title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: It is a concept vehicle based on IS 250 sedan designed in conjunction with Spanish design duo Stone Designs, commemorating the fifth anniversary of the launch of Lexus Japan. The IS "Sunrise" model included a multi-tone interior with contrast seat leather hues of white, blue, and gray.


title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: In 2008, the second generation IS 350 was entered in the Super GT race series in the GT300 class (cars with approximately 300 horsepower). Extensively modified from the factory car, with upgrades including a V8 engine, the No. 19 Team Racing Project Bandoh IS 350 driven by Manabu Orido and Tsubasa Abe achieved its first victory in its fifth race at the Motegi GT300 race. Other IS 350 GT300 competitors included those of the WedsSport and Green Tec/Kumho teams. In 2009, two manufacturer sanctioned Racing Project/Bandoh and Team Reckless/Shift IS 350s were also announced for competition, both equipped with 3.0L V8 engines. The Project Bandoh WedsSport IS 350, driven by Manabu Orido and Tatsuya Kataoka, won both driver and team title in the GT300 class that season.


title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: In 2009, Gazoo Racing produced a Lexus IS F VLN racing vehicle, which was entered in the SP8 class of the ADAC-Westfalenfahrt VLN 4h endurance race. The vehicle finished second to the team's Lexus LF-A in the race. The IS F VLN racer was also entered in the 2009 24 Hours Nürburgring race and finished third in the SP8 class. The IS F was also later entered in the DMV Grenzlandrennen VLN 4h endurance race in August 2009 where it won the SP8 class. In Gazoo's win at the DMV Grenzlandrennen VLN race on 29 August 2009, Kazunori Yamauchi, the developer of "Gran Turismo" series who had little experience in actual motorsport, was also one of their drivers, along with Peter Lyon and Hideshi Matsuda. An IS F driven by Peter Lyon, Hideshi Matsuda, Kazunori Yamauchi, and Owen Mildenhall participated in the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring and finished in 4th place in the SP8 class, behind the 1st place ranked Lexus LFA.


title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: In 2012, Japanese drift racer Daigo Saito entered an IS 250 C in the Formula Drift Asia series. The car, which was a victim of the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami and due to be scrapped, was purchased by Saito and heavily customized for drift racing use. The most notable modification was the swapping of the stock engine to a 2JZ-GTE from a Mark IV Toyota Supra. With 1200 horsepower under the hood, Daigo obliterated the competition in that season, winning all the rounds and earning the championship in convincing fashion.


title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: "Road & Track" tested the IS F in their January 2008 issue, attaining a 0- time of 4.4 seconds, a slalom speed of and an electronically limited top speed of . "Car and Driver" also tested the IS F in 2008 and achieved a 0–60 time of 4.2 seconds. It is also rumored that the IS F can break without the electronic limiter. British television show "Top Gear" tested the Lexus IS F against the BMW M3. The time for the IS F was of 1'26.9, compared to the M3's time of 1'25.3 around their test track.


title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: In a February 2007 "Road & Track" Japanese luxury sports sedan comparison, the IS 350 clocked a 0–60 mph time of 4.9 seconds and a 1/4 mile (~400 m) time of 13.5 seconds at .


title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: Several awards won by the second generation Lexus IS include J.D. Power best vehicle in the entry luxury class, 2006 Initial Quality Survey, "Ward's" 10 Best Engines awards in 2006 and 2007 for the IS 350, 2007 IF product design award from the International Forum Design group in Hannover, Germany, and the Canadian Car of the Year Awards' Best New Technology award in 2006. The IS was also the 2007 winner of the Intellichoice/AutoPacific Motorist Choice Award for Aspirational Luxury Cars, referring to the vehicle owners most desired in the luxury segment, and a finalist for "Wheels" magazine's Car of the Year (COTY) awards and the World Car of the Year (WCOTY) award in 2006.


title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: In November 2009, the Lexus IS F was named Best New Sports / Performance Car over CDN$50,000 for the year by the Automobile Journalists Association of Canada (AJAC). In October 2008, the IS F received a Good Design Award from the Japanese Industrial Design organization. In April 2008, "Evo" magazine's test of the IS F awarded the vehicle the publication's highest rating of five stars. That same month, "AutoWeek"'s comparison test of the IS F with the GT-R found the former to be the "more satisfying to drive" winner. Also in 2008, "Car" magazine named the IS F as a finalist for its Performance Car of the Year award.


title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: In March 2008, Atari released the freeware computer game, Lexus IS F Track Time. The program was created in partnership with Lexus and based on the IS F production model specifications. Designed by Image Space Incorporated (ISI) using their rFactor computer racing simulator software, the program allows users to configure and race the IS F. Three race courses are offered, namely Orchard Lake (an oval and road course), Toban Raceway (a road course), and Essington Park, Lienz (a mountain road and rally course). The software incorporates artificial intelligence modeling of competing vehicles, and its physics engine simulates actual driving conditions.


title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: The race-prepped Lexus IS F which competed at the 24 Hours Nürburgring race in October 2009 carried a prototype of a "GPS-track day" unit co-developed by the "Gran Turismo" game designers and Lexus supplier Denso corporation. The unit allows a GPS recording of an actual track drive, which is then stored on a memory card. The recording can then be plugged into a PlayStation 3 where one can view a virtual recreation of the race, or compete against one's own race record.


title: Lexus IS (XE20)

text: The second generation Lexus IS is produced in Tahara, Aichi, and Miyawaka, Fukuoka, Japan. In most markets sold, the IS has served as the compact member of the Lexus lineup, and it was the smallest Lexus model until the CT 200h.


title: Sean Maher

text: Sean Maher (born April 16, 1975) is an American actor. He is known for his portrayal of Simon Tam in the science fiction television series "Firefly" and follow-up movie "Serenity".


title: Sean Maher

text: Maher was born in Pleasantville, New York to Joseph and Margaret Maher. After graduating from Byram Hills High School, Maher trained at New York University where he earned his drama degree in 1997. He acted on stage in several productions, including "Yerma" and "Into the Woods".


title: Sean Maher

text: Maher starred as the title character, a rookie police officer, on the short-lived TV series "". In 2000 he played one of the main characters on the short-lived (dropped after seven episodes) Fox series "The $treet", and he has also appeared on the television series "Party of Five" (as Adam Matthews) and on "".


title: Sean Maher

text: He reprised his role from "Firefly" in the film "Serenity" (2005). Maher was also cast as a chief resident in a hospital on the new series "Halley's Comet". He appeared in the 2005 Lifetime network movie "The Dive From Clausen's Pier" as Michelle Trachtenberg's new love interest. He also appeared as Brian Piccolo in the 2001 remake of "Brian's Song".


title: Sean Maher

text: In 2006, he appeared in the television movie "Wedding Wars". After taking a brief break from acting, Maher came back to TV in 2009 as a guest star in Lifetime Television's pilot episode of "Drop Dead Diva", followed by 2010 guest appearances in the second season of "The Mentalist" (CBS), the first season of "Human Target" (FOX) and the second season of "Warehouse 13" (on Syfy).


title: Sean Maher

text: In 2011 Maher landed a role in the television series "The Playboy Club". He played Sean, a closeted gay man who is in a sham marriage with a closeted lesbian Playboy Bunny. He appeared in eight episodes, in 2011 and 2012, in another series, "Make It or Break It", as the character Marcus. He played the villainous Don John in Joss Whedon's 2012 adaptation of "Much Ado About Nothing".


title: Sean Maher

text: In 2014, Maher starred as Dick Grayson/Nightwing in "Son of Batman", a direct-to-video animated film. It is part of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies. This was followed by the same role in "Justice League vs. Teen Titans" and "" in 2016 and "" in 2017.


title: Sean Maher

text: Maher publicly came out as gay in 2011, using his role as a closeted gay man on "The Playboy Club" as a platform. He and his husband Paul have two adopted children: a daughter, Sophia, and a son, Liam. Following the birth of their daughter in 2007, Maher took two years off from acting to be a stay-at-home dad.


title: Philip Selway

text: Philip James Selway (born 23 May 1967) is an English musician and the drummer of the English rock band Radiohead. Along with the other members of Radiohead, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019.


title: Philip Selway

text: Selway released his debut solo album, "Familial", in 2010, followed by "Weatherhouse" in 2014. He also composed the soundtrack for the 2017 film "Let Me Go". His third solo album, "Strange Dance", is scheduled for February 2023.


title: Philip Selway

text: Selway was born on 23 May, 1967, in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. He started learning to play drums and guitar at the age of 15 for "the social cachet and love of music". His earliest influences were Joy Division, the Clash and the Velvet Underground.


title: Philip Selway

text: The members of Radiohead met while attending Abingdon School, an independent school for boys. Selway, along with the guitarist Ed O'Brien, was in the year above the singer Thom Yorke and the bassist Colin Greenwood, and three years above the multi-instrumentalist Jonny Greenwood, Colin's brother. In 1985, they formed , the name referring to their usual rehearsal day in the school's music room.


title: Philip Selway

text: After Abingdon, Selway attended Liverpool Polytechnic, where he studied English and history. He also worked as a TEFL teacher, a copyeditor, and as a drummer in pit bands for touring musicals.


title: Philip Selway

text: In 1991, On a Friday signed a recording contract with EMI and changed their name to Radiohead. They found early success with their 1992 single "Creep". Their third album, "OK Computer" (1997), brought them international fame and is often acclaimed as one of the best albums of all time.


title: Philip Selway

text: From their fourth album, "Kid A" (2000), Radiohead began integrating drum machines and electronic percussion into their music. Selway said this "pushed me to create some new dynamics. It's another way of solving the problem of arranging songs ... Electronics opened up my drumming rather than closing down the possibilities of what I can do. Now I can express myself in a more effective way." In 2008, "Gigwise" named Selway the 26th greatest drummer of all time, praising his "mathematical precision".


title: Philip Selway

text: Since 2011, Radiohead have performed with a second drummer, Clive Deamer. Describing their 2012 tour for "The King of Limbs," Selway said: "One [of us] played in the traditional way, the other almost mimicked a drum machine. It was push-and-pull, like kids at play, really interesting."


title: Philip Selway

text: By 2011, Radiohead had sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2019; Selway and O'Brien attended the induction ceremony and gave speeches. Selway said, "We may not be the greatest musicians around and we're certainly not the most media-friendly of bands. But we have become very adept at being Radiohead. And when that connects with people, it feels amazing."


title: Philip Selway

text: Selway contributed drums to "Impossible Knots" from Yorke's third solo album, "Anima" (2019). In 2019, Selway testified at an inquest into the 2012 Radiohead stage collapse that killed his drum technician, Scott Johnson.


title: Philip Selway

text: Selway began writing songs as a teenager, but concentrated on drumming after Radiohead formed; he began writing again later in life. Feeling the songs had a distinct character that did not fit Radiohead, Selway began recording solo material. His debut solo album, "Familial", was released on 30 August 2010. It features Selway on acoustic guitar and vocals, and performances from the Wilco members Glenn Kotche and Pat Sansone and the 7 Worlds Collide artists Lisa Germano and Sebastian Steinberg. "Pitchfork" described it as a collection of "hushed folk songs" in the tradition of Nick Drake. Selway announced a solo tour on 4 February 2011.


title: Philip Selway

text: Selway's second solo album, "Weatherhouse", was released on 6 October 2014, featuring more ambitious instrumentation and electronic elements. In 2017, Selway composed the score for the feature film "Let Me Go", directed by Polly Steele. His third solo album, "Strange Dance," is scheduled for February 2023.


title: Philip Selway

text: For 20 years, Selway volunteered for the emotional support charity Samaritans, first as a listener and then an ambassador.


title: Philip Selway

text: Selway performed with the band Dive Dive in March 2005. Along with Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood and Pulp singer Jarvis Cocker, Selway appeared in the 2005 film "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" as a member of the band the Weird Sisters.


title: Philip Selway

text: Selway toured and recorded with Neil Finn as part of the 7 Worlds Collide project. He drummed on their eponymous 2001 live album and provides drums, guitar and vocals on their 2009 studio album "The Sun Came Out", where he also penned two tracks.


title: Philip Selway

text: Selway appears on "Rest on the Rock" and "Out of Light" on the album "Before the Ruin" by Roddy Woomble, Kris Drever, and John McCusker.


title: Philip Selway

text: Selway and his wife Cait have three sons and a daughter. Selway's mother Thea died during a Radiohead tour in May 2006; the band cancelled one of their dates in Amsterdam so that Selway could carry out his family duties. They returned to Amsterdam in August to play the missed show. "In Rainbows" is in memory of Thea Selway.


title: Church of Antioch

text: The Church of Antioch (, Romanization: kánīsa ʾanṭākiya, IPA: [ka.niː.sa ʔan.tˤaː.ki.ja]) was the first of the five major churches of the early pentarchy in Christianity, with its primary seat in the ancient Greek city of Antioch (present-day Antakya, Turkey).


title: Church of Antioch

text: According to Acts 11, at the start of their missionary journeys, Paul the Apostle and Barnabas created a church and preached in Antioch for a year, during which time the followers of the church were called "Christians" for the first time. This was the first mention of the word "Christians" in the Bible.


title: Church of Antioch

text: The Church was formed and founded on Pentecost in Jerusalem. Followers of Jesus as the Messiah (Ha Maschiach), trace the origin of becoming known to the world as 'Christians' to the community founded in Antioch: "Then departed Barnabas to Tarsus, for to seek Saul: and when he found him he brought him to Antioch." For a whole year they met with the church and taught large numbers. The disciples, whose origins began in the dispersion resulting from persecution in Jerusalem, were "first called Christians at Antioch." Known by a variety of names, including "Followers of the Way." Later recognized by the Apostles in Jerusalem, one of its leading members was Barnabas, who was sent to organize the new church (see Acts 11:19-26) (see Early centers of Christianity). It later became the Patriarchate of Antioch as one of the five major patriarchates – that is the Pentarchy – Pentarchy is a model of Church organization historically championed in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It found its fullest expression in the laws of Emperor Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire.


title: Church of Antioch

text: According to , the Christian community at Antioch began when Christians who were scattered from Jerusalem because of persecution fled to Antioch. They were joined by Christians from Cyprus and Cyrene who migrated to Antioch. It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus were first referred to as Christians.


title: Church of Antioch

text: A main point of interest, however, is connected with the progress of Christianity among the non-Jewish believers. Tradition holds that the first Gentile church was founded in Antioch, , where it is recorded that the disciples of Jesus Christ were first called Christians (). It was from Antioch that St. Paul started on his missionary journeys.


title: Church of Antioch

text: In the dispersion of the original Church at Jerusalem, during the troubles ensuing on the bold action of Stephen, certain Cypriote and Cyrenaic Jews, who had been brought up in Greek communities and who had different perspectives on the world than the Palestinian Jews, came to Antioch. There they made the "innovation" of addressing not merely Jews but also Greeks (see Godfearers for the historical background). We may understand here (1) that the words used imply successful preaching and the admission of Greeks to the Christian congregation, and (2) that such an innovation took place by slow degrees, and began in the synagogue, where Greek proselytes heard the word.


title: Church of Antioch

text: Antioch is intimately connected with the early history of the gospel. It was the great central point from where missionaries to the Gentiles were sent (presumably following the Great Commission). It was the birthplace of the famous Christian father Chrysostom, who died A.D. 407.


title: Church of Antioch

text: Nicolas the deacon of the Seven Deacons was a proselyte of Antioch. The Christians dispersed by Stephen's martyrdom preached at Antioch to idolatrous Greeks, not "Grecians" or Greek-speaking Jews, according to the Alexandrine manuscript , whence a church having been formed under Barnabas and Paul's care. From Antioch their charity was sent by the hands of Barnabas and Saul to the brethren at Jerusalem suffering in the famine.


title: Church of Antioch

text: Paul began his ministry systematically here. At Antioch Judaizers from Jerusalem disturbed the church . Here Paul rebuked Peter for dissimulation (, the Incident at Antioch). From Antioch Paul started on his first missionary journey , and returned to it . He began, after the Jerusalem decree, addressed to the Gentile converts at Antioch, and ended, his second missionary journey there . His third journey also began there. Ignatius was subsequently bishop there for forty years, down to his martyrdom A. D. 107.


title: Church of Antioch

text: The seat of the patriarchate was formerly Antioch, in what is now Turkey. However, in the 15th century, it was moved to Syria in response to the Ottoman invasion.


title: Church of Antioch

text: Some Grecian "ancient synagogal" priestly rites and hymns have survived partially to the present, notably in the distinct church services of the Melkite and Greek Orthodox communities of the Hatay Province of Southern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Northern Israel. Members of these communities still call themselves Rūm which literally means "Eastern Romans" or Byzantines in Turkish, Persian and Arabic. The term "Rūm" is used in preference to "Yūnāniyyūn" which means Greeks or "Ionians"


title: Church of Antioch

text: These are in full communion with the Catholic Church and thus recognise each other's claims. The Catholic Church also appointed a Latin Patriarch of Antioch in 1000 by Bohemond, founder of the Principality of Antioch, one of the crusader states. After the Crusades, this office became titular in 1268, and lasted as titular for many centuries until it was abolished in 1964.


title: Robert Cray

text: Robert William Cray (born August 1, 1953) is an American blues guitarist and singer. He has led his own band and won five Grammy Awards.


title: Robert Cray

text: Robert Cray was born on August 1, 1953, in Columbus, Georgia, while his father was stationed at Fort Benning. Cray's musical beginnings go back to when he was a student at Denbigh High School in Newport News, Virginia. While there, he played in his first band, The One-Way Street. His family eventually settled in the Tacoma, Washington, area. There, he attended Lakes High School in Lakewood, Washington.


title: Robert Cray

text: By the age of 20, Cray had seen his heroes Albert Collins, Freddie King and Muddy Waters in concert and decided to form his own band; they began playing college towns on the West Coast. In the late 1970s he lived in Eugene, Oregon, where he formed the Robert Cray Band and collaborated with Curtis Salgado in the Cray-Hawks. In the 1978 film "National Lampoon's Animal House", Cray was the uncredited bassist in the house party band Otis Day and the Knights.


title: Robert Cray

text: Cray released the album "Who's Been Talkin'" on Tomato Records in 1980. Two albums on HighTone Records in the mid-1980s, "Bad Influence" and "False Accusations", were moderately successful in the United States and in Europe, where he was building a reputation as a live artist. In 1985, he released the album "Showdown!" with his hero Albert Collins and Johnny Copeland.


title: Robert Cray

text: Cray was signed to Mercury Records and in 1986 released his fourth album, "Strong Persuader", produced by Dennis Walker, which received a Grammy Award, while the crossover single "Smoking Gun" gave him wider appeal and name recognition. Under the pseudonym "Night Train Clemons", he recorded with Ted Hawkins in 1986. He was invited by Keith Richards to join the backing band for Chuck Berry in the 1987 film, "Chuck Berry: Hail! Hail! Rock 'N' Roll", directed by Taylor Hackford. In 1987, Tina Turner invited Cray to be part of her "Break Every Rule" television special.


title: Robert Cray

text: By now, Cray was an opening act for such major stars as Eric Clapton and sold out larger venues as a solo artist. Cray has generally played Fender guitars (Telecasters and Stratocasters) and there are two signature Robert Cray Stratocasters models available from Fender. The Robert Cray Custom Shop Stratocaster is made in the U.S. in the Fender custom shop and is identical to the guitars that Cray currently plays, while the Robert Cray Standard Stratocaster is a less-expensive model made in Fender's Ensenada, Mexico plant.


title: Robert Cray

text: Cray had the opportunity to play alongside John Lee Hooker on his album "Boom Boom", playing the guitar solo in the song "Same Old Blues Again". He is also featured on the Hooker album, "The Healer"; he plays a guitar solo on the song "Baby Lee". The entire Robert Cray Band backs Hooker on the title track of his 1992 album "Mr. Lucky", where Cray plays lead guitar, sings, and banters with Hooker throughout the song. The band also appears on two songs off B.B. King's 1993 duet album "Blues Summit": the duet between King and Cray, which was written by Cray and Dennis Walker specifically for the project and called "Playin' With My Friends", and the duet between King and John Lee Hooker ("You Shook Me").


title: Robert Cray

text: In August 1990, Cray played with Eric Clapton, Buddy Guy, Jimmie Vaughan, and Stevie Ray Vaughan at the Alpine Valley Music Theatre in East Troy, Wisconsin, performing "Sweet Home Chicago". This was Stevie Ray Vaughan's final performance before he died in a helicopter accident later that night.


title: Robert Cray

text: Cray was invited to play at the "Guitar Legends" concerts in Seville, Spain at the 1992 Expo, where he played a signature track, "Phone Booth". Albert Collins was also on the bill on this blues night of the "Legends" gigs.


title: Robert Cray

text: Cray continues to record and tour. He appeared at the Crossroads Guitar Festival, and supported Eric Clapton on his 2006-2007 world tour.


title: Robert Cray

text: In 2011, Cray was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame and received the Americana Music Lifetime Achievement Award for Performance in 2017.


title: Robert Cray

text: After controversy with Eric Clapton about lyrics of the song "Stand and Deliver" by Van Morrison, Cray canceled his participation in Clapton's upcoming 2022 Europe tour.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: "Swedish Mausers" are a family of bolt-action rifles based on an improved variant of Mauser's earlier Model 1893, but using the 6.5×55mm cartridge, and incorporating unique design elements as requested by Sweden. These are the m/94 (Model 1894) carbine, m/96 (Model 1896) long rifle, m/38 (Model 1938) short rifle and m/41 (Model 1941) sniper rifle. Production began in 1898 at Carl Gustafs stads Gevärsfaktori in Eskilstuna, Sweden.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: All Swedish Mausers other than trials rifles were chambered for the 6.5×55mm cartridge, and all Swedish-made actions were proof-tested with a single 6.5×55mm proof round developing approximately piezo pressure (55,000 CUP). Swedish Mausers were manufactured by Waffenfabrik Mauser AG in Oberndorf a/N in Germany and in Sweden by Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori and Husqvarna Vapenfabriks Aktiebolag. All Swedish Mausers, whether built in Germany or Sweden, were fabricated using a Swedish-supplied high grade tool steel alloyed with nickel, copper, and vanadium, a product then noted for its strength and corrosion resistance.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: These rifles, like other pre-M 98 system Mauser rifles, lack the third safety locking lug at the rear of the bolt and feature "cock-on-closing" (similar to the contemporary Lee–Enfield rifle) instead of the "cock-on-opening" style found on the German Gewehr 98 and most subsequent bolt-action rifles. The forward receiver ring diameter where the two forward locking lugs achieved lockup is . The internal magazine can be loaded with single 6.5×55mm rounds by pushing the cartridges into the receiver top opening or via stripper clips. Each stripper clip can hold five rounds to fill the magazine and is inserted into clip guides machined into the rear receiver bridge. After loading, the empty clip is ejected when the bolt is closed. For easier loading a crescent shaped thumb hole cutout was introduced at the left rear of the receiver top.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Submitted for Swedish trials were the M/1892 rifle and carbine based on elements of the m/1889 Belgian, m/1890 Turkish, and m/1891 Argentine Mauser rifles. One rifle is chambered in 8×58mmR Danish Krag caliber. One example exists in the Museum at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, US.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The m/1894 carbine was adopted in 1894 with the first 12,000 carbines being manufactured by Waffenfabrik Mauser in Oberndorf am Neckar, Germany. This series of carbines were all manufactured in 1895, and a very few spare receivers dated 1895 were received from Mauser Oberndorf's manufacturers "Ludwig Loewe & Company". Some of these spare receivers have been found built as complete m/1896 rifles with serial numbers falling into the regular m/1896 rifle ranges. It is speculated that these were replacement receivers that were later given the same serial number as the replaced receivers, though this is not yet confirmed due to the extremely small number discovered so far.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Production in Sweden under license commenced in 1898. (The preparatory production development at Carl Gustafs stads Gevärsfaktori found a place in history by being the event that caused Carl Edvard Johansson to invent gauge blocks.) Swedish production continued sporadically until 1918. Very limited numbers were later produced with receiver dates of 1929 and more so 1932. The highest 1918 serial number noted is 111,002. The m/94 carbines have a unique serial number sequence beginning with 1. The highest number so far noted is 113,150 dated 1932. There have been no carbines noted with receiver dates of 1902, 1905, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912 and 1913. It may be surmised that carbines produced from the end of regular production in 1918 until 1932 numbered about 2,150.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Mauser produced 12,000 m/1894 carbines between 1894 and 1896 and Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori 115,000 m/1894 carbines between 1895 and 1933, giving a total of 127,000 m/1894 carbines.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Some carbines were lost from regular use by conversion to sub-caliber targeting & practice devices for artillery pieces.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: m/1894-14 carbines have a steel nose piece, not dissimilar to the No.1 Mk3 Lee–Enfield, with a protruding stud under the muzzle for the bayonet ring. There were two bayonets intended for the 94-14 carbine. The most prevalent was the m/1914 long bayonet. The second minor bayonet was the very long bladed m/1915 navy bayonet with the edge facing upwards.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: m/1894-67: This was an 1894 carbine modified to accept the m/1867 Yataghan blade saber bayonet. The modification involved a slot machined on the nose cap and a stud sleeve attached to the barrel. Numbers modified are unknown. Possibly only 100 or less. Several have shown up in the United States and one is known in the Netherlands.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Skolskjutningskarbin, (literally "school shooting carbine"): This carbine was manufactured for Swedish civilian schools for student training. All of these school carbines carry the receiver date of 1901. This model deviates from the standard m/1894 carbine in several ways. The serial number is prefixed with S and runs S.1 to S.1161 and possibly a few more. The serial number appears as S.500 on the left side-rail of the receiver. The bolt handle is the same straight handle of the m/1896 rifle. The sling swivels are on the bottom of the stock just as on the m/1896 rifle. There is no bayonet attachment. Many of these carbines have been found rebuilt as standard m/1894-14 carbines and in one case as a Carl Gustaf m/63 target rifle (CG63).


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Kammarkarbin: also known as "gallery carbine". Unique serial numbers prefixed by K. Total number produced is unknown, with the highest reported serial number being K.193 currently in a private collection in the United States. One has been reported in Switzerland. Carbine K.91 is in the Carl Gustaf factory museum in Sweden. Other differences from the standard m/1894 carbine include the stock being dyed black. The rifling rate of twist is about 4 times faster than the m/1894 carbine due to the unique bullet and much slower velocity of the special cartridge intended for this carbine. The only two receiver dates noted so far are 1898 and 1901.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: 1894/96 Fortress Carbine: Another variant produced in unknown numbers and unknown years of production. This carbine is very similar to the standard m/1894 except in the manner of sling attachment. This carbine uses a sling attachment identical to the skolskjutningskarbin as the sling swivels are on the bottom of the stock instead of the side. The lower sling swivel is placed much further up the buttstock nearer the triggerguard than the m/1896 rifle.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Weapons Officers Carbines: These standard m/1894 carbines were hand-built by weapons officers as part of their training. Instead of having serial numbers, the name of the weapons officer is the identifying "serial" mark. Most of the parts are marked with the two letters of the officer's name and in some cases with a + sign. These carbines are among the most valuable of collectible m/1894 carbines.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The Model 1896 rifle in 6.5×55mm (6,5 mm "Gevär" m/96) was adopted in 1896 for infantry use, replacing the Model 1867–1889 Remington rolling block rifle in 8×58mmR Danish Krag. Swedish production (under license) started in 1898 at Carl Gustafs, but additional rifles were produced by Mauser during 1899 and 1900 because of delays in shipping additional production machinery from Germany to Sweden.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Standard production at Carl Gustafs continued until 1925, but approximately 18,000 m/96 rifles were manufactured by Husqvarna Vapenfabriks AB during World War II for civilian marksmanship training.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Mauser produced 40,000 m/1896 long rifles between 1899 and 1900, Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori 475,000 m/1896 between 1896 and 1932 and Husqvarna Vapenfabriks AB 20,000 m/1896 between 1942 and 1944. Giving a total of 535,000 m/96 long rifles.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The m/96 rifle used a triangular front sight post and a rear tangent sight with a V-shaped notch. When folded down the rear sight is graduated from , in increments. When flipped up the rear sight is graduated from . The iron sights line was matched for the trajectory of 6.5×55mm m/94 ball service ammunition loaded with a round-nosed (B-projectile) bullet. A rifleman never used the flipped up position on his own - it was only used for simultaneous fire at ranks of enemies.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: From 1941 onwards the introduction of 6.5×55mm m/94 ball ammunition loaded with a boat-tailed spitzer(D-projectile) bullet necessitated adapting the iron sight lines with a new m/41 rectangular post and the rear sight element was altered to have a U-shaped notch and match the flatter trajectory of the new service round.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The Model 1938 rifle (6,5 mm "Gevär" m/38) was adopted in 1938 as part of a worldwide trend (which began just before World War I) towards service rifles that were shorter in overall length than a standard infantry rifle, but longer than a cavalry carbine. Contemporary examples such as the Mauser Karabiner 98k, Short Magazine Lee–Enfield No I Mk III, MAS-36, and M1903 Springfield were all noticeably shorter than a standard late 19th century infantry rifle, and with another war on the horizon the Swedes felt it would be expedient to adopt a shorter rifle for use by mechanized troops and the Navy.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The original m/1938 rifles (Type I) were converted m/1896 rifles with barrels cut down by 5.5" (139mm) and almost always with the original straight bolt handles. These rifles are often referred to by collectors as "m/96-38" rifles, but there was never an official designation for this conversion. The majority of purpose-built m/1938s (Type II) had turned-down bolt handles and were manufactured by Husqvarna Vapenfabriks AB, with production ending in 1944. However, the Swedish military made no distinction in service between the two types.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori converted 55,080 m/1896 long rifles to m/1938 short rifles in 1938–1940. In addition to that Husqvarna Vapenfabriks AB produced 88,150 new m/38 short rifles between 1942 and 1944. Giving a total of 143,230 m/1938 short rifles.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The rear sighting element of iron sight lines of the short rifles converted from old m/96 rles were adjustable for ranges from calibrated for 6.5×55mm m/94 round-nosed (B-projectile) ammunition.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The rear sighting element of iron sight lines of new production m/38 short rifles were adjustable for ranges from calibrated for 6.5×55mm m/94 round-nosed ammunition or alternatively calibrated for 6.5×55mm m/41 (B-projectile) boat-tailed spitzer ammunition. The rear sighting elements were adjustable in increments


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The m/1941 sniper rifles were m/1896 rifles of all three manufacturers, in 1941–1943 selected from the existing stock for accuracy and converted by Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori into sniper rifles. This modification of some 5,300 rifles included the bolt handle turned-down in order to provide clearance for unimpaired operation of the bolt handle and three-position safety catch lever with a telescopic sight mounted. The optics fitted were initially the German AJACK 4×90 (4×38 in modern terminology) m/41 telescopic sight. "AJACK" refers to the German optics manufacturer Adolph Jackenroll Optische Anstalt GmbH. The AJACK 4×90 had bullet drop compensation in increments for ranges from . However, because of the deteriorating war situation Germany stopped selling telescopic sights to Sweden after 4,000 units were delivered, resulting in domestically produced 1,300 AGA 3× m/42 and 3× m/44 telescopic sights (made by Svenska Ackumulatorfabriken Jungner) being used instead.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: After World War 2, in 1955, the weapons were refurbished to the m/1941B standard. This included a stop screw on the mounting rail for the mounting arrestment lever, preventing it from being overtightened, the serial number on the receiver that the mount covered was now repeated on the mount and the fastening screws got peened into the holes of the now removed locking screws. The tangent-type rear sight element was replaced by a micrometer SM-sight. All the m/42 telescopic sights (which had a problem with the sealing and thus could fog up) and most of the m/44 telescopic sights were replaced with AJACK 4×90 telescopic sights, which a decade after World War II were available in sufficient numbers.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: In 1940, Finland bought 77,000 M1896 Mausers from Sweden in 6.5×55mm. They were mainly used by second line units. Model 1896 rifles used by Finland in WWII can be recognized by a stamp with the letters SA (Suomen Armeija = Finnish Army) surrounded by a square with rounded corners. Most of the rifles were returned to Sweden after WWII but some remained in Finland.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The m/1894 carbine and the m/1896 and m/1938 rifles were gradually phased out of Swedish service starting in the 1950s, although the sniper variants continued in service until the early 1980s. They were succeeded by the Ag m/42 semi-automatic rifle beginning in the late 1940s, followed by the Ak 4 battle rifle starting in the 1960s. However, some rear echelon logistic units were still equipped with m/1896 as late as 1983. The last unit to use m/1941(B) sniper rifles were the "Hemvärnet" (Home Guard) that replaced their m/1941(B) sniper rifles in 1995 by Ak 4OR rifles with Hensoldt 4×24 telescopic sights. The m/1894 carbine is still used for ceremonial and guard purposes by the Royal Guards.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Both the m/1896 and m/1938 rifles are highly sought after by military rifle shooters and hunters. The 6.5×55mm is an ideal all-round hunting rifle cartridge, as it has a flat trajectory, low recoil, and high accuracy. Many rifles in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States and South Africa have been sporterized to make deer (or similar game) hunting rifles, and many firearms manufacturers, including SAKO, Ruger and Winchester, produce new hunting rifles chambered in this cartridge.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: When surplus Swedish Mausers became available after World War II many m/1896 and m/1938 rifles were successfully converted by Carl Gustafs and Norma into the CG 63 Competition/Target Rifle chambered in 6.5×55mm and 7.62×51mm NATO. A number of CG 63 match rifles were acquired by the Swedish Army, with their rifles colloquially known as "Gevär 6" if in 6.5×55mm and "Gevär 7" if in 7.62×51mm. These competition/target rifles were used by members of the Swedish Volunteer Sharpshooting Movement "Frivilliga Skytterörelsen" (FSR) and are known to be very accurate for their price. The FSR strived to keep the costs of participating in their shooting events reasonable, so the FSR rulings restricted the unchecked use of very expensive highly specialized target rifles, ammunition and other gear.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The CG 63 rifle was built on a Swedish Mauser receiver, to which a new heavy, non-stepped free-floating target barrel was fitted. The vertical thumb piece was removed from the bolt to improve lock time. The triggers were adjusted and smoothed to match quality and the rifles got diopter and globe sighting lines (from several Swedish manufacturers) and target stocks.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: The CG 63 was further developed into the CG 73 / CG 74, also called m/74, and finally the CG 80 competition/target rifle. The CG competition/target rifles complied and evolved with the technical and dimensional FSR rulings then imposed for FSR shooting events. Starting at the end of the 20th century the FSR allowed the use of competition/target rifles that are not based on the Swedish Mauser receiver.


title: Swedish Mauser

text: Husqvarna also made commercial m/1894 and m/1896 versions available as sporting rifles called Model 46 and its variants (Models 46A, 46AN and 46B) in 6.5×55mm, 9.3×57mm and 9.3×62mm. After World War II they used m/96 and m/38 actions without thumb notch to create the Model 640 series (646 in 6.5×55mm, 648 in 8×57mm, 649 in 9.3×62mm). These are not to be confused with the late-production Model 640 using FN Herstal M98 actions. Stiga also made sporterized versions in popular calibers, which are very well finished and balanced.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: John Parsons Wheeler III (December 14, 1944 – ), known as Jack Wheeler, was an American businessman and former White House aide. Wheeler was chairman of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, senior planner for Amtrak (1971–1972), official of the Securities and Exchange Commission (1978–1986), chief executive and CEO of Mothers Against Drunk Driving, consultant to the Mitre Corporation (2009–death), and a presidential aide to the Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush administrations. He also held numerous other positions in the United States military, government, and corporations. He died under mysterious circumstances on December 30, 2010.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: Wheeler was descended from a family of military professionals which included Joseph Wheeler, who had served as a general both in the Confederate Army, and later with the United States Army. Wheeler III was born in Laredo, Texas, where his mother, Janet Conly Wheeler, was staying with her mother while his father was in Europe. Five days after the delivery, the family received a telegram that his father was missing in action in the Battle of the Bulge. His father was later found to be alive. Wheeler had one younger brother, Robert Conly Wheeler, and one younger sister, Janet Wheeler Gilani.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: Wheeler was a member of the United States Military Academy class of 1966 which lost 30 of its members in the Vietnam War.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: After graduation from West Point, he was a fire control platoon leader at a MIM-14 Nike-Hercules base at Franklin Lakes, New Jersey from 1966 to 1967. From 1967 to 1969, he was a graduate student at Harvard Business School spending the summer of 1968 as a systems analyst for the Office of Secretary of Defense in Washington, D.C. From 1969 to 1970, he served in a non-combat position at Long Binh in Vietnam. From 1970 to 1971, he served on the General Staff at The Pentagon


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: Wheeler's West Point and later years are featured prominently in Rick Atkinson's book, "The Long Gray Line: The American Journey of West Point's Class of 1966".


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: After leaving the military he was a senior planner for Amtrak in 1971 and 1972. From 1972 to 1975 he attended law school at Yale University becoming a clerk for George E. MacKinnon in 1975–76 and an associate for Shea & Gardner in 1976–1978. From 1978 to 1986, he was assistant general counsel, special counsel to the chairman, and the secretary of the Securities and Exchange Commission.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: From 1979 to 1989, Wheeler was chairman of Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund which built the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, opening in 1982. Working with Jan Scruggs and Robert W. Doubek, he supported the controversial Maya Lin design, which was opposed by Ross Perot and Jim Webb, who both tried to oust him as chairman of the memorial. Wheeler worked to address their issues by adding The Three Soldiers sculpture by Frederick Hart to the memorial.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: In 1983, Carlton Sherwood ran a four-part series on WDVM-TV (now WUSA) "Vietnam Memorial: A Broken Promise?" which focused on Wheeler's handling of the Memorial Fund, claiming that most of the $9 million raised for the memorial was improperly accounted for. Sherwood cast aspersions on Wheeler's career, questioning his decision not to go directly to Vietnam out of West Point and noting he had been disciplined shortly after arriving there in 1969 for "misappropriation" of government property. A General Accounting Office audit spurred by the television report cleared Wheeler. WDVM officials made an on-air apology and donated $50,000 to the memorial. In 1984, Wheeler published a memoir, "Touched with Fire: The Future of the Vietnam Generation".


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: In the 1988 television film "To Heal a Nation" about the construction of the Vietnam Memorial, Wheeler was played by Marshall Colt, four years his junior and the former co-star with James Arness in the crime drama "McClain's Law". Eric Roberts portrayed Jan Scruggs; Glynnis O'Connor, Becky Scruggs', Jan's wife. On November 11, 1988, Wheeler introduced President Reagan at the Memorial before the latter observed his final Veterans' Day there.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: In 1988–1989, Wheeler worked with President George H. W. Bush to establish the Earth Conservation Corps. From 1997 to 2001, he was president and CEO, Deafness Research Foundation. He was consultant to acting Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics from 2001 to 2005, special assistant to the Secretary of the Air Force from 2005 to 2008. From 2008 to 2009, he was special assistant to the acting assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Installations, Logistics and Energy. From 1983 to 1987, he was chairman and CEO of Mothers Against Drunk Driving, and from 1993 until his death, he was the founding CEO of the Vietnam Children's Fund.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: Wheeler was twice married. He had two children from his first marriage, twins John Parsons Wheeler, IV, and Katherine Marie Wheeler. He also has two stepdaughters from his marriage to Katherine Klyce, Byrd Schas Chaskes and Meriwether Klyce Schas. His younger brother Robert predeceased him.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: Wheeler was seen on CCTV on December 28, 2010, exiting an Amtrak train, and later, on the afternoon of December 30, 2010, at 10th and Orange streets in Wilmington, Delaware. On December 31, his body was seen by a landfill worker as it fell onto a trash heap in the Cherry Island Landfill. Police ruled his death a homicide and claimed that "all the stops made Friday (December 31) by the garbage truck before it arrived at the landfill involved large commercial disposal bins in Newark (Delaware), several miles from Wheeler's home."


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: Wheeler's neighbor of seven months, Ron Roark, said that he had met Wheeler only once and rarely saw him. Roark claimed that, in the days prior to Wheeler's death, he (Roark) and his family heard, from outside the Wheeler residence, a loud television within the home that was constantly on, though no one appeared to be home.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: According to "The Washington Post", Wheeler was sighted on December 29 at the New Castle County courthouse parking garage, disoriented and wearing only one shoe, as the other was ripped. While he attempted to gain access to the parking garage on foot, Wheeler claimed that he wanted to warm up before paying a parking fee. (Police later determined that his car was actually in a different parking garage at the train station.) Wheeler explained to the parking garage attendant that his briefcase had been stolen and assured her he was not intoxicated. It is also claimed that, on December 29, Wheeler asked a pharmacist in New Castle for a ride to Wilmington and "looked upset." The pharmacist offered to call a cab for Wheeler, at which point Wheeler left the store.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: On December 30, Wheeler was sighted wandering about various office buildings, including Mitre and DuPont locations, where he refused offers of assistance from several individuals. On January 28, 2011, the Delaware state medical examiner's office reported Wheeler's cause of death as assault and "blunt force trauma" without elaboration.


title: John P. Wheeler III

text: Wheeler's remains were interred at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors on April 29, 2011.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The Peterhof Palace (,) (an emulation of early modern Dutch "Pieterhof", meaning "Pieter's Court"), is a series of palaces and gardens located in Petergof, Saint Petersburg, Russia, commissioned by Peter the Great as a direct response to the Palace of Versailles by Louis XIV of France. Originally intending it in 1709 for country habitation, Peter the Great sought to expand the property as a result of his visit to the French royal court in 1717, inspiring the nickname of "The Russian Versailles". The architect between 1714 and 1728 was Domenico Trezzini, and the style he employed became the foundation for the Petrine Baroque style favored throughout Saint Petersburg. Also in 1714, Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond, likely chosen due to his previous collaborations with Versailles landscaper André Le Nôtre, designed the gardens. Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli completed an expansion from 1747 to 1756 for Elizabeth of Russia. The palace-ensemble along with the city center is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The end of the Great Northern War resulted in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, ceding much of the Swedish Empire's claim to the Baltic Sea to the rising Tsardom of Russia. Peter the Great already began construction of his new capital St Petersburg in 1703 after successfully capturing Swedish provinces on the eastern coast. This strategic location allowed Russian access to the Baltic Sea through the Neva River that flowed to the Gulf of Finland. The island of Kotlin and its fortress Kronstadt northeast of St Petersburg provided a gateway and commercial harbor access owing to the shallowness of water closer to the city.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: Throughout the early 18th century, Peter the Great built and expanded the Peterhof Palace complex as a part of his goal to modernize and westernize Russia.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: In 1714, Peter began construction of the Monplaisir Palace (French: "my delight") based on his own sketches. He "сhalked out not only the site but also the inside layout, some elements of the decorative finish, etc". Based in a Dutch style, this was Peter's summer retreat (not to be confused with his Summer Palace) that he would use on his way coming and going from Europe through the harbour at Kronstadt. On the walls of this seacoast palace hung hundreds of paintings that Peter brought from Europe and allowed to weather Russian winters and the dampness of the sea without heat. In the seaward corner of his Monplaisir Palace, Peter made his Maritime Study, from which he could see Kronstadt Island to the left and St. Petersburg to the right. Later, he expanded his plans to include a vaster royal château of palaces and gardens further inland, on the model of Versailles which would become Peterhof Palace. The initial design of the palace and its garden was done by the French architect Jean-Baptiste Le Blond.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The dominant natural feature of Peterhof is a 16-m-high bluff lying less than 100 m from the shore. The so-called Lower Gardens ("Nizhny Sad"), at 1.02 km comprising the better part of Peterhof's land area, are confined between this bluff and the shore, stretching east and west for roughly 200 m. The majority of Peterhof's fountains are contained here, as are several small palaces and outbuildings. East of the Lower Gardens lies the Alexandria Park with 19th-century Gothic Revival structures such as the Kapella.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: Atop the bluff, near the middle of the Lower Gardens, stands the Grand Palace ("Bolshoi Dvorets"). Behind (south) of it are the comparatively small Upper Gardens ("Verhnyy Sad"). Upon the bluff's face below the palace is the Grand Cascade ("Bolshoi Kaskad"). This and the Grand Palace are the centrepiece of the entire complex. At its foot begins the Sea Channel ("Morskoi Kanal"), one of the most extensive waterworks of the Baroque period, which bisects the Lower Gardens.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The Grand Cascade is modelled on one constructed for Louis XIV at his Château de Marly, which is likewise memorialised in one of the park's outbuildings.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: At the centre of the cascade is an artificial grotto with two stories, faced inside and out with hewn brown stone. It currently contains a modest museum of the fountains' history. One of the exhibits is a table carrying a bowl of (artificial) fruit, a replica of a similar table built under Peter's direction. The table is rigged with jets of water that soak visitors when they reach for the fruit, a feature from Mannerist gardens that remained popular in Germany. The grotto is connected to the palace above and behind by a hidden corridor.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The fountains of the Grand Cascade are located below the grotto and on either side of it. There are 64 fountains. Their waters flow into a semicircular pool, the terminus of the fountain-lined Sea Channel. In the 1730s, the large Samson Fountain was placed in this pool. It depicts the moment when Samson tears open the jaws of a lion, representing Russia's victory over Sweden in the Great Northern War, and is doubly symbolic. The lion is an element of the Swedish coat of arms, and one of the great victories of the war was won on St Sampson's Day. From the lion's mouth shoots a -high vertical jet of water, the highest in all of Peterhof. This masterpiece by Mikhail Kozlovsky was looted by the invading Germans during the Second World War; see History below. A replica of the statue was installed in 1947.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: Perhaps the greatest technological achievement of Peterhof is that all of the fountains operate without the use of pumps. Water is supplied from natural springs and collects in reservoirs in the Upper Gardens. The elevation difference creates the pressure that drives most of the fountains of the Lower Gardens, including the Grand Cascade. The Samson Fountain is supplied by a special aqueduct, over in length, drawing water and pressure from a high-elevation source.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The expanse of the Lower Gardens is designed in the formal style of French formal gardens of the 17th century. Although many trees are overgrown, in recent years the formal clipping along the many allees has resumed in order to restore the original appearance of the garden. The many fountains located here exhibit an unusual degree of creativity. One of the most notable designs is entitled 'The Sun'. A disk radiating water jets from its edge creates an image of the sun's rays, and the whole structure rotates about a vertical axis so that the direction in which the "sun" faces is constantly changing.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The same bluff that provides a setting for the Grand Cascade houses two other, very different cascades. West of the Grand Palace is the Golden Mountain ("Золотая Гора"), decorated with marble statuary that contrasts with the riotous gilded figures of the Grand Cascade. To the east is the Chess Mountain ("Шахматная Гора"), a broad chute whose surface is tiled black and white like a chessboard. The most prominently positioned fountains of Peterhof are 'Adam' and 'Eve'. They occupy symmetric positions on either side of the Sea Channel, each at the conjunction of eight paths.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The largest of Peterhof's palaces looks truly imposing when seen from the Lower or Upper Gardens, but in fact it is quite narrow and not overly large. Of its approximately thirty rooms, several deserve mention.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The Chesma Hall is decorated with twelve large paintings of the Battle of Chesma, a stunning naval victory of the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774. These were painted between 1771 and 1773 by the German artist Jacob Philipp Hackert. His first renderings of the great battle scenes were criticised by witnesses as not showing realistically the effect of exploding ships — the flying timbers, great flames, smoke, and fireballs. Catherine II assisted the artist by exploding a frigate in the harbour of Livorno, Italy, for the benefit of Hackert, who had never seen a naval battle first-hand. Hackert also did not research the actual positions of the Russian and Turkish forces during the battle, so the scenes depicted are somewhat fanciful, but do effectively convey drama and destruction of naval warfare.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The East and West Chinese Cabinets were decorated between 1766 and 1769 to exhibit objects of decorative art imported from the East. The walls were decorated with imitation Oriental patterns by Russian craftsmen, and hung with Chinese landscape paintings in yellow and black lacquer. Another room, positioned at the centre of the palace, bears the name of the Picture Hall. Its walls are almost entirely covered by a series of 368 paintings, mostly of variously dressed women, differing in appearance and even age, yet most were drawn from a single model. These were purchased in 1764 from the widow of the Italian artist P. Rotari, who died in St. Petersburg.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The Grand Palace is not the only historic royal building in Peterhof. The palaces of Monplaisir and Marli, as well as the pavilion known as the 'Hermitage', were all raised during the initial construction of Peterhof during the reign of Peter the Great. The Lower Gardens also contain a large greenhouse, and in the Alexandrine Park stands the palace of Nicholas I.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: Like the Lower Gardens, the Upper Gardens contain many fountains, distributed among seven broad pools. The landscaping, though, is entirely different; unlike the Lower Gardens (which are strictly geometric), the Upper Gardens are not. A few of the fountains have curious sculptures.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: In the early 1700s, the original Peterhof appeared quite different from today. Many of the fountains had not yet been installed and the entire Alexandrine Park and Upper Gardens did not exist. What is now the Upper Gardens was used to grow vegetables, and its ponds, then numbering only three, for fish. The Samson Fountain and its massive pedestal had not yet been installed in the Sea Channel, and the channel itself was used as a grand marine entrance into the complex.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: Perhaps the most important change augmenting Peter's design was the elevation of the Grand Palace to central status and prominence. The Grand Palace was originally called simply 'Upper', and was hardly larger than any of the other structures of the complex. The addition of wings, undertaken between 1745 and 1755, was one of the many projects commissioned from the Italian architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli by Elizabeth of Russia. Likewise, the Grand Cascade was more sparsely decorated when initially built. The augmentation of Peterhof's original fountains and the addition of new ones continued well into the 19th century.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: Peterhof, like Tsarskoye Selo, was captured by German troops in 1941 and held until 1944. In the few months that elapsed between the German invasion of the Soviet Union and the appearance of the German Army, employees were only able to save a portion of the treasures of the palaces and fountains. An attempt was made to dismantle and bury the fountain sculptures, but three quarters, including all of the largest ones, remained in place.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: On 23 September 1941 German troops captured Peterhof. Two weeks later, on 5 October 1941, Soviet troops tried to recapture the town and block the highway by naval landing. 510 marines of the Soviet Baltic Fleet landed on the beach of the neighboring park of Alexandria but faced a heavy fire from the Germans. The commander of the operation was killed, all landing troops became disorganised, one landing craft was sunk and another one missed. Despite Soviet attempts to cover the landing forces by coastal artillery from Kronstadt, they were quickly suspended because of lack of connection with the landing troops. Evacuation attempts also failed due to heavy German artillery shelling (only one marine was picked up from the water). The Peterhof landing operation failed and all landing troops were cut off from the shore and surrounded. Some of them reached the Lower Gardens and fought until the bitter end, including hand-to-hand combat. The last pockets of resistance were destroyed on 7 October. Several dozen German Shepherd dogs were released into the gardens to find the hiding marines. Many of the wounded marines were bitten to death and several were captured. In 1980 a memorial was erected near the pier of the Lower Gardens.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The occupying forces of the German Army largely destroyed Peterhof. Many of the fountains were destroyed, and the palace was partially exploded and left to burn. Restoration work began almost immediately after the end of the war and continues to this day. The Lower Park was reopened to the public in 1945.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The name was changed to "Petrodvorets" ("Peter's Palace") in 1944 as a result of wartime anti-German sentiment and propaganda, but the original name was restored in 1997 by the post-Soviet government of Russia. In 2003, Saint Petersburg celebrated its 300th anniversary. As a result, much of the building and statuary in Peterhof has been restored and new gilt-work abounds.


title: Peterhof Palace

text: The "purpose" of Peterhof was as a celebration and claim to access to the Baltic (while simultaneously, Peter the Great was also expanding on the Black Sea littoral). Thus Peterhof commemorates the imperial expansion (and modernization of Russia). Inside the Peterhof there are many paintings of sea battles by the famous Ivan Aivazovsky.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Henri Jozef Machiel Nouwen (January 24, 1932 – September 21, 1996) was a Dutch Catholic priest, professor, writer and theologian. His interests were rooted primarily in psychology, pastoral ministry, spirituality, social justice and community. Over the course of his life, Nouwen was heavily influenced by the work of Anton Boisen, Thomas Merton, Rembrandt, Vincent van Gogh, and Jean Vanier.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: After nearly two decades of teaching at academic institutions including the University of Notre Dame, Yale Divinity School and Harvard Divinity School, Nouwen went on to work with individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities at the L'Arche Daybreak community in Richmond Hill, Ontario.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Henri Nouwen was born in Nijkerk, the Netherlands on January 24, 1932. He was the oldest of four children born to Laurent J. M. Nouwen and Maria Nouwen (née Ramselaar). Nouwen's father was a tax lawyer and his mother worked as a bookkeeper for her family's business in Amersfoort. His younger brother was a prominent Dutch businessman and his uncle was a Roman Catholic priest in the Archdiocese of Utrecht and a co-founder of the .


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Nouwen studied at the Jesuit Aloysius College in The Hague before spending a year at the minor seminary in Apeldoorn. His year at the school was spent preparing for six years of study for the priesthood, consisting of training in philosophy and theology, at the .


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Nouwen was ordained a Catholic priest for the Archdiocese of Utrecht on July 21, 1957, by Bernardus Alfrink at St. Catherine's Cathedral in Utrecht. Eager to learn more about himself and the people he counseled, Nouwen requested permission from Alfrink to study psychology instead of theology. His request was granted and from 1957 to 1964 he studied at the Catholic University of Nijmegen. In studying the fundamentals of clinical psychology, Nouwen struggled with the lack of interdisciplinary analysis. He sought to use psychology as a means of exploring the human side of faith which he felt was being overlooked, from a pastoral standpoint, in broader theological discussions. During his studies at the university, he was greatly influenced by Han Fortmann, a Dutch psychologist of religion whose writing about action and contemplation in a busy world are mirrored in Nouwen's own work. For his thesis work, Nouwen focused on Anton Boisen, an American minister credited with founding the clinical pastoral education movement. The thesis was not approved due to a lack of scientific analysis and clinical study. Rather than revising the work to obtain a doctorate, Nouwen completed his studies in 1964 by obtaining a doctorandus degree.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: After receiving his doctorandus, Nouwen studied for two years as a Fellow in the Religion and Psychiatry Program at the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas, and was influenced by psychologist Gordon Allport. Nouwen completed his clinical pastoral training at the Topeka State Hospital and graduated from the Menninger Foundation's training program in theology and psychiatric theory on June 19, 1965. During his time at the Clinic he found he preferred direct contact with patients over the more scientific and medical analysis of certain branches of psychology. This prompted an examination of his professional practice in order to better integrate spiritual ministry with modern psychology. Over the course of this same period, Nouwen began to engage with social and political happenings, including the Civil Rights Movement. In 1965 he traveled to the Southern United States to participate in, and later publish an article about, the Selma to Montgomery marches.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: From 1966 to 1968 he was a visiting professor at the University of Notre Dame. From 1968 to 1970 he worked at the Amsterdam Joint Pastoral Institute and taught psychology and spirituality at the Catholic Theological University of Utrecht. In 1971 he received his doctorandus degree in theology.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Between 1971 and 1981 Nouwen was a professor of pastoral theology at Yale Divinity School, where he began to establish a broad readership of his work as a contributor to various publications including the "National Catholic Reporter" and as the author of several books based on personal experience. During his time at Yale, Nouwen took several sabbaticals, some of which informed his writing. In 1976 he was a Fellow at the Collegeville Institute for Ecumenical and Cultural Research at Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville, Minnesota, and in 1978 he was scholar-in-residence at the Pontifical North American College in Rome.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: While a professor at Yale Nouwen also spent several months at the Abbey of the Genesee. His first visit began on June 1, 1974, and lasted seven months. While there he kept a journal that was published as "Genesee Diary: Report from a Trappist Monastery" in 1976. He returned again in 1979, after the death of his mother, which led to the publication of "A Cry For Mercy: Prayers from the Genesee". Though Nouwen concluded he was not suited for the trappist life, the Abbey of the Genesee and his relationship with then abbott John Eudes Bamberger continued to be of great importance to him. The Abbey served as his home base for more than a year after he resigned from Yale and it was where he chose to celebrate the 25th anniversary of his ordination as a priest on August 6, 1982.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: After leaving Yale in 1981, Nouwen took a six-month trip to South America visiting Bolivia and Peru. Upon his return to the United States in 1983, Nouwen was appointed at the Harvard Divinity School as Professor of Divinity and Horace De Y. Lentz Lecturer. The half-time appointment allowed Nouwen to split his time between teaching at the Divinity School and working with a theological center in Latin America. Nouwen taught at the school until his resignation in 1985. In 1985 and 1986 he spent nine months with the L'Arche community in France.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Nouwen's spirituality was greatly influenced by his friendship with Jean Vanier. The two men met while Nouwen was teaching at Harvard. Vanier sensed how lost Nouwen was feeling and invited him to visit Trosly-Breuil. Nouwen visited Vanier at the French community, the first in the L'Arche network, twice before returning in 1985 for a nine-month residency. The stay helped Nouwen find a purpose that had been missing. As Robert A. Jonas explains: "Henri had always wondered what a Eucharistically centered community would be like, and now he had found one at L'Arche."


title: Henri Nouwen

text: During Nouwen's time in France he traveled to Toronto, Ontario, to officiate at a wedding and sought permission to stay for a week at L'Arche Daybreak in Richmond Hill. While there a core member named Raymond was hit by a car and left in critical condition. Nouwen provided spiritual guidance to the community and Raymond’s family, ultimately helping to reconcile the community and the family, who partially blamed Daybreak for Raymond's injuries. Nouwen's intervention had such an impact that the Daybreak members asked him to serve as their pastor. Nouwen accepted and moved in the fall of 1986 to L'Arche Daybreak, where he would spend the last ten years of his life.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: While at Daybreak Nouwen was paired with Adam Arnett, a core member at L'Arche Daybreak with profound developmental disabilities."It is I, not Adam, who gets the main benefit from our friendship," Nouwen insisted. Nouwen wrote about his relationship with Arnett in a book entitled "Adam: God's Beloved".


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Nouwen struggled with his sexuality, which may have contributed to his feelings of self-doubt. Although this struggle was known by those close to him, Nouwen never publicly identified as homosexual despite acknowledging the matter in discussions with friends and alluding to a personal struggle in his private journals. In his book "The Return of the Prodigal Son," Nouwen describes a friendship that had him under a spell, did him no good and when it finally collapsed left him in a depressive mood and in search of self-esteem and acceptance by others. Biographer Michael Ford referenced these instances in the biography "Wounded Prophet", which was published after Nouwen's death. Ford suggests that Nouwen only became fully comfortable with his sexual orientation in the last few years of his life, and that Nouwen's depression was caused, in part, by the conflict between his priestly vows of chastity and the sense of loneliness and longing for intimacy that he experienced. "This took an enormous emotional, spiritual and physical toll on his life and may have contributed to his early death." While his struggle to reconcile his priestly vows of chastity with his human desire for physical and emotional intimacy appears in his writings, there is no evidence that Nouwen ever broke his vow of celibacy.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Nouwen died in the Netherlands on September 21, 1996, from a sudden heart attack, while en route to Russia to participate in a Dutch documentary about his book "The Return of the Prodigal Son". Nouwen's first funeral Mass was held on September 24 at St. Catherine's Cathedral in Utrecht with a eulogy offered by Jean Vanier, after which Nouwen's body was flown to Canada for burial by the L'Arche Daybreak community. The second funeral Mass was held on September 28 at the Slovak Catholic Cathedral of the Transfiguration in Markham, Ontario, following a full-day wake at St. Mary Immaculate Catholic Church in Richmond Hill on September 27. Nouwen was laid to rest in a pine coffin built in L'Arche Daybreak's The Woodery and colourfully painted by members of the community. He is buried in St. John's Anglican Church Cemetery in Richmond Hill in keeping with his desire to be near the graves of other Daybreak community members. There is also a memorial marker for Nouwen in , NL at the grave site of his parents.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Prior to his death he entrusted Sue Mosteller with his estate, making her the literary executrix of his works. The founding of the Henri J.M. Nouwen Archives and Research Collection at the John M. Kelly Library, University of St. Michael's College, was the culmination of Mosteller's effort to centralize Nouwen's personal records. The work involved organizing his material at L'Arche Daybreak, which included personal correspondence, original manuscripts, and audio visual material, and negotiating with the Yale Divinity School Library for the release of records Nouwen had begun depositing there as a faculty member in 1975. The Nouwen Archives opened in September 2000.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: He has an award named for him, the "Henri Nouwen Leadership Award", given out by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Religion and Spirituality Division.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: There is an endowed lectureship in Classical Christian Spirituality named after him at Drew University.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Before his death Nouwen published 39 books and authored hundreds of articles. His books have sold over 7 million copies worldwide and have been published in more than 30 languages. In a magazine survey conducted by "Christian Century" in 2003 Nouwen's work was indicated as a first choice of authors for Catholic and mainline Protestant clergy. His books include "The Wounded Healer", "In the Name of Jesus", "Clowning in Rome", "The Life of the Beloved" and "The Way of the Heart", along with what is recognized as one of his most popular books, "The Return of the Prodigal Son".


title: Henri Nouwen

text: While visiting the L'Arche Trosly-Breuil community in France, he saw a poster of Rembrandt's painting "The Return of the Prodigal Son" that made a deep impression on him. He decided to see the painting personally and traveled to Saint Petersburg (Leningrad at that time) to visit the Hermitage Museum where it is kept. This resulted in a several-day contemplation of the painting, which prompted him to write a book of the same name. "The Return of the Prodigal Son" was ranked number 66 on a list of 100 best Christian books compiled by the "Church Times" in 2014.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Nouwen was known to suffer from loneliness and a need for interpersonal connection, which he wrote about openly. His popularity as a spiritual guide has been linked to his capacity to describe his personal struggles in a relatable manner. He credited his approach to an interest in the daily life of people and his own journey with Christian life:


title: Henri Nouwen

text: One of Nouwen's major ongoing themes involved his struggle reconciling his depression with his Christian faith. His most famous work on this topic is the "Inner Voice of Love," his diary from December 1987 to June 1988 during one of his most serious bouts with clinical depression. Nouwen also explored this theme in "Return of the Prodigal Son", describing love and forgiveness as unconditional. In the book, he invites the reader to follow him in his personal return to the spiritual fountains and in a parallel meditation on all the characters of the parable, their rendering by Rembrandt, and the painter's personal life.


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Nouwen also wrote several essays on the necessity of peacemaking. He used God's Love as a justification for the preservation of life, as well as for his opposition to both the ongoing Cold War and the intervention of the United States in Vietnam. This was of a piece with his conviction of the oneness of all peoples under God:


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Nouwen was a frequent public speaker. In addition to his teaching responsibilities, he traveled extensively leading retreats and preaching. With a distinct accent and animated speaking style, Nouwen was known for his engaging and expressive style of communication. The experience of seeing him preach has been compared to being at the theater or seeing a musical conductor at work. It was not uncommon for Nouwen to enthusiastically jump around or wave his arms and hands during speaking events and classroom lectures. Bob Massie describes the experience of watching Nouwen speak in "Befriending Life" (2001): "His squeezing, tugging gestures made it look like he was striving to milk meaning directly out of the air. He would point his fingers down and rotate his wrists as though trying to stir a separate little pot with each digit."


title: Henri Nouwen

text: Nouwen appealed to many audiences, including Anglicans and evangelicals because of his Jesus-centered spirituality. In 1992 he was invited by Robert H. Schuller to preach on "Hour of Power" at the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California. Nouwen appeared over three consecutive Sundays and preached on the topic of belovedness. Recordings of his appearance were later used by Schuller as a model for preaching when instructing new ministers.


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: Reinventing the Steel is the ninth and latest studio album by American heavy metal band Pantera, released on March 21, 2000 through East West Records. This was the last studio album Pantera released before their nineteen-year breakup from November 2003 to July 2022, and it is the band's final album to feature the Abbott brothers Dimebag Darrell and Vinnie Paul, before their deaths in 2004 and 2018, respectively.


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: "Reinventing the Steel" was produced by the Abbott brothers in addition to Sterling Winfield, making it Pantera's first studio album since 1988's "Power Metal" not to be produced by Terry Date.


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: In Australia, a two-disc "Tour Edition" of the album was released. The first disc consists of the album proper while the second is an unofficial hits compilation.


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: The album was reissued in October 2020 with extra discs including a new mix by Date and unreleased tracks to honor the album's 20th anniversary.


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: Unlike other Pantera releases, two B-sides were recorded during the "Reinventing the Steel" sessions, those being "Avoid the Light" and "Immortally Insane", found on the "Dracula 2000" and "Heavy Metal 2000", and the "Texas Chainsaw Massacre" soundtracks, respectively.


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: "Reinventing the Steel" contains lyrics mostly about the band itself, as on "We'll Grind that Axe for a Long Time" (where the band members tell about how they have kept it "true" throughout the years, while many of their peers "sucked up for the fame") and "I'll Cast a Shadow" (about Pantera's influence on the genre). There are also songs about their fans, like "Goddamn Electric" and "You've Got to Belong to It". "Goddamn Electric" mentions Black Sabbath and Slayer, two of Pantera's main influences. The solo for "Goddamn Electric" was recorded by Kerry King in a bathroom after Slayer performed at Ozzfest in Dallas. The band members dedicated "Reinventing the Steel" to their fans who they viewed as their "brothers and sisters".


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: The cover art is by Scott Caliva (1967–2003), a friend of Pantera lead singer Phil Anselmo. Caliva took the photo of a partygoer at Anselmo's house jumping through a bonfire clutching a bottle of Wild Turkey bourbon whiskey. The bottle is pixelated on the cover so the label would not be visible, to avoid copyright infringement.


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: The 20th Anniversary Edition cover art was only made with the steel marking background, along with the logo and the album name similar to their 1990 album, "Cowboys from Hell".


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: "Reinventing the Steel" reached number 4 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, number 8 on the Top Canadian Albums chart, and number 5 on the Top Internet Albums chart. It held its position in the "Billboard" 200 for over 12 weeks. The album's fifth track, "Revolution Is My Name", reached number 28 on "Billboard"s Mainstream Rock Tracks. The album was certified gold by the RIAA on May 2, 2000, however, it has yet to reach platinum status, making it Pantera's only major-label studio album not to reach sales of 1,000,000.


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: "Rolling Stone" (5/25/00, p. 73) – 3.5 stars out of 5 – "Metal-revivalist...relying on the genre's primal elements of rage and analog noise...chopped up with squealing dissonance...brutal enough to please underground purists and familiar enough for weekend headbangers."


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: "Entertainment Weekly" (3/24/00, p. 102) – "...resumes their scorched-earth policy with vigor...dropping aural anvils [along] with a dash of inventiveness..." – Rating: B+


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: "Q" magazine (6/00, p. 112) – 3 stars out of 5 – "Pantera's attempt to upgrade <nowiki>[</nowiki>Judas Priest's] British Steel-era pure metal spirit...unequivocal heavy metalness."


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: "Alternative Press" (7/00, pp. 108–9) – 5 out of 5 – "An undiluted, unvarnished slab of riffs paying distinct homage to Judas Priest's "British Steel", and not just in a titular sense, but in basic song construction."


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: "CMJ" (4/3/00, p. 32) – "Crammed with everything they've used to revolutionize metal...so old-school it could have been easily made in between the quartet's back-to-back classics."


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: "NME" (4/15/00, p. 34) – 6 out of 10 – "An unfashionably old-school metal album...it's Pantera's bid to herald the rebirth of bullet-belt, cut-off denim metal...It's a solid album, oozing drunk-as-hell metal spirit."


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: In the 2000 "Metal Edge" Readers' Choice Awards, the album was voted "Album of the Year" and "Album Cover of the Year" (tying with Iron Maiden's "Brave New World" for the latter), while the single "Revolution Is My Name" won "Song of the Year".


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: "Revolution Is My Name" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2001, but lost to Deftones' "Elite".


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: The album was ranked at No. 2 on "Guitar World"'s Readers Poll for "The Top 10 Guitar Albums of 2000".


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: A section of "Death Rattle" was used for the 2001 episode of "SpongeBob SquarePants" called "Pre-Hibernation Week".


title: Reinventing the Steel

text: Released in October 2020, "The 20th Anniversary Edition of Reinventing the Steel" includes re-mixes of the tracklist done by longtime Pantera producer Terry Date, as well as singles that were previously not released on any studio albums also remixed by Terry Date, radio edits of album tracks, and instrumental rough mixes of the album's original tracks.


title: Coast guard

text: A coast guard or coastguard is a maritime security organization of a particular country. The term embraces wide range of responsibilities in different countries, from being a heavily armed military force with customs and security duties to being a volunteer organization tasked with search and rescue without law enforcement authority. In most countries, a typical coast guard's functions are distinct from those of the navy (a military service) and the transit police (a law enforcement agency), while in certain countries has similarities to both.


title: Coast guard

text: The predecessor of the United Kingdom's modern His Majesty's Coastguard was established in 1809 as the Waterguard, a department of the HM Customs and Excise authority, which was originally devoted to the prevention of smuggling. At the time, due to high UK taxation on liquors such as brandy, and on tobacco etc., smuggling of such cargoes from places such as France, Belgium, and Holland was an attractive proposition for many; the barrels of brandy and other contraband were landed from the ships on England's beaches at night in small boats and later sold for profit, as later depicted in the Doctor Syn series of books by Russell Thorndike. The Coastguard was also responsible for giving assistance to shipwrecks.


title: Coast guard

text: Each Waterguard station was issued with a Manby mortar, which had been invented by Captain George William Manby in 1808. The mortar fired a shot with a line attached from the shore to the wrecked ship and was used for many years. This was the origin of the Coastguard's life saving role. In 1821 a committee of inquiry recommended that responsibility for the Preventative Waterguard be transferred to the Board of Customs. The Treasury agreed and (in a memorandum dated 15 January 1822) directed that the preventative services, which consisted of the Preventative Water Guard, cruisers, and riding officers should be placed under the authority of the Board of Customs and in future should be named the "Coastguard". In 1845 the Coastguard was subordinated to the Admiralty.


title: Coast guard

text: In 1829 the first UK Coastguard instructions were published and dealt with discipline and directions for carrying out preventative duties. They also stipulated that, when a ship was wrecked, the Coastguard was responsible for taking all possible action to save lives, to take charge of the vessel and to protect property.


title: Coast guard

text: In the United States, the United States Coast Guard was created in 1915 by the merger of two other federal agencies. The first, the United States Revenue Cutter Service, was a maritime customs enforcement agency that also assumed a supporting role to the United States Navy in wartime. The second, the United States Life-Saving Service, was formed in 1848 and consisted of life saving crews stationed at points along the eastern seaboard. The Coast Guard later absorbed the United States Lighthouse Service and the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection.


title: Coast guard

text: During wartime, some national coast guard organisations might have a role as a naval reserve force with responsibilities in harbor defenses, port security, naval counter-intelligence and coastal patrols.


title: Coast guard

text: The coast guard may, varying by jurisdiction, be a branch of a country's military, a law enforcement agency, or a search and rescue body. For example, the United States Coast Guard is a specialized military branch with law enforcement authority, whereas the United Kingdom's Her Majesty's Coastguard (HMCG) is a civilian organisation whose primary role is search and rescue. Most coast guards operate ships and aircraft including helicopters and seaplanes that are either owned or leased by the agency in order to fulfil their respective roles.


title: Coast guard

text: Some coast guards, such as the Irish Coast Guard, have only a very limited law enforcement role, usually in enforcing maritime safety law, such as by inspecting ships docked in their jurisdiction. In cases where the coast guard is primarily concerned with "coordinating" rather than executing rescue operations, lifeboats are often provided by civilian voluntary organisations, such as the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in the United Kingdom, whilst aircraft may be provided by the countries' armed forces, such as the search and rescue Sea Kings formerly operated by the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy, in addition to any of the HMCG's own helicopters.


title: Coast guard

text: Beginning in 1964 with the United States Coast Guard, many coast guards around the world have adopted high visibility color schemes to differentiate their coast guard vessels from the vessels of their respective navies. A frequent element is a high contrast "racing stripe" on the outer hull. While no international agreement exists to adopt it as a uniform marking, the 2009/2010 edition of "Jane's Fighting Ships" showed 61 nations had adopted some form of this stripe pattern for their coastal patrol and rescue vessels.


title: Coast guard

text: The following lists a select number of Coast Guards around the world, illustrating the varied roles they play in the respective governments and the countries they operate in:


title: Coast guard

text: The Argentine Naval Prefecture, in Spanish "Prefectura Naval Argentina" or PNA, is a service of the Argentine Republic's Security Ministry charged with protecting the country's rivers, lakes and maritime territory. It therefore fulfills the functions of other countries' coast guards, and furthermore acts as a gendarmerie force policing navigable rivers and lakes. They belonged to the Ministry of Defence until the 1980s, and the corps' highest official was a Navy rear-admiral. They have since been transferred to the Ministry of Interior and, more recently, to the newly created Ministry of Security. However, in the case of armed conflict, they can be put under the Navy's command.


title: Coast guard

text: Responsibilities for traditional coast guard duties in Australia are distributed across various federal, state and community volunteer agencies.


title: Coast guard

text: Each State Government also has agencies with coast guard responsibilities. For example, in Queensland, Maritime Safety Queensland is responsible for maritime safety and the Queensland Police Service has a water police unit for law enforcement along the coastline, in waterways, and for Queensland islands.


title: Coast guard

text: In addition, there are several private volunteer coast guard organizations, the two largest organizations being the Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol (established in 1937) and the Australian Volunteer Coast Guard (established in 1961). These volunteer organizations have no law enforcement powers, and are essentially auxiliary Search and Rescue services. In NSW these two organisations have joined to become Marine Rescue in 2009.


title: Coast guard

text: The Bangladesh Coast Guard (Bengali transliteration: বাংলাদেশ কোস্ট গার্ড; translated from English: "বাংলাদেশ উপকূল রক্ষক"); BCG is the maritime law enforcement force of Bangladesh. It is a paramilitary force which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Its officers are transferred from the Bangladesh Navy. The Bangladesh Coast Guard also performs the duty of maritime border security of Bangladesh. The headquarters is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Currently the coast guard has 3,339 personnel


title: Coast guard

text: Coast Guard men and women are deployed around the clock patrolling the internal waters and territorial seas. On the northern frontier, their joint operating base at Consejo protects the local economy from the negative impacts of illegal contraband and acts as the northern cut off for drug trafficking. On their southern boundary they stand guard at the Sarstoon river ensuring sovereignty and territorial integrity of Belize. They stand ready for anything (Utrinque Paratus ).


title: Coast guard

text: The Coast Guard Service coordinates its activities with the Belize Defence Force and the Belize Police Department.


title: Coast guard

text: Having 18 kilometres of coastline only, Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have a force dedicated to defend its coast. The duty of patrolling its coastline falls to the ().


title: Coast guard

text: In addition to the roles of a traditional navy, the Brazilian Navy also carries out the role of organizing the merchant navy and other operational safety missions traditionally conducted by a coast guard. Other roles include: Conducting national maritime policy, and implementing and enforcing laws and regulations with respect to the sea and inland waters.


title: Coast guard

text: The Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) is a civilian service under the Department of Fisheries and Oceans responsible for patrolling the world's longest coastline of 243,042 km (~151,000 mi).


title: Coast guard

text: The CCG holds responsibility for all marine search and rescue throughout Canada. The CCG coordinates search and rescue operations with the Canadian Armed Forces, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and other organizations. The CCG maintains and operates seamarks, coastal light stations, vessel traffic services, marine pollution response services, marine communications systems, and provides icebreaking services. The CCG also operates all Federal scientific research and hydrographic survey vessels. To accomplish these tasks, the CCG has a sizable fleet of vessels and aircraft, all serviced from various bases and smaller stations located on three coasts (Atlantic, Arctic, Pacific) and the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River.


title: Coast guard

text: The China Coast Guard (CCG) () serves as a coordinating body for maritime search and rescue in the territorial waters of the People’s Republic of China. It was formed on 2013 as an amalgamation of four agencies: the Public Security Border Troops under the Ministry of Public Security, China Maritime Safety Administration, China Marine Surveillance, and China Fisheries Law Enforcement Command. In March 2018, it was placed under the leadership of the People’s Armed Police, which is under the direct command of the Central Military Commission (CMC).


title: Coast guard

text: In Hong Kong, law enforcement duties are carried out by the Marine Region of the Hong Kong Police Force and the Customs and Excise Department (Ports and Maritime Command of the Boundary and Ports Branch). The Hong Kong Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre (HKMRCC) co-ordinates search and rescue vessels, aircraft and other resources of the Fire Services Department, Government Flying Service, Marine Department and the Marine Police.


title: Coast guard

text: In Macau, coast guard responsibilities fall under the purview of the Macau Customs Service, which is in charge of conducting CG duties.


title: Coast guard

text: The Marine and Water Bureau, which is under the Secretariat for Transport and Public Works (Macau), helps in coordinating search and rescue operations in the region. It's done via the Search and Rescue Coordination Centre, formed under the Vessel Traffic Control Centre of Macao (Macao VTS).


title: Coast guard

text: The Croatian Coast Guard () is a division of the Croatian Navy responsible for protecting the interests of the Republic of Croatia at sea. The Croatian Navy is composed of classical naval forces structured into a flotilla and the Coast Guard that solely consists of ships with peacetime duties, e.g. protection of ecology, fishing, control of tankers, ballast waters, combat against terrorism, trafficking of people, narcotics, and similar.


title: Coast guard

text: On September 13, 2007, the Croatian Parliament passed a bill establishing the Croatian Coast Guard. The Coast Guard’s mission is protect sovereign rights and carry out Croatia’s jurisdiction in the Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone, the continental shelf and the high seas. The Coast Guard will also monitor vessels sailing in the Croatian territorial waters. If vessels are caught violating Croatian or international regulations and disregard warnings by the Coast Guard, Coast Guard ships and airplanes are authorized to pursue them and if necessary open fire, while taking care not to jeopardize the lives of the vessel’s crew.


title: Coast guard

text: Under the law, the commander of the Coast Guard is a Navy officer who is appointed and relieved of duty by the President of the Republic at the government’s proposal.


title: Coast guard

text: The Cyprus Port and Marine Police (Greek "Λιμενική και Ναυτική Αστυνομία" – "Limeniki kai Nautiki Astinomia") fulfills the functions of other countries' coast guards for the Republic of Cyprus. Cyprus is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean with almost 40% of its territory under occupation after a Turkish military Invasion. Due to the country's geopolitical situation, size, the recent discovery in 2011 of the Aphrodite gas field in its Exclusive Economic Zone and Cyprus Police being the main national Law enforcement agency, the duties and responsibilities of the Cyprus Port and Marine Police are many and sometimes complex. It is a unit of the Cyprus Police, which resides under the Ministry of Justice and Public Order (Cyprus). However it can support the Cyprus Navy in wartime which resides under the Ministry of Defence. It is staffed by Police Officers which can be transferred to and from other units and agencies of the Cyprus Police and are tasked with the primary mission of policing the country's sea borders and the law enforcement of the waters around it. The unit is equipped with patrol boats and radars but it does not operate its own helicopters. Instead, it operates in combination with the aerial unit of the Cyprus Police, the Cyprus Police Aviation Unit. Main roles include law enforcement against illicit activities such as smuggling (due to the fact that although the Customs and Excise Department is a separate agency under the Ministry of Finance, it does not have an operational or tactical team of its own), terrorism, piracy, illegal fishing, Illegal drug trade, illegal immigration and is also assigned with Search and Rescue (SAR) duties. For counter-terrorism and anti-piracy operations, the units operate in combination with the Special Anti-Terrorist Squad which is part of the Emergency Response Unit of the Cyprus Police. Although the prominent agencies responsible for all Search and Rescue operations are conducted by Cyprus Police Units, the agency responsible to organize the SAR system, to co-ordinate, to control and direct SAR operations in the region that the Republic of Cyprus is responsible for (which coincides with the Nicosia FIR) is the Cyprus Joint Rescue Coordination Center or JRCC Larnaca, which is an independent agency of the Ministry of Defence.


title: Coast guard

text: The Egyptian Coast Guard, part of the Egyptian Navy, is responsible for the onshore protection of public installations near the coast and the patrol of coastal waters to prevent smuggling.


title: Coast guard

text: In the French Republic, "Affaires maritimes" is the closest organization to a coast guard. In each region, a naval admiral, called "préfet maritime", is in charge of coordination of all state services for action at sea (Navy, "Affaires maritimes", Maritime Gendarmerie, Customs air and maritime units). The charity, Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer, provides most life saving duties at the local level.