title: Murray State University

text: Murray State University was founded after passage of Senate Bill 14 by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, which created two normal schools in the early 20th century to address the growing demand for professional teachers. One was to be located in the western part of the state, and many cities and towns bid for the new normal school. Rainey T. Wells spoke on behalf of the city of Murray to convince the Normal School Commission to choose his city. On September 2, 1922, Murray was chosen as the site of the western normal school, while Morehead was chosen for the eastern normal school. On November 26, 1922, John Wesley Carr was elected the first president of the Murray State Normal School by the State Board of Education. Believing it had the authority to elect the president, the Normal School Commission picked Rainey Wells as the first president. On May 15, 1923, the Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled for the State Board of Education, and Carr became Murray's first president.


title: Murray State University

text: Murray State Normal School opened on September 24, 1923. In 1924, the first building on Murray State's campus, the Administrative Building, was constructed. Prior to this, all MSU classes had been held on the first floor of what is now Murray Middle School, located on Main Street. Designed by Joseph & Joseph in the Collegiate Gothic style the Administrative Building, later known as Wrather Hall, housed classrooms, a dining hall, offices, and a chapel. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and renovated soon after, finally being renamed to Wrather West Kentucky Museum, named for Murray State executive vice-president Marvin O. Wrather. All students lived at home or boarded with local families until the first dormitory, Wells Hall, was constructed in 1925. Wilson Hall was also completed under Carr's presidency, with other structures in progress.


title: Murray State University

text: In 1926, Rainey T. Wells, recognized as the founder of Murray State, became its second president. Wells served from 1926 to 1932, and during this time Lovett Auditorium, Carr Health Building, and Pogue Library were all completed. In 1926, the Normal School was renamed Murray State Normal School and Teachers College, with a four-year curriculum, and the General Assembly granted it authority to confer baccalaureate degrees. In 1928, the college was accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 1930, the name was changed to Murray State Teachers College and it was granted authority to offer liberal arts and pre-professional courses. The name was changed again in 1948 to Murray State College, with expansion of the programs to include graduate-level courses, in 1966 the General Assembly authorized the Board of Regents to change the name to Murray State University.


title: Murray State University

text: The Shield is the official seal of the university. It is taken from the heraldic coat of arms of the family of William Murray, Earl of Mansfield and Lord Chief Justice of Great Britain in 1756. William Murray is an ancestor of the Murray family from whom the city and the university take their names. The shield is blue with a double gold border—its three stars represent hope, endeavor and achievement.


title: Murray State University

text: The oldest and most easily recognizable buildings on the Murray State campus are situated around a large, grassy, tree-lined area on the south side of campus. This part of campus, known as the Quad, is bounded by 16th Street to the west, 15th Street to the east, Lovett Auditorium to the north and Wilson Hall to the south.


title: Murray State University

text: In the southwest corner of the Quad is the oldest building on campus, now known as Wrather West Kentucky Museum. It was first known as the Administration Building and then as Wrather Hall, and housed classrooms and offices, before it became a museum. Ground for Wrather was broken on October 15, 1923, and it has been in use since 1924. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and features a large auditorium that is frequently used for lectures and meetings.


title: Murray State University

text: Faculty Hall, Wells Hall and the Business Building line the western edge of the Quad. The Lowry Center, Pogue Library and the Price Doyle Fine Arts Center line the eastern side of the Quad. The 11-story Doyle Fine Arts Center is the tallest building on campus, housing numerous classrooms, practice rooms and recital halls, the Robert E. Johnson Theatre, Clara Eagle Art Gallery, WKMS-FM and television studios used for student work.


title: Murray State University

text: Directly south of the Quad is Sparks Hall. The five-story, 39,000-square-foot (3,600 m2), Sparks Hall was completed in 1967 at a cost of $1,308,514, and functions as the main administrative building, housing the offices of student financial aid, admissions and registration, accounting and financial services, vice president for administrative services, Center for Continuing Education and Academic Outreach, human resources and university communications.


title: Murray State University

text: To the south of the Quadrangle, and directly west of Sparks Hall is Oakhurst, the residence of the university president. Construction of the mansion, originally known as Edgewood, began in 1917 and was completed in 1918. The home was built by Dr. and Mrs. Rainey T. Wells. The Board of Regents purchased the home from Rainey T. Wells in June 1936. It was remodeled that year and renamed Oakhurst in preparation for James H. Richmond's occupation of the house.


title: Murray State University

text: The central portion of the Murray State campus lines 15th Street between Chestnut Street and Olive Boulevard. This portion of 15th Street was originally open to automobile traffic, but has since been closed and converted into a pedestrian thoroughfare. Along the west side of the pedestrian pathway is the Martha Layne Collins Center for Industry and Technology, Blackburn Science Building, and Oakley Applied Science Building. To the east of the pedestrian pathway lies the Curris Center, Carr Health Building and Cutchin Fieldhouse, Waterfield Library, Mason Hall, and the front facade of the now-demolished Ordway Hall. Woods Hall, a former dormitory located behind Waterfield Library, was razed in summer 2019, and the space it occupied will soon be replaced with a park.


title: Murray State University

text: Ordway Hall was the most historic building in the central portion of campus. The contract for its construction was approved in April 1930, and it was completed in 1931 costing $106,765. Originally used as a men's dormitory, 38,600-square-foot Ordway Hall housed unique event space and several offices, including the Career Services and Student Affairs offices. Because of costly renovation needs, including upgrades to meet current fire protection and ADA requirements, Ordway Hall was razed in 2013. In recognition of the building's historical value to the campus, the front facade was retained as a monument to its significance.


title: Murray State University

text: An aggressive building campaign on campus has resulted in a westward expansion of the main academic campus of Murray State. The expansion began with a massive renovation and expansion of what is now known as Alexander Hall on the west side of 16th Street near Calloway Avenue. The project was the first to unveil a new architectural style that would become consistent through all renovation and new construction projects on campus. Alexander Hall houses classrooms and offices for the College of Education. Construction continued with the new state-of-the-art science complex for biology and chemistry that is located just to the southwest of Alexander Hall. The massive new science complex was constructed in phases, with the Biology Building opening in 2004, and the rest of the complex and centerpiece clock tower reaching final completion in March 2008. The new clock tower was dedicated in 2007 as the Jesse L. Jones Family Clock Tower. A physics and engineering building was completed in summer 2017. The building cost roughly $37 million and serves as the final implementation of the MSU Gene W. Ray science campus.


title: Murray State University

text: The majority of the university's sports and recreation facilities are located on the northernmost edge of the campus, along the KY-121 Bypass. The most prominent structure in the sports complex is Roy Stewart Stadium. The stadium, home field to the Murray State Racers football program, was completed in 1973 and named for former Murray State football coach Roy Stewart. It seats 16,800. The outdated AstroTurf surface was replaced with FieldTurf in 2007. Located on the second floor of the seven-story press box and seating structure is the Pat Spurgin Rifle Range, home of the three-time NCAA champion rifle squad. The 8,602-seat CFSB Center was completed in 1998 to replace the aging Racer Arena, which had been outgrown by the men's and women's basketball teams. Racer Arena remains in use by the women's volleyball team.


title: Murray State University

text: On April 16, 2005, the new Susan E. Bauernfeind Student Recreation and Wellness Center was dedicated. The student recreation center includes a swimming pool, two racquetball courts, a walking/jogging track, an aerobic studio, basketball courts, and free weights and cardio workout machines. The center is located just north of the residential colleges, near Roy Stewart Stadium.


title: Murray State University

text: A building campaign is underway to replace many of the older residence halls. A replacement building for Clark College was completed and ready for residents at the beginning of the 2007 fall semester. Clark Hall was the newest building, and the first residence hall specifically designed around the residential college concept and model. A new four-story, 270-bed, 79,900-square foot Richmond Hall was opened for James H. Richmond Residential College in fall 2009. It has a similar concept and design as Clark College. In fall 2009, the old Clark Hall building was torn down.


title: Murray State University

text: Following the completion of the spring 2011 semester, the university began renovation to Elizabeth Hall, which houses the Elizabeth Residential College. The $7.2 million renovation project closed the building for the entire 2011–12 academic year as the highrise was upgraded to meet Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards. The renovation also included new heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems with the goal of achieving Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) silver status. The renovated Elizabeth Hall reopened on August 18, 2012. Hester Hall is the next highrise residence hall scheduled for renovation; however, the timeline for that project has not been announced.


title: Murray State University

text: Murray State University offers 11 associate, 64 bachelor, 42 master and specialist, and three doctoral programs which are administered through four academic colleges, two schools, 30 departments, and one joint program shared by the college of business and the college of science, engineering and technology. The college of business is the largest at Murray State, enrolling 23% of the undergraduate students.


title: Murray State University

text: Murray State has been institutionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, Commission on Colleges, continuously since 1928. It is one of eight schools in the state of Kentucky to achieve AACSB accreditation of business programs; however, the school is not AACSB-accredited in accounting programs. Several other programs have achieved specialized accreditation: primarily programs in teaching, fine arts and nursing. As a former normal school and teachers college, Murray State is best known for its NCATE-accredited education programs. The university has also gained national recognition for its fine arts programs. The department of music has been a member of the National Association of Schools of Music since 1936.


title: Murray State University

text: For 29 straight years Murray State University has been recognized by "U.S. News & World Report's Best Colleges" as one of the top regional universities in the United States. The 2019 rankings listed Murray State at 11th place among the public regional universities in the South and 24th overall among all regional universities in the South. Murray State has consistently been one of the top-ranked public regional universities in Kentucky in the Regional Universities-South category, which consists of both private and public schools. Murray State has also been ranked by "Forbes" among America's Top Colleges since 2008.


title: Murray State University

text: Presumably due to its location near multiple state borders, Murray State offers discounts from its normal out-of-state tuition rates to residents of several regional states. These discounts apply only to residential students; all online students pay the same rate regardless of residency. Tuition for doctoral students also does not vary by state of residence.


title: Murray State University

text: 401 international students from 45 countries studied at Murray State as of 2021. MSU has several international student groups, including the International Student Organization, the Saudi Student Association, and the Indian Student Association.


title: Murray State University

text: Murray State University provides an English as a Second Language (ESL) program to assist international students who are not fluent in English to come to Kentucky to study. This program provides English-speaking, listening, reading, and writing instruction while teaching students about American culture. The ESL program also offers conversation partner practice, where international students are paired with students from the United States to practice speaking English.


title: Murray State University

text: As of fall 2012, Murray State had 2,831 students living on campus. Murray State was the first public university in the United States to adopt a successful campus-wide residential college program. The residential college structure, which took form on the campus in 1996, is based on similar, but much more established programs at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the United Kingdom as well as Yale University, Harvard College and Princeton University in the United States.


title: Murray State University

text: The Murray State model does not include some components of the classical residential college model, such as dining halls and libraries at each college. In the Murray State model students do share central dining areas and recreation areas. However, as the older structures are being phased out, the university is taking steps with the new residential colleges to address many of those needs.


title: Murray State University

text: Although the physical structures of all of Murray State's residential colleges do not match those of institutions such as Oxford or Yale, the basic residential college concept was successfully implemented. All faculty, staff and students, even those who live off-campus, are assigned to one of the eight residential colleges. Once assigned to a residential college, a person remains a member of that college throughout their time at the university.


title: Murray State University

text: The Student Government Association (SGA) is the officially organized body governing all students and student organizations at Murray State University. Its purpose is to promote the welfare, growth and development of student life in an environment of academic excellence, to represent the students in all phases of administrative effort and to provide a means of promoting cooperative efforts for the general welfare of the university community. The SGA is made up four branches: Senate, Campus Activities Board, Judicial Board and the Residential College Association. The Senate is the main branch of SGA, and it is the governing body with the power to pass resolutions, bills, rules and regulations necessary for the general welfare of the university, and to implement and maintain any programs consistent with SGA purposes. The president of SGA holds the student seat on the Board of Regents.


title: Murray State University

text: Murray State is home to twenty-six chapters of both social and professional Greek organizations. The oldest social fraternity on campus is Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia and the oldest professional fraternity is Sigma Alpha Iota (both relating to music) with the oldest social sorority being Sigma Sigma Sigma. As of the spring 2016 semester, 1,438 students were officially reported to be involved with Greek life, representing 19 percent of the undergraduate student population. This number would be higher, but the Office of Greek Life does not track participation in several Greek organizations that have a professional emphasis.


title: Murray State University

text: According to the Office of Greek Life at Murray State University's website, the mission of the Office of Greek Life at Murray State University is to promote an atmosphere where chapters and individuals can excel in leadership, scholarship, service and philanthropy and personal growth. In support of the University and Student Affairs Mission Statements, they are committed to Murray State University students in the fulfillment of the following core values: leadership, scholarship, service and philanthropy and social advancement.


title: Murray State University

text: Sorority and Fraternity primary recruitment at Murray State University takes place annually during the month of August. Spring recruitment is in-formal and often happens in late January.


title: Murray State University

text: As of Fall 2019, 16% of undergraduate students make up Murray State Greek Life. The average chapter size for the Panhellenic Council is 93; Interfraternity Council is 50; and National Pan-Hellenic Council is 5. The average Greek GPA is 3.20. (All statistics come from Murray State University Office of Greek Life website.)


title: Murray State University

text: Among inactive chapters, Delta Sigma Phi, Sigma Nu, and Sigma Tau Gamma have approached the Office of Greek Life & Student Leadership Programs about restarting their chapters through expansion efforts; however, such an expansion has not yet taken place. A student-led effort to restart Tau Kappa Epsilon without national-level support resulted in a colony forming in 2006; however, the effort never generated the required membership and the colony was closed in 2012 without re-chartering. In March 2013, Murray State announced that Kappa Delta was selected to restart its chapter through an expansion effort that would begin in fall 2013. Kappa Delta's chapter was officially reinstalled on October 27, 2013. Delta Zeta was also approved to begin an expansion to Murray State in fall 2016, and Phi Mu was approved to expand to the campus between fall 2018 and fall 2020.


title: Murray State University

text: The Greek community also featured a local sorority from 1988 to 1994. Theta Chi Delta sorority was a member of MSU's Panhellenic Council and participated in most campus events. In 1994 the sorority became a colony of Phi Sigma Sigma but the colonization was unsuccessful and the organization folded in 1995.


title: Murray State University

text: In 2022, Murray State University announced a campaign to raise funds in support of the construction of a new plaza dedicated to the NPHC, National Pan-Hellenic Council, at the campus. The plaza includes nine columns representing the various organization's letters and crest. The purpose of this project is to educate the community of each organization's mission to promote "unanimity." The plaza reminds community members and campus overall as a symbol of welcome, hope and pride.


title: Murray State University

text: The "divine nine" NPHC organizations at Murray State University that will be represented at the plaza include: Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Incorporated, Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated, Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity Incorporated, Omega Psi Phi Fraternity Incorporated, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Incorporated, Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity Incorporated,Zeta Phi Beta Sorority Incorporated, Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority Incorporated, Iota Phi Theta Fraternity Incorporated.


title: Murray State University

text: The alma mater of Murray State University is sung to the tune of "Annie Lisle" and has two verses. A.B. Austin, onetime Dean of Men, wrote the words in 1935. It is traditionally sung at student orientation, convocation and commencement ceremonies, athletic events and other special events on campus.


title: Murray State University

text: All-Campus Sing is an annual event, first held in 1958, that takes place each April in which residential colleges, fraternities, sororities and other student organizations compete in a choreographed song and dance competition. The event is hosted by the Iota Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Iota (the original organizer of the event), with financial assistance from the MSU Alumni Association and the office of student affairs. It is held on the steps of historic Lovett Auditorium.


title: Murray State University

text: Campus Lights is the longest running student produced and performed musical in the South. The show was started in 1938 by the Gamma Delta chapter of Phi Mu Alpha as a fundraiser to pay the chapter's chartering fees. Campus Lights is now produced by a joint effort of the Gamma Delta chapter of Phi Mu Alpha and the Iota Beta chapter of Sigma Alpha Iota. All proceeds from the show are given to the department of music in order to fund scholarships.


title: Murray State University

text: In 1976, the tradition of having a thoroughbred run around the track after every MSU football touchdown began. The name of that first racehorse was Violet Cactus. She died in 1984, and was buried at Roy Stewart Stadium, near the area where the current Racer One begins its run around the football field after a Racer touchdown. She is the only mascot to be interred inside the walls of the stadium. Since 1985, each horse that has circled the football field after touchdowns has been known as Racer One. Several horses have filled the role of Racer One since 1985, and the position is currently held by a horse named Vegas. Each fall, sophomores and juniors with riding experience can try out to serve as jockey of Racer One for the following football season. The position is typically held by a student in his or her senior year.


title: Murray State University

text: Located in front of Pogue Library, Murray State tradition dictates if a couple gets married after meeting at Murray State, they return to the Quad and each one nails one of their shoes to the "Shoe Tree." Many of the shoes include names and dates written on them. If the couple has a baby, the baby's shoes are sometimes also nailed to the tree. The shoe tree tradition originated around 1965. This tree (due to a high zinc content from the nails) is a common target of lightning and has caught fire in the past. Previous incarnations of the Shoe Tree were removed in 1999 and 2015 due to safety reasons; the tradition continues through the third tree. The Shoe Tree was featured in Danish pop band Lukas Graham's September 2018 music video for their song "Love Someone."


title: Murray State University

text: An annual tradition since 1989, Tent City is an event that takes place before every homecoming football game. At Tent City, more than 50 tents are set up on the track at Roy Stewart Stadium, representing fraternities, sororities, student organizations, and residential colleges. An average of 100 organizations participate each year. Students use this event as a chance to talk to and meet with alumni to help raise money for their activities throughout the school year.


title: Murray State University

text: The Murray State athletic teams are called the Racers. Their historic nickname had been the "Thoroughbreds", but all teams changed over time to "Racers", with the last holdout of baseball making the change in 2014. The university is a member of the NCAA Division I ranks (for football, the Football Championship Subdivision), primarily competing in the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) since the 2022–23 academic year. The Racers previously competed in the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) from 1948–49 to 2021–22; and in the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC; now currently known as the River States Conference (RSC) since the 2016–17 school year) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1933–34 to 1947–48.


title: Murray State University

text: Murray State competes in 15 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football and golf; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include rifle.


title: Murray State University

text: In July 2022, Murray State and Belmont will both leave the OVC to join the MVC. Because the MVC does not sponsor football, Murray State plans to remain in OVC football for the 2022 season before leaving for the Missouri Valley Football Conference (a separate entity from the MVC) in 2023. MSU will also maintain OVC membership in rifle, another sport not sponsored by the MVC.


title: Murray State University

text: Murray State is particularly renowned for its men's basketball program, which has made 18 appearances in the NCAA Tournament, most recently in 2022. In 2010, as a 13-seed, Murray State won their second ever NCAA tournament game on a buzzer beater against 4th-seeded Vanderbilt. Former Alabama head basketball coach Mark Gottfried coached the Racers to three Ohio Valley Conference Championships all three years he coached there, the only OVC coach to accomplish such a mark. The Racer men's basketball team was also led to the 2012 OVC championship by Coach Steve Prohm. The basketball program has been recognized as one of the top 30 basketball programs in modern history by ESPN.


title: Murray State University

text: Murray State also is home to one of the nation's top rifle programs. The Racers claimed national championships in 1978 (NRA), 1985 (NCAA) and 1987 (NCAA) and have produced six individual NCAA national champions, including two-time national titlist and 1984 Summer Olympics gold medalist Pat Spurgin.


title: Murray State University

text: The football program has become a stepping-stone to major college-coaching success. Frank Beamer, the former Virginia Tech head coach who built that program into a national power in the 1990s and early 2000s, and former Ole Miss head coach Houston Nutt are both former Racers head coaches. Former Maryland head coach Ralph Friedgen was a Racers assistant under Beamer, and former Illinois head coach Ron Zook was an assistant under former ESPN college football analyst Mike Gottfried, who was Beamer's predecessor as head coach.


title: Murray State University

text: Murray State is also the home of a nationally ranked collegiate bass fishing team which has won multiple titles, including national championships.


title: Murray State University

text: "The Murray State News" is the student newspaper of Murray State University. The newspaper has been the recipient of several ACP Pacemaker awards, the highest award given to collegiate newspapers, most recently in 2004. In October 2013 the newspaper won third place best-in-show for four-year weekly broadcast at the National College Media Convention in New Orleans. "The Murray State News" gained notoriety between 1998 and 2001 through the work of cartoonist Darin Shock. Shock earned the honor of top college cartoonist in the nation from the College Media Advisers in 2000. He had earned second place honors the previous year.


title: Murray State University

text: "Gateway Magazine" is a full-color, glossy magazine published annually as an imprint of "The Murray State News."


title: Murray State University

text: The school yearbook, "The Shield", was awarded three Pacemaker awards and two CSPA Silver Crowns. "The Shield" ceased publication with its 2008 edition due to financial concerns.


title: Murray State University

text: The university's national literary magazine, "New Madrid" with editor Ann Neelon, featured work from a range of nationally recognized authors, and received acclaim from sources as diverse as "La Bloga", a leading Hispanic journal, and "New Pages", a leading national review of literary magazines. A lack of funding led to suspension of publication in 2018.


title: Murray State University

text: WKMS-FM (91.3 FM) is a non-commercial, educational National Public Radio-affiliated station licensed and operated by Murray State University. It features a variety of NPR programming and local music shows ranging from classical music, bluegrass, alternative rock, jazz, electronica and world music.


title: Complex logarithm

text: In mathematics, a complex logarithm is a generalization of the natural logarithm to nonzero complex numbers. The term refers to one of the following, which are strongly related:


title: Complex logarithm

text: There is no continuous complex logarithm function defined on all of formula_18. Ways of dealing with this include branches, the associated Riemann surface, and partial inverses of the complex exponential function. The "principal value" defines a particular complex logarithm function formula_25 that is continuous except along the negative real axis; on the complex plane with the negative real numbers and 0 removed, it is the analytic continuation of the (real) natural logarithm.


title: Complex logarithm

text: For a function to have an inverse, it must map distinct values to distinct values; that is, it must be injective. But the complex exponential function is not injective, because formula_26 for any complex number formula_2 and integer "formula_15", since adding formula_29 to "formula_1" has the effect of rotating formula_31 counterclockwise "formula_9" radians. So the points


title: Complex logarithm

text: equally spaced along a vertical line, are all mapped to the same number by the exponential function. This means that the exponential function does not have an inverse function in the standard sense. There are two solutions to this problem.


title: Complex logarithm

text: One is to restrict the domain of the exponential function to a region that "does not contain any two numbers differing by an integer multiple of formula_34": this leads naturally to the definition of branches of formula_5, which are certain functions that single out one logarithm of each number in their domains. This is analogous to the definition of formula_36 on formula_37 as the inverse of the restriction of formula_38 to the interval formula_39: there are infinitely many real numbers formula_9 with formula_41, but one arbitrarily chooses the one in formula_39.


title: Complex logarithm

text: Another way to resolve the indeterminacy is to view the logarithm as a function whose domain is not a region in the complex plane, but a Riemann surface that "covers" the punctured complex plane in an infinite-to-1 way.


title: Complex logarithm

text: Branches have the advantage that they can be evaluated at complex numbers. On the other hand, the function on the Riemann surface is elegant in that it packages together "all" branches of the logarithm and does not require an arbitrary choice as part of its definition.


title: Complex logarithm

text: For each nonzero complex number formula_1, the principal value formula_44 is the logarithm whose imaginary part lies in the interval formula_45. The expression formula_46 is left undefined since there is no complex number "formula_2" satisfying formula_48.


title: Complex logarithm

text: When the notation formula_5 appears without any particular logarithm having been specified, it is generally best to assume that the principal value is intended. In particular, this gives a value consistent with the real value of formula_50 when formula_1 is a positive real number. The capitalization in the notation formula_52 is used by some authors to distinguish the principal value from other logarithms of "formula_1".


title: Complex logarithm

text: The polar form of a nonzero complex number formula_54 is formula_55, where formula_56 is the absolute value of formula_1, and formula_9 is its argument. The absolute value is real and positive. The argument is defined up to addition of an integer multiple of . Its principal value is the value that belongs to the interval formula_45, which is expressed as formula_60.


title: Complex logarithm

text: Another way to describe formula_44 is as the inverse of a restriction of the complex exponential function, as in the previous section. The horizontal strip formula_65 consisting of complex numbers formula_66 such that formula_67 is an example of a region not containing any two numbers differing by an integer multiple of formula_68, so the restriction of the exponential function to formula_65 has an inverse. In fact, the exponential function maps formula_65 bijectively to the punctured complex plane formula_71, and the inverse of this restriction is formula_72. The conformal mapping section below explains the geometric properties of this map in more detail.


title: Complex logarithm

text: On the region formula_73 consisting of complex numbers that are not negative real numbers or 0, the function formula_44 is the analytic continuation of the natural logarithm. The values on the negative real line can be obtained as limits of values at nearby complex numbers with positive imaginary parts.


title: Complex logarithm

text: Not all identities satisfied by formula_75 extend to complex numbers. It is true that formula_76 for all formula_77 (this is what it means for formula_44 to be a logarithm of "formula_1"), but the identity formula_80 fails for "formula_1" outside the strip formula_65. For this reason, one cannot always apply formula_52 to both sides of an identity formula_84 to deduce formula_85. Also, the identity formula_86 can fail: the two sides can differ by an integer multiple of formula_87; for instance,


title: Complex logarithm

text: The function formula_44 is discontinuous at each negative real number, but continuous everywhere else in formula_18. To explain the discontinuity, consider what happens to formula_92 as "formula_1" approaches a negative real number "formula_94". If "formula_1" approaches "formula_94" from above, then formula_92 approaches "formula_98", which is also the value of formula_99 itself. But if "formula_1" approaches "formula_94" from below, then formula_92 approaches "formula_103". So formula_92 "jumps" by formula_105 as "formula_1" crosses the negative real axis, and similarly formula_44 jumps by formula_87.


title: Complex logarithm

text: Is there a different way to choose a logarithm of each nonzero complex number so as to make a function formula_109 that is continuous on "all" of formula_18? The answer is no. To see why, imagine tracking such a logarithm function along the unit circle, by evaluating formula_111 as formula_9 increases from formula_113 to formula_105. If formula_109 is continuous, then so is formula_116, but the latter is a difference of two logarithms of "formula_117", so it takes values in the discrete set formula_118, so it is constant. In particular, formula_119, which contradicts formula_120.


title: Complex logarithm

text: To obtain a continuous logarithm defined on complex numbers, it is hence necessary to restrict the domain to a smaller subset formula_17 of the complex plane. Because one of the goals is to be able to differentiate the function, it is reasonable to assume that the function is defined on a neighborhood of each point of its domain; in other words, formula_17 should be an open set. Also, it is reasonable to assume that "formula_17" is connected, since otherwise the function values on different components of "formula_17" could be unrelated to each other. All this motivates the following definition:


title: Complex logarithm

text: For example, the principal value defines a branch on the open set where it is continuous, which is the set formula_132 obtained by removing 0 and all negative real numbers from the complex plane.


title: Complex logarithm

text: converges locally uniformly for formula_134, so setting formula_135 defines a branch of formula_5 on the open disk of radius 1 centered at 1. (Actually, this is just a restriction of formula_44, as can be shown by differentiating the difference and comparing values at 1.)


title: Complex logarithm

text: Once a branch is fixed, it may be denoted "formula_5" if no confusion can result. Different branches can give different values for the logarithm of a particular complex number, however, so a branch must be fixed "in advance" (or else the principal branch must be understood) in order for "formula_5" to have a precise unambiguous meaning.


title: Complex logarithm

text: The argument above involving the unit circle generalizes to show that no branch of formula_5 exists on an open set "formula_17" containing a closed curve that winds around 0. One says that "formula_5 has a branch point at 0". To avoid containing closed curves winding around 0, "formula_17" is typically chosen as the complement of a ray or curve in the complex plane going from 0 (inclusive) to infinity in some direction. In this case, the curve is known as a branch cut. For example, the principal branch has a branch cut along the negative real axis.


title: Complex logarithm

text: If the function formula_109 is extended to be defined at a point of the branch cut, it will necessarily be discontinuous there; at best it will be continuous "on one side", like formula_44 at a negative real number.


title: Complex logarithm

text: Each branch formula_109 of formula_5 on an open set "formula_17" is the inverse of a restriction of the exponential function, namely the restriction to the image "formula_149". Since the exponential function is holomorphic (that is, complex differentiable) with nonvanishing derivative, the complex analogue of the inverse function theorem applies. It shows that formula_109 is holomorphic on "formula_17", and formula_152 for each "formula_1" in "formula_17". Another way to prove this is to check the Cauchy–Riemann equations in polar coordinates.


title: Complex logarithm

text: If the range of integration started at a positive number "formula_94" other than 1, the formula would have to be


title: Complex logarithm

text: In developing the analogue for the "complex" logarithm, there is an additional complication: the definition of the complex integral requires a choice of path. Fortunately, if the integrand is holomorphic, then the value of the integral is unchanged by deforming the path (while holding the endpoints fixed), and in a simply connected region "formula_17" (a region with "no holes"), "any" path from "formula_94" to "formula_1" inside "formula_17" can be continuously deformed inside "formula_17" into any other. All this leads to the following:


title: Complex logarithm

text: Any holomorphic map formula_165 satisfying formula_166 for all formula_167 is a conformal map, which means that if two curves passing through a point "formula_94" of "formula_17" form an angle "formula_170" (in the sense that the tangent lines to the curves at "formula_94" form an angle "formula_170"), then the images of the two curves form the "same" angle "formula_170" at "formula_174".


title: Complex logarithm

text: Since a branch of formula_5 is holomorphic, and since its derivative formula_5 is never 0, it defines a conformal map.


title: Complex logarithm

text: For example, the principal branch formula_177, viewed as a mapping from formula_132 to the horizontal strip defined by formula_179, has the following properties, which are direct consequences of the formula in terms of polar form:


title: Complex logarithm

text: Each circle and ray in the "z"-plane as above meet at a right angle. Their images under Log are a vertical segment and a horizontal line (respectively) in the "w"-plane, and these too meet at a right angle. This is an illustration of the conformal property of Log.


title: Complex logarithm

text: The various branches of formula_5 cannot be glued to give a single continuous function formula_184 because two branches may give different values at a point where both are defined. Compare, for example, the principal branch formula_44 on formula_132 with imaginary part formula_9 in formula_188 and the branch formula_109 on formula_190 whose imaginary part formula_9 lies in formula_192. These agree on the upper half plane, but not on the lower half plane. So it makes sense to glue the domains of these branches "only along the copies of the upper half plane". The resulting glued domain is connected, but it has two copies of the lower half plane. Those two copies can be visualized as two levels of a parking garage, and one can get from the formula_52 level of the lower half plane up to the formula_194 level of the lower half plane by going formula_195 radians counterclockwise around , first crossing the positive real axis (of the formula_52 level) into the shared copy of the upper half plane and then crossing the negative real axis (of the formula_194 level) into the formula_194 level of the lower half plane.


title: Complex logarithm

text: One can continue by gluing branches with imaginary part formula_9 in formula_200, in formula_201, and so on, and in the other direction, branches with imaginary part formula_9 in formula_203, in formula_204, and so on. The final result is a connected surface that can be viewed as a spiraling parking garage with infinitely many levels extending both upward and downward. This is the Riemann surface formula_205 associated to formula_5.


title: Complex logarithm

text: A point on formula_205 can be thought of as a pair formula_208 where formula_9 is a possible value of the argument of "formula_1". In this way, can be embedded in formula_211.


title: Complex logarithm

text: Because the domains of the branches were glued only along open sets where their values agreed, the branches glue to give a single well-defined function formula_212. It maps each point formula_208 on "formula_205" to formula_215. This process of extending the original branch formula_52 by gluing compatible holomorphic functions is known as analytic continuation.


title: Complex logarithm

text: There is a "projection map" from "formula_205" down to formula_18 that "flattens" the spiral, sending formula_208 to "formula_1". For any formula_221, if one takes all the points formula_208 of "formula_205" lying "directly above" "formula_1" and evaluates formula_225 at all these points, one gets all the logarithms of "formula_1".


title: Complex logarithm

text: Instead of gluing only the branches chosen above, one can start with "all" branches of formula_5, and simultaneously glue "every" pair of branches formula_228 and formula_229 along the largest open subset of formula_230 on which formula_231 and formula_232 agree. This yields the same Riemann surface "formula_205" and function formula_225 as before. This approach, although slightly harder to visualize, is more natural in that it does not require selecting any particular branches.


title: Complex logarithm

text: If "formula_235" is an open subset of "formula_205" projecting bijectively to its image "formula_17" in formula_18, then the restriction of formula_225 to "formula_235" corresponds to a branch of formula_5 defined on "formula_17". Every branch of formula_5 arises in this way.


title: Complex logarithm

text: The projection map formula_244 realizes "formula_205" as a covering space of formula_18. In fact, it is a Galois covering with deck transformation group isomorphic to formula_247, generated by the homeomorphism sending formula_208 to formula_249.


title: Complex logarithm

text: As a complex manifold, "formula_205" is biholomorphic with formula_251 via formula_225. (The inverse map sends "formula_1" to "formula_254".) This shows that "formula_205" is simply connected, so "formula_205" is the universal cover of formula_18.


title: Complex logarithm

text: with the only caveat that its value depends on the choice of a branch of log defined at "formula_259" and "formula_271" (with formula_275). For example, using the principal value gives


title: Complex logarithm

text: If "f" is a holomorphic function on a connected open subset "formula_17" of formula_251, then a branch of formula_279 on "formula_17" is a continuous function "formula_281" on "formula_17" such that "formula_283" for all "formula_1" in "formula_17". Such a function "formula_281" is necessarily holomorphic with "formula_287" for all "formula_1" in "formula_17".


title: Complex logarithm

text: If "formula_17" is a simply connected open subset of formula_251, and formula_292 is a nowhere-vanishing holomorphic function on "formula_17", then a branch of formula_279 defined on "formula_17" can be constructed by choosing a starting point "a" in "formula_17", choosing a logarithm "formula_259" of "formula_174", and defining


title: LWRC M6

text: The M6 is a series of carbines designed and manufactured by LWRC International. It is based on the M4 carbine, with which it shares 80% of its parts. The 'M' model name is not a US military designation. Like the HK416, it features a proprietary short-stroke self-regulating gas piston system and bolt carrier/carrier key design, which prevents trapped gases from contacting the bolt carrier or receiver of the weapon. The manufacturer claims that this reduces the heating and carbon fouling of the internals, simplifies field maintenance, and improves reliability.


title: LWRC M6

text: Standard length barrel is 16.1 in, with a 1:7″ twist (six lands, right twist) barrel with a ferritic nitrocarburized surface conversion which covers the barrel, inside and out, as well as the piston components. Barrel lengths of 10.5″, 12.7″, 14.7″ and 18″ (available for select models) are available.


title: LWRC M6

text: The M6 is LWRC's most basic model. It is the most similar to the M4, but it still has the short-stroke gas piston system common to all LWRC's models.


title: LWRC M6

text: The M6A1 is also similar to the M4, but is designed to accept SOPMOD accessories similar to the M4A1 used by USSOCOM. The difference between the M6 and the A1 model is the addition of a rail system.


title: LWRC M6

text: The M6A2 is identified by LWRC as its "standard carbine" and has features that allow it to be used in multiple roles beyond a rifle, such as an optional longer barrel allowing it to be used as a designated marksman rifle. It was an approved personal purchase duty carbine of the United States Drug Enforcement Administration in a special configuration called the M6A2 D-DEA, however, it is not standard issue. All A2 series use flip-up iron sights mounted to Mil Std 1913 style rail interfaces as the A2 series lacks a built-in sighting system like those found on A1 and A3 models.


title: LWRC M6

text: The M6A2 UCIW (Ultra Compact Individual Weapon) was adopted around 2012 in limited numbers by the UK Special Forces. The 7-inch (178 mm) barrel and the overall length of the carbine at 22-inches (559 mm) met the key requirement in the UKSF trials that produced the weapon, which competed successfully for the British contract against the HK416C. The 5.56×45mm NATO UCIW weighs and is apparently intended for use by UKSF dog handlers, team leaders, signallers and for use in vehicles and whilst conducting covert reconnaissance and close protection, replacing the 9×19mm Parabellum MP5K machine pistol in the latter role. The weapon is often seen in Afghanistan with a SureFire suppressor and either an Aimpoint, Trijicon, or EO Tech optic.


title: LWRC M6

text: The LWRC PSD is an ultra-short barrel carbine with an 8-inch barrel and Magpul CTR stock. Derived from the M6A2 carbine, it comes chambered in 5.56mm NATO or 6.8mm Remington SPC. It is also available without a stock as the M6A2-P Pistol, but is semi-automatic and also chambered in 5.56mm and 6.8mm Remington SPC.


title: LWRC M6

text: The M6A3 is designed specifically to be a designated marksman rifle. This rifle uses a midlength short stroke gas piston system to reduce recoil and increases the speed of follow up shots. It features an adjustable gas system to allow the user to adapt the rifle to different conditions and is designed to accommodate optics such as scopes and reflex sights. The A3 integrates a gas block using a flip up front sight as opposed to the fixed AR series sight of the M6 and M6A1.


title: LWRC M6

text: The M6A4 was designed to fulfill the role of the squad automatic weapon. It was developed for the United States Marine Corps' Infantry Automatic Rifle program, which sought to replace some M249s with a more maneuverable weapon. However, it was not accepted for final testing in favor of a Heckler & Koch HK416 variant.


title: LWRC M6

text: Externally identical to the M6A3, it fires from a closed bolt during semi-automatic fire, and from an open bolt during automatic fire which is labeled as "OBA" for Open Bolt Automatic. While in OBA mode, the first round may be fired from a closed bolt (it will then lock back and subsequent shots will be from an open bolt until the operator manually closes the bolt again). Firing from an open bolt increases cooling and eliminates the potential for accidental discharges due to rounds "cooking off" in an overheated chamber. It also allows for a faster rate of fire. However, an open bolt design meant that the first round fired will have reduced accuracy when compared to a closed bolt design. This is due to the fact that when the trigger is pulled, the bolt slams forward under spring tension, stripping a round from the feeding device, chambering it, then firing it. This sequence of events shakes the firearm and takes longer than a closed bolt design to fire the first round (greater lock time). This also introduces extra potential points of failure in the ignition of the first round.


title: LWRC M6

text: Developed for the eventually cancelled US Army Individual Carbine Competition, the Individual Carbine is a 5.56×45mm weapons system. First batch units used a spiral-fluted barrel in either 14.7 inches or 16.1 inches. Later units returned to a more conventional style. The front gas block differed from other M6-series via a bayonet mounting gas block with flip-up iron sight. The IC-SPR, a sub-variant of the IC, sported a low-profile gas block. The system used a monolithic rail system that was forged as part of the upper receiver.


title: LWRC M6

text: IC comes standard with a Magpul MOE pistol grip, and either a Magpul stock or a proprietary compact stock. The M6-IC was not down selected as part of the competition.


title: LWRC M6

text: The Six8 is a derivative of the M6-series with variants conforming to the M6A2, M6A2 SPR and PSD but engineered specifically around the 6.8×43mm SPCII round. LWRCI partnered with ATK and Magpul to develop the Six8 to fulfill a large overseas military contract. ATK developed the contract ammunition, a 90-grain Gold Dot round optimized for short-barreled rifles. Magpul created a larger variation of their PMAG magazine, called the "Black Widow," with a blood-red follower for the 6.8mm round. The upper and lower receivers were developed specifically to fit this Magpul magazine and optimized around the 6.8×43mm round.


title: LWRC M6

text: The flagship model of the Six8 series is the UCIW which features an 8.5-inch barrel. The A2 and SPR variations feature longer barrel lengths including 12.7, 14.7, and 16.1 inches. Weapons of this series come standard with Magpul MOE pistol grips, LWRCI proprietary compact stocks, and iron sights.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: The Mateba Model 6 Unica (often known simply as the Mateba or the Mateba Autorevolver) is a recoil operated semi-automatic revolver, one of only a few of this type ever produced. It was developed by Mateba, based in Pavia, Italy. Inventor Emilio Ghisoni (1937–2008), who was also famous for later designing the Chiappa Rhino, is listed as the owner of which details the operation of the weapon. International produced and manufactured.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: The Mateba Model 6 uses the recoil from firing to rotate the cylinder and cock the hammer, unlike conventional revolvers, which depend on the user physically pulling the trigger and/or cocking the hammer to actuate the weapon's mechanism of operation.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: The Mateba Autorevolver's barrel alignment is different from most other revolvers. The barrel is aligned with the bottom of the cylinder instead of the top. This lowers the bore axis (line of the barrel) which directs the recoil in line with the shooter's hand thereby reducing the twisting motion or muzzle flip of normal revolvers.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: The gun's entire upper assembly (barrel, cylinder and frame) are mounted on rails on the lower frame, which houses the trigger, hammer, and grip, and recoils 1/2 of an inch, or 12.7mm, on firing. The rearward motion of the upper assembly cocks the hammer, and the cylinder is rotated on the forward stroke. This unique action makes this revolver a semi automatic weapon, making it one of the very few semi automatic revolver designs, another notable design being the Webley–Fosbery Self-Cocking Automatic Revolver. The inclusion of the 454 Casull chambering makes the gun one of, if not the, most powerful semi-automatic handgun ever produced. This chambering places the Mateba in comparison to firearms like the Wildey pistol chambered in .475 Wildey Magnum and .44 Mag examples of the AutoMag pistol.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: Early models of the Unica 6 Autorevolver did not include a mounting point at the front of the frame forward of the trigger guard, and instead had a simple bevel.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: Late model Unica 6's and Grifones are sometimes seen with mismatched parts, e.g. blued cylinders on a nickel frame or grifone stamped upper receivers on unica 6 lowers, this was due to Italian bankruptcy laws requiring the company to continue operations after declaring insolvency without manufacturing any new inventory, while liquidating all existing inventory and assets. After this receivership period, all remaining stock leftover including parts was sold to CDNN Investments in Abilene, Texas and liquidated at discount rates.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: In addition, their barrels can be changed with interchangeable 3", 4", 5", 6", 7" and 8" inch barrels.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: There was apparently chambering in 30-357 AeT offered according to manuals released in 2000-2001, it is unknown if any were actually produced in this caliber.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: The buttstock came in 2 styles, a solid traditionally shaped walnut stock, or a "skeletonized" style all metal stock with a walnut cheekrest.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: Mateba Autorevolvers chambered in .357 Magnum can be loaded with .38 Special ammunition. Typical .38 Special loads do not have enough power to fully cycle the recoil mechanism, but the weapon will still function with a double-action trigger pull. There are two optional recoil springs designed specifically for .38 Special cartridges that can be installed by the operator to overcome this problem (.38 Special and .38 wadcutter). Replacing the spring requires the removal of the slide assembly, which is blocked by a retaining pin held in place by a small set screw in the triggerguard. The barrel shroud acts as the spring keeper and guide rod bushing.


title: Mateba Autorevolver

text: Autorevolvers chambered in 44 Magnum can have the recoil spring swapped out to shoot 44 special and 454 Casull can fire 45 Long Colt with a spring swap.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Kamal Nath (born 18 November 1946) is an Indian politician who served as the 18th Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh for approximately 15 months and resigned after a political crisis. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from March 2020 to April 2022.


title: Kamal Nath

text: As a leader of the Indian National Congress he has served as the Minister of Urban Development. He is one of the longest serving and most senior members of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament. He was appointed the Pro Tem Speaker of the 16th Lok Sabha. He has been elected nine times from the Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency of Madhya Pradesh. Nath was elected president of the Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee in May 2018, leading the party in the November–December 2018 assembly election. He assumed the office of Chief Minister on 17 December 2018 and resigned on 20 March 2020 due to lack of majority in government.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Kamal Nath was born in Kanpur in a business family. His father Mahendra Nath Soni family' established firms involved with exhibition and distribution of films, publishing, trading power transmission.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Kamal is an alumnus of The Doon School. Later, he was graduated in Commerce from the St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Nath was first elected to the 7th Lok Sabha in 1980. He was re-elected to the 8th Lok Sabha in 1984, the 9th Lok Sabha in 1989, and the 10th Lok Sabha in 1991.


title: Kamal Nath

text: He was inducted into the Union Council of Ministers as Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Environment and Forests in June 1991. From 1995 to 1996 he served as Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Textiles.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Nath was elected to the 12th Lok Sabha in 1998 and the 13th Lok Sabha in 1999. From 2001 to 2004, he was the General Secretary of the Indian National Congress (INC). He was re-elected to the 14th Lok Sabha in the 2004 elections and served as Union Cabinet Minister of Commerce and Industry from 2004 to 2009.


title: Kamal Nath

text: On 16 May 2009 he again won the elections from his constituency for the 15th Lok Sabha and re-entered the Cabinet, this time as Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways. In 2011, as a result of a cabinet reshuffle, Nath replaced Jaipal Reddy to take on the role of Minister of Urban Development.


title: Kamal Nath

text: In October 2012 Nath was confirmed to the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs in addition to his current role as Minister of Urban Development.


title: Kamal Nath

text: In late 2012 Nath replaced Pranab Mukherjee to help the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government win a crucial debate on foreign direct investment in India (FDI). Nath also replaced Minister of Rural Development Jairam Ramesh as an "ex officio" member of the Planning Commission in December 2012.


title: Kamal Nath

text: From 4 to 5 June 2014 Kamal Nath was the only member to have taken the official oath as a member of the newly elected 16th Lok Sabha, and was made the Pro Tem Speaker. The first day of the Lok Sabha, on which the Pro Tem Speaker normally administers the oath to all other elected members, was interrupted by the death of Union Cabinet Minister of Rural Development Gopinath Munde. The House was adjourned after paying tribute to Munde and observing a two-minute silence. Since no other elected member had taken the oath that day, they were not officially members of parliament.


title: Kamal Nath

text: On 13 December 2018, Kamal Nath was elected as the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh after the INC emerged as the single largest party with 114 seats.


title: Kamal Nath

text: On 28 April 2022, Kamal Nath stepped down from his position as Leader of Opposition in the Madhya Pradesh Assembly.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Kamal Nath is a member of the INC (Indian National Congress) political party and served as general secretary from 2001 to 2004.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Nath has close ties with the Nehru–Gandhi family, being young friends and schoolmates with Sanjay at the Doon School, an independent boarding school located in Dehradun.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Kamal Nath serves as president of the board of governors for The Institute of Management Technology (IMT) a management institution.


title: Kamal Nath

text: He is Chairman of "Madhya Pradesh Child Development Council" and Patron to the Bharat Yuvak Samaj (Youth Wing of All India Bharat Seva Samaj).


title: Kamal Nath

text: Nath is a strong proponent of economic development in India. At the World Economic Forum (WEF) Davos, Switzerland in 2011 Nath shared his views on improving market access for developing countries in the area of agriculture stating India's applied tariffs for exports in developed countries was very low. Nath claims that this is due to continued imports through schemes like EPCG (Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme) where tariffs are not levied.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Nath disagrees with the Trade protectionist outlook displayed among struggling countries and considers it to be the wrong response to a financial crisis. He has pushed for stronger international co-operation in India, such as expanding on Indo-German relations. Nath stated for a mutually beneficial relationship with Germany to exist it must rely on using both countries' manufacturing strengths. He outlined focus areas of production including telecom, engineering, environmental technology, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and food processing, and renewable energy. Kamal Nath describes India's entrepreneurial spirit and the countries' potential for global commerce growth in his book "India's Century".


title: Kamal Nath

text: Nath emphasises the need for infrastructure development in India with projects like the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, a 90 billion dollars industrial development project. The DMIC proposes major expansion of infrastructure and industry and aims to develop an industrial zone across six states in India. Within the first five years of the project expectations are set at doubling employment potential, tripling industrial output, and quadrupling exports from the region.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Kamal Nath advocates a PPP model on completing such ambitious projects like the DMIC and other infrastructure development projects. He references success with PPP models implemented in India's Metro operations.


title: Kamal Nath

text: In 2007, during Kamal Nath's tenure as Commerce minister, an Empowered Group of Ministers that included Nath, Pranab Mukherjee, and Sharad Pawar helped lift a ban on the export of non-basmati rice. It was alleged that PSUs involved in export of this rice to Africa outsourced the efforts to domestic private companies. It is claimed that the private companies made large profits while the PSUs reported small margins.


title: Kamal Nath

text: He was charge sheeted in the Hawala scandal and denied a ticket by the Congress itself in 1996, wherein he made his wife Alka Nath stand for elections from the Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency).


title: Kamal Nath

text: On 1 November 1984, a day after Indira Gandhi's assassination, anti Sikh Massacre broke out in Delhi as a result of which at least 2,733 people were killed by mobs. Nanavati commission led by a retired Judge of the Supreme Court of India investigated the riots some 25 years after it happened but were unable to find surviving evidence. The commission found that the allegations of his involvement lacked sufficient evidence as of 2008–09. Nath was not charged and he later stated that he was "fully absolved" by the Nanavati Commission.


title: Kamal Nath

text: The Income Tax Department, an Indian government agency, conducted inspections at the properties of relatives and aides of CM Kamal Nath in April 2019. The agency claimed detecting about in unaccounted cash, including paid to the Congress headquarters in Delhi through hawala. Kailash Vijayvargiya tweeted about the estimation of the detected illegal cash before the Central Board of Direct Taxes' statement on the raids, Kamal Nath's media coordinator Narender Saluja in turn said the raids were orchestrated to malign his party.


title: Kamal Nath

text: While addressing a rally during the 2020 Madhya Pradesh By-Election, Nath referred to MP cabinet minister Imarti Devi as 'Item' (colloquially considered as a sexually provocative word/objectification of women). His comments were heavily criticised by several leaders and activists. The Bharatiya Janata Party and the National Commission for Women approached to the Election Commission of India to complain about the derogatory remarks against the Scheduled Caste candidate and demanded to ban him from campaigning during the by-polls.


title: Kamal Nath

text: On 30 October 2020, the Election Commission of India revoked the star campaigner status of Kamal Nath citing repeated violation of Model Code of Conduct while campaigning for the elections.


title: Kamal Nath

text: Kamal Nath was born in 1946 In Kanpur to Mahendra Nath and Lila Nath. He has two sister, Anita Puri and Rita Jolly. He married Alka Nath on 27 January 1973 and has two sons, Nakul Nath and Bakul Nath. The family has owned several successful businesses including real estate, aviation, plantations and hospitality. Alka Nath and Nakul Nath have both been elected to India's parliament.


title: Pomfret

text: Pomfrets are perciform fishes belonging to the family Bramidae. The family currently includes 20 species across seven genera. Several species are important food sources for humans, especially "Brama brama" in South Asia. The earlier form of the pomfret's name was "", a word which probably ultimately comes from Portuguese "pampo", referring to various fish such as the blue butterfish ("Stromateus fiatola"). The fish meat is white in color.


title: Pomfret

text: They are found globally in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, as well as numerous seas including the Norwegian, Mediterranean, and Sea of Japan. Nearly all species can be found in the high seas. However, fishes in the genera "Pterycombus" and "Pteraclis" tend to be found off continental shelves. Further, fishes in the genus "Eumegistus" are hypothesized to be largely benthic and found to occupy deep water shelves.


title: Operation Serval

text: Operation Serval () was a French military operation in Mali. The aim of the operation was to oust Islamic militants from the north of Mali, who had begun a push into the center of Mali.


title: Operation Serval

text: Operation Serval followed the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2085 of 20 December 2012 and an official request by the Malian interim government for French military assistance. The operation ended on 15 July 2014, and was replaced by Operation Barkhane, launched on 1 August 2014 to fight Islamist fighters in the Sahel. Three of the five Islamic leaders, Abdelhamid Abou Zeid, Abdel Krim and Omar Ould Hamaha were killed, while Mokhtar Belmokhtar fled to Libya and Iyad ag Ghali fled to Algeria.


title: Operation Serval

text: In January 2012, following an influx of weapons that occurred after the Libyan Civil War, Tuareg tribesmen of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) began a rebellion against Mali's central government. In April, the MNLA said it had accomplished its goals and called off its offensive against the government, proclaiming the independence of Azawad. In June 2012, the MNLA came into conflict with the Islamist groups Ansar Dine and the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA), after the Islamists began imposing Sharia in Azawad.


title: Operation Serval

text: By 17 July, MOJWA and Ansar Dine had pushed the MNLA out of all the major cities. On 1 September 2012, the town of Douentzain the Mopti Region, until then controlled by the Ganda Iso militia, was taken by the MOJWA, and on 28 November 2012, the MNLA was pushed out of Léré, Timbuktu Region, by Ansar Dine.


title: Operation Serval

text: Initially, the French Air Force deployed two Mirage F1 CR Reconnaissance from the 2/33 "Savoie" Reconnaissance Squadron and six Mirage 2000D fighter jets, which were already part of the French military Opération Épervier in Chad. Additionally, the Air Force deployed three KC-135 Stratotanker planes, as well as one C-130 Hercules and one Transall C-160 transport planes from the French airbase in N'Djamena.


title: Operation Serval

text: On 13 January, four Rafale fighter jets of the 1/7 "Provence" Fighter Squadron flew from the Saint-Dizier Airbase in France to attack targets in the city of Gao. The Rafale planes then proceeded to N'Djamena and would remain based there for the duration of the conflict. By 16 January, the French Air Force dispatched two additional KC-135 Stratotanker planes and two Harfang UAVs from the 1/33 "Belfort" Reconnaissance Squadron to N'Djamena.


title: Operation Serval

text: To transport Army troops to Bamako, the Air Force used the Airbus A310 and A340 of the 3/60 "Estérel" Transport Squadron. On 23 January, a detachment of Fusiliers Commandos de l'Air was deployed to the airport in Bamako to provide security for the French Air Force assets stationed there and to execute combat search and rescue missions if necessary. Along with the Fusiliers, the Air Force deployed two Puma helicopters of the 1/67 "Pyrénées" Helicopter Squadron in the combat search and rescue role to Bamako. On 25 January, the Air Force deployed two additional Rafale fighter jets and two additional KC-135 Stratotanker planes to N'Djamena, bringing the total to six Rafale jets and 5 KC-135's in the theater of operations.


title: Operation Serval

text: Transall C-160 transport planes from the 1/64 "Béarn" and 2/64 "Anjou" squadrons and C-130H Hercules transport planes from the 2/61 "Franche Comté" squadrons were used to ferry materiel to Bamako, while Transall C-160 transport planes from the 3/61 "Poitou" Transport Squadron flew reinforcements to the airport of Gao.


title: Operation Serval

text: French Army forces deployed included one company of the 21st Marine Infantry Regiment, an Armored Cavalry platoon of the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment and one company of the 2nd Marine Infantry Regiment. On 14 January, the French Army Light Aviation transported Eurocopter Tiger HAP attack helicopters from the 5 Régiment d'Hélicoptères de Combat to Mali. A company from the 3rd Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment and soldiers from the 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and the 17th Parachute Engineer Regiment, which are all currently deployed as part of Opération Licorne in Ivory Coast, left Abidjan in a convoy of 60 vehicles for the Malian capital of Bamako.


title: Operation Serval

text: The Commander of the French Land Forces, General Bertrand Clément-Bollée, announced that a company of the 92nd Infantry Regiment, equipped with VBCI Infantry fighting vehicles, has been sent to Mali. An additional three companies equipped with VBCI and one squadron equipped with Leclerc main battle tanks could be sent on short notice if required. An armored company of the Marine Infantry Tank Regiment is being deployed to Mali as are CAESAR self-propelled howitzers.


title: Operation Serval

text: On 21 January, a company of the 3rd Marine Infantry Regiment arrived in Bamako to provide security for the allied airhead. Ground operations are commanded by Brigadier General Bernard Barrera, commanding officer of the 3rd Mechanized Brigade.


title: Operation Serval

text: At the end of May 2013, the French Army began to draw down its forces in Mali. For further combat operations, a mixed combat group named "GTIA Désert" (Groupement tactique interarmes Désert) was activated in Gao, on 20 May 2013. Only this combat group will remain in the area for further combat operations and to support the MISMA, MINUSMA and EUTM Mali missions, as well as the Malian Army. The "GTIA Désert" is composed of the following units:


title: Operation Serval

text: The French Navy deployed five Breguet Atlantic long-range reconnaissance aircraft operating from Dakar in Senegal and transported two companies of the 92nd Infantry Regiment along with their equipment and military materiel on the amphibious assault ship from Toulon to Dakar in Senegal. "Dixmude" was escorted on her journey by the corvette "Lieutenant de vaisseau Le Hénaff".


title: Operation Serval

text: The French National Gendarmerie deployed two platoons of gendarmes to Mali in the military police role:


title: Operation Serval

text: The operation began on 11 January 2013, with French Army Gazelle helicopters armed with 20 mm cannons from the 4th Special Forces Helicopter Regiment attacking a rebel column near Sévaré. French forces suffered one casualty when a Gazelle attack helicopter came under small arms fire and one of the two pilots was hit. The pilot, Lt. Damien Boiteux, later died of his injuries. The other pilot managed to fly the helicopter back to base, but the aircraft was written off as lost due to the damage sustained.


title: Operation Serval

text: By 12 January, hundreds of French troops were involved in the military operation in Mali, with special focus in the Battle of Konna. The Malian army claimed that, with their help, it had retaken Konna, which it had lost a few days earlier. French airstrikes appeared to stop the rebel advance to the south which prompted the intervention and destroyed an Ansar Dine command post near Konna.


title: Operation Serval

text: France asked the U.S. to speed up its contribution by sending drones to improve surveillance over the vast area of northern Mali. The Pentagon was reported to have studied the French request. Meanwhile, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom announced that his country would lend logistical support to the operation. ECOWAS troops preparing to deploy to Mali also decided to move up their arrival date to 14 January at the latest.


title: Operation Serval

text: According to Human Rights Watch, 10 civilians were killed when Malian forces fought to recapture Konna.


title: Operation Serval

text: On 13 January, French planes bombed rebels' positions in Gao. Air strikes hit a fuel depot and a customs house being used as a headquarters by the Islamist rebels. Dozens of Islamist fighters were killed. A Malian security source put the number of dead fighters at 60. On 15 January, the French defense minister confirmed that the Mali military had still not recaptured Konna from rebel forces, despite earlier claims that they did.


title: Operation Serval

text: On 15 January, French special forces entered the strategically important central town of Markala, describing it as "secured" on 19 January. The French and Malian forces launched a major ground offensive into the North of the country for the first time on 16 January. Along with French help, Malian forces took back control of Konna on 18 January. On 21 January, the Malian military, with the aid of French air support, took possession of Diabaly. The next day, Chadian forces began moving from Niger's capital city, Niamey, to Ouallam, a position some one-hundred kilometers south of the Malian border.


title: Operation Serval

text: On 25 January, it was reported that a combined force of French and Malian troops captured the town of Hombori, about 100 miles south of Gao. French forces also bombed Islamist troops and their supply stores around Gao. This resulted in the destruction of two Islamist bases with fuel stocks and weapon dumps.


title: Operation Serval

text: On the morning 26 January, French forces captured the airport at Gao and seized the main Wabary bridge over the Niger River into Gao. French special forces were also in action against rebels that had melted into the local population. During the next few hours, the French-Malian forces assaulted the town of Gao, backed by French warplanes and helicopters. The Islamists lost a dozen fighters, while the French suffered no losses or injuries. A Malian army spokesman said on 27 January that the "Malian army and the French control Gao today".


title: Operation Serval

text: On the 27 January, French forces captured Timbuktu without resistance after Islamist fighters fled the city to avoid French airstrikes. In capturing Timbuktu, documents left by AQIM were found revealing the strategic organization of the group. After gaining the airport on 27 January, the next day, Malian and French military sources claimed that the entire area between Gao and Timbuktu was under government control and access to the city was available.


title: Operation Serval

text: Three days after capturing Timbuktu, French and Malian forces entered the town of Kidal on 30 January, approximately 200 kilometers from the Algerian border. The town and its airport were taken without resistance from Islamic militants. It was the last major town to be held by the militants. Despite the capture of all major towns, French and Malian forces clashed with Islamists outside Gao on 5 February. Several French troops suffered light wounds during the skirmish, which involved long-range small arms and rocket fire. On 8 February, French and Chadian troops claimed to have occupied the town of Tessalit, near the Algerian border, and seat of one of the last airports still not controlled by the Malian government and its allies. The same day, the first suicide attack in the conflict took place in Gao, resulting in one Malian soldier injured and the death of the attacker. On 10 February, the Islamists made an attack in Gao, which was countered by French and Malian troops securing the nearby area of Bourem on 17 February.


title: Operation Serval

text: On 19 February, a French soldier (member of the French Foreign Legion) was killed during heavy fighting in the Adrar des Ifoghas mountains in the far North East of Mali near the Algerian border. On 3 March, a French paratrooper was killed in the same area and the Chadian army announced the killing of the two Islamic Algerian leaders, Abdelhamid Abou Zeid and Mokhtar Belmokhtar. This was not confirmed by the French army. On 5 March, the death of Abou Zeid was confirmed by a member of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).


title: Operation Serval

text: On 6 March, a French Army sergeant from the 68th African artillery regiment was killed during an operation in eastern Mali around 100 km (60 miles) from the town of Gao, the former stronghold of the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA). On 17 March, a corporal from the 1st Marine Infantry Regiment was killed when his vehicle was hit by an Improvised explosive device in the south of Tessalit in the Adrar des Ifoghas massif. Three other soldiers were wounded by the explosion.


title: Operation Serval

text: On 30 March, the city of Timbuktu was attacked when a suicide bomber blew himself up at a Malian army checkpoint, allowing a group of rebels to infiltrate by night. A contingent of around fifty French soldiers supported by French fighter jets were then sent to reinforce the Malian army who could not repel the rebel attack. By 1 April, rebel presence in the city was cleared. On 12 April, two suicide bombers detonated their belts, blowing themselves up near a group of Chadian soldiers, in a busy market in Kidal. At least three soldiers were killed in the explosion and a dozen of civilians were wounded.


title: Operation Serval

text: On 11 May 2013, the command of ground operations of in Mali passed from the 3 Brigade Mécanisée to the 6 Brigade Légère Blindée. On 25 May 2013, French forces began their first stage of withdrawal when a convoy of lorries left Bamako for Ivory Coast, carrying equipment and vehicles no longer needed. On 30 July, a French soldier was killed in a vehicle accident and a second soldier suffered injuries. This marked the ninth death among French soldiers killed in support of operations in Mali.


title: Operation Serval

text: The second in command of AQIM, Hacene Ould Khalill, was killed during a raid by French special forces near Tessalit in November 2013.


title: Operation Serval

text: On the evening of 16 April 2014, the French army destroyed two pickup trucks containing jihadists north of Timbuktu. They then used air and ground forces to intercept other vehicles. During the night of 16 to 17 April, the French special forces, backed by troops from Operation Serval and helicopters come in contact with the Islamist fighters. The French began by firing warning shots, but the jihadists refused to surrender and opened fire. Faced with the advance of the French military, they abandoned their vehicles and ran, suffering more losses. According to the French Ministry of Defense "part of the terrorist group" is "neutralized. According to the staff of the armies, a dozen fighters are neutralized, that is to say killed.


title: Operation Serval

text: A number of hostages were abandoned by their jihadist captors at the beginning of the fight. The former hostages were then exfiltrated by the French military. Those released were Malians and four Tuaregs. On the evening of 17 April, in a joint statement, the French president and the president of Mali, announced the release of five hostages. The ICRC also published a statement in which he welcomed the release and said that two humanitarian workers had suffered minor injuries but their life was not in danger.


title: Operation Serval

text: In the wake of the French deployment, ECOWAS said that it had ordered its African-led International Support Mission to Mali to be deployed immediately, and the European Union said it had increased preparations for sending a military training mission, EUTM Mali.


title: Operation Serval

text: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon hoped on 12 January that the French government's decision would "be consistent with the spirit" of UN Security Council resolution 2085 adopted in December. Algerian foreign ministry spokesman Amar Belani expressed support for the Malian transitional authorities, and "noted that Mali has asked, in line with its sovereignty, for friendly powers to reinforce its national capacities to fight terrorism".


title: Operation Serval

text: Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Secretary General of NATO (2009-2014), said that he did not see a role for the NATO in Mali ("NATO can't be the world's policeman, travelling from country to country, solving all the problems. So I think it's a good idea to have a division of labour. [..] the United Nation Security Council has mandated an African-led stabilisation force to take action in Mali").


title: Operation Serval

text: Germany could take part in any European training mission to Mali to help its government prepare troops to counter the insurgents, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said on 14 January. German foreign minister Guido Westerwelle ruled out the possibility of German armed forces taking part in a combat mission in Mali, but he also said Germany was prepared to help train the Mali Armed Forces.


title: Operation Serval

text: On 14 January, the Tuareg separatist MNLA declared it would fight alongside the French and even the Malian government to "end terrorism in Azawad". The spokesman also declared that the MNLA would be a more effective force than those of the neighboring West African nations "because of our knowledge of the ground and the populations".


title: Operation Serval

text: Mathieu Guidère, a scholar of Islam and the Arab world at the University of Toulouse, said in an interview published in the newsmagazine Jeune Afrique, that without the French military intervention the state of Mali would have fallen.


title: Operation Serval

text: France's stated rationale for the operation is that to do otherwise would allow "a terrorist state at the doorstep of France and Europe."


title: Operation Serval

text: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu praised the intervention in a phone call with French President François Hollande as "a brave step against extremist Islamic terrorism".


title: Operation Serval

text: On 26 January, during the CELAC and European Union summit in Santiago de Chile, Colombia and Chile both expressed support for the French military intervention in Mali. Colombia's president, Juan Manuel Santos, stated that "Colombia has suffered so much from terrorism that it can not disagree with this action."


title: Gideon Glick

text: Gideon Glick (born June 6, 1988) is an American actor. His Broadway work includes the role of Ernst in the musical "Spring Awakening," Jimmy-6 in "", Jordan Berman in "Significant Other," and most recently Dill Harris in Aaron Sorkin's adaptation of Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird", for which he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play. His film and TV work includes "Ocean's 8", "The Detour", "Devious Maids", and Alfie in the fourth season of "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel".


title: Gideon Glick

text: Glick was born into a Jewish family in Philadelphia, and raised by professors who met initially at Hebrew University in Israel. His father is dentist and researcher Michael Glick. Gideon has been deaf in his right ear since birth. During his senior year of high school, he moved to New York City to originate the role of Ernst in the hit musical "Spring Awakening". He attended Jack M. Barrack Hebrew Academy, Lower Merion High School and New York University, where he studied art history.


title: Gideon Glick

text: Glick's first major role was playing Ernst, an adolescent boy in love with his classmate, Hanschen, in the original cast of the hit musical "Spring Awakening". The play premiered at the Atlantic Theatre Company Off-Broadway, but later transferred along with co-stars Jonathan Groff, John Gallagher Jr. and Lea Michele, to the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on Broadway. The same year, Glick made his silver screen debut as Slap in the film "One Last Thing..." alongside Cynthia Nixon and Ethan Hawke.


title: Gideon Glick

text: His next major theater role was as Howie in "Speech and Debate" (Roundabout Underground), a play by Stephen Karam. The play began in October 2007 and ran until early 2008.


title: Gideon Glick

text: Glick returned to Broadway in the role of Jimmy-6, a member of the four-person Geek Chorus in Julie Taymor's Broadway production of "". However, Glick and the rest of the Geek Chorus were cut after Taymor was forced out as director. After co-starring in MCC's production of "Wild Animals You Should Know", Glick went on to portray Jack in The Public Theater's production of Stephen Sondheim's "Into the Woods" alongside Amy Adams and Denis O'Hare.


title: Gideon Glick

text: In 2014, Glick was profiled in "The New York Times" for his lauded performance as Matthew in "The Few" by Samuel D. Hunter. He then was cast in his first recurring role as Ty McKay, the second season villain, on "Devious Maids" on Lifetime.


title: Gideon Glick

text: His first starring role was in "Significant Other" as Jordan Berman, alongside Barbara Barrie. The play was written by Joshua Harmon and premiered at Roundabout Theatre Company's Laura Pels Theater in 2015. The highly acclaimed, sold-out production transferred to Broadway's Booth theater in 2016. He received a Drama League Award nomination for this performance. He next played Kyle McCallister in the Warner Bros. feature film, "Ocean's 8", which was followed by a recurring role on "The Detour" on TBS.


title: Gideon Glick

text: He starred in Aaron Sorkin's 2018 stage adaptation of the novel "To Kill a Mockingbird", alongside Jeff Daniels as Atticus Finch, produced by Scott Rudin. Glick played Dill Harris, the visiting friend of Scout and Jem Finch. The role is modeled on Harper Lee's childhood best friend, Truman Capote. In January 2020, Glick assumed the role of Seymour in the off-Broadway revival of "Little Shop of Horrors"; he had previously portrayed the role in a temporary capacity for two weeks in November 2019.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: Dame Gladys Constance Cooper, (18 December 1888 – 17 November 1971) was an English actress, theatrical manager and producer, whose career spanned seven decades on stage, in films and on television.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: Beginning as a teenager in Edwardian musical comedy and pantomime, she starred in dramatic roles and silent films before the First World War. She managed the Playhouse Theatre from 1917 to 1934, where she starred in many roles. From the early 1920s Cooper won praise in plays by W. Somerset Maugham and others.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: In the 1930s she starred steadily in productions both in London's West End and on Broadway. Moving to Hollywood in 1940, Cooper found success in a variety of character roles. She received three Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress, for performances in "The Song of Bernadette" (1943), "My Fair Lady" (1964) and, most famously, "Now, Voyager" (1942). Throughout the 1950s and 60s she worked both on stage and on screen, continuing to star on stage until her last year.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: Cooper was born at 23 Ennersdale Road, Hither Green, Lewisham, London, the eldest of the three daughters of Charles William Frederick Cooper (1844–1939) by his marriage to Mabel Barnett (1861–1944). Her two younger sisters were Doris Mabel (1891–1987) and Grace Muriel (1893–1982). Writer Henry St. John Cooper was a half-brother. Cooper spent most of her childhood in Chiswick, where her family moved when she was an infant.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: She made her stage debut in 1905 touring with Seymour Hicks in his musical "Bluebell in Fairyland" and was becoming a popular photographic model. In 1906, she appeared as Lady Swan in London in "The Belle of Mayfair" and then in the pantomime "Babes in the Wood" as Mavis. The following year she became a chorus girl at the Gaiety Theatre, creating the small role of Eva in "The Girls of Gottenberg". That Christmas, she was again in "Babes in the Wood", this time playing Molly. In 1908, she appeared in the musical "Havana" followed, the next year, by "Our Miss Gibbs", in which she played Lady Connie; she was then on tour again with Hicks, in "Papa's Wife", before playing Sadie von Tromp in the operetta "The Dollar Princess" at Daly's Theatre in 1909. In 1911, she appeared in a production of "The Importance of Being Earnest" and in "Man and Superman". Among several other plays, the next year she was Muriel Pym in "Milestones" at the Royalty Theatre. A highlight of 1913 was Dora in "Diplomacy" at Wyndham's Theatre. That year she also played the title role in "The Pursuit of Pamela" at the Royalty.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: In 1913 Cooper appeared in her first film, "The Eleventh Commandment", going on to make several more silent films during the First World War and shortly afterwards. She continued full-time stage work, however, including appearances as Lady Agatha Lazenby in "The Admirable Crichton" in 1916 and Clara de Foenix in "Trelawny of the Wells". In addition, in 1917, Cooper became co-manager, with Frank Curzon, of the Playhouse Theatre, taking over sole control from 1927 until she left in 1933. During these years, she starred several times in "My Lady's Dress". She appeared in W. Somerset Maugham's "Home and Beauty" in 1919, repeated Dora at His Majesty's Theatre in 1920 and elsewhere thereafter, and both produced and played numerous roles at the Playhouse Theatre.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: It was not until 1922, however, now in her mid-thirties, that she found major critical success, in Arthur Wing Pinero's "The Second Mrs. Tanqueray". Early in her stage career, she was criticised for being too stiff. Aldous Huxley dismissed her performance in "Home and Beauty", writing "she is too impassive, too statuesque, playing all the time as if she were Galatea, newly unpetrified and still unused to the ways of the living world." Evidently, her acting improved during this period, as Maugham praised her for "turning herself from an indifferent actress to an extremely competent one" through her common sense and industriousness. For both the 1923 and 1924 Christmas shows at the Adelphi Theatre, Cooper played the title character in "Peter Pan", while also playing several other roles at that theatre during those two years. She appeared in Maugham's "The Letter" in London and on tour in 1927 and 1928, in "Excelsior" (adapted from "L'Ecole des Cocottes" by H.M. Harwood) in 1928, and in Maugham's "The Sacred Flame" in 1929, also in London and on tour.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: Among other roles, Cooper was Clemency Warlock in "Cynara" (1930), Wanda Heriot in "The Pelican" (1931), Lucy Haydon in "Dr Pygmalion" (1932), Carola in "The Firebird" (1932), Jane Claydon in "The Rats of Norway" (1933), Mariella Linden in "The Shining Hour" in 1934 and 1935, in London and New York City and on tour (at the same time making her first "talkie" film, "The Iron Duke"), also playing Desdemona and Lady Macbeth on Broadway in 1935. She was Dorothy Hilton in "Call it a Day", again in both London and New York, from 1935 to 1936. A highlight of 1937 was Laura Lorimer in "Goodbye to Yesterday" in London and on tour. In 1938, she played Tiny Fox-Collier in "Spring Meeting" in New York, Montreal and Britain, as well as several Shakespeare roles and Fran Dodsworth in "Dodsworth". She repeated "Spring Meeting" in 1939.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: Cooper turned to film full-time in 1940, finding success in Hollywood in a variety of character roles and was frequently cast as a disapproving, aristocratic society woman, although she sometimes played lively, approachable types, as she did in "Rebecca" (1940). She was nominated three times for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performances as Bette Davis's domineering mother in "Now, Voyager" (1942), a sceptical nun in "The Song of Bernadette" (1943), and Rex Harrison's mother, Mrs. Higgins, in "My Fair Lady" (1964). In 1945, after playing the role of Clarissa Scott in the film "The Valley of Decision", for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer she was given a contract with the studio. Her credits there included both dramatic and comedy films, including "The Green Years" (1946), "The Cockeyed Miracle" (1946) and "The Secret Garden" (1949). Other notable film roles were "The Man Who Loved Redheads" (1955), "Separate Tables" (1958) and "The Happiest Millionaire" (1967) as Aunt Mary Drexel, singing "There Are Those".


title: Gladys Cooper

text: Her only stage roles in the 1940s were Mrs. Parrilow in "The Morning Star" in Philadelphia and New York (1942) and Melanie Aspen in "The Indifferent Shepherd" in Britain (1948). She returned to theatre (between films) more often in the 1950s and 1960s, playing in London and on tour in such roles as Edith Fenton in "The Hat Trick" (1950); Felicity, Countess of Marshwood, in "Relative Values" (1951 and 1953); Grace Smith in "A Question of Fact" (1953); Lady Yarmouth in "The Night of the Ball" (1954); Mrs. St. Maugham in "The Chalk Garden" (1955–56), Dame Mildred in "The Bright One" (1958); Mrs. Vincent in "Look on Tempests" (1960); Mrs. Gantry (Bobby) in "The Bird of Time" (1961); Mrs. Moore in a stage adaptation of "A Passage to India" (1962); Mrs Tabret in "The Sacred Flame" (1966 and 1967); Prue Salter in "Let's All Go Down the Strand" (1967); Emma Littlewood in "Out of the Question" (1968); Lydia in "His, Hers and Theirs" (1969); and others. She received two nominations for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, for her roles in "The Chalk Garden" and "A Passage to India".


title: Gladys Cooper

text: She also had various television roles in the 1950s and '60s. These included, among others, three episodes of "The Twilight Zone": "Nothing in the Dark" (1962), "Passage on the Lady Anne" (1963) and "Night Call" (1964). Cooper starred in the 1964–65 series "The Rogues" with David Niven, Charles Boyer, Gig Young, Robert Coote, John Williams and Larry Hagman. The series lasted a single season of thirty episodes, most of which featured Cooper as the matriarch of an ethical family of con artists who only prey on criminals.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: In 1967, at the age of 79, she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE). Her last major success on the stage was at age 82, in 1970–71 in the role of Mrs. St. Maugham in Enid Bagnold's "The Chalk Garden", a role she had created on Broadway and in the West End in 1955–56.


title: Gladys Cooper

text: Her final public appearance was on the 5 May 1971 episode of "The Dick Cavett Show", on which she guested with son-in-law Robert Morley in London. On the day following Cooper's death, her "Now, Voyager" co-star Bette Davis appeared on "The Dick Cavett Show" and called Cooper "Without a doubt, the most beautiful person as well as actress, and a professional ... never was she late one minute, never didn't she know every line."


title: Gladys Cooper

text: Cooper published a self-titled autobiography in 1931. She lived mostly in England in her final years and died from pneumonia in 1971 at the age of 82 in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire.


title: Albert Salmi

text: Albert Salmi (March 11, 1928 – April 22, 1990) was an American actor of stage, film, and television. Best known for his work as a character actor, he appeared in over 150 film and television productions.


title: Albert Salmi

text: Salmi was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Finnish immigrant parents. He attended Haaren High School in Manhattan. Following a stint in the United States Army during World War II, Salmi took up acting as a career, studying method acting at the Actors Studio in Manhattan with Lee Strasberg.


title: Albert Salmi

text: In 1955, Salmi starred as Bo Decker in the play "Bus Stop" on Broadway, and also performed in the touring production of the play. His performance was praised by critics, and Salmi was offered the chance to reprise the role in the film "Bus Stop" (1956) starring Marilyn Monroe. Salmi turned down the offer because he did not enjoy film work. (Don Murray was later cast as Bo and earned an Academy Award nomination for his performance.) Salmi turned down several other offers to make films before he finally accepted a role as Smerdjakov in the film "The Brothers Karamazov" (1958), with Yul Brynner, Lee J. Cobb, William Shatner, and Richard Basehart. Salmi's next film was "The Bravados" (1958), in which he played one of the villains who is hunted down by hero Gregory Peck. The National Board of Review presented Salmi with the NBR Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in both of these films.