title: Miyoshi Umeki

text: She recorded for RCA Victor Japan from 1950 to 1954 and appeared in the film "Seishun Jazu Musume". She recorded mostly American jazz standards, which she sang partially in Japanese and partially in English, or solely in either language. Some of the songs she sang during this period were "It Isn't Fair", "Sentimental Me", "My Foolish Heart", "With A Song In My Heart", "Again", "Vaya con Dios", "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?" and "I'll Walk Alone". She moved to the United States in 1955 and after appearing on the "Arthur Godfrey Talent Scouts" (she was a series regular for one season), she signed with the Mercury Records label and released several singles and two albums.


title: Miyoshi Umeki

text: Her appearances on the Godfrey program brought her to the attention of director Joshua Logan, who cast her in "Sayonara". Umeki won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in "Sayonara". She was the first Asian performer to win an Academy Award for acting.


title: Miyoshi Umeki

text: In 1958, she appeared twice on the variety show "The Gisele MacKenzie Show" in which she performed "How Deep Is the Ocean".


title: Miyoshi Umeki

text: In 1958, she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical for her performance in the Broadway premiere production of the musical "Flower Drum Song", where she played Mei-Li. The show ran for two years. A cover story in "Time" stated "the warmth of her art works a kind of tranquil magic". Umeki appeared in the film adaptation of the musical. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for "Flower Drum Song".


title: Miyoshi Umeki

text: Although a guest on many television variety shows, she appeared in only four more movies through 1962, including the film version of "Flower Drum Song" (1961). The others were "Cry for Happy" (1961), "The Horizontal Lieutenant" (1962) and "A Girl Named Tamiko" (1963).


title: Miyoshi Umeki

text: From 1969 to 1972, she appeared in "The Courtship of Eddie's Father" as Mrs. Livingston, the housekeeper, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. She retired from acting following the end of the series.


title: Miyoshi Umeki

text: Her first marriage, to television director Frederick Winfield "Wynn" Opie in 1958, ended in divorce in 1967. The couple had one son—Michael H. Opie, born in 1964. She married Randall Hood in 1968, who adopted her son, changing his name to Michael Randall Hood. The couple operated a Los Angeles–based business renting editing equipment to film studios and university film programs. Randall Hood died in 1976.


title: Miyoshi Umeki

text: According to her son, Umeki lived in Sherman Oaks for a number of years, then moved to Licking, Missouri to be near her son and his family, which included three grandchildren. She died August 28, 2007, at the age of 78, from cancer.


title: Miyoshi Umeki

text: "Miyoshi – Singing Star of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Flower Drum Song" (MGW-12148) (1958) (reissue of the Arthur Godfrey album with some tracks replaced) <br>


title: Parentification

text: Parentification or parent–child role reversal is the process of role reversal whereby a child or adolescent is obliged to act as parent to their own parent or sibling.


title: Parentification

text: Two distinct types of parentification have been identified technically: instrumental parentification and emotional parentification. Instrumental parentification involves the child completing physical tasks for the family, such as looking after a sick relative, paying bills, or providing assistance to younger siblings that would normally be provided by a parent. Emotional parentification occurs when a child or adolescent must take on the role of a confidante or mediator for (or between) parents or family members.


title: Parentification

text: Melitta Schmideberg noted in 1948 how emotional deprivation could lead parents to treat their children (unconsciously) as substitute parent figures. Minuchin et al. introduced the term "parentification" in 1967. Boszormenyi-Nagy et al. defined it in 1973 as "a parental figure's expectation that a child fulfill the role of a parent within the family subsystem."


title: Parentification

text: "Spousification" and "parental child" (Minuchin) offered alternative concepts exploring the same phenomenon, while the theme of intergenerational continuity in such violations of personal boundaries was further examined. Eric Berne touched on the dangers of parents and children having a symmetrical, rather than asymmetrical relationship, as when an absent spouse is replaced by the eldest child; and Virginia Satir wrote of "the role-function discrepancy...where the son gets into a head-of-the-family role, commonly that of the father".


title: Parentification

text: Object relations theory highlighted how the child's false self is called into being when it is forced prematurely to take excessive care of the parental object; and John Bowlby looked at what he called "compulsive caregiving" among the anxiously attached, as a result of a parent inverting the normal relationship and pressuring the child to be an attachment figure for them.


title: Parentification

text: All such aspects of disturbed and inverted parenting patterns have been drawn under the umbrella of the wider phenomenon of parentification – with the result (critics suggest) that on occasion "ironically the concept of parentification has...been as over-burdened as the child it often describes".


title: Parentification

text: Elder children, often firstborns, are chosen for the familial parental role. Often, a younger sibling then takes on the firstborn role.


title: Parentification

text: Gender considerations mean that sometimes the eldest boy or eldest girl is selected, even if they are not the oldest child overall, for such reasons as the preference to match the sex of the missing parent. Girls, especially those who have a large family, are likelier than boys to be parentified. Where there is a disabled child in the family to be cared for, "older siblings, especially girls, are at the greatest risk of parentification".


title: Parentification

text: A married, widowed, or single parent may treat their child as their spouse; this is known as "spousification", and it occurs more often among single than married parents. Mother-son spousification is more common than father-daughter spousification. Mothers may put their sons in this role due to a desire for protection but fear of men. Their sons are a less threatening option.


title: Parentification

text: Mother-daughter parentification is also more common than father-daughter parentification. Daughters are likelier than sons to be an emotional anchor. In a mother-daughter relationship, the mother might oblige her daughter to play the caregiving role, in a betrayal of the child's normal expectation of love and care.


title: Parentification

text: Narcissistic parentification occurs when a child is forced to take on the parent's idealised projection, something which encourages a compulsive perfectionism in the child at the expense of their natural development. In a type of pseudo-identification, the child is induced by any and all means to take on the characteristics of the parental ego ideal – a pattern that has been detected in western culture since Homer's description of the character of Achilles.


title: Parentification

text: Parentification is harmful when it is unfair and significantly burdens the child. As it may be adaptive or maladaptive, it is not always pathological, but its destructive form (termed "destructive parentification") is linked to maladaptive parenting, child maladaptation, physical abuse, sexual abuse, behavioral problems, decreased emotionality, and poor social competence. Parentified children also have a higher risk of depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, and low self-esteem.


title: Parentification

text: Parentification has been linked to young women with eating disorders, particularly in the case of father-daughter relationships. Where there is more than one daughter, the oldest daughter is likelier to be groomed for sexual activity and parentified. One or more of her younger sisters may be targeted by the father for sexual activity in later years. Father-son emotional parentification may result in depression and externalizing in sons.


title: Parentification

text: A significant byproduct of parentification is losing one's own childhood. The child may also drop out of school to assume the parental role. In destructive parentification, the child in question takes on excessive responsibility in the family, without their caretaking being acknowledged and supported by others. By adopting the role of parental caregiver, the child loses their real place in the family unit and is left lonely and unsure. In extreme instances, there may be what has been called a kind of disembodiment, a narcissistic wound that threatens one's basic self-identity. In later life, parentified children often experience anxiety over abandonment and loss, and demonstrate difficulty handling rejection and disappointment within interpersonal relationships.


title: Parentification

text: Boszormenyi-Nagy et al. are among the researchers who have argued that parentification is not always maladaptive. Researchers of this view say that children may benefit from being treated as capable individuals and taking on the role of supporting and caring for their family. Researchers have speculated that parentification may enhance empathy, altruism, and responsibility levels for a child. The child may pursue a career in the mental health field. The positive effects are likely because the parentification was temporary and moderate, which is an aspect of adaptive parentification. Adaptive parentification can manifest if the parent is vital to their child's development and expresses to the child their awareness of and appreciation for the child assuming the parental role. Adaptive parentification may not be role reversal when it is instrumental rather than emotional caretaking, temporary and without heavy burden, and when the child is treated fairly by their parents and has their support. Instead of being an aspect of psychopathology, it is a coping mechanism for stress.


title: Parentification

text: "The Tale of Genji" tells that for "Kaoru's mother...her son's visits were her chief pleasure. Sometimes he almost seemed more like a father than a son – a fact which he was aware of and thought rather sad".


title: Parentification

text: Charles Dickens' "Angel in the house" characters, particularly Agnes Wickfield in "David Copperfield", are parentified children. Agnes is forced to be the parent of her alcoholic father and seems to strive for perfection as a means of reaching the "ego ideal" of her deceased mother (who died upon child-birth). Agnes marries late, has relationship and intimacy problems (she has a hard time expressing her love for David until he reveals his own love for her), and has some self-defeating attitudes; in one scene she blames her own father's misfortunes on herself. However, she proves to be resilient, resourceful, responsible and even potentially career-driven (she forms her own school). She also manages to marry the protagonist David and the two live happily together for 10 years with children by the end of the novel.


title: Parentification

text: The theme of parentification has also been explored in the "Twilight" series, with particular but not exclusive reference to the character of Bella Swan.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Mayra Nohemi Flores (born January 1, 1986) is an American politician who has represented in the United States House of Representatives since June 21, 2022. A member of the Republican Party, she is the first female Mexican-born member of the House.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Flores was born in Burgos, Tamaulipas, Mexico; her family moved to the United States when she was six years old before she gained citizenship at age 14. She graduated from San Benito High School and South Texas College. Before her congressional campaign, she worked as a respiratory therapist and as chair of Hispanic outreach for the Hidalgo County Republican Party. In June 2022, a special election in Texas's 34th congressional district was held after Democratic Representative Filemon Vela Jr. resigned. Flores won the election, defeating three other candidates.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Flores lost her campaign for a full term in the November 2022 midterm elections to Democrat Vicente Gonzalez in the district that was redrawn that year. She will leave office in January 2023.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Mayra Nohemi Flores was born on January 1, 1986, in Burgos, Tamaulipas, Mexico, to migrant farmworkers. Her family moved to the U.S. when she was six years old and she gained citizenship at 14. She graduated from San Benito High School in 2004. Her family often moved yearly throughout Texas during her childhood because of her and her parents' work picking cotton, which began in Memphis, Texas, when she was 13. She graduated from South Texas College in 2019.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Flores's parents supported the Democratic Party, but she was drawn to the Republican Party due to her anti-abortion views. She has said that she was previously a Democrat, but left the party shortly after voting for Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Before her congressional campaigns and shortly after graduating from college, Flores worked in the Hidalgo County Republican Party as chair of Hispanic outreach. In 2022, she organized pro-Trump caravans through the Rio Grande Valley. Before her election to Congress, Flores used hashtags associated with the QAnon conspiracy theory on an Instagram post, though she has denied ever being a supporter of QAnon. In tweets that she later deleted, Flores also promoted the false claim that the 2021 United States Capitol attack was "set up" by antifa members among the crowd during the riot.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Flores declared her candidacy for the United States House of Representatives in after incumbent Democratic representative Filemon Vela Jr. announced in March 2021 that he would not seek reelection in 2022. She ran her campaign appealing to Hispanic and Latino Americans and their disillusionment with the Democratic Party, which they have historically supported in South Texas. Following the establishment of new congressional districts as a part of the 2020 redistricting cycle, incumbent Democrat Vicente Gonzalez of the announced his candidacy for the new 34th district. On March 1, 2022, Flores and Gonzalez won their respective partisan primaries and faced each other in the general election on November 8, 2022.


title: Mayra Flores

text: In March 2022, Vela announced his early resignation from Congress. Shortly after his announcement, Flores declared her candidacy in the special election on June 14, 2022, to fill the vacancy. Gonzalez did not run in the special election. Flores's campaign focused on her family, the economy, border security, and her upbringing as the daughter of immigrants. During the special election, Flores reported $752,000 in contributions, while Democrat Dan Sanchez of Harlingen reported $46,000. Flores defeated Sanchez with 50.91% of the vote to Sanchez's 43.37%, avoiding a runoff. She is the first Mexican-born woman elected to serve in Congress.


title: Mayra Flores

text: In her general election campaign against Democrat Vincente Gonzalez, Flores has been targeted with racist and sexist comments; a blogger paid by the Gonzalez campaign called her "Miss Frijoles", "Miss Enchiladas", and a "cotton-pickin' liar". Gonzalez and district Democrats condemned these comments. Gonzalez has also called Flores "unqualified" and has claimed she cannot "think or speak for herself", criticisms that have been called sexist.


title: Mayra Flores

text: In the November 8 general election, Gonzalez defeated Flores to become the next Representative for the 34th District.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Flores was sworn in by Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi on June 21, 2022. Three days later, Flores spoke out about the Supreme Court opinion in "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization" which overturned "Roe v. Wade", calling the decision a "big win" and a "dream come true".


title: Mayra Flores

text: In July 2022, "The New York Times" published an article about Flores's election, calling her a "far-right Latina". Flores responded to the article, saying "The New York Times" knew "nothing about me or our culture" and that "I have received only hate from the liberal media". The article was also criticized by Ted Cruz and Laura Ingraham, among others.


title: Mayra Flores

text: She backed former President Trump publicly and raised unfounded doubts about the results of the 2020 election.


title: Mayra Flores

text: Flores has worked as a respiratory therapist. She is married to John Vallejo, a U.S. Border Patrol agent, with whom she has four children.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Vinyl chloride is an organochloride with the formula HC=CHCl. It is also called vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) or chloroethene. This colorless compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC). About 13 million metric tonne are produced annually. VCM is among the top twenty largest petrochemicals (petroleum-derived chemicals) in world production. The United States currently remains the largest VCM manufacturing region because of its low-production-cost position in chlorine and ethylene raw materials. China is also a large manufacturer and one of the largest consumers of VCM. Vinyl chloride is a gas with a sweet odor. It is highly toxic, flammable, and carcinogenic. It can be formed in the environment when soil organisms break down chlorinated solvents. Vinyl chloride that is released by industries or formed by the breakdown of other chlorinated chemicals can enter the air and drinking water supplies. Vinyl chloride is a common contaminant found near landfills. In the past VCM was used as a refrigerant.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Vinyl chloride, also called vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), is exclusively used as a precursor to PVC. Due to its hazardous nature, VCM is not found in other products. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is very stable, storable and not toxic.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Until 1974, vinyl chloride was used in aerosol spray propellant. Vinyl chloride was briefly used as an inhalational anaesthetic, in a similar vein to ethyl chloride, though its toxicity forced this practice to be abandoned.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Smaller amounts of vinyl chloride are used in furniture and automobile upholstery, wall coverings, housewares, and automotive parts. Vinyl chloride has also been used in the past as a refrigerant.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Vinyl chloride was first produced in 1835 by Justus von Liebig and his student Henri Victor Regnault. They obtained it by treating 1,2-dichloroethane with a solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanol.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: In 1912, Fritz Klatte, a German chemist working for Griesheim-Elektron, patented a means to produce vinyl chloride from acetylene and hydrogen chloride using mercuric chloride as a catalyst. This method was widely used during the 1930s and 1940s in the West. It has since been superseded by more economical processes based on ethylene in the United States and Europe. The mercury-based technology is the main production method in China.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Approximately 31.1 million tons were produced in 2000. Two methods are employed, the hydrochlorination of acetylene and the dehydrochlorination of ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane). Numerous attempts have been made to convert ethane directly to vinyl chloride.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: 1,2-Dichloroethane, ClCHCHCl (also known as ethylene dichloride, EDC), can be prepared by halogenation of ethane or ethylene, inexpensive starting materials. EDC thermally converts vinyl chloride and anhydrous HCl. This production method become the major route to vinyl chloride since the late 1950s.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: The thermal cracking reaction is highly endothermic, and is generally carried out in a fired heater. Even though residence time and temperature are carefully controlled, it produces significant quantities of chlorinated hydrocarbon side products. In practice, the yield for EDC conversion is relatively low (50 to 60 percent). The furnace effluent is immediately quenched with cold EDC to minimize undesirable side reactions. The resulting vapor-liquid mixture then goes to a purification system. Some processes use an absorber-stripper system to separate HCl from the chlorinated hydrocarbons, while other processes use a refrigerated continuous distillation system.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Acetylene reacts with anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas over a mercuric chloride catalyst to give vinyl chloride:


title: Vinyl chloride

text: This route to vinyl chloride was common before ethylene became widely distributed. When vinyl chloride producers shifted to using the thermal cracking of EDC described above, some used byproduct HCl in conjunction with a colocated acetylene-based unit. The hazards of storing and shipping acetylene meant that the vinyl chloride facility needed to be located very close to the acetylene generating facility. China still uses this method to produce vinyl chloride due to the large reserves of coal from which acetylene is produced.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Ethane is readily available, particularly on the U.S. Gulf coast. Ethylene is made from ethane by cracking ethane and then ethylene is used for production of vinyl chloride. Hence, to save the processing cost for manufacturing ethylene, numerous attempts have been made to convert ethane directly to vinyl chloride. The direct feed of ethane to vinyl chloride plants could thus considerably decrease the raw material costs and make the plants less dependent on cracker capacity. The conversion of ethane to vinyl chloride can be performed by various routes:


title: Vinyl chloride

text: A major drawback to the use of ethane are the forcing conditions required for its use, which can be attributed to its lack of molecular functionality. In contrast to ethylene, which easily undergoes chlorine addition, ethane must first be functionalized by substitution reactions, which gives rise to a variety of consecutive and side-chain reactions. The reaction must, therefore, be kinetically controlled in order to obtain a maximal vinyl chloride yield. Vinyl chloride yields average 20–50% per pass. Ethylene, ethyl chloride, and 1,2-dichloroethane are obtained as major byproducts. With special catalysts and at optimized conditions, however, ethane conversions of greater than 96% have been reported from oxychlorination reactions. The ethylene formed can either be recycled or oxychlorinated and cracked in a conventional manner. Many such ethane-based processes have been and are being developed.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Vinyl chloride is stored as a liquid. The presently accepted upper limit of safety as a health hazard is 500 ppm. Often, the storage containers for the product vinyl chloride are high capacity spheres. The spheres have an inside sphere and an outside sphere. Several inches of empty space separate the inside sphere from the outside sphere. This void area between the spheres is purged with an inert gas such as nitrogen. As the nitrogen purge gas exits the void space it passes through an analyzer that is designed to detect if any vinyl chloride is leaking from the internal sphere. If vinyl chloride starts to leak from the internal sphere or if a fire is detected on the outside of the sphere then the contents of the sphere are automatically dumped into an emergency underground storage container. Containers used for handling vinyl chloride at atmospheric temperature are always under pressure. Inhibited vinyl chloride may be stored at normal atmospheric conditions in suitable pressure vessel. Uninhibited vinyl chloride may be stored either under refrigeration or at normal atmospheric temperature in the absence of air or sunlight but only for a duration of a few days. If for longer periods, regular checks should be made for the presence of polymers.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Transporting VCM presents the same risks as transporting other flammable gases such as propane, butane (LPG) or natural gas (for which the same safety regulations apply). The equipment used for VCM transport is specially designed to be impact and corrosion resistant.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: In the U.S., OSHA lists vinyl chloride as a Class IA Flammable Liquid, with a National Fire Protection Association Flammability Rating of 4. Because of its low boiling point, liquid VCM will undergo flash evaporation (i.e., autorefrigerate) upon its release to atmospheric pressure. The portion vaporized will form a dense cloud (more than twice as heavy as the surrounding air). The risk of subsequent explosion or fire is significant. According to OSHA, the flash point of vinyl chloride is −78 °C (−108.4 °F). Its flammable limits in air are: lower 3.6 volume% and upper 33.0 volume%. The explosive limits are: lower 4.0%, upper 22.05% by volume in air. Fire may release toxic hydrogen chloride (HCl) and carbon monoxide (CO). VCM can polymerise rapidly due to heating and under the influence of air, light and contact with a catalyst, strong oxidisers and metals such as copper and aluminium, with fire or explosion hazard. As a gas mixed with air, VCM is a fire and explosion hazard. On standing, VCM can form peroxides, which may then explode. VCM will react with iron and steel in the presence of moisture.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Vinyl chloride finds its major application in the production of PVC. It is volatile, so the primary exposure is via inhalation, as opposed to the consumption of contaminated food or water, with occupational hazards being highest. Prior to 1974, workers were commonly exposed to 1,000 ppm vinyl chloride, causing "vinyl chloride illness" such as acroosteolysis and Raynaud's Phenomenon. The symptoms of vinyl chloride exposure are classified by ppm levels in ambient air with 4,000 ppm having a threshold effect. The intensity of symptoms varies from acute (1,000–8,000 ppm), including dizziness, nausea, visual disturbances, headache, and ataxia, to chronic (above 12,000 ppm), including narcotic effect, cardiac arrhythmias, and fatal respiratory failure. RADS (Reactive Airway Dysfunction Syndrome) may be caused by acute exposure to vinyl chloride.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Vinyl chloride is a mutagen having clastogenic effects which affect lymphocyte chromosomal structure. Vinyl chloride is a Group 1 human carcinogen posing elevated risks of rare angiosarcoma, brain and lung tumors, and malignant haematopoeitic lymphatic tumors. Chronic exposure leads to common forms of respiratory failure (emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis) and focused hepatotoxicity (hepatomegaly, hepatic fibrosis). Continuous exposure can cause CNS depression including euphoria and disorientation. Decreased male libido, spontaneous abortion, and birth defects are known major reproductive defects associated with vinyl chloride.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: Vinyl chloride can have acute dermal and ocular effects. Dermal exposure effects are thickening of skin, edema, decreased elasticity, local frostbites, blistering, and irritation. The complete loss of skin elasticity expresses itself in Raynaud’s Phenomenon.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: The hepatotoxicity of vinyl chloride has long been established since the 1930s when the PVC industry was just in its infant stages. In the very first study about the dangers of vinyl chloride, published by Patty in 1930, it was disclosed that exposure of test animals to just a single short-term high dose of vinyl chloride caused liver damage. In 1949, a Russian publication discussed the finding that vinyl chloride caused liver injury among workers. In 1954, B.F. Goodrich Chemical stated that vinyl chloride caused liver injury upon short-term exposures. Almost nothing was known about its long-term effects. They also recommended long-term animal toxicology studies. The study noted that if a chemical did justify the cost of testing, and its ill-effects on workers and the public were known, the chemical should not be made. In 1963, research paid for in part by Allied Chemical found liver damage in test animals from exposures below 500 parts per million (ppm). Also in 1963, a Romanian researcher published findings of liver disease in vinyl chloride workers. In 1968, Mutchler and Kramer, two Dow researchers, reported their finding that exposures as low as 300 ppm caused liver damage in vinyl chloride workers thus confirming earlier animal data in humans. In a 1969 presentation given in Japan, P. L. Viola, a European researcher working for the European vinyl chloride industry, indicated, "every monomer used in V.C. manufacture is hazardous...various changes were found in bone and liver. Particularly, much more attention should be drawn to liver changes. The findings in rats at the concentration of 4 to 10 ppm are shown in pictures." In light of the finding of liver damage in rats from just 4–10 ppm of vinyl chloride exposure, Viola added that he "should like some precautions to be taken in the manufacturing plants polymerizing vinyl chloride, such as a reduction of the threshold limit value of monomer."


title: Vinyl chloride

text: In 1970, Viola reported that test animals exposed to 30,000 ppm of vinyl chloride developed cancerous tumors. Viola began his research looking for the cause of liver and bone injuries found in vinyl chloride workers. Viola's findings in 1970 were a "red flag" to B.F. Goodrich and the industry. In 1972, Maltoni, another Italian researcher for the European vinyl chloride industry, found liver tumors (including angiosarcoma) from vinyl chloride exposures as low as 250 ppm for four hours a day.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: In 1997 the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concluded that the development and acceptance by the PVC industry of a closed loop polymerization process in the late 1970s "almost completely eliminated worker exposures" and that "new cases of hepatic angiosarcoma in vinyl chloride polymerization workers have been virtually eliminated."


title: Vinyl chloride

text: The "Houston Chronicle" claimed in 1998 that the vinyl industry manipulated vinyl chloride studies to avoid liability for worker exposure and hid extensive and severe chemical spills in local communities.


title: Vinyl chloride

text: According to the EPA, "vinyl chloride emissions from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ethylene dichloride (EDC), and vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) plants cause or contribute to air pollution that may reasonably be anticipated to result in an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness. Vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogen that causes a rare cancer of the liver." EPA's 2001 updated Toxicological Profile and Summary Health Assessment for VCM in its Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database lowers EPA's previous risk factor estimate by a factor of 20 and concludes that "because of the consistent evidence for liver cancer in all the studies...and the weaker association for other sites, it is concluded that the liver is the most sensitive site, and protection against liver cancer will protect against possible cancer induction in other tissues."


title: Vinyl chloride

text: The bacteria species "Nitrosomonas europaea" can degrade a variety of halogenated compounds including trichloroethylene, and vinyl chloride.


title: Timeline of glaciation

text: The Late Cenozoic Ice Age began 34 million years ago, its latest phase being the Quaternary glaciation, in progress since 2.58 million years ago.


title: Timeline of glaciation

text: Within ice ages, there exist periods of more severe glacial conditions and more temperate conditions, referred to as glacial periods and interglacial periods, respectively. The Earth is currently in such an interglacial period of the Quaternary glaciation, with the last glacial period of the Quaternary having ended approximately 11,700 years ago. The current interglacial is known as the Holocene epoch.


title: Timeline of glaciation

text: Based on climate proxies, paleoclimatologists study the different climate states originating from glaciation.


title: Timeline of glaciation

text: The third ice age, and possibly most severe, is estimated to have occurred from 720 to 635 Ma (million years) ago, in the Neoproterozoic Era, and it has been suggested that it produced a second "Snowball Earth", i.e. a period during which Earth was completely covered in ice. It has also been suggested that the end of that second cold period was responsible for the subsequent Cambrian explosion, a time of rapid diversification of multi-cellular life during the Cambrian Period. The hypothesis is still controversial, though is gaining credence among researchers, as evidence in its favour has mounted.


title: Timeline of glaciation

text: A minor series of glaciations occurred from 460 to 430 Ma, and there were extensive glaciations from 350 to 289 Ma.


title: Timeline of glaciation

text: The Late Cenozoic Ice Age has seen extensive ice sheets in Antarctica for the last 34 Ma. During the last 3 Ma, ice sheets have also developed on the northern hemisphere. That phase is known as the Quaternary glaciation, and was marked by more or less extensive glaciation. They first appeared with a dominant frequency of 41,000 years, but after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition that changed to high-amplitude cycles, with an average period of 100,000 years.


title: Timeline of glaciation

text: Whereas the first 30 million years of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age mostly involved Antarctica, the Quaternary has seen numerous ice sheets extending over parts of Europe and North America that are currently populated and easily accessible. Early geologists therefore named apparent sequences of glacial and interglacial periods of the Quaternary Ice Age after characteristic geological features, and these names varied from region to region. The marine record preserves all the past glaciations; the land-based evidence is less complete because successive glaciations may wipe out evidence of their predecessors. Ice cores from continental ice accumulations also provide a complete record, but do not go as far back in time as marine data. Pollen data from lakes and bogs as well as loess profiles provided important land-based correlation data. The "names" system has mostly been phased out by professionals. It is now more common for researchers to refer to the periods by their marine isotopic stage number. For example, there are five Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles recorded in marine sediments during the last half million years, but only three classic glacials were originally recognized on land during that period (Mindel, Riss and Würm).


title: Timeline of glaciation

text: Land-based evidence works acceptably well back as far as MIS 6, but it has been difficult to coordinate stages using just land-based evidence before that. Hence, the "names" system is incomplete and the land-based identifications of ice ages previous to that are somewhat conjectural. Nonetheless, land based data is essentially useful in discussing landforms, and correlating the known marine isotopic stage with them.


title: Timeline of glaciation

text: It has proved difficult to correlate the traditional regional names with the global marine and ice core sequences. The indexes of MIS often identify several distinct glaciations that overlap in time with a single traditional regional glaciation. Some modern authors use the traditional regional glacial names to identify such a sequence of glaciations, whereas others replace the word "glaciation" with "complex" to refer to a continuous period of time that also includes warmer stages. As shown in the table below, it is only during the last 200-300 thousand years that the time resolution of the traditional nomenclature allow for clear correspondence with MIS indexes. In particular there has been a lot of controversy regarding the glaciations MIS 10 and MIS 12, and their correspondence to the Elster and Mindel glaciations of Europe.


title: Randal Kolo Muani

text: Randal Kolo Muani (born 5 December 1998) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt and the France national team.


title: Randal Kolo Muani

text: Randal Kolo Muani was born on 5 December 1998 in Bondy, Seine-Saint-Denis. He is of Congolese descent.


title: Randal Kolo Muani

text: Kolo Muani played for various clubs near Paris, before moving to Nantes' youth academy in 2015. On 4 June 2018, he signed his first professional contract with his youth club Nantes. He made his professional debut in a 3–0 Ligue 1 loss to Saint-Étienne on 30 November 2018.


title: Randal Kolo Muani

text: On 4 March 2022, Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt signed Kolo Muani on a pre-contract agreement ahead of the expiration of his Nantes contract. He signed a five-year deal with the club. On 26 October 2022, he scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 2–1 win over Marseille. On 1 November, he scored the winning goal in a 2–1 away victory over Sporting CP, to qualify his club to the knockout phase for the first time in the Champions League era.


title: Randal Kolo Muani

text: Kolo Muani was a youth international for France. He has previously played matches for his country's under-21 national team.


title: Randal Kolo Muani

text: On 15 September 2022, Kolo Muani received his first call-up to the France national team, for two UEFA Nations League matches. On 16 November 2022, he replaced Christopher Nkunku in France's FIFA World Cup squad after the latter was forced to withdraw due to injury. On 14 December, Kolo Muani scored his first goal for France, in the semi-final match against Morocco, slotting in a deflected shot from Kylian Mbappé. He also became the third fastest player to score a goal as a substitute in the World Cup, after 44 seconds, only behind Richard Morales and Ebbe Sand.


title: Stetson

text: Stetson is a brand of hat manufactured by the John B. Stetson Company. "Stetson" is also used as a generic trademark to refer to any campaign hat, in particular, in Scouting.


title: Stetson

text: John B. Stetson gained inspiration for his most famous hats when he headed west from his native New Jersey for health reasons. On his return east in 1865, he founded the John B. Stetson Company in Philadelphia. He created a hat that has become symbolic of the pioneering American West, the "Boss of the Plains". This Western hat would become the cornerstone of Stetson's hat business and is still in production today.


title: Stetson

text: Stetson eventually became the world's largest hat maker, producing more than 3,300,000 hats a year in a factory spread over in Philadelphia. In addition to its Western and fashion hats, Stetson also produces fragrance, apparel, footwear, eyewear, belts, bourbon, and other products evoking the historic American West.


title: Stetson

text: Stetson University and Stetson University College of Law in Florida were named after John B. Stetson in 1899 for his contributions to the school.


title: Stetson

text: John B. Stetson was born in 1830 in Orange, New Jersey, where his father, Stephen Stetson, was a hatter. He worked in his father's shop until he went West for his health.


title: Stetson

text: Stetson created a rugged hat for himself made from thick beaver felt while panning for gold in Colorado. According to legend, Stetson invented the hat while on a hunting trip while showing his companions how he could make cloth out of fur without tanning. Fur felt hats are lighter, they maintain their shape, and withstand weather and renovation better.


title: Stetson

text: Stetson made an unusually large hat from felt he made from hides collected on the trip and wore the hat for the remainder of the expedition. Although initially worn as a joke, Stetson soon grew fond of the hat for its ability to protect him from the elements. It had a wide brim, a high crown to keep an insulating pocket of air on the head, and was used to carry water.


title: Stetson

text: As their travels continued, a cowboy is said to have seen J. B. Stetson and his unusual hat, rode up, tried the hat on for himself, and paid Stetson for it with a five dollar gold piece, riding off with the first western Stetson hat on his head.


title: Stetson

text: Stetson's western adventures came to an end in 1865. Stetson, then 35 years old and in better health, returned east and established his own hat firm in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which produced high-quality hats for outdoor use. After producing some initial designs based on popular styles of the day, Stetson decided to create a hat based on his experiences in the American West, which he called the "Boss of the Plains".


title: Stetson

text: The original "Boss", manufactured by Stetson in 1865, was flat-brimmed, had a straight-sided crown with rounded corners. These lightweight, waterproof hats were natural in color, with four-inch crowns and brims. A plain hatband was fitted to adjust head size. The sweatband bore John B. Stetson's name.


title: Stetson

text: Stetson produced a costly hat. The cowboy riding the range wearing the "'Boss of the Plains' hat showed the world that he was doing well". "Within a decade the name John B. Stetson became synonymous with the word 'hat' in every corner and culture of the West."


title: Stetson

text: The shape of the hat's crown and brim were often modified by the wearer for fashion and to protect against the weather by being softened in hot steam, shaped, and allowed to dry and cool. Felt tends to retain the shape in which it dries.


title: Stetson

text: The high-crowned, wide-brimmed, soft-felt western hats that followed are intimately associated with the American cowboy image.


title: Stetson

text: Stetson sent a sample hat to merchants throughout the Southwest with a letter asking for a minimum order of a dozen "Boss of the Plains" hats. The hat was an immediate success: in less than a year, Stetson set up a new factory in the outskirts of Philadelphia to handle his growing business. By 1886, Stetson's hat company was the largest globally and had mechanized the hat-making industry ("producing close to 2 million hats a year by 1906"). The Stetson Hat Co. ceased production in 1968 and licensed another hat company. However, these hats still bear the Stetson name, with the hats produced in St. Joseph, Missouri. Later the license was transferred to another hat company in Texas.


title: Stetson

text: "Today's cowboy hat has remained basically unchanged in construction and design since the first one was created in 1865 by J.B. Stetson."


title: Stetson

text: Stetson also produced "dress" hats, distinguished from "western" hats by narrower brims and shorter crowns. However, his "Boss of the Plains" style hat and its many variants fueled the company's growth and fame.


title: Stetson

text: In the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, a hat was an indispensable item in every man's wardrobe. Stetson focused on expensive, high-quality hats that represented a real investment for the working cowboy and a statement of success for the city dweller.


title: Stetson

text: Early on, Stetson hats became associated with legends of the West, including "Buffalo Bill", Calamity Jane, Will Rogers, and Annie Oakley. George Custer allegedly rode into the Battle of Little Big Horn wearing a Stetson. Later on, Western movie cowboys were quick to adopt the Stetson; many were drawn to the largest, most flamboyant styles available.


title: Stetson

text: Texans were known for their preference for the "Ten Gallon" model. According to Win Blevins' "Dictionary of the American West" (p. 388), the term "ten-gallon" has nothing to do with the hat's liquid capacity but derives from the Spanish word "galón" (braid), ten indicating the number of braids used as a hatband. However, an early Stetson advertising image, a painting of a cowboy dipping his hat into a stream to provide water for his horse, symbolized the cowboy hat as an essential part of a stockman's gear and was later featured inside every western style hat.


title: Stetson

text: Stetson also produced women's hats, operating a millinery department from the 1930s to 1950s. Hat sales suffered during the Depression years, but Stetsons remained ubiquitous until Americans' embrace of headwear faded after WWII. Stetson had operations in Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Finland, Guatemala, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, and West Germany at its peak.


title: Stetson

text: Stetson changed its business strategy in the early 1970s, closing its Philadelphia factory in 1971 and continuing in the hat business through licensing arrangements with several manufacturers.


title: Stetson

text: Popular demand for western-style hats spiked during the 1980s after the success of Indiana Jones and Urban Cowboy movies. Both western and dress hats continue to be popular men's accessories.


title: Stetson

text: In the 1980s, Stetson began to diversify, releasing the first Stetson cologne in 1981 and Lady Stetson in 1986. Luggage, handbags, umbrellas, and scarves also carried the Stetson mark. Currently, the brand carries western hats, fashion hats, fragrances, eyewear, apparel, footwear, belts, accessories, and bourbon. Stetson is available in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe, and Asia.


title: Stetson

text: The hat was first sold in Central City, Colorado in 1865 in a style called the "Boss of the Plains." In some versions of the famous American folk ballad "Stagger Lee," Billy Lyons is killed by Stack A Lee over a Stetson hat. Troopers of modern-day U.S. Army cavalry regiments will often wear a Cavalry Stetson on ceremonial occasions in place of the ACU patrol cap or beret.


title: Stetson

text: In addition, on April Fools' Day, 2011, the U.S. Army released a humorous statement that the official black beret of the Army would be replaced by Stetsons. The statement was supplemented by pictures of soldiers with Stetsons photoshopped over their berets, including an Army dog toting a Stetson.


title: Stetson

text: The South African Constabulary organized by Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell in 1901 wore the Stetson.


title: Stetson

text: In the Second Boer War, the flat-brimmed Stetson became the standard issue of the 2nd Canadian Contingent, becoming recognized throughout the British Empire as a symbol of Canada. Twelve hundred Canadian troops were part of the South African Constabulary under the leadership of Robert Baden-Powell, and it was after seeing these troops in action at the Relief of Mafeking that Baden-Powel ordered 10,000 of these hats for the British Troops under his command.


title: Stetson

text: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Red Serge dress uniform includes a Stetson with a flat brim. The Stetson was first used unofficially by the North-West Mounted Police, in place of the traditional white pith helmet, not practical for the Canadian West. The color for the RCMP Stetson is sometimes referred to as "Belgian Belly"; it is a reddish buff, pastel-like color of the underfur of the Belgian hare. It is also a very little-used "second name" for the Stetson. Although called a Stetson, the hat type is similar to a campaign hat.


title: Stetson

text: The Ontario Provincial Police also wore the Stetson (grey woven fabric) as part of their uniform from 1909 to 1930s and again from 1997 to 2009.


title: Stetson

text: The Calgary municipal police may wear a black Stetson as an optional part of their uniform, reflecting the city's western roots and cowboy heritage. Although worn by some officers year-round, the hat is especially prominent during the Calgary Stampede, a ten-day summer festival celebrating the city's roots.


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: Tom and Jerry in New York is an American animated television series that premiered on HBO Max on July 1, 2021. It is based on the "Tom and Jerry" characters and theatrical cartoon series created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera and serves as a stand-alone sequel series to the film, "Tom & Jerry", which was released in cinemas and HBO Max on February 26, 2021.


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: With episodes directed by Darrell Van Citters, the show has the same art style as "The Tom and Jerry Show (2014)" with the original crew returning along with William Hanna (via archive recordings) as the voices of Tom and Jerry.


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: Each episode is usually 21 minutes long: the first, second and fourth segments are 5 minutes long and the third segment runs 2 minutes.


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: It features the cast of William Hanna (archived recordings), Kath Soucie, Joey D'Auria, Rick Zieff and Sam Kwasman.


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: Set after the events of the 2021 film, the series follows Tom and Jerry having new adventures in the Royal Gate Hotel and all over New York City.


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: The series premiered in the United States on July 1, 2021 on HBO Max. In Canada, the series was premiered on September 18, 2021 on Teletoon. The second season premiered on November 18.


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: The series premiered on December 17, 2021 on HBO Max in Brazil and Latin America and later premiered on January 6, 2022 on Cartoon Network. It started airing in India also on March 19, 2022 on Cartoon Network.


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: On October 29, 2019, "Tom and Jerry in New York" was first shown during WarnerMedia's HBO Max conference demo live-stream event, where it was originally known as "Tom and Jerry in the Big City" and hidden away under "Max Originals", fourth in a row alongside "Craftopia", "The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo", and "The Fungies!".


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: On May 28, 2020, on the official WarnerMedia Twitter, the day after the streaming service's launch date, posted a video of current and upcoming content heading to and/or on the site, among the end portion of the video listing next-year "Max Originals" and squeezed in-between "Tig n' Seek" and "Circe", was "Tom and Jerry" under a new title of "in the Big City".


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: On June 10, 2021, WarnerMedia officially announced the series with its original title of "Tom and Jerry in New York", which premiered on HBO Max starting July 1, 2021.


title: Tom and Jerry in New York

text: Renegade Animation's Darrell Van Citters and Ashley Postelwaite who produced "The Tom and Jerry Show" during the last decade have returned in the same roles, with Van Citters also directing again.


title: Flat iron steak

text: Flat iron steak (US), butlers' steak (UK), feather blade steak (UK) or oyster blade steak (Australia and New Zealand) is a cut of steak cut with the grain from the chuck, or shoulder of the animal.


title: Flat iron steak

text: This cut of steak is from the shoulder of a beef animal. It is located adjacent to the heart of the shoulder clod, under the seven or paddle bone (shoulder blade or scapula). The steak encompasses the infraspinatus muscles of beef, and one may see this displayed in some butcher shops and meat markets as a top blade roast or informally called a "patio steak". Anatomically, the muscle forms the dorsal part of the rotator cuff of the steer. This cut is anatomically distinct from the shoulder tender, which lies directly below it and is the teres major.


title: Flat iron steak

text: Steaks that are cross cut from this muscle are called top blade steaks, or chicken steaks. To make it more marketable, the cut which makes up this steak, which has the fascia dividing the infraspinatus within it, has increasingly been cut as two flatter steaks, with the tough fascia removed. This method of breaking down the larger cut was creation of the flat iron steak as we know it today. As a whole cut of meat, the top blade usually weighs around two to three pounds; it usually yields four steaks between eight and 12 ounces each. Flat iron steaks usually have a significant amount of marbling.


title: Flat iron steak

text: In the North American Meat Processor (NAMP) meat buyers guide, it is item #1114D Beef Shoulder, Top Blade Steak. This variation on the original flat iron cut was identified in 2002 as part of a National Cattlemen's Beef Association initiative, in conjunction with the University of Nebraska and the University of Florida to find lower-priced cuts which could be trimmed into steaks and roasts. Kari Underly was one of the meat cutters who helped develop the steak.


Article Five of the United States Constitution describes the process for altering the Constitution. Under Article Five, the process to alter the Constitution consists of proposing an amendment or amendments, and subsequent ratification.


title: Article Five of the United States Constitution

text: Amendments may be proposed either by the Congress with a two-thirds vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate; or by a convention to propose amendments called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the state legislatures. To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must then be ratified by either—as determined by Congress—the legislatures of three-quarters of the states or by ratifying conventions conducted in three-quarters of the states, a process utilized only once thus far in American history with the 1933 ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment. The vote of each state (to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment) carries equal weight, regardless of a state's population or length of time in the Union. Article Five is silent regarding deadlines for the ratification of proposed amendments, but most amendments proposed since 1917 have included a deadline for ratification. Legal scholars generally agree that the amending process of Article Five can itself be amended by the procedures laid out in Article Five, but there is some disagreement over whether Article Five is the exclusive means of amending the Constitution.


text: In addition to defining the procedures for altering the Constitution, Article Five also shields three clauses in Article I from ordinary amendment by attaching stipulations. Regarding two of the clauses—one concerning importation of slaves and the other apportionment of direct taxes—the prohibition on amendment was absolute but of limited duration, expiring in 1808; the third was without an expiration date but less absolute: "no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate." Scholars disagree as to whether this shielding clause can itself be amended by the procedures laid out in Article Five.


text: Thirty-three amendments to the United States Constitution have been approved by the Congress and sent to the states for ratification. Twenty-seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution. The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights. Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution. Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending, one is closed and has failed by its own terms, and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it. All totaled, approximately 11,539 measures to amend the Constitution have been proposed in Congress since 1789 (through December 16, 2014).


text: Article V provides two methods for amending the nation's frame of government. The first method authorizes Congress, "whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary", to propose Constitutional amendments. The second method requires Congress, "on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states" (presently 34), to "call a convention for proposing amendments".


text: This duality in Article V is the result of compromises made during the 1787 Constitutional Convention between two groups, one maintaining that the national legislature should have no role in the constitutional amendment process, and another contending that proposals to amend the constitution should originate in the national legislature and their ratification should be decided by state legislatures or state conventions. Regarding the consensus amendment process crafted during the convention, James Madison (writing in The Federalist No. 43) declared:


text: Each time the Article V process has been initiated since 1789, the first method for crafting and proposing amendments has been used. All 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification originated in Congress. The second method, the convention option, a political tool which Alexander Hamilton (writing in The Federalist No. 85) argued would enable state legislatures to "erect barriers against the encroachments of the national authority", has yet to be invoked.


text: When the 1st Congress considered a series of constitutional amendments, it was suggested that the two houses first adopt a resolution indicating that they deemed amendments necessary. This procedure was not used. Instead, both the House and the Senate proceeded directly to consideration of a joint resolution, thereby implying that both bodies deemed amendments to be necessary. Also, when initially proposed by James Madison, the amendments were designed to be interwoven into the relevant sections of the original document. Instead, they were approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification as supplemental additions (codicils) appended to it. Both these precedents have been followed ever since.


text: Once approved by Congress, the joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment does not require presidential approval before it goes out to the states. While Article I Section 7 provides that all federal legislation must, before becoming Law, be presented to the president for his or her signature or veto, Article V provides no such requirement for constitutional amendments approved by Congress, or by a federal convention. Thus the president has no official function in the process. In "Hollingsworth v. Virginia" (1798), the Supreme Court affirmed that it is not necessary to place constitutional amendments before the president for approval or veto.


text: Three times in the 20th century, concerted efforts were undertaken by proponents of particular amendments to secure the number of applications necessary to summon an Article V Convention. These included conventions to consider amendments to (1) provide for the popular election of U.S. Senators; (2) permit the states to include factors other than equality of population in drawing state legislative district boundaries; and (3) to propose an amendment requiring the U.S. budget to be balanced under most circumstances. The campaign for a popularly elected Senate is frequently credited with "prodding" the Senate to join the House of Representatives in proposing what became the Seventeenth Amendment to the states in 1912, while the latter two campaigns came very close to meeting the two-thirds threshold in the 1960s and 1980s, respectively.


text: After being officially proposed, either by Congress or a national convention of the states, a constitutional amendment must then be ratified by three-fourths (38 out of 50) of the states. Congress is authorized to choose whether a proposed amendment is sent to the state legislatures or to state ratifying conventions for ratification. Amendments ratified by the states under either procedure are indistinguishable and have equal validity as part of the Constitution. Of the 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification, the state convention method has been used for only one, the Twenty-first Amendment. In "United States v. Sprague" (1931), the Supreme Court affirmed the authority of Congress to decide which mode of ratification will be used for each individual constitutional amendment. The Court had earlier, in "Hawke v. Smith" (1920), upheld the Ohio General Assembly's ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment—which Congress had sent to the state legislatures for ratification—after Ohio voters successfully vetoed that approval through a popular referendum, ruling that a provision in the Ohio Constitution reserving to the state's voters the right to challenge and overturn its legislature's ratification of federal constitutional amendments was unconstitutional.


text: An amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution when it is ratified by the necessary number of states, rather than on the later date when its ratification is certified. No further action by Congress or anyone is required. On three occasions, Congress has, after being informed that an amendment has reached the ratification threshold, adopted a resolution declaring the process successfully completed. Such actions, while perhaps important for political reasons, are, constitutionally speaking, unnecessary.


text: Presently, the Archivist of the United States is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of 1 U.S. Code . The Archivist officially notifies the states, by a registered letter to each state's Governor, that an amendment has been proposed. Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state's legislature (or ratifying convention). When a state ratifies a proposed amendment, it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state's action. Upon receiving the necessary number of state ratifications, it is the duty of the Archivist to issue a certificate proclaiming a particular amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution. The amendment and its certificate of ratification are then published in the "Federal Register" and "United States Statutes at Large". This serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed.


text: The Constitution is silent on the issue of whether or not Congress may limit the length of time that the states have to ratify constitutional amendments sent for their consideration. It is also silent on the issue of whether or not Congress, once it has sent an amendment that includes a ratification deadline to the states for their consideration, can extend that deadline.


text: The practice of limiting the time available to the states to ratify proposed amendments began in 1917 with the Eighteenth Amendment. All amendments proposed since then, with the exception of the Nineteenth Amendment and the (still pending) Child Labor Amendment, have included a deadline, either in the body of the proposed amendment, or in the joint resolution transmitting it to the states. The ratification deadline "clock" begins running on the day final action is completed in Congress. An amendment may be ratified at any time after final congressional action, even if the states have not yet been officially notified.


text: In "Dillon v. Gloss" (1921), the Supreme Court upheld Congress's power to prescribe time limitations for state ratifications and intimated that clearly out of date proposals were no longer open for ratification. Granting that it found nothing express in Article V relating to time constraints, the Court yet allowed that it found intimated in the amending process a "strongly suggest[ive]" argument that proposed amendments are not open to ratification for all time or by States acting at widely separate times. The court subsequently, in "Coleman v. Miller" (1939), modified its opinion considerably. In that case, related to the proposed Child Labor Amendment, it held that the question of timeliness of ratification is a political and non-justiciable one, leaving the issue to Congress's discretion. It would appear that the length of time elapsing between proposal and ratification is irrelevant to the validity of the amendment. Based upon this precedent, the Archivist of the United States proclaimed the Twenty-seventh Amendment as having been ratified when it surpassed the "three fourths of the several states" plateau for becoming a part of the Constitution. Declared ratified on May 7, 1992, it had been submitted to the states for ratification—without a ratification deadline—on September 25, 1789, an unprecedented time period of .


text: Whether once it has prescribed a ratification period Congress may extend the period without necessitating action by already-ratified States embroiled Congress, the states, and the courts in argument with respect to the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (Sent to the states on March 22, 1972, with a seven-year ratification time limit attached). In 1978 Congress, by simple majority vote in both houses, extended the original deadline by (through June 30, 1982).


text: The amendment's proponents argued that the fixing of a time limit and the extending of it were powers committed exclusively to Congress under the political question doctrine and that in any event Congress had power to extend. It was argued that inasmuch as the fixing of a reasonable time was within Congress' power and that Congress could fix the time either in advance or at some later point, based upon its evaluation of the social and other bases of the necessities of the amendment, Congress did not violate the Constitution when, once having fixed the time, it subsequently extended the time. Proponents recognized that if the time limit was fixed in the text of the amendment Congress could not alter it because the time limit as well as the substantive provisions of the proposal had been subject to ratification by a number of States, making it unalterable by Congress except through the amending process again. Opponents argued that Congress, having by a two-thirds vote sent the amendment and its authorizing resolution to the states, had put the matter beyond changing by passage of a simple resolution, that states had either acted upon the entire package or at least that they had or could have acted affirmatively upon the promise of Congress that if the amendment had not been ratified within the prescribed period it would expire and their assent would not be compelled for longer than they had intended.


text: In 1981, the United States District Court for the District of Idaho, however, found that Congress did not have the authority to extend the deadline, even when only contained within the proposing joint resolution's resolving clause. The Supreme Court had decided to take up the case, bypassing the Court of Appeals, but before they could hear the case, the extended period granted by Congress had been exhausted without the necessary number of states, thus rendering the case moot.


text: Article V also contains two statements that shield the subject matter of certain constitutional clauses from being amended. The first of the two is obsolete due to an attached sunset provision. Absolutely not amendable until 1808 were Article I, Section 9, Clause 1, which prevented Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves prior to 1808, and Article I, Section 9, Clause 4, a declaration that direct taxes must be apportioned according to state populations, as described in . The second prohibition was not given an expiration date and remains in effect. It expressly provides that no amendment shall deprive a state of its equal suffrage (representation) in the Senate, as described in , without that state's consent. Designed to seal two compromises reached between delegates to the Constitutional Convention after contentious debates, these are the only explicitly entrenched provisions of the Constitution.


text: The guarantee of equal suffrage in the Senate is arguably subject to being amended through the procedures outlined within the Article. Law professor George Mader holds that the shielding provision can be amended because it is not "self-entrenched," meaning that it does not contain a provision preventing its own amendment. Thus, under Mader's argument, a two-step amendment process could repeal the provision that prevents the equal suffrage provision from being amended, and then repeal the equal suffrage provision itself. Mader contrasts the provision preventing the modification of the equal suffrage clause with the unratified Corwin Amendment, which contains a self-entrenching, unamendable provision. Law professor Richard Albert also holds that the equal suffrage provision could be amended through a "double amendment" process, contrasting the U.S. Constitution with other constitutions that explicitly protect certain provisions from ever being amended and are themselves protected from being amended. Another legal scholar, Akhil Amar, argues that the equal suffrage provision could be amended through a two-step process, but describes that process as a "sly scheme."


text: According to constitutional theorist and scholar Lawrence G. Sager, some commentators have seriously questioned whether Article V is the exclusive means of amending the Constitution, or whether there are routes to amendment, including some routes in which the Constitution could be unconsciously or unwittingly amended in a period of sustained political activity on the part of a mobilized national constituency. For example, Akhil Amar rejects the notion that Article V excludes other modes of constitutional change, arguing instead that the procedure provided for in Article V is simply the exclusive method the government may use to amend the Constitution. He asserts that Article V nowhere prevents the People themselves, acting apart from ordinary Government, from exercising their legal right to alter or abolish Government via the proper legal procedures.


text: Other scholars disagree. Some argue that the Constitution itself provides no mechanism for the American people to adopt constitutional amendments independently of Article V. Darren Patrick Guerra has argued that Article V is a vital part of the American Constitutional tradition and he defends Article V against modern critiques that Article V is either too difficult, too undemocratic, or too formal. Instead he argues that Article V provides a clear and stable way of amending the document that is explicit, authentic, and the exclusive means of amendment; it promotes wisdom and justice through enhancing deliberation and prudence; and its process complements federalism and separation of powers that are key features of the Constitution. He argues that Article V remains the most clear and powerful way to register the sovereign desires of the American public with regard to alterations of their fundamental law. In the end, Article V is an essential bulwark to maintaining a written Constitution that secures the rights of the people against both elites and themselves.


text: The view that the Article V amendment process is the only legitimate vehicle for bringing about constitutional change, is, as pointed out by constitutional law scholar Joel K. Goldstein, "challenged by numerous widely-accepted judicial decisions that have introduced new meaning into constitutional language by departing from original intentions, expectations, or meaning." He also points out how constitutional institutions have, independent of both judicial activity and alterations effected though the Article V process, evolved "to take forms inconsistent with what the Founders imagined or the language they wrote suggested."


text: If in the opinion of the People the distribution or modification of the Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield.


text: This statement by Washington has become controversial, and scholars disagree about whether it still describes the proper constitutional order in the United States. Scholars who dismiss Washington's position often argue that the Constitution itself was adopted without following the procedures in the Articles of Confederation, while Constitutional attorney Michael Farris disagrees, saying the convention was a product of the States' residual power, and the amendment in adoption process was legal, having received the unanimous assent of the States' legislatures.


text: Article V lays out the procedures for amending the Constitution, but it does not explicitly state whether those procedures apply to Article V itself. According to law professor George Mader, there have been numerous proposals to amend the Constitution's amending procedures, and "it is generally accepted that constitutional amending provisions can be used to amend themselves." Even so, Article V has never been amended.


title: Michel Qissi

text: Michel Qissi (; born Mohammed Qissi on 12 September 1962) is a Belgian Moroccan actor, best known for his role as Tong Po in the 1989 martial arts film "Kickboxer".


title: Michel Qissi

text: Qissi was born in Oujda, Morocco and moved to Brussels, Belgium at the age of 2. He began training in boxing at seven years old, and became an amateur champion in his weight class at 17. He also went on to study Shōtōkan Karate, Muay Thai and Kickboxing. He befriended Jean-Claude van Damme at an early age and they grew up together with the same love for action films and training in martial arts.


title: Michel Qissi

text: In 1982, Qissi and Van Damme moved to the United States in the hope of becoming action stars. In 1984 they both were cast as extras in the film "Breakin'", before landing their big break in 1986. After obtaining an interview with Menahem Golan of Cannon Films, they secured a three-picture deal, the first of which was the highly successful "Bloodsport", in which Van Damme starred and Qissi had a small role as a tournament fighter named Suan Paredes. In 1989, Qissi and Van Damme teamed up again for the film "Kickboxer", in which Van Damme was the protagonist once more and Qissi the film's main villain, Tong Po. 1990 saw the pair make the film "Lionheart", in which Qissi's brother, Abdel, played the villain. This was to be the last film Van Damme and Qissi made together for 16 years, but Qissi did go on to reprise his role as Tong Po in "Kickboxer 2". He and Van Damme briefly appeared together in .


title: Michel Qissi

text: In 2014, Qissi made the movie "Bara" with Salar Zarza, in which he played a double role as Bara and Hamza.


title: Tatyana Yumasheva

text: Tatyana Borisovna Yumasheva (, formerly Dyachenko, Дьяченко, née Yeltsina, Ельцина; born 17 January 1960) is the younger daughter of former Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Naina Yeltsina. Since 2009, Yumasheva has been a citizen of Austria.


title: Tatyana Yumasheva

text: She graduated from MSU Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics in 1983. She then worked at the Salyut Design Bureau and later at Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center until 1994.


title: Tatyana Yumasheva

text: Yeltsin made her his personal advisor in 1996 when his re-election campaign was faltering. A memoir written by Yeltsin, as reported by "The New York Times", credited her with advising against "banning Communist Party, dissolving Parliament and postponing presidential elections" in 1996. She was particularly influential as Yeltsin recovered from heart surgery in late 1996. She became the keystone in a small group of advisors known as "The Family", although the others (Alexander Voloshin and Valentin Yumashev) were not Yeltsin relatives. Boris Berezovsky and other oligarchs were often included in the group as well.


title: Tatyana Yumasheva

text: In 2000, her name came up during a corruption investigation, but no charges were brought. She remained on the staff of Yeltsin's hand-picked successor Vladimir Putin, and was a key adviser to him during his 2000 election campaign, but Putin dismissed her later that year.


title: Tatyana Yumasheva

text: She is portrayed in the 2003 satirical comedy "Spinning Boris", based on the real experiences of U.S. political consultants in the 1996 campaign.


title: Tatyana Yumasheva

text: She and Yumashev provided editorial assistance in preparing the last volume of her father's memoirs, "Midnight Diaries".


title: Tatyana Yumasheva

text: She was married to Alexey Dyachenko, a businessman who was recently made CEO of Urals Energy, a company under investigation by the Putin government as of 2008. In 2001, Tatyana married her fellow presidential adviser Valentin Yumashev, and flew to London to have a baby. Until 2018, Yumashev was the father-in-law of oligarch Oleg Deripaska. Tatyana is a close friend of another multi-billionaire, Roman Abramovich.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna is a 4th-century CE Hindu temple located in Gokarna, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka state, India which is built in the classical Dravidian architectural style. It is a site of religious pilgrimage. The temple faces the Gokarna beach on the Arabian Sea. The temple deifies the "Pranalinga" ("the reality of God which can be captured by the mind") also called "Atmalinga" or "Shiva Linga" In legend, it is said that the deity of the temple will bestow immense blessings to devotees, even to those who only glimpse it. Currently the administrative charge of the temple is with an Overseeing Committee under the Chairmanship of Justice BN Srikrishna, a Retired Justice of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India. It is one of the 275 "paadal petra sthalams" expounded in the "Tevaram," a sacred Tamil Shaivite text written during the 6th and 7th centuries by 63 saints called Nayanars.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The temple is one of the seven sacred "Muktikshetras" or "Muktistala" ("places of salvation") in Karnataka. It is a place where many Hindus of Karnataka perform obsequies (death rites) for their departed. The six other Muktikshetras in Karnataka are at Udupi, Kollur, Subrahmanya, Kumbasi, Koteshvara and Sankaranarayana.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: According to legend, the "Atmalinga" was perforce placed at Gokarna, in the temple precincts where it is now deified. It was Ravana, the demon King of Lanka, known from the epic, "Ravana" had carried it there from Mount Kailash in the Himalayas.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: This is one of the holiest site for Shiva and finds its mention in several Puranas, Ramayana and the Mahabharata.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The temple's first construction was by the king Mayurasharma of the Kadamba dynasty (reign 345–365 CE). Again, legend holds that Mayurasharma wished to learn of the Vedic rites and the Ashwamedha Yagna (ritual of horse sacrifice). He travelled to Kanchipuram, a major religious learning centre, but there, he was insulted by a horseman guard. He was angered and swore to defeat the ruling Pallava dynasty. Following his defeat of the Pallavas, the king asked some priests to perform a daily yajna to maintain his suzerainty over the region. Mayurasharma's son, King Kangavarma brought Brahmin families from different lineages to maintain administration at the temple.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The classical Sanskrit writer, Kalidasa mentions the "Lord of Gokarna" in his 4th century work, "Raghuvamsha". The Gokarna temple is recorded as one of the Paadal Petra Sthalams in the 7th century "Tevaram" by Appar and Sambandar wrote canon of devotional poetry.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The temple is a large complex of shrines and much of it belongs to the later Vijayanagara period (1336–1646 CE). A Vijayanagara emperor once visited the temple and weighed himself in gold.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: During the 17th century reign of Queen Chennammaji and her son, Soma Sekharanayaka of Keladi, Visvesvaraya of Halasunadu-Kundapura built the Chandrasala and Nandi pavilions. In 1665, the warrior king, Shivaji (1630 CE - 1680 CE) worshipped at the Mahabaleshwar temple after disbanding his army in Gokarna.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: In 1676, Fryer, an English traveller, visited Gokarna during the Maha Shivaratri festival and wrote in detail about it at the temple.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The temple is located on the shores of Arabian Sea on the west coast of India, near the city of Karwar. It is set in a lush, green environment in the holy town of Gokarna (also spelt "Gokarn") in Uttara Kannada (or North Kannada district).


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: National Highway 66 (NH66), a coastal highway on the Western Ghats (from Kanyakumari to Mumbai), passes close to Gokarna. The town is from Karwar, from Mangalore, from Hubli, and from Bangalore. The nearest airport is at Panaji, Goa, away.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The hoary legend of the temple as narrated, links Ravana of the "Ramayana", the demon king of Lanka, not only to the Shiva Linga deified in the Mahabaleshwar Temple but also to Gokarna's Bhadra Kali temple. The legend also provides etymology of the place name, "Gokarna".


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: Ravana's mother, a staunch devotee of Lord Shiva, was worshipping a Shiva Linga to bring prosperity to her son. Indra, the Lord of Heaven, who was jealous of this worship, stole the Shiva Linga and threw it away into the Sea. The distraught mother of Ravana went on a hunger strike as her devotional worship of Shiva was disrupted.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: Ravana then promised his mother that he would go to Mount Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva, and bring the main "Atmalinga" itself for her worship. Ravana then performed severe penance at Mount Kailash to please Lord Shiva and also sang, in his melodious voice, praises of Shiva (Shiva Tandava Stotram). He even chopped his own head, and made a harp with threads drawn from his skin and intestine. Lord Shiva was pleased and he appeared before him and offered a wish. Ravana requests the Atma-Linga as his boon. Lord Shiva agrees to give him the boon with a condition that it should never be placed on the ground. If the Atma-Linga was ever placed on the ground, it would remain rooted at that spot. Having obtained his boon, Ravana started back on his journey to Lanka


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: As Ravana was nearing Gokarna, Lord Vishnu blotted out the sun to give the appearance of dusk. Ravana now had to perform his evening rituals but was worried because with the Atma-Linga in his hands, he would not be able to do it. At this time, Lord Ganesha in the disguise of a Brahmin boy accosted him. Ravana requested him to hold the Atma-Linga until he performed his rituals, and asked him not to place it on the ground. Ganesh struck a deal with him saying that he would call Ravana thrice, and if Ravana did not return within that time, he would place the Atma-Linga on the ground.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: Ganesha called out thrice rapidly but Ravana couldn't come within the specified time. Even before Ravana could return, Lord Ganesha placed the Atmalinga on the ground, tricked Ravana and vanished from the scene with his cows. Ravana then chased the only cow, which was going underground. However, he managed to get hold of the cow's ear, as the rest of cow's body had disappeared below ground. It is this ear now seen in a petrified form, which has given the name "Gokarna" to the place. The word "Gokarna" means "cow's ear" where in Sanskrit "gow" means "cow" and "karna" means "ear".


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: Then, Ravana tried hard to lift the Shiv Linga but failed as it was firmly fixed. Ravana had even fainted; thereafter he gave the name "Mahabaleshwar" (meaning all-powerful) to the "Atmalinga". Thus, according to the legend narrated, the place now boasts of three divine entities namely: Gokarna, the cow's ear; the "Atmalinga" or Shiva Linga that is deified in the Mahabaleshwar Temple; and the Goddess Bhadrakali, which are all now divine places of worship integral to Gokarna.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The temple is built of granite in the Dravidian architectural style. The "Atmalinga" is enshrined in the temple on a square "Saligrama Peetha" (pedestal). The pedestal has a small hole at its centre from where devotees can see the top of the "Atmalinga".


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: Foreigners, including practicing Hindus of non-Indian (Western) origin are not allowed to enter the sanctum-sanctorum and see the Shivalinga.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The religious practices observed by most devotees, who are accompanied by their priests, consist of shaving their head, fasting and then taking a bath in the Arabian Sea, opposite the temple. They then pay obeisance to Lord Ganesha (the elephant headed god) deified in the Shri Maha Ganapathi temple, which is a few yards away from the Mahabaleshwar temple. After observing these religious procedures, devotees visit the main shrine of Mahabaleshwar for the "Darśana" (the auspicious sight of a deity). The idol is placed inside a pit on the floor. The devotees can touch the idol and do the puja by themselves. This is in contrary to other temples where the devotees are neither allowed to touch the idol nor do puja.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The Shivaratri festival, the observance of the union of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati is celebrated in Gokarna on the 14th day of the dark fortnight in the month of Magha, coming either in February or March, when a very large number of pilgrims visit the shrine. During the festival, a "Rath Yatra" (a procession in a large wooden chariot) is held. Images of Shiva and other deities are installed in a chariot which is ceremoniously pulled through the town by the devotees, accompanied by drum bands. The Ratha Yatra starts from the Shri Maha Ganapati temple at the terminus of the main market street, also known as "Car Street".


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: In Gokarna, there are a number of attractions of religious significance which are linked to the local legend of the Mahabaleshawar temple.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: In legend, the Sri Maha Ganapathi temple was built in honour of the boy Ganesha. Ganesha deceived the demon Ravana and saved the "Atmalinga" that is now installed in the Mahabaleshwar temple. Within the temple is a granite image of Ganesha. The image is tall and two-handed; at the top of its head there is hole that is said to be a mark of a violent blow inflicted by Ravana. The temple has its own identity and is also known as "Sidda Ganapati".


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: In legend, the "Atmalinga" that vanished in the form of "gov" (cow) made a cave in a nearby hill. It is called "Gogarbha" meaning "the woumb of cow". The cave is visited by sadhus and used as a resting place. Folklore suggests that sadhus enter Gogarbha and reach the holy city of Kashi (Old Varanasi), a final visiting place for pilgrims.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: The ruins of this temple remain on a hillock near the Mahabaleshwar temple. Its deity was stolen. It is notable because it is situated well above the temple of Rama with a ramateertha.


title: Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna

text: Kotitheertha is a man-made pond, which is used for the immersion of idols and ritual bathing. It is surrounded by temples and has a small platform in the centre. Devotees usually take bath in the pond before they visit the Mahabaleshwar Temple for worship.


title: Jens Petter Hauge

text: Jens Petter Hauge (born 12 October 1999) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Belgian First Division A club Gent, on loan from Bundesliga club Eintracht Frankfurt, and the Norway national team.


title: Jens Petter Hauge

text: Born in Bodø, Nordland, spending his childhood years in FK Vinkelen, and progressing through the youth academy of Bodø/Glimt, Hauge signed his first professional contract with the club on 12 April 2016. The following day he made his senior debut in a 6–0 cup win against IF Fløya as a 64th-minute substitute for Fitim Azemi. He immediately scored a hat-trick. Hauge made his league debut on 23 April against Strømsgodset where he came on as a late substitute as Bodø/Glimt lost 2–0. In the next league games he featured regularly, and on 8 July, he scored his first top-flight goal in the 4–1 away win over IK Start, becoming Bodø/Glimt's youngest ever goalscorer in the Eliteserien. In the 2016 season, he made 20 league appearances in which he scored one goal, as Bodø/Glimt suffered relegation to the second-tier Norwegian First Division.


title: Jens Petter Hauge

text: In the following season, Hauge established himself as an undisputed starter as Bodø/Glimt won the second-tier championship and made their immediate return to the top-flight Eliteserien. He made a significant contribution that season, scoring two goals and making 13 assists. At the start of the 2018 season, Hauge again lost his starting role, and as a result was loaned to the second-tier club Aalesunds FK, on 15 August 2018, halfway through the season, after 11 league appearances in which he scored no goals. In Aalesund, he had made only six league appearances by the end of the season.


title: Jens Petter Hauge

text: During the course of the following season, Hauge made it back into the starting line-up of Bodø/Glimt. On 10 November 2019, he scored both goals for his club in a 2–3 away defeat to Rosenborg. That season, he made 28 league appearances in which he scored seven goals and registered two assists.


title: Jens Petter Hauge

text: Scheduled to begin in March, the 2020 season, was postponed until June 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hauge and Bodø/Glimt got off to an excellent start. After ten match-days, the club surprisingly took a lead in the league table. At that point, Hauge had already scored six goals and assisted six. He also managed to impress in the UEFA Europa League qualifiers. In the narrow 2–3 away defeat to Italian club A.C. Milan, Hauge was directly involved in both his team's goals. As a result, media reported that the Rossoneri were interested in signing him.


title: Jens Petter Hauge

text: On 1 October 2020, Hauge signed a five-year contract with Serie A club A.C. Milan. On 4 October 2020, he made his debut in a 3–0 win over Spezia. On 22 October 2020, he scored his first goal for Milan in a 3–1 win at Celtic in the group stage of the Europa League. On 22 November 2020, he scored his first Serie A goal in a 3–1 away win over Napoli.


title: Jens Petter Hauge

text: On 10 August 2021, Eintracht Frankfurt announced that Hauge would join the Bundesliga club on a season-long loan with an option to make the deal permanent. He scored a goal in his Frankfurt debut although in a 5–2 loss against Borussia Dortmund, on 14 August 2021.


title: Jens Petter Hauge

text: On 28 May 2022, Eintracht Frankfurt announced that they have activated purchase option for Hauge from Serie A club AC Milan following his one-year loan. Hauge signed his contract until 2026.


title: Jens Petter Hauge

text: On 16 August 2022, Gent announced that Hauge would join the Belgian First Division A club on a season-long loan.


title: Jens Petter Hauge

text: Hauge has a younger brother, Runar, who is also a professional footballer who plays for Hibernian; the pair has played together for Bodø/Glimt, the club where they both made their debuts.


title: Matt Flynn

text: Matthew Clayton Flynn (born June 20, 1985) is a former American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the seventh round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He was a member of the Packers when they won Super Bowl XLV over the Pittsburgh Steelers. He played college football at Louisiana State University. Flynn also played for the Seattle Seahawks, Oakland Raiders, Buffalo Bills, New England Patriots, New York Jets, and New Orleans Saints.


title: Matt Flynn

text: Matthew Flynn, born and raised in Tyler, Texas, is the son of Alvin and Ruth Flynn. Matthew Flynn's father, a civil attorney, was a quarterback at Baylor in the 1960s, and his mother is a former collegiate dance team director and choreographer at Kilgore College and Tyler Junior College. Matt has two brothers, Adam and Bill, and two sisters, Rebecca and Amanda.


title: Matt Flynn

text: Matthew Flynn attended Robert E. Lee High School where he was coached by Mike Owens, and was teammates with Justin Warren, Brandon Pettigrew, and Ciron Black. As a junior in 2001, Matthew Flynn completed 101 of 199 passes for 1,650 yards, 13 touchdowns and 9 interceptions for the season, leading Lee to the 5A-I playoffs, where they lost in the second round to eventual state champion Mesquite High School. As a senior, he completed 124 of 206 passes for 1,679 yards and 9 touchdowns, and had 305 yards rushing with 12 touchdowns. Matthew Flynn displayed toughness by leading Robert E. Lee High School to a semifinal appearance despite playing his last four games with a broken foot. His team lost to Midland High School 24–14.


title: Matt Flynn

text: After his senior season, 247 Sports listed Matthew Flynn as the top-rated Texas high school quarterback in 2003. Matthew Flynn was a member of the SuperPrep Texas 124, the "Dallas Morning News" Texas Top 100 and the "Tyler Morning Telegraph" All-East Texas Football Team. He chose LSU over Tennessee, Texas Tech, and Texas A&M.


title: Matt Flynn

text: Flynn redshirted the 2003 season at LSU. In 2004, he served as third-string quarterback behind starter Marcus Randall and backup JaMarcus Russell. He also doubled as LSU's holder on placekicks. Flynn played in all 12 games, but only three games as quarterback. His collegiate first completion went to Xavier Carter for a 67-yard touchdown against Mississippi State. Flynn also made a short appearance in the 2004 Capital One Bowl, completing 1 of 4 passes for 11 yards in a 25–30 losing effort against Iowa. He finished the season with 4 completions on 10 attempts for 99 yards and 1 touchdown.


title: Matt Flynn

text: The departure of Randall left Russell and Flynn battling for the starting quarterback position in the 2005 season. Russell eventually got the job, leaving Flynn as backup. He played in seven games at quarterback for the Tigers in 2005, completing 27 of 48 passes for 457 yards, 7 touchdowns and 1 interception. In a win over North Texas, Flynn threw a perfect 7-of-7 for 139 yards and 3 touchdowns, all in the fourth quarter. In the 2005 SEC Championship Game against the Georgia Bulldogs, starting quarterback Russell was injured and Flynn finished the game. He was then given the nod to start for the Tigers in the 2005 Chick-fil-A Peach Bowl against the University of Miami Hurricanes. In that game, he led the Tigers to a 40–3 rout of Miami.


title: Matt Flynn

text: In 2006, Flynn again served as backup to Russell, appearing in seven games. He completed 12 of 20 passes for 133 yards over the season, recording 2 touchdowns and 1 interception. Both touchdowns came in a 49–0 rout against Kentucky on October 14, 2006.


title: Matt Flynn

text: With JaMarcus Russell's departure, Flynn became a starter as a fifth-year senior. He started every game that season except the SEC Championship in which he was injured. He finished the season with 2,407 passing yards, 21 touchdowns and 11 interceptions. In addition, he rushed for 215 yards and 4 touchdowns.


title: Matt Flynn

text: Flynn threw a 22-yard touchdown pass to Demetrius Byrd to win the game against Auburn on October 20, 2007 with 1 second remaining on the clock; Colt David kicked the extra point to make the final score LSU 30, Auburn 24.


title: Matt Flynn

text: He then led the Tigers to a 4th quarter comeback against Alabama. Flynn and the Tigers then beat Louisiana Tech the following weekend and climb back to the #1 spot after a loss by then-#1 Ohio State. The following week the Tigers beat Ole Miss. In his final game at Tiger Stadium, Flynn and the Tigers lost to Arkansas, seemingly losing any chance at the national title. However, LSU, without Flynn, beat Tennessee for the SEC Championship, and losses by Missouri and West Virginia vaulted LSU back into the title game in New Orleans.


title: Matt Flynn

text: On January 7, 2008, Flynn led LSU to a BCS National Championship, beating Ohio State 38–24. Flynn completed 19 of 27 passes and 4 touchdowns, and was named offensive MVP of the game. The Tigers finished the season ranked No. 1 in the polls.


title: Matt Flynn

text: Flynn was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the seventh round (209th selection overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. On July 23, he was signed to a four-year rookie contract through the 2011 season. In 2008, Flynn won the competition for the back-up role to Aaron Rodgers, beating out fellow rookie and second-round pick Brian Brohm. Flynn was seen as being less talented than Brohm because of Brohm's superior size, arm and foot speed, coupled with the fact that Brohm was selected much higher in the draft compared to Flynn.


title: Matt Flynn

text: On December 19, 2010, Flynn made his first NFL start, against the New England Patriots, after starting quarterback Aaron Rodgers was not cleared medically to start. Flynn threw three touchdown passes; one each to John Kuhn, James Jones and Greg Jennings against New England, but threw an interception that was returned by Kyle Arrington for a touchdown in the second half. The game went down to the final play when Flynn, with the ball at the New England 15-yard line, lost it when he was sacked. The Packers lost the game 31–27. Flynn completed 23 of 37 passes for 254 yards in the loss.


title: Matt Flynn

text: On January 1, 2012, Flynn started the final game of the season, against the Detroit Lions. He threw for 480 yards and six touchdowns in the 45–41 victory, both of which set single game Packers records.


title: Matt Flynn

text: On March 18, 2012, Flynn signed a three-year deal with the Seattle Seahawks worth $20.5 million, with $9 million guaranteed. He decided to wear the number 15, his number from college. Flynn competed with 2011 starting quarterback Tarvaris Jackson and 2012 NFL draft third round pick Russell Wilson for the starting quarterback position. When Wilson was named the starter, it made Flynn and his contract expendable.