game without a gender element" in a game where "gender doesn't exist", and that the character model was "intended to represent a human being" who was genderless. Admitting that limiting the gender option to just male "is telling everybody this is a boy game only", Persson claimed that he once attempted to create a proper female character model in "Minecraft", but said "the results have been extremely sexist."


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: By August 22, 2014, another default skin that is complimentary for all "Minecraft" players named Alex was added to the "Java Edition" of "Minecraft", for Windows, Macintosh, and Linux. The character was added to the console and mobile versions of "Minecraft" at a later date. Alex's character model is similar to Steve's, but with a more feminine appearance: she has red hair tied into a ponytail, and arms that are more narrow. Commenting on "Minecraft" reputation for better gender representation compared to other video games in the industry as of the 2010s, Helen Chiang, the Microsoft studio head responsible for the "Minecraft" franchise, explained in a 2018 interview that it is important for her company to leverage the power of the "Minecraft" brand to subvert traditional gender stereotypes. By presenting Alex and Steve as having identical physical capabilities or qualities as each other, Chiang said this reinforces the studio's stance on gender equality and their commitment to its ideals.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: On August 22, 2022, exactly 8 years after Alex was added, an update to the "Minecraft" launcher implemented a redesign of both Steve and Alex. The new skins were mostly the same as before, but were more textured. They also utilized multiple layers, a feature originally added to "Minecraft"'s skins alongside Alex in 2014, but that had only ever been utilized by custom skins prior to this update. These redesigns also restored Steve's goatee, which had been removed in a 2009 update.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: On October 15th, 2022, Mojang announced that 7 more default skins would be coming to the game during the Minecraft Live event, to be named Noor, Sunny, Ari, Zuri, Makena, Kai, and Efe. Developers for the game stated that, since "Minecraft" is played all over the world, they wanted to make sure that the default skins they had to choose from reflected the diverse playerbase. The skins were made available to players of the Java edition of the game via the launcher the week following the announcement.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Steve is one of nine default character skins which are available for new players of "Minecraft". A skin is the appearance of the player's avatar that represents the player in the game world, which can be changed, altered, or replaced by the player. Players are allowed multiple options to change the visual appearance of their player character's skin. All zombie mobs found in "Minecraft" appear to be wearing the same clothing as Steve, although no official explanation was ever given.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Prior to Alex's introduction, Steve was the only official skin available to players on the PC and Mobile editions of the game, though players of the PC version could use skins they've designed themselves or found online. On the original console editions of the game, up to eight variants of Steve were also offered, none of them female, in addition to a greater variety of characters that were available to those who purchased them as part of bundles. Like Steve, Alex initially could not be manually selected in these console versions, and her use is randomly assigned whenever players start a new game. As of 2022, Both Steve and Alex, as well as the other seven default skins, can be manually selected in all versions of the game, either via an in-game menu or in the game launcher, depending on the version of "Minecraft" being played.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: According to backstory provided in "Lego Club Magazine", Steve and Alex are in a romantic relationship and both have distinct interests outside of their shared aptitude for building: Steve has a penchant for mining and alchemy, whereas Alex prefers exploring and hunting.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Herobrine is an urban legend and creepypasta which originated as a hoax propagated by an anonymous post on the English-language imageboard website 4chan. A "ghost" who haunts single-player "Minecraft" worlds, the character is supposed to look like a standard character model for Steve, except for a pair of glowing white eyes which lack pupils. Theories which explain the character's supposed origins range from his purported identity as Persson's supposedly deceased brother, to an "unlucky miner" who haunt living players out of a desire for vengeance. The first purported sighting of Herobrine was from the time period when "Minecraft" was still in the alpha phase of development: an anonymous 4chan poster claimed that they spotted a character who stared at them from the dense fog between the trees before vanishing, and that they received a private message from a user called Herobrine, which simply said "stop". This occurred after a subsequent post they made which inquired about the sighting was allegedly removed without explanation.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Steve has been featured in video game media outside of "Minecraft". He appears as an exclusive playable character in the PC version of "Super Meat Boy" as "Mr. Minecraft". Steve's head appears in "Borderlands 2" as an unlockable cosmetic. Steve's head is also unlockable to those who managed to reach level 20 as the Paladin in "Hybrid".


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Steve is featured as a playable character in "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate"; his alternate costumes transform him into Alex as well as the Zombie and Enderman enemies from "Minecraft".


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Steve and Alex appear as skins in "Minecraft Dungeons", where Steve was the most commonly selected skin among players.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Critics noted that Steve have achieved a level of cultural impact and viral recognition outside of the character's original purpose as a baseline or default skin for new players of "Minecraft". As the face of the franchise in promotional and advertising materials, some commentators consider Steve to be the closest character "Minecraft" has to a protagonist or main character. This is in spite of the fact that his existence is not asserted by way of an official backstory or in-game dialogue unlike most other video game characters. In 2016, "Glixel" staff ranked Steve as the 4th most iconic video game character of the 21st century. In a 2021 list published by "GamesRadar" which rank 50 iconic video game characters, Rachel Weber considered Steve to be the "enduring symbol" of "Minecraft", and his character model to be one of most instantly recognizable silhouettes in video game culture.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Steve has been the subject of multiple fan theories spread around Internet communities. One theory alleged that Steve is based on Tommy Vercetti, the protagonist of "", due to the alleged physical resemblance between both characters. It relied on a 2009 Tumblr post by Persson which documented his progress working on "Minecraft", where he confirmed that he used designs inspired by "Grand Theft Auto" video games as a foundation for his work. In 2020 Persson publicly responded on social media and denied any tangible connections between both characters.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Another fan-spread phenomenon, the Herobrine creepypasta, is regarded as a notable horror-themed urban legend in the video game industry. Following the anonymous 4chan post, the hoax became the subject of numerous threads on "Minecraft" internet forums as well as user generated videos on YouTube which report alleged sightings, often annotated with red text and eerily-themed music. Two popular "Minecraft" livestreamers, Copeland and Patimuss, were acknowledged by Lauren Morton from "PC Gamer" for their contributions towards popularizing the urban legend into a viral meme. For example, Copeland posted a few edited "Minecraft" screenshots which shows a depiction of Herobrine to get a reaction from his viewers and staged a hoax sighting for his lifestream using a retextured painting which is made to look like Herobrine. The popularity of the Herobrine creepypasta led to a placement on a 2013 poll of the "Top 50 Video Game Villains of All Time" organized by Guinness World Records, spawned unofficial books such as "The Legend of Herobrine" and the "Gameknight999" series of novels, and inspired fan-made skins patterned after the creepypasta. As an acknowledgement of the Herobrine meme, Mojang development staff often include the line "Removed Herobrine" within patch notes released for the game up until June 23, 2020, with the Java Edition 1.16 patch, also known as "Minecraft" Nether Update. Fan interest in the meme eventually culminated in early 2021 with the discovery of the world seed which contains the first instance of Herobrine's alleged sighting.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: The announcement and introduction of "Minecraft" themed DLC for "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate", which is primarily represented by the Steve character, was met with a very enthusiastic response from critics and players. Some commentators suggested that much of the excitement was due to the character's unprecedented inclusion into a popular fighting game, and that in the aftermath of the reveal, social media website Twitter may have struggled with the volume of postings which were generated in response. Patricia Hernandez from "Polygon" and Nadia Fox from "US Gamer" further noted that an awkward animation which is featured during the character's end-of-match win screen scandalized some viewers, which had the effect of generating further publicity surrounding the character's imminent debut in "Smash".


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: In his review of the Steve DLC for "Ultimate", Mitchell Saltzman from "IGN" described Steve as one of the most complex fighters ever introduced in the game in terms of gameplay mechanics, and highlighted the inventive ways which the developers incorporated the resource collection and item crafting mechanics of "Minecraft" into his moveset. "Kotaku" staff were divided over the playable iteration of Steve in "Smash". Ian Walker considered Steve to be one of the most exciting characters to play for "Ultimate" after observing an event where one of the players displayed his ingenuity with Steve's construction capabilities. Ari Notis took a less favorable view and called him the strangest character he has ever played. Notis described in detail the visual and gameplay dissonances he observed from the implementation of Steve in "Ultimate".


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Since Steve's addition to "Ultimate", the character became a point of contention within the game's competitive community, citing Steve's unorthodox playstyle and rapid rise in high placements at competitions. Some players began advocating for Steve to be banned from tournaments, fearing the character's dominance could negatively affect viewership like Bayonetta had for "Super Smash Bros. for Wii U". Opponents of a ban point out that Steve is a recent addition to the game, and that effective counterplay has yet to be developed. Calls for a ban only intensified after Mashita "あcola" Hayato and Angel "Onin" Mireles took first-place victories at The Gimvitational and Super Smash Con 2022 respectively primarily using Steve, with the latter securing a 3-0 victory against Leonardo "MkLeo" Perez, who is widely considered to be the best "Ultimate" player in the world. Onin has also received death threats from some viewers as a result of his victories.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: In an entry about Steve from the 2017 publication "100 Greatest Video Game Characters", Chris Bailey explained that what little is known about Steve helps illuminate how video game avatars are being perceived in relation to player identity, because the character embodies and conducts the spirit of freedom and customization inherent to sandbox video games. He further elaborated that Steve exemplifies the "centrality" of relatable avatars in affording players their own creative agency in and around video games: while other games allow a certain level of avatar customization, Steve embodies this possibility more than most with a process akin to a kind of scaffolded pixel art enabling the redesign of the entire surface of the body beyond changing a pre-defined hairstyle or skin color. This process is particularly visible through the proliferation of online communities and forums set up to share user-generated adapted skins.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: With regards to the concept of Steve's gender being neutral and non-binary as asserted by Persson, Bailey took the view that it is "initially difficult" to account for the inclusion of an avatar with an "evidently gendered name". Nevertheless, he observed that "Minecraft" player communities have embraced the game's general principle of openness due to their enthusiasm in engaging with the possibility of customizing their avatars' appearances. This is achieved through the process of overlaying a new skin over Steve's original form, which represents a player's direct input in how they want to be represented in-game. Similarly, H. Chad Lane said that the concept of skins in "Minecraft", represented by Steve and Alex as the baseline, can act as a reflection of the player's identify and self-perceptions, regardless of whether it is similar to or in contrast to the player's identity in the real world.


title: Steve (Minecraft)

text: Gabriel Menotti cited the Herobrine hoax, which involved a character which was never a real in-game entity, as an example of how the recording of playthroughs might influence the universe of "Minecraft" in a radical way. He believed that Persson's ambiguous answer on whether Herobrine will ever be integrated into "Minecraft" suggests that there is always a possibility for player imagination to be incorporated into one of the game's future updates, which is consistent with the logic behind "Minecraft" open development as well as its history of frequent updates that sometimes introduce game-changing novelties. The authors of "Mixing and Re-Purposing Realities" observed that the popularity of the Herobrine meme represents the "Minecraft" community's embrace of creative efforts by its members with the transition of spontaneous user-generated content into "Minecraft" folklore. Their survey of the study's respondents found that Herobrine is treated as a mythological destructive character which some similar traits as superhero characters.


title: Error

text: An error (from the Latin "error", meaning "wandering") is an action which is inaccurate or incorrect. In some usages, an error is synonymous with a mistake. The etymology derives from the Latin term 'errare', meaning 'to stray'.


title: Error

text: In statistics, "error" refers to the difference between the value which has been computed and the correct value. An error could result in failure or in a deviation from the intended performance or behavior.


title: Error

text: In human behavior the norms or expectations for behavior or its consequences can be derived from the intention of the actor or from the expectations of other individuals or from a social grouping or from social norms. (See deviance.) Gaffes and faux pas can be labels for certain instances of this kind of error. More serious departures from social norms carry labels such as misbehavior and labels from the legal system, such as misdemeanor and crime. Departures from norms connected to religion can have other labels, such as sin.


title: Error

text: An individual language user's deviations from standard language norms in grammar, pronunciation and orthography are sometimes referred to as errors. However, in light of the role of language usage in everyday social class distinctions, many feel that linguistics should restrain itself from such prescriptivist judgments to avoid reinforcing dominant class value claims about what linguistic forms should and should not be used. One may distinguish various kinds of linguistic errors – some, such as aphasia or speech disorders, where the user is unable to say what they intend to, are generally considered errors, while cases where natural, intended speech is non-standard (as in vernacular dialects), are considered legitimate speech in scholarly linguistics, but might be considered errors in prescriptivist contexts. See also Error analysis (linguistics).


title: Error

text: A gaffe is usually made in a social environment and may come from saying something that may be true but inappropriate. It may also be an erroneous attempt to reveal a truth. Gaffes can be malapropisms, grammatical errors or other verbal and gestural weaknesses or revelations through body language. Actually revealing factual or social truth through words or body language, however, can commonly result in embarrassment or, when the gaffe has negative connotations, friction between people involved.


title: Error

text: Philosophers and psychologists interested in the nature of the gaffe include Sigmund Freud (Freudian slip) and Gilles Deleuze. Deleuze, in his "The Logic of Sense", places the gaffe in a developmental process that can culminate in stuttering.


title: Error

text: Sportswriters and journalists commonly use "gaffe" to refer to any kind of mistake, e.g. a dropped ball (baseball error) by a player in a baseball game.


title: Error

text: In statistics, an "error" (or "residual") is not a "mistake" but rather a difference between a computed, estimated, or measured value and the accepted true, specified, or theoretically correct value.


title: Error

text: In science and engineering in general, an error is defined as a difference between the desired and actual performance or behavior of a system or object. This definition is the basis of operation for many types of control systems, in which error is defined as the difference between a set point and the process value. An example of this would be the thermostat in a home heating system – the operation of the heating equipment is controlled by the difference (the error) between the thermostat setting and the sensed air temperature. Another approach is related to considering a scientific hypothesis as true or false, giving birth to two types of errors: Type 1 and Type 2. The first one is when a true hypothesis is considered false, while the second is the reverse (a false one is considered true).


title: Error

text: Engineers seek to design devices, machines and systems and in such a way as to mitigate or preferably avoid the effects of error, whether unintentional or not. Such errors in a system can be latent design errors that may go unnoticed for years, until the right set of circumstances arises that cause them to become active. Other errors in engineered systems can arise due to human error, which includes cognitive bias. Human factors engineering is often applied to designs in an attempt to minimize this type of error by making systems more forgiving or error-tolerant.


title: Error

text: A notable result of Engineering and Scientific errors that occurred in history is the Chernobyl disaster of 1986, which caused a nuclear meltdown in the City of Chernobyl in present day Ukraine, and is used as a case study in many Engineering/Science research


title: Error

text: Numerical analysis provides a variety of techniques to represent (store) and compute approximations to mathematical numerical values. Errors arise from a trade-off between efficiency (space and computation time) and precision, which is limited anyway, since (using common floating-point arithmetic) only a finite amount of values can be represented exactly. The discrepancy between the exact mathematical value and the stored/computed value is called the approximation error.


title: Error

text: The word "cybernetics" stems from the Greek Κυβερνήτης ("kybernētēs", steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder – the same root as government). In applying corrections to the trajectory or course being steered cybernetics can be seen as the most general approach to error and its correction for the achievement of any goal. The term was suggested by Norbert Wiener to describe a new science of control and information in the animal and the machine. Wiener's early work was on noise.


title: Error

text: The cybernetician Gordon Pask held that the error that drives a servomechanism can be seen as a difference between a pair of analogous concepts in a servomechanism: the current state and the goal state. Later he suggested error can also be seen as an innovation or a contradiction depending on the context and perspective of interacting (observer) participants. The founder of management cybernetics,


title: Error

text: In biology, an "error" is said to occur when perfect fidelity is lost in the copying of information. For example, in an asexually reproducing species, an error (or mutation) has occurred for each DNA nucleotide that differs between the child and the parent. Many of these mutations can be harmful, but unlike other types of errors, some are neutral or even beneficial. Mutations are an important force driving evolution. Mutations that make organisms more adapted to their environment increase in the population through natural selection as organisms with favorable mutations have more offspring.


title: Error

text: In philately, an "error" refers to a postage stamp or piece of postal stationery that exhibits a printing or production mistake that differentiates it from a normal specimen or from the intended result. Examples are stamps printed in the wrong color or missing one or more colors, printed with a vignette inverted in relation to its frame, produced without any perforations on one or more sides when the normal stamps are perforated, or printed on the wrong type of paper. Legitimate errors must always be produced and sold unintentionally. Such errors may or may not be scarce or rare. A "design error" may refer to a mistake in the design of the stamp, such as a mislabeled subject, even if there are no printing or production mistakes.


title: Error

text: In appellate review, error typically refers to mistakes made by a trial court or some other court of first instance in applying the law in a particular legal case. This may involve such mistakes as improper admission of evidence, inappropriate instructions to the jury, or applying the wrong standard of proof.


title: Error

text: A stock market error is a stock market transaction that was done due to an error, due to human failure or computer errors.


title: Error

text: Within United States government intelligence agencies, such as Central Intelligence Agency agencies, "error" refers to "intelligence error", as previous assumptions that used to exist at a senior intelligence level within senior intelligence agencies, but has since been disproven, and is sometimes eventually listed as unclassified, and therefore more available to the public and citizenry of the United States. The Freedom of information act provides American citizenry with a means to read intelligence reports that were mired in error. Per United States Central Intelligence Agency's website (as of August, 2008) intelligence error is described as:


title: Error

text: "Intelligence errors are factual inaccuracies in analysis resulting from poor or missing data; intelligence failure is systemic organizational surprise resulting from incorrect, missing, discarded, or inadequate hypotheses."


title: Error

text: In numismatics, an "error" refers to a coin or medal that has a minting mistake, similar to errors found in philately. Because the U.S. Bureau of the Mint keeps a careful eye on all potential errors, errors on U.S. coins are very few and usually very scarce. Examples of numismatic errors: extra metal attached to a coin, a clipped coin caused by the coin stamp machine stamping a second coin too early, double stamping of a coin. A coin that has been overdated, e.g. 1942/41, is also considered an error.


title: Error

text: In applied linguistics, an error is an unintended deviation from the immanent rules of a language variety made by a second language learner. Such errors result from the learner's lack of knowledge of the correct rules of the target language variety. A significant distinction is generally made between "errors" (systematic deviations) and "mistakes" (speech performance errors) which are not treated the same from a linguistic viewpoint. The study of learners' errors has been the main area of investigation by linguists in the history of second-language acquisition research.


title: Error

text: A medical error is a preventable adverse effect of care ("iatrogenesis"), whether or not it is evident or harmful to the patient. This might include an inaccurate or incomplete diagnosis or treatment of a disease, injury, syndrome, behavior, infection, or other ailment.


title: Error

text: The word "error" in medicine is used as a label for nearly all of the clinical incidents that harm patients. Medical errors are often described as human errors in healthcare. Whether the label is a medical error or human error, one definition used in medicine says that it occurs when a healthcare provider chooses an inappropriate method of care, improperly executes an appropriate method of care, or reads the wrong CT scan. It has been said that the definition should be the subject of more debate. For instance, studies of hand hygiene compliance of physicians in an ICU show that compliance varied from 19% to 85%. The deaths that result from infections caught as a result of treatment providers improperly executing an appropriate method of care by not complying with known safety standards for hand hygiene are difficult to regard as innocent accidents or mistakes.


title: Error

text: There are many types of medical error, from minor to major, and causality is often poorly determined.


title: Nick of Time (film)

text: Nick of Time is a 1995 American political action thriller film produced and directed by John Badham and written by Patrick Sheane Duncan. It stars Johnny Depp, Christopher Walken, Charles S. Dutton, and Courtney Chase. Taking place in real time, the film follows a public accountant who must assassinate a politician in exchange for his kidnapped daughter's freedom. It was released theatrically in the United States by Paramount Pictures on November 22, 1995.


title: Nick of Time (film)

text: Gene Watson, a mild-mannered, separated and widowed accountant, arrives with his daughter Lynn at Union Station in Los Angeles. As Gene makes a pay phone call informing an unidentified person that his train was late, two mysterious strangers in suits, known only as Mr. Smith and Ms. Jones, survey the station from a catwalk, discussing a yet-to-be-elaborated scheme. Noticing Gene retaliate against a skater who was harassing his daughter, Smith and Jones set their sights on him and swiftly approach the pair. Showing a badge, the two strangers convince Gene that they are police officers and whisk both father and daughter into a van without justification. Once in the vehicle, Gene begins to notice things are not right and gets nervous, but Smith subsequently pistol whips him in the leg to get his attention. Smith then informs Gene that they will kill his daughter by 1:30 p.m. unless he murders a woman depicted in a photograph. He soon learns that the woman is Eleanor Grant, the governor of California, and realizes that killing her would be a suicide mission.


title: Nick of Time (film)

text: Once at the Bonaventure Hotel, where a number of campaign appearances are being held, Gene makes several attempts to warn people about his situation, but Smith consistently follows him around, taunts and viciously beats him whenever he does not make a move. Gene manages to find a young campaign assistant, Krista Brooks, who believes Gene's story and encourages him to report the matter to the governor's husband, Brendan Grant. Once in his suite, however, Brendan and a campaign lobbyist appear to disbelieve the story, and before anything more can be said, Smith shows up in the room and fatally shoots Krista, causing a tense scuffle between Gene and Smith. Gene awakens after unconsciousness and finds nearly everyone on the campaign, including the governor's staff and husband, are involved in the plot, with an unnamed lobbyist masterminding it all in revenge for the governor not carrying out her campaign promises to his interests.


title: Nick of Time (film)

text: Gene eventually finds a disabled war veteran named Huey who polishes people's shoes at the hotel. While at first he does not believe the man's story, Smith talks to Gene about the plot, believing Huey to be completely deaf according to a sign. Huey reluctantly assists Gene to get to Governor Grant's suite and advise her of the conspiracy. Although skeptical at first of Gene's story, she later notices Brendan act suspiciously about Krista's whereabouts and realizes Gene was telling the truth. Being hastened by her husband to make the last speech, the governor greets supporters in a ballroom when Gene takes out the gun, points it at a projector room where Smith is watching him and shoots at the window. This unleashes a panic in the ballroom, causing a stampede and brief shootout between Gene and the security people. Thinking that his wife is dead, Brendan openly gloats about the plot's success, only to find out in horror that she had heard everything, confirming her suspicions about him.


title: Nick of Time (film)

text: In the meantime, Huey stalls the armed Jones, who is in the van with Lynn after she cannot get a signal from Smith. He then annoys her with a squeegee man scheme to the point of a violent confrontation in which she shoots his wooden leg. Lynn quickly tries to get out of the van when Smith opens the door and begins to shoot at her. Right after she hides under the seat, Gene appears and shoots Smith. Ailing from his wounds, Smith congratulates Gene for becoming a killer just before he's finally killed by him. Before Jones can get a clear shot at the father and daughter, Huey beats her unconscious with his prosthetic leg and wing tip shoe. The final scene shows the conspiracy mastermind stepping on Gene's broken wristwatch and leaving the hotel in a car.


title: Nick of Time (film)

text: An alternate TV scene (and on some DVD versions) also shows the governor thanking Gene and Huey for saving her life.


title: Nick of Time (film)

text: The majority of filming took place at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel in Downtown Los Angeles, California.


title: Nick of Time (film)

text: "Nick of Time" received mostly negative reviews from critics. Based on 33 reviews collected from notable publications by review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an overall approval rating of 30% and an average score of 4.6/10. The site's consensus reads: "It isn't the worst '90s action thriller, but by bungling a story pitting Johnny Depp against Christopher Walken, the rote "Nick of Time" ranks among the most disappointing". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Nick of Time (film)

text: A more positive review came from Roger Ebert in "The Chicago Sun-Times" who gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4. He wrote the film was "too contrived" in places, but lauded Depp's performance as bringing "a low-key ordinariness" and liked his character's use of intelligence rather than action film cliches to solve his dilemma.


title: Nick of Time (film)

text: The film's score – composed by Arthur B. Rubinstein – was released by Milan Records on November 22, 1995.


title: Memorist

text: Memorist () is a 2020 South Korean television series starring Yoo Seung-ho, Lee Se-young, and Jo Sung-ha. Based on the 2016–2018 Daum webtoon of the same name by Jae Hoo, it aired on tvN from March 11 to April 30, 2020.


title: Memorist

text: With the power to read people's memories, Dong Baek solves crimes as a detective in the police force. When a string of serial murders happen, Dong Baek teams up with talented criminal profiler Han Sun-mi to stop the killer and prevent further deaths. However, as they pursue the killer, the truth about their individual troubled pasts begins to unravel, and the murders quickly become far more convoluted than anything they had foreseen.


title: Memorist

text: The drama serves as a reunion between Yoo Seung-ho and Lee Se-young who previously worked together on the MBC drama "Missing You" (2012–13).


title: Sade discography

text: English band Sade have released six studio albums, one live album, two compilation albums, two extended plays, 23 singles, six video albums, 20 music videos, and have achieved four top 20 singles on the main chart of both the US and the UK.


title: Sade discography

text: Following a brief stint of studying fashion design and modelling, Sade Adu began singing back up for a band named Pride. Later, she and some members left Pride and formed the band Sade in 1982. The name Sade represents the entire group, not just the singer herself. Following a record deal, Sade's debut album "Diamond Life" (1984) was released. At the time of release in 1984, the album sold over four million copies globally, and currently stands at six million copies globally.


title: Sade discography

text: Following the release of their debut album, Sade went on to release a string of multi-platinum-selling albums. Their follow-up, "Promise", was released in 1985 and peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and the UK Albums Chart, and went two times platinum in the US at the time of its release, and now stands at four times platinum. Singer Sade would later go on to make her acting debut in the film "Absolute Beginners", before the release of the band's next album, "Stronger Than Pride" (1988). Subsequent albums included "Love Deluxe" (1992) and "Lovers Rock" (2000), all of which went multi-platinum in the US. After the release of "Lovers Rock" the band embarked on what would be a 10-year hiatus. The band later reunited and released their sixth album, "Soldier of Love" (2010), which has been certified platinum in the US and won a Grammy Award.


title: Yael Cohen Braun

text: Yael Cohen Braun ( Cohen; born 4 November 1986) is a South African-Canadian businesswoman, and a co-founder of Fuck Cancer, a health organization working for early detection and prevention of cancer.


title: Yael Cohen Braun

text: Yael Cohen was born in South Africa to a Jewish family. Her father, David Cohen, worked as an oil and mining entrepreneur at Gold Wheaton Gold Corp, Northern Orion Resources and two other natural-resource companies. The family moved to Canada in 1994. She attended the University of British Columbia where she received a B.A. in Political Science in 2008. After graduation, she went on to work in finance.


title: Yael Cohen Braun

text: Cohen Braun launched Fuck Cancer in 2009 after her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. Fuck Cancer aims to engage millennials through social media to have a conversation about early detection and acute awareness of cancer. In 2016, Fuck Cancer collaborated with jewelry designer Jennifer Fisher on fashion wearables in support of cancer victims.


title: Yael Cohen Braun

text: Cohen Braun has financially supported the presidential and senate campaigns of Cory Booker. Cohen Braun and her then-husband Scooter Braun held a fundraiser for Kamala Harris during the 2020 Democratic primaries.


title: Yael Cohen Braun

text: Cohen Braun married American music manager Scooter Braun on 6 July 2014 in Whistler, British Columbia. They have three children. In July 2021, it was reported that the couple had separated. Braun filed for divorce on 21 July 2021.


title: Philip K. Dick bibliography

text: The bibliography of Philip K. Dick includes 44 novels, 121 short stories, and 14 short story collections published by American science fiction author Philip K. Dick (December 16, 1928 – March 2, 1982) during his lifetime.


title: Philip K. Dick bibliography

text: At the time of his death, Dick's work was generally known to only science fiction readers, and many of his novels and short stories were out of print. To date, a total of 44 novels have been published and translations have appeared in 25 languages. Six volumes of selected correspondence, written by Dick from 1938 through 1982, were published between 1991 and 2009.


title: Philip K. Dick bibliography

text: The Library of America has issued three collections of Dick's novels. The first, published in June 2007, contained "The Man in the High Castle", "The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch", "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" and "Ubik", and was the first time science fiction was included in the LOA canon. The second collection was issued in July 2008, and included "Martian Time Slip", "Dr. Bloodmoney", "Now Wait for Last Year", "Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said", and "A Scanner Darkly". The third collection was published in July 2009 and included "A Maze of Death" and the "VALIS trilogy" ("VALIS", "The Divine Invasion", and "The Transmigration of Timothy Archer").


title: Philip K. Dick bibliography

text: Five recurring philosophical themes in Dick's work have been classified by Philip K. Dick scholar Erik Davis:


title: Philip K. Dick bibliography

text: Similarly, in "Understanding Philip K. Dick", Eric Carl Link discussed eight themes or 'ideas and motifs':


title: Philip K. Dick bibliography

text: Dates in this bibliography are for completion of first (and usually only) draft. Publication dates follow separately.


title: Philip K. Dick bibliography

text: The five volumes of The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick were re-published and sold separately by Gollancz and later by Citadel Twilight and by Subterranean Press. For the Citadel Twilight editions the volumes were renamed and two stories were moved from one volume to another. The following table provides a comparison of the corresponding volumes from the various editions.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: Sylvie Vartan (; born Sylvie Georges Vartanian on 15 August 1944) is an Armenian-Bulgarian-French singer and actress. She is known as one of the most productive and tough-sounding yé-yé artists. Her performances often featured elaborate show-dance choreography, and she made many appearances on French and Italian TV.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: Yearly shows with then-husband Johnny Hallyday attracted full houses at the Olympia and the Palais des congrès de Paris throughout the 1960s and mid-1970s. In 2004, after a break in performances, she began recording and giving concerts of jazz ballads in francophone countries.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: Sylvie Vartan was born in Iskrets, Sofia Province, in the then Kingdom of Bulgaria. Her father, Georges Vartanian (1912—1970), was born in France to a Bulgarian mother named Slavka and an Armenian father. He worked as an attaché at the French embassy in Sofia. The family shortened the name Vartanian to Vartan. Her mother, Ilona (née Mayer 1914–2007), daughter of prominent architect Rudolf Mayer, was of Hungarian-Jewish descent.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: When the Soviet Army invaded Bulgaria in September 1944, the Vartanian family house was nationalised and they moved to Sofia. In 1952, a friend of Sylvie's father, film director Dako Dakovski, offered her the role of a schoolgirl in the movie "Pod igoto", a film about Bulgarian rebels against the Ottoman occupation. Participating in the film made her dream of becoming an entertainer come true.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: The hardships of postwar Bulgaria made the family emigrate to Paris in December 1952. At first they stayed in the Lion d'Argent hotel near Les Halles, where Georges found a job, then for the next four years they stayed in a single room at the Angleterre Hotel. Young Sylvie had to work hard to keep up at school and blend in with her schoolmates. She spent two years learning French.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: In 1960, her family moved to an apartment in Michel Bizot Avenue. Thanks to the influence of her music producer brother Eddie, music became teenage Sylvie's main interest. Her most influential genres were jazz and, out of spite toward her strict high school, rock 'n' roll. Her favourite artists included Brenda Lee, Bill Haley, and Elvis Presley.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: In 1961, Eddie offered Sylvie the chance to record the song "Panne d'essence" with French rocker Frankie Jordan. The Decca Records EP was a surprise hit. Although she was not credited on the sleeve, "Panne d'essence" provided Vartan her first appearance on French television. The journalists gave her the nickname "la collégienne du twist". After the "twisting schoolgirl" had finished the Victor Hugo High School, she was free to sign a contract with Decca Records to start recording her own EP; carrying the title song "Quand le film est triste", a cover of Sue Thompson's "Sad Movies (Make Me Cry)", the EP was on sale by the beginning of December 1961.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: It was another hit, that served her first concert in Paris Olympia Hall on 12 December 1961. "Est-ce que tu le sais?", her version of Ray Charles' "What'd I Say", was quickly released. She opened for Vince Taylor at Paris Olympia for her second concert. In July she toured France with Gilbert Bécaud. In autumn 1962 she released her version of "The Loco-Motion" on EP and her first LP, "Sylvie". Her next hit was "Tous mes copains", issued on EP in 1962. She also had her first adult part in a movie with the small part of a singer in the film "Un clair de lune à Maubeuge". In 1963, Paul Anka offered her the song "I'm Watching You", which became her first international hit in Japan and Korea. She rounded out the year with four TV specials and becoming the darling of the teen magazine "Salut les Copains". Six of her 31 songs released in 1962/1963 became Top-20 European hits.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: In late winter 1963, Vartan toured France with Johnny Hallyday and starred with him in the movie "D'où viens-tu, Johnny?". Later, after announcing their engagement over the radio, the young couple performed to a noisy audience of 200,000 at Paris' Place de la Nation. At the year's end they traveled to Nashville, Tennessee to record an album with The Jordanaires. With the special treatment of vocalists, strings, and brass sections in the true Nashville style, these recordings were a great commercial success in France.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: The album "Sylvie à Nashville" included the hits "La plus belle pour aller danser" and "Si je chante" and three new songs in English (one featuring Paul Anka). Accompanied by the movie "Cherchez l'idole", the EP with "La plus belle pour aller danser" became number one in France, sold over a million copies in Japan, was very successful in Korea and Spain, and was her first release in Italy. "Il n'a rien retrouvé" became another international hit that year. In January 1964, she appeared at the Paris Olympia as one of the support acts (which also included Trini Lopez) for The Beatles.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: A commercial for the "Renown" clothing line and a supporting role in the film "Patate" increased her fame. She also appeared on "The Ed Sullivan Show, Shindig!, Hullabaloo", and an international concert tour, including Canada, South America and Polynesia. In Tokyo she gave 13 concerts in 12 days.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: In December 1964, as Hallyday went into military service, Sylvie's brother Eddie hired two English songwriting session musicians, Tommy Brown on drums and Mick Jones on guitar, as they went to record in New York; they wrote her the hit "Cette lettre-là". On January 16, 1964, Sylvie performed with The Beatles, and opened their show at Olympia. Set in the smart design of the "J.C. Averty Show", "Cette lettre-là" was the first of Sylvie Vartan's TV variety night performances. In 1966–67 she recorded more original hits. "Dis moi, que tu m'aimes" premiered on TV on 9 July 1967 was accompanied by a group of male dancers. "Le jour qui vient" was aired on the "Dim Dam Dom" program of the French Television 1 in color on 14 January 1968. "2'35 de bonheur" and "Comme un garçon" were other #1s in France, Italy, Belgium, Japan, or Korea.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: On 11 April 1968, Vartan suffered injuries in a traffic accident but was back on tour in August. She showed off her new sexy cabaret-dancer image to the French TV audience in the "Jolie poupée" show on 4 December 1968; the collaboration with Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier produced a highly entertaining result. The variety night included the performance of "Irrésistiblement", accompanied by elaborate girl-group choreography, and "Jolie Poupée", a dialogue between a doll Sylvie and an adult one.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: The hits of the "Jolie poupée" show were released as the "Maritza" album. In Italy, she released a cover version of Mina's "Zum zum zum". Being the 23rd-biggest-selling single of 1969 in Italy, Vartan's version did better in Italian charts than Mina's original. Vartan continued with her one-woman shows at the Paris Olympia in December 1968; they were published as the documentary "Sylvie à L'Olympia".


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: For nine Saturday nights in winter of 1969, Vartan starred in the "Doppia coppia" variety nights of RAI, performing her hits "Irrésistiblement" ("Irresistibilmente") and "Le jour qui vient" ("Una cicala canta") in Italian. In March 1969, "Irrestibilmente" entered the Italian charts at No. 3, peaked at No. 2 and stayed in Top Ten for 10 weeks. In 1969 the single was the No. 22 single on the Italian chart. The tender ballad "Blam blam blam", written especially for "Doppia coppia", peaked at No. 14 on the Italian charts and was among the 100 biggest-selling singles in Italy in 1969.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: After her world tour in autumn 1969, she returned to Italy to perform "Festa negli occhi, festa nel cuore" on a "Canzonissima" variety night and "C'est un jour à rester couché" on the "Incontro con Sylvie Vartan" TV show, recorded in the Gattopardo Club of Messina. Her appearances were popular in Italy and France; she donned a different costume for each song, including plenty of short skirts and Barbarella boots. The cartoonists of both countries even drew Sylvie Vartan lookalikes.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: Despite suffering a second serious car accident in 1970, Sylvie Vartan continued to perform and record extensively; and in 1972 she starred in the film "Malpertuis". She sold millions of records on the RCA label, which made her its most prolific artist after Elvis Presley. Her most famous songs are "J'ai un probleme", "L'amour au Diapason" (73), "Parle moi de ta vie"(71), "Petit rainbow" (77), "Bye Bye Leroy Brown" (74), "Disco Queen" and "Nicolas" (79), and "Caro Mozart", an international hit in Italian (72). However, her annual world tours and Italian TV shows continued to include her biggest late-1960s hits.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: In 1976 she recorded "Qu'est-ce qui fait pleurer les blondes?", a disco-style cover of a John Kongos track, which topped the French chart for several weeks. Her disco era climaxed at the "Dancing star" TV show on TF1, produced by Maritie and Gilbert Carpentier, on 10 September 1977. RCA published the show as the "Dancing star" After a week of concerts in Las Vegas in 1982, she released a duet with John Denver: "Love Again", a #85 single on "Billboard" Hot 100 followed in 1985 by a new album in the US with "Double Exposure" and "One-Shot Lover". In 1986 she took a break from show business; she returned in 1989 with "C'est Fatal" ("E' Fatale" in Italy).


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: In 1990, Sylvie gave a concert at Sofia's Palace of Culture, opening and closing with a Bulgarian song. This was her first visit to the city since her emigration.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: In 1991, she performed for three weeks at the Palais des Sports in Paris and hit the charts with "Quand tu es là". In 1995, she starred in "L'ange noir" directed by Jean-Claude Brisseau. In 1996 Sylvie recorded a successful album ("Toutes les femmes ont un secret") featuring "Je n'aime encore que toi" written by Quebecer Luc Plamondon. After her brother Eddie died in 2001, she took another break from performing in public. In fall 2004 she started recording and giving concerts of jazz ballads in francophone countries and Japan. She performed two weeks in the Palais des congrès in 2004 and 2008—all sold-out concerts. In 2009 she toured Turkey, France, Japan, Switzerland, Quebec, USA, Italy, Spain, Netherlands and Belgium.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: In 2005, the singer was appointed as WHO Goodwill Ambassador for Maternal and Child Health in the European Region. Vartan is regarded as a gay icon.


title: Sylvie Vartan

text: In 1962, during her second concert in Paris Olympia Hall, Vartan met rock musician Johnny Hallyday; they were married in Offenburg on 12 April 1965. They had a son, David Michael Benjamin Smet, later known as David Hallyday. Sylvie Vartan and Johnny Hallyday were their generation's "golden couple" in France, and their marriage was among the most carefully watched relationships for the nation's publicity. But Hallyday openly preferred his pals to parenting, sparking many disagreements, and the couple finally divorced on 4 November 1980. Vartan later married record producer Tony Scotti, and they have adopted a young Bulgarian girl, Darina. Sylvie is an aunt to Eddie Vartan's son Michael Vartan.


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: Samuel Prescott Bush (October 4, 1863February 8, 1948) was an American businessman and industrialist. Bush was the patriarch of the Bush political family. He was the father of U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, the paternal grandfather of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and patrilineal great-grandfather of former Texas Governor and President George W. Bush and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush.


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: Bush was born in Brick Church, Orange, New Jersey, to Harriet Eleanor Fay and Reverend. James Smith Bush (1825–1889), an Episcopal priest at Grace Church in Orange. His siblings included James Freeman Bush (1860–1913), Harold Montfort Bush (1871–1945), and Eleanor Bush Woods (1872–1957).


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: He grew up in New Jersey, San Francisco, and Staten Island, but spent the majority of his adult life in Columbus, Ohio.


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: Bush graduated from the Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken, New Jersey in 1884, where he played on one of the earliest regular college football teams. He took an apprenticeship with the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad at the Logansport, Indiana shops, later transferring to Dennison, Ohio and Columbus, Ohio, where in 1891 he became Master Mechanic, then in 1894 Superintendent of Motive Power. In 1899, he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin to take the position of Superintendent of Motive Power with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad.


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: In 1901, Bush returned to Columbus to be general manager of Buckeye Steel Castings Company, which manufactured railway parts. The company was run by Frank Rockefeller, the brother of oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, and among its clients were the railroads controlled by E. H. Harriman. The Bush and Harriman families would be closely associated at least until the end of World War II. In 1908, Rockefeller retired and Bush became president of Buckeye, a position he would hold until 1927, becoming one of the top industrialists of his generation.


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: Bush was the first president of the Ohio Manufacturers Association, and cofounder of the Columbus Academy. Additionally, he was the co-founder of the Scioto Country Club, a golf club in Columbus, Ohio.


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: In the spring of 1918, banker Bernard Baruch was asked to reorganize the War Industries Board during World War I, and placed several prominent businessmen to key posts. Bush became chief of the Ordnance, Small Arms, and Ammunition Section, with national responsibility for government assistance to and relations with munitions companies.


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: Bush served on the board of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland (as well as of the Huntington National Bank of Columbus). In 1931, he was appointed to Herbert Hoover's President's Committee for Unemployment Relief, chaired by Walter S. Gifford, then-President of AT&T. He was once recommended to serve on the board of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, but Hoover did not feel he was sufficiently known nationally.


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: On June 20, 1894, he married Flora Sheldon (1872–1920), the daughter of Robert Emmet Sheldon (1845–1917) and Mary Elizabeth Butler (1850–1897). Her maternal grandfather was Courtland Philip Livingston Butler (1812–1891), a member of the Livingston family. Together, they had five children:


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: His wife, Flora, died on September 4, 1920 in Narragansett, Rhode Island, when she was hit by a car. He later married Martha Bell Carter (1879–1950) of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.


title: Samuel P. Bush

text: Bush died on February 8, 1948, aged 84, in Columbus. He is interred at Green Lawn Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio.


The Southern Television broadcast interruption was a broadcast signal intrusion that occurred on 26 November 1977 in parts of southern England in the United Kingdom. The audio of a Southern Television broadcast was replaced by a voice claiming to represent the 'Ashtar Galactic Command', delivering a message instructing humanity to abandon its weapons so it could participate in a 'future awakening' and 'achieve a higher state of evolution'. After six minutes, the broadcast returned to its scheduled programme.


title: Southern Television broadcast interruption

text: Subsequent investigations showed that the Hannington transmitter of the Independent Broadcasting Authority had rebroadcast the signal from a small but nearby unauthorised transmitter, instead of the intended source at Rowridge transmitting station. The event prompted hundreds of telephone calls from concerned members of the public, and was widely reported in British and American newspapers. These are sometimes contradictory, including differing accounts of the name used by the speaker and the wording of their message.


text: On Saturday 26 November 1977, at 17:10UTC, as ITN's Andrew Gardner presented a news summary where he reported on clashes in then-Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) between security forces and Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army, the TV picture wobbled slightly, followed by a deep buzz. The audio was replaced by a distorted voice delivering a message for almost six minutes.


text: The speaker claimed to be Vrillon, a representative of the Ashtar Galactic Command (Ashtar being a name associated with extraterrestrial communication since 1952). Reports of the incident vary, some calling the speaker "Vrillon"


text: The interruption ceased shortly after the statement had been delivered, transmissions returning to normal shortly before the end of a "Looney Tunes" cartoon. Later in the evening, Southern Television apologised for what it described as "a breakthrough in sound" for some viewers. ITN also reported on the incident in its own late-evening Saturday bulletin.


text: At that time, the Hannington television transmitter was unusual in being one of the few main transmitters which rebroadcast an off-air signal received from another transmitter, the Independent Broadcasting Authority's (IBA) Rowridge transmitter on the Isle of Wight, rather than being fed directly by a landline. As a consequence it was open to this kind of signal intrusion, as even a relatively low-powered transmission very close to the rebroadcast receiver could overwhelm its reception of the intended signal, resulting in the unauthorised transmission being amplified and rebroadcast across a far wider area. The IBA stated that to carry out such a hoax would take "a considerable amount of technical know-how" and a spokesman for Southern Television confirmed: "A hoaxer jammed our transmitter in the wilds of North Hampshire by taking another transmitter very close to it."


text: The incident caused some local alarm, with hundreds of worried viewers flooding Southern Television with telephone calls after the intrusion. In the next day's Sunday newspapers, the IBA announced the broadcast was a hoax, confirming it was the first time such a hoax transmission had been made. Reports of the event carried worldwide, with numerous American newspapers picking up the story from United Press International.


text: The broadcast became a footnote in ufology as some chose to accept the supposed "alien" broadcast at face value, questioning the explanation of a transmitter hijack. Within two days of the incident's report in London "Times", a letter to the editor published on 30 November 1977 asked, "[How] can the IBA – or anyone else – be sure that the broadcast was a hoax?" The editorial board of one American regional newspaper, the Eugene, Oregon, "Register-Guard", commented, "Nobody seemed to consider that 'Asteron' may have been for real." By as late as 1985, the story had entered urban folklore, with suggestions there had never been any explanation of the broadcast.


text: A 1999 episode of children's television series "It's a Mystery" featured the event, produced by one of Southern's successors, Meridian Television. The feature reenacted the incident with faux news reports and viewers watching the incident play out at home.


text: In 2022, as part of the investigative podcast "The Interruption", journalist Tommie Trelawny claimed to have identified Bob Tomalski (1953–2001), also known as the pirate radio broadcaster Roger Tate, as the orchestrator of the broadcast intrusion. After joining a private Facebook group for pirate radio enthusiasts as part of his investigation, Trelawny discovered a years-old comment thread discussing the event, in which multiple people who had known Tomalski identified him as the person behind it. In addition, Trelawny pitch-shifted the audio of the intrusion back up in order to restore the speaker's original voice, which the documentary claimed was a match for Tomalski's speaking voice from the 1970s.


text: Author Nelson Algren included a variation of the message in his book "The Devil's Stocking" (1983), a fictionalised account of the trial of Rubin Carter, a real-life prize-fighter who had been found guilty of double murder. In the book, as a period of unrest within the prison begins, the character 'Kenyatta' gives a speech closely mirroring the "Fortean Times" transcript of the Southern Television interruption:


text: "I am an authorized representative of the Intergalactic Mission," Kenyatta finally disclosed his credentials. "I have a message for the Planet Earth. We are beginning to enter the period of Aquarius. Many corrections have to be made by Earth people. All your weapons of evil must be destroyed. You have only a short time to learn to live together in peace. You must live in peace" – here he paused to gain everybody's attention – "you must live in peace or leave the galaxy!"


text: On his 2020 album, "Common Sense Dancing", musician Duncan Parsons included a track "A Breakthrough In Sound" which describes the broadcast interruption from the fictionalised point of view of a person witnessing the event, watching television as it was happening. The underlying soundscape makes heavy use of Mellotron sounds.


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: Magnesium carbonate, (archaic name magnesia alba), is an inorganic salt that is a colourless or white solid. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals.


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: The most common magnesium carbonate forms are the anhydrous salt called magnesite (), and the di, tri, and pentahydrates known as barringtonite (), nesquehonite (), and lansfordite (), respectively. Some basic forms such as artinite (), hydromagnesite (), and dypingite () also occur as minerals. All of those minerals are colouress or white.


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: Magnesite consists of colourless or white trigonal crystals. The anhydrous salt is practically insoluble in water, acetone, and ammonia. All forms of magnesium carbonate react with acids. Magnesite crystallizes in the calcite structure wherein is surrounded by six oxygen atoms.


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: References to "light" and "heavy" magnesium carbonates actually refer to the magnesium hydroxy carbonates hydromagnesite and dypingite, respectively.


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: Magnesium carbonate is ordinarily obtained by mining the mineral magnesite. Seventy percent of the world's supply is mined and prepared in China.


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: Magnesium carbonate can be prepared in laboratory by reaction between any soluble magnesium salt and sodium bicarbonate:


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: If magnesium chloride (or sulfate) is treated with aqueous sodium carbonate, a precipitate of basic magnesium carbonate – a hydrated complex of magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide – rather than magnesium carbonate itself is formed:


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: High purity industrial routes include a path through magnesium bicarbonate, which can be formed by combining a slurry of magnesium hydroxide and carbon dioxide at high pressure and moderate temperature. The bicarbonate is then vacuum dried, causing it to lose carbon dioxide and a molecule of water:


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: Like many common group 2 metal carbonates, magnesium carbonate reacts with aqueous acids to release carbon dioxide and water:


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: At high temperatures MgCO decomposes to magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide. This process is important in the production of magnesium oxide. This process is called calcining:


title: Magnesium carbonate

text: However, calcination to the oxide is generally not considered complete below 900 °C due to interfering readsorption of liberated carbon dioxide.