title: Komainu

text: Ubiquitous as they are now at shrines, "Komainu" have been used outdoors only since the 14th century. In Asia, the lion was popularly believed to have the power to repel evil, and for this reason it was habitually used to guard gates and doors. In Japan, too it ended up being installed at the entrance of shrines and temples next to the lion-dog. As a protection against exposure to Japan's rainy weather, the komainu started being carved in stone.


title: Komainu

text: The , the stone animals that in Okinawa guard the gates or the roofs of houses, are close relatives of the "shishi" and the "komainu", objects whose origin, function and symbolic meaning they share. Their name itself is centuries old regional variant of .


title: Komainu

text: Starting from the Edo period (1603–1868) other animals have been used instead of lions or dogs, among others wild boars, tigers, dragons and foxes.


title: Komainu

text: The most frequent variant of the "komainu" theme is the fox, guardian of shrines dedicated to "kami" Inari. There are about 30 thousand Inari shrines in Japan, and the entrance of each is guarded by a pair of fox statues. Often one, and sometimes both, has a sūtra roll, a key or a jewel in its mouth (sūtras are Buddhist texts, a fact which attests to the Buddhist origins of the Inari cult). The statues do not symbolize the animals' proverbial malice, but the magic powers they are believed to possess. Sometimes the guardians are painted, and in that case they are always white. White foxes are messengers of the "kami", who is sometimes himself believed to be, and portrayed as, a fox. Although visible genitals are rare, the left fox is believed to be male, the right one female.


title: Komainu

text: Often the foxes wear red votive bibs similar to those worn by statues of other figures: for example, the Buddhist bodhisattva figure Jizō. In this case, however, the bibs seem to be purely a rite, whose origins are unclear.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: The Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුව "Shri Lanka Parlimenthuwa", Tamil: இலங்கை நாடாளுமன்றம் "Ilaṅkai nāṭāḷumaṉṟam") is the supreme legislative body of Sri Lanka. It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the island. It is modeled after the British Parliament.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: It consists of 225 members known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected by proportional representation for five-year terms, with universal suffrage.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: The President of Sri Lanka has the power to summon, suspend, prorogue, or terminate a legislative session and to dissolve the Parliament. President can dissolve Parliament only after the lapse of years or if majority of Members of Parliament requests him. The actions of the president to either suspend or dissolve the Parliament is subject to legal scrutiny of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka. The Speaker or, in his absence, the Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees or the Deputy Chairman of Committees, presides over Parliament.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: Parliament has the power to make laws, including laws having retrospective effect and repealing or amending any provision of the Constitution, or adding any provision to the Constitution.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: The first legislature established in Ceylon was the Executive Council and the legislative council, which were established on 13 March 1833 according to the recommendations of the Colebrook-Cameron commission. The Executive Council was composed of the Colonial Secretary, the officer commanding the Military Forces, the Attorney General, the Auditor-General and the Treasurer. The duties of the council were advisory and the Governor of Ceylon, who presided over their meetings and consulted them, was at liberty to disregard their advice. At first it was made up of only British officials but later included native citizens. At the beginning 16, and later 49 members, were elected for the legislative council, but a limited number of people were qualified to vote.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: In 1931 the Legislative Council was dissolved and in its place a more powerful State Council of Ceylon was established with its 101 members elected by universal adult franchise as provided by the Donoughmore Constitution.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: Prior to the granting of independence and the establishment of the Dominion of Ceylon on 4 February 1948, a new bicameral parliament was established in 1947, according to the recommendations of the Soulbury Commission after the State Council was dissolved. It was based on the Westminster model with an upper house, the Senate, whose members were appointed and a lower house of parliament, the House of Representatives, whose members were directly elected. The House of Representatives consisted of 101 Members (increased to 157 in 1960) and the Senate consisted of 30 Members, of whom 15 were elected by the House of Representatives and 15 nominated by the Governor-General of Ceylon.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: The Senate was abolished on 2 October 1971. On 22 May 1972 when the republican constitution was enacted, the House of Representatives was replaced with the National State Assembly which had 168 elected members. This itself was replaced by the Parliament of Sri Lanka when the constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka was enacted in 1977.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: In 1987, a grenade was lobbed into a conference room inside the Parliament complex where government MPs were meeting. Two people were killed and sixteen injured, but the target of the attack, President J. R. Jayawardene escaped unhurt. The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna claimed responsibility for the attack.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: On 20 August 2015, Two major parties the United National Party and Sri Lanka Freedom Party have signed Memorandum of Understanding to form the National Government in order to address major unresolved issue after the end of 30-year old ethnic conflict, This is the first time in Sri Lanka's political history that two major parties agrees to work in the joint government. The Presidential Secretariat announced that the Government will be functioning as joint (national unity) government comprising two major parties. United National Party leader who won the most seats was appointed Prime Minister


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: Of the 225 members, 196 are elected from 22 electoral districts, which are multi-member. The remaining 29 MPs are elected from National Lists allocated to the parties (and independent groups) in proportion to their share of the national vote.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: Any Sri Lankan citizen may be elected to parliament unless disqualified to do so under the Article 90 of the Constitution, which includes;


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: When Parliament first meets after a general election, it will elect three members to serve as the Speaker, Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees (known simply as the "Deputy Speaker") and the Deputy Chairman of Committees. Whilst presiding, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker wears ceremonial dress.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: The Parliament Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General of Parliament, is in charge of all its administrative duties. Until 1972, the post was known as "Clerk of Parliament". The Secretary General is appointed by the President, subject to the approval of the Constitutional Council. The Sergeant-at-Arms is responsible for the maintenance of law, order, and security on the House's premises and acts also as master-of-ceremonies. The Serjeant-at-Arms carries the ceremonial mace, a symbol of the authority of the People and of the Parliament, into the House each day in front of the Speaker, and the Mace is laid upon the Table of the House during sittings. Currently, the parliament secretariat administration is divided into nine departments.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: The Staff Advisory Committee (SAC) established under the Parliamentary Staff Act provides advice and guidance to the Parliamentary Secretariat with respect to matters concerning Parliamentary staff. The SAC consists of the Speaker (Chairman), the Leader of the House, the Minister of Finance and the Leader of the Opposition. Secretariat maintains the Speaker's Residence and the Madiwela Housing Complex for MPs and the nineteen-roomed holiday bungalow for MPs, General's House in Nuwara Eliya. Parliament also owns Mumtaz Mahal which was the former residence of the Speaker and Srawasthi Mandiraya the former hostel for MPs. These are now used by other government entities.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: Under the British Colonial government, when the Executive Council and the legislative councils were set up in 1833, they met in a building opposite Gordon Gardens, which is now the "Republic Building", occupied by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On 29 January 1930 the British Governor of Ceylon, Sir Herbert Stanley (1927–1931), opened a building fronting the ocean at Galle Face, Colombo, designed for meetings of the Legislative Council. It was subsequently used by the State Council (1931–1947), the House of Representatives (1947–1972), the National State Assembly (1972–1977) and the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1977–1981). Today the Old Parliament Building is used by the Presidential Secretariat.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: In 1967 under Speaker Albert F. Peris, the leaders of the political parties unanimously resolved that a new Parliament building be constructed on the opposite side of Beira Lake from the existing Parliament at Galle Face, but no further action was taken. While Stanley Tillekeratne was the Speaker (1970–77), the leaders of the political parties entrusted the drawing up of plans for a new Parliament building to architects, but the project was subsequently abandoned.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: On 4 July 1979, Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa obtained sanction from Parliament to construct a new Parliament Building at "Duwa", a 5 hectare (12 acre) island in the "Diyawanna Oya" (off Baddegana Road, Pita Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte) about east of Colombo. The island was where the palace of the King Vikramabahu III's powerful Minister Nissaka Alakesvara had been situated. It had belonged to E. W. Perera prior to being vested in the state.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

text: The building was designed by architect Deshamanya Geoffrey Bawa and built with Sri Lankan funds. On 29 April 1982, the new Parliamentary Complex was declared open by President J.R. Jayewardene.


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: Poppin' Fresh, more widely known as the Pillsbury Doughboy, is an advertising mascot for the Pillsbury Company, appearing in many of their commercials. Many commercials from 1965 until 2005 (together with some for GEICO between 2009 and 2017) ended with a human finger poking the Doughboy's belly. The Doughboy responds by giggling when his belly is poked. ("Hoo-Hoo"!, or earlier on, a slight giggle "tee hee").


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: The Pillsbury Doughboy was created by Rudolph 'Rudy' Perz, a copywriter for Pillsbury's longtime advertising agency Leo Burnett. Perz was sitting in his kitchen in the spring of 1965, under pressure to create an advertising campaign for the Pillsbury's refrigerated dough product line (biscuits, dinner rolls, sweet rolls, and cookies). His copywriter, Carol H. Williams, imagined a living doughboy popping out of a Pillsbury refrigerated dough can and wrote the campaign, "Say Hello to Poppin' Fresh Dough". Williams was inducted into the American Advertising Federation Hall of Fame in 2017.


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: Originally named "Jonathan Pillsbury," the dough boy was given a scarf, a chef's hat, and two big blue eyes to distinguish him from the rolls, as well as a blush and a soft, warm chuckle when poked on the belly. The Doughboy was originally designed by Milt Schaffer and brought to life using stop motion clay animation. Today, CGI is used. The first CGI commercial was broadcast in 1992 and was directed by Tim Johnson who at that time was working for PDI, which would be later owned by DreamWorks Animation in 1995.


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: Perz originally conceived the Doughboy as an animated figure but changed his mind after seeing a stop motion titling technique used in the opening credits for "The Dinah Shore Show". A three-dimensional Doughboy puppet was then created at a cost of $16,000. Voice actor Paul Frees was chosen to be Fresh's voice. Stop-motion animator George Pal was hired to animate him. The first Poppin' Fresh commercials aired in November 1965. Since then, Pillsbury has used Poppin' Fresh in more than 600 commercials for more than fifty of its products. He also appeared in a Mastercard commercial, with the Jolly Green Giant, the Morton Salt Girl, the Vlasic stork, Charlie the Tuna, Mr. Peanut, and Count Chocula, as some of the ten merchandising icons, depicted as having dinner together. He even appears in deleted ads for the Got Milk? company and the Sprint Phone Company, and the GEICO insurance company. He also made a cameo appearance in the 1987 claymation film "The Puppetoon Movie".


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: After Frees' death in 1986, Jeff Bergman took over the role, until 2013. Today, the high-pitched giggles are done by JoBe Cerny.


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: In the 1970s, a Pillsbury Doughboy family was created and sold as dolls individually and in the form of various playsets.


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: In May 2010, Pillsbury's lawyers served a cease and desist notice to My Dough Girl, LLC., a Salt Lake City, Utah cookie retailer. Some reported that an attorney for General Mills instructed her not to talk to the press.


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: The comic strip "B.C." had February 18 2021 a hunting scene with Peter poking Doughboy's stomach with a spear, who giggled "Hee hee" instead.


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: The Stay Puft Marshmallow Man from "Ghostbusters" was loosely inspired by the Doughboy due to his hypothetical ghost-like appearance.


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: He is shown in a Mad TV skit from 1995 in the special “Clops” (parody of COPS) being a kitchen worker who loses it and goes on a rampage with a machine gun.


title: Pillsbury Doughboy

text: He appears in the "Family Guy" episode "Brian: Portrait of a Dog" when Lois is baking Pillsbury cinnamon buns; Lois flattens him with a rolling pin.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: Capitani is a Luxembourgish crime drama series created by , , and that premiered on 1 October 2019 on RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg. "Capitani" is the first Luxembourgish crime series as well as the country's first Netflix series.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: The first season was produced by Samsa Film, in collaboration with RTL and Artémis Productions, with support from Film Fund Luxembourg. Season 2 added Shelter Productions to its roster.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: The show was acquired by Netflix and began streaming on 11 February 2021. It was renewed for a second season, again directed by Wagner.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: The body of fifteen-year-old Jenny Engel is found in a forest near the fictional village of Manscheid (Mënscht), in the north of Luxembourg. Inspector Luc Capitani is called in from the south of the country to investigate the murder. He is assisted by young local police officer Elsa Ley. Capitani has difficulty dealing with the villagers' mentality. During their investigation, the two penetrate further into a complicated web of intrigue in which nothing is as it seems, and it becomes clear that the villagers know more than they admit. In the course of the investigation, Inspector Capitani must not only track down a murderer, but also understand the mindset of each individual resident and break open a system in which many people are manipulated for the "common good". The story unfolds over the span of eight days.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: Four years after the events of Season 1, Capitani, who had been fired from the police force and convicted as an accessory to the murder of a drug dealer, has been released from prison due to inadequate evidence and is now living in a run-down area of Luxembourg City. He is hired by a sex worker to find a friend who has disappeared. Subsequently, he goes undercover for the prosecutor to investigate, and break up, the drug trade in the city.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: The title of each episode of the first season is a line from poems and songs by Luxembourgish poet Michel Lentz, best known for composing the country's national anthem.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: The budget for the first season was 2.6 million Euros. Of this, €2.1 million came from the Film Fund Luxembourg, which had already supported the development of the script with €50,000 in 2017. RTL contributed €300,000, with the rest coming from Samsa Film and Artémis Productions.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: In June–July 2020, Film Fund Luxembourg supported the script development of the second season with €120,000. In November 2020, FFL contributed another €1,300,000 towards filming. The total cost for the second season amounted to approximately €4 million.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: The first season was set in the fictional village of Manscheid. Most of the filming took place in Junglinster, with locations including the town of Gonderange and Bourglinster. Additional filming was done in Wiltz, Kopstal, and Lintgen.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: The first season of the series broke all records in its respective category on RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg. Polling firm TNS Ilres determined that an average of 147,500 viewers watched each episode upon its initial release, corresponding to 29% of the population of Luxembourg aged sixteen and over. A survey by InternetPanel.lu showed that 90.4% of viewers were interested in seeing a second season.


title: Capitani (TV series)

text: In a review, "Forbes" wrote, "... Capitani proves to be a very well-paced series with complex storylines, slowly letting all the lies and secrets surrounding the small village unravel."


title: Club Med

text: Club Med SAS, commonly known as Club Med and previously known as Club Méditerranée SA, is a French travel and tourism operator headquartered in Paris, specializing in all-inclusive holidays. Founded in 1950, the company has been primarily owned by the Chinese conglomerate Fosun Group since 2013. Club Med either wholly owns or operates nearly eighty all-inclusive resort villages in holiday locations around the world.


title: Club Med

text: The Club was started in 1950 by Belgian entrepreneur Gérard Blitz. Blitz had opened a low-priced summer colony of tents on the Spanish island of Majorca, then another one in the island of Djerba (Tunisia). Great entertainer, Blitz was however no businessman and he went bankrupt in 1953. The main creditor as the tents supplier, Gilbert Trigano, the French "King of Camping"; Trigano took control of the Club and slowly pushed Blitz aside. The first official Club Med was built the next year in Palinuro, Salerno, Italy. The original villages were simple: Members stayed in unlit straw huts on a beachfront, sharing communal washing facilities. Such villages have been replaced with modern blocks or huts with ensuite facilities.


title: Club Med

text: Because of reckless spending, the Club was on the verge of bankruptcy in 1961. It was saved by the 35-year-old Baron Edmond de Rothschild after he had visited a resort and enjoyed his stay. With Rothschild financing, the number of villages increased greatly under Trigano's leadership from 1963 to 1993. Winter villages, providing skiing and winter sports tuition, were introduced in 1956 at Leysin, Switzerland. In 1965, the first club outside the Mediterranean was opened in Tahiti. Club Med broadened its reach by opening villages in the Caribbean and Florida where English rather than French was the main language.


title: Club Med

text: Originally attracting mainly singles and young couples, the Club later became primarily a destination for families, with the first Mini Club opening in 1967.


title: Club Med

text: Club Méditerranée S.A. had a branch in the USA named Club Méditerranée Inc, with several partners including Crédit Lyonnais and American Express. In 1974 President, Jean Lallemand, one of the first members of the Club and responsible of the large presence of the Club in Italy. He hired as marketing manager the French HEC Jacques Bacon, who made the Club a huge success within 3 years through an aggressive and very efficient promotion; it was he who suggested the name Club Med. The new name was at that time reserved to the North American market, but later became the name of the mother company as well.


title: Club Med

text: In the early 1970s the Club had bought from her owner Claude Lelouche the famous revolutionary three-mast sailing boat Vendredi 13, installed 4 berths and a bath-room, and based her at the Buccaneers Creek village in Martinique for one-day to several day cruises. Huge success among members, so, in 1976, it bought the huge sailing boat built by solo sailor Alain Colas, who had just lost the Solo Transatlantic Race Plymouth-Newport to his enemy Eric Tabarly. It renamed it Club Médiderranée and based it in Tahiti for Polynesian cruises. Another huge success, so, the Club built a second one, a monster named Club Med 2.


title: Club Med

text: The Club has also ceased to be a club in the legal sense, changing from a not-for-profit association to a for-profit public limited company (French SA) in 1995. However, each new customer is still charged a membership fee upon joining, and returning customers are charged an annual fee as well.


title: Club Med

text: In the 1990s, the Club's fortunes declined because competitors copied its concepts and holidaymakers demanded more sophisticated offerings. Other reasons explain its demise: the arrogance of the Triganos, who were convinced that they could buy any property, even one with a lousy location, put on it the name "Club Med" and it would be a success; they multiplied the villages, so many so fast that they could not find enough good "chefs de village", who make the villages what they are: bad chef = bad village. In 1997, the shareholders finally understood and sacked the two Triganos and replaced them with Philippe Bourguignon, former CEO of Novotel USA. Bourguignon aimed to change the Club "from a holiday village company to a services company". The club took over a chain of French gyms, launched bar/restaurant complexes known as Club Med World in Paris and Montreal, and commenced a budget resort concept aimed at young adults. Oyyo was the first such resort, opened at Monastir in Tunisia. Thirteen new villages were planned for the new century.


title: Club Med

text: The change in strategy was not successful, and the Club fell into a deep loss following the 11 September 2001 attacks in the U.S. In 2002, a new CEO, Henri Giscard d'Estaing, son of the former French President, was appointed. His strategy was to refocus on the holiday villages and attract upmarket vacationers. Oyyo, Club Med World Montreal and many villages, particularly those in North America or with more basic facilities, were closed. The Club returned to profitability in 2005.


title: Club Med

text: In 2004, the hotel group Accor became the largest shareholder, but it sold most of its stake in 2006, announcing that it wished to refocus on its core businesses. From 2001 onward, the resort company worked to rebrand itself as upscale and family-oriented.


title: Club Med

text: In 2006 and 2007, Club Med and its partners dedicated a total of $530 million to renovate several resorts.


title: Club Med

text: In February 2015, Fosun International Ltd.'s Gaillon Invest II and The Silverfern Group finalized a takeover deal of Club Méditerranée S.A. The acquisition culminated a bidding war that began in May 2013, which was conducted by Gaillon, a special investment vehicle used by Fosun, to execute its bidding for Club Med. The two-year-long war boosted the price of the company from the initial €541 million "friendly bid" in 2013 up to the final sale price of €939 million ($1.07 billion). Gaillon Invest's chairman, Jiannong Qian, believes that Chinese ownership of the company is crucial to tap into China's huge population of potential tourists. Following the takeover, Chairman and President of Club Méditerranée SA, Henri Giscard d'Estaing, was named President of Club Med SAS.


title: Club Med

text: The phrase "Club Med- a cheap holiday in other people's misery" appeared as a Situationist slogan, written in graffiti in Paris, May 1968. The phrase was described as a commentary on alienation, domination, and "the false promises of modern life". The slogan was later given a nod to in the opening lyrics of the Sex Pistols song "Holidays in the Sun".


title: Club Med

text: The Club Med style of vacation was satirized in the 1978 film, "Les bronzés" (released in English as "French Fried Vacation") directed by Patrice Leconte. Sequels "Les Bronzés font du ski" and "Les Bronzés – Amis pour la Vie" were released in 1979 and 2006 respectively.


title: Club Med

text: In Jean-Luc Godard's 'La Chinoise' (1967), the character Guillaume (Jean-Pierre Léaud) talks about his father who had fought Germans in the war, now ran Club Med resort working along the lines of concentration camps. In regards with the Situationalist slogan, this scene establishes an image from Dal lake of Kashmir.


title: Club Med

text: The 1983 film "Copper Mountain: A Club Med Experience", starring Jim Carrey and Alan Thicke, is a quasi-commercial for the now-closed Club Med village in the U.S. ski resort at Copper Mountain, Colorado.


title: Club Med

text: The 1986 ABC TV movie "Club Med" stars Jack Scalia and Linda Hamilton as a Club Med manager and guest, respectively, who fall in love.


title: Club Med

text: In 2004, a Korean TV drama broadcast by MBC titled "First Love of a Royal Prince" was filmed in Club Med Bali, Sahoro, and Bora Bora. In the drama, the main actress, Sung Yu-ri, played Kim Yu Bin, a GO.


title: Club Med

text: In 2004, The American comedy team Broken Lizard released a comedy slasher film named "Club Dread", where a paradise resort for young people full of sex, drugs and rock and roll become targets of a deranged killer.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: Pond are a psychedelic rock band from Perth, Western Australia, formed in 2008. Initially featuring a revolving line-up, since 2016 the band has consisted of Nick Allbrook, Jay Watson, Shiny Joe Ryan, Jamie Terry, and James Ireland.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: Pond is often heavily associated with fellow Perth-based psychedelic rock/pop band Tame Impala, as members of both groups are longtime close friends and collaborators. Watson is currently a full-time member of both acts. Lead singer Allbrook contributed to both bands from 2009 to 2013 before leaving Tame Impala to focus on Pond and his own solo career. Multi-instrumentalists Ryan and Ireland serve as crew members for Tame Impala's live act. In addition, current Tame Impala members Kevin Parker, Cam Avery, and Julien Barbagallo are all former members of Pond. Parker continued to work with the band as its record producer until 2020, and Avery collaborated with Allbrook as the duo Allbrook/Avery.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: Pond were formed in Perth, Western Australia, in 2008 with members Nick Allbrook, Jay Watson and Joe Ryan. The original idea of Pond was to be able to get anyone they wanted to play whatever they wanted in a collaborative musical project.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: Their first album was released soon after in January 2009, titled "Psychedelic Mango" which contained many psychedelic rock and pop elements. Their second album, "Corridors of Blissterday", was completed live with an eight piece band in five days, and released in June 2009. This led to the creation of their 2010 album, "Frond", released in May 2010, featuring a heavier pop influence than previously heard from them.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: After the breakthrough success of "Innerspeaker", the debut album by Tame Impala, a band which shares three members with Pond, the album "Beard, Wives, Denim" was recorded in 2010 and later released to critical acclaim in March 2012.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: Pond toured the United States in 2012, appearing at festivals such as South by Southwest, with another album titled "Hobo Rocket" set for release in the future. On 26 May 2012, NME magazine named Pond "The Hottest New Band In The World" in their "Hot List" issue. On 28 June 2012, Pond had a one-off performance with Can frontman Damo Suzuki, one of Pond's biggest inspirations and musical idols.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: Originally, "Man It Feels Like Space Again" was planned to be the next Pond album, but instead "Hobo Rocket" was chosen to be recorded beforehand and was released on 6 August 2013.<ref name="RTR FM / Out To Lunch / 2012-12-26"></ref> Pond described "Hobo Rocket" as being "much better" than "Beard, Wives, Denim". "Man It Feels Like Space Again", their sixth studio album, was later released on 23 January 2015.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: Pond announced their seventh album "The Weather", released on 7 May 2017 via Marathon Artists. The announcement came with the release of two singles, "30000 Megatons" and "Sweep Me Off My Feet". The title and chorus of the first song refer to the 30,000 nuclear warheads in the arsenal of the Earth. As with their previous album, "The Weather" was produced by Kevin Parker at his studio in Perth. The album was preceded by the release of two more singles, "The Weather" and "Paint Me Silver". The album was released to critical acclaim, with many publications praising it as an evolution and maturation of the band's sound and songwriting.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: A little over a year after the release of "The Weather", on 23 July 2018, Pond released the single "Burnt Out Star" and announced tour dates. The band then released the single "Sixteen Days" on 5 October along with an accompanying music video. The single "Daisy" was released on 10 January 2019 with a music video that was filmed on land for which the Kulin and Nyoongar Nations were the traditional custodians, with the band paying respect to them in the opening card. Along with the release of this single, the band announced through social media their eighth studio album, "Tasmania", which was released through Interscope Records on 1 March 2019 to similar acclaim as "The Weather".


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: Days after the release of "Tasmania", the band toured locally, with performances in Perth, Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne. It would be their first local tour since 2017. Later that year they would go on to tour Europe and the UK.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: On 9 September 2019, the band announced a live album, "Sessions", which was released on 8 November 2019. To promote it they released the single "Don't Look at the Sun (Or You'll Go Blind)", an updated live version of a song featured on their debut album "Psychedelic Mango".


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: During a live performance in Perth, Australia on 8 November 2020, the band unveiled a song titled "America's Cup" and hinted that their ninth studio album was set to be released in June 2021. On 31 March 2021, the band released a single called "Pink Lunettes", which was accompanied by a music video directed by band member Jamie Terry. On 17 May 2021, the band revealed that their ninth studio album, "9", would be released on 1 October 2021, along with a single, "America's Cup". On 30 June 2021, the album's third single, "Toast", was released alongside a video that was co-directed by the band. On 1 September 2021, the album's fourth single, "Human Touch", was released and accompanied by a video co-directed by Duncan Wright and lead singer Nick Allbrook. On 17 November 2021, the band released a video for the album track, "Take Me Avalon I'm Young", filmed in Hastings, UK, and directed by Bunny Kinney.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: The EG Awards (known as "Music Victoria Awards" since 2013) are an annual awards night celebrating Victorian music. They commenced in 2006.


title: Pond (Australian band)

text: The West Australian Music Industry Awards (WAMIs) are annual awards presented to the local contemporary music industry, put on annually by the Western Australian Music Industry Association Inc (WAM). Pond has won two awards.


title: 1993–94 NBA season

text: The 1993–94 NBA season was the 48th season of the National Basketball Association. The season ended with the Houston Rockets defeating the New York Knicks 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals to win the franchise's first championship.


title: 1993–94 NBA season

text: Teams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Home court advantage does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead the team with the better regular season record; teams enjoying the home advantage are shown in italics.


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: Barry is a 2016 American drama film directed by Vikram Gandhi about Barack Obama's life at Columbia University in 1981. It stars Devon Terrell, Anya Taylor-Joy, Jason Mitchell, Ashley Judd, Jenna Elfman, Ellar Coltrane, Avi Nash, and Linus Roache. It was screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released on Netflix on December 16, 2016.


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: In 1981, a 20-year-old Barack Obama, commonly known as Barry, arrives in New York City to attend Columbia University as a transfer student from Occidental College. Unable to contact his expected roommate, Will, Barry spends the night in the streets. The next day, Barry succeeds in contacting Saleem, a man he met at a party a few months back, who welcomes him in his apartment. Later, Barry meets his roommate Will and they both begin to live in their off-campus apartment on 109th street. As they are walking to class, Barry meets his neighbors when one of them asks for a cigarette. In class, Barry is engaged as a student and participates in classroom debates about philosophy and American society. While in New York, he behaves as a man apart from everyone, not sure of what he has to do to feel accepted. During his political science class, Barry meets Charlotte, a nice girl who seems to have an interest for debates. When he is not in class, Barry is playing basketball.


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: While playing basketball, Barry soon gets nicknamed "The Invisible Man" by PJ, a graduate student at Columbia who grew up in the Grants Houses in Harlem. Later that night, Will and Barry both attend a frat party at Columbia where they see Charlotte again. Charlotte and Barry leave the party and go to a club downtown where they form a closer connection and begin to date.


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: The next day, Charlotte and Barry watch a political debate on TV. While Barry is inattentive about politics and declares his love really lies in art, Charlotte tells him it's his "civic duty" to care about politics and their nation. As their love interest grows, Barry continues to wonder about his place in society, New York, and the condition of other black people in the city. The next day Charlotte and Barry go on a date in Central Park, and later that day after playing basketball within Columbia, Barry grabs lunch with PJ, who tells him he's majoring in finance and hopes to work at the New York Stock Exchange in Wall Street. Around Thanksgiving, at a bar with Barry and Saleem, Charlotte asks Barry to meet her parents. Barry refuses and Charlotte then asks him to meet them later on at her sister's wedding. Finally, Barry accepts. In Harlem, he experiences the contrast of black life in New York City, from speaking with friends and buying the book "The Souls of Black Folk" by W. E. B. Du Bois to witnessing a vulgar confrontation between a white woman and a group of Black Hebrew Israelites. Later in the park, he attempts to write a long, overdue letter to his father in Kenya but struggles to find the words. After going back to Saleem's apartment, Charlotte and Barry are surprised to find Barry's mother, Ann Dunham, there. Charlotte asks a lot of questions of Ann about Barry's father and childhood as she is frustrated that Barry kept so much of his private life to himself. That night, Barry and his mom see a movie and walk around Central Park where he discloses to her that he is unsure about his place in New York and where he feels he should belong. Ann tries her best to reassure him, but the answers leave him unsatisfied. The next day, Barry is invited to a private club and is welcomed by Charlotte's parents Kathy and Bill and enjoys a nice dinner with them. Barry explains his early life to Charlotte's parents – his mixed race parents, their backgrounds, and his living situation in Hawaii, Indonesia and California, but Charlotte feels closed-off as Barry rarely discloses anything personal to her. While walking home Barry and Charlotte have an aggressive and potentially violent confrontation with a friend of his neighbor's, who resents his presence in the neighborhood and views Barry as an elitist. The following morning, Barry and Charlotte are walking in Harlem when Barry begins to feel uncomfortable as people are surprised to see him with a white woman.


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: At lunch this anxious feeling continues as Barry explains to Charlotte that everybody is looking at him. They have an argument which ends with Charlotte saying to Barry that she loves him. Barry, surprised, only responds "thank you", then leaves to go play basketball.


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: The following day, Barry is invited by PJ and the people in his basketball group to attend a party in Harlem. At the party, Barry learns about New York's housing projects and the treatment reserved to the lower classes. Barry also meets an attractive woman named Denise and is then punched in the face by Denise's boyfriend, who thought that Barry was attempting to seduce her. As Barry leaves the party drunk, he returns to campus only to be racially profiled by security guard Eddie and asked to show his ID to confirm he's a student. Barry begins to get into an angry argument with Eddie, but Thad, a white classmate from his political science class who is openly holding a beer can, intervenes. Frustrated by Thad's personality and his lack of acknowledgement of the double standards around him, Barry calls Thad an asshole and then goes to Charlotte's apartment where he attempts to hook-up with her. Charlotte refuses when she sees the wound on his face and tries to comfort him. While sitting on her bed looking at pictures she took of him, Barry gets in a fight with Charlotte and questions their relationship until Charlotte goes to sleep and leaves him alone.


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: A few days later on the day of Charlotte's sister's wedding, Barry receives a phone call. He learns that his father has died in a car accident. Shocked, Barry doesn't talk to Charlotte about it while they are on their way to her sister's wedding and becomes very closed off when Charlotte tries to understand what Barry is keeping to himself. At the wedding, Charlotte's mother introduces Barry to Grace Lee Boggs and James Boggs, a mixed race couple in their late 50s who were involved as civil rights activists in the '60s. Barry confides in them about his inner turmoil and the confusion he has about his identity. The couple reassures him that, above all else, he is American and he is not obligated to choose a social standing. They tell him that he should take inspiration from the ones who came before him and to carry the baton of hope as far as he can. Finally, Barry receives advice that begins to comfort him and he starts to find peace within himself.


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: Later at the wedding, while they're dancing, it is assumed Barry breaks up with Charlotte as he simply leaves her on the dance floor; he then goes for a walk outside and reads the letter he was going to send to his father as he was finally trying to contact him. A few days later, Barry is playing basketball where he meets a young boy who looks like him, and together they play HORSE. The boy asks him where he is from, a question Barry has always struggled to answer. Much more at ease with himself, Barry answers the question by saying, "I'm from a lot of places, but I live here now."


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: In March 2016, it was announced Devon Terrell and Anya Taylor-Joy had been cast in the film, with Vikram Gandhi directing and producing the film from a screenplay by Adam Mansbach, with Teddy Schwarzman and Ben Stillman producing under their Black Bear Pictures banner, while Dana O'Keefe will also serve as a producer through her Cinetic Media banner. That same month, Jason Mitchell and Ellar Coltrane joined the cast of the film. In May 2016, it was announced that Famke Janssen had joined the cast.


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2016. Shortly after, Netflix acquired global distribution rights to the film. The film was released on December 16, 2016.


title: Barry (2016 film)

text: "Barry" received positive reviews from film critics, and holds an 80% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 6.91/10. The critics' consensus states: ""Barry" opens a speculative window into a future president's formative college years, offering a flawed yet compelling glimpse of American history in the making." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 72 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Forgery

text: Forgery is a white-collar crime that generally refers to the false making or material alteration of a legal instrument with the specific intent to defraud anyone (other than themself). Tampering with a certain legal instrument may be forbidden by law in some jurisdictions but such an offense is not related to forgery unless the tampered legal instrument was actually used in the course of the crime to defraud another person or entity. Copies, studio replicas, and reproductions are not considered forgeries, though they may later become forgeries through knowing and willful misrepresentations.


title: Forgery

text: Forging money or currency is more often called counterfeiting. But consumer goods may also be "counterfeits" if they are not manufactured or produced by the designated manufacturer or producer given on the label or flagged by the trademark symbol. When the object forged is a record or document it is often called a false document.


title: Forgery

text: This usage of "forgery" does not derive from metalwork done at a blacksmith's forge, but it has a parallel history. A sense of "to counterfeit" is already in the Anglo-French verb "forger", meaning "falsify".


title: Forgery

text: A forgery is essentially concerned with a produced or altered object. Where the prime concern of a forgery is less focused on the object itself – what it is worth or what it "proves" – than on a tacit statement of criticism that is revealed by the reactions the object provokes in others, then the larger process is a hoax. In a hoax, a rumor or a genuine object planted in a concocted situation, may substitute for a forged physical object.


title: Forgery

text: The similar crime of fraud is the crime of deceiving another, including through the use of objects obtained through forgery. Forgery is one of the techniques of fraud, including identity theft. Forgery is one of the threats addressed by security engineering.


title: Forgery

text: In the 16th century, imitators of Albrecht Dürer's style of printmaking improved the market for their own prints by signing them "AD", making them forgeries. In the 20th century the art market made forgeries highly profitable. There are widespread forgeries of especially valued artists, such as drawings originally by Pablo Picasso, Paul Klee, and Henri Matisse.


title: Forgery

text: A special case of double forgery is the forging of Vermeer's paintings by Han van Meegeren, and in its turn the forging of Van Meegeren's work by his son Jacques van Meegeren.


title: Forgery

text: In England and Wales and Northern Ireland, forgery is an offence under section 1 of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981, which provides:


title: Forgery

text: "Instrument" is defined by section 8, "makes" and "false" by section 9, and "induce" and "prejudice" by section 10.


title: Forgery

text: Forgery is triable either way. A person guilty of forgery is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or, on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum, or to both.


title: Forgery

text: The common law offence of forgery is abolished for all purposes not relating to offences committed before the commencement of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981.


title: Forgery

text: Forgery is not an official offence under the law of Scotland, except in cases where statute provides otherwise.


title: Forgery

text: In the Republic of Ireland, forgery is an offence under section 25(1) of the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 which provides:


title: Forgery

text: A person guilty of forgery is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years, or to a fine, or to both.


title: Forgery

text: Any offence at common law of forgery is abolished. The abolition of a common law offence of forgery does not affect proceedings for any such offence committed before its abolition.


title: Forgery

text: Except as regards offences committed before the commencement of the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 and except where the context otherwise requires, without prejudice to section 65(4)(a) of that Act, references to forgery must be construed in accordance with the provisions of that Act.


title: Forgery

text: Forgery is an offence under sections 366, 367 and 368 of the Canadian Criminal Code. The offence is a hybrid offence, subject to a maximum prison sentence of:


title: Forgery

text: Forgery is a crime in all jurisdictions within the United States, both state and federal. Most states, including California, describe forgery as occurring when a person alters a written document "with the intent to defraud, knowing that he or she has no authority to do so." The written document usually has to be an instrument of legal significance. Punishments for forgery vary widely. In California, forgery for an amount under $950 can result in misdemeanor charges and no jail time, while a forgery involving a loss of over $500,000 can result in three years in prison for the forgery plus a five-year "conduct enhancement" for the amount of the loss, yielding eight years in prison. In Connecticut, forgery in the Third Degree, which is a class B misdemeanor is punishable by up to 6 months in jail, a $1000 fine, and probation; forgery in the First Degree, which is a class C felony, is punishable by a maximum 10 years in prison, a fine of up to $10,000 fine, or both.


title: Forgery

text: As to the effect, in the United Kingdom, of a forged signature on a bill of exchange, see section 24 of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882.


The Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1991), abbreviated as Dagestan ASSR or DASSR and also unofficially known as Soviet Dagestan or just simply Dagestan, was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union. This "Land of Mountains" was known also for having a "mountain of peoples," with more than thirty ethnic groups indigenous to the territory. Although as part of its strategy to promote local languages and to discourage pan-Turkic and pan-Islamic movements, a half-dozen of these ethnicities were provided with schooling in their native language at some point in Soviet history, Russian language became the most widespread second language and gradually the lingua franca, especially in urban areas.


title: Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

text: The minor planet 2297 Daghestan, discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, is named after the Dagestan ASSR.


title: Iris (2001 film)

text: Iris is a 2001 biographical drama film about novelist Iris Murdoch and her relationship with her husband John Bayley. Directed by Richard Eyre from a screenplay he co-wrote with Charles Wood, the film is based on Bayley's 1999 memoir "Elegy for Iris". Judi Dench and Jim Broadbent portray Murdoch and Bayley during the later stages of their marriage, while Kate Winslet and Hugh Bonneville appear as the couple in their younger years. The film contrasts the start of their relationship, when Murdoch was an outgoing, dominant individual compared to the timid and scholarly Bayley, and their later life, when Murdoch was suffering from Alzheimer's disease and tended to by a frustrated Bayley in their North Oxford home in Charlbury Road. The beach scenes were filmed at Southwold in Suffolk, one of Murdoch's favourite haunts.


title: Iris (2001 film)

text: The film had its world premiere in Los Angeles on 14 December 2001, followed by a theatrical release in the United Kingdom on 18 January 2002 and in the United States on 29 March. It grossed $16 million on a $5.5 million budget and received positive reviews, with praise towards the performances. For his role as Bayley, Broadbent won Best Supporting Actor at the 74th Academy Awards, with Dench (Best Actress) and Winslet for (Best Supporting Actress) also receiving nominations.


title: Iris (2001 film)

text: When the young Iris Murdoch meets fellow student John Bayley at Somerville College, Oxford, he is a naive virgin easily flummoxed by her libertine spirit, arch personality, and obvious artistic talent. Decades later, little has changed and the couple keeps house, with John doting on his more famous wife. When Iris begins experiencing forgetfulness and dementia, however, the devoted John struggles with hopelessness and frustration, and becomes her caretaker, as his wife's mind deteriorates from the ravages of Alzheimer's disease.


title: Iris (2001 film)

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 79% of 110 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus states, "A solidly constructed drama, "Iris" is greatly elevated by the strength of its four lead performances." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: Danny, the Champion of the World, or simply Danny, is a 1975 children's book by Roald Dahl. The plot centres on Danny, a young English boy, and his father, William. They live in a Gypsy caravan, fix cars for a living in their mechanic shop and partake in poaching pheasants. It was first published on February 14, 1975 in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. and in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape.


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: It was adapted into a made-for-TV movie in 1989 by Thames Television which starred Jeremy Irons as William and Robbie Coltrane as Mr Victor Hazell. The novel is based on Dahl's adult short story "The Champion of the World" which first appeared in print in "The New Yorker" magazine, as did some of the other short stories that would later be reprinted as "Kiss Kiss" (1960).


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: The actor Peter Serafinowicz provides an English language audiobook recording. "Time" magazine included the novel in its list of the 100 Best Young-Adult Books of All Time.


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: Danny, who was born in the mid-1960s, was only four months old when his mother died suddenly. He is an only child. At the beginning of the book, he lives with his father, William, in an old caravan behind the service station and garage owned and operated by his father in the south of England. Danny and his father are very close and share pastimes like building and flying kites, fire balloons, and go-karts. William is also an excellent storyteller and a version of The BFG is told to Danny as a bedtime story. The father and son have generally idyllic times despite not having much.


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: Mr. Victor Hazell is an unpleasant, wealthy local nouveau riche gentleman who lives in a nearby mansion and had been to their filling station and threatened Danny with a hiding if there were fingerprints found on his silver Rolls-Royce. At the age of nine, Danny learns that his father was an avid poacher, as was his late grandfather before him, after discovering his absence in the middle of the night and being faced with a long wait for him to return home. Danny's father has been poaching in the local woods which are owned by Victor Hazell.


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: A short time afterwards, Danny wakes at 02:10 to find his father hasn't returned from his latest poaching venture on Hazell's property; who is a local beer magnate. Danny nervously borrows an Austin 7 which has been repaired at their garage to drive to the property and search for his father. Danny, unaware that the keepers depart after sunset, sneaks through the woods where he finds his father incapacitated by a suspected broken ankle in a trap intended for humans. Danny rescues his father and drives him back home.


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: While his father recovers from his injury, he and Danny realise Mr. Hazell's annual pheasant shoot is approaching - an event to which he invites wealthy, powerful and influential aristocrats from across the south of England. Danny and his father decide to humiliate Hazell by poaching all the pheasants in the forest just before the self-aggrandising hunt. To accomplish this, they sew the contents of the sleeping pills prescribed to Danny's father by the village doctor, Doc Spencer, into raisins that the pheasants will eat; Danny's father calls this new method "Sleeping Beauty". After having successfully captured 120 pheasants from Hazell's Wood, Danny and his father take a taxi (driven by a fellow poacher) to the local vicarage, where they hide the pheasants. Afterwards, they walk home.


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: The next day, the vicar's wife (Mrs. Clipstone) delivers the sleeping pheasants to Danny's father's garage in a specially built baby carriage; however, the pheasants start flying out of the baby carriage as the soporific wears off. The birds do not travel far, as they're still sleepy. During the commotion, Mr. Hazell arrives and in a sputtering rage, confronts Danny, his father and Doc Spencer, accusing them of stealing his pheasants. With the help of Sergeant Enoch Samways, the village policeman, Danny and his father shoo the stunned pheasants over (and in some cases inside) Mr. Hazell's Rolls-Royce, damaging the car's paintwork in the process. As Mr. Hazell leaves disgraced, many of the pheasants wake up completely and fly away in the opposite direction from Hazell's property. The book ends when Danny is hailed as "the champion of the world" by his father, Doc Spencer and Sgt. Samways. Six pheasants died of a sleeping pill overdose, so Doc Spencer gives two each to Sergeant Samways, Mrs Clipstone and Danny and his father. Danny and his father then walk into town, intending to buy a new oven to cook their pheasants. They also discuss possibly attempting to poach trout from a local stream.


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: The book was adapted into a made-for-TV movie in 1989 by Thames Television. It was directed by Gavin Millar and starred Jeremy Irons as William Smith, and his son, Samuel Irons, as the Titular character, Danny Smith, with Robbie Coltrane as Mr. Hazell. It was released to Region 2 DVD in 2006.


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: "Danny, The Champion of the World" is based on a previous short story by Dahl, entitled "The Champion of the World", which was first published in "The New Yorker Magazine" in 1959 and later re-published in the compilation "Kiss Kiss". The original story has a similar premise, but with adults as the main characters.


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: William tells Danny a bedtime story sequence of a "Big Friendly Giant" who captures good dreams and blows them into children's bedrooms at night. Dahl would later use the same concept in the full-length novel entitled "The BFG".


title: Danny, the Champion of the World

text: Danny describes being caned by his teacher, Captain Lancaster, for cheating in an exam. This is similar to an experience that Dahl recounted of his own teacher, Captain Hardcastle, in "".


title: Tommy Manotoc

text: Tomás "Tommy" La'O Manotoc Sr. is a Filipino golfer and former basketball coach. As a basketball coach of several PBA teams, Manotoc won six PBA titles, including a grand slam with the fabled Crispa Redmanizers. Manotoc is the chairman emeritus of the Junior Golf Foundation of the Philippines (JGFP). He also served as president of the National Golf Association of the Philippines (NGAP) from 2012 to 2014. He occasionally writes as a sports columnist for the "Philippine Daily Inquirer" and was a TV panelist for the PBA coverage from 2000 to 2002.


title: Tommy Manotoc

text: Manotoc is the son of Ricardo Manotoc and the former Nena Arguelles La'O. His father was a realtor, while his mother belonged to the prominent La'O family. Two of his uncles - Raúl Manglapus (who had married Pacita La'O, a sister of Manotoc's mother) and Eugenio López, Jr. (who had married Conchita La'O, another sister of Manotoc's mother) were prominent critics of Ferdinand Marcos.


title: Tommy Manotoc

text: Manotoc began his coaching career in 1977 with the U/Tex Wranglers in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He was the Wranglers' team manager at the time when head coach Narciso Bernardo suddenly resigned after the 1977 All-Filipino Conference. Manotoc made his coaching debut during the 1977 Open Conference and immediately brought the Wranglers to a runner-up finish against Crispa, in the franchise's first finals appearance. Manotoc gave the Wranglers two PBA Open Conference championships, in 1978 and in 1980. He admitted that besting Toyota in 1980, felt like an achievement since they were down by four points with 16 seconds remaining in the fourth, but ultimately forced overtime and won.


title: Tommy Manotoc

text: Manotoc joined the Crispa Redmanizers in 1983 and piloted the franchise to its second grand slam during the same season. On July 1, 1984, citing health reasons, Manotoc resigned as head coach after leading the Redmanizers to the 1984 PBA First All-Filipino Conference finals, winning over NCC, 96–94. He was to be succeeded by assistant coach Narciso Bernardo, who finished the task of capturing the title against the Gilbey's Gin Tonics.


title: Tommy Manotoc

text: After a long hiatus from coaching, Manotoc made a brief return to the PBA — in 1992 for the Presto Ice Cream Kings — and in 1997–1998 for the Mobiline Phone Pals.


title: Tommy Manotoc

text: A few decades later in June 2020, he revealed that during his championship stints as head coach of both U-Tex and Crispa, he did not charge the team, in terms of salary, and his bonuses that he had earned, were instead given to his father.


title: Tommy Manotoc

text: Manotoc was first married to Miss International 1970 Aurora Pijuan. The couple had two children, namely Mavis and Tomas Jr. ("TJ"), a news presenter for ABS-CBN News and former sports play-by-play and color commentator on some PBA and UAAP coverages. After obtaining a divorce from Pijuan in the Dominican Republic, Manotoc married Imee Marcos, daughter of then-Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, on December 4, 1981. Manotoc and Marcos are now separated. Manotoc and Marcos have three children, Fernando Martín ("Borgy"), a model; Michael Ferdinand ("Mike"), a lawyer; and Matthew Joseph ("Matthew"), incumbent governor of Ilocos Norte.


title: Volvo V50

text: The Volvo V50 is the station wagon version of the Volvo S40 small family car first unveiled at the 2003 Bologna Motor Show, both assembled at Ghent, Belgium. Sharing the Ford C1 platform with the European Ford Focus and the Mazda 3, the V50 featured interior "theatre" lighting, a floating center stack and "Volvo Intelligent Vehicle Architecture".


title: Volvo V50

text: The V50 T5 AWD featured all-wheel drive and a straight-5 2.5 litre petrol engine, with a light pressure turbocharger, four valves per cylinder and a DOHC design with variable camshaft timing — providing and of torque. Diesel options were available in Europe, including a 2.4 Litre turbocharged D5 diesel engine which provided and of torque.


title: Volvo V50

text: Within the United States, Volvo limited sales of the V50 PZEV cars to states where it was required, including California, Florida, Vermont, Connecticut, Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, Oregon, Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island, New Mexico and Washington.


title: Volvo V50

text: Volvo Cars Special Vehicle produced a concept car based on the V50, the V50 SV, whose engine produces , and debuted at the 2004 Specialty Equipment Market Association trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada.


title: Volvo V50

text: For the model year of 2008, the V50 received revised front styling, minor modifications to the interior, optional active xenon headlights, audio systems, increased power and torque of the T5 engine, availability of the D5, with a six speed manual and a 1.8 Flexifuel engine.


title: Volvo V50

text: For 2009, the V50 T5 was available in the United States, only as an automatic AWD model with the R-Design trim package, and within Europe with both manual and automatic options. As of the model year of 2010, the D5 inline five diesel engine was no longer available; only the 1.6l and 2.0l diesel inline four units could be specified.


title: Volvo V50

text: In 2010, the new, larger, circular Volvo logo appeared on the front grille, in the United States, a manual transmission was briefly available with the T5 AWD version. In North America the naturally aspirated five cylinder engine, all wheel drive, and manual transmission were all dropped for the model year of 2011, leaving only the automatic, front wheel drive T5 in base and R-Design trims. The model year of 2011 was the last for the V50 in the United States and Canada.


title: Production music

text: Production music (also known as stock music or library music) is recorded music that can be licensed to customers for use in film, television, radio and other media. Often, the music is produced and owned by production music libraries.


title: Production music

text: Unlike popular and classical music publishers, who typically own less than 50 percent of the copyright in a composition, production music libraries own all of the copyrights of their music. Thus, it can be licensed without the composer's permission, as is necessary in licensing music from normal publishers. This is because virtually all music created for music libraries is done on a work-for-hire basis. Production music is a convenient solution for media producers—they are able to license any piece of music in the library at a reasonable rate, whereas a specially commissioned work could be prohibitively expensive. Similarly, licensing a well-known piece of popular music could cost anywhere from tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars, depending on the prominence of the performer(s).


title: Production music

text: Production music libraries typically offer a broad range of musical styles and genres, enabling producers and editors to find diverse types of music within the same library. Music libraries vary in size from a few hundred tracks up to many thousands. The first production music library was set up by De Wolfe Music in 1927 with the advent of sound in film. The company originally scored music for use in silent film.


title: Production music

text: Production music is frequently used as theme and/or background music in radio, film and television. Well-known examples of British TV series with theme songs sourced from library catalogues include "Ski Sunday" ("Pop Looks Bach" by Sam Fonteyn), "Dave Allen At Large" ("Studio 69" or sometimes known as "Blarney's Stoned" by Alan Hawkshaw), "Mastermind" ("Approaching Menace" by Neil Richardson), the original theme for the BBC's "Grandstand" ("News Scoop" by Len Stevens), "Crimewatch" ("Rescue Helicopter" by John Cameron) and "Grange Hill" ("Chicken Man" by Alan Hawkshaw). The Christmas hit single based on the character Mr Blobby uses excerpts from "Mr Jellybun" by Paul Shaw and David Rogers. Arthur Wood's "Barwick Green", written in 1924, still serves as the theme for long-running BBC Radio soap "The Archers". TV comedy series such as "The Benny Hill Show" and "Monty Python's Flying Circus" also made extensive use of production library cues (many sourced from the De Wolfe catalogue) as background or incidental music.


title: Production music

text: American TV has also utilized production music, most notably with the themes for "Monday Night Football" ("Heavy Action" by Johnny Pearson) and "The People's Court" ("The Big One" by Alan Tew). Other notable examples are the Nickelodeon animated series "The Ren and Stimpy Show" and "SpongeBob SquarePants", which use well-known classical music excerpts and a wide range of pre-1960s production music cues, some of which were composed by Emil Cadkin—including many pieces familiar from their use in earlier cartoons—which were chosen for their ironic, suspenseful, patriotic and humorous effect.


title: Production music

text: Production music composers and session performers typically work anonymously and have rarely become known outside their professional circle. In recent years some veteran composer-performers in this field such as Alan Hawkshaw, John Cameron and Keith Mansfield have achieved attention and popularity as a result of a new interest in production music of the 1960s and 1970s, notably the 'beat' and electronica cues recorded for KPM and other labels, which have been widely sampled by DJs and record producers. In recent years, some of these British musicians have given public performances of their classic compositions under the group name KPM Allstars.


title: Production music

text: As noted by library music historian Jonny Trunk, founder of Trunk Records, library music gained wider appeal in the 1990s when it was made public for the first time. In the 1980s, there were hundreds of library companies producing music with old records becoming redundant, especially with the advent of CDs. By the mid-1990s, these companies, many located in Soho, London, were dumping their old and obsolete vinyl records on local record and charity shops. Many record collectors became interested in the genre, and it gained a cult following. Trunk wrote the first book on the subject, "The Music Library", published in 2005, and in the following years many classic production music records were reissued.


title: Production music

text: In the 2000s, library music also began to interest crate-digging hip hop producers. Some were interested, in part, because of the sample-clearance issues faced with commercial music releases while others, such as Madlib, have used it for its unique musical quality. Library music has been sampled by artists including the Avalanches, Jay-Z, Beyoncé, A$AP Rocky, Flying Lotus, RZA, Swizz Beatz and Ghostface Killah. Some music producers, such as Frank Dukes, have also been inspired by the library music model and distribute some of their compositions as production music for sampling.


title: Production music

text: The production music market is dominated by libraries affiliated with the large record and publishing companies: Universal Music Publishing Group library music has the music libraries of Chappell Recording Music Library, Bruton, Atmosphere, and others such as Killer Tracks; Concord Music owns Imagem Production Music, formerly Boosey & Hawkes Production Music, which includes the Cavendish, Abaco and Strip Sounds labels; Sony Music Publishing owns KPM Music and Extreme Music; BMG Rights Management runs its own production music division; and Warner Chappell Music owns Warner/Chappell Production Music.


title: Production music

text: Sonoton is the largest independent production music library. Other independent libraries include Vanacore Music and West One Music Group.


title: Production music

text: This method of licensing combines the creation of original, custom music with a catalog of traditional "library" music under one license agreement. The goal is to suit the needs of a budget conscious production but still provide that production with a unique and original show theme or audio brand. In this scenario, show producer identifies those scenes she/he feels are most important to the success of the show, and those scenes are scored to picture by the composer. Those less important scenes will utilize the library also provided by the same publisher/composer. Upon completion, the custom music and the library tracks are licensed together under one production blanket, the ownership of the custom music remains with the publisher who produced it, and the publisher can (after a term of exclusivity negotiated between the parties) re-license the custom music as part of its library to recoup production costs.


title: Production music

text: This allows the music composer/producer to quote lower rates because they are retaining ownership of the custom music, and will have the ability to make money with the same recording in a different production later on. It also allows the program or film producer to deliver content of very high quality, ensures that the most important scenes have the perfect music, and those less important scenes are addressed with an affordable solution.


title: Production music

text: With the proliferation of music libraries in recent years and the increase in competition, some smaller libraries have evolved the "royalty-free music" model. These libraries do not charge their customers for licensing the music. Instead, the customers purchase a CD or access to an electronic collection of music - priced typically between 50 and 300 dollars - whose content is licensed in perpetuity for them to synchronize as often they wish. These libraries depend mainly on performance royalties for their income (with a small amount of income from sales of physical CDs or online track downloads). Assuming that the music is broadcast, royalties are paid on the music, though it is the broadcaster who pays them via annual fees to the performing rights societies, not the producer who uses the music in their production.


title: Production music

text: Some companies offer truly royalty-free music which is not registered with any performance rights organisation (also known as "royalty collection agencies"). These companies license music to their customers on a non-exclusive basis where it can be used in perpetuity without any usage reporting. The music is licensed by the customers according to an accepted license agreement, and they cannot sell it or license it to others. Because of advancing technology, it is becoming easier for independent musicians to set up their own shops through which they can license music.


title: Production music

text: Non-exclusive production music libraries enable a composer to sign a non-exclusive agreement allowing the artist to license the same piece to other libraries and clients with the same non-exclusive agreement. In other words, their intellectual property (their composition) can be licensed to multiple clients simultaneously, provided that they are not contractually bound by an exclusive agreement with another company. The non-exclusive library doesn't own the rights outside of the licenses that are made by that library. Typically the library does not pay for the piece, and the artist doesn't get any payment until the piece is licensed at which point the library and the artist split the license fee equally. Libraries typically require the artist to rename the piece in effect creating a unique artistic work for the library to register with their PRO (BMI, ASCAP, SESAC). Should the composer want to enter the piece into an exclusive agreement with a library or client, they would first need to remove that piece from all non-exclusive agreements.


title: Production music

text: An advantage to using a non-exclusive library is the possible broad exposure through multiple outlets, and the ability of the artist to retain control. Conversely, if an artist sells his/her piece to an exclusive library he/she is paid upfront for the piece but the artist typically sells the publishing rights, hence losing control of the piece and future licensing fees.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: Jarrett Ryan Stidham (born August 8, 1996) is an American football quarterback for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). After transferring from Baylor, he played college football at Auburn and was selected by the New England Patriots in the fourth round of the 2019 NFL Draft. He spent three seasons as a backup for New England before he was traded to the Raiders in 2022.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: Stidham attended Stephenville High School in Stephenville, Texas. As a senior, he completed 183 of 260 passes for 2,934 yards with 35 touchdowns. He also rushed for 969 yards and 15 touchdowns. Stidham was rated by Rivals.com as a four-star recruit and was ranked as the sixth-best dual-threat quarterback in his class. He originally committed to Texas Tech University to play college football, but later changed to Baylor University.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: Stidham entered his true freshman year at Baylor in 2015 as the backup to Seth Russell. He appeared in the first seven games, completing 24 of 28 passes for 331 yards and six touchdowns. After Russell suffered a season-ending neck injury during Baylor's seventh game, Stidham took over as the starter. He started his first career game against Kansas State. He finished the game completing 23 of 33 passes for 419 yards, three passing touchdowns and a rushing touchdown. In his second career start against Oklahoma, Stidham injured his back in the first quarter, but he was able to remain in the game. He finished the game completing 16 of 27 for 257 yards, two touchdowns and two interceptions in the 44–34 loss.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: The following week, despite being questionable to play leading up to the game, Stidham made his third career start against Oklahoma State. He injured his hand and ankle in the first half of the game and did not return to the field for the second half. On November 25, 2015, Baylor head coach Art Briles announced that Stidham's ankle injury was a chipped bone in the back of his ankle and Stidham would be sidelined for the remainder of the regular season. It was reported that Stidham might be able to return for Baylor's bowl game, but on December 19, Briles announced Stidham would miss the 2015 Russell Athletic Bowl.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: In the wake of a sexual abuse scandal at the school and the firing of much of the coaching staff, and dissatisfaction backing up quarterback Seth Russell, on July 7, 2016, Stidham announced he would be transferring from Baylor.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: After spending one semester at McLennan Community College, where he did not play football, Stidham announced that he would be transferring to Auburn University. He made the announcement via his Twitter account on December 10, 2016. On August 14, Stidham was named as Auburn's starting quarterback for the 2017 season. Stidham led the Tigers to an SEC West Division Championship after victories over top-ranked Georgia and Alabama. He would later lose to UCF in the Peach Bowl. On December 4, 2018, Stidham announced that he would forgo his final year of eligibility and declare for the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: Stidham was selected by the New England Patriots with the 133rd overall pick in the fourth round of the 2019 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year deal worth $3.15 million, including a signing bonus of about $634,000.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: At the end of the Patriots' 2019 training camp, Stidham was named the second-string backup to quarterback Tom Brady. Stidham selected the number 4 as his jersey number, making him the first Patriots player since placekicker Adam Vinatieri in 2005 to wear the number. He was also the first Patriots quarterback to use number 4.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: In Week 3 against the New York Jets, Stidham relieved Brady in the fourth quarter while the Patriots held a 30–7 lead. He completed two out of three passes before throwing an interception to safety Jamal Adams that was returned for a touchdown. Following the interception, Brady returned to finish the game, which the Patriots won 30–14.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: After Brady left the Patriots in March 2020, Stidham was seen as his potential successor for the 2020 season. However, the Patriots signed former MVP Cam Newton in July, who became the frontrunner to replace Brady. Newton was announced as the season's starting quarterback on September 3, while Stidham became the third-string quarterback behind Newton and second-string backup Brian Hoyer.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: Stidham moved up the depth chart when Newton tested positive for COVID-19 amid Week 4, serving as the second option behind Hoyer against the Kansas City Chiefs. Following an ineffective performance from Hoyer, Stidham was brought in during the third quarter to complete the game. He threw his first career touchdown pass to N'Keal Harry, but was also intercepted twice, including one that was returned for a touchdown by safety Tyrann Mathieu, as the Patriots lost 26–10. Stidham was subsequently promoted to the second option ahead of Hoyer.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: Although Newton remained the team's starter for rest of the season, Stidham made relief appearances in Week 7 against the San Francisco 49ers, Week 13 against the Los Angeles Chargers, and Week 14 against the Los Angeles Rams. The Week 13 appearance occurred in a 45–0 shutout of the Chargers, while the Week 7 and Week 14 games saw Stidham take over for a struggling Newton amid a 33–6 defeat in the former and a 24–3 defeat in the latter. Despite Stidham replacing Newton in the blowout losses, Patriots head coach Bill Belichick stated after both games that Newton would retain his starting position. Stidham's final relief appearance came in Week 16 after an ineffective performance from Newton against the Buffalo Bills. Entering in the third quarter, Stidham also struggled during the eventual 38–9 loss. He completed four of 11 passes for 44 yards and converted three first downs, one of which resulted from a penalty.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: Following off-season back surgery, Stidham began the 2021 season on the team's reserve physically unable to perform list. He was activated on November 9, ahead of the Week 10 matchup with the Cleveland Browns. Stidham was named the third-string quarterback behind rookie Mac Jones and Brian Hoyer, ultimately not taking the field for the entire year.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: On May 13, 2022, Stidham was traded, along with a seventh-round pick in the 2023 NFL Draft, to the Las Vegas Raiders for a 2023 sixth-round pick. The trade reunited Stidham with Raiders head coach Josh McDaniels, who was the Patriots' offensive coordinator during his three seasons with the team. He was named the second option to starting quarterback Derek Carr on August 30 and was the only backup quarterback to make the initial 53-man roster.


title: Jarrett Stidham

text: Stidham has been married to Kennedy Stidham (née Brown) since 2019. The pair met as students at Baylor. Brown is the daughter of Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment CEO Tad Brown. They have one child, a daughter born in 2022.


title: Syslog

text: In computing, syslog is a standard for message logging. It allows separation of the software that generates messages, the system that stores them, and the software that reports and analyzes them. Each message is labeled with a facility code, indicating the type of system generating the message, and is assigned a severity level.


title: Syslog

text: Computer system designers may use syslog for system management and security auditing as well as general informational, analysis, and debugging messages. A wide variety of devices, such as printers, routers, and message receivers across many platforms use the syslog standard. This permits the consolidation of logging data from different types of systems in a central repository. Implementations of syslog exist for many operating systems.


title: Syslog

text: When operating over a network, syslog uses a client-server architecture where a syslog server listens for and logs messages coming from clients.


title: Syslog

text: Syslog was developed in the 1980s by Eric Allman as part of the Sendmail project. It was readily adopted by other applications and has since become the standard logging solution on Unix-like systems. A variety of implementations also exist on other operating systems and it is commonly found in network devices, such as routers.


title: Syslog

text: Syslog originally functioned as a de facto standard, without any authoritative published specification, and many implementations existed, some of which were incompatible. The Internet Engineering Task Force documented the status quo in RFC 3164 in August of 2001. It was standardized by RFC 5424 in March of 2009.


title: Syslog

text: Various companies have attempted to claim patents for specific aspects of syslog implementations. This has had little effect on the use and standardization of the protocol.


title: Syslog

text: The information provided by the originator of a syslog message includes the facility code and the severity level. The syslog software adds information to the information header before passing the entry to the syslog receiver. Such components include an originator process ID, a timestamp, and the hostname or IP address of the device.


title: Syslog

text: A facility code is used to specify the type of system that is logging the message. Messages with different facilities may be handled differently. The list of facilities available is described by the standard:


title: Syslog

text: The mapping between facility code and keyword is not uniform in different operating systems and syslog implementations.


title: Syslog

text: The meaning of severity levels other than "Emergency" and "Debug" are relative to the application. For example, if the purpose of the system is to process transactions to update customer account balance information, an error in the final step should be assigned Alert level. However, an error occurring in an attempt to display the ZIP code of the customer may be assigned "Error" or even "Warning" level.


title: Syslog

text: The server process which handles display of messages usually includes all lower (more severe) levels when display of less severe levels is requested. That is, if messages are separated by individual severity, a "Warning" level entry will also be included when filtering for "Notice", "Info" and "Debug" messages.


title: Syslog

text: In RFC 3164, the message component (known as MSG) was specified as having these fields: "TAG", which should be the name of the program or process that generated the message, and "CONTENT" which contains the details of the message.


title: Syslog

text: Described in RFC 5424, "MSG is what was called CONTENT in RFC 3164. The TAG is now part of the header, but not as a single field. The TAG has been split into APP-NAME, PROCID, and MSGID. This does not totally resemble the usage of TAG, but provides the same functionality for most of the cases." Popular syslog tools such as Rsyslog conform to this new standard.


title: Syslog

text: The content field should be encoded in a UTF-8 character set and octet values in the traditional ASCII control character range should be avoided.


title: Syslog

text: Generated log messages may be directed to various destinations including console, files, remote syslog servers, or relays. Most implementations provide a command line utility, often called "logger", as well as a software library, to send messages to the log.


title: Syslog

text: To display and monitor the collected logs one needs to use a client application or access the log file directly on the system. The basic command line tools are tail and grep. The log servers can be configured to send the logs over the network (in addition to the local files). Some implementations include reporting programs for filtering and displaying of syslog messages.


title: Syslog

text: When operating over a network, syslog uses a client-server architecture where the server listens on a well-known or registered port for protocol requests from clients. Historically the most common transport layer protocol for network logging has been User Datagram Protocol (UDP), with the server listening on port 514. Because UDP lacks congestion control mechanisms, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) port 6514 is used; Transport Layer Security is also required in implementations and recommended for general use.


title: Syslog

text: Since each process, application, and operating system was written independently, there is little uniformity to the payload of the log message. For this reason, no assumption is made about its formatting or contents. A syslog message is formatted (RFC 5424 gives the Augmented Backus–Naur form (ABNF) definition), but its MSG field is not.


title: Syslog

text: The network protocol is simplex communication, with no means of acknowledging the delivery to the originator.


title: Syslog

text: Various groups are working on draft standards detailing the use of syslog for more than just network and security event logging, such as its proposed application within the healthcare environment.


title: Syslog

text: Regulations, such as the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, PCI DSS, HIPAA, and many others, require organizations to implement comprehensive security measures, which often include collecting and analyzing logs from many different sources. The syslog format has proven effective in consolidating logs, as there are many open-source and proprietary tools for reporting and analysis of these logs. Utilities exist for conversion from Windows Event Log and other log formats to syslog.


title: Syslog

text: Managed Security Service Providers attempt to apply analytical techniques and artificial intelligence algorithms to detect patterns and alert customers to problems.


title: Syslog

text: The Syslog protocol is defined by Request for Comments (RFC) documents published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (Internet standards). The following is a list of RFCs that define the syslog protocol:


title: Leavening agent

text: In cooking, a leavening agent () or raising agent, also called a leaven () or leavener, is any one of a number of substances used in doughs and batters that cause a foaming action (gas bubbles) that lightens and softens the mixture. An alternative or supplement to leavening agents is mechanical action by which air is incorporated (i.e. kneading). Leavening agents can be biological or synthetic chemical compounds. The gas produced is often carbon dioxide, or occasionally hydrogen.


title: Leavening agent

text: When a dough or batter is mixed, the starch in the flour and the water in the dough form a matrix (often supported further by proteins like gluten or polysaccharides, such as pentosans or xanthan gum). The starch then gelatinizes and sets, leaving gas bubbles that remain.


title: Leavening agent

text: Chemical leavens are mixtures or compounds that release gases when they react with each other, with moisture, or with heat. Most are based on a combination of acid (usually a low molecular weight organic acid) and a salt of bicarbonate . After they act, these compounds leave behind a chemical salt. Chemical leavens are used in quick breads and cakes, as well as cookies and numerous other applications where a long biological fermentation is impractical or undesirable.


title: Leavening agent

text: Chemical leavening using pearl ash as a leavening agent was mentioned by Amelia Simmons in her "American Cookery", published in 1796.


title: Leavening agent

text: Since chemical expertise is required to create a functional chemical leaven without producing off-flavors from the chemical precursors involved, such substances are often mixed into premeasured combinations for maximum results. These are generally referred to as baking powders. Sour milk and carbonates were used in the 1800s. The breakthrough in chemical leavening agents occurred in the 1930s with the introduction of monocalcium phosphates . Other leavening agents developed include sodium aluminium sulfate , disodium pyrophosphate , and sodium aluminium phosphates . These compounds combine with sodium bicarbonate to give carbon dioxide in a predictable manner.


title: Leavening agent

text: Steam and air are used as leavening agents when they expand upon heating. To take advantage of this style of leavening, the baking must be done at high enough temperatures to flash the water to steam, with a batter that is capable of holding the steam in until set. This effect is typically used in popovers, Yorkshire puddings, and to a lesser extent in tempura.


title: Leavening agent

text: Creaming is the process of beating sugar crystals and solid fat (typically butter) together in a mixer. This integrates tiny air bubbles into the mixture, since the sugar crystals physically cut through the structure of the fat. Creamed mixtures are usually further leavened by a chemical leaven like baking soda. This is often used in cookies.


title: Leavening agent

text: Using a whisk on certain liquids, notably cream or egg whites, can also create foams through mechanical action. This is the method employed in the making of sponge cakes, where an egg protein matrix produced by vigorous whipping provides almost all the structure of the finished product.


title: Leavening agent

text: The Chorleywood bread process uses a mix of biological and mechanical leavening to produce bread; while it is considered by food processors to be an effective way to deal with the soft wheat flours characteristic of British Isles agriculture, it is controversial due to a perceived lack of quality in the final product. The process has nevertheless been adapted by industrial bakers in other parts of the world.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: Magnitogorsk (, ) is an industrial city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern side of the extreme southern extent of the Ural Mountains by the Ural River. Its population is


title: Magnitogorsk

text: It was named after Mount Magnitnaya, a geological anomaly that once consisted almost completely of iron ore, around 55% to 60% iron. It is the second-largest city in Russia that is not the administrative centre of any federal subject or district. Magnitogorsk contains the largest iron and steel works in the country: Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. The official motto of the city is "the place where Europe and Asia meet", as the city occupies land in both Europe and Asia.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: Magnitogorsk is one of only two planned socialist realist settlements ever built (the other being Nowa Huta in Poland).


title: Magnitogorsk

text: Magnitogorsk was founded in 1743 as part of the Orenburg Line of forts built during the reign of the Empress Elizabeth. By 1747 the settlement had grown large enough to justify the building of a small wooden chapel, later named "the Church of the Holy Trinity".


title: Magnitogorsk

text: Russian iron-ore mining in this region dates back to 1752, when two entrepreneurs named Tverdysh and Myasnikov decided to explore the feasibility of mining in the area. They took advantage of the fact that Mount Magnitnaya did not belong to anyone at that time; they secured it for themselves by way of petition to Empress Elizabeth. In 1759 the petition was accepted, and they launched iron-ore production.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: The city underwent rapid change in the 1930s, when according to Stalin's Five-Year-Plans, Magnitogorsk was to become a one-industry town modeled after two of the most advanced steel-producing cities in the United States at that time: Gary, Indiana, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At this time, hundreds of foreign experts streamed in to implement and direct the work.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: In 1928 a Soviet delegation arrived in Cleveland, Ohio to discuss with American consulting company Arthur G. McKee a plan to set up in Magnitogorsk a copy of the US Steel steel-mill in Gary. The contract was increased four times, and eventually the new plant had a capacity of over four million tons annually.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: It was a showpiece of Soviet achievement. Huge reserves of iron ore in the area made it a prime location to build a steel plant capable of challenging its Western rivals. However, a large proportion of the workforce, as ex-peasants, typically had few industrial skills and little industrial experience. To solve these issues, several hundred foreign specialists arrived to direct the work, including a team of architects headed by the German Ernst May.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: According to the original plans, the city was to have followed the linear city design, with rows of similar superblock neighborhoods running parallel to the factory, with a strip of greenery, or greenbelt, separating them. Planners would align living and production spheres so as to minimize necessary travel time: workers would generally live in a sector of the residential band closest to the sector of the industrial band in which they worked.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: However, by the time that May completed his plans for Magnitogorsk, construction of both factory and housing had already started. The sprawling factory and enormous cleansing lakes had left little room available for development, and May therefore had to redesign his settlement to fit the modified site. This modification resulted in a city being more "rope-like" than linear. Although the industrial area is concentrated on the left bank of the river Ural, and most residential complexes are located on its right bank, the city inhabitants are still subjected to noxious fumes and factory smoke.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: The book "Behind the Urals", by John Scott, documents the industrial development of Magnitogorsk during the 1930s. Scott discusses the fast-paced industrial and social developments during Stalin's first five-year plan and the rising paranoia of the Soviet regime preceding the Great Purge of the late 1930s.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: In 1937 foreigners were told to leave, and Magnitogorsk was declared a closed city. There is little reliable information about events and development of the city during the closed period.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: The city played an important role during World War II because it supplied much of the steel for the Soviet war effort. Furthermore, its strategic location east of the Ural Mountains made Magnitogorsk safe from seizure by the German Army.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: During perestroika, the closed-city status was removed, and foreigners were allowed to visit the city again. The years after perestroika brought a significant change in the life of the city; the Iron and Steel Plant was reorganized as a joint-stock company Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works ("MISW" or "MMK"), which helped with the reconstruction of the railway and the building of a new airport.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: With the depletion of the substantial local iron-ore reserves, Magnitogorsk has to import raw materials from Sokolvsko-Sarbaisky deposit in northern Kazakhstan.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: On December 31, 2018, an apartment block in the city of Magnitogorsk suffered a gas explosion and collapse which killed 39 of its residents, and injured 17 more.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the City of Magnitogorsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Magnitogorsk is incorporated as Magnitogorsky Urban Okrug.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: The city is connected by the Magnitogorsk International Airport and by a railway. Public transportation includes trams, buses, and taxis. The city is ranked 8th in the world and 2nd in Russia for automobile congestion.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: There are two establishments of higher education in Magnitogorsk: Magnitogorsk State Technical University (MSTU) and Magnitogorsk State Conservatory (MSC). Magnitogorsk State University (MaSU), founded in 1932, in 2013 was merged with MSTU and ceased to exist as a separate university.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: There are also three theatres: Pushkin Drama Theatre (the oldest in the city), the Opera and Ballet House, and the Puppet Theatre. The Church of the Ascension of the Lord opened in 2004.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: Metallurg Magnitogorsk is an ice hockey team based in Magnitogorsk, playing in the Kontinental Hockey League. Evgeni Malkin (b. 1986) of the Pittsburgh Penguins and Nikolai Kulemin (b. 1986) of the New York Islanders both used to play for the club and both are Magnitogorsk natives. Metallurg Magnitogorsk won the Gagarin Cup in 2013–14 KHL season and 2015-16 KHL season.


title: Magnitogorsk

text: The town's football team is FC Magnitogorsk, playing in the Amateur Football League. Located in the vicinity of the city, Abzakovo is a popular mountain skiing base built by the "MMK".