title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Stanford first fielded a football team in 1891. The team was without a coach and only played a few games. Early football pioneer Walter Camp served as Stanford's head coach in 1892 and from 1894–1895. Football on the Pacific Coast had been on the rise since the late 1910s. Early in 1922, Warner signed a contract with Stanford University in which he would begin coaching in 1924 (after his contract with Pitt expired). Health concerns, a significant pay raise and the rising status of Pacific Coast football made Warner make the big change. Years later, he wrote:I felt my health would be better on the Pacific coast. Weather conditions at Pittsburgh during the football season are rather disagreeable, and much of the late season work had to be done upon a field which was ankle deep in mud. At the close of every season I would be in poor physical condition, twice being rendered incapable of coaching while I recuperated in a hospital. Doctors advised me that the climate of the Pacific coast would be much better for a man of my age and in the work in which I was engaged. In 1924, Warner began his nine-year tenure at Stanford. When he began coaching, Stanford was one of nine teams in the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC). Warner inherited a notable squad from the previous year, including Ernie Nevers (whom Warner considered his greatest player) and All-American ends Ted Shipkey and Jim Lawson.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: A season highlight was the final game against Stanford's arch-rival California at California Memorial Stadium, the last game of the regular season. Before the game, both teams were undefeated and Stanford had not beaten California since 1905. Nevers did not play due to a broken ankle. Late in the game, California was leading 20–3; California coach Andy Smith, sure the game was over, began substituting regular players. Warner seized the opportunity to combine passing with the trick plays for which he was known (a fake reverse and a full spinner), and Stanford made a comeback. The game ended in a 20–20 tie.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Because the game was California's second tie, Stanford was chosen to play in the Rose Bowl on New Year's Day against the University of Notre Dame's Fighting Irish coached by Knute Rockne. Like Warner, Rockne is considered one of the greatest coaches in football history. According to journalist Allison Danzig, "With the exception of Knute Rockne of Notre Dame, Pop Warner was the most publicized coach in football." The game was thus a test of two different and highly influential systems of football: "the Warner system with the wing backs, unbalanced line and gigantic power [and the] Knute Rockne system with its rhythmic, dancing shift, lightning speed, balanced line and finely timed blocking". Notre Dame's backfield was composed of the renowned Four Horsemen. Nevers played all 60 minutes of the game, and rushed for (more yardage than the Four Horsemen combined). Warner's offense moved the ball but was unable to score, and Notre Dame won 27–10.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: During the 1925 season, Stanford lost just one PCC game (to Washington); California was finally defeated, 27–7. It was the first year of a new rivalry, with coach Howard Jones and the University of Southern California (USC) team. In their first game, at the Los Angeles Memorial Colosseum, Stanford scored twice in the first half but had to hold off the charging Trojans in a 13–9 win. Because of the loss to Washington, Warner's team was not invited to the Rose Bowl. Stanford won all its 1926 games, crushing California 41–7 and narrowly defeating USC 13–12. Warner's team was invited to the Rose Bowl to play Alabama. Like the game against the Fighting Irish, Stanford dominated but the result was a 7–7 tie. After the game, both teams were recognized as national champions by a number of publications. The 1927 season was one of underachievement and ultimate success. Stanford lost its third game to non-conference St. Mary's College. Stanford's next loss was against non-conference Santa Clara. The game against USC was a 13–13 tie. However, that year, Stanford defeated California 13–6. The game included a bootleg play, the invention of which some credit to Warner. Powers stated that,


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Stanford put the game on ice in the fourth period when Pop introduced the bootlegger play, which was to be widely copied and still is in use. On the original bootlegger, Warner made use of Biff Hoffman's tremendous hands. Hoffman would take the pass from center and then fake to another back. Keeping the ball, he would hide it behind him and run as though he had given it to a teammate. Sometimes defensive players would step out of Hoffman's path, thinking he was going to block. Hoffman "bootlegged" for the touchdown against California ... Despite the two losses, Stanford finished the season as PCC co-champion. They were invited to the 1928 Rose Bowl against Pitt, Warner's former team now coached by protégé Jock Sutherland. Warner broke his losing Rose Bowl streak, defeating Sutherland 7–6. The win was Warner's last appearance at the Rose Bowl. The 1929 season is known for Warner's regular use of the hook and lateral, a play that involves a receiver who runs a curl pattern, catches a short pass and immediately laterals the ball to another receiver running a crossing route. According to the October 25, 1929 "Stanford Daily", "The trickiness that Pop Warner made famous in his spin plays and passing is very evident ... The frosh have been drilling all week on fast, deceptive forward and lateral pass plays, and together with the reverses will have a widely varied attack". That season brought Warner his second straight loss to Jones, with Stanford defeated by the Trojans 7–0. USC won the conference, and went to the Rose Bowl. Jones went on to win every year thereafter, including 1932, Warner's last season at Stanford. Because of the five consecutive defeats, Warner was severely criticized by Stanford alumni. In all, Warner and Jones played eight games; Jones won five, Warner two and one was a tie. Against Stanford's main rival, California, Warner won five games, tied three and lost one.After Warner's departure, Claude E. Thornhill was promoted from line coach and named head coach. In his first three years, Thornhill's team, which had named itself the Vow Boys due to their promise never to lose to USC, led his Indians to the Rose Bowl each season. Thornhill was the first Stanford coach to lead his team to postseason play in his first three seasons, a feat not matched until David Shaw's 2011 to 2013 teams. Stanford lost Thornhill's first two appearances, but won the 1936 Rose Bowl over SMU, 7–0. After the first three seasons, Thornhill's teams went steadily downhill, culminating in a 1–7–1 season in 1939, after which Thornhill was fired and replaced by Clark Shaughnessy. Marchmont Schwartz led Stanford's football program from 1942 to 1950 (Stanford did not field a football team from 1943 to 1945 because of World War II). During his tenure, Stanford made one bowl appearance, a win in the 1949 Pineapple Bowl. Chuck Taylor led Stanford's football team from 1951–1957. Taylor's 1951 team finished 9–2 and lost in the Rose Bowl. The tenure of Jack Curtice was a dismal one. The Indians compiled a record of 14–36 from 1957 to 1962, which included an 0–10 campaign in 1960.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: John Ralston came to Stanford in 1963 and helped revive a sagging program. Over nine seasons, Ralston guided the team back to national respectability while building a mark of 55–36–3. In his last two seasons, 1970–1971, Ralston's teams won two Pacific-8 titles and notched back-to-back Rose Bowl victories over Ohio State and Michigan, both of whom were undefeated coming into the Rose Bowl game. Under Ralston's tutelage, Stanford quarterback Jim Plunkett won the Heisman Trophy in 1970. Plunkett and a stout defense led the team to a 9–3 record in 1970, an effort which resulted in a Rose Bowl victory, the program's 4th. Plunkett also won the Heisman trophy that season, and he remains the only Stanford player to receive the award. Stanford won the Rose Bowl again the following year, 13–12 over Michigan, as Stanford kicker Rod Garcia booted a 31-yard field goal with 12 seconds left in the game. Ralston left Stanford following the 1971 season to take his talents to the NFL, accepting the position of head coach for the Denver Broncos. In January 1972, when Ralston left to coach the NFL's Denver Broncos, Jack Christiansen was promoted from assistant coach and hired as Stanford's head coach. Christiansen spent five years as Stanford's head coach, compiling a winning record each year and a 30–22–3 overall record. He was criticized for starting Mike Cordova rather than Guy Benjamin at quarterback during the 1975 season and for switching between quarterbacks during the 1976 season. One day prior to the final game of the 1976 season, Stanford announced that it was terminating Christiansen as its head coach. Under Christianson, Stanford never had a losing season, though Christiansen's tenure was largely marked by mediocrity. He left Stanford in 1976, having amassed a 30–22–3 record. In 1977, Bill Walsh was hired as the head coach. He stayed for two seasons. His two Stanford teams were successful, posting a 9–3 record in 1977 with a win in the Sun Bowl, and 8–4 in 1978 with a win in the Bluebonnet Bowl. His notable players at Stanford included quarterbacks Guy Benjamin and Steve Dils, wide receivers James Lofton and Ken Margerum, linebacker Gordy Ceresino, in addition to running back Darrin Nelson. Walsh was the Pac-8 Conference Coach of the Year in 1977. Walsh left Stanford after the 1978 season to move to the NFL's San Francisco 49ers, where he would earn a reputation as one of the NFL's greatest head coaches of all time. In 1979, Rod Dowhower was promoted from wide receivers coach to Stanford's head coach. In his lone season, Stanford compiled a record of 5–5–1. Future NFL hall of famer John Elway enrolled at Stanford in 1979. Elway became one of Stanford's most iconic and successful players; however, the team struggled during his tenure.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: New Orleans Saints defensive coordinator Paul Wiggin was hired as head coach at his alma mater on February 1, 1980. Despite the presence of quarterback John Elway on the team during his first three years, Wiggin was unable to lead Stanford to a bowl game during his tenure and was dismissed following the 1983 season with a 16–28 record over four years. Wiggin's efforts to reach a bowl game had come agonizingly close in 1982, when his team fell victim to what simply became known as The Play on November 20. In an incredible finish against Cal, the school's arch-rival, Stanford, led by quarterback Elway, drove down the field to kick a go-ahead field goal with just seconds left. On the ensuing kickoff, Cal lateraled five times to score the winning touchdown. Elway's career culminated in that game's loss, a game Stanford athletic director Andy Geiger said cost Elway the Heisman Trophy. Wiggin was fired following a poor 1–10 campaign in 1983.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Succeeding Wiggin as the Cardinal's head coach was John Elway's father, Jack Elway, who came to Stanford from San Jose State. Under his tutelage, the Cardinal compiled a record of 25–29–2. The best season during the Elway era was an 8–4 campaign in 1986, which culminated in a loss in the Gator Bowl. That season would be the only winning campaign during Elway's tenure as head coach. He was dismissed after 3–6–2 season in 1988.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: In 1989, former Northwestern head coach Dennis Green left the 49ers, where he was serving as wide receivers coach, and took the head coaching position at Stanford, inheriting a team that had graduated 17 of its 21 starters from 1988. Green led the Cardinal from 1989 to 1991. During that time, his teams finished with an overall record of 16–18, going 3–0 in the Big Game against the California Golden Bears. In 1990, his Stanford team defeated the top-ranked Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. His tenure culminated with an 8–4 record (Stanford's best since 1986). A loss to Washington in the opening game of the season was the deciding factor for the Pac-10 championship. The Cardinal made an appearance in the 1991 Aloha Bowl, where his team lost to Georgia Tech on a last-minute touchdown. Green left Stanford after three seasons to accept the head coaching position with the NFL's Minnesota Vikings.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Bill Walsh returned to Stanford as head coach in 1992, leading the Cardinal to a 10-3 record and a Pacific-10 Conference co-championship. Stanford finished the season with an upset victory over Penn State in the Blockbuster Bowl on January 1, 1993 and a # 9 ranking in the final AP Poll. In 1994, after consecutive losing seasons, Walsh left Stanford and retired from coaching.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Despite lacking experience as a head coach or coordinator, Tyrone Willingham was appointed head coach of the football program at Stanford, succeeding Bill Walsh. In his seven seasons as head coach, he led the Cardinal to a 44–36–1 record and four bowl game appearances. In 2000, he was presented with the Eddie Robinson Coach of Distinction Award that is given annually to honor "an outstanding college football coach and role model for career achievement". His best team was the 1999 team, which won the school's first outright Pacific-10 Conference title in 29 years and appeared in the 2000 Rose Bowl. Willingham's 44 wins were the most by a Stanford coach since John Ralston. Troy Walters was arguably Stanford's best player during this time, receiving All-American honors and the Fred Biletnikoff Award in 1999, and setting school career records in receiving yards and receptions. Willingham left Stanford following the 2001 season to accept the head coaching position at Notre Dame.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Buddy Teevens coached Stanford from 2002 to 2004. In his three years at the Farm, his teams posted a 10–23 record, beat BYU twice and San Jose State three times. However, Stanford failed to improve much during his tenure. Teevens went winless against rivals USC, Cal, and Notre Dame, and never posted a win against a team that finished the season with a winning record. Teevens was fired on November 29, 2004. The Associated Press noted that Teevens was "respected for his class and loyalty" and that he even appeared at the official announcement of his firing.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Walt Harris was the head coach at Stanford for two seasons. In his first season as head coach there he posted a record of 5–6. In his second season as head coach the team posted a 1–11 record, the school's worst since going 0–10 in 1960. Harris was notorious for the extremely rare and bizarre decision to punt on 3rd down while trailing UCLA 7–0 on October 1, 2006 during his second season. He was fired on December 4, 2006, two days after Stanford's regular season ended. By the end of his tenure at Stanford, Harris had surpassed Jack Curtice with the lowest winning percentage in the history of Stanford football, with a .261 mark.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Jim Harbaugh was named the head football coach at Stanford University in December 2006, replacing Walt Harris. Harbaugh's father, Jack, was Stanford's defensive coordinator from 1980–1981, while Harbaugh attended Palo Alto High School, located directly across the street from Stanford Stadium.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Harbaugh stirred some intra-conference controversy in March 2007, when he was quoted as saying rival USC head coach "Pete Carroll's only got one more year, though. He'll be there one more year. That's what I've heard. I heard it inside the staff." Upon further questions, Harbaugh claimed he had heard it from staff at USC. The comment caused a rebuke from Carroll. (In fact, Carroll would be at USC for three more years.) At the Pacific-10 Conference media day on July 26, 2007, Harbaugh praised the Trojans, stating "There is no question in my mind that USC is the best team in the country and may be the best team in the history of college football." The declaration, especially in light of his earlier comment, garnered more media attention. Later in the season, Stanford defeated No. 1 USC 24–23 with a touchdown in the final minute. With USC being the favorite by 41 points, it was statistically the greatest upset in college football history. Although Stanford lost to USC in 2008, Harbaugh and the Stanford Cardinal upset USC at home again with a score of 55–21 on November 14, 2009. Stanford's 55 points was the most ever scored on USC in the Trojans' history until Oregon scored 62 in a 62–51 win over USC on November 3, 2012. It was Pete Carroll's first November loss as USC head coach. Harbaugh never lost in USC's home stadium, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. In January 2009, Harbaugh was confirmed to have been interviewed by the New York Jets for the head coach position, although the job was eventually offered to Rex Ryan.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: In 2009, the Cardinal had a comeback season, finishing the regular season at 8–4, finishing No. 21 in the polls, and receiving an invitation to play in the 2009 Sun Bowl, the Cardinal's first bowl appearance since 2001. Running back Toby Gerhart was named a Heisman Trophy finalist, finishing second to Mark Ingram II in the closest margin of voting in Heisman history. On December 13, 2009, Harbaugh was rewarded with a three-year contract extension through the 2014 season. The 2010 season brought more success for Harbaugh and the Cardinal. The team went 11–1 in the regular season, with their only loss coming from Oregon, a team that was undefeated and earned a berth in the BCS National Championship Game. The first 11 win season in program history earned the Cardinal a No. 4 BCS ranking and a BCS bowl invitation to the Orange Bowl. Stanford defeated Virginia Tech 40–12 for the Cardinal's first bowl win since 1996 and the first BCS bowl victory in program history. Second year starting quarterback Andrew Luck was the runner-up to for the Heisman Trophy, the second year in a row that the runner-up was from Stanford. Harbaugh's 4-year record at Stanford was 29-21 (.580). Harbaugh was named the winner of the Woody Hayes Coach of the Year Award.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: After Harbaugh left to coach the San Francisco 49ers, the team's offensive coordinator David Shaw became head coach. Shaw led the team to three consecutive BCS bowl games, including two Rose Bowls. The team was led by its quarterback, Andrew Luck, and its dominating defense. After Luck departed for the NFL Draft, Kevin Hogan became the team's starting quarterback. Hogan led the team to a Rose Bowl victory over Wisconsin. The team returned to the Rose Bowl again the following year in the 2013 season, but lost a heart-breaker to Michigan State. After a rebuilding season in 2014, the 2015 season saw Shaw, Hogan, and Heisman-candidate Christian McCaffrey lead Stanford to its third Pac-12 championship in four years, and consequently, its third Rose Bowl in four years. With the 2015 conference title, Shaw became the first Stanford coach in 80 years to win three conference titles and only the third ever in program history (after Tiny Thornhill from 1933–1935 and Pop Warner in 1924, 1926, and 1927). After two consecutive 3–9 seasons, Shaw resigned as head coach, effective immediately, on November 27, 2022, just over an hour after the end of Stanford's last game of the 2022 season.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Stanford has won two (1926, 1940) national championships from NCAA-designated major selectors. Stanford claims both of these national championships.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Stanford has won 15 conference championships, with four shared. They have the fourth most in the Pac-12 Conference, behind UCLA, USC, and Washington.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Stanford's main rival is California (Cal). The rivalry between the two schools is one of the oldest in college football. The two teams play in the Big Game with the winner receiving the Stanford Axe. The most famous moment of the rivalry occurred in the 1982 Big Game, when Cal used a series of laterals to defeat Stanford 25-20 as time expired. Stanford leads the series 64-47-11.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Stanford maintains an active rivalry with USC. In 2007, an unranked Stanford team upset a No. 1 ranked USC team 24-23. Stanford was a 41-point underdog prior to the game, and many observers have called it the greatest upset in college football history. In 2009, Stanford defeated USC 55-21, resulting in a post-game verbal confrontation between Harbaugh and USC head coach Pete Carroll. In 2013, USC returned the favor by defeating No. 5 Stanford 20-17. In 2015, un-ranked Stanford went into L.A. and left with a 41-31 win over No. 6 USC, with Stanford QB Kevin Hogan playing the majority of the second half with a sprained ankle. USC leads the series 62–33–3.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Notre Dame and Stanford have been rivals since 1925. The two teams have met every year since 1988, with the exception of 1995 and 1996. Notre Dame leads the series 20–13.


title: Stanford Cardinal football

text: Stanford and San Jose State have been rivals since 1900. These two institutions are separated by approximately 23 miles in the Silicon Valley. The rivalry was named after Bill Walsh, who was a SJSU alumnus and positively contributed to Stanford Cardinal football through head coaching, notably the win against No. 21 Penn State in the 1993 Blockbuster Bowl, which later became the Cheez-It Bowl. Stanford leads the series 52–14–1, where the vast majority of matches have been played at Stanford.


title: Local regression

text: Local regression or local polynomial regression, also known as moving regression, is a generalization of the moving average and polynomial regression.


title: Local regression

text: Its most common methods, initially developed for scatterplot smoothing, are LOESS (locally estimated scatterplot smoothing) and LOWESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing), both pronounced . They are two strongly related non-parametric regression methods that combine multiple regression models in a "k"-nearest-neighbor-based meta-model.


title: Local regression

text: In some fields, LOESS is known and commonly referred to as Savitzky–Golay filter (proposed 15 years before LOESS).


title: Local regression

text: LOESS and LOWESS thus build on "classical" methods, such as linear and nonlinear least squares regression. They address situations in which the classical procedures do not perform well or cannot be effectively applied without undue labor. LOESS combines much of the simplicity of linear least squares regression with the flexibility of nonlinear regression. It does this by fitting simple models to localized subsets of the data to build up a function that describes the deterministic part of the variation in the data, point by point. In fact, one of the chief attractions of this method is that the data analyst is not required to specify a global function of any form to fit a model to the data, only to fit segments of the data.


title: Local regression

text: The trade-off for these features is increased computation. Because it is so computationally intensive, LOESS would have been practically impossible to use in the era when least squares regression was being developed. Most other modern methods for process modeling are similar to LOESS in this respect. These methods have been consciously designed to use our current computational ability to the fullest possible advantage to achieve goals not easily achieved by traditional approaches.


title: Local regression

text: A smooth curve through a set of data points obtained with this statistical technique is called a loess curve, particularly when each smoothed value is given by a weighted quadratic least squares regression over the span of values of the "y"-axis scattergram criterion variable. When each smoothed value is given by a weighted linear least squares regression over the span, this is known as a lowess curve; however, some authorities treat lowess and loess as synonyms.


title: Local regression

text: In 1964, Savitsky and Golay proposed a method equivalent to LOESS, which is commonly referred to as Savitzky–Golay filter.


title: Local regression

text: William S. Cleveland rediscovered the method in 1979 and gave it a distinct name. The method was further developed by Cleveland and Susan J. Devlin (1988). LOWESS is also known as locally weighted polynomial regression.


title: Local regression

text: At each point in the range of the data set a low-degree polynomial is fitted to a subset of the data, with explanatory variable values near the point whose response is being estimated. The polynomial is fitted using weighted least squares, giving more weight to points near the point whose response is being estimated and less weight to points further away. The value of the regression function for the point is then obtained by evaluating the local polynomial using the explanatory variable values for that data point. The LOESS fit is complete after regression function values have been computed for each of the formula_1 data points. Many of the details of this method, such as the degree of the polynomial model and the weights, are flexible. The range of choices for each part of the method and typical defaults are briefly discussed next.


title: Local regression

text: The subsets of data used for each weighted least squares fit in LOESS are determined by a nearest neighbors algorithm. A user-specified input to the procedure called the "bandwidth" or "smoothing parameter" determines how much of the data is used to fit each local polynomial. The smoothing parameter, formula_2, is the fraction of the total number "n" of data points that are used in each local fit. The subset of data used in each weighted least squares fit thus comprises the formula_3 points (rounded to the next largest integer) whose explanatory variables' values are closest to the point at which the response is being estimated.


title: Local regression

text: Since a polynomial of degree "k" requires at least "k" + 1 points for a fit, the smoothing parameter formula_2 must be between formula_5 and 1, with formula_6 denoting the degree of the local polynomial.


title: Local regression

text: formula_2 is called the smoothing parameter because it controls the flexibility of the LOESS regression function. Large values of formula_2 produce the smoothest functions that wiggle the least in response to fluctuations in the data. The smaller formula_2 is, the closer the regression function will conform to the data. Using too small a value of the smoothing parameter is not desirable, however, since the regression function will eventually start to capture the random error in the data.


title: Local regression

text: The local polynomials fit to each subset of the data are almost always of first or second degree; that is, either locally linear (in the straight line sense) or locally quadratic. Using a zero degree polynomial turns LOESS into a weighted moving average. Higher-degree polynomials would work in theory, but yield models that are not really in the spirit of LOESS. LOESS is based on the ideas that any function can be well approximated in a small neighborhood by a low-order polynomial and that simple models can be fit to data easily. High-degree polynomials would tend to overfit the data in each subset and are numerically unstable, making accurate computations difficult.


title: Local regression

text: As mentioned above, the weight function gives the most weight to the data points nearest the point of estimation and the least weight to the data points that are furthest away. The use of the weights is based on the idea that points near each other in the explanatory variable space are more likely to be related to each other in a simple way than points that are further apart. Following this logic, points that are likely to follow the local model best influence the local model parameter estimates the most. Points that are less likely to actually conform to the local model have less influence on the local model parameter estimates.


title: Local regression

text: where "d" is the distance of a given data point from the point on the curve being fitted, scaled to lie in the range from 0 to 1.


title: Local regression

text: However, any other weight function that satisfies the properties listed in Cleveland (1979) could also be used. The weight for a specific point in any localized subset of data is obtained by evaluating the weight function at the distance between that point and the point of estimation, after scaling the distance so that the maximum absolute distance over all of the points in the subset of data is exactly one.


title: Local regression

text: Consider the following generalisation of the linear regression model with a metric formula_11 on the target space formula_12 that depends on two parameters, formula_13. Assume that the linear hypothesis is based on formula_1 input parameters and that, as customary in these cases, we embed the input space formula_15 into formula_16 as formula_17, and consider the following "loss function"


title: Local regression

text: Here, formula_19 is an formula_20 real matrix of coefficients, formula_21 and the subscript "i" enumerates input and output vectors from a training set. Since formula_22 is a metric, it is a symmetric, positive-definite matrix and, as such, there is another symmetric matrix formula_23 such that formula_24. The above loss function can be rearranged into a trace by observing that formula_25. By arranging the vectors formula_26 and formula_27 into the columns of a formula_28 matrix formula_29 and an formula_30 matrix formula_31 respectively, the above loss function can then be written as


title: Local regression

text: where formula_33 is the square diagonal formula_34 matrix whose entries are the formula_35s. Differentiating with respect to formula_19 and setting the result equal to 0 one finds the extremal matrix equation


title: Local regression

text: Assuming further that the square matrix formula_38 is non-singular, the loss function formula_39 attains its minimum at


title: Local regression

text: As discussed above, the biggest advantage LOESS has over many other methods is the process of fitting a model to the sample data does not begin with the specification of a function. Instead the analyst only has to provide a smoothing parameter value and the degree of the local polynomial. In addition, LOESS is very flexible, making it ideal for modeling complex processes for which no theoretical models exist. These two advantages, combined with the simplicity of the method, make LOESS one of the most attractive of the modern regression methods for applications that fit the general framework of least squares regression but which have a complex deterministic structure.


title: Local regression

text: Although it is less obvious than for some of the other methods related to linear least squares regression, LOESS also accrues most of the benefits typically shared by those procedures. The most important of those is the theory for computing uncertainties for prediction and calibration. Many other tests and procedures used for validation of least squares models can also be extended to LOESS models .


title: Local regression

text: LOESS makes less efficient use of data than other least squares methods. It requires fairly large, densely sampled data sets in order to produce good models. This is because LOESS relies on the local data structure when performing the local fitting. Thus, LOESS provides less complex data analysis in exchange for greater experimental costs.


title: Local regression

text: Another disadvantage of LOESS is the fact that it does not produce a regression function that is easily represented by a mathematical formula. This can make it difficult to transfer the results of an analysis to other people. In order to transfer the regression function to another person, they would need the data set and software for LOESS calculations. In nonlinear regression, on the other hand, it is only necessary to write down a functional form in order to provide estimates of the unknown parameters and the estimated uncertainty. Depending on the application, this could be either a major or a minor drawback to using LOESS. In particular, the simple form of LOESS can not be used for mechanistic modelling where fitted parameters specify particular physical properties of a system.


title: Local regression

text: Finally, as discussed above, LOESS is a computationally intensive method (with the exception of evenly spaced data, where the regression can then be phrased as a non-causal finite impulse response filter). LOESS is also prone to the effects of outliers in the data set, like other least squares methods. There is an iterative, robust version of LOESS [Cleveland (1979)] that can be used to reduce LOESS' sensitivity to outliers, but too many extreme outliers can still overcome even the robust method.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" is a 1973 song written and recorded by James Brown, for the film Slaughter's Big Rip-Off. The song appeared on the film's soundtrack and was released as a single in 1973. The song, and wider album, emerged from an era which saw the rise of Blaxploitation films. Such films represented the struggle of African Americans against poverty and crime under a white-dominated society. While "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" was received well by contemporary and modern audiences alike, it received negative reviews from critics. Brown used the same backing track and chord progression from his 1966 hit Money Won't Change You when composing the song, which prompted such a poor critical response. Despite Brown's Plagiarism of his earlier work, "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" showcased the typical funk hallmarks of his more popular work. The song performed strongly on three separate Billboard charts as well as the Cashbox chart. It appeared in three separate releases under music label Polydor Records and reissued in 2020.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: In the early 1970s the United States saw the rise of ethnic Blaxploitation films focussed on the contemporary experience and oppression of African Americans. The films pioneered the use of original funk and soul soundtrack albums composed specifically for the films by prolific African American artists of the era. By using famous black composers of the 1960s and 1970s, the films showcased the musical and cinematic capabilities of African American creators. The soundtracks utilised defining conventions of soul, blues and funk music to encapsulate both the spirit as well as the struggle of African American communities against overbearing white authorities. Examples of such soundtracks and artists include Curtis Mayfield's Super Fly (soundtrack), Isaac Hayes in Shaft , and Earth, Wind & Fire for Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: James Brown was approached to author the soundtracks for two blaxploitation films. The first being Black Caesar a 1973 remake of the 1931 film Little Caesar, revamped to represent the current African American experience. The film introduced Brown to his first experience in writing musical material in the form of a cinematic score. Brown wrote ten songs and performed on all tracks for the album, with assistance from Charles Bobbit and Fred Wesley.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: Brown's second effort at score composure was in 1973 when he wrote the soundtrack for Slaughter's Big Rip-Off. The film was the sequel to the 1972 film, Slaughter. Both films focus on the titular character of Slaughter, a Vietnam veteran who struggles against the organised crime of Los Angeles. Hall of Fame footballer, Jim Brown, plays Slaughter in both films of the franchise. James Brown wrote and performed on all of the album's thirteen songs. It is from this album, "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" was released as a single.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: Upon its release, the album and song received poor critical response. The song's reception was contrary to the typically favourable reviews received by blaxploitation film soundtracks by other soul artists. Unlike "Slaughter's Big Rip-Off", both Hayes' "Shaft" and Mayfield's "Superfly" were considered as breakthrough original film compositions. In a highly critical piece on Brown's work, AllMusic reviewer Jason Elias labelled the single as a "shocker". He rated the wider album two-and-a-half stars out of five, emphasising its mediocrity. Elias argued that "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" proved Brown would never be recognised as a soundtrack innovator. He largely criticised the song for using the exact backing track, chord progression and vocal line of his earlier hit Money Won't Change You, which was released seven years prior in 1966. However, Elias does concede that the re-packaging of Brown's older hit single does work well in the context of the film.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: Likewise, in a lukewarm review of Brown's work, Robert Christgau rated the album as a C. He criticised the album as being a "medium sized rip-off of a movie score." Similar to Elias, Christgau believed that Brown's venture into cinematic authorship had been rather underwhelming. However, the review does highlight "Sexy Sexy Sexy "as a single worth hearing from the otherwise mediocre album.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: By contrast, the modern consensus on audience reviews presents a more favourable response to the song and wider album. Over eighty public reviews on the website AllMusic gave the song an average of four out of five stars. The reviews labelled the song as "vintage" James Brown, citing the upbeat energetic tone of the single as positive elements. Furthermore, the website RateYourMusic calculated an average score of 3.54 stars out of five, an average totalled from one hundred and seventy reviews. Again, many reviewers responded positively to the song showcasing the typical hallmarks of a James Brown funk hit.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" is essentially an identical reconstruction of Brown's earlier 1966 hit single, "Money Won't Change you". Both songs have the exact same chord progression and backing track, however the latter song has a slightly quicker tempo, more aggressive vocals and new lyrics written for "Slaughter's Big Rip-Off". "Sexy, Sex, Sexy" is not the only song James Brown reworked from his earlier catalogue. The soundtrack's "Happy for the Poor" is a Latin-styled version of his earlier 1971 Gimme Some More, written during his time in The J.B.'s. Likewise, the soundtrack also included his earlier composition of Brother Rapp.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: The song closely follows typical conventions of the funk and soul genres. A hallmark of funk music is a strong rhythmic section, which creates a dance, party-like vibe. Brown follows this archetype by utilising an upbeat, erratic beat created by percussion and brass instruments. Likewise, by emphasising the downbeat Brown establishes a strong groove. The use of a groove was pioneered by Brown in the mid-1960s, and helped define the wider genre of funk in the proceeding decade.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: A second important convention of funk, utilised by the song, are powerful, intensive and provocative vocals. "Sexy Sexy Sexy" is largely centred on Brown's trademark charismatic vocals. Common in funk songs is the use of primal vocal noises such as yelling, shouting or screaming. Brown's song begins with a single, sustained full body note created by a controlled scream. Proceeding the scream, the song breaks into the driving repetitive vocal lines. Throughout the song, Brown continually grunts and moans, imitating sexual noises and sounds. While the song has no definable chorus it involves many instances where Brown repeatedly sings "sexy" to establish a common theme and hook.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: The songs also incorporates brass, woodwind instruments and a Hammond organ to help create the song's melody.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: While, in terms of instrumentation and rhythm, "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" is almost entirely identical to Brown's earlier hit "Money Won't Change You", the lyrics were rewritten to fit the context of the film. As with the instrumentation, the lyrics reflect the conventions of Funk music, which Brown himself pioneered. The song was written to emphasise the sexual characterisation of the film's key female figure, Marcia, Slaughter's girlfriend. Brown wrote the lyrics to sexualise Marcia, in accordance with the film's portrayal of female characters as hyper-sexual beings. While the song has no chorus, it constantly repeats the word "sexy" when describing the feminine subject matter. Likewise, Brown continues to cast Marcia in a sexual light by stating that Slaughter does "not turn off the lights to watch her dress." Hence, the song's lyrics reflect the hypersexualised nature of James Brown's wider catalogue and funk songs of the era.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: Another key feature of the song's lyrics is the use of bestial imagery to metaphorically describe the sex drive of both the male and female characters. Again, the use of animal imagery to represent the sexual nature of the subject matter is a typical aspect of the funk genre. Brown refers to the female mouth as "chicken lips". Likewise, he contrasts the full-bodied figure of Marcia's frame to a "bone". Likewise, he compares a dog burying a bone, "because he doesn't want it", to a male sexual partner preferring women with "giant hips". Both descriptions serve to hyperbolically describe both the sexual preferences of the main characters, and their attractive features.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: Finally, the song uses terms and vernacular familiar to the African American experience. Again, the use of black colloquialisms is a typical hallmark of 1960s funk music. Brown refers to the female subject as "sister", a common term of familiarity amongst black women.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: As "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" was released as a single it performed strongly on the mainstream charts of the United States. The Billboard charts tabulate the popularity of songs and albums in a weekly publication. The charts are ranked in accordance with sales, streams, or airplay of the song. As Brown's single was released in the 1970s, the charts only made reference to radio airplay and sales. "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" peaked at No. 6 on Billboard's R&B chart for multiple weeks. The song also performed strongly on Billboard's Hot 100 Chart. The chart ranks the top one hundred listened to songs on a weekly basis. Unlike the R&B chart, it draws from all genres. "Sexy Sexy Sexy" peaked at number 50 and stayed on the charts for a total of 8 weeks. The final Billboard chart Brown's hit appeared on was the Soul Singles Chart. On the 25th of August "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" reached number six on the chart. The song also performed on the Cashbox chart. Cashbox was a music magazine published from 1942 to 1996. During this period the magazine published a chart, typically dominated by pop records. On this chart, "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" peaked at number 46 and maintained its position on the charts for a total of 7 weeks. THe only other song on the album soundtrack to perform well on the mainstream charts was Brown's previously released single Brother Rapp. The song reached number 2 on Billboard's R&B chart and number 32 on the same magazine's Pop Charts.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" was released as both part of the soundtrack for "Slaughter's Big Rip-Off" and also as a single in 1973. Both forms were distributed under the German-British record label Polydor Records, who had signed James Brown during the early stages of his career. The soundtrack was released on a 12 inch vinyl manufactured for a full-length album. The original album cover followed a poster like design. It depicted James Brown in gangster attire, wearing a trench coat, fedora hat and carrying a machine-gun. Furthermore, images from the film were included in the bottom right quarter of the cover. These included artwork of Jim Brown, Marcia and other film related imagery. Finally, at the top of the vinyl sleeve appears red text labelling James Brown the Godfather of Soul, a popular nickname he was well-known by. The single was released as a 7 inch vinyl. The artwork for the single differed to that of the wider album cover. While Brown was again depicted wearing the gangster attire, the film imagery was omitted. Furthermore, here Brown's gun is firing and "Sexy, Sexy, Sexy" is described as Slaughter's theme. The single was also released under Polydor with two separate covers in Belgium and France. The France version included a close up of Brown with green text. While the Belgium single was released in the Discotheque Special Series and depicted bright fluorescent pink text. Both were released on 7 inch 45 RPM vinyl.


title: Sexy, Sexy, Sexy

text: On 24 July 2020, the soundtrack was remastered and released under Republic Records, a label owned by Universal Music Group (UMG). The reissue is available at in the United Kingdom at a price of 10 pounds, or 13.50 US dollars.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: The Gaither Vocal Band is an American southern gospel vocal group, named after its founder and leader Bill Gaither. On March 1, 2017, it was announced that the Gaither Vocal Band lineup consisted of Reggie Smith, Wes Hampton, Adam Crabb, Todd Suttles, and Bill Gaither. Although the group started out recording contemporary Christian music in the 1980s, it became known for southern gospel after the popularity of the Gaither Homecoming videos.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: The lineup of the band changes often, with artists leaving to work on solo careers, and new and old ones coming to replace them. Besides Bill Gaither, singers with the longest tenure in the band include Guy Penrod (1995–2008), Mark Lowry (1988–2002, 2009–13), Michael English (1985–94, 2009–13), David Phelps (1997–2005, 2009–17) and Wes Hampton (2005–present).


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: The band has released 29 albums (not including compilations), at least 19 of which have charted. The band has also released 10 DVDs, which feature many other Christian artists as well. The Gaither Vocal Band has been honored with two Grammys and 17 Dove Awards.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: The Gaither Vocal Band is named after gospel legend and leader Bill Gaither. It was the successor-group of the Bill Gaither Trio. By the 1980s, Bill Gaither, along with wife Gloria Gaither, were both very successful songwriters. For example, their song, "He Touched Me" was covered by Elvis Presley, after which he even named his album "He Touched Me". Presley won a Grammy for the album. Bill Gaither felt that his trio had reached its peak in the mid-1980s, but his desire to make another gospel hit kept the trio going.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: The original Vocal Band (called the "New" Gaither Vocal Band) was formed spontaneously, backstage of a Gaither Trio concert. It consisted of Bill Gaither and Gary McSpadden of the trio, along with two of the trio's backup singers, Steve Green and Lee Young. The quartet sang "Your First Day in Heaven" on stage that night. Their debut album, the self-titled "The New Gaither Vocal Band", debuted in 1981.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: According to the liner notes of the CD compilation "The Best of the GVB", the term "vocal band" was used instead of "quartet" because it did not limit Gaither in terms of sound or number of group members. According to Steve Green on the Gaither Vocal Band Reunion video, he came up with the name and convinced Gaither to use it because he, at the time, did not want to be associated with "quartet music".


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: Lee Young left the group in 1982, and Jon Mohr was hired as the new bass singer. They then recorded the album "Passin' The Faith Along". Later, tenor Steve Green left and Larnelle Harris was hired. This group cut the "New Point Of View" album before Mohr left.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: Michael English was hired as the new lead singer, so McSpadden was moved down to baritone, and Gaither dropped to the lowest part. At this point the group dropped the "new" part of their name. Although the previous album ("New Point of View") had been more contemporary than its predecessors, the album with this version of the group ("One X 1") took it even further. After this album, Larnelle left and was replaced by Lemuel Miller. The group did not record an album with Lemuel before he too left. He was replaced by Imperials alumnus, Jim Murray. This line up cut one album ("Wings") before Gary McSpadden left to start his solo career. Mark Lowry was convinced to replace him. Along with a great voice, Lowry added comedy to the mix. Their Gospel roots project "Homecoming" in 1991 caused most Southern Gospel fans to welcome the Vocal Band with open arms. Jim Murray left and was replaced by Terry Franklin. The album "Southern Classics" was released in 1993 with the hit "I Bowed On My Knees". (This song was co-writers by Jeremy Ward)


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: Later Michael English left. He was replaced by Buddy Mullins. Mullins was only a temporary fill-in, but he was included on the album "Testify". Terry Franklin soon left and was replaced by yet another Imperials alumnus, Jonathan Pierce (formerly known as Jonathan Hildreth, his first and last name—then changed to his first and middle name). Strengthened by the popularity of the "Homecoming" video series, the Vocal Band added Guy Penrod at lead. After Pierce's departure, Gaither hired David Phelps at tenor. After Lowry's departure, Imperials alumnus Russ Taff sang baritone for a couple of years. Marshall Hall was his replacement. Wes Hampton succeeded Phelps in 2005.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: The group has had three number one songs on the "Singing News" chart. "Yes, I Know" held the top position from July to October 1997, as did "I Will Go On" in November 2006. "Greatly Blessed" was their third number one single. The group has routinely performed classic Southern Gospel songs including many written by Bill and Gloria Gaither like "He Touched Me", "I Believe In A Hill Called Mount Calvary", and "Sinner Saved By Grace."


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: In July 2008, the vocal band recorded a reunion DVD at the Gaither Studios — "The Gaither Vocal Band Reunion, Volumes 1 and 2". Except for Jonathan Pierce, Terry Franklin, and Lemuel Miller, the former and present members appeared and performed. The two CDs debuted in the top two positions on "Billboard"s Contemporary Christian Album chart, marking the Gaither Vocal Band's first No. 1 on the Christian Album chart. The DVDs of the same title debuted in the No. 1 and No. 2 positions on the Music Video charts as well. It also garnered a Grammy Award for Best Southern, Country, Bluegrass Gospel Album.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: In January 2009, Marshall Hall and Guy Penrod left. Gaither brought back some former members: Michael English as lead vocal, Mark Lowry as baritone and David Phelps as tenor. The first album by this five-member version was "Reunited", released in September 2009. It was also the first album of the vocal band ever to feature only songs written by Bill and Gloria Gaither. A live album called "Better Day" was released in January 2010. In August 2010, they released the long-awaited album called "Greatly Blessed", followed by "I Am A Promise", a children's album, released in August 2011. Their most recent album was "Pure & Simple", released in September 2012.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: In October 2013, it was announced that Mark Lowry and Michael English would be leaving the group to devote more time to their solo careers. English's departure was immediate whereas Lowry stayed on until they could find another baritone to replace him. Their last album as members, "Hymns", was released in March 2014 and was nominated for a Grammy Award the following December. After their departure, several guests filled-in until two new members could be found. In January 2014, it was announced that Adam Crabb (of The Crabb Family) would join the group as the fourth member and lead singer. Todd Suttles joined the group as the baritone singer one month later.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: Following their formation, the new quintet would go on to release a limited edition album, "The New Edition", which could only be purchased at concert performances. In October 2014, the group released their first album together, entitled "Sometimes it Takes a Mountain". Five months later, that album was followed by a two-DVD live performance release and the release of their second album (a live performance album), "Happy Rhythm". Upon release, the DVDs debuted at the top of "Billboard"s Music Video chart ("Sometimes it Takes a Mountain" at #1 and "Happy Rhythm" at #2). In August 2016, the group's album "Better Together" was released.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: In March 2017, it was announced that David Phelps would be leaving the group on April 1, and Reggie Smith would join the group as tenor.


title: Gaither Vocal Band

text: In October 2018, there was another Gaither Vocal Band Reunion. It was a two-day concert, recorded live. Except for Steve Green, all of the past and present members who were at the first reunion performed.


title: Luncheon of the Boating Party

text: Luncheon of the Boating Party is an 1881 painting by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Included in the Seventh Impressionist Exhibition in 1882, it was identified as the best painting in the show by three critics. It was purchased from the artist by the dealer-patron Paul Durand-Ruel and bought in 1923 (for $125,000) from his son by industrialist Duncan Phillips, who spent a decade in pursuit of the work. It is now in The Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C. It shows a richness of form, a fluidity of brush stroke, and a flickering light.


title: Luncheon of the Boating Party

text: The painting, combining figures, still-life, and landscape in one work, depicts a group of Renoir's friends relaxing on a balcony at the Maison Fournaise restaurant along the Seine river in Chatou, France. The painter and art patron, Gustave Caillebotte, is seated in the lower right. Renoir's future wife, Aline Charigot, is in the foreground playing with a small dog, an affenpinscher; she replaced an earlier woman who sat for the painting but with whom Renoir became annoyed. On the table is fruit and wine.


title: Luncheon of the Boating Party

text: The diagonal of the railing serves to demarcate the two halves of the composition, one densely packed with figures, the other all but empty, save for the two figures of the proprietor's daughter Louise-Alphonsine Fournaise and her brother, Alphonse Fournaise, Jr, which are made prominent by this contrast. In this painting Renoir has captured a great deal of light. The main focus of light is coming from the large opening in the balcony, beside the large singleted man in the hat. The singlets of both men in the foreground and the table-cloth all work together to reflect this light and send it through the whole composition.


title: Luncheon of the Boating Party

text: The painting is thought to show the influence of Italian Renaissance painter Paolo Veronese on Renoir's style, in particular, "The Wedding Feast at Cana" (1563), one of Renoir's favorite Veronese paintings at the Louvre, which depicts a similar banquet theme to that of the "Luncheon".


title: Luncheon of the Boating Party

text: As he often did in his paintings, Renoir included several of his friends in "Luncheon of the Boating Party". Identification of the sitters was made in 1912 by Julius Meier-Graefe. Among them are the following:


title: Luncheon of the Boating Party

text: At the Seventh Impressionist Exhibition in 1882, the painting generally received praise from critics. "It is fresh and free without being too bawdy," wrote Paul de Charry in "Le Pays", March 10, 1882. In "La Vie Moderne" (March 11, 1882), Armand Silvestre wrote, "...one of the best things [Renoir] has painted...There are bits of drawing that are completely remarkable, drawing – true drawing – that is a result of the juxtaposition of hues and not of line. It is one of the most beautiful pieces that this insurrectionist art by Independent artists has produced." Alternatively, "Le Figaro" published Albert Wolff's comment on March 2, 1882: "If he had learned to draw, Renoir would have a very pretty picture..."


title: Heinz 57

text: Heinz 57 is a synecdoche of the historical advertising slogan "57 Varieties" by the H. J. Heinz Company located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It was developed from the marketing campaign that told consumers about the numerous products available from the Heinz company.


title: Heinz 57

text: Henry J. Heinz introduced the marketing slogan "57 pickle Varieties" in 1896. He later claimed he was inspired by an advertisement he saw while riding an elevated train in New York City (a shoe store boasting "21 styles"). The reason for "57" is unclear. Heinz said he chose "5" because it was his lucky number and the number "7" was his wife's lucky number. However, Heinz also said the number "7" was selected specifically because of the "psychological influence of that figure and of its enduring significance to people of all ages". Whatever the reasons, Heinz wanted the company to advertise the greatest number of choices of pickles. In fact by 1892, four years before the slogan was created, the Heinz company was already selling more than 60 products.


title: Heinz 57

text: The first product to be promoted under the new "57 varieties" slogan was prepared horseradish. By 1940, the term "Heinz 57" had become so synonymous with the company the name was used to market a steak sauce.


title: Heinz 57

text: The relatively high viscosity and thixotropic nature of ketchup can make pouring it from a glass bottle somewhat difficult and unpredictable, and several urban legends surrounding this phenomenon have arisen. According to one popular folk remedy, repeatedly hitting the "57" mark on a glass Heinz ketchup bottle makes the ketchup pour out more quickly and easily. "The New York Times" suggests this is a matter of intentional design, with Heinz having placed the "57" mark on that particular spot of the bottle as a target for consumers to hit. According to the Heinz website, only 11% of people know this trick.


title: Heinz 57

text: In UK betting terminology, a 'Heinz' refers to a full-cover bet of doubles and upwards, consisting of six selections. It is known as a Heinz because there are 57 multiples (15 doubles, 20 trebles, 15 fourfolds, 6 fivefolds and 1 sixfold) within the bet.


title: Heinz 57

text: When Pittsburgh-based Heinz purchased the naming rights of Heinz Field in 2001, they signed a deal to pay the Pittsburgh Steelers $57 million until 2021.


title: Heinz 57

text: Heinz 57 figures in the plot of the novel "The Manchurian Candidate" when antagonist Mrs. Iselin lights upon a bottle of the product and adopts the number as an easy one for husband Senator John Iselin to remember as the number of Communists he charges with being employed by the State Department. The 1962 film adaptation retains this, with a bottle of Heinz 57 sauce appearing on-screen moments before John Iselin cites the number in a speech.


title: Heinz 57

text: Former NHL player Steve Heinze requested to wear #57 when he was drafted by the Boston Bruins. However, the Bruins general manager Harry Sinden denied his request, stating that only Ray Bourque (#77) could wear an unorthodox number. Instead, Heinze wore #23 in Boston. He was granted #57 when he joined the Columbus Blue Jackets and he wore it for the remainder of his NHL career.


title: Pollock (film)

text: Pollock is a 2000 American independent biographical drama film centered on the life of American painter Jackson Pollock, his struggles with alcoholism, as well as his troubled marriage to his wife Lee Krasner. The film stars Ed Harris, Marcia Gay Harden, Jennifer Connelly, Robert Knott, Bud Cort, Molly Regan, and Sada Thompson, and was directed by Harris.


title: Pollock (film)

text: Marcia Gay Harden won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for portraying Lee. Ed Harris received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for his portrayal of Pollock. The film was a long-term personal project for Harris based on his previous reading of the 1989 biography "", written by Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith.


title: Pollock (film)

text: In the 1940s, abstract expressionist painter Jackson Pollock exhibits paintings in occasional group art shows.


title: Pollock (film)

text: Pollock lives with his brother Sande and sister-in-law Arloie at a tiny apartment in New York City. With Arloie expecting a new baby, Pollock decides to move out on her behalf. Soon afterward, Pollock meets and takes an interest in artist Lee Krasner. He learns later that his brother has taken a job in Connecticut building military gliders to avoid the draft.


title: Pollock (film)

text: Pollock, a struggling alcoholic, goes on a drinking binge and is found in a disheveled state by Sande and Lee to which Sande tells Lee that Pollock has been diagnosed as "clinically neurotic." Taking pity on Pollock, Lee takes him home and becomes his manager.


title: Pollock (film)

text: One day, Pollock's old friend Reuben Kadish visits him, bringing along Howard Putzel, who works for wealthy art collector Peggy Guggenheim. After Guggenheim views his work, he is given a contract to exhibit his paintings, plus a commission to paint a 8 ft by 20 ft mural in her New York townhouse entry way. Pollock's first exhibit fails to attract any buyers. After a New Year's Eve party, a drunken Pollock almost sleeps with Peggy. Afterwards, he falls into another stupor upon hearing that Putzel has died.


title: Pollock (film)

text: Pollock and Lee are wed after Lee says they either marry or "split up" before moving to Long Island. During a get-together at Peggy's, Pollock dismisses art critic Clement Greenberg's comments and refuses to change his painting style to be more marketable. Pollock's paintings are not selling but Clement assures him it will change after a "Life" magazine article about him is published and his upcoming exhibit.


title: Pollock (film)

text: Pollock and Lee's relationship is strained after he openly flirts with another woman. Meanwhile, to earn more income, Pollock tries various occupations but fails due to his alcoholism. He lies to Sande about his financial status, though this improves after the "Life" story about him is published. Later, cinematographer Hans Namuth films Pollock as he paints, though Namuth's presence interrupts the spontaneous nature of his work. Pollock, who tried abstaining from alcohol, inadvertently ruins Thanksgiving dinner upon relapsing.


title: Pollock (film)

text: "In medias res" to the events of the film, Pollock autographs a copy of the "Life" magazine to a fan at an art exhibit in 1950. Five years after the exhibit, Clement tells Pollock that the "Partisan Review" is favoring artist Clyfford Still, saying that his original technique could be the next direction of modern art.


title: Pollock (film)

text: A drunk Pollock reacts badly, becoming angrier when Lee berates him for his drinking and womanizing. By this moment, Pollack's marriage to Lee has become even more strained due to her refusal to conceive children with him, all of which has led Pollock to start an extramarital affair with teenage abstract artist Ruth Kligman.


title: Pollock (film)

text: In 1956, following a conversation with Lee over the phone while she’s in Venice, Pollock tells Ruth "I owe the woman something." On a subsequent visit, Ruth brings along her friend Edith before the three go for a drive. However, an intoxicated Pollock crashes the car; killing himself, Edith, and throwing Ruth into a ditch, seriously injuring her. Closing titles state that Lee never remarried following Pollock's death.


title: Pollock (film)

text: The film was adapted by Barbara Turner and Susan Emshwiller from the book "" by Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith. It was directed by Harris.


title: Pollock (film)

text: This film was a longtime passion project for Ed Harris. After his father gave him a copy of Pollock's biography, he started thinking about adapting it, which took almost 10 years to bring to fruition.


title: Pollock (film)

text: Filming took a mere 50 days with a six-week layoff after forty days so Harris could take time to gain thirty pounds and grow a beard.


title: Pollock (film)

text: "Pollock" received positive reviews from critics and has a "certified fresh" score of 81% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 108 reviews with an average rating of 7/10. The critical consensus states, "Though "Pollock" does not really allow audiences a glimpse of the painter as a person, it does powerfully depict the creative process. Harris throws himself into the role and turns in a compelling performance." The film also has a score of 77 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 31 critics indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Pollock (film)

text: "Pollock" opened on December 15, 2000 in North America in a limited release in 2 theaters and grossed $44,244 with an average of $22,122 per theater and ranking #37 at the box office. The film's widest release was 280 theaters and it ended up earning $8,598,593 domestically and $1,960,377 internationally for a total of $10,558,970.


title: Darrell Green

text: Darrell Ray Green (born February 15, 1960) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins from 1983 to 2002. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest cornerbacks to have ever played in the NFL. Green was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2008.


title: Darrell Green

text: The self-proclaimed "itty bitty guy," Green was nicknamed the "Ageless Wonder" by his peers and the general media for his ability to maintain a high level of play well into the twilight of his career. Green was also known for his speed and was one of the fastest players in the history of the NFL, recording the fastest 40-yard dash time in NFL history.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green was born in Houston, Texas and attended Jesse H. Jones High School. While there, he was an All-State selection in track and an All-City pick in football. Green made the junior varsity football team his junior year, and then made the varsity team as a senior.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green attended and played college football and ran track at Texas A&I University (now Texas A&M-Kingsville). He finished his Bachelor of Science degree in general studies at St. Paul's College in Lawrenceville, Virginia.


title: Darrell Green

text: In 1982, Green was selected by his teammates as captain, was named a first-team All-American, and was the Most Valuable Player in the Lone Star Conference. During his senior year, Green had 56 tackles, four interceptions and two punt returns for touchdowns. He was selected to the Lone Star Conference Team of the Decade for the 1980s.


title: Darrell Green

text: In track and field, Green set numerous national and conference records and earned ten All-America certificates. His first meet was in 1982 in San Angelo, Texas, where he ran a 10.08 in the 100 meters. The mark still stands as the all-time best in the Lone Star Conference. At the 1982 NCAA championships, Green finished sixth in the 100-meter dash and seventh in the 200-meter dash.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green's all-time collegiate best in the 100 was 10.08, 20.50 in the 200 meters and 45.90 in the 400 meters. He was named the most valuable track performer at the 1982 and 1983 Lone Star Conference Championships. He won gold medals at the LSC meet in the 100 meters in 1981 and in the 100 meters and 200 meters in 1982 and in 1983.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green was named to the NCAA Division I All-America roster in 1981 and 1982, and was on the NCAA Division II All-America team in five events in 1981 and 1982. He was NAIA All-America in 1981 and 1982 in four events.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green was the last player selected in the first round (28th overall) of the 1983 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins. The first time he touched the ball, during a pre-season game against the Atlanta Falcons, he returned a punt 61 yards for a touchdown. During his first regular-season game, he made his first big play when he ran down running back Tony Dorsett of the Dallas Cowboys to prevent a touchdown. Green started all 16 regular season games during his rookie season and finished fourth on the team in tackles with 109 and led the team in solo tackles with 79. He was runner-up for the Associated Press NFL Rookie of the Year Award.


title: Darrell Green

text: During the strike-shortened 1987 season, the Redskins went 11–4 and Green had a very successful year. He registered a career-high three interceptions in a game against the Detroit Lions on November 15, 1987. Two of his more notable performances occurred in that post season. One happened during a against the Chicago Bears, where he returned a punt 52 yards for the game-winning touchdown. Green tore rib cartilage while vaulting over a tackler during the return, but he merely grabbed his side and kept running until he scored. Then in the , on a pivotal fourth-down play at the Washington goal line with 56 seconds remaining, Green knocked away a pass intended for Minnesota's Darrin Nelson to secure a Redskins 17–10 victory that enabled the team to go to Super Bowl XXII.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green was also successful in the 1990s. In 1997, Green returned an interception 83 yards for a touchdown against the Philadelphia Eagles, which was the longest return of his career. Then on December 13, 1997, he played in his 217th career game as a Redskin, breaking Monte Coleman's record for games played. In a 1999 game against the Arizona Cardinals, he intercepted his 50th NFL pass against Jake Plummer at FedExField.


title: Darrell Green

text: In the last game of his career on December 29, 2002, Green and the Redskins defeated the Dallas Cowboys 20–14 at FedExField. During the game, he returned a punt on a reverse from Champ Bailey for 35 yards which is the longest gain of any kind for a player his age (42 years, 327 days).


title: Darrell Green

text: Green retired after the 2002 season at the age of 42, the oldest Redskin, having played for six head coaches: Joe Gibbs, Richie Petitbon, Norv Turner, Terry Robiskie, Marty Schottenheimer and Steve Spurrier. For several years, Green and former Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams offensive tackle Jackie Slater were the only players in NFL history to play for the same team for 20 seasons; kicker Jason Hanson broke this record when he retired after 21 seasons with the Detroit Lions.


title: Darrell Green

text: In his 20 NFL seasons, Green recorded 54 interceptions, which he returned for 621 yards and six touchdowns. He also added two additional touchdowns on interception returns in the post season. Three times he recorded a career-best of five interceptions in a season (1984, 1986, and 1991). Green also returned 51 punts for 611 yards and recovered 10 fumbles, returning them for 131 yards and two touchdowns. Also known for staying healthy, he missed just 25 games throughout his career. He missed two months after sustaining a broken arm in a 24–17 win over the Atlanta Falcons on September 15, 1992.


title: Darrell Green

text: He is the four-time winner of the NFL's Fastest Man competition, and the only undefeated multiple winner in NFL history. He holds the record for the fastest 40 yard dash time in NFL history. After many years, Green, who has a longstanding reputation of reluctance and humility about discussing his personal achievements, confirmed on March 24, 2021 via his official Twitter account that 4.09 seconds was indeed his personal best.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green was with the Redskins for their victories in Super Bowls XXII and XXVI, and started in their loss to the Los Angeles Raiders in Super Bowl XVIII. Green recorded an interception in Super Bowl XXVI and a then-record 34-yard punt return in Super Bowl XVIII.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green was named All-Pro in 1986, 1987, 1990, and 1991 and was voted to seven Pro Bowls. He is a member of the National Football League 1990s All-Decade Team as well as winning all four NFL Fastest Man competitions he participated in. His pre-game rituals included eating and sticking Tootsie Rolls in his sock claiming that the candy helped him run fast.


title: Darrell Green

text: In 2006, Darrell Green was encouraged to run for the United States Senate by the Virginia Republican Party. The Virginia Republicans wanted Green to enter into politics because of his longtime support for the community and dedication to Christianity.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green was in the news on February 16, 2010, his 50th birthday, for reportedly running a 4.43-second 40-yard dash.


title: Darrell Green

text: On April 26, 2013, Green announced that he had accepted a position as Special Assistant for Student–Athlete Development and Public Relations at the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia.


title: Darrell Green

text: On August 22, 2016, Green announced that he had accepted a position as an associate athletics director and special assistant to the athletic director at George Mason University.


title: Darrell Green

text: In 1988, Green founded the Darrell Green Youth Life Foundation, a faith-based charitable organization, in an effort to "meet the needs of children, their families and the communities in which they live."


title: Darrell Green

text: In addition, he served as a board member for the Baltimore-Washington 2012 Summer Olympics Bid, NFL/NFLPA September 11 Relief Fund, and the Loudoun Education Foundation. In 2003, he was selected to serve as the Chair of President Bush's Council on Service and Civic Participation. He currently sits on the boards of the Wolf Trap Foundation as its National Spokesman for Education and Marymount University.


title: Darrell Green

text: In 1999, while still active, Green was ranked number 81 on "The Sporting News"' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green has received honorary Doctorates of Humane Letters from Marymount University in 1999, and St. Paul's College and George Washington University in 2002.


title: Darrell Green

text: In 2004, Green was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 2, 2008. His fellow Hall of Fame classmates include former Redskins teammate Art Monk, and his former position coach Emmitt Thomas. Green has also been inducted into the NCAA Division II Hall of Fame, the Texas Sports Hall of Fame, the Lone Star Conference Hall of Honor and the Javelina Hall of Fame.


title: Darrell Green

text: On February 4, 2018, as part of the post-game celebrations for the Philadelphia Eagles winning Super Bowl LII, Green was given the honor of bringing the Lombardi Trophy to the podium as it was presented to the Eagles for their 41–33 victory over the New England Patriots.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green, a devout Christian, is married to his wife Jewel and has four children. His eldest son Jared is a pastor. He and his wife live in Ashburn, Virginia.


title: Darrell Green

text: In 2013, he and Art Monk agreed that the Redskins should seriously consider changing their name due to the possibility of it being racist toward Native Americans.


title: Darrell Green

text: Green has a professional services company that manages his appearances and autograph requests, www.DarrellGreen.com. Darrell is currently an associate athletic director at George Mason University working with student-athletes to improve their well-being, and collaborating with the community.


title: Darrell Green

text: He has also recently started an online fitness company promoting increased physical activity through simply walking called WalkFitHealth Nation.


title: Bangalore Urban district

text: Bangalore Urban district is the most densely populated district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is surrounded by the Bangalore Rural district on the east and north, the Ramanagara district on the west and the Krishnagiri district of Tamil Nadu on the south. Bangalore Urban district came into being in 1986, with the partition of the erstwhile Bangalore district into Bangalore Urban and Bangalore Rural districts. Bangalore Urban has five taluks: Hebbala (Bangalore North), Kengeri (Bangalore South), Krishnarajapura (Bangalore East), Yelahanka (Bangalore North Additional) and Anekal. The city of Bangalore is situated in the Bangalore Urban district and is the headquarters of the district. The district has 2 divisions, 5 talukas, 17 hoblies, 872 villages, 11 rural habitations, 5 towns, 1 tier-three city and 1 tier-one city, administered by 96 Village Panchayats ("Grama Panchayitis") 97 Taluk Panchayats ("Taluk Panchayitis"), 5 Town Municipal Councils ("Purasabes)", 1 City Municipal Council ("Nagarasabe") and 1 City Corporation ("Mahanagara Palike").


title: Bangalore Urban district

text: The district had a population of 6,537,124 of which 88.11% is urban as of 2001. As of Census 2011, its population has increased to 9,621,551, with a sex-ratio of 908 females/males, the lowest in the state and its density is 4,378 people per square km.


title: Bangalore Urban district

text: According to the 2011 census Bangalore Urban district has a population of 9,621,551, roughly equal to the nation of Belarus. This gives it a ranking of third in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 46.68%. Bangalore has a sex ratio of 908 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 88.48%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 12.46% and 1.98% of the population respectively.


title: Bangalore Urban district

text: At the time of the 2011 census, 44.47% of the population spoke Kannada, 15.20% Tamil, 13.99% Telugu, 12.11% Urdu, 4.55% Hindi, 2.94% Malayalam and 1.92% Marathi as their first language.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: The Mauser Model 1871 adopted as the Gewehr" 71 or Infanterie-Gewehr" 71, or "Infantry Rifle 71" ("I.G.Mod.71" was stamped on the rifles themselves) was the first rifle model in a distinguished line designed and manufactured by Paul Mauser and Wilhelm Mauser of the Mauser company and later mass-produced at Spandau arsenal.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: Paul Mauser developed his bolt-action rifle from 1867 to 1871. In 1870–71 trials with 2,500 test rifles took place, with the M1869 Bavarian Werder being the Mausers' chief competitor. The Mauser was provisionally adopted on 2 December 1871, pending the development of an appropriate safety. With support from the government's Spandau arsenal, the improvements to the safety mechanism were completed and the rifle was formally accepted on 14 February 1872 as Infantry Rifle Model 1871 by the German Empire, excluding Bavaria that adopted the Werder. The rifles were issued to the German Army from late 1873 to 1875, with approximately 1.82 million rifles and Jägerbüchse and 80,000–100,000 carbines produced. The Mauser 1871 was replaced by the magazine-fed, smokeless powder using Gewehr 1888 from 1888 through 1890.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: The action was not based on its predecessor, the Dreyse needle gun which had seen service during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, and which was found to have a number of weaknesses. The now well known Mauser "wing" type safety lever was developed for the "Gewehr" 71. The "Gewehr" 71 is a conventional-looking bolt action chambered in 11mm using black powder cartridges. The action included only a bolt guide rib as its single locking lug, locking forward of the receiving bridge. The original design was a single-shot.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: After troop trials in 1882 and 1883, the design was updated in 1884 with an 8-round tubular magazine designed by Alfred von Kropatschek, making this the German Army's first repeating rifle. This version was designated the Gewehr 1871/84, of which over a million examples were produced. A version of this repeater was adopted by the Ottoman Empire. Designated M1887, it differed from the M71/84 in that it had a side-mounted cleaning rod, a second locking lug on the rear of the bolt and that it was in 9.5×60mmR, which Paul Mauser touted as the most efficient (black powder) cartridge. In the early 20th century, a few were converted to 7.65×53mm smokeless by the arsenal in Ankara.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: A short version, the M1871 Jägerbüchse was developed for the Jäger or light infantry and served with engineers, fortress and navy units. It was a shortened and lightened M71. A Karabiner 1871 was also developed to equipped the German cavalry but did not enter full-scale production until 1876. A shorter version of the Model 1871, the M1879 Grenzaufsehergewehr, was issued to the border guards in 1880. It shot a unique 11.15×37.5mmR cartridge, a trimmed down version of the full-power military cartridge.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: Serbia adopted a more up-to-date version of the rifle in 1881, the M1878/80, still single-shot, but chambered in its own 10.15×63R caliber. It had unique additions in that it had a bolt guide (much like the M1870 Italian Vetterli) and the "progressive rifling" (rifling which increases in twist rate as the bullet travels up the bore, to more gradually impart spin) developed by the Serbian Major Kosta "Koka" Milovanović (Коста "Кока" Миловановић), and it is commonly known as "Mauser-Koka", "Mauser-Milovanović", or "Kokinka" ("Кокинка"). The muzzle velocity of the Mauser-Koka was . It saw first combat in the Serbo-Bulgarian War. Approximately 110,000 Mauser-Koka rifles entered the Serbian arsenal. Starting 1907, about half of these were converted in Kragujevac to shoot the 7×57mm from a 5-shot box magazine; the new barrels were purchased from Steyr. Both the old and new guns (designated M80/07) saw action in the Balkan Wars and World War I. The converted M80/07 are often referred to as "Đurić Mausers" (Ђурић-Маузер).


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: In 1894, Uruguay had their stockpile of M71 rifles converted to smokeless 6.5×53.5mm SR (Daudeteau system) by Société Française d'Armes Portatives Saint Denis in France. They were given new stocks, barrels, sights, bands, and side-mounted cleaning rods. However, the initial batch of ammunition that was sent with the rifles was incorrect and unusable in the guns.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: The M71 was used by the Korean Empire Army (especially Guard units—this rifle replaced the Russian Berdan rifle). The number of rifles used is uncertain but the Korean Empire manufactured ammunition for them, which means that the Korean Empire used a respectable number of them. From 1876, the Chinese Qing dynasty bought M71 rifles and carbines from Mauser, Steyr and Spangenberg&Sauer. After the Germans adopted the Gewehr 1888, over 1,000,000 discarded Model 1871 and 1871/84 were put into Chinese service.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: The South African Republic secretly received many M71 rifles, that saw combat during the First Boer War, the Jameson Raid and the Second Boer War. Some rifles were smuggled to Ethiopia and they were used during the 1894-1896 war against the Italians.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: The M71 saw service during the Boxer Rebellion. The Chinese units used the old M71 while German forces used the M71/84. The Chinese also used the M71 during the First Sino-Japanese War and the Xinhai Revolution.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: Serbia and Turkey used their M71-based Mausers in the Balkan Wars and during World War I. The M71 Jäger rifles saw service in African theatre of World War I, being the standard rifle of the Schutztruppe. At the same time, Gew 71 with incendiary bullets were used to shoot down observation balloons and German home-guard units were still equipped with M71/84 rifles. Some of these rifles were used during the German Revolution of 1918–19 and surviving rifles were distributed to the Volkssturm units in 1945.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: The M71 was also exported to Japan for testing and was used to improve the design of the Murata rifle. Uruguay, Siam and Honduras also fielded the M71 from the 1880s. Venezuela bought 27,000 M71/84 rifles after they were retired from front-line German service, while Ecuador acquired 12,000 M71/84s.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: Irish Republicans imported some 1,500 single-shot 1871 Mausers in the Howth gun-running for the nationalist militia called the Irish Volunteers in 1914. They were used in action by the Volunteers in the Easter Rising of 1916, the insurrection aimed at ending British rule in Ireland which began the Irish War of Independence. The 1871 Mauser became known in Ireland as the "Howth Mauser".


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: "11-mm Mauser" is the service rifle of the Martian Army in "The Sirens of Titan" by Kurt Vonnegut. However, the book states these were bought as surplus from the Spanish–American War, which would in fact make them Model 1893 7×57mm Mauser.


title: Mauser Model 1871

text: In the film "The Last Samurai", the Japanese Imperial Army carries German bolt-action Mauser M1871/84 rifles. The 1884 models were altered in appearance by the filmmakers to resemble the more period-accurate 1871 models.


title: PUP (band)

text: PUP is a Canadian punk rock band formed in Toronto, Ontario in 2010, originally under the name Topanga. PUP's self-titled debut album was released on October 8, 2013, on Royal Mountain Records. In December 2013, PUP signed with SideOneDummy Records and re-released their debut album in the United States on April 8, 2014. The group was in the studio in late 2015 recording their second album "The Dream Is Over" which was released on May 27, 2016, through SideOneDummy. The band's third album, titled "Morbid Stuff", was released on April 5, 2019. "This Place Sucks Ass", a six-track EP, was released on October 27, 2020. Their fourth album, "The Unraveling of PUPTheBand," was released on April 1, 2022.


title: PUP (band)

text: Bassist Nestor Chumak, guitarist Steve Sladkowski, and drummer Zack Mykula are childhood friends who attended school in Toronto together. Two of them met in third grade, and the third met them in high school at Humberside Collegiate Institute. Throughout their childhood, they played in a number of bands together. Vocalist and guitarist Stefan Babcock also grew up playing in bands in Toronto. During high school, Babcock was the lead guitarist for a ska band called Stop Drop N Skank that he formed with some of his classmates at Earl Haig Secondary School. Babcock encountered Chumak, Sladkowski, and Mykula on occasion at local Toronto music venues, but was not close with them at the time.


title: PUP (band)

text: After high school, Babcock's band Stop Drop N Skank dissolved. While attending Toronto Metropolitan University, he worked with Nestor Chumak to record a song he had written for a school project. Following its completion, the duo teamed up with Chumak's friends Sladkowski and Mykula to form a group called Topanga. The name comes from Topanga Matthews, a character on the 1990s Disney sitcom "Boy Meets World" whom the band has called "our first middle-school crush." They decided to record a four-track EP together, although Babcock says that at the time, they considered this a one-off project and didn't think of themselves as a "real band." "Topanga EP" (later retitled "Lionheart EP") was released as a free download on December 7, 2010.


title: PUP (band)

text: Shortly after the release of their debut EP, the band began performing live together. They played their first show ever at the Bovine Sex Club in January 2011. According to Babcock, the EP was gaining traction online, and they began receiving increasingly better show offers. By the beginning of 2012, they had begun touring with Hollerado and were signed to Hollerado's label, Royal Mountain Records. On February 15, 2012, they released the two-track "Oceans 7"" with Royal Mountain.


title: PUP (band)

text: In 2012, Topanga began contemplating making their first full-length album, and wanted to find a producer who could help them capture their heavy performance style in a studio recording. Inspired by The Bronx's 2008 self-titled album, they were interested in working with its producer, Dave Schiffman, an industry veteran who had worked with artists such as Rage Against the Machine, Weezer, and Anti-Flag. They sent him a demo and, to their elatement, he liked it and soon flew to Toronto to begin working on their album. The album was recorded in Montréal, in a studio that belongs to professional former F1 driver Jacques Villeneuve.


title: PUP (band)

text: While working on the album, the band decided to change their name from Topanga to something else. According to Babcock, they felt the name was less fitting now that they had locked down a heavy punk rock style (as opposed to the lighter rock style they had played early on). In addition, Disney had announced a new spinoff series based on "Boy Meets World", and the band didn't want to be associated with it. After a few months of uncertainty, they decided on the name PUP. The name is an acronym of a quote by Babcock's grandmother, who said that playing in a rock band was a "pathetic use of potential." The band officially announced their new name via social media on April 16, 2013.


title: PUP (band)

text: Having begun recording with Schiffman, the band announced their upcoming album would release on October 8, 2013. From September to the end of November 2013, PUP joined Hollerado and the Zolas on a 24-stop tour across Canada to promote the album. Upon its release, the self-titled debut album, "PUP", was met with critical praise. The "Calgary Herald" named PUP one of Canada's best new bands, and Stereogum listed them as one of the top 40 new bands of 2013. PUP won two Bucky Awards from CBC Radio 3 for Best Live Show and Best New Artist in 2013, and was nominated for Best Video.


title: PUP (band)

text: In December 2013, PUP signed with SideOneDummy Records and re-released their debut album in the United States on April 8, 2014. In 2014, they went on their first tour of the UK, playing 8 shows around the country with the UK band Slaves. The first two shows of the tour in London were part of the NME Awards tour. After that they played South By Southwest in Austin, Texas, followed by several more London shows and the Groezrock festival in Belgium. In May they started an extensive tour of the US with the Menzingers, Lemuria and Cayetana, playing 32 shows in 39 days. In August they opened for the Hives in London, England, and then played at Reading and Leeds Festivals. In September 2014, they made first appearance on Riot Fest at Chicago and Toronto.


title: PUP (band)

text: In late 2014, PUP completed its first head-lining tour of Canada and the US, culminating in a sold-out concert at Toronto's Lee's Palace featuring a "next level" performance. In early 2015, PUP completed a multi-city tour of Australia, supporting The Smith Street Band. PUP then participated in the 2015 Vans Warped Tour, joining the tour for the month of July, including a highly anticipated date in Toronto, the band's hometown and place where the band has enjoyed success. This was the band's first time playing the Molson Amphitheatre. Between October and December 2015, the group supported Modern Baseball on their headlining US tour.


title: PUP (band)

text: In early 2016, PUP headlined a very select number of shows in New York City. They also released a new track, "DVP", from their second album, "The Dream Is Over".


title: PUP (band)

text: On May 27, 2016, PUP released "The Dream Is Over" through SideOneDummy. According to the band, the title is a direct quote from Babcock's doctor after damaging his vocal cords.


title: PUP (band)

text: PUP toured the US, Canada, Australia and Europe in 2016 on a headlining tour entitled "If This Tour Doesn't Kill You, I Will", which is also the name of the first track on the album. In early 2017, PUP headlined European shows with The Wonder Years and Tiny Moving Parts. During spring and summer 2017, they made appearances at several music festivals, including Shaky Knees, Boston Calling, WayHome, Lollapalooza, and Osheaga.


title: PUP (band)

text: In September 2017, PUP made their cable television debut on "Last Call with Carson Daly" on NBC, performing "Sleep in the Heat" and "If This Tour Doesn't Kill You, I Will / DVP".


title: PUP (band)

text: In May 2018, the band announced that they had finished tracking their third album in Toronto with Dave Schiffman and Darren McGill. Towards the end of 2018, the band released a zine entitled "Pup the Zine Vol. 1" containing a comic book and a flexi-disc for a live version of "My Life Is Over and I Couldn't Be Happier".


title: PUP (band)

text: In January 2019, the band released "Pup the Zine Vol. 2" complete with a flexi-disc featuring a new single, "Kids", that they mailed out to fans over the course of the month. The zines additionally contained a press release and release date for the band's third album, "Morbid Stuff", which was due on April 5, 2019. The second single from the album, "Free at Last", was released on February 27, 2019, and featured guest vocals from Eva Hendricks of Charly Bliss. The band performed "Kids" on "Late Night with Seth Meyers" on March 21, 2019, in anticipation of release of "Morbid Stuff". Later in March 2019, the band released two new songs, "Scorpion Hill" and "Sibling Rivalry".


title: PUP (band)

text: On July 3, 2020, the band released a live album available on Bandcamp for one day only, titled "Live at the Electric Ballroom". In August 2020, the band released a cover of "A.M. 180", off of Grandaddy's debut album, "Under the Western Freeway". In September 2020, the band announced that a new six-track EP, "This Place Sucks Ass", would be released on October 23. Along with the announcement they released one of the tracks from the EP, "Rot".


title: PUP (band)

text: In December 2020, PUP collaborated with the New York-based band Charly Bliss on a Christmas song titled "It's Christmas and I Fucking Miss You". The bands also released an accompanying music video for the song. The band contributed a cover of the Metallica song "Holier Than Thou" to the charity tribute album "The Metallica Blacklist", released in September 2021. On November 9, 2021, PUP released two new singles, "Waiting" and "Kill Something".


title: PUP (band)

text: On January 18, 2022, PUP announced their fourth studio album, "The Unraveling of PUPTheBand", which was released on April 1, 2022. They also released a single from the album, "Robot Writes a Love Song", and an accompanying music video.


title: PUP (band)

text: PUP has been described primarily as a punk rock band. They have also been labeled under punk rock subgenres such as pop-punk, hardcore punk, post-hardcore, and as indie rock. The band also experimented with pop elements on "The Dream is Over".


title: PUP (band)

text: PUP has enjoyed critical success, having been nominated or won in major Canadian contests such as the Juno Awards, the Polaris Music Prize, the CBC Bucky Awards, among others. Their first single "Reservoir" was nominated for a SOCAN Song-writing Prize. It was also used on gameplay footage showed at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016 for the game "Watch Dogs 2".


title: PUP (band)

text: PUP won two Bucky Awards from CBC Radio 3 for Best Live Show and Best New Artist in 2013, as well as a nomination for Best Video. PUP's first album was long-listed for the prestigious Polaris Music Prize of 2014. The national newspaper The Globe & Mail called them out as front-runners in the contest along with Arcade Fire, Mac DeMarco, BadBadNotGood, among other artists. PUP has been nominated for three Juno Awards. In 2015, PUP was nominated for Recording Package of the Year and Video of the Year for "Guilt Trip." In 2016, PUP was nominated again for Video of the Year for "Dark Days."


title: PUP (band)

text: "Rolling Stone" listed the "Canadian punkers" of PUP as one of 2014's "breakout rock acts." Jeremy Schaulin-Rioux was nominated for the 2016 Prism Prize for Music Video of the Year for "Dark Days".


title: PUP (band)

text: PUP achieved commercial success with the release of their second album, "The Dream Is Over," on May 27, 2016, with chart achievement recognition from "Billboard" in several categories including Canadian Albums, Alternative Albums, Heatseekers, Independent Albums, Top Rock Albums, and Top Album Sales. In July 2016, "The Dream is Over" was nominated to the short-list of the Polaris Music Price 2016. "Rolling Stone" also listed the "Sleep in the Heat" music video as #4 of the "10 Best Music Videos of 2016."


title: PUP (band)

text: "DVP" and "Sleep in the Heat" were nominated for the 2017 Prism Prize for Music Video. In July 2017, PUP won SOCAN Songwriting Prize for "DVP." In March 2018, PUP was nominated for the Prism Prize for the video for "Old Wounds."


title: PUP (band)

text: In July 2019, Morbid Stuff was nominated on 2019 Polaris Music Prize. In February 2020, music videos "Kids" and "Free at Last" nominated for long-list Prism Prize 2020. in June 2020, Morbid Stuff won an "Alternative Album of the year" of 2020 Juno Award. In March 2021, "This Place Sucks Ass" was nominated on "Alternative album of the year" category of 2021 Juno Award.


title: Cognitive load

text: In cognitive psychology, cognitive load refers to the amount of working memory resources used. There are three types of cognitive load: "intrinsic" cognitive load is the effort associated with a specific topic; "extraneous" cognitive load refers to the way information or tasks are presented to a learner; and "germane" cognitive load refers to the work put into creating a permanent store of knowledge (a schema).


title: Cognitive load

text: Cognitive load theory was developed in the late 1980s out of a study of problem solving by John Sweller. Sweller argued that instructional design can be used to reduce cognitive load in learners.