title: A. G. Sulzberger

text: As publisher, he oversees the news outlet's journalism and business operations. Sulzberger has been the principal architect of the news outlet's digital transformation and has led its efforts to become a subscriber-first business. He became publisher on January 1, 2018, succeeding his father Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., although the elder Sulzberger remained chairman of The New York Times Company until the end of 2020. A.G. Sulzberger became the chairman of The New York Times Company on January 1, 2021.


title: A. G. Sulzberger

text: Sulzberger met President Donald Trump at the White House on July 20, 2018. The meeting was off-the-record, but after President Trump tweeted about it eight days later, Sulzberger "pushed back hard" to dispute the President's characterization of the meeting. Sulzberger said in a statement that at the meeting, he "told the president directly that I thought that his [anti-press] language was not just divisive but increasingly dangerous. I warned that this inflammatory language is contributing to a rise in threats against journalists and will lead to violence." Sulzberger met with President Trump in the Oval Office again on January 31, 2019, for an on-the-record interview with Times reporters Peter Baker and Maggie Haberman.


title: A. G. Sulzberger

text: He has said that an independent press "is not a liberal ideal or a progressive ideal or a Democratic ideal. It's an American ideal." In 2020, Sulzberger voiced concern about the disappearance of local news, saying that "if we don't find a path forward" for local journalism, "I believe we'll continue to watch society grow more polarized, less empathetic, more easily manipulated by powerful interests and more untethered from the truth."


title: A. G. Sulzberger

text: Through his father, Sulzberger is a grandson of Arthur Ochs "Punch" Sulzberger Sr., great-grandson of Arthur Hays Sulzberger, and great-great-grandson of Adolph Ochs. In 2018, he married Molly Messick.


title: Prevailing winds

text: In meteorology, prevailing wind in a region of the Earth's surface is a surface wind that blows predominantly from a particular direction. The dominant winds are the trends in direction of wind with the highest speed over a particular point on the Earth's surface at any given time. A region's prevailing and dominant winds are the result of global patterns of movement in the Earth's atmosphere. In general, winds are predominantly easterly at low latitudes globally. In the mid-latitudes, westerly winds are dominant, and their strength is largely determined by the polar cyclone. In areas where winds tend to be light, the sea breeze/land breeze cycle is the most important cause of the prevailing wind; in areas which have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes dominate the wind pattern. Highly elevated surfaces can induce a thermal low, which then augments the environmental wind flow.


title: Prevailing winds

text: Wind roses are tools used to display the direction of the prevailing wind. Knowledge of the prevailing wind allows the development of prevention strategies for wind erosion of agricultural land, such as across the Great Plains. Sand dunes can orient themselves perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction in coastal and desert locations. Insects drift along with the prevailing wind, but the flight of birds is less dependent on it. Prevailing winds in mountain locations can lead to significant rainfall gradients, ranging from wet across windward-facing slopes to desert-like conditions along their lee slopes. Prevailing winds can vary due to the uneven heating of the Earth.


title: Prevailing winds

text: A wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologists to give a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Presented in a polar coordinate grid, the wind rose shows the frequency of winds blowing from particular directions. The length of each spoke around the circle is related to the proportion of the time that the wind blows from each direction. Each concentric circle represents a different proportion, increasing outwards from zero at the center. A wind rose plot may contain additional information, in that each spoke is broken down into color-coded bands that show wind speed ranges. Wind roses typically show 8 or 16 cardinal directions, such as north (N), NNE, NE, etc., although they may be subdivided into as many as 32 directions.


title: Prevailing winds

text: The trade winds (also called trades) are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics near the Earth's equator, equatorward of the subtropical ridge. These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. The trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical cyclones that form over world's oceans, guiding their path westward. Trade winds also steer African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean sea, as well as portions of southeast North America.


title: Prevailing winds

text: The westerlies or the prevailing westerlies are the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes (i.e. between 35 and 65 degrees latitude), which blow in areas poleward of the high pressure area known as the subtropical ridge in the horse latitudes. These prevailing winds blow from the west to the east, and steer extra-tropical cyclones in this general direction. The winds are predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere. They are strongest in the winter when the pressure is lower over the poles, such as when the polar cyclone is strongest, and weakest during the summer when the polar cyclone is weakest and when pressures are higher over the poles.


title: Prevailing winds

text: Together with the trade winds, the westerlies enabled a round-trip trade route for sailing ships crossing the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as the westerlies lead to the development of strong ocean currents in both hemispheres. The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down. The strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes are called the Roaring Forties, between 40 and 50 degrees south latitude, within the Southern Hemisphere. The westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm, equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents, especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse.


title: Prevailing winds

text: The westerlies explain why coastal Western North America tends to be wet, especially from Northern Washington to Alaska, during the winter. Differential heating from the Sun between the land which is quite cool and the ocean which is relatively warm causes areas of low pressure to develop over land. This results in moisture-rich air flowing east from the Pacific Ocean, causing frequent rainstorms and wind on the coast. This moisture continues to flow eastward until orographic lift caused by the Coast Ranges, and the Cascade, Sierra Nevada, Columbia, and Rocky Mountains causes a rain shadow effect which limits further penetration of these systems and associated rainfall eastward. This trend reverses in the summer when strong heating of the land causes high pressure and tends to block moisture-rich air from the Pacific from reaching land. This explains why most of coastal Western North America in the highest latitude experiences dry summers, despite vast rainfall in the winter.


title: Prevailing winds

text: The polar easterlies (also known as Polar Hadley cells) are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the North and South Poles towards the low-pressure areas within the westerlies at high latitudes. Like trade winds and unlike the westerlies, these prevailing winds blow from the east to the west, and are often weak and irregular. Due to the low sun angle, cold air builds up and subsides at the pole creating surface high-pressure areas, forcing an outflow of air toward the equator; that outflow is deflected westward by the Coriolis effect.


title: Prevailing winds

text: In areas where the wind flow is light, sea breezes and land breezes are important factors in a location's prevailing winds. The sea is warmed by the sun to a greater depth than the land due to its greater specific heat. The sea therefore has a greater capacity for absorbing heat than the land, so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the land's surface. As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it. The warm air is less dense and so it rises. This rising air over the land lowers the sea level pressure by about 0.2%. The cooler air above the sea, now with higher sea level pressure, flows towards the land into the lower pressure, creating a cooler breeze near the coast.


title: Prevailing winds

text: The strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the land mass and the sea. If an off-shore wind of exists, the sea breeze is not likely to develop. At night, the land cools off more quickly than the ocean due to differences in their specific heat values, which forces the daytime sea breeze to dissipate. If the temperature onshore cools below the temperature offshore, the pressure over the water will be lower than that of the land, establishing a land breeze, as long as an onshore wind is not strong enough to oppose it.


title: Prevailing winds

text: Over elevated surfaces, heating of the ground exceeds the heating of the surrounding air at the same altitude above sea level, creating an associated thermal low over the terrain and enhancing any lows which would have otherwise existed, and changing the wind circulation of the region. In areas where there is rugged topography that significantly interrupts the environmental wind flow, the wind can change direction and accelerate parallel to the wind obstruction. This barrier jet can increase the low level wind by 45%. In mountainous areas, local distortion of the airflow is more severe. Jagged terrain combines to produce unpredictable flow patterns and turbulence, such as rotors. Strong updrafts, downdrafts and eddies develop as the air flows over hills and down valleys. Wind direction changes due to the contour of the land. If there is a pass in the mountain range, winds will rush through the pass with considerable speed due to the Bernoulli principle that describes an inverse relationship between speed and pressure. The airflow can remain turbulent and erratic for some distance downwind into the flatter countryside. These conditions are dangerous to ascending and descending airplanes.


title: Prevailing winds

text: Daytime heating and nighttime cooling of the hilly slopes lead to day to night variations in the airflow, similar to the relationship between sea breeze and land breeze. At night, the sides of the hills cool through radiation of the heat. The air along the hills becomes cooler and denser, blowing down into the valley, drawn by gravity. This is known a mountain breeze. If the slopes are covered with ice and snow, the mountain breeze will blow during the day, carrying the cold dense air into the warmer, barren valleys. The slopes of hills not covered by snow will be warmed during the day. The air that comes in contact with the warmed slopes becomes warmer and less dense and flows uphill. This is known as an anabatic wind or valley breeze.


title: Prevailing winds

text: Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge, resulting in adiabatic cooling and condensation. In mountainous parts of the world subjected to consistent winds (for example, the trade winds), a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward or downwind side. Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier air (see foehn wind) on the descending and generally warming, leeward side where a rain shadow is observed.


title: Prevailing winds

text: In South America, the Andes mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desertlike climate just downwind across western Argentina. The Sierra Nevada range creates the same effect in North America forming the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts.


title: Prevailing winds

text: Insects are swept along by the prevailing winds, while birds follow their own course. As such, fine line patterns within weather radar imagery, associated with converging winds, are dominated by insect returns. In the Great Plains, wind erosion of agricultural land is a significant problem, and is mainly driven by the prevailing wind. Because of this, wind barrier strips have been developed to minimize this type of erosion. The strips can be in the form of soil ridges, crop strips, crops rows, or trees which act as wind breaks. They are oriented perpendicular to the wind in order to be most effective. In regions with minimal vegetation, such as coastal and desert areas, transverse sand dunes orient themselves perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, while longitudinal dunes orient themselves parallel to the prevailing winds.


title: Chanel Terrero

text: Chanel Terrero Martínez (born 28 July 1991), known simply as Chanel (), is a Cuban-Spanish singer, dancer and actress, having worked in several stage musicals. She represented Spain at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, after having won Benidorm Fest 2022 with her debut single "SloMo". She finished in third place with 459 points, the best placing for Spain since the 1995 contest.


title: Chanel Terrero

text: Chanel was born in Havana, Cuba, and moved to Olesa de Montserrat in Catalonia, Spain, at the age of three. Part of her family is of Spanish origin.


title: Chanel Terrero

text: She has taken singing, acting and ballet classes from a young age. She learned from choreographers such as Víctor Ullate, Coco Comín and Glòria Gella. At the age of sixteen she started her career in musical theatre.


title: Chanel Terrero

text: Chanel moved to Madrid to start her acting career. During the 2010s she participated in stage musicals such as " Mamma Mia!", "Flashdance", "El guardaespaldas" and "El rey león".


title: Chanel Terrero

text: Her acting career includes various roles on television and cinema, both nationally and internationally.


title: Chanel Terrero

text: As a dancer, she has worked with different artists. In 2010, she was part of Shakira's dancing crew for a performance at the MTV Europe Music Awards.


title: Chanel Terrero

text: Chanel took part in the castings for the Spanish stage production of "West Side Story". She was one of the three finalists for the role of Anita. She also was one of the five finalists worldwide for the same role in Steven Spielberg's film version of the musical, "West Side Story".


title: Chanel Terrero

text: She took part in Benidorm Fest in 2022 with her debut single "SloMo". Her performance was choreographed by Kyle Hanagami, who has also worked with Jennifer Lopez, Britney Spears and Blackpink, among other artists. She won the first semi-final on 26 January 2022, and also the final on 29 January, becoming the Spanish entrant for the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy. The song entered the Spanish Singles Chart at number thirteen. In the Eurovision final, the song placed third, Spain's best result since 1995. Following the contest, the song went on to top the Spanish Singles Chart and obtained a double platinum certification by Promusicae.


title: Chanel Terrero

text: Her second single, titled "Toke", was released on 25 October 2022 as the official song of the Spanish national football team for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Archie Yates

text: Archie James Yates (born 22 February 2009) is a British child actor. He is known for playing Yorki in "Jojo Rabbit" (2019), for which he received a Critics' Choice Movie Award nomination.


title: Archie Yates

text: Yates made his acting debut in the 2019 film "Jojo Rabbit", in which he plays Yorki, Jojo's best friend. On 10 December 2019, Yates, Ellie Kemper and Rob Delaney were announced as the cast for "Home Sweet Home Alone" - Disney's sixth installment in the "Home Alone" franchise, on its Disney+ streaming service. Yates was cast as main character Max Mercer. He also voiced the character Sprout in "Wolfboy and the Everything Factory" on Apple TV+.


title: Ï

text: Ï, lowercase ï, is a symbol used in various languages written with the Latin alphabet; it can be read as the letter I with diaeresis or I-umlaut.


title: Ï

text: Initially in French and also in Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, Galician, Southern Sami, Welsh, and occasionally English, is used when follows another vowel and indicates hiatus in the pronunciation of such a word. It indicates that the two vowels are pronounced in separate syllables, rather than together as a diphthong or digraph. For example, French "maïs" (, "maize"); without the diaeresis, the is part of the digraph : "mais" (, "but"). The letter is also used in the same context in Dutch, as in "Oekraïne" (, "Ukraine"), and English "naïve" ( or ).


title: Ï

text: In scholarly writing on Turkic languages, is sometimes used to write the close back unrounded vowel , which, in the standard modern Turkish alphabet, is written as the dotless i . The back neutral vowel reconstructed in Proto-Mongolic is sometimes written .


title: Ï

text: Lowercase ï occurs in the sequence ï»¿, which is the Unicode byte order mark in UTF-8 misinterpreted as


title: Ï

text: ISO-8859-1 or CP1252 (both common encodings in software configured for English-language users). Thus, it tends to indicate that any following mojibake can be corrected by reinterpreting the data as UTF-8.


title: Aligarh Movement

text: to establish a modern system of Western–style scientific education for the Muslim population of British India, during the later decades of the 19th century. The movement's name derives from the fact that its core and origins lay in the city of Aligarh in Northern India and, in particular, with the foundation of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875.


title: Aligarh Movement

text: The founder of the oriental college, and the other educational institutions that developed from it, was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He became the leading light of the wider Aligarh Movement.


title: Aligarh Movement

text: The education reform established a base, and an impetus, for the wider Movement: an Indian Muslim renaissance that had profound implications for the religion, the politics, the culture and society of the Indian sub-continent.


title: Aligarh Movement

text: The failure of the Revolt of 1857 saw the end of the Mughal empire and the succession of the British. The Muslim society during the post mutiny period was in a deteriorating state. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan found the Muslim society to be educationally, socially and culturally backward. He blamed the prevailing education system for the degrading state of the Muslim society. This led Sir Syed to initiate a movement for the intellectual, educational, social and cultural regeneration of the Muslim society. This movement came to be known as the Aligarh movement after Sir Syed established his school at Aligarh which later became the center of the movement.


title: Aligarh Movement

text: The Aligarh Movement introduced a new trend in Urdu literature. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and his association left the old style of writing in the Urdu language, which was rhetorical and academic, and started a simple style which helped Muslims to understand the main purpose of the movement. Sir Syed Ahmed was the central figure behind this awakening.


title: Aligarh Movement

text: The chief detractors of the Aligarh Movement were the conservative "Ulemas" of the time who blamed Sir Syed for promoting Western ethics and customs among the Muslims. The Deoband school was also opposed to the Aligarh Movement. Sir Syed and the movement was ridiculed in the Awadh Punch by his detractors like Pandit Ratan Nath Sarshar, Munshi Sajjad Hussain and Akbar Allahabadi. He was also opposed by Pan-Islamist thinker and activist Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī.


title: Aligarh Movement

text: The Aligarh Movement has made a weighty and lasting contribution to the political emancipation of Indian Muslims. The movement had a profound impact on the Indian society, particularly on the Muslim society compared to the other powerful but less adaptable movements of the 19th century. It influenced a number of other contemporary movements to a great extent that it caused the emergence of other socio-religious movements during the 19th century. The impact of Aligarh Movement was not confined to the Northern India only, but its expansion could be seen on the other regions of the Indian sub-continent during the 20th century. The annual Educational Conferences held in different parts of the country played an effective role in the promotion of education among Muslims and directly or indirectly influenced the growth of institutes like Aligarh Muslim University, Osmania University, Dacca University, Anjuman-i-Tarqqi Urdu, Jamia Millia Islamia, Dar-ul-Uloom Nadva, Lucknow, and Dar-ul-Musannfafin, Azamgarh. By the early 1900 Aligarh Movement became the progenitor to a number of socio-religious movements like the Urdu movement, the Khilafat Movement and the Pakistan Movement.


title: Currying

text: In mathematics and computer science, currying is the technique of translating the evaluation of a function that takes multiple arguments into evaluating a sequence of functions, each with a single argument. For example, currying a function formula_1 that takes three arguments creates a nested unary function formula_2, so that the code


title: Currying

text: In a more mathematical language, a function that takes two arguments, one from formula_7 and one from formula_8, and produces outputs in formula_9 by currying is translated into a function that takes a single argument from formula_7 and produces as outputs "functions" from formula_8 to formula_12 This is a natural one-to-one correspondence between these two types of functions, so that the sets together with functions between them form a Cartesian closed category. The currying of a function with more than two arguments can then be defined by induction. Currying is related to, but not the same as, partial application.


title: Currying

text: Currying is useful in both practical and theoretical settings. In functional programming languages, and many others, it provides a way of automatically managing how arguments are passed to functions and exceptions. In theoretical computer science, it provides a way to study functions with multiple arguments in simpler theoretical models which provide only one argument. The most general setting for the strict notion of currying and uncurrying is in the closed monoidal categories, which underpins a vast generalization of the Curry–Howard correspondence of proofs and programs to a correspondence with many other structures, including quantum mechanics, cobordisms and string theory. It was introduced by Gottlob Frege, developed by Moses Schönfinkel,


title: Currying

text: Uncurrying is the dual transformation to currying, and can be seen as a form of defunctionalization. It takes a function formula_1 whose return value is another function formula_2, and yields a new function formula_15 that takes as parameters the arguments for both formula_1 and formula_2, and returns, as a result, the application of formula_1 and subsequently, formula_2, to those arguments. The process can be iterated.


title: Currying

text: Currying provides a way for working with functions that take multiple arguments, and using them in frameworks where functions might take only one argument. For example, some analytical techniques can only be applied to functions with a single argument. Practical functions frequently take more arguments than this. Frege showed that it was sufficient to provide solutions for the single argument case, as it was possible to transform a function with multiple arguments into a chain of single-argument functions instead. This transformation is the process now known as currying. All "ordinary" functions that might typically be encountered in mathematical analysis or in computer programming can be curried. However, there are categories in which currying is not possible; the most general categories which allow currying are the closed monoidal categories.


title: Currying

text: Some programming languages almost always use curried functions to achieve multiple arguments; notable examples are ML and Haskell, where in both cases all functions have exactly one argument. This property is inherited from lambda calculus, where multi-argument functions are usually represented in curried form.


title: Currying

text: Currying is related to, but not the same as partial application. In practice, the programming technique of closures can be used to perform partial application and a kind of currying, by hiding arguments in an environment that travels with the curried function.


title: Currying

text: Suppose we have a function formula_20 which takes two real number (formula_21) arguments and outputs real numbers, and it is defined by formula_22. Currying translates this into a function formula_23 which takes a single real argument and outputs functions from formula_21 to formula_21. In symbols, formula_26, where formula_27denotes the set of all functions that take a single real argument and produce real outputs. For every real number formula_4, define the function formula_29 by formula_30, and then define the function formula_26 by formula_32. So for instance, formula_33 is the function that sends its real argument formula_34 to the output formula_35, or formula_36. We see that in general


title: Currying

text: so that the original function formula_1 and its currying formula_23 convey exactly the same information. In this situation, we also write


title: Currying

text: This also works for functions with more than two arguments. If formula_1 were a function of three arguments formula_42, its currying formula_23 would have the property


title: Currying

text: The "Curry" in "Currying" is a reference to logician Haskell Curry, who used the concept extensively, but Moses Schönfinkel had the idea 6 years before Curry. The alternative name "Schönfinkelisation" has been proposed. In the mathematical context, the principle can be traced back to work in 1893 by Frege.


title: Currying

text: The originator of the word "currying" is not clear. David Turner says the word was coined by Christopher Strachey in his 1967 lecture notes Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages, but although the concept is mentioned, the word "currying" does not appear in the notes. John C. Reynolds defined "currying" in a 1972 paper, but did not claim to have coined the term.


title: Currying

text: Currying is most easily understood by starting with an informal definition, which can then be molded to fit many different domains. First, there is some notation to be established. The notation formula_45 denotes all functions from formula_7 to formula_8. If formula_1 is such a function, we write formula_49. Let formula_50 denote the ordered pairs of the elements of formula_7 and formula_8 respectively, that is, the Cartesian product of formula_7 and formula_8. Here, formula_7 and formula_8 may be sets, or they may be types, or they may be other kinds of objects, as explored below.


title: Currying

text: That is, formula_59 takes an argument from formula_7 and returns a function that maps formula_8 to formula_62. It is defined by


title: Currying

text: Uncurrying is the reverse transformation, and is most easily understood in terms of its right adjoint, the function formula_69


title: Currying

text: In set theory, the notation formula_70 is used to denote the set of functions from the set formula_7 to the set formula_8. Currying is the natural bijection between the set formula_73 of functions from formula_74 to formula_75, and the set formula_76 of functions from formula_77 to the set of functions from formula_78 to formula_75. In symbols:


title: Currying

text: Indeed, it is this natural bijection that justifies the exponential notation for the set of functions. As is the case in all instances of currying, the formula above describes an adjoint pair of functors: for every fixed set formula_78, the functor formula_82 is left adjoint to the functor formula_83.


title: Currying

text: In the theory of function spaces, such as in functional analysis or homotopy theory, one is commonly interested in continuous functions between topological spaces. One writes formula_85 (the Hom functor) for the set of "all" functions from formula_7 to formula_8, and uses the notation formula_70 to denote the subset of continuous functions. Here, formula_89 is the bijection


title: Currying

text: while uncurrying is the inverse map. If the set formula_70 of continuous functions from formula_7 to formula_8 is given the compact-open topology, and if the space formula_8 is locally compact Hausdorff, then


title: Currying

text: is a homeomorphism. This is also the case when formula_7, formula_8 and formula_70 are compactly generated, although there are more cases.


title: Currying

text: One useful corollary is that a function is continuous if and only if its curried form is continuous. Another important result is that the application map, usually called "evaluation" in this context, is continuous (note that eval is a strictly different concept in computer science.) That is,


title: Currying

text: is continuous when formula_70 is compact-open and formula_8 locally compact Hausdorff. These two results are central for establishing the continuity of homotopy, i.e. when formula_7 is the unit interval formula_103, so that formula_104 can the thought of as either a homotopy of two functions from formula_8 to formula_62, or, equivalently, a single (continuous) path in formula_107.


title: Currying

text: In algebraic topology, currying serves as an example of Eckmann–Hilton duality, and, as such, plays an important role in a variety of different settings. For example, loop space is adjoint to reduced suspensions; this is commonly written as


title: Currying

text: where formula_109 is the set of homotopy classes of maps formula_110, and formula_111 is the suspension of "A", and formula_112 is the loop space of "A". In essence, the suspension formula_113 can be seen as the cartesian product of formula_7 with the unit interval, modulo an equivalence relation to turn the interval into a loop. The curried form then maps the space formula_7 to the space of functions from loops into formula_62, that is, from formula_7 into formula_118. Then formula_89 is the adjoint functor that maps suspensions to loop spaces, and uncurrying is the dual.


title: Currying

text: The duality between the mapping cone and the mapping fiber (cofibration and fibration) can be understood as a form of currying, which in turn leads to the duality of the long exact and coexact Puppe sequences.


title: Currying

text: In homological algebra, the relationship between currying and uncurrying is known as tensor-hom adjunction. Here, an interesting twist arises: the Hom functor and the tensor product functor might not lift to an exact sequence; this leads to the definition of the Ext functor and the Tor functor.


title: Currying

text: In order theory, that is, the theory of lattices of partially ordered sets, formula_89 is a continuous function when the lattice is given the Scott topology. Scott-continuous functions were first investigated in the attempt to provide a semantics for lambda calculus (as ordinary set theory is inadequate to do this). More generally, Scott-continuous functions are now studied in domain theory, which encompasses the study of denotational semantics of computer algorithms. Note that the Scott topology is quite different than many common topologies one might encounter in the category of topological spaces; the Scott topology is typically finer, and is not sober.


title: Currying

text: The notion of continuity makes its appearance in homotopy type theory, where, roughly speaking, two computer programs can be considered to be homotopic, i.e. compute the same results, if they can be "continuously" refactored from one to the other.


title: Currying

text: In theoretical computer science, currying provides a way to study functions with multiple arguments in very simple theoretical models, such as the lambda calculus, in which functions only take a single argument. Consider a function formula_121 taking two arguments, and having the type formula_122, which should be understood to mean that "x" must have the type formula_7, "y" must have the type formula_8, and the function itself returns the type formula_62. The curried form of "f" is defined as


title: Currying

text: where formula_127 is the abstractor of lambda calculus. Since curry takes, as input, functions with the type formula_128, one concludes that the type of curry itself is


title: Currying

text: The → operator is often considered right-associative, so the curried function type formula_130 is often written as formula_131. Conversely, function application is considered to be left-associative, so that formula_132 is equivalent to


title: Currying

text: Curried functions may be used in any programming language that supports closures; however, uncurried functions are generally preferred for efficiency reasons, since the overhead of partial application and closure creation can then be avoided for most function calls.


title: Currying

text: In type theory, the general idea of a type system in computer science is formalized into a specific algebra of types. For example, when writing formula_49, the intent is that formula_7 and formula_8 are types, while the arrow formula_137 is a type constructor, specifically, the function type or arrow type. Similarly, the Cartesian product formula_50 of types is constructed by the product type constructor formula_139.


title: Currying

text: The type-theoretical approach is expressed in programming languages such as ML and the languages derived from and inspired by it: CaML, Haskell and F#.


title: Currying

text: The type-theoretical approach provides a natural complement to the language of category theory, as discussed below. This is because categories, and specifically, monoidal categories, have an internal language, with simply-typed lambda calculus being the most prominent example of such a language. It is important in this context, because it can be built from a single type constructor, the arrow type. Currying then endows the language with a natural product type. The correspondence between objects in categories and types then allows programming languages to be re-interpreted as logics (via Curry–Howard correspondence), and as other types of mathematical systems, as explored further, below.


title: Currying

text: Under the Curry–Howard correspondence, the existence of currying and uncurrying is equivalent to the logical theorem formula_140, as tuples (product type) corresponds to conjunction in logic, and function type corresponds to implication.


title: Currying

text: The exponential object formula_141 in the category of Heyting algebras is normally written as material implication formula_142. Distributive Heyting algebras are Boolean algebras, and the exponential object has the explicit form formula_143, thus making it clear that the exponential object really is material implication.


title: Currying

text: The above notions of currying and uncurrying find their most general, abstract statement in category theory. Currying is a universal property of an exponential object, and gives rise to an adjunction in cartesian closed categories. That is, there is a natural isomorphism between the morphisms from a binary product formula_57 and the morphisms to an exponential object formula_145.


title: Currying

text: This generalizes to a broader result in closed monoidal categories: Currying is the statement that the tensor product and the internal Hom are adjoint functors; that is, for every object formula_77 there is a natural isomorphism:


title: Currying

text: Here, "Hom" denotes the (external) Hom-functor of all morphisms in the category, while formula_148 denotes the internal hom functor in the closed monoidal category. For the category of sets, the two are the same. When the product is the cartesian product, then the internal hom formula_148 becomes the exponential object formula_150.


title: Currying

text: Currying can break down in one of two ways. One is if a category is not closed, and thus lacks an internal hom functor (possibly because there is more than one choice for such a functor). Another way is if it is not monoidal, and thus lacks a product (that is, lacks a way of writing down pairs of objects). Categories that do have both products and internal homs are exactly the closed monoidal categories.


title: Currying

text: The setting of cartesian closed categories is sufficient for the discussion of classical logic; the more general setting of closed monoidal categories is suitable for quantum computation.


title: Currying

text: The difference between these two is that the product for cartesian categories (such as the category of sets, complete partial orders or Heyting algebras) is just the Cartesian product; it is interpreted as an ordered pair of items (or a list). Simply typed lambda calculus is the internal language of cartesian closed categories; and it is for this reason that pairs and lists are the primary types in the type theory of LISP, Scheme and many functional programming languages.


title: Currying

text: By contrast, the product for monoidal categories (such as Hilbert space and the vector spaces of functional analysis) is the tensor product. The internal language of such categories is linear logic, a form of quantum logic; the corresponding type system is the linear type system. Such categories are suitable for describing entangled quantum states, and, more generally, allow a vast generalization of the Curry–Howard correspondence to quantum mechanics, to cobordisms in algebraic topology, and to string theory. The linear type system, and linear logic are useful for describing synchronization primitives, such as mutual exclusion locks, and the operation of vending machines.


title: Currying

text: Currying and partial function application are often conflated. One of the significant differences between the two is that a call to a partially applied function returns the result right away, not another function down the currying chain; this distinction can be illustrated clearly for functions whose arity is greater than two.


title: Currying

text: Given a function of type formula_151, currying produces formula_152. That is, while an evaluation of the first function might be represented as formula_153, evaluation of the curried function would be represented as formula_154, applying each argument in turn to a single-argument function returned by the previous invocation. Note that after calling formula_155, we are left with a function that takes a single argument and returns another function, not a function that takes two arguments.


title: Currying

text: In contrast, partial function application refers to the process of fixing a number of arguments to a function, producing another function of smaller arity. Given the definition of formula_1 above, we might fix (or 'bind') the first argument, producing a function of type formula_157. Evaluation of this function might be represented as formula_158. Note that the result of partial function application in this case is a function that takes two arguments.


title: Currying

text: Intuitively, partial function application says "if you fix the first argument of the function, you get a function of the remaining arguments". For example, if function "div" stands for the division operation "x"/"y", then "div" with the parameter "x" fixed at 1 (i.e., "div" 1) is another function: the same as the function "inv" that returns the multiplicative inverse of its argument, defined by "inv"("y") = 1/"y".


title: Currying

text: The practical motivation for partial application is that very often the functions obtained by supplying some but not all of the arguments to a function are useful; for example, many languages have a function or operator similar to codice_1. Partial application makes it easy to define these functions, for example by creating a function that represents the addition operator with 1 bound as its first argument.


title: Currying

text: Partial application can be seen as evaluating a curried function at a fixed point, e.g. given formula_151 and formula_160 then formula_161 or simply formula_162 where formula_163 curries f's first parameter.


title: Currying

text: Thus, partial application is reduced to a curried function at a fixed point. Further, a curried function at a fixed point is (trivially), a partial application. For further evidence, note that, given any function formula_121, a function formula_165 may be defined such that formula_166. Thus, any partial application may be reduced to a single curry operation. As such, curry is more suitably defined as an operation which, in many theoretical cases, is often applied recursively, but which is theoretically indistinguishable (when considered as an operation) from a partial application.


title: Currying

text: So, a partial application can be defined as the objective result of a single application of the curry operator on some ordering of the inputs of some function.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Guillermo Rigondeaux Ortiz (; born 30 September 1980) is a Cuban professional boxer. He is a former world champion in two weight classes, having held the unified WBA (Super), WBO and "Ring" magazine super bantamweight titles between 2013 and 2017, and the WBA (Regular) bantamweight title from 2020 to 2021. He has also challenged once for the WBO junior lightweight title in 2017.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Possessing one of the greatest amateur records of all time, Rigondeaux won consecutive gold medals in the bantamweight division at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics. He is also a seven-time Cuban national champion at bantamweight (2000–2006), finishing his amateur career with a record of nearly 475 fights with 12 losses; the last of these losses occurring in 2003. After Rigondeaux's defection in 2009, he turned professional and remained undefeated for almost nine years.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux has been lauded by boxing trainer Freddie Roach as being "probably the greatest talent I've ever seen." He is known for his exceptionally fast hand speed, punching power, counterpunching abilities, athleticism, reflexes, footwork and defensive elusiveness.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux finished his amateur career having 386 fights under his belt, with a record of 374 wins, 12 losses.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 22 July 2007, Rigondeaux and teammate Erislandy Lara failed to appear for their scheduled bouts at the Pan American Games in Brazil. It was initially announced that Rigondeaux was to turn professional, joining fellow 2004 Cuban Olympians Odlanier Solis, Yuriorkis Gamboa and Yan Bartelemí, who defected earlier in 2007. As with the other Cuban defectors, Rigondeaux signed a promotional deal with Ahmet Oener and ARENA Box-Promotion. However, on 2 August, Rigondeaux and Lara were taken into police custody in Brazil, stating that they wanted to return home to Cuba. However, Cuban leader Fidel Castro then stated that Rigondeaux and Lara could not box again for the Cuban team. In February 2009, Rigondeaux defected again via Mexico City to Miami, and signed with Arena Box-Promotion.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 23 February 2009, Rigondeaux was announced to have defected along with 2004 Olympic Silver Medalist Yudel Johnson, Yordanis Despaigne and Yuniel Dorticos. He would train in the same gym as Yuriorkis Gamboa, Erislandy Lara and Odlanier Solis and would continue his career as a professional once he completed all the residency requirements. He left behind his wife Farah Colina, a 7-year-old son and a 17-year-old stepson in Cuba. He was also reportedly staying in the home of countryman and featherweight contender Yuriorkis Gamboa.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux won his professional debut on 22 May with a third-round technical knockout (TKO) over Juan Noriega in Miami. Although he did not maintain a busy punch volume, Rigondeaux still landed hard shots. Noriega barely countered Rigondeaux's punches and the referee found the opportunity to stop the fight after Rigondeaux connected with a solid right to the head. On 17 July, he won his second pro fight against Robert Guillen by first round knockout. Rigondeaux wasn't active but he hit Guillen with a great hard counter punch to the body which left him rolling on the canvas in pain.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 18 September, Rigondeaux beat Giovanni Andrade by third-round TKO to win the NABA super bantamweight title, dropping Andrade once in each of rounds two and three.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 16 December 2009, Rigondeaux won a unanimous decision over Lante Addy in 8 rounds, dropping Addy once in round one.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 5 February 2010, Rigondeaux scored a first-round knockout against Adolfo Landeros, dropping Landeros with a hard left uppercut to the body.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux then signed a three-year contract with Bob Arum's Top Rank in July 2010. He is also co-promoted by Boris Arencibia's Caribe Promotions.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 13 November 2010, Rigondeaux fought Ricardo Cordoba on the undercard of the WBC super welterweight title fight between Manny Pacquiao vs. Antonio Margarito at the Cowboys Stadium, Dallas, in front of 41,734 people. This was the biggest fight in Rigondeaux's career to date. Rigondeaux knocked Cordoba down in the fourth round with a body shot, but was judged to be knocked down himself in the sixth, in what appeared to be a slip. Despite appearing to win clearly, the fight was judged a split decision, with Rigondeaux the victor and becoming a world champion in his seventh bout, winning the interim WBA super bantamweight title.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 19 March 2011, Rigondeaux fought Willie Casey at the City West Convention Centre, Dublin, Ireland. This was Rigondeaux's first defense of his interim WBA title. A sweeping left uppercut in the opening round caught Casey flush and sent him back on his rear causing his glove to touch the mat at 1 minute and 45 seconds. He was up immediately and received a mandatory eight-count. A combination ending with a left hook sent Casey falling across the ring and down at 2 minutes and 19 seconds. He was able to make it to his feet but was visibly wobbled. A follow-up barrage sent Casey stumbling forward, prompting the referee to step in and call an end to the bout.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 20 January 2012, Rigondeaux won the full WBA super bantamweight title by knocking out champion and "The" "Ring" magazine's No. 2 ranked super bantamweight, Rico Ramos (20-0, 11 KOs), in the sixth round. Rigondeaux controlled the opening round against a tentative Ramos. He quickly moved into range and fired the left hand both to the body and upstairs. A straight left hand caught Ramos against the ropes and sent him down at 2 minutes and 24 seconds of the opening round. He was up quickly and received a mandatory eight-count. Rigondeaux attacked but Ramos gathered himself and finished the round. Output waned in the second and third rounds with both fighters looking for counter-punch opportunities, neither seeming overly willing to open up. An accidental clash of heads opened a small cut on the outside of Ramos' left eyebrow near the end of round 4. Rigondeaux was warned in round 6 for pulling down the back of Ramos' head. Immediately after the warning, Rigondeaux came forward with a barrage and landed a clean left hand to the body that sent Ramos to the canvas grimacing in pain. He remained down on his back as the referee reached the count of ten.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Despite Rigondeaux and his camp's efforts to make a fight with any of the other 122 pound champions, fights with champions such as Nonito Donaire, Toshiaki Nishioka, Jeffrey Mathebula and Abner Mares failed to materialise. Rigondeaux said, "They are cowards". On 9 June 2012, Rigondeaux made the first defence of his WBA super bantamweight title against Teon Kennedy on the undercard of the Manny Pacquiao vs. Timothy Bradley WBO welterweight title fight at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, Las Vegas, Nevada. Rigondeaux knew the split decision victory against Ricardo Cordoba did not please the HBO people, and learned from it the importance of aggressiveness. From the standpoint of promotion, the second appearance on HBO was crucial to him. He did not want to make the same mistake as he did two years ago. Rigondeaux impressively stopped Kennedy in the fifth round after knocking him down five times, all with his left cross, leading Kennedy to say "He just hits you with punches that you can't see". He has differentiated from the Cordoba fight. Now that he realized that he needed to not only win a fight but also entertain, his promoter Bob Arum stated that Rigondeaux could one day face Nonito Donaire, Jorge Arce, or Wilfredo Vázquez, Jr.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 15 September 2012, Rigondeaux fought Roberto Marroquin on the undercard of the Sergio Martínez vs. Julio César Chávez, Jr. fight at the Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. It was a relatively easy night for Rigondeaux, who outworked and outlanded Marroquin and seemed to just cruise through the fight. Rigondeaux gave his young opponent the first knockdown of his career in the fifth-round and scored another knockdown in the twelfth. The judges scored the bout 118-108, 118-108 and 118-109, all three in favour of Rigondeaux who retained his WBA title by unanimous decision.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 13 April 2013, Rigondeaux fought in a unification bout against WBO and "The Ring" champion Nonito Donaire at Radio City Music Hall, New York. Rigondeaux left his trainer Jorge Rubio in order to start training with his former amateur trainer Pedro Diaz for this fight. Donaire came into the fight as the No. 5 pound-for-pound fighter in the world.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: In front of a sellout crowd of 6,145, Rigondeaux defeated Donaire by unanimous (114–113, 115–112, and 116–111), though the fight was considered much wider than the scorecards indicated, becoming the unified WBA (Super), WBO, "The" "Ring" and lineal super bantamweight champion. Rigondeaux frustrated Donaire early and often with his quick lead right hook, and left hand. Rigondeaux would continue to land the cleaner punches and dip out of range from Donaire for the first nine rounds of the fight. In the tenth-round, while Rigondeaux attempted to clinch with Donaire, he was pushed off and caught with a left hook from Donaire, sending him to the canvas. Rigondeaux appeared to hurt Donaire with a straight left early in the twelfth-round, when Donaire covered up a severely swollen right eye and began bleeding from his mouth. Rigondeaux ended the round and fight targeting Donaire with his left hand, backing Donaire up. Rigondeaux landed 129 of 396 punches thrown (33%) and Donaire landed 82 of his 352 thrown (23%). Donaire was outlanded in 11 rounds.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: RingTV.com scored it 117–110 in favor of Rigondeaux, and HBO's Harold Lederman had it 118–109 for him. Donaire's purse was $1.32 million and Rigondeaux earned a career-high $750,000 purse. The fight averaged 1.1 million viewers on HBO.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux was next scheduled to fight former bantamweight titlist Joseph Agbeko on 7 December 2013, at the Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey. Rigondeaux retained his WBA (Super), WBO, "The Ring" and lineal super bantamweight titles via unanimous decision, winning every round on all three judges scorecards (120-108). The fight was criticized for its lack of action. The fight averaged 550,000 viewers on HBO. Prior to the fight, there were rumours that a rematch could surface between Rigondeaux and Donaire. Rigondeaux was open to the idea but stated if the fight was to take place again, Donaire would need to accept the fight at 123 pounds and weigh no more than 133 the next day.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Top Rank announced the next defense would be against veteran Sod Kokietgym (63–2–1, 28 KOs) on 19 July 2014, at the Cotai Arena, Macao. Rigondeaux won the bout, after the fight was stopped halfway through the first round. Kokietgym hit the canvas due to a hard, accidental clash of heads, he was given time to recover, however when he got up, the two touched gloves as respect before Rigondeaux threw an ungentlemanly 'sucker punch' right hook to end the fight while they touched gloves with the other glove. This resembled the ending of the welterweight world title bout between Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Victor Ortiz in Las Vegas. This was the first professional fight for Rigondeaux outside of the United States and Kokietgym entered the fight having not lost in over eight years. It was the last time Rigondeaux fought under the Top Rank banner. After the fight, Rigondeaux stated that he wanted to unify the division, proposing fights to fellow division titleholders Leo Santa Cruz and Kiko Martinez.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 31 December 2014, Rigondeaux retained his titles against Japan's Hisashi Amagasa at the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, Japan. Rigondeaux was down twice in the seventh round but stated one of them was a slip/push. Amagasa was down in the ninth. Referee Mike Ortega stopped the bout after Amagasa failed to get up off his stool after round 11, suffering swelling around his right eye and facial disfigurement from what appeared to be a broken left jaw or cheek.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 13 November 2015 it was announced that Rigondeaux would return to the United States after 23 months, and his first fight in 11 months on the Cotto-Canelo PPV undercard on 21 November 2015, at the Mandalay Bay Events Centre in Las Vegas against 33 year old Filipino boxer Drian Fancisco (28–3–1, 22 KOs). Rigondeaux won the fight via unanimous decision (97–93, 100–90 twice) in a very one-sided fight to claim the vacant WBC International Silver super bantamweight title.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux was scheduled to fight Liverpool's James 'Jazza' Dickens (22–1, 7 KOs) on 12 March 2016, at the Echo Arena, Liverpool, England, on the undercard of Terry Flanagan vs. Derry Matthews. This would be the UK debut for Rigondeaux, who was training in Russia. It was announced on the fight night that the fight was off and Rigondeaux had returned to the United States due to failing to obtain a UK visa. Dickens still fought on the undercard defeating Reynaldo Cajina.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 14 May 2016, Rigondeaux was reinstated as the WBA (Super) super bantamweight champion due to Carl Frampton being stripped of the belt for failing to negotiate his first defence. Rigondeaux would most likely defend the title against Jazza Dickens or WBA bantamweight champion Jamie McDonnell. WBA ordered Rigondeaux to face interim titleholder Moises Flores (24–0, 17 KOs) by 1 August, in a mandatory defence.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: It was confirmed that Rigondeaux would defend his WBA (Super) and lineal titles against Jazza Dickens on 16 July at the Ice Arena, Cardiff, Wales. The fight was originally scheduled for March, but was cancelled due to Rigondeaux having VISA issues. This was Rigondeaux's first fight in the UK. Rigondeaux retained his belts after breaking Dickens, jaw in round 2 with a huge left hand. Dickens was forced to retire after the round.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 20 July 2016, in their continued desire to reduce the number of champions, the WBA ordered Rigondeaux to make a mandatory defence of his title against their interim titleholder, 29-year-old Mexican boxer Moises Flores (25–0, 17 KO). On 7 December, the WBA announced a purse bid would be held on 19 December at the WBA headquarters in Panama City, with a minimum bid of $150,000 with Rigondeaux receiving the bigger split of 75% and 25% going to Flores. A deal was reached before the scheduled purse bids. Flores said he would be dedicating this fight to Alejandro Gonzalez, a boxer who was killed in Mexico in December. The fight would likely take place on the Roc Nation Sports card on 25 February 2017, live on HBO ppv, a co-feature to light-middleweight fight Cotto-Kirkland. Flores' IBO world title would also be at stake. The fight was officially announced on 25 January 2017. On 2 February, Kirkland picked up a nose injury which initially called off his ppv fight with Cotto. Later that day, it was announced that the whole card had been cancelled. A new date of March or April was then discussed for the Rigondeaux vs. Flores fight.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: The WBA ordered another purse bid to take place on 3 April 2017, at the Panama City headquarters, again with a minimum bid of $150,000. A deal was reached within a week on 31 March between both parties. The date being discussed was 17 June 2017, meaning it would be an undercard fight for Ward-Kovalev II on HBO PPV. Flores' promoter Tom Brown confirmed the terms were being agreed. It was reported that Rigondeaux would earn a purse of $120,000 whilst Flores would earn $25,000.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux retained his WBA and lineal titles as well as claim the IBO super bantamweight title after controversially knocking Flores out at the end of round 1. Before the bell sounded for the end of the round, both fighters locked in a flurry, with Rigondeaux holding Flores' head, both exchanged combinations. Whilst Flores missed his shots, Rigondeaux landed a hook to the head after the bell. As referee Vic Drakulich managed to separate the two, Flores, after a split second, fell backwards. The referee then turned his attention to Flores and after viewing ringside replay, without sound, ruled it a knockout win for Rigondeaux. Rigondeaux said, through a translator, "We both threw punches at the same time and mine landed first. It was only a matter of time [until the knockout happened]."


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Nevada State Athletic Commission executive director Bob Bennett was brought in to discuss the ending with HBO's Jim Lampley, and said if the punch was thrown after the bell, they would review the decision. He also went on to say that it could turn out as a disqualification loss for Rigondeaux. Paulie Malignaggi, who was working as a pundit for Sky Sports, thought Flores had over-reacted when he fell onto the canvas, maybe looking for a DQ win. The next day, Bob Bennett fully reviewed the tape and agreed the punch landed after the bell but was unintentional, meaning the result could change to a no decision with the WBA possibly ordering a rematch. On 20 June, Bob Bennett told ESPN that there was plans to change the outcome of the fight to a 'no decision'. Bennett could not unilaterally change the result, nor can the commission chairman, although it must be voted on by the four commissioners. On 26 June, the result was officially changed to a no contest.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 6 July 2017, the WBA ordered an immediate rematch to take place between Rigondeaux and Flores, within 150 days of the first fight, meaning it would likely take place around November 2017. Flores was given a 60-day medical suspension from the Nevada commission. The two sides had until 17 August or it would go to purse bids.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 6 August, Arum stated that Vasiliy Lomachenko would fight for a third time in 2017, likely on 9 or 23 December. When asked who the potential options where, Arum stated, <nowiki>"Well, there'</nowiki>s a few guys. (Guillermo) Rigondeaux if he answers Dino (Duva's) call. There's (Orlando) Salido, who's sniffing around and the third is (Miguel) Berchelt." Arum also mentioned lightweight contender Ray Beltrán, but said he would like to capture a world title at lightweight before a potential fight with Lomachenko. On 14 August, Arum spoke to LA Times and confirmed either Rigondeaux or Salido would be Lomachenko's next opponent. He stated if the bout with Rigondeaux was made, it would likely take place at the Madison Square Garden Theatre and a potential rematch with Salido would take place in Los Angeles. On 21 August, Arum stated both camps were closing in on finalising a deal for 9 December. On 15 September, the bout between Lomachenko and Rigondeaux was confirmed. The fight was confirmed to take place at 130 pounds. On 18 November, Carl Moretti of Top Rank revealed a re-hydration clause on the contract. Both fighters agreed to weigh in at 09:00 on the morning of the fight, where they would not be able to exceed 138 pounds. Any fighter over the limit would face a penalty of more than $10,000. On 28 November, the WBA announced that Rigondeaux would lose his title at super bantamweight if he lost to Lomachenko. WBA president Gilberto Mendoza Jr. went on to say if Rigondeaux defeats Lomachenko, he would have five days to decide whether he is to return to the division or stay at super featherweight. He stated that special permission was granted because the bout was 'an important fight for boxing'. Upon receiving the news, Rigondeaux took to Twitter and stated he was disappointed. On fight night, Lomachenko weighed 137.4 pounds and Rigondeaux weighed 130 pounds.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: In front of a sell out crowd of 5,102 at the Theater, Lomachenko retained his WBO title using a combination of size, speed and angles, eventually forcing Rigondeaux to quit. Rigondeaux never landed more than three punches per round. He said he could not continue because he broke his hand during the fight; it was later revealed that it was bruised, not broken. Rigondeaux became Lomachenko's fourth consecutive opponent to retire on his stool. The loss also marked the first time Rigondeaux had lost since 2003, when he was still an amateur. At the time of stoppage, Lomachenko was ahead on all three judges' scorecards, 60–53, 59–54 and 59–54.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: In the post-fight interviews, Lomachenko was asked about Rigondeaux being his fourth consecutive opponent to retire on his stool, to which Lomachenko joked, "Maybe I should change my second name, now my name is 'No Mas Chenko'." He also went on to say, "This is not his weight, so it's not a big win for me. But he's a good fighter. He's got great skills. I adjusted to his style, low blows and all." Speaking to an interpreter, Rigondeaux said, "I lost, no excuses. I injured the top of my left hand in the second round. He's a very technical fighter. He's explosive. I'm gonna come back because that's what I do. The weight was not a factor in this fight. It was the injury to my hand." According to CompuBox statistics, Lomachenko landed 55 of 339 punches thrown (16%) and Rigondeaux landed 15 of his 178 thrown (8%), landing no more than 3 punches per round. For the fight, Lomachenko was guaranteed a purse of $1.2 million whereas Rigondeaux earned a $400,000 purse. The card averaged 1.73 million viewers on ESPN, which did not include ESPN Deportes or the online streaming service.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: As stated by the WBA, in the January 2018 rankings, Rigondeaux was removed as their 'Super' champion.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux returned to training on 25 July 2018. On 2 August, Rigondeaux and Roc Nation Sports came to a mutual agreement to terminate their contract. With a year left on the contract, Dino Duva told ESPN, "We weren't able to come up with anything significant for him, and he's in the later part of his career, so if he's a free agent, maybe he can go make a fight for himself. We're OK with that and we wish him the best." Roc Nation promoted Rigondeaux in four bouts.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 20 November 2018, it was reported that Rigondeaux started training with Veteran trainer Ronnie Shields. Shields, a well known trainer who also trained Cuban boxer Erislandy Lara at the time, welcomed Rigondeaux to his training base in Houston, Texas.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: After signing with advisor Al Haymon, now fighting under the Premier Boxing Champions banner, it was announced on 29 November, Rigondeaux would make his ring return on either 22 December 2018 or 13 January 2019. It was reported that he would return to super bantamweight, but could see a move up to featherweight. Rigondeaux's co-manager Alex Bornote later confirmed he would fight on a date in January 2019.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: In December 2018, it was announced that Rigondeaux would fight journeyman Giovanni Delgado (16–8, 9 KOs) at the super featherweight limit on 13 January 2019, at the Microsoft Theater, Los Angeles, California. It was initially reported that Rigondeaux would fight Daniel Rosas (21–4–1, 13 KOs), before RingTV announced the change. Delgado was originally scheduled to fight on the same card against Fernando Garcia. Rigondeaux stopped Delgado via first-round knockout. Delgado made it to the end of the first round when he was dropped hard by an overhand left to the head. Although the round had ended, referee Jack Reiss decided to stop it anyway at the count of nine. The official time of the stoppage was at 3 minutes of round 1. After the fight, Rigondeaux said, "I came prepared and I am ready to face people that are undefeated. Whoever has a belt, I am taking it. You can expect me back in less than two months." Rigondeaux's purse for the fight was $25,000 compared to $14,500 for Delgado.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux's next bout was scheduled to take place as a co-feature to the rematch between Tony Harrison and Jermell Charlo on 23 June 2019 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Paradise, Nevada. Rigondeaux's opponent was confirmed to be former WBC interim champion Julio Ceja (32–3, 28 KOs), with the fight being a WBC eliminator. The PBC card aired live on Fox and Fox Deportes. Rigondeaux won the fight by an eight-round technical knockout. The fight was back-and-forth, with both fighters finding success, before Rigondeaux landed a left hook that floored Ceja at the very end of the round.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux was scheduled to fight Liborio Solís on 21 December 2020, for the vacant WBA (Regular) bantamweight title. The fight was set to precede the rematch between WBC junior middleweight champion Tony Harrison and Jermell Charlo. The fight was postponed as Solis was unable to enter the United States due to visa issues. PBC stated their plans to schedule the fight for early 2020. The fight was rescheduled for February 8, 2020. Rigondeaux won the fight by split decision, with two of the judges scoring the bout 114–113 in his favor, while the third judge scored it 115–112 for Solís.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: Rigondeaux challenged the reigning WBO bantamweight champion John Riel Casimero on 14 August 2021. It was announced on 19 June that WBC champion Nonito Donaire would replace Rigondeaux, but when the fight between Casimero and Donaire fell apart over insults directed at the latter's wife, Rigondeaux stepped back in to fight Casimero as had been originally planned. His WBA (Regular) title was not on the line, as the WBA stripped him of the title upon his entry into the ring "due to restrictions on behalf of the WBO". In a low-key affair that saw the CompuBox record broken for fewest combined landed punches in a 12-round fight, Casimero pressured his opponent all night, fighting on the front foot and throwing more punches than Rigondeaux, who was reluctant to engage. Casimero was rewarded with a split decision victory, with scores of 117–111 and 116–112 in his favor, and 115–113 in favor of Rigondeaux.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: On 26 February 2022, Rigondeaux suffered the third professional defeat of his career, losing a shock ten-round unanimous decision to the unheralded Vincent Astrolabio (16–3, 12 KO) at the Emirates Golf Club in Dubai. Rigondeaux was knocked down by a jab and straight right hand in the eighth round. The knockdown proved to be the difference on the judges' scorecards, with all three judges scoring the bout 95–94 in favor of Astrolabio.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: A documentary on Rigondeaux, "Split Decision", has been in the works by filmmaker Brin-Jonathan Butler. Butler also published a biography of Rigondeaux in 2014, entitled "A Cuban Boxer's Journey: From Castro's Traitor to American Champion", published by Picador USA.


title: Guillermo Rigondeaux

text: In March 2022, Rigondeaux suffered serious eye injuries in a pressure cooker accident at his home in Miami.


title: Thora Hird

text: Dame Thora Hird (28 May 1911 – 15 March 2003) was an English actress and comedian, presenter and writer. In a career spanning over 70 years, she appeared in more than 100 film and television roles, becoming a household name and a British institution.


title: Thora Hird

text: A three-time winner of the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress, she won for "Talking Heads: A Cream Cracker Under the Settee" (1988), "Talking Heads: Waiting for the Telegram" (1998) and "Lost for Words" (1999). Her film credits included "The Love Match" (1955), "The Entertainer" (1960), "A Kind of Loving" (1962) and "The Nightcomers" (1971).


title: Thora Hird

text: Hird was born on 28 May 1911 in the Lancashire seaside town of Morecambe to James Henry Hird and Jane Mary (née Mayor). Her family background was largely theatrical: her mother had been an actress, while her father managed a number of entertainment venues in Morecambe, including the Royalty Theatre, where Hird made her first appearance, and the West End Pier. Thora first appeared on stage at the age of two months in a play her father was managing, carried on stage in her mother's arms. She worked at the local Co-operative store before joining the Morecambe Repertory Theatre.


title: Thora Hird

text: Hird often described her father, who initially did not want her to be an actress, as her sternest critic and attributed much of her talent as an actress and comedian to his guidance. In 1944 she made her West End debut in the Esther McCracken play "No Medals".


title: Thora Hird

text: Although Hird left Morecambe in the late 1940s, she retained her affection for the town, referring to herself as a "sand grown 'un", the colloquial term for anyone born in Morecambe.


title: Thora Hird

text: Initially, Hird made regular appearances in films, including the wartime propaganda film "Went the Day Well?" (1942, known as "48 Hours" in the USA), in which she is shown wielding a rifle to defend a house from German paratroopers. She worked with the British film comedian Will Hay and featured in "The Entertainer" (1960), which starred Laurence Olivier, as well as "A Kind of Loving" (1962) with Alan Bates and June Ritchie.


title: Thora Hird

text: Hird gained her highest profile in television comedy, notably the sitcoms "Meet the Wife" (1963–66), "In Loving Memory" (1979–86), "Hallelujah!" (1983–84) and, for nearly two decades, as Edie Pegden in "Last of the Summer Wine" (1986–2003). Hird played a variety of roles, including the nurse in "Romeo and Juliet", and won BAFTA Best Actress awards for her roles in two of Alan Bennett's "Talking Heads" monologues.


title: Thora Hird

text: Hird starred as Captain Emily Ridley in the sitcom "Hallelujah!" (1983–84) about the Salvation Army, a movement for which she had a soft spot throughout her life. Hird also portrayed Mrs Speck, the housekeeper of the Mayor of Gloucester, in "The Tailor of Gloucester" (1989).


title: Thora Hird

text: In 1993 she played Annie Longden, mother of Deric Longden in "Wide-Eyed and Legless" (known as "The Wedding Gift" outside the UK) and reprised her role in the 1999 TV film "Lost for Words", which won her a BAFTA for Best Actress.


title: Thora Hird

text: Hird was a committed Christian, hosting the religious programme "Praise Be!", a spin off from "Songs of Praise" on the BBC. Her work for charity and on television in spite of old age and ill health made her an institution. Her advertisements for Churchill stairlifts also kept her in the public eye.


title: Thora Hird

text: She was created an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1983 Birthday Honours and raised to Dame Commander (DBE) in the 1993 Birthday Honours. She received an honorary D.Litt. from Lancaster University in 1989.


title: Thora Hird

text: In December 1998, using a wheelchair, Hird played a brief but energetic cameo role as the mother of Dolly on "Dinnerladies", a sarcastic character who was particularly bitter towards her daughter.


title: Thora Hird

text: In mid-December 1999, Hird recorded four Alfie story books written and illustrated by Shirley Hughes for a double-sided audio cassette release, creating memorable voices for every character as well as Alfie himself.


title: Thora Hird

text: Her final acting work was for BBC Radio 7, which was recorded and broadcast in 2002: a monologue written for her by Alan Bennett entitled "The Last of the Sun", in which she played a forthright, broad-minded woman, immobile in an old people's home but still able to take a stand against the censorious and politically correct attitudes of her own daughter.


title: Thora Hird

text: She was the subject of "This Is Your Life" on two occasions: in January 1964 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews, and in December 1996, when Michael Aspel surprised her while filming on location for "Last of the Summer Wine".


title: Thora Hird

text: Hird underwent a heart bypass operation in 1992. She suffered from severe arthritis and used a wheelchair in her later life. She died on 15 March 2003 aged 91.


title: Thora Hird

text: A memorial service was held on 15 September 2003 at Westminster Abbey attended by more than 2000 people, including Alan Bennett, Sir David Frost, Melvyn Bragg and Victoria Wood.


title: Thora Hird

text: On 7 July 2019 a commemorative blue plaque was installed to Thora Hird by The Theatre and Film Guild of Great Britain and America, at the Bayswater home where she lived for over 60 years.


title: Thora Hird

text: Hird married musician James Scott in 1937. They had a daughter, actress Janette Scott, in 1938. Hird was mother-in-law to jazz singer Mel Tormé for eleven years.


title: John Cannan

text: John David Guise Cannan (born 20 February 1954) is a British murderer, serial rapist, serial abductor and suspected serial killer. A former car salesman, Cannan was convicted in July 1988 of murder and multiple sexual offences, abductions and attempted abductions. He was given three life sentences for the murder of Shirley Banks in Bristol in October 1987; the attempted kidnapping of Julia Holman on the previous night; the rape of a woman in Reading, Berkshire, in 1986; the rape of his girlfriend in December 1980; and several other abductions, attempted abductions and sexual offences. He is eligible for parole in October 2022.


title: John Cannan

text: Cannan is the only suspect in the disappearance of Suzy Lamplugh, who had an appointment in July 1986 to meet a man calling himself 'Mr Kipper' and has not been seen since. In November 2002, the Crown Prosecution Service decided that there was insufficient evidence to charge him. That month Scotland Yard held a press conference at which, in a rare move, officers named Cannan as the man they believed murdered Lamplugh. Cannan says he knows who killed Lamplugh, and states that this person is the same person responsible for the murder of Shirley Banks, of which he himself was convicted. DNA evidence showed Lamplugh had previously been in a car Cannan owned at the time of her disappearance.


title: John Cannan

text: John David Guise Cannan was born in Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, on 20 February 1954. He was sent by his parents to a private school for boys at age 4. When he was aged around 7 or 8, a teacher sexually abused Cannan, forcing him to drop his trousers and touch the abuser while being indecently assaulted himself. Cannan continued to be abused by the teacher for months. These events had a lasting effect on Cannan, who felt deeply ashamed by them, and the young boy became afraid of school and developed a stammer from being nervous in the school environment.


title: John Cannan

text: At age 9, Cannan was removed from the school when his parents took him to a doctor over his anxiety; he did not return. Cannan later claimed that the sexual abuse left him struggling with feelings of humiliation and shame, which in turn led him to express much anger and resentment. Cannan also suffered from physical and emotional abuse by his father.


title: John Cannan

text: In 1968, at age 14, Cannan indecently assaulted a woman in a phone box in Erdington, for which he was placed on probation. He married his first wife, June Vale, in May 1978, seven years after they had originally become engaged. She would prove to be his one and only steady girlfriend, although he claimed that he was hassled into marrying her. Vale soon gave birth to a child, which Cannan did not want. By 1980, he had slipped into alcoholism and spent much of his time frequenting bars and nightclubs in order to avoid going home to his family after work.


title: John Cannan

text: During the late 1970s and into 1980, during the final years of Cannan's troubled marriage, a series of mysterious rapes occurred in homes for sale in the west Midlands, where he was living at that time. The unidentified rapist specifically targeted homes on the market at estate agents, and became known as the "house for sale rapist". Twenty women were assaulted and raped in properties in the area, and no one was ever arrested for the crimes.


title: John Cannan

text: Police now suspect that Cannan was responsible for these offences, and that he began committing them as his marriage had begun to deteriorate. The rapes stopped in early 1980 when Cannan began a new relationship with a woman named Sharon Major.


title: John Cannan

text: Detectives would later note that the offences bore all the hallmarks of his later crimes and also noted the similarities to the disappearance of Suzy Lamplugh, who herself was an estate agent. Notably, Cannan had shown up uninvited to a house that was for sale in Shorrolds Road in Fulham days before Lamplugh was last seen there, believing that the young female occupant was alone in the house. He started acting strangely until the woman's husband appeared, causing him to quickly leave.


title: John Cannan

text: Cannan left his wife in 1980 for Sharon Major, whom he attacked when she tried to leave him. After turning up at her house on New Year's Eve with a bottle of wine, he strangled her during sex while telling her he was going to kill her, and also brought a gun to the house. Major was able to fight Cannan off and was taken to hospital in an ambulance. Cannan told her on the way to the hospital that he had meant to kill her.


title: John Cannan

text: In March 1981, Cannan met Jean Bradford, who ran a ladies' knitwear shop. He entered the shop and attempted to rob Bradford at knifepoint; he tied up her mother with tights and raped her daughter in front of her, after threatening to stab her 17-month old baby. This was soon after he had also robbed a petrol station. He served five years of an eight-year sentence for rape after being convicted in June 1981. He was also questioned about the attacks on Major in December 1980. Cannan served his sentence at HM Prison Bristol before being transferred to Portland, Dorset, and then to London. From 25 January 1986, until the end of his sentence in July, he was serving his sentence in open prison conditions in a prison hostel at Wormwood Scrubs, meaning he was on day release at the time of the murder of Sandra Court in Bournemouth in May and in the lead up to the disappearance of Suzy Lamplugh in July of that year. He attempted suicide in September by taking 68 paracetamol tablets.


title: John Cannan

text: Police say that Cannan's "modus operandi" was to pretend to be a West Country businessman. He would ply women with chocolates and flowers and then attack when the women rejected him. In September 1986, he began a relationship with his solicitor; he threatened her and her family.


title: John Cannan

text: Only ten weeks after his release from prison, Cannan raped a woman at knifepoint in Reading in October 1986, an attack he was linked to by DNA from semen. Cannan had come up to the woman's car asking for directions, then brandished a knife and raped and sodomised her. Cannan had been arrested for this offence earlier but denied everything and gave an alibi that he was in Sutton Coldfield at the time of the attack, and the forensic evidence was not strong enough to charge him. An early DNA profile was inconclusive, but the Home Office and ICI both ran the test again in 1988 and demonstrated a match. Police also used evidence from Cannan's cashpoint card to prove that he had travelled from London to Bristol that day. Reading is on the railway line between these cities.


title: John Cannan

text: In September 1987, Cannan signed up for a video-dating agency, giving the fake name of John Peterson. The owners of the agency felt there was something not quite right about him and did not release his video to be viewed by other daters.


title: John Cannan

text: The following month (October 1987), Cannan tried to abduct 30-year-old Bristol businesswoman Julia Holman from a car park at around 6.50 pm at gunpoint, but she fought him off and later identified him as her attacker. The next night he abducted Shirley Banks.


title: John Cannan

text: Banks, who was a newly married 29-year-old textiles factory manager from Clifton, was abducted on the evening of 8 October 1987 some time after 7.40 pm while out on a shopping trip to the Broadmead centre. Her husband Richard, then 30, searched for her in bars when she failed to return home, as they had agreed to meet for a drink; when he rang her work the next morning, he was told she had just phoned in sick with an upset stomach 15 minutes earlier. When she again failed to return home, he called the police. Police believe that Banks was held overnight in Cannan's flat and that he then persuaded her to phone in sick to her work, after pretending he was going to release her.


title: John Cannan

text: 150 officers from five police forces spent around 140,000 man-hours on the case. The police put out television appeals and searched Bristol Docks for Banks' car. They considered that the telephone call to her work could mean she had left voluntarily and also considered whether her husband Richard could be a suspect; he was quickly eliminated. The police had first planned to link the attempted abduction of Julia Holman the previous night on a "Crimewatch" reconstruction in November, before Cannan's further crimes led to his arrest.


title: John Cannan

text: Cannan, then living at Foye House, Leigh Woods, Bristol, was arrested on 29 October 1987 in Leamington Spa for an assault at knife-point on an assistant at a Regent Street dress shop, Ginger. Two passers-by had chased him and called the police. He evaded them briefly and they found a knife and bag with blood on it. The police spotted him and saw his hand was bleeding, then arrested him. Near to the shop, they found his black BMW car, which contained rope and an imitation handgun; they also found rope hidden in a toilet cistern in a garage.


title: John Cannan

text: The police searched his car three weeks after Banks had disappeared, where they found a tax disc for her car, inside a briefcase in the glove compartment. Her orange Mini Clubman was found, painted blue, in the lock-up garage at his block of flats. The police bailed him from the station in Warwick, where he was being interviewed for the attempted robbery, and police from Bristol immediately rearrested him regarding Banks's disappearance.


title: John Cannan

text: News media immediately linked Banks's disappearance to that of Suzy Lamplugh and published Cannan's prior criminal record. Cannan claimed he had bought the Mini from a man at an auction. The police charged him with assault on 2 November and he had no alibi for the night of Banks's disappearance. Cannan had behaved uncooperatively with the police and police believed he felt that he was maintaining control over them by withholding information.


title: John Cannan

text: A taxi driver came forward to say that a woman had called a taxi to Cannan's flat at about 2 pm on the day after Banks disappeared, but Cannan told him nobody had called one. At about 2.30 pm, he borrowed a vacuum cleaner from a neighbour and was seen cleaning his car. Cannan's movements could not be accounted for between 3 pm and 7 pm. Police brought in Julia Holman, whom he had attempted to abduct, and she immediately identified him in the line up.


title: John Cannan

text: Hoping that Banks was still alive, the police released Cannan's picture to the press. A 69-year-old woman came forward to say she was in traffic near Cannan's flat on 9 October 1987 and saw smoke from a small fire in a copse. In the woods she heard a struggle, punching, a woman saying "No, no" and a man saying "I warned you what I would do". There was also a choking sound.


title: John Cannan

text: She shouted towards the man with "dark, curly hair" who saw her, ran towards her and lunged at her. The police were sceptical but believed that it was possible she had heard and seen something in the woods.


title: John Cannan

text: Police found a cleaning ticket for a shop in Sutton Coldfield and found that Cannan had dropped off a raincoat with red marks on it in late October. He claimed the marks were due to red mud from making love in a park; police found the marks were bloodstains, that could have been from the same blood group as Banks.


title: John Cannan

text: The police built up a composite set of Banks's fingerprints from her parents' house, her home and her work. The left thumbprint matched a document in Cannan's flat. He acknowledged that the document came from his flat, before he knew about the thumbprint. He was charged with her kidnap and murder on 23 December 1987.


title: John Cannan

text: Banks's naked, moss-covered decomposed body was found in a stream by a woman, six months after her disappearance, on Easter Sunday (3 April 1988) in the Quantock hills, at a site named "Dead Woman's Ditch", part of an Iron Age camp at Dowsborough.


title: John Cannan

text: The police found dark red mud at the site where her body was left, gold jewellery and buttons from a dress she had bought. According to pathologist Bernard Knight, she was killed by being hit repeatedly on the head with a rock. Banks's thumbprint matched the thumbprint on the document.


title: John Cannan

text: The trial lasted three weeks. The jury reached a guilty verdict on the charges, after ten hours, on 28 April 1989. He was jailed for life by Mr Justice Drake at Exeter Crown Court. Drake praised the investigation led by Detective Chief Inspector Brian Saunders.


title: John Cannan

text: John Cannan was a person of interest in the disappearance of 25-year-old estate agent Suzy Lamplugh in July 1986 and the murder of 27-year-old insurance clerk Sandra Court by strangulation, in Bournemouth, in May 1986 but he has never been charged in either case.


title: John Cannan

text: In November 2001, Police interviewed Cannan at a police station in York over the murder of Sandra Court in May 1986. Court had been dropped off by a taxi driver in Throop, Dorset, near her sister's house after a night out, but her sister was not at home. She was last seen walking barefoot, appearing slightly drunk, at around 2:45 am. Court's body was found the next day in a water-filled ditch near the River Avon several miles away. A pay-and-display ticket proves that Cannan was in Bournemouth the day she was killed.


title: John Cannan

text: Court had been killed by strangulation. Cannan had previously attempted to strangle his wife to death in 1980. 10 days after the discovery of Court's body, an anonymous letter was sent to police from Southampton which appeared to be disguised as someone left-handed writing with the right hand. This was significant evidence as Cannan was left-handed. The letter said the death was "an accident" and that the killer was "truly sorry". Although an attempt had been made to disguise it, the handwriting style bore clear similarities with the handwriting of John Cannan. In 2007, crime writers Christopher Berry-Dee and Robin Odell, while writing a book on John Cannan, handed police letters they had received from Cannan from prison, which gave them a means of comparison to the original letter they had received. The police found them so useful that they refused to return them to the authors when requested. When interviewed, Cannan denied having ever been to Bournemouth on the day in question, but was proved to be lying through the parking tickets discovered by police.


title: John Cannan

text: In April 2008, an anonymous letter posted to police from Southampton claimed Court's death "was a complete and utter accident". It further said that "the person concerned is deeply unhappy, hurt and in total shock" and that "the only reason the person has not come forward is the fact of being afraid that their explanation will not be believed".


title: John Cannan

text: Cannan was questioned by police regarding the disappearance of Suzy Lamplugh in 1989 and 1990. He wrote a letter to the local paper, "Sutton News", in August 1991 denying any part in her disappearance. She was officially declared dead in absentia in July 1993. In December 2000 John Cannan was arrested for Lamplugh's murder and questioned, but he was not charged. In November 2002, detectives said publicly that they believed he had killed Lamplugh and confirmed this in 2006 when arguing against any reduction in his tariff.


title: John Cannan

text: In November 2002, Cannan complained via his solicitors about the police publicly naming him, saying he was "devastated and distressed". He again denied killing Lamplugh. His solicitor complained about a lack of presumption of innocence and that the prison service had withheld letters Cannan had tried to send to national newspapers regarding the allegations.


title: John Cannan

text: In November 2002, Mark Dennis, a senior Treasury counsel, decided that there was insufficient evidence to charge Cannan over Ms Lamplugh's death. Lamplugh's parents considered, but decided against, bringing a private prosecution and civil action against Cannan. In July 1993, "The Independent" argued that the judge's sentencing statement, that Cannan should remain in prison for the rest of his natural life, removed any incentive for him to confess post-conviction.


title: John Cannan

text: In November 2002, the police said that Cannan should have been a suspect much earlier in the investigation: they should have checked for recently released sex offenders and they should have followed up information given by her parents about a man from Bristol.


title: John Cannan

text: Cannan was released from his prison hostel three days before Lamplugh disappeared. His colleagues said he often went to wine bars in Fulham, where Lamplugh worked. Lamplugh was supposed to meet a "Mr Kipper" when she disappeared and Cannan was said to have used the name "Kipper" in prison. In 2000, a new investigating team, led by Jim Dickie, computerised the card index of the case and found that several estate agents in Fulham had been visited by a Mr Kipper. Cannan may have had access to a black BMW and a dark BMW was linked to Ms Lamplugh's kidnap; Lamplugh was last seen getting into a BMW with a man holding champagne, which led an ex-girlfriend of Cannan, Daphne Sargent, to say that "As soon as I heard about Suzy, I knew it was John. It had all the hallmarks – right down to the champagne." Cannan resembles a photofit of a man seen with Lamplugh the day she disappeared. A girlfriend of Cannan said he had "a strong interest" in the case, and police believe Lamplugh may have been in a relationship with Cannan.


title: John Cannan

text: In 2007, a criminologist who had corresponded with Cannan revealed that the police re-investigations of 2000–2002 had discovered DNA evidence in a car previously owned by Cannan that showed Lamplugh had previously been inside the vehicle. The criminologist had pointed out to police that Cannan had access to a red Ford Fiesta at the time Lamplugh disappeared, which police were previously unaware of. Detectives subsequently attempted to find the car and discovered it in a scrap yard, before they conducted the DNA analysis on it. Although these tests indicated Lamplugh had been in the car, as well as Cannan, the Crown Prosecution Service felt there was insufficient evidence to prove that they had been in the vehicle at the same time, meaning charges were unable to be brought against Cannan for her murder.


title: John Cannan

text: In April 2001, police said that the number plate SLP 386S had been placed on Banks' Mini by Cannan and that 386 might be a grid reference, as the site Banks' body was found is near Northing Line 386 and Norton Manor Barracks is near 3° 08' 06" West. When the police interviewed Cannan about the significance of the number plate on the Mini, he acknowledged that the initials could stand for Suzy Lamplugh but said a "Bristol businessman" from whom he bought the car for £100 was responsible for the deaths of Lamplugh, Banks and another woman. Asked if that businessman was him, he replied "Yes", but then immediately recanted. Cannan allegedly told an astrologer who visited him in jail that "a Bristol businessman" murdered Lamplugh and that "I know who killed Shirley, Suzy and another girl".


title: John Cannan

text: Cannan's ex-girlfriend Gilly Paige told police, as early as 1990, that he had said Lamplugh's body was buried at Norton Barracks, although she later retracted the assertion. In December 1999, after a letter was sent to Lamplugh's mother, Diana, claiming Suzy was buried there, a five-day search by more than 30 officers in and around the former site of the barracks, in December 2000, failed to find her body.


title: John Cannan

text: In February 2001, the Metropolitan Police searched the barracks site again. In April 2001, the police realised that it was possible the barracks named were actually Norton Manor Royal Marines barracks in Somerset, 8 miles from where Banks' body was found.


title: John Cannan

text: In August 2010, they searched a field three miles from the site in Worcestershire after a witness remembered seeing a mound of earth there in 1986, when he was a teenager. The police used ground-penetrating radar, and trenches were dug by the side of the road between Pershore and Drakes Broughton, Worcestershire. At the same time they also searched woodland in the Quantock Hills, where Shirley Banks' body was found.


title: John Cannan

text: In April 2001, a cellmate of Cannan said that Lamplugh was buried under the patio of Cannan's mother's house in Sutton Coldfield. In October 2018, police officers returned to the house and dug up the garden.


title: John Cannan

text: A possible involvement in the murder of Melanie Hall, who disappeared in 1996, was suggested by police in October 2009, following the discovery of her remains. Cannan discussed the "perfect abduction" with fellow prisoner Christopher Clark, a rapist who was jailed for life for attacking another woman, a month after being interviewed over Hall's disappearance.


title: John Cannan

text: Cannan is a Category A offender in HMP Full Sutton, York. He still protests his innocence. He has studied for an Open University degree while in prison. His minimum tariff is 35 years, meaning he will not become eligible for parole until October 2022, and he will be released only if the Parole Board rules that he is no longer a serious danger to the public. Cannan himself has previously suggested that he may confess to the murder of Lamplugh only when his mother dies, to avoid causing her further grief. An anonymous relative of Cannan's has also stated a belief that he will confess when his mother dies. Cannan and his mother remained close after his conviction and she continued to visit him every week.


title: John Cannan

text: In August 2016, Cannan wrote a letter to prisoners' newspaper "Inside Time" saying that prisoners should be given the vote.


title: John Cannan

text: In August 2017, he sent another letter to the newspaper from prison, describing how he had written to Secretary of State for Justice David Lidington asking him to stop the implementation of a smoking ban in all English prisons. He said that his request should be granted "to allow fresh ideas, arguments and evidence from staff and inmates to be placed before him for his consideration" and added "I believe a delay would permit a wiser and more thoughtful consideration of its rationale". The smoking ban was implemented despite Cannan's objections.


title: John Cannan

text: In July 1989, he failed to persuade the High Court to stop the BBC broadcasting a "Crimewatch UK" documentary on the investigation into the murder of Banks. A case he took to the High Court in January 2003, claiming that his right to "free and unimpeded" legal advice was being restricted, failed.


title: John Cannan

text: In June 2009, he lodged another case at the High Court for alleged human rights breaches; he claimed that his ineligibility for a sexual offences treatment programme, due to his continued claim of innocence, was illegal.


title: John Cannan

text: He appealed for his 35-year minimum tariff to be reduced, but Mr Justice Coulson ruled against this in June 2008 because his crimes involved "a significant degree of planning and premeditation" and there were "no real mitigating factors at all".


title: John Cannan

text: Cannan came from a middle-class family, the son of an engineer, and attended public school until the age of 15. He was originally from Sutton Coldfield in the West Midlands. He was in the merchant navy for three months aged 17 then began working as a car salesman in his father's company. When he was on day release from Wormwood Scrubs, he worked as a porter for a prop hire company.