title: Lord Jim

text: The opening event in "Lord Jim" has been speculated by historians to have been based in part on an actual abandonment of a ship. On 17 July 1880, the British merchantman SS "Jeddah" set sail from Singapore bound for Penang and Jeddah, with 778 men, 147 women, and 67 children on board. The passengers were Muslims from the Malay states and were travelling to Mecca for the "hajj" (holy pilgrimage). After rough weather conditions, the "Jeddah" began taking on water. The hull sprang a large leak, the water rose rapidly, and the captain and officers abandoned the heavily listing ship. They were picked up by another vessel and taken to Aden, where they claimed that the passengers had attacked two engineers and the ship had foundered in poor weather. The pilgrims were abandoned by the crew. However, on 8 August 1880, a French steamship towed "Jeddah" into Aden and the pilgrims on board survived the incident. An official inquiry followed, as in the novel.


title: Lord Jim

text: The inspiration for the character of Jim was the chief mate of the "Jeddah", "Austin" Podmore Williams, whose grave was tracked down to Singapore's Bidadari Cemetery by Gavin Young in his book "In Search of Conrad". As in the novel, Williams created a new life for himself, returning to Singapore and becoming a successful ship's chandler.


title: Lord Jim

text: Conrad may also have been influenced by the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace's 1869 account of his travels and of the native peoples of the islands of Southeast Asia, "The Malay Archipelago"; the character Stein is based on Wallace. The second part of the novel is based in some part on the life of James Brooke, the first Rajah of Sarawak. Brooke was an Indian-born English adventurer who in the 1840s managed to gain power and set up an independent state in Sarawak, on the island of Borneo. Some critics, however, think that the fictional Patusan was intended not to be part of Borneo but of Sumatra.


title: Lord Jim

text: In 1998, the Modern Library Board ranked "Lord Jim" 85th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. In 1999, the French newspaper "Le Monde" conducted a contest among readers to rank which of 200 novels of the 20th century they remembered best. Seventeen thousand responses yielded the final list, which placed "Lord Jim" at number 75. The complete list is found in Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century in English, and also in French Wikipedia.


title: Lord Jim

text: The novel is in two main parts, firstly Jim's lapse aboard the "Patna" and his consequent fall, and secondly an adventure story about Jim's rise and the tale's denouement in the fictional town of Patusan, presumed a part of the Indonesian archipelago. The main themes surround young Jim's potential ("he was one of us", says Marlow, the narrator) thus sharpening the drama and tragedy of his fall, his subsequent struggle to redeem himself, and Conrad's further hints that personal character flaws will almost certainly emerge given an appropriate catalyst. Conrad, speaking through his character Stein, called Jim a romantic figure, and indeed "Lord Jim" is arguably Conrad's most romantic novel.


title: Lord Jim

text: In addition to the lyricism and beauty of Conrad's descriptive writing, the novel is remarkable for its sophisticated structure. The bulk of the novel is told in the form of a story recited by the character Marlow to a group of listeners, and the conclusion is presented in the form of a letter from Marlow. Within Marlow's narration, other characters also tell their own stories in nested dialogue. Thus, events in the novel are described from several viewpoints, and often out of chronological order.


title: Lord Jim

text: The reader is left to form an impression of Jim's interior psychological state from these multiple external points of view. Some critics (using deconstruction) contend that this is impossible and that Jim must forever remain an enigma, whereas others argue that there is an absolute reality the reader can perceive and that Jim's actions may be ethically judged.


title: Lord Jim

text: However, there is an analysis that shows in the novel a fixed pattern of meaning and an implicit unity that Conrad said the novel has. As he wrote to his publisher four days after completing "Lord Jim", it is "the development of one situation, only one really, from beginning to end." A metaphysical question pervades the novel and helps unify it: whether the "destructive element" that is the "spirit" of the Universe has intention—and, beyond that, malevolent intention—toward any particular individual or is, instead, indiscriminate, impartial, and indifferent. Depending (as a corollary) on the answer to that question is the degree to which the particular individual can be judged responsible for what he does or does not do; and various responses to the question or its corollary are provided by the several characters and voices in the novel.


title: Lord Jim

text: The omniscient narrator of the first part remarks of the trial: "They wanted facts. Facts! They demanded facts from him, as if facts could explain anything!" Ultimately, Jim remains mysterious, as seen through a mist: "that mist in which he loomed interesting if not very big, with floating outlines – a straggler yearning inconsolably for his humble place in the ranks... It is when we try to grapple with another man's intimate need that we perceive how incomprehensible, wavering, and misty are the beings that share with us the sight of the stars and the warmth of the sun." It is only through Marlow's recitation that Jim lives for us – the relationship between the two men incites Marlow to "tell you the story, to try to hand over to you, as it were, its very existence, its reality – the truth disclosed in a moment of illusion."


title: Lord Jim

text: Postcolonial interpretations of the novel, while not as intensive as that of "Heart of Darkness", point to similar themes in the two novels – the protagonist sees himself as part of a "civilising mission" and the story involves a "heroic adventure" during the apogee of the New Imperialism era. Conrad's use of a protagonist with a dubious history has been interpreted as an expression of his increasing doubts with regard to positive benefits of colonialism; literary critic Elleke Boehmer sees the novel, along with "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", as part of a growing suspicion that "a primitive and demoralising other" is present within the governing order of the day.


title: Infarction

text: Infarction is tissue death (necrosis) due to inadequate blood supply to the affected area. It may be caused by artery blockages, rupture, mechanical compression, or vasoconstriction. The resulting lesion is referred to as an infarct


title: Infarction

text: Infarction occurs as a result of prolonged ischemia, which is the insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrition to an area of tissue due to a disruption in blood supply. The blood vessel supplying the affected area of tissue may be blocked due to an obstruction in the vessel (e.g., an arterial embolus, thrombus, or atherosclerotic plaque), compressed by something outside of the vessel causing it to narrow (e.g., tumor, volvulus, or hernia), ruptured by trauma causing a loss of blood pressure downstream of the rupture, or vasoconstricted, which is the narrowing of the blood vessel by contraction of the muscle wall rather than an external force (e.g., cocaine vasoconstriction leading to myocardial infarction).


title: Infarction

text: Hypertension and atherosclerosis are risk factors for both atherosclerotic plaques and thromboembolism. In atherosclerotic formations, a plaque develops under a fibrous cap. When the fibrous cap is degraded by metalloproteinases released from macrophages or by intravascular shear force from blood flow, subendothelial thrombogenic material (extracellular matrix) is exposed to circulating platelets and thrombus formation occurs on the vessel wall occluding blood flow. Occasionally, the plaque may rupture and form an embolus which travels with the blood-flow downstream to where the vessel narrows and eventually clogs the vessel lumen


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Co-operative Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom, supporting co-operative values and principles. Established in 1917, the Co-operative Party was founded by co-operative societies to campaign politically for the fairer treatment of co-operative enterprise and to elect 'co-operators' to Parliament. The party's roots lie in the Parliamentary Committee of the Co-operative Union established in 1881.


title: Co-operative Party

text: Since 1927, the Co-operative Party has had an electoral pact with the Labour Party, with both parties agreeing not to stand candidates against each other. Instead, candidates selected by members of both parties contest elections using the description of Labour and Co-operative Party. The Co-operative Party is a legally separate entity from the Labour Party, and is registered as a political party with the Electoral Commission. Co-operative Party members are not permitted to be members of any other political party in the UK apart from the Labour Party or Northern Ireland's Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP).


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Co-operative Party is "de jure" the fourth-largest party in the House of Commons with 25 Members of Parliament, although as all of its MPs sit in the Parliamentary Labour Party, this distinction is seldom made. It also has representatives in the House of Lords, the Scottish Parliament, the Senedd, the London Assembly and local government.


title: Co-operative Party

text: In keeping with its co-operative values and principles, the Co-operative Party does not have a leader. Instead Joe Fortune serves as General Secretary, Preet Kaur Gill serves as Chair of the Co-operative Party Parliamentary Group, and Jim McMahon as Chair of the Co-operative Party National Executive Committee.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Co-operative Party was formed in 1917 after being approved by the May Congress of the British co-operative movement held in Swansea. Since an electoral pact established in 1927, the party has stood joint candidates with the Labour Party. In 1938, a written constitution was adopted by the Co-operative Party which formalised links between the two parties, and in 1946 Co-operative candidates first stood in elections under the Labour Co-operative banner.


title: Co-operative Party

text: In its formative years the Co-operative Party was almost exclusively concerned with the trading and commercial problems of the co-operative movement. Since the 1930s, it has widened its emphasis, using influence gained through strong links with the political and commercial left to spread what it sees as co-operative ethos and moral principles. The basic principles underpinning the party are to seek recognition for co-operative enterprises, recognition for the social economy, and to advance support for co-operatives and co-operation across Europe and the developing world. The party stands for a sustainable economy and society, a culture of citizenship and socially responsible business represented by the practice of retail and industrial co-operatives. The Co-operative Party seeks to advance its agenda through the Parliamentary Labour Party, with whom it shares common values.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Joint Parliamentary Committee was set up in 1881 by The Co-operative Union. It was primarily a watchdog on parliamentary activities. Issues and legislation could be raised in the House of Commons only by lobbying sympathetic, usually Labour, MPs. As it was somewhat unsatisfactory to have to lobby MPs on each individual issue, motions were passed at the Co-operative Union Annual Congress urging direct parliamentary representation. However, for much of this early period societies would not commit funds.


title: Co-operative Party

text: At the start of the war, the many retail societies in the co-operative movement grew in both membership and trade; this was due, in part, because of their very public anti-profiteering stance. When conscription was introduced and food and fuel supplies restricted, these societies began to suffer. The movement was under-represented on the various governmental distribution committees and tribunals. Co-operatives received minimal supplies and even management were often drafted, whereas business opponents were able to have even clerks declared vital for the war effort. Societies were also required to pay excess profits tax, although their co-operative nature meant they made no profits.


title: Co-operative Party

text: A motion was tabled at the 1917 Congress held in Swansea by the Joint Parliamentary Committee and 104 retail societies, calling for direct representation at national and local government levels. The motion was passed by 1979 votes to 201.


title: Co-operative Party

text: An Emergency Political Conference was held on 18 October 1917. As a result, the Central Co-operative Parliamentary Representation Committee was formed in 1917, with the objective of putting co-operators into the House of Commons. This was soon renamed the Co-operative Party. The first national secretary was Samuel Perry, later a Member of Parliament and the father of Fred Perry.


title: Co-operative Party

text: At first the party put forward its own candidates. The first was H. J. May, later Secretary of the International Co-operative Alliance, who was unsuccessful at the January 1918 Prestwich by-election. Ten then stood in the 1918 general election. One candidate met with success, Alfred Waterson, who became a Member of Parliament for the Kettering seat. Waterson took the Labour whip in Parliament. In 1919, 151 Co-operative Party councillors were elected at local level. Waterson retired from Parliament in 1922, but four new Co-operative MPs were elected that same year, including A.V. Alexander, all of whom took the Labour whip. Six were elected in 1923 and five in 1924.


title: Co-operative Party

text: However, since the 1927 Cheltenham Agreement, the party has had an electoral agreement with the Labour Party, which allows for a limited number of Labour Co-operative candidates. This means that the parties involved do not oppose each other. The agreement has been amended several times, most recently in 2003, which was made in the name of the Co-operative Party rather than the Co-operative Union. After the formal agreement, nine Labour Co-operative MPs were elected at the 1929 general election, and Alexander was made a cabinet minister. However, only one was returned at the 1931 election against the backdrop of a massive defeat for Labour.


title: Co-operative Party

text: Labour's recovery as a credible party of government during World War II and the formal links and local affiliations brought by the 1927 agreement saw benefits electorally for the Co-operative Party. In 1945, 23 Labour Co-operative MPs were elected and two held high office in the Labour government – Alexander and Alfred Barnes, who had been chair of the party.


title: Co-operative Party

text: But with Labour's fluctuating fortunes and the slow post-war decline of the co-operative movement, the party saw its influence and standing fall. By 1983, another nadir for Labour fortunes, only eight Labour Co-operative MPs were elected.


title: Co-operative Party

text: However, in 1997, all 23 candidates won seats in Parliament and, after Labour assumed power, the party gained its first members of the Cabinet since AV Alexander: Alun Michael 1998–99 (later First Minister for Wales) and Ed Balls 2007–2010. In 2001, only one candidate was defeated: Faye Tinnion, who had stood against the Leader of the Conservative Party, William Hague.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Co-operative Party is a membership organisation consisting of individual members as well as local, regional and national Co-operative Parties and affiliated co-operative societies and trade unions. Unlike other parties with representatives elected to Parliament, the Co-operative Party does not receive state funding and gets most of its income from membership subscriptions and affiliation fees.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Party's highest decision making body is the National Executive Committee (NEC), which is elected every three years by individual members, affiliated co-operatives and trade unions, the Co-operative Party Parliamentary Group, and Co-operatives UK.


title: Co-operative Party

text: An Annual Conference takes place each autumn to debate policy, discuss the Party's work and vote on motions, although its resolutions are only advisory on the NEC.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Co-operative Party Parliamentary Group co-ordinates the work of the Party's MPs and Peers in Parliament.


title: Co-operative Party

text: Six of the UK's largest consumer co-operatives are affiliated to the Co-operative Party: the Co-operative Group, Midcounties Co-operative, Central England Co-operative, East of England Co-operative, Scotmid Co-operative and Chelmsford Star Co-operative.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The members of each co-operative society vote to approve affiliation to the Party at their annual general meeting. The largest society and funder of the Party is the Co-operative Group, which ballots its members each year on continued support for the Co-operative Party. At the May 2019 AGM, 79% of Co-operative Group members voted in favour of continued affiliation and that year donated £625,600 (2018: £625,600) to the Co-operative Party.


title: Co-operative Party

text: In 2016 Community became the first trade union to affiliate to the Co-operative Party, followed in 2018 by the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers (Usdaw).


title: Co-operative Party

text: Co-operatives UK, Co-operative Press and a number of worker co-operatives and housing co-operatives are also organisational members of the Party.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The local structure of the Co-operative Party's is based on autonomous units known as Society Co-operative Parties, which operate in a similar way to Constituency Labour Parties (CLPs).


title: Co-operative Party

text: Co-operative societies sponsor Society Co-operative Parties in their traditional areas of operation, which will often take the name of the supporting society (i.e. East of England Co-operative Party and East of England Co-operative).


title: Co-operative Party

text: Society Co-operative Parties usually have a number of branches covering one or more local authority area, which are the main way that individual members interact with the Party to debate policy, select candidates for elections and liaise with Constituency Labour Parties. The Society Co-operative Party is overseen by a party council made up of delegates from branches and the supporting co-operative society.


title: Co-operative Party

text: Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland each have a single national Society Co-operative Party. In England a local party will cover one or more county, or in some cases a full region.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Co-operative Party and Labour Party have had an electoral alliance known as the 'National Agreement' since 1927, meaning they do not stand against each other in elections. Instead both parties agree joint candidates to stand as Labour and Co-operative Party.


title: Co-operative Party

text: Labour and Co-operative candidates can stand at elections at all levels in England, Scotland and Wales. Although both parties organise in Northern Ireland, they do not stand candidates for election.


title: Co-operative Party

text: As a sister party, the Co-operative Party has a unique relationship with the Labour Party meaning it does not affiliate at a UK level. Instead local Society Co-operative Parties affiliate to Constituency Labour Parties, which facilitates local co-operation and the selection of joint candidates.


title: Co-operative Party

text: Most candidates use the Labour and Co-operative Party description on their ballot paper, however some stand under another version, particularly for local government elections and elections in Scotland, Wales and London that use a list system. In this case only one description will be used to avoid voters thinking Labour and Co-operative candidates are standing against Labour candidates; however joint candidates are still recognised as part of the Labour and Co-operative Group if they are elected.


title: Co-operative Party

text: Although only the Labour Party emblem is used on the ballot paper, candidates and representatives can use a joint logo on their printed materials and websites.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Co-operative Party does not have a single leader, with the responsibilities shared between Jim McMahon as Chair of the National Executive Committee, Preet Kaur Gill as Chair of the Co-operative Party Parliamentary Group, and Joe Fortune as General Secretary, who oversees the day-to-day operations of the Party.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The modern party is the political arm of the wider British co-operative movement and membership of another co-operative enterprise is a requirement for candidates. Co-operative members who wish to stand for election must also be members of the Labour Party, and stand as Labour and Co-operative Party candidates.


title: Co-operative Party

text: Lord McFall of Alcluith currently sits as a non-affiliated peer following his election as Lord Speaker in May 2021.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Co-operative Party is represented in all tiers of local government by local councillors who stand as Labour and Co-operative. There are 938 Labour and Co-operative Councillors across England, Scotland and Wales. In London, there are 271 Labour and Co-operative councillors and Greenwich has the highest number in the capital with 39 councillors.


title: Co-operative Party

text: The Co-operative party is affiliated with the Labour Party in Northern Ireland. Labour and SDLP members are permitted to join the party, but it does not currently have any representation in the Northern Ireland Assembly.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: John Young Brown Jr. (December 28, 1933 – November 22, 2022) was an American politician, entrepreneur, and businessman from Kentucky. He served as the 55th governor of Kentucky from 1979 to 1983, and built Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) into a multimillion-dollar restaurant chain.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: The son of United States Congressman John Y. Brown Sr., Brown's talent for business became evident in college, where he made a substantial amount of money selling "Encyclopædia Britannica" sets. After briefly practicing law with his father, he purchased Kentucky Fried Chicken from founder Harland Sanders in 1964. Brown turned the company into a worldwide success and sold his interest in the company for a huge profit in 1971. He then invested in several other restaurant ventures, but none matched the success of KFC. During the 1970s, he also owned, at various times, three professional basketball teams: the American Basketball Association's Kentucky Colonels, and the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics and Buffalo Braves (currently the Los Angeles Clippers).


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Despite having previously shown little inclination toward politics, Brown surprised political observers by declaring his candidacy for governor in the 1979 election. With the state and nation facing difficult economic times, Brown promised to run the state government like a business. A strong media campaign funded by his personal fortune allowed him to win the Democratic primary and go on to defeat former Republican governor Louie B. Nunn in the general election. Because he owed few favors to established political leaders, he appointed many successful businesspeople to state posts instead of making political appointments. Following through on his campaign promise to make more diverse appointments, he named a woman and an African-American to his cabinet. During his tenure, Brown exerted less influence over the legislature than previous governors and was frequently absent from the state, leaving Lieutenant Governor Martha Layne Collins as acting governor for more than one-quarter of his term. He briefly competed for the U.S. Senate after his gubernatorial term in the 1984 election but withdrew from the race after only six weeks, citing health issues. He continued to invest in business ventures, the most high profile of which was Kenny Rogers Roasters, a wood-roasted chicken restaurant he founded with country music star Kenny Rogers.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Brown married three times, the second time to former Miss America Phyllis George. Among his children are news anchor Pamela Ashley Brown and former Secretary of State of Kentucky John Young Brown III.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Brown was born on December 28, 1933, in Lexington, Kentucky. He was the only son of five children born to John Y. and Dorothy Inman Brown. His father was a member of the U.S. Congress from Kentucky and a member of the Kentucky state legislature for nearly three decades, including a term as Speaker of the House. John Sr. was named for, but not related to, the nineteenth century governor of the same name. A 1979 "People" magazine article recounts that the elder Brown's nine unsuccessful political races – for either governor or the U.S. Senate – took a toll on his family and left his mother resentful of all the money spent on campaigns.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Brown attended Lafayette High School in Lexington, where he was a seventeen-time letterman in various sports. During one summer, his father expressed disappointment that he had decided to spend the summer selling vacuum cleaners instead of working on a road construction crew with the rest of his football teammates. Motivated by his father's disapproval, Brown averaged $1,000 in monthly commissions from vacuum cleaner sales. After high school, Brown matriculated at the University of Kentucky, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1957 and a law degree in 1960. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the golf team and Phi Delta Theta fraternity. While in law school, he made as much as $25,000 a year selling Encyclopædia Britannica sets and employed a sales crew made up of classmates to increase his profits.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Brown joined his father's law practice after earning his law degree. From 1959 to 1965, he also served in the United States Army Reserve. He served as legal counsel for Paul Hornung when Hornung was suspended for the 1963 National Football League season for gambling. After only a few years, Brown left his father's law firm and began a career in business.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: In 1960, Brown married Eleanor Bennett Durall and had three children including John Young Brown III, Eleanor Faris, and Sandra Bennett. He got his wife involved in managing a barbecue restaurant; upon seeing its success, he became convinced of the financial potential of the fast food industry. During a 1963 political breakfast, Brown met Colonel Harland Sanders, the founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), and the two discussed selling Sanders' chicken in Brown's chain of barbecue restaurants. By 1964, Brown persuaded Jack C. Massey to purchase KFC from Sanders for $2 million (). The investment group changed the restaurant's format from the diner-style restaurant envisioned by Sanders to a fast-food take out model. Giving all their restaurants a distinct red-and-white striped color pattern, the group opened over 1,500 restaurants, including locations in all 50 U.S. states and several international locations. By 1967, KFC had become the nation's sixth-largest restaurant chain by volume and first offered its stock for public purchase in 1969.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: For his work with KFC, Brown was named one of the Outstanding Young Men of America by the Junior Chamber of Commerce in 1966; the following year, the Chamber named him one of the Outstanding Civic Leaders of America. Eventually, he became a member of both the Kentucky and Louisville Chambers of Commerce. The Louisville Junior Chamber of Commerce honored him as Louisville's Outstanding Young Man in 1969, and he was inducted into the University of Kentucky Alumni Association Hall of Distinguished Alumni on November 6, 1970.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: In 1971, Brown sold his interest in KFC to Heublein for $284 million (). Using some of the profits from the KFC sale, Brown and some associates bought the Miami-based Lum's chain of restaurants from its founders, Stuart and Clifford S. Perlman, for $4 million. Of the 340-outlet beer-and-hot-dog chain, Brown said "they did not have very good food. I figured that upgrading it would be my first task." Accordingly, he hired a group of young executives to find "the perfect hamburger". After a three-month courtship, he hired Ollie Gleichenhaus, owner of Ollie's Sandwich Shop, a small diner in Miami Beach, Florida, to train Lum's staff to prepare his "Ollie Burger" hamburgers. He later started a chain of take-out restaurants called Ollie's Trolley, named for Gleichenhaus. Initially successful, Brown said "that venture [Ollie's Trolley] collapsed". Lions Clubs International in Tampa, Florida, honored Brown with its Service to America Award in 1974. Brown sold the Lum's chain for $9.5 million to Friedrich Jahn's Wienerwald holding group in 1978. A few years later, Brown launched John Y's Chicken, a venture which also subsequently failed. Kenny Rogers Roasters, another chain founded with country music superstar Kenny Rogers proved more successful.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Concurrent with his post-KFC business ventures, Brown purchased an ownership stake in several professional basketball teams. He owned three professional basketball teams, one of those being the Boston Celtics. In 1970, Wendell Cherry assembled a group that included Brown to buy the American Basketball Association's (ABA) Kentucky Colonels. Following the 1972–73 season, Cherry sold his interest in the Colonels to a group from Cincinnati; Brown immediately purchased Cherry's interest from the group, reportedly to keep the team from moving to Cincinnati. He put his wife and a 10-woman board of directors in charge of the team. Colonels general manager Mike Storen felt that this was a sign that Brown was going to run the team "his way" and left the team as a result; two months later, he accepted the job of ABA league commissioner. Head coach Joe Mullaney followed soon after, saying that Brown was going to be too meddlesome in personnel decisions. Babe McCarthy lasted only one season as Mullaney's replacement; in 1975, Brown hired Hubie Brown as head coach. The team won the ABA championship the following year.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Although he had been hailed as a hero, first for saving the Colonels from moving to Cincinnati and then for bringing a championship to Louisville, Brown came under intense public criticism following the Colonels' championship season for selling the rights to center Dan Issel to the Baltimore Claws in a cost-saving move. He frequently clashed with coach Hubie Brown during the 1975–76 season, and at the end of the year, he accepted $3 million to fold the team during the 1976 ABA–NBA merger rather than paying $3 million for the team to join the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: After folding the Colonels, Brown stated that basketball was not the kind of business he wanted to be involved in. Despite this declaration, he purchased half-ownership in the NBA's Buffalo Braves later in 1976. The Braves had posted a dismal 30–52 record in the 1975–76 season, and Brown immediately set out to make moves that would improve the franchise's fortunes in the next season. He re-signed All Star guard Randy Smith, who had threatened to leave as a free agent, then traded the club's first-round draft pick to the Milwaukee Bucks for center Swen Nater. In a single day, he made two significant trades. In the first, he swapped reigning Rookie of the Year Adrian Dantley for the Indiana Pacers' Billy Knight, who was second in the league in scoring the previous season. Four hours later, he acquired Nate "Tiny" Archibald from the New York Nets for George Johnson and a first-round draft pick in 1979. In 1977, Brown purchased the remaining share of the team from the owner Paul Snyder.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: The following year, Brown traded franchises with Boston Celtics owner Irv Levin. The move allowed Levin to move his franchise to his home state of California, while giving Brown ownership of one of the league's most storied franchises. Two weeks before the swap of franchises was made official, details of a six-player trade between the two were reported. Boston sent Freeman Williams, Kevin Kunnert, and Kermit Washington to the Braves for "Tiny" Archibald, Billy Knight, and Marvin Barnes. The move turned Boston fans against Brown, both because Kunnert and Washington were seen as key pieces of the team's future and because team president and legendary former coach Red Auerbach publicly stated that he was not consulted about the trade. The relationship between Brown and Auerbach worsened with Brown's decision to trade three first-round draft picks that Auerbach had planned to use to rebuild the franchise for Bob McAdoo. Again, Brown made the trade without consulting Auerbach. Auerbach almost left Boston to take a job with the New York Knicks as a result. Brown eventually sold his interest in the team to co-owner Harry Mangurian in 1979.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Brown and his first wife divorced in 1977. On March 17, 1979, he married former Miss America and CBS sportscaster Phyllis George. The ceremony was performed by Norman Vincent Peale. Brown and George had two children, Lincoln Tyler George Brown and Pamela Ashley Brown.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Unlike his father, Brown showed only a passing interest in politics prior to 1979. In the 1960 election, he was named vice-chairman of John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign in Kentucky. He was a member of the Young Leadership Council of the Democratic National Committee, and was named honorary chairman of the National Democratic Party in 1972. Later that year, he considered running for the U.S. Senate, but decided against it once former governor Louie B. Nunn entered the race. From 1972 to 1974, he hosted the Democratic National Telethon. He founded the Governor's Economic Development Commission of Kentucky and served as chair from 1975 to 1977.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: On March 27, 1979, Brown interrupted his honeymoon with Phyllis George to announce his candidacy for governor of Kentucky. The announcement surprised most political observers because of his prior political apathy and because Brown had spent considerable time out of the state with his business ventures and lavish lifestyle. Funding his campaign with his own personal fortune, Brown launched a massive media campaign promoting his candidacy to help him overcome his late start in the race. He promised to run the state government like a business and to be a salesman for the state as governor.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Other candidates in the Democratic field included sitting lieutenant governor Thelma Stovall, Terry McBrayer (the choice of sitting governor Julian Carroll), congressman Carroll Hubbard, state auditor George Adkins, and Louisville mayor Harvey Sloane. Initially the leading candidate, Stovall was hampered during the campaign by ill health. During the campaign, Brown was attacked by McBrayer for refusing to release his federal tax returns. McBrayer also claimed that Brown had not voted in a Democratic primary since 1975, a charge validated by public voting records. Nevertheless, Brown won the primary by a margin of 25,000 votes. The race was so close that Sloane, Brown's closest competitor, refused to concede for two days. Brown defeated former Republican governor Louie B. Nunn in the 1979 general election by a vote of 588,088 to 381,278.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Within a month of moving into the Governor's Mansion, Brown noticed significant deterioration in the wiring and ordered a full inspection. The Department of Buildings and Construction's preliminary report stated "If this was a privately operated structure, this office would have no alternative other than to give the operator 30 to 60 days to rewire the structure." The report went on to say that the mansion was a virtual firetrap. Upon receiving the report, Brown immediately moved his family out of the mansion and back to Cave Hill, his estate in Lexington. The Department of Buildings and Construction forbade use of the mansion for overnight purposes or group meetings until repairs could be made. Brown's Cave Hill estate was officially designated the temporary executive mansion, and the state agreed to furnish Brown's groceries, reimburse him for entertaining official guests, and pay for telephone calls made in his capacity as governor. He was also given a travel allowance.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: In March 1980, the General Assembly created a committee to study whether it would be more feasible to construct a new governor's mansion or repair the old one. Ultimately, they decided to renovate the existing mansion, and Brown's wife Phyllis was given liberal input into the decision making. The state had expected to cover the cost of the repairs using federal revenue sharing funds, but President Jimmy Carter ordered a halt to the funds in May 1980. First lady Phyllis Brown organized a group called "Save the Mansion" to raise private funds to offset the repair costs. Independently wealthy, Governor Brown donated his first year's salary to the project. He waived his salary for the remainder of his term. The renovation and repairs were completed in March 1983, and the Brown family returned to the mansion in April.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Because he owed few favors to the state's established politicians, many of Brown's top appointees were businesspeople. Keeping a campaign promise to appoint a woman and an African-American to his cabinet, Brown named William E. McAnulty Jr., and Jacqueline Swigart to his cabinet. McAnulty resigned his post as secretary of the state's Justice Cabinet within one month, saying the position would keep him from spending enough time with his family. Brown re-appointed McAnulty to his former position as a judge with the Jefferson County District Court and replaced him with another African-American, George W. Wilson. He also appointed Viola Davis Brown as Executive Director of the Office of Public Health Nursing in 1980, she was the first African-American nurse to lead a state office of public health nursing in the United States. His most controversial appointment was Frank Metts, his secretary of transportation. Metts broke with political tradition in Kentucky, announcing that contracts would be awarded on the basis of competitive bids and performance rather than political patronage. Despite cutting personnel from the department, Metts doubled the miles of road that were resurfaced.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Difficult economic times marked Brown's term in office. During his tenure, the state's unemployment rate climbed from 5.6 percent to 11.7 percent. Brown stuck to his campaign promise not to raise taxes. When state income fell short of expectations, he reduced the state budget by 22 percent and cut the number of state employees from 37,241 to 30,783, mostly through transfer and attrition. At the same time, his merit pay policies increased salaries for the remaining employees by an average of 34 percent. He cut the executive office staff from ninety-seven to thirty and sold seven of the state's eight government airplanes.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Brown appointed a group of insurance experts to study the state's policies and put them out for bid, ultimately saving $2 million. He also required competitive bids from banks where state funds were deposited; the extra interest generated by this process generated an additional $50 million in revenue to the general fund. He opened communications and contacts with Japan, setting the stage for future economic relations between that country and Kentucky. Among his other accomplishments as governor were the implementation of competitive bidding for government contracts and passage of a weight-distance tax on trucks.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Brown was less involved with the legislative process than previous governors. For example, he did not attempt to influence the choice of legislative leadership, while most previous governors had practically hand-selected the presiding officers in each house. During one of the two legislative sessions of his term, he went on vacation. Consequently, many of his legislative recommendations were not enacted. Among his failed proposals were a multi-county banking law, a flat rate income tax, professional negotiations for teachers, and a constitutional amendment to allow a governor to be elected to successive terms. In all, Brown was out of the state – leaving Lieutenant Governor Martha Layne Collins as acting governor – for more than five hundred days during his four-year term. As noted by Kentucky historian Lowell H. Harrison, Brown's hands-off approach allowed the legislature to gain power relative to the governor for the first time in Kentucky history, a trend which continued into the terms of his successors.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: During his term, Brown served as co-chairman of the Appalachian Regional Commission and chair of the Southern States' Energy Board. In May 1981, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Kentucky, and in May 1982, he was the recipient of the Father of the Year award. In September 1983, the national Democratic Party named him Democrat of the Year, and he was later made the party's lifetime Honorary Treasurer.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: In 1982, Brown was briefly hospitalized for hypertension, and near the end of his term, he underwent quadruple bypass surgery. While recovering from the surgery, Brown suffered a rare pulmonary disease, keeping him hospitalized for weeks, during part of which time he was comatose. He had no pulse for a period of time, and one of his lungs partially collapsed. Brown's office tried to conceal the seriousness of his condition, drawing fire from the press. Following his recovery, he gave up smoking and took up jogging.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: In "Kentucky's Governors", Brown biographer Mary K. Bonsteel Tachau said of his administration: "There were no scandals. Neither he nor any of his people were accused of corruption." Scandal did touch Brown personally, however, as well as some of his close associates. In 1981, he was investigated for withdrawing $1.3 million in personal cash from the All American Bank of Miami. The bank failed to report the transaction to the Internal Revenue Service as required by law. When the Federal Bureau of Investigation probed the matter in 1983, Brown claimed he withdrew the money to cover gambling debts he ran up during "one bad night gambling" in Las Vegas. Brown, who was not the focus of the FBI's investigation, later recanted that statement.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Some of Brown's associates were involved with a Lexington cocaine and gun-smuggling ring called "The Company". James P. Lambert, an associate of Brown's since they attended the University of Kentucky together, was indicted on more than 60 drug charges. Phone records also showed calls from the governor's mansion to several individuals eventually convicted of drug charges in connection with the investigation.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: On March 15, 1984, Brown filed as a candidate for the U.S. Senate seat held by Walter "Dee" Huddleston just hours before the filing deadline. Six weeks later, on April 27, he withdrew his candidacy, citing the effects of his serious illness and surgery from the previous year.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: In 1987, Brown again ran for governor, entering a crowded Democratic primary that included Lieutenant Governor Steve Beshear, former governor Julian Carroll, Grady Stumbo, and political newcomer Wallace Wilkinson. He entered the race late – filing his candidacy papers in late February before the primary election in late May. When Brown approached the state capitol to file his papers, Beshear met him outside the filing office and challenged him to an impromptu debate, but Brown declined. As Brown quickly became the frontrunner, Beshear attacked his lavish lifestyle in a series of campaign ads, one of which was based on the popular television show "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous". Other ads by Beshear played up Brown's ties to James P. Lambert, while still others claimed that Brown would raise taxes. Brown refuted Beshear's claims in ads of his own, and the battle between Beshear and Brown opened an opportunity for Wilkinson – who distinguished himself from the field by advocating for a state lottery – to make a late surge. He defeated Brown, his closest competitor, by a margin of 58,000 votes.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Following his unsuccessful run for the governorship in 1987, Brown resumed his career in the restaurant industry. He started the Chicken Grill restaurant in Louisville and helped his wife, Phyllis, launch Chicken By George, a line of boneless, skinless chicken breast products designed for sale in supermarkets and preparation at home. In 1988, Hormel made Chicken By George one of its subsidiaries. Brown expanded several other restaurants including Miami Subs, Texas Roadhouse, and Roadhouse Grill. None of these ventures matched the success he experienced early in his career.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: In 1991, Brown formed a partnership with recording artist Kenny Rogers, co-founding and serving as CEO of Kenny Rogers Roasters, an international chain of wood-roasted chicken restaurants. The founding of Kenny Rogers Roasters was part of a larger movement in the restaurant industry toward healthier, take-home offerings. Roasters immediately found itself in competition with Boston Chicken (later known as Boston Market) and several smaller roasted chicken chains. Kentucky Fried Chicken also introduced a roasted chicken line of products called Rotisserie Gold to compete with Roasters and Boston Chicken. In December 1992, Clucker's, a smaller player in the roasted chicken market, sued Kenny Rogers Roasters, claiming the chain had copied its recipes and menus. The lawsuit continued until Roasters purchased a majority stake in Cluckers in August 1994. Brown then took Roasters public and grew it to a chain of more than 1,000 restaurants before selling his interest in the franchise to the Malaysia-based Berjaya Group in 1996.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Brown and his wife Phyllis separated in August 1995. Phyllis filed for divorce in Kentucky in 1996, but withdrew the petition amid settlement talks with her husband. After Brown reportedly cut off much of his wife's financial support, she filed a second divorce petition in 1997, this time in Broward County, Florida where her husband was living at the time. After a brief legal fight over whether the proceedings should take place in Kentucky or Florida, the divorce became final in 1998. Later that year, he married former Mrs. Kentucky Jill Louise Roach, 27 years his junior, but they divorced in 2003 for reasons not released. When asked why they divorced he stated "I do have great love for Jill, but something which cannot be overlooked has come up in our marriage. I will always love her and her children, but it seems a divorce is our only option now."


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: In 1997, Brown agreed to be co-chairman of Governor Paul E. Patton's Council on Domestic Violence along with Patton's wife, Judi. Brown said he had always been interested in curbing domestic violence, but his interest became personal after he discovered that his sister, Betty "Boo" McCann, had been a victim. In 2003, Patton renamed Kentucky Route 9 as the "John Y. Brown Jr. AA Highway". The "AA" designation comes from the fact that the highway originally connected the cities of Alexandria and Ashland.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: In late 2006, Brown partnered with actress Suzanne Somers to open a do-it-yourself meal preparation store called Suzanne's Kitchen. The flagship store opened in Tates Creek Centre in Lexington, and a second store was opened in New Jersey. Brown intended to build the business into a chain, but five months after the Lexington location opened, both stores closed. Brown said he wanted to "revamp the whole format to get something even more convenient" and promised to re-open both stores at some unspecified future date. Investor John Shannon Bouchillon sued Brown and Somers, claiming they had deceived him both before and after his investment of $400,000. The case against Brown was dropped before it went to trial. In 2011, a Fayette County, Kentucky judge dismissed the suit against Somers for lack of evidence.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Brown refused to serve on the inaugural committee of his old political foe, Steve Beshear, when Beshear was elected governor in 2007. All of Kentucky's living former Democratic governors were invited to participate, and each accepted the invitation with the exception of Brown. Of his refusal, Brown stated "I don't respect him. I don't want to be part of it. I'm not really interested in being politically correct." Referring to the 1987 Democratic gubernatorial primary campaign, Brown continued, "He said things that were not true, like we had raised taxes. I just never respected him after that." However, when Beshear was reelected in 2011, Brown did serve as inauguration co-chair with the other former governors.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: In 2008, Brown was named to the University of Kentucky College of Law Alumni Association's Hall of Fame. In a press release, the association cited Brown's success at Kentucky Fried Chicken, his political career, and his help in establishing the university's Sanders–Brown Center on Aging as reasons for his induction. The center is named in honor of Harland Sanders and Brown's father. Brown divided his time between homes in Lexington, Kentucky, and Fort Lauderdale, Florida.


title: John Y. Brown Jr.

text: Brown died at a hospital in Lexington on November 22, 2022, at age 88. He had been dealing with health complications derived from COVID-19 since the summer. His casket lay in state in the Kentucky Capitol's rotunda for two days starting on November 29, 2022. His funeral was held at the Kentucky Capitol on November 30. Brown would be buried in the Lexington Cemetery.


title: Bhavya Gandhi

text: Bhavya Gandhi (born 20 June 1997) is an Indian actor who mainly works in Hindi YouTube and Gujarati films. He made his acting debut with and is best known for his role of Tipendra Jethalal Gada a.k.a. Tapu in the Indian sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah.


title: Bhavya Gandhi

text: Bhavya made his film debut in 2017 with "Pappa Tamne Nahi Samjaay" and has done films like "Bau Na Vichar" and "Baap Kamaal Dikro Dhamaal". He also appeared in "Shaadi Ke Siyape".


title: Bhavya Gandhi

text: Bhavya is from a Gujarati Jain family. He lives with his parents and elder brother in Mumbai. He has completed his Bachelor of Commerce graduation. He is the maternal cousin of Samay Shah, who played his on-screen friend Gurucharan Singh Sodhi on Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah. Bhavya Gandhi mother's name is Yashoda Gandhi and she is a homemaker, his father's name is Vinod Gandhi who was a businessman and he also has an elder brother named Nischit Gandhi.


title: Bhavya Gandhi

text: From 2008 to 2017, Gandhi appeared in the comedy show "Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah" as Tipendra Jethalal Gada (commonly known as Tappu), son of Jethalal and Daya. He left the show to pursue a career as a film actor, saying that the makers are ignoring his character in the show. Bhavya became a household name with his role of Tapu. In 2019, he appeared in the show "Shaadi Ke Siyape", where he played the role of Nanku.


title: Bhavya Gandhi

text: Gandhi first appeared in films with the role of child lead Suryakant in the 2010 Hindi language film "Striker". He also appeared in a short film "Fidget Spinner" as Aniket.


title: Bhavya Gandhi

text: Bhavya made his Gujarati film debut with "Pappa Tamne Nahi Samjaay", in 2017. It starred Manoj Joshi, Ketki Dave and Johny Lever and was a critical and commercial success.


title: Bhavya Gandhi

text: In 2018, he did a Gujarati drama film "Baap Kamaal Dikro Dhamaal" with Dharmesh Vyas, Ragi Jani and Falguni Mistry. In 2019, he played the lead role in Gujarati film "Bau Na Vichar" which was a moderate success. In 2021, he appeared in the romantic movie "Tari Sathe". In 2022, he acted in Gujarati comedy film "Kehvatlal Parivar."


title: Bhavya Gandhi

text: Gandhi is set to next appear in the Gujarati film "Kehvatlal Parivar" and the Hindi film "Doctor Doctor".


title: Praise You

text: "Praise You" is a song by British big beat musician Fatboy Slim. It was released as the third single from his second studio album, "You've Come a Long Way, Baby" (1998), on 4 January 1999. It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and in Iceland, number four in Canada, number six in Ireland, and number 36 in the United States. As of 1999, it had sold over 150,000 units in the US.


title: Praise You

text: A total of six samples are used in the song. The song features a prominent vocal sample from the opening of "Take Yo' Praise" by Camille Yarbrough, as well as a prominent piano sample from the track "Balance and Rehearsal" from a test album entitled "Sessions" released by audio electronics company JBL. The song also features a guitar sample from the opening of "It's a Small World" from the Disneyland Records-released album "Mickey Mouse Disco", the theme from the cartoon series "Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids", the electric piano riff from "Lucky Man" by Steve Miller Band, and the drum beat from "Running Back To Me" by Tom Fogerty.


title: Praise You

text: In a 2021 interview with the website WhoSampled, Yarbrough said that she liked "Praise You" and its use of her vocals, feeling that Cook kept the essence of "Take Yo' Praise".


title: Praise You

text: The accompanying video for "Praise You" was directed by Spike Jonze with Roman Coppola. Jonze starred in the film, under the pseudonym Richard Koufey, along with a fictional dance group: The Torrance Community Dance Group. The video intro described it as "A Torrance Public Film Production".


title: Praise You

text: The video was shot guerrilla-style – that is, on location without obtaining permission from the owners of the property – in front of puzzled onlookers outside the Fox Bruin Theater in Westwood, Los Angeles, California. In the video, Jonze and the dance group, acting as a flash mob, dance to "Praise You", much to the chagrin of a theatre employee who turns off their portable stereo. One of the actor-dancers in the fictional dance group, Michael Gier, documented the making of the "Praise You" video on his website.


title: Praise You

text: The "Praise You" video was made only because Jonze, unable to work with Fatboy Slim on the video for "The Rockafeller Skank", recorded and sent his own solo dance video of "Skank" as a gift; Jonze's 'alternative' music video was so well received by Slim that Jonze's fictional Torrance Community Dance Group was green-lighted for the official video for "Praise You". Cook has said he liked this music video more so than The Rockafeller Skank's, which he hated.


title: Praise You

text: Cook himself is briefly seen in the video as one of the many onlookers, with the clearest view shown at the conclusion of the video, while Jonze claims his "b-boy moves" came from living in New York. Cook curiously peers over Jonze to catch a glimpse of the camera before walking off to the right.


title: Praise You

text: The video won three major awards at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards: Breakthrough Video, Best Direction (awarded to "Torrance Community Dance Group"), and Best Choreography (awarded to "Richard Koufey & Michael Rooney"). It was also nominated for, but did not win, Best Dance Video. The group also put on a dance performance to the song at the awards. In 2001, it was voted number one of the 100 best videos of all time, in a poll to mark the 20th anniversary of MTV.


title: Praise You

text: In 2013, a version of Praise You appeared on Robert Randolph Presents: The Slide Brothers, a group that embodies sacred steel to encompass blues, rock and soul. The Slide Brothers featuring Shemekia Copeland appeared on the Conan O'Brien Show (Live)


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Blue baby syndrome can refer to conditions that cause cyanosis, or blueness of the skin, in babies as a result of low oxygen levels in the blood. This term has traditionally been applied to cyanosis as a result of:


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Although these are the most common causes of cyanosis, there are other potential factors that can cause a blue tint to a baby's skin or mucous membranes. These factors include hypoventilation, perfusion or ventilation differences in the lungs, and poor cardiac output of oxygenated blood, among others. The blue baby syndrome or cyanosis occurs when absolute amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin >3g/dL which is typically reflected with an O2 saturation of <85%.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Both of these conditions cause cyanosis, or a bluish discoloration of skin or mucous membranes. Normally, oxygenated blood appears red and deoxygenated blood has more of a blue appearance. In babies with low levels of oxygen or mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, the blood can have a blue or purple color, causing cyanosis.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: The main sign of blue baby syndrome is cyanosis. Depending on the underlying cause of the cyanosis, additional symptoms may be:


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Blue baby syndrome has been attributed to cyanotic congenital heart diseases and methemoglobinemia, however there are additional causes that could result in a baby becoming cyanotic, such as:


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Specific types of congenital heart defects that cause blood to pass directly from the right side of the heart to the left side result in cyanosis. In these defects, some of the blood that is pumped to the body has not been oxygenated by the lungs and therefore will appear more blue. Infants with these types of heart defects may have a constant bluish tint to their skin, or they may have temporary episodes of cyanosis. The degree of cyanosis is dependent on how much deoxygenated blood is mixed with oxygenated blood before being pumped to the body.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Cardiac conditions in which there is decreased blood flow to the lungs such as, tetralogy of Fallot or pulmonary valve atresia, result in less blood becoming oxygenated. There are also cardiac conditions such as transposition of the great arteries or truncus arteriosus, that results in an overall increase in blood flow to the lungs but with limited flow of the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Conditions in which there is poor blood flow to the systemic circulation, such as coarctation of the aorta suggests that the body does not receive the oxygenated blood it requires with resultant cyanosis.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: The five most common cyanotic heart defects that may result in Blue Baby Syndrome include the following:


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Methemoglobinemia can be acquired or congenital. It occurs when the iron in hemoglobin is oxidized from Fe2+ to Fe3+, leading to poor binding of oxygen. Additionally, the oxygen that is already bound is held more tightly to the hemoglobin due to a higher affinity, resulting in less oxygen delivery. A methemoglobin level >1.5g/dL causes cyanosis.The most common congenital cause is a deficiency in the enzyme cytochrome b5 reductase which reduces methemoglobin in the blood.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: However, in infants the most common cause of methemoglobinemia is acquired through the ingestion of nitrates through well water or foods. Infants younger than 4 months are at greater risk given that they drink more water per body weight, they have a lower NADH- cytochrome b5 reductase activity, and they have a higher level of fetal hemoglobin which converts more easily to methemoglobin. Additionally, infants are at an increased risk after an episode of gastroenteritis due to the production of nitrites by bacteria. The sources of nitrate can include fertilizers used in agricultural lands, waste dumps or pit latrines. For example, nitrate levels are subject to monitoring to comply with drinking water quality standards in the United States and other countries. The link between blue baby syndrome and nitrates in drinking water is widely accepted, but as of 2006 some studies indicated that other contaminants or dietary nitrate sources, might also play a role in the syndrome.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: When diagnosing blue baby syndrome, it is important to perform a thorough history and physical exam. When obtaining the history, it is important to determine the timing of symptoms and to ask about risk factors/exposures, such as prenatal history or access to well-water.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: On physical exam it is important to visualize where the cyanosis is present to differentiate between peripheral and central cyanosis. Central cyanosis is typically visible as a blueish discoloration over the entire body and mucous membranes. In contrast, peripheral cyanosis typically has a blueish discoloration over the extremities. Cyanosis can be noted in babies around the lips, tongue, and sublingual area, where the skin is thinnest. In addition, it is important to observe the infant for signs of respiratory distress, visualized as nasal flaring, subcostal retractions, etc. Examination should include a respiratory and cardiac assessment.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: One of the key tools in diagnosing is a pulse oximeter to determine oxygen saturation. While severe cyanosis can be easily noticed, an oxygen saturation as low as 80% causes only mild clinical cyanosis that is difficult to see. Additionally an arterial blood gas is useful, for example in the case of methemoglobinemia the PO2 can be expected to be normal even with a low oxygen saturation. Additional work up includes a complete blood count, blood glucose, blood culture, chest x-ray, and an echocardiography.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Babies with cyanosis due to congenital heart disease usually present with symptoms hours to days after birth. In addition to cyanosis, they often show signs of tachypnea (fast breathing), a heart murmur, and decreased peripheral pulses. If congenital heart disease is suspected in a newborn, doctors will likely perform several tests to evaluate the heart, including a chest x-ray, echocardiogram, and electrocardiogram. In tetralogy of Fallot, episodes in which infants become cyanotic are called tet spells, typically occurring during feeding or crying. When older, children may squat to feel relief since this increases the systemic vascular resistance causing more blood to go towards the lungs, resulting in increased oxygenation.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Babies with cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia also usually present with cyanosis in the neonatal period, but pulse oximetry may be falsely elevated and does not always reveal low blood oxygen saturation. . A co-oximeter can be used to detect levels of methemoglobin in the blood if methemoglobinemia is suspected, by seeing the difference between oxygen saturation on an arterial blood gas and the measurement on a co-oximeter. Additionally, a direct methemoglobin level can be obtained.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: As of 22 May 2007, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has established a maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L for nitrate and 1 mg/L for nitrite due to the potential harmful effects in infants.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: A screening tool has been developed to screen for critical cardiac defects, which refers to cardiac lesions that require surgery or intervention in the 1st year of life. Screening for critical congenital heart defects should be done on all newborns after 24hours or shortly before discharge. Oxygen saturation is measured in the right hand and either foot.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: When evaluating a patient for cyanosis or respiratory distress, vital signs should be monitored, especially the patient's heart rate and oxygen saturation. It is beneficial to have vascular access established. In newborns, the pulse oximeter is typically placed on the right hand to determine pre-ductal oxygenation, referring to oxygenation before the ductus arteriosus (connection between aorta and pulmonary artery). This gives the oxygenation level the heart and brain receive. Traditionally, supplemental oxygen is given in an escalating manner beginning with free-flowing oxygen, progressing to positive pressure ventilation or continuous positive airway pressure, and ending with mechanical intubation. The goal oxygen saturation is between 85 and 95%. If an infant requires supplemental oxygen for a prolonged time it should be heated and humidified to avoid heat loss.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Some babies born with cyanotic heart disease are treated with prostaglandin E1 after birth to keep the ductus arteriosus open and allow for more oxygenated blood to be pumped to the body. Many also receive oxygen therapy to increase the percentage of oxygen in the blood. Most of these babies will require surgery during infancy to correct their structural heart defect.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: The first-line treatment for severe methemoglobinemia is methylene blue, a medication that will reduce methemoglobin in the blood. This is possible because methylene blue oxidizes NADPH, which in turn can convert methemoglobin back to hemoglobin.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Out of all the babies born with congenital heart defects, about 25% have cyanosis as a result. Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic cardiac heart defect.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Methemoglobinemia is considered to be rare, with acquired methemoglobinemia encountered more than the congenital form.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: In the case of cyanotic causing heart defects, about 75% of infants survive to 1 year of age and 69% survive to 18 years of age. These individuals have an increased risk of developmental delay, heart failure, or heart rhythm disorders.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Methemoglobinemia responds well to treatment, its prognosis is associated with the level of methemoglobinemia and the degree of end organ damage it can cause. Death can occur when levels reach 70%.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: The first successful operation to treat blue baby syndrome caused by Tetralogy of Fallot occurred at Johns Hopkins University in 1944. Through a collaboration between pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig, surgeon Alfred Blalock, and surgical technician Vivien Thomas, the Blalock-Thomas-Taussig shunt was created. Dr. Taussig had recognized that children with Tetralogy of Fallot who also had a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) typically lived longer, so the trio tried to create the same effect as a PDA by joining the subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery, relieving the child's cyanosis. The operation was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1945 and impacted management of blue babies around the world.


title: Blue baby syndrome

text: Anna was the name of the dog who was the first survivor of the surgery, considered an experimental procedure at the time. Anna survived the first pulmonary bypass after having been operated on twice. The second operation was required to replace the original stitches with flexible ones. After their success with Anna, Blalock and Thomas had the courage to perform the very first open heart surgery on Eileen Saxon in 1944. In 1950, Anna's story was made into a movie, and the film has been shown to various schools and other groups.


The Man Who Killed Hitler and Then the Bigfoot is a 2018 American adventure drama film, written, co-produced and directed by Robert D. Krzykowski in his feature debut, and starring Sam Elliott, Aidan Turner, Larry Miller, Ron Livingston, and Caitlin FitzGerald.


title: The Man Who Killed Hitler and Then the Bigfoot

text: The film debuted at the Fantasia Film Festival in Montreal, Canada, where it premiered on July 20, 2018. The US Premiere took place at the Plaza Classic Film Festival in El Paso, Texas on August 10, 2018. In the UK, it played at FrightFest London on August 26, 2018, in Spain at the Sitges Film Festival and in Finland at the Night Visions Film Festival.


text: Set in 1987, the story is about Calvin Barr (Sam Elliott), an old man living his last days in his quiet hometown with his dog. Barr reminisces about his past with flashbacks showing that during World War II, he served as a special ops soldier on a mission to assassinate Adolf Hitler, which he pulls off successfully, however the operation was classified and never revealed to the public. Barr grew bitter over the years due to feeling like his mission was ultimately pointless as the Nazis weren't decapitated with no leadership, simply finding a convincing body double and actor to replace Hitler and continuing on. As Barr goes about his day-to-day routine, which includes visiting his brother Ed (Larry Miller) in his barbershop, he fights off a gang of thugs who try to steal his car and is followed around by a pair of mysterious men in a government car. The men eventually approach him identifying themselves as joint American and Canadian government agents. They explain that all life on Earth may be coming to an end as a strange virus has been killing people and animals in the Canadian wilderness and the original source of the virus is Bigfoot itself. Knowing Barr is a highly trained tracker and survivalist, and one of the few people on Earth immune to the virus, the agents try to recruit him to go into the wilderness and kill the Bigfoot in hopes it will end the epidemic.


text: Barr hunts the Bigfoot, wounding him. After much tracking, he finds the Bigfoot dying. Feeling pity for it, Barr chooses to burn the body rather than turn it over to the government, but the Bigfoot is still alive and then attacks Barr, maiming him. The two fight until Barr stabs the Bigfoot and ultimately shoots him to death. Barr lies back, seemingly dying from his wound.


text: The screen fades to Barr's funeral as his brother gives a beautiful eulogy. Time passes and Ed goes fishing with Barr's dog. Secretly alive, Barr reappears and the two go fishing together. Having achieved a great success in stopping the potential epidemic, Barr finally feels fulfilled in life.


text: Barr later digs up his casket to retrieve an old box and walks home; the box's contents are never revealed.


text: Filming took place from August to September 2017 in Western Massachusetts, particularly Turners Falls.


text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 'Certified Fresh' approval rating of , based on reviews with an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads: ""The Man Who Killed Hitler and Then the Bigfoot" just about lives up to the wild promise of its title, due in no small part to Sam Elliott's world-weary work in the title role." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51/100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: John Montagu, 11th Earl of Sandwich

text: John Edward Hollister Montagu, 11th Earl of Sandwich (born 11 April 1943), is a British entrepreneur, politician and nobleman. He has sat in the House of Lords on the crossbenches since 1995.


title: John Montagu, 11th Earl of Sandwich

text: Lord Sandwich is the eldest son of Victor Montagu, who disclaimed the earldom of Sandwich in 1964, and his first wife Rosemary Maud ("née" Peto). He succeeded his father to the earldom in 1995 and is one of the ninety elected hereditary peers that remain in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999. He sits as a crossbencher and speaks mainly on international development and asylum issues.


title: John Montagu, 11th Earl of Sandwich

text: Lord Sandwich was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. His seat is Mapperton House in Dorset.


title: John Montagu, 11th Earl of Sandwich

text: Reflecting the fame of one of his ancestors, the 4th Earl of Sandwich (after whom the sandwich was named in the 18th century), the current Lord Sandwich licensed the use of his title for a chain of sandwich shops, "Earl of Sandwich". These are located in various parts of the United States, including Disney Springs Marketplace in Walt Disney World Resort, under an agreement chiefly with Robert Earl, founder of the Planet Hollywood chain.


title: John Montagu, 11th Earl of Sandwich

text: Lord Sandwich married (Susan) Caroline Hayman, daughter of The Reverend Canon Perceval Hayman, on 1 July 1968. She is a former business journalist and policy expert at the European Commission, specialising in the Middle East. She is a committee member of a number of organisations promoting links with the region, including the Saudi British Society, and is a senior adviser for Women in Business International. She is also active in a number of organisations in Dorset, including the Heritage Lottery Fund's South West Committee and the Beaminster Festival, and serves as President of the Dorset Natural History & Archaeological Society.


title: Ailurophobia

text: Ailurophobia ("pronunciation:" aɪˌlʊər əˈfoʊ bi ə) is the persistent and excessive fear or hatred of cats.


title: Ailurophobia

text: Like other specific phobias, the exact cause of ailurophobia is unknown, and potential treatment generally involves therapy. The name comes from the Greek words (), 'cat', and (), 'fear'. Other names for ailurophobia include: felinophobia, elurophobia, gatophobia, and cat phobia. A person with this phobia is known as an ailurophobe.


title: Ailurophobia

text: Ailurophobia is relatively uncommon compared to other animal phobias, such as ophidiophobia or arachnophobia. Ailurophobes may experience panic and fear when thinking about cats, imagining an encounter with a cat, inadvertently making physical contact with a cat, or seeing depictions of cats in media. The fear can also prevent the ailurophobe from doing certain activities, like visiting friends' houses, for fear of encountering a cat. They may experience extreme anxiety and fear when hearing meowing, hissing, or other sounds that the ailurophobe associates with cats. In one case, it was reported that a patient with ailurophobia was unable to touch clothing that had a soft, fur-like texture, possibly due to the clothing's similarity to a cat's fur.


title: Ailurophobia

text: Though the exact cause of ailurophobia is unknown, ailurophobes often trace their fear back to early childhood. This is a trend observed in many other specific phobias, especially those involving animals. One theory is that a singular traumatic incident, like being attacked by a cat or witnessing a cat attack someone else, can trigger the development of this phobia. Other theories as to the cause of ailurophobia include exposure to someone else's ailurophobia, or being inundated with troubling information about the danger of cats.


title: Ailurophobia

text: Another explanation could be that humans are somewhat preconditioned to fear felines because the ancestors of big cats preyed upon human ancestors. This may be the origin of leophobia (fear of lions), tigriphobia (fear of tigers), leopardaliphobia (fear of leopards) and acynonixphobia (fear of cheetahs). Fearing these predators is rational because the danger they present; however, fearing domestic cats is irrational, due to their small size.


title: Ailurophobia

text: It is widely believed that one of the best treatments for animal phobia is exposure therapy. A particular form of exposure therapy called systematic desensitization has been successful for ailurophobes in the past. Exposure therapy is conducted by systematically exposing a patient to stimuli that are increasingly fear-inducing while only progressing when the patient is comfortable with the prior stimulus. For example, one ailurophobic patient underwent exposure therapy for her fear by being exposed to fur-like fabric, pictures of cats, a toy cat, and finally a friendly live kitten, which the patient subsequently adopted; as the kitten grew and remained friendly, the patient was able to be less afraid of full-grown cats. This method is used to help patients with both ailurophobia and cynophobia.


title: Ailurophobia

text: There are no medications designed to treat ailurophobia. However, medications that relieve anxiety and stress, such as beta blockers and benzodiazepines, can help to mitigate symptoms. D-cycloserine has been linked to facilitating better results in exposure therapy.


title: Ailurophobia

text: Dorothy L. Sayers twice made use of auilurophobia as a major plot point in her mysteries. In the Montague Egg story "Maher-Shalal-Hashbaz" (published in the 1933 anthology "Hangman's Holiday"), a wealthy elderly man with auilurophobia and heart disease is deliberately frightened to death by his family, who sneak more than 50 cats into his room while he sleeps. In the more supernatural tale "The Cyprian Cat" (published in the 1939 anthology "In the Teeth of the Evidence"), the narrator has such a severe case of auilurophobia that he can sense a cat's presence without seeing it. It is this fear that leads him to eventually shoot at a cat he thinks is haunting him, but which somehow metamorphoses into his friend's oddly cat-like wife, whose murder the narrator finds himself arrested for.


title: Ailurophobia

text: In the 1934 horror film "The Black Cat", the protagonist, portrayed by Bela Lugosi, has an extreme version of the phobia.


title: Ailurophobia

text: In the 1965 animated television special "A Charlie Brown Christmas," the character Lucy lists a number of phobias to Charlie Brown and incorrectly states, "If you're afraid of cats, you have ailurophasia." The word-forming element "-phasia" is a Greek suffix used to form the names of disorders and phenomena that relate to words and speech, such as cryptophasia,


title: Ailurophobia

text: In the 1969 horror film "Eye of the Cat", the protagonist, who is planning the murder of an elderly woman, has a fear of cats.


title: Ailurophobia

text: In the movie series "The Mummy", the main antagonist Imhotep has a fear of cats, since he is a living corpse and cats are guardians of the underworld in Egyptian mythology.


title: Ailurophobia

text: In "Big Nate", protagonist Nate Wright has ailurophobia, as per his statement, "Ailurophobia is such a drag".


title: Ailurophobia

text: In an episode of the television series "Impractical Jokers", Sal Vulcano, who has ailurophobia, has to undergo a punishment where he is exposed to a number of cats.


title: Ailurophobia

text: The titular character in the anime and manga series "Ranma ½" has ailurophobia, leading back to an instance in his childhood where his father wrapped him in fish sausages and threw him to a large number of hungry cats.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: Von Willebrand factor (VWF) () is a blood glycoprotein involved in hemostasis, specifically, platelet adhesion. It is deficient and/or defective in von Willebrand disease and is involved in many other diseases, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Heyde's syndrome, and possibly hemolytic–uremic syndrome. Increased plasma levels in many cardiovascular, neoplastic, metabolic (e.g. diabetes), and connective tissue diseases are presumed to arise from adverse changes to the endothelium, and may predict an increased risk of thrombosis.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: VWF is a large multimeric glycoprotein present in blood plasma and produced constitutively as ultra-large VWF in endothelium (in the Weibel–Palade bodies), megakaryocytes (α-granules of platelets), and subendothelial connective tissue.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: The basic VWF monomer is a 2050-amino acid protein. Every monomer contains a number of specific domains with a specific function; elements of note are:


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: Monomers are subsequently N-glycosylated, arranged into dimers in the endoplasmic reticulum and into multimers in the Golgi apparatus by crosslinking of cysteine residues via disulfide bonds. With respect to the glycosylation, VWF is one of only a few proteins that carry ABO blood group system antigens. VWFs coming out of the Golgi are packaged into storage organelles, Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) in endothelial cells and α-granules in platelets.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: Multimers of VWF can be extremely large, >20,000 kDa, and consist of over 80 subunits of 250 kDa each. Only the large multimers are functional. Some cleavage products that result from VWF production are also secreted but probably serve no function.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: Von Willebrand Factor's primary function is binding to other proteins, in particular factor VIII, and it is important in platelet adhesion to wound sites. It is not an enzyme and, thus, has no catalytic activity.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: VWF plays a major role in blood coagulation. Therefore, VWF deficiency or dysfunction (von Willebrand disease) leads to a bleeding tendency, which is most apparent in tissues having high blood flow shear in narrow vessels. From studies it appears that VWF uncoils under these circumstances, decelerating passing platelets. Recent research also suggests that von Willebrand Factor is involved in the formation of blood vessels themselves, which would explain why some people with von Willebrand disease develop vascular malformations (predominantly in the digestive tract) that can bleed excessively.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: The biological breakdown (catabolism) of VWF is largely mediated by the enzyme ADAMTS13 (acronym of ""a" "d"isintegrin-like "a"nd "m"etalloprotease with "t"hrombo"s"pondin type 1 motif no. "13""). It is a metalloproteinase that cleaves VWF between tyrosine at position 842 and methionine at position 843 (or 1605–1606 of the gene) in the A2 domain. This breaks down the multimers into smaller units, which are degraded by other peptidases.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: The half-life of vWF in human plasma is around 16 hours; glycosylation variation on vWF molecules from different individuals result in a larger range of 4.2 to 26 hours. Liver cells as well as macrophages take up vWF for clearance via ASGPRs and LRP1. SIGLEC5 and CLEC4M also recognize vWF.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: Hereditary or acquired defects of VWF lead to von Willebrand disease (vWD), a bleeding diathesis of the skin and mucous membranes, causing nosebleeds, menorrhagia, and gastrointestinal bleeding. The point at which the mutation occurs determines the severity of the bleeding diathesis. There are three types (I, II and III), and type II is further divided in several subtypes. Treatment depends on the nature of the abnormality and the severity of the symptoms. Most cases of vWD are hereditary, but abnormalities of VWF may be acquired; aortic valve stenosis, for instance, has been linked to vWD type IIA, causing gastrointestinal bleeding - an association known as Heyde's syndrome.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: In thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS), ADAMTS13 either is deficient or has been inhibited by antibodies directed at the enzyme. This leads to decreased breakdown of the ultra-large multimers of VWF and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with deposition of fibrin and platelets in small vessels, and capillary necrosis. In TTP, the organ most obviously affected is the brain; in HUS, the kidney.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: Higher levels of VWF are more common among people that have had ischemic stroke (from blood-clotting) for the first time. Occurrence is not affected by ADAMTS13, and the only significant genetic factor is the person's blood group. High plasma VWF levels were found to be an independent predictor of major bleeding in anticoagulated atrial fibrillation patients.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: VWF is named after Erik Adolf von Willebrand, a Finnish physician who in 1926 first described a hereditary bleeding disorder in families from Åland. Although von Willebrand did not identify the definite cause, he distinguished von Willebrand disease (vWD) from hemophilia and other forms of bleeding diathesis.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: In the 1950s, vWD was shown to be caused by a plasma factor deficiency (instead of being caused by platelet disorders), and, in the 1970s, the VWF protein was purified.


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: Harvey J. Weiss and coworkers developed a quantitative assay for VWF function that remains a mainstay of laboratory


title: Von Willebrand factor

text: Recently, It has been reported that the cooperation and interactions within the von Willebrand Factors enhances the adsorption probability in the primary haemostasis. Such cooperation is proven by calculating the adsorption probability of flowing VWF once it crosses another adsorbed one. Such cooperation is held within a wide range of shear rates.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: In mathematics, a self-adjoint operator on an infinite-dimensional complex vector space "V" with inner product formula_1 (equivalently, a Hermitian operator in the finite-dimensional case) is a linear map "A" (from "V" to itself) that is its own adjoint. If "V" is finite-dimensional with a given orthonormal basis, this is equivalent to the condition that the matrix of "A" is a Hermitian matrix, i.e., equal to its conjugate transpose "A". By the finite-dimensional spectral theorem, "V" has an orthonormal basis such that the matrix of "A" relative to this basis is a diagonal matrix with entries in the real numbers. In this article, we consider generalizations of this concept to operators on Hilbert spaces of arbitrary dimension.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Self-adjoint operators are used in functional analysis and quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics their importance lies in the Dirac–von Neumann formulation of quantum mechanics, in which physical observables such as position, momentum, angular momentum and spin are represented by self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space. Of particular significance is the Hamiltonian operator formula_2 defined by


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: which as an observable corresponds to the total energy of a particle of mass "m" in a real potential field "V". Differential operators are an important class of unbounded operators.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The structure of self-adjoint operators on infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces essentially resembles the finite-dimensional case. That is to say, operators are self-adjoint if and only if they are unitarily equivalent to real-valued multiplication operators. With suitable modifications, this result can be extended to possibly unbounded operators on infinite-dimensional spaces. Since an everywhere-defined self-adjoint operator is necessarily bounded, one needs be more attentive to the domain issue in the unbounded case. This is explained below in more detail.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Let formula_4 be an unbounded (i.e. not necessarily bounded) operator with a dense domain formula_5 This condition holds automatically when formula_6 is finite-dimensional since formula_7 for every linear operator on a finite-dimensional space.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Let the inner product formula_8 be conjugate-linear on the "second" argument. This applies to complex Hilbert spaces only. By definition, the adjoint operator formula_9 acts on the subspace formula_10 consisting of the elements formula_11 for which there is a formula_12 such that formula_13 for every formula_14 Setting formula_15 defines the linear operator formula_16


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The graph of an (arbitrary) operator formula_4 is the set formula_18 An operator formula_19 is said to extend formula_4 if formula_21 This is written as formula_22


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The unbounded densely defined operator formula_4 is called self-adjoint if formula_29 Explicitly, formula_30 and formula_31 Every self-adjoint operator is symmetric. Conversely, a symmetric operator formula_4 for which formula_30 is self-adjoint. In physics, the term Hermitian refers to symmetric as well as self-adjoint operators alike. The subtle difference between the two is generally overlooked.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: A subset formula_34 is called the resolvent set (or regular set) if for every formula_35 the (not-necessarily-bounded) operator formula_36 has a "bounded everywhere-defined" inverse. The complement formula_37 is called spectrum. In finite dimensions, formula_38 consists exclusively of eigenvalues.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: for all formula_40 and formula_11 in "H". If "A" is symmetric and formula_42, then, by Hellinger–Toeplitz theorem, "A" is necessarily bounded.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Every bounded linear operator "T" : "H" → "H" on a Hilbert space "H" can be written in the form formula_43 where "A" : "H" → "H" and "B" : "H" → "H" are bounded self-adjoint operators.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Let "H" be a Hilbert space and let formula_44 be a bounded self-adjoint linear operator defined on formula_45.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: An unbounded, densely defined operator formula_4 is symmetric if and only if formula_68 Indeed, the if-part follows directly from the definition of the adjoint operator. For the only-if-part, assuming that formula_4 is symmetric, the inclusion formula_70 follows from


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The Hellinger–Toeplitz theorem says that an everywhere-defined symmetric operator is bounded and self-adjoint.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The only-if part follows directly from the definition (see above). To prove the if-part, assume without loss of generality that the inner product formula_77 is anti-linear on the "first" argument and linear on the second. (In the reverse scenario, we work with formula_78 instead). The symmetry of formula_4 follows from the polarization identity


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Define formula_82 formula_83 and formula_84 The values formula_85 are properly defined since formula_86 and formula_87 due to symmetry. Then, for every formula_88 and every formula_89


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: As noted above, the spectral theorem applies only to self-adjoint operators, and not in general to symmetric operators. Nevertheless, we can at this point give a simple example of a symmetric operator that has an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors. (This operator is actually "essentially self-adjoint.") The operator "A" below can be seen to have a compact inverse, meaning that the corresponding differential equation "Af" = "g" is solved by some integral (and therefore compact) operator "G". The compact symmetric operator "G" then has a countable family of eigenvectors which are complete in . The same can then be said for "A".


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: with formula_98 consisting of all complex-valued infinitely differentiable functions "f" on [0, 1] satisfying the boundary conditions


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Then integration by parts of the inner product shows that "A" is symmetric. The reader is invited to perform integration by parts twice and verify that the given boundary conditions for formula_100 ensure that the boundary terms in the integration by parts vanish.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: with the real eigenvalues "n"π; the well-known orthogonality of the sine functions follows as a consequence of the property of being symmetric.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Let formula_4 be an unbounded symmetric operator. formula_103 is self-adjoint if and only if formula_104


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: A symmetric operator "A" is always closable; that is, the closure of the graph of "A" is the graph of an operator. A symmetric operator "A" is said to be essentially self-adjoint if the closure of "A" is self-adjoint. Equivalently, "A" is essentially self-adjoint if it has a "unique" self-adjoint extension. In practical terms, having an essentially self-adjoint operator is almost as good as having a self-adjoint operator, since we merely need to take the closure to obtain self-adjoint operator.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Consider the complex Hilbert space "L"(R), and the operator which multiplies a given function by "x":


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The domain of "A" is the space of all "L" functions formula_106 for which formula_107 is also square-integrable. Then "A" is self-adjoint. On the other hand, "A" does not have any eigenfunctions. (More precisely, "A" does not have any "normalizable" eigenvectors, that is, eigenvectors that are actually in the Hilbert space on which "A" is defined.)


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: As we will see later, self-adjoint operators have very important spectral properties; they are in fact multiplication operators on general measure spaces.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: As has been discussed above, although the distinction between a symmetric operator and a self-adjoint (or essentially self-adjoint) operator is a subtle one, it is important since self-adjointness is the hypothesis in the spectral theorem. Here we discuss some concrete examples of the distinction; see the section below on extensions of symmetric operators for the general theory.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Every self-adjoint operator is symmetric. Conversely, every symmetric operator for which formula_108 is self-adjoint. Symmetric operators for which formula_109 is strictly greater than formula_110 cannot be self-adjoint.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: In the case where the Hilbert space is a space of functions on a bounded domain, these distinctions have to do with a familiar issue in quantum physics: One cannot define an operator—such as the momentum or Hamiltonian operator—on a bounded domain without specifying "boundary conditions". In mathematical terms, choosing the boundary conditions amounts to choosing an appropriate domain for the operator. Consider, for example, the Hilbert space formula_111 (the space of square-integrable functions on the interval [0,1]). Let us define a "momentum" operator "A" on this space by the usual formula, setting Planck's constant equal to 1:


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: then using integration by parts, one can easily verify that "A" is symmetric. This operator is not essentially self-adjoint, however, basically because we have specified too many boundary conditions on the domain of "A", which makes the domain of the adjoint too big. (This example is discussed also in the "Examples" section below.)


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Specifically, with the above choice of domain for "A", the domain of the closure formula_115 of "A" is


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: That is to say, the domain of the closure has the same boundary conditions as the domain of "A" itself, just a less stringent smoothness assumption. Meanwhile, since there are "too many" boundary conditions on "A", there are "too few" (actually, none at all in this case) for formula_9. If we compute formula_120 for formula_121 using integration by parts, then since formula_122 vanishes at both ends of the interval, no boundary conditions on formula_123 are needed to cancel out the boundary terms in the integration by parts. Thus, any sufficiently smooth function formula_123 is in the domain of formula_9, with formula_126.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: Since the domain of the closure and the domain of the adjoint do not agree, "A" is not essentially self-adjoint. After all, a general result says that the domain of the adjoint of formula_127 is the same as the domain of the adjoint of "A". Thus, in this case, the domain of the adjoint of formula_127 is bigger than the domain of formula_127 itself, showing that formula_127 is not self-adjoint, which by definition means that "A" is not essentially self-adjoint.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: The problem with the preceding example is that we imposed too many boundary conditions on the domain of "A". A better choice of domain would be to use periodic boundary conditions:


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: In this case, we can understand the implications of the domain issues for the spectral theorem. If we use the first choice of domain (with no boundary conditions), all functions formula_132 for formula_133 are eigenvectors, with eigenvalues formula_134, and so the spectrum is the whole complex plane. If we use the second choice of domain (with Dirichlet boundary conditions), "A" has no eigenvectors at all. If we use the third choice of domain (with periodic boundary conditions), we can find an orthonormal basis of eigenvectors for "A", the functions formula_135. Thus, in this case finding a domain such that "A" is self-adjoint is a compromise: the domain has to be small enough so that "A" is symmetric, but large enough so that formula_136.


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: A more subtle example of the distinction between symmetric and (essentially) self-adjoint operators comes from Schrödinger operators in quantum mechanics. If the potential energy is singular—particularly if the potential is unbounded below—the associated Schrödinger operator may fail to be essentially self-adjoint. In one dimension, for example, the operator


title: Self-adjoint operator

text: is not essentially self-adjoint on the space of smooth, rapidly decaying functions. In this case, the failure of essential self-adjointness reflects a pathology in the underlying classical system: A classical particle with a formula_138 potential escapes to infinity in finite time. This operator does not have a "unique" self-adjoint, but it does admit self-adjoint extensions obtained by specifying "boundary conditions at infinity". (Since formula_2 is a real operator, it commutes with complex conjugation. Thus, the deficiency indices are automatically equal, which is the condition for having a self-adjoint extension. See the discussion of extensions of symmetric operators below.)