title: Amira Willighagen

text: According to her Facebook-account, on 9 November 2019 Amira was awarded "International Mediterranean best female opera star 2019". Accordingly, the award was handed out to Amira during an International Organization for Diplomatic Relations (IODR) gala in the city of Naples where, as is further stated, she also performed a few songs. The Mediterranean Awards are an annual ceremony arranged by the Fondazione Mediterraneo, an Italian organization founded by Naples-based photographer, gallery-owner and architect Michele Capasso, promoting dialogue and peace between nations on various levels. There are not known any references to specialized institutions of classical singing or opera in particular that would qualify for giving a profound assessment in an international context on this subject. Furthermore, there are not any reports or mentions about an award given to Amira Willighagen to be found on the organization's homepage.


title: Amira Willighagen

text: In mid-July 2020 was released a set of 4 DVDs - "Five Years Gelukskinders" - including the anniversary concerts in Turnhout (December 2019), images from backstage and rehearsals, and a documentary about the Gelukskinders Foundation (playgrounds openings and the concert given at the Tshupane school, with Siki Jo-An and school choirs). In August 2020 Willighagen held a streaming concert, "This is my Dream". In this concert she sang ten songs never recorded or performed by her before, including "Senza Catene" (the Italian version of "Unchained Melody"), "Nelle Tue Mani" ("Now We Are Free", from the movie "Gladiator") and others. She was accompanied on piano by Charl Du Plessis. On 9 October 2020 a live CD - "Classics Live" - was released, which includes songs performed in the anniversary concerts in Turnhout (Warande and Wending), held in December 2019. The 2020 Christmas concert, entitled "African Christmas with Amira and Friends", was available on Optog. In this concert also performed the tenor Lukhanyo Moyake, Mzansi Youth Choir and Charl Du Plessis, on a Steinway piano.


title: Amira Willighagen

text: The streaming shows of 2020 were released on 1 August 2021, on DVD and memory stick (HD version). On 11 September 2021 she performed in a virtual concert, which was broadcast on Youtube. This concert also featured other classical/crossover singers. In December 2021 was released a double CD in limited edition, containing the streaming concerts recorded in 2020.


title: Amira Willighagen

text: On 20 March 2022 Willighagen held a concert entitled "On My Own", with the Phoenix Orchestra, conducted by Richard Cock. This concert includes the songs "Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again" (from the musical "The Phantom of the Opera"), "La Califfa", "My Favorite Things" (from "The Sound of Music"), "Nearer, My God, to Thee". On 14 May 2022 was the online show "Diversity is Phenomenal". Amira recorded a music video for the show, the song "How Does a Moment Last Forever", from the movie "Beauty And The Beast". "On My Own" – Amira's 18th birthday celebration concert – was released in October 2022 on CD. It is Willighagen's second live album, after "Classics Live" (2020).


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: The 1928 Summer Olympics (), officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad () and commonly known as Amsterdam 1928, was an international multi-sport event that was celebrated from 28 July to 12 August 1928 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The city of Amsterdam had previously bid for the 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games, but was obliged to give way to war-torn Antwerp in Belgium for the 1920 Games and Pierre de Coubertin's Paris for the 1924 Games.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: The only other candidate city for the 1928 Olympics was Los Angeles, which would eventually be selected to host the Olympics four years later. In preparation for the 1932 Summer Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee reviewed the costs and revenue of the 1928 Games. The committee reported a total cost of US$1.183 million with receipts of US$1.165 million, giving a negligible loss of US$18,000, which was a considerable improvement over the 1924 Games.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: Dutch nobleman Frederik van Tuyll van Serooskerken first proposed Amsterdam as host city for the Summer Olympic Games in 1912, even before the Netherlands Olympic Committee was established.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: The Olympic Games were cancelled in 1916 due to World War I. In 1919, the Netherlands Olympic Committee abandoned the proposal of Amsterdam in favor of their support for the nomination of Antwerp as host city for the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1921, Paris was selected for the 1924 Summer Olympics on the condition that the 1928 Summer Olympics would be organized in Amsterdam. This decision, supported by the Netherlands Olympic Committee, was announced by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on 2 June 1921.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: Los Angeles bid for the 1928 Summer Olympics was without success in 1922 and again in 1923. The city was eventually selected as host city for the 1932 Summer Olympics, being the only bidder for that year.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: During the 1928 Summer Olympics, there were 14 sports, 20 disciplines and 109 events in the tournament. In parentheses is the number of events per discipline.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: Women's athletics and team gymnastics debuted at these Olympics, in spite of criticism. Five women's athletics events were added: 100 meters, 800 meters, high jump, discus, and 400 meter hurdles. In protest of the limited number of events, British women athletes, boycotted the Games. Halina Konopacka of Poland became the first female Olympic track and field champion. Reports that the 800 meter run ended with several of the competitors being completely exhausted were widely (and erroneously) circulated. As a result, the IOC decided that women were too frail for long-distance running, and women's Olympic running events were limited to 200 meters until the 1960s.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: These Games also included art competitions in five categories: architecture, painting, sculpture, literature, and poetry. However, the IOC no longer considers these to be official medal events, so the medals awarded are not included in today's Olympic medal counts.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: Fourteen sports venues were used for the 1928 Summer Olympics. The Swim Stadium was demolished in 1929. The Het Kasteel football stadium was renovated in 1998–99. The Monnikenhuize stadium was demolished in 1950. The Schermzaal sports hall has also been demolished. The Olympic Stadium was renovated between 1996 and 2000, and is still in use. The Old Stadion was demolished in 1929 and replaced with housing in the Amsterdam area.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: A total of 46 nations were represented at the Amsterdam Games. Malta, Panama, and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. Germany returned after having been banned in 1920 and 1924.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: The official poster for the Games displaying a running man in a white shirt was designed by Jos Rovers however the IOC never succeeded in obtaining the copyright of the image. The IOC used a different poster, with the German text "Olympische Spiele", and an athlete partly covered in the Dutch national flag, holding a peace leaf in his hand. The poster was made for a German book about the Amsterdam Olympics.


title: 1928 Summer Olympics

text: The last living competitor of the 1928 Summer Olympics was Clara Marangoni, a member of the silver medal-winning Italian gymnastic team who had been twelve years old during the Olympics. Marangoni died 18 January 2018, at the age of 102 as the oldest living Olympic medalist at the time of her death.


title: Flag of Ivory Coast

text: The national flag of Ivory Coast () is a tricolor flag consisting of equal bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green. The proportions of the flag are 2:3. It is the national emblem of the Republic of Ivory Coast as affirmed in Article 29 of the Constitution of Ivory Coast in 1960.


title: Flag of Ivory Coast

text: When presenting the colors of the flag to the 1960 constitutional assembly, commissioner Mamadou Coulibaly said:


title: Flag of Ivory Coast

text: The 1958 referendum replaced the French Fourth Republic with the Fifth Republic and at the same time replaced the French Union with the French Community, under which most colonies became "autonomous states", including Ivory Coast on 4 December 1958. The new status allowed the adoption of a distinctive flag for the first time, in place of the French flag. The French commissioner suggested a red-white-and-blue flag with stars, but Ivorians wanted a greater departure from the flag of the former colonial power. The orange-white-and-green flag was adopted by law number 59-240, passed by the Ivorian Legislative Assembly on 3 December 1959, just before the first anniversary of the country's autonomy.


title: Flag of Ivory Coast

text: Head of government Félix Houphouët-Boigny declared full independence from France on 7 August 1960, and the Legislative Assembly sat as a constituent assembly to draft a new constitution. Augustin Loubao proposed changing the orange stripe to red, to symbolize a willingness to shed blood to defend the new republic. Other legislators expressed strong opposition to any change, and the existing flag was retained in Article 1 of the constitution adopted on 3 December 1960. It was retained as Article 29 of the 2000 constitution and Article 48 of the 2016 constitution.


title: Flag of Ivory Coast

text: The three bands of the Ivorian tricolor must have the same width, and the mast is always placed on the orange band side. Although all laws define the colors of the flag, they do not specify the shade, so the bright orange and green colors can be replaced with slightly darker tones depending on the location and circumstances. The L"'Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives (The Album of National Pavilions and Distinguishing Trademarks)", the 2000 edition of the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Navy, indicates that the official colors of the Ivorian flag are orange 151 C and green 347 C. CMYK values for the flag are based on Ivorian government usage. These are a little darker than the Pantone colors which are used by the similar flag of Ireland.


title: Flag of Ivory Coast

text: The Irish flag has a similar color layout to the Ivorian one, but with the green on the hoist side and wider proportions (1:2 rather than 2:3). When Murielle Ahouré celebrated winning the 2018 world indoor 60-meter dash, for lack of an Ivorian flag to wave, she borrowed an Irish flag from a spectator and reversed it. Due to this similarity, in Northern Ireland, Ulster loyalists have sometimes desecrated the Ivorian flag, mistaking it for the Irish one. In some cases, Ivorian flags displayed in Northern Ireland have signs explicitly labelling them as such nearby to avoid having them desecrated by Ulster loyalists mistaking them for Irish ones.


title: Flag of Ivory Coast

text: The flag of Niger, also adopted in 1959 when Niger and Ivory Coast were both members of the Conseil de l'Entente, is a horizontal tricolor of orange, white and green; as with the Ivorian flag, the orange and green are sometimes said to represent the arid north and the more fertile south respectively.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Patrick Joseph Barry (born July 7, 1979) is a former American mixed martial artist and kickboxer who competed as a heavyweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He is particularly known for his low kicks.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Barry began practicing Sanda while a college student and won numerous titles at domestic and international level before joining K-1 in 2005 where he competed for two years, mostly as a participant on the promotion's North American events.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: In 2008, he embarked on a career in MMA, winning his first three fights by knockout before signing a contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship and competing in the promotion for the next five years as a Heavyweight, compiling a 5–7 record with only one of the matches going the distance. Barry retired from MMA in late 2013 and returned to kickboxing the following year, joining Glory. He is also the fiancé and training partner of former UFC Women's Strawweight Champion, Rose Namajunas.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Barry was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to an American military veteran father of European descent and an African-American mother. Barry's parents opened bilingual elementary schools around the world and as a result Barry was raised in Bogota, Colombia until the age of six. When his father died from cancer, he moved back to New Orleans with his mother, older sister and younger brother. Although he did not start training in martial arts until the age of 21, Barry grew up a fan of ninjas, the "Street Fighter" video games and Jean-Claude Van Damme films and often watched K-1 kickboxing in his youth. Barry has stated that his three heroes are his mother, Mike Tyson and Sagat, a Thai boxer from the "Street Fighter" video games.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Hailing from Eastern New Orleans, Barry started training professionally in Wushu, sanshou and Kickboxing at the age of twenty-one while a junior sociology major at the University of New Orleans when he walked into Russell Jones's Kickboxing Gym in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He made his professional debut on November 2, 2002 at the U.S. Open International Martial Arts Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada, winning the Sanda Kungfu Federation (SKF) United States Heavyweight Championship with a fourth round knockout over Robert Parham. He then left Jones' gym and pursued kickboxing full-time with Master Shawn Liu at LIU International in New Orleans.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: In June 2003, Barry fought twice at the "Art of War: China Comes to Atlanta" event in Atlanta, Georgia where he won both a US National Sanshou team spot and the SKF World Heavyweight Championship by knocking out Paul Gurevidius with a high kick. In November 2003, as a US National team member, Barry participated at the 2003 World Wushu Championships in Macau, winning a silver medal in the −90 kg/198 lb division. He visited China numerous times from 2002 through 2008, amassing over fifty amateur bouts while competing in one of Shandong's stadiums and training with Chinese National Sanshou team at the Shaolin Temple.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: On December 18, 2004, he won the K. Superstar Championship in New Orleans by KOing John Dixson, and a month later in Gulfport, Mississippi, he won the "Kings of Kickboxing" tournament by stopping Marshall Berger with low kicks in the final.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Having taken part in K-1 tryouts held in Las Vegas in 2004, Barry was recruited by kickboxing's premier organization and made his promotional debut against Scott Lighty in a tournament reserve bout at the "K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 in Las Vegas" on April 30, 2005, losing for the first time in his career by split decision.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: In June 2005, he met with American kickboxing great Duke Roufus while he was commentating on an event in Biloxi, Mississippi and the two became close when Barry stayed with Roufus in Milwaukee, Wisconsin after losing his home in the Lower Ninth Ward of New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina, a tragedy which also claimed the life of his grandmother. After switching to Roufus' gym in Milwaukee, Barry won his first K-1 fight in his sophomore appearance when he knocked out Mark Selbee inside the opening frame at the "K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 in Las Vegas II" on August 13, 2005. Later that month Barry's grandmother was killed in Hurricane Katrina.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: He fought to a split draw with Russian Kyokushin Karate stylist Aleksandr Pitchkounov in a non-tournament bout at the "K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 in Tokyo Final" at the Tokyo Dome on November 19, 2005. They rematched in the tournament reserve match at the "K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Las Vegas" on April 29, 2006, and Pitchkounov won by split decision.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Following this, Barry moved to Amsterdam to train under four-time K-1 World Grand Prix Champion Ernesto Hoost at "Team Mr. Perfect" based out of Vos Gym. Away from K-1, he defeated Scott Lighty in another rematch at "Shin Do Kumate XI" in Tampa, Florida on December 8, 2006. After hurting Lighty with low kicks throughout the first two rounds, Barry scored a high kick knockdown at the beginning of the third before finishing him off with another high kick shortly after.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: He then returned to K-1 to compete in the eight-man tournament at the "K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Hawaii" on April 4, 2007. He was initially set to face Jan Nortje in the quarter-finals but his opponent was then changed to Gary Goodridge.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Barry twice sent Goodridge to the canvas with low kicks in the early going, the first ruled a slip, the second a legitimate down. He then landed a left high kick on the Trinidadian brawler and, although it did not knock him down, it opened a large cut which caused the ringside physician to call a halt to the bout and send Barry through to the semis where he had his rubber match with Aleksandr Pitchkounov. He was floored with a "mawashi geri" in round two and received a count from the referee in three after being injured when the Russian checked one of his low kicks, losing by unanimous decision.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Barry took part in his second K-1 tournament at the "K-1 World Grand Prix 2007 in Las Vegas" on August 11, 2007.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Drawn against Rickard Nordstrand in the quarter-finals, Barry scored a knockdown with a high kick inside the first twenty seconds before stopping the Swede with his patented low kicks in round two. He then went up against Zabit Samedov in the semifinals and lost via split decision after a back-and-forth fight.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: In his final K-1 appearance, Barry lost to Freddy Kemayo via technical knockout due to a broken nose caused by a knee strike in the opening round of their contest at "K-1 Fighting Network Prague 2007" on December 15, 2007.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: In 2008, Barry left Team Mr. Perfect and returned to Duke Roufus at Roufusport after a fallout with Ernesto Hoost, as he felt that the Dutch legend neglected him as a trainer and showed little faith in him. In an interview with "Fight!" magazine in 2009, Barry stated:


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Hoost denied Barry's claims in a 2014 interview, saying that he gave Barry "his all and didn't get a lot back". He also complimented Barry's physical ability but questioned his mental strength.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Barry competed a total of seven times between May and August 2008. Fighting in the World Combat League, a team-based kickboxing competition in which matches are fought over one round, he represented the New York Clash in the -107 kg/235 lb weight class and amassed a record of 3-1 with his only loss coming to a young Jarrell Miller.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: He made his debut in mixed martial arts on May 30, 2008 against thirty-eight fight veteran Mike Delaney at "Combat USA: Battle in the Bay 7" in Green Bay, Wisconsin and won by TKO in round one after felling his opponent with low kicks. He then knocked out John George with a high kick in his next outing at "Combat USA: Fight Night" on June 28, 2008 in Harris, Michigan. In his third fight with the promotion, Barry won the Combat USA Heavyweight title when he stopped fellow kickboxer Simon Diouf with low kicks at "Combat USA: Battle in the Bay 8" on August 22, 2008.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: He was set to face Andre Walker at "" in Broomfield, Colorado on October 3, 2008 but instead signed a contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship and was replaced by Carlos Zevallos in that bout.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: On December 27, 2008, Barry made his debut in the UFC against Dan Evensen at "UFC 92" in Las Vegas, injuring the Norwegian's left knee with brutal low kicks at 2:36 of the first round thus winning via TKO.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: He then fought UFC newcomer Tim Hague at "UFC 98" on May 23, 2009. After winning much of the exchanges on the feet, Barry was taken down by Hague and submitted early in the first round with a guillotine choke.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: His next fight was against fellow kickboxer Antoni Hardonk on October 24, 2009 at "UFC 104" in Los Angeles, California. After weathering several powerful leg kicks and punches in the first round from Hardonk, Barry found his range in the second round with devastating fast jab combinations, stunning Hardonk several times before dropping him followed by a flurry of punches to finish the fight at 2:30 of the second round. The win earned him "Knockout of the Night" and "Fight of the Night" honors which brought his total fight purse to $134,000.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: In a post-fight interview, he claimed to have previously been broke, living on ketchup and rice, and was six days from being evicted from his home. In addition to battling heavy financial burden, this fight was also very personal for Barry as he was fighting a member of Ernesto Hoost's training camp. Barry claimed that Hoost had given up on him, resulting in a falling-out between the two and that he waited five years for validation and finally got it when he knocked Hardonk out.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Instead, he fought PRIDE 2006 Grand Prix champion Mirko Cro Cop in the co-main event at "UFC 115" in Vancouver, Canada on June 12, 2010. Barry dropped and stunned Cro Cop twice in the first round, but ultimately lost the bout via submission due to a rear-naked choke in round three. Barry sustained a broken hand and foot in the fight and he was placed in a wheelchair in the immediate aftermath.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: His next fight was against Joey Beltran at "" on January 22, 2011, in Fort Hood, Texas. Barry used effective leg kicks in the bout to eventually wear down the mobility of Beltran and win a unanimous decision (30–27, 29–28, and 29–28). At the end of the bout, he jokingly "fired" Matt Mitrione. This was likely a joke based on Mitrione firing his agent publicly after a previous fight.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Barry fought fellow striker Cheick Kongo on June 26, 2011 in the main event of "UFC on Versus 4" in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on June 26, 2011 and lost the fight in stunning fashion. Early in the first round Barry dropped and stunned Kongo, and delivered a flurry of strikes. Kongo weathered the assault and, still on wobbly legs, caught Barry with an overhand right on the ear followed by an uppercut to the chin, knocking Pat out cold. This was the first KO loss of Barry's career in both kickboxing and MMA.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Barry faced the tallest fighter in the UFC Stefan Struve on October 1, 2011 at "UFC on Versus 6" in Washington, D.C. Barry was winning most of the striking exchanges midway into the second round but in a turn of events, Barry took Struve down to the mat and Struve locked in a triangle choke. Barry slammed Struve but left his arm exposed and Struve was able to secure an armbar. Barry lost by triangle armbar submission at 3:22 of the second round.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: 2011 also saw Barry leave Roufusport for Team DeathClutch in Alexandria, Minnesota. Barry faced highly touted brawler Christian Morecraft on January 20, 2012 at "UFC on FX 1" in Nashville, Tennessee. Despite being caught early in an armbar, Barry escaped the submission attempt and won the fight via KO at 3:38 of the first round. His win over Morecraft earned him "Fight of The Night" honors for the second time in his career.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: On May 5, 2012, Barry faced the heavy-handed Lavar Johnson at "UFC on Fox 3" in East Rutherford, New Jersey and lost via TKO in the first round. Despite the loss, Barry was able to get a takedown during the fight, and even attempted a keylock submission. However, Johnson worked his way to his feet, trapped Barry against the cage, and began to tee off with punches until Barry dropped to the floor and the referee intervened to stop the fight.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Following Team DeathClutch's closure, Barry briefly moved to Greg Nelson's Minnesota Martial Arts Academy in Minneapolis, Minnesota in October 2012 before relocating to Arvada, Colorado to train under Trevor Wittman at the Grudge Training Center.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Barry faced former Muay Thai Champion Shane del Rosario at "" on December 15, 2012. After a close first round where Barry was able to escape from some submission attempts, he connected with a huge left hand followed with a flurry of punches, finished by a devastating right hook, and won by KO at 0:26 of round two, earning "Knockout of The Night" honors for the second time.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: He faced Shawn Jordan on June 15, 2013 at "UFC 161", losing by TKO in round one. However, later reports came that the stoppage might have been caused by an eye poke from Jordan. The report showed that the uppercut Jordan landed (which seemed to daze Barry) wasn't an uppercut but an open hand blow. The report also showed that Jordan's fingers found their way into Barry's eyes. Following the uppercut, Barry was trying to protect the eye from the next of Jordan's punches. Barry did not mention that he had been poked in the eye, but pictures from the day after the fight show that he tapped to strikes three times.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: In what would be his 12th and final UFC appearance, Barry was knocked out with vicious ground-and-pound from the mount by Soa Palelei on December 7, 2013 at "UFC Fight Night 33" in Brisbane, Australia.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: On January 28, 2014, Barry announced his retirement from MMA via Twitter and his manager subsequently stated he would likely return to kickboxing. He appeared on Ariel Helwani's show the following month and announced that he had signed for world's top promotion, "Glory".


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: In his first outing since returning to kickboxing, a warm-up fight ahead of his Glory debut, Barry defeated domestic heavyweight Ed Burris at "Combat Sports Challenge 39" in Richmond, Virginia on March 22, 2014, scoring a knockdown with a bodyshot in round one before stopping Burris with a flurry of punches in round two.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: He lost to Zack Mwekassa in the "" reserve match in Broomfield on May 3, 2014, suffering an early knockdown before being put away with a left uppercut towards the end of round one.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Just a day after this loss, it was reported that Barry was scheduled to rematch Mirko Cro Cop at "" in Inglewood, California on June 21, 2014. He withdrew from the fight for undisclosed reasons, however, and was replaced by Sergei Kharitonov.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Still under contract with Glory, Barry had his next fight in a different organization when he took on Demoreo Dennis at Legacy FC's first kickboxing event on January 16, 2015.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: After an even first round, Barry started to land heavy leg kicks, from which he landed a knockdown in round 2, and punches, as well as using a good defense against his opponents strikes. Barry got the best of it for the last two rounds, earning the decision victory.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Barry was expected to return to Glory and face veteran Mourad Bouzidi on April 3, 2015 at Glory 20. However, Barry was forced out of the bout due to an injured hand and was replaced by Dustin Jacoby.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: Following their fight at "UFC 115" in June 2010, Barry and Mirko Cro Cop have developed a friendship and Barry frequently trains with Cro Cop at his training center in Zagreb, Croatia.


title: Pat Barry (kickboxer)

text: In August 2017, Barry claimed to have been one year sober after many years of alcohol and drug abuse. In his own words, he claimed that his daily routine after professional fighting had become "straight vodka, painkillers and cocaine for breakfast".


title: Destroying angel (Bible)

text: In the Hebrew Bible, the destroying angel (, "malʾāḵ hamašḥīṯ"), also known as mashḥit ( "mašḥīṯ", 'destroyer'; , "mašḥīṯīm", 'spoilers, ravagers'), is an entity sent out by YHWH on several occasions to kill the enemies of the Hebrews.


title: Destroying angel (Bible)

text: These angels ("mal'akh") are also variously referred to as "memitim" (, 'executioners, slayers'), or Angel of the Lord. The latter is found in Job 33:22, as well as in Proverbs 16:14 in the plural, "messengers of death". "Mashchith" was also used as an alternate name for one of the seven compartments of Gehenna.


title: Destroying angel (Bible)

text: In 2 Samuel 24:15-16, the destroying angel kills the inhabitants of Jerusalem. In I Chronicles 21:15, the same "Angel of the Lord" is seen by David to stand "between the earth and the heaven, with a drawn sword in his hand stretched out against Hebrews's enemies". Later, in II Kings 19:35, the angel kills 185,000 Assyrian soldiers.


title: Destroying angel (Bible)

text: In the Book of Enoch, angels of punishment and destruction belong to a group of angels called "satans" with Satan as their leader. First they tempt, then accuse and finally punish and torment, both wicked humans and fallen angels.


title: Destroying angel (Bible)

text: In Judaism, such angels might be seen as created by one's sins. As long as a person lives, God allows him to repent. However, after death, the angels of destruction are allowed to execute the sentence proclaimed in the heavenly court.


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: "Ordinary World" is the first single from Duran Duran's self-titled 1993 album, commonly known as "The Wedding Album". The ballad reached 1 on the US "Billboard" Mainstream Top 40, the Canadian "RPM" Top Singles chart, and the Italian Singles Chart. It also peaked at No. 3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, No. 2 in Iceland and Sweden, and No. 6 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: The song was nominated for Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically in May 1994. Lead vocalist Simon Le Bon sang the song with Luciano Pavarotti at a benefit concert for War Child. "Ordinary World" remains one of Duran Duran's most popular songs and in October 2021, was their second-most streamed song in the UK.


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: By the early 1990s, Duran Duran's popularity had faded. Their album "Liberty" had proved a commercial failure, its two singles failing to make a significant showing on the British or American charts. It was not until Capitol Records leaked "Ordinary World" to a radio station in Jacksonville, Florida during the second half of 1992 that it seemed like Duran Duran would find a resurgence in popularity. To their surprise, the single proved so popular that Capitol had to push the US release date up, ultimately releasing it in December. In the United Kingdom, the song was released on 18 January 1993.


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: The keyboards in the song were arranged and performed by Nick Rhodes and John Jones. The drums were played by Steve Ferrone at Maison Rouge. The guitar solo that characterises this song was arranged and performed by Warren Cuccurullo, former player with Frank Zappa. His instrumental rock trio version became a staple of his solo shows and was included on one of his solo albums "Roadrage". Le Bon noted the song lyrics are about "trying to get over the death of a best friend. And putting it into words freed me, absolutely. It really worked for me emotionally and mentally. Everyone who heard it could apply it to something in their life, but for a different reason."


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: Le Bon later performed the song with Luciano Pavarotti at a WarChild benefit. The performance featured new lyrics in Italian, written especially for the show by producer Michele Centonze, most of which were a very free adaptation (rather than a translation) of Le Bon's original lyrics; the title "Ordinary World" was rendered as "mondo umile", i.e. "humble world". The duet, along with the whole show, was released on home video as "Pavarotti & Friends: Together for the Children of Bosnia". Later on, in an interview featured on the DVD release of the show, Le Bon stated that he loved singing in Italian because of the very open vowel sounds in the language.


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: The lyrics to "Ordinary World" were written by Le Bon as the second of a trilogy of songs for his late friend David Miles; the others being "Do You Believe in Shame?" (1988) and "Out of My Mind" (1997).


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: In a retrospective review of "Ordinary World", AllMusic journalist Donald A. Guarisco praised the song for having what he described as "a warm ballad feel, matching elegant verses full of entrancing repeating-note hooks with a rousing chorus built on soaring runs of ascending notes." Guarisco described Simon Le Bon's vocal as being "rich in emotion but tastefully restrained".


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: The music video was filmed by director Nick Egan at Huntington Gardens in San Marino, California and the song later featured in the soundtrack to the film "Layer Cake" in 2004.


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: "Ordinary World" is one of two Cuccurullo-era songs ("Come Undone" being the other) during Duran Duran's reunion tour with Andy Taylor and Roger Taylor. Cuccurullo was brought in to teach Andy Taylor how to play it.


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: "My Antarctica", a song from the band's previous album "Liberty", featured as the main B-side of the "Ordinary World" single.


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: Many other older singles were also used as B-sides. To capitalise on the success of "Ordinary World" and the new Duran Duran fans it was finding, EMI used the single's release to lure these new fans to the band's back catalogue. This mini-"" was spread over the two CD singles released during the campaign.


title: Ordinary World (song)

text: British electronic group Aurora released a trance version of "Ordinary World" featuring Irish singer-songwriter Naimee Coleman. This version, released on 11 September 2000, charted at No. 5 in the United Kingdom, No. 6 in Ireland, and No. 47 in Germany. In the United States, it appeared on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart, peaking at No. 37 in June 2001.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: Sonny Kiss (born December 11, 1993) is an American professional wrestler, dancer, and professional wrestling manager currently signed to All Elite Wrestling. She began her career in 2011 as a manager and became a pro wrestler two years later. Her first national exposure took place in 2018, when she began to work with Lucha Underground under the ring name XO Lishus. When Lucha Underground ended, she signed with All Elite Wrestling in 2019.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: Sonny Kiss was born in Jersey City, New Jersey on December 11, 1993. Kiss attended a performing arts high school where she studied dance. In 2011, Kiss attended New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC)'s Summer Youth Performance Workshop (SYPW) modern dance program, which she successfully auditioned for. Later that year, Sonny won first place in Dance at the Hudson County Teen Arts Festival. In 2014, she attended an audition for the NY Jets Flight Crew.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: Sonny Kiss initially debuted as a manager/valet in November 2011 at the age of 17. In September 2013, Kiss made her in-ring debut at East Coast Pro Wrestling in New Jersey. Sonny later appeared on several wrestling promotions on the independent circuit such as Full Impact Pro and Evolve.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: On June 27, 2018, Kiss made her debut on Lucha Underground as XO Lishus by defeating Jack Evans. On August 8, 2018, she teamed up with Ivelisse in a losing effort to Joey Ryan and Jack Evans. Sonny later won the rematch against Jack Evans in a No Mas Match on August 29 of that year. On September 29, Kiss had her first title match teaming up with Ivelisse and Joey Ryan for the Trios Title, losing to the Reptile Tribe (Luchasaurus, Daga and Kobra Moon). The trio went on to lose to the Rabbit Tribe (Paul London, El Bunny and The White Rabbit) two weeks later. Kiss and Ivelisse competed for the Trios Title at Ultima Lucha Cuatro with Sammy Guevara as their third partner. The trio lost to the Reptile Tribe on October 10, 2018.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: It was announced in February 2019 that Sonny Kiss had signed with All Elite Wrestling (AEW). At AEW's inaugural pay-per-view event Double or Nothing on May 25, Kiss competed in the 21-man Casino Battle Royale, but was eliminated by Tommy Dreamer. At Fight for the Fallen on July 13, Kiss defeated Peter Avalon, earning her first win in AEW.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: Kiss then went on a six match losing streak between November 2019 and March 2020 on AEW Dark, both in single and tag team matches. On 24 March 2020, Kiss formed a tag team with Joey Janela when they beat Corey Hollis and Mike Reed. After a two-month absence, the pair returned to the ring on the May 26 edition of AEW Dark, when they defeated Brady Pierce and John Skyler. On the May 27, 2020 episode of "Dynamite", Kiss participated in a battle royal match to determine the number one contender for the TNT Championship but was eliminated by Wardlow. The pairing of Sonny Kiss and Janela led to a vignette on AEW Dynamite, in which the pair beat up of wrestlers at the gas station. Kiss and Janela made their tag team debut on the June 24 edition of AEW Dynamite against The Dark Order's Brodie Lee and Colt Cabana, which they lost after Cabana pinned Janela.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: At Fight for the Fallen on July 15, Kiss challenged Cody for the AEW TNT Championship, but lost. At the All Out event on September 5, Kiss participated in the Casino Battle Royale, where she eliminated Jake Hager (following their encounter three days before to the event) before was eliminated by Brian Cage. This led to Kiss and Janela facing Chris Jericho and Hager on the September 9 edition of AEW Dynamite in a No Disqualification Tag Team match, which they lost after Hager pinned Kiss, following a distraction from Jericho. On the 21 October edition of AEW Dynamite, Kiss was named as a replacement for Janela, who had withdrawn from a tournament to determine the number one contender for the AEW World Championship, but was eliminated in the first round by Kenny Omega. Throughout 2020 and 2021, Kiss often managed Joey Janela on AEW Dynamite against opponents Lance Archer, “Hangman” Adam Page, Chris Jericho, and Kenny Omega, to which Janela was unsuccessful.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: In the beginning of 2021, there was growing dissension between Kiss and Janela when they embarked on losing streaks on AEW Dark matches, leading Janela to abandon Kiss. This led to the pair appearing in the Waiting Room with Britt Baker to settle the issues and they made amends. However, in the 9 August 2021 edition of AEW Dark: Elevation, Janela attacked Kiss prior to their tag team match, disbanding the team. Kiss then made her return on the 7 September 2021 edition of AEW Dark, where she attacked Janela following his match. Throughout the rest of 2021, both Kiss and Janela faced each other, where they each won once in two of their matches on AEW Dark: Elevation and AEW Dark to end their feud.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: On 12 August 2022 of AEW Rampage, Kiss made a return to television in almost two years, losing in a squash match against Parker Boudreaux. On the same night following a match against Orange Cassidy and Ariya Daivari, Kiss rushed to the ring to save Orange Cassidy, only to give him a low blow and aligned with Ari Daivari, Slim J and Parker Boudreaux as part of a stable named The Trustbusters, turning heel for the first time in AEW.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: Kiss is genderfluid and transfeminine and identifies with both men's and women's pronouns. In February 2021, Kiss stated on Table Talk with Mo and D-Von Dudley: "Half the roster calls me ‘she’ and the other half calls me ‘he’; sometimes even in the same sentence, and I love it." Kiss uses the AEW women's locker room and also trains with the women's wrestlers while wrestling in the men's division. As of 2022, Kiss stated on Sessions with Renee Paquette that she much preferred the "she" and "her" pronouns outside of the ring and in real life, respectively, as it feels more natural. She stated, "When I get married, I'd want the guy to call me his 'wife'" and revealed she identified as transfeminine.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: On the podcast AEW Unrestricted, Kiss described herself as a "nostalgia junkie" and is a fan of various pop culture fads from the 1990s and early 2000s relating to fashion, gaming, television, and teen films along with boy bands, girl groups, and various forms of popular music. Kiss is an avid fan of rap metal band Limp Bizkit.


title: Sonny Kiss

text: Kiss cites Rob Van Dam, Rey Mysterio, Trish Stratus, Lita, The Hardy Boyz, Jazz, Sharmell, Molly Holly, Victoria, Alicia Fox and Jacqueline along with mentors Dustin Rhodes, Chris Jericho, and Billy Gunn as major influences.


title: Impractical Jokers (season 9)

text: The ninth season of "Impractical Jokers" premiered on February 4, 2021. Part of the season was filmed before the COVID-19 pandemic suspended operations in March 2020. Filming and production resumed in September and continued as late as December. The aftershow "After Party" season 4 was postponed, and debuted with "Space Oddity" on April 15, 2021. Following "The Prince and Me" episode, the season resumed on July 8, where cast member Sal Vulcano would be referred to as Prince Herb for the remaining episodes of the season; however, he dropped the moniker in the "Eric André" episode that aired on April 2, 2022. This was the last season to feature Joe Gatto prior to his departure from the show at the beginning of 2022 after 17 episodes into the season. The season's remaining episodes aired starting from June 16, 2022 with various celebrity guest stars that participate in the losing Joker's punishment.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: In meteorology, an inversion is a deviation from the normal change of an atmospheric property with altitude. It almost always refers to an inversion of the air temperature lapse rate, in which case it is called a temperature inversion. Normally, air temperature decreases with an increase in altitude, but during an inversion warmer air is held above cooler air.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: An inversion traps air pollution, such as smog, close to the ground. An inversion can also suppress convection by acting as a "cap". If this cap is broken for any of several reasons, convection of any moisture present can then erupt into violent thunderstorms. Temperature inversion can notoriously result in freezing rain in cold climates.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: Usually, within the lower atmosphere (the troposphere) the air near the surface of the Earth is warmer than the air above it, largely because the atmosphere is heated from below as solar radiation warms the Earth's surface, which in turn then warms the layer of the atmosphere directly above it, e.g., by thermals (convective heat transfer). Air temperature also decreases with an increase in altitude because higher air is at lower pressure, and lower pressure results in a lower temperature, following the ideal gas law and adiabatic lapse rate.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: Under the right conditions, the normal vertical temperature gradient is inverted so that the air is colder near the surface of the Earth. This can occur when, for example, a warmer, less-dense air mass moves over a cooler, denser air mass. This type of inversion occurs in the vicinity of warm fronts, and also in areas of oceanic upwelling such as along the California coast in the United States. With sufficient humidity in the cooler layer, fog is typically present below the inversion cap. An inversion is also produced whenever radiation from the surface of the earth exceeds the amount of radiation received from the sun, which commonly occurs at night, or during the winter when the sun is very low in the sky. This effect is virtually confined to land regions as the ocean retains heat far longer. In the polar regions during winter, inversions are nearly always present over land.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: A warmer air mass moving over a cooler one can "shut off" any convection which may be present in the cooler air mass: this is known as a capping inversion. However, if this cap is broken, either by extreme convection overcoming the cap or by the lifting effect of a front or a mountain range, the sudden release of bottled-up convective energy like the bursting of a balloon can result in severe thunderstorms. Such capping inversions typically precede the development of tornadoes in the Midwestern United States. In this instance, the "cooler" layer is quite warm but is still denser and usually cooler than the lower part of the inversion layer capping it.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: An inversion can develop aloft as a result of air gradually sinking over a wide area and being warmed by adiabatic compression, usually associated with subtropical high-pressure areas. A stable marine layer may then develop over the ocean as a result. As this layer moves over progressively warmer waters, however, turbulence within the marine layer can gradually lift the inversion layer to higher altitudes, and eventually even pierce it, producing thunderstorms, and under the right circumstances, tropical cyclones. The accumulated smog and dust under the inversion quickly taints the sky reddish, easily seen on sunny days.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: Temperature inversions stop atmospheric convection (which is normally present) from happening in the affected area and can lead to high concentrations of atmospheric pollutants. Cities especially suffer from the effects of temperature inversions because they both produce more atmospheric pollutants and have higher thermal masses than rural areas, resulting in more frequent inversions with higher concentrations of pollutants. The effects are even more pronounced when a city is surrounded by hills or mountains since they form an additional barrier to air circulation. During a severe inversion, trapped air pollutants form a brownish haze that can cause respiratory problems. The Great Smog of 1952 in London, England, is one of the most serious examples of such an inversion. It was blamed for an estimated 10,000 to 12,000 deaths.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: Sometimes the inversion layer is at a high enough altitude that cumulus clouds can condense but can only spread out under the inversion layer. This decreases the amount of sunlight reaching the ground and prevents new thermals from forming. As the clouds disperse, sunny weather replaces cloudiness in a cycle that can occur more than once a day.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: As the temperature of air increases, the index of refraction of air decreases, a side effect of hotter air being less dense. Normally this results in distant objects being shortened vertically, an effect that is easy to see at sunset when the sun is visible as an oval. In an inversion, the normal pattern is reversed, and distant objects are instead stretched out or appear to be above the horizon, leading to the phenomenon known as a Fata Morgana or mirage.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: Inversions can magnify the so-called "green flash"—a phenomenon occurring at sunrise or sunset, usually visible for a few seconds, in which the sun's green light is isolated due to dispersion. The shorter wavelength is refracted most, with the blue component of sunlight "completely scattered out by Rayleigh scattering", making green the first or last light from the upper rim of the solar disc to be seen.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: Very high frequency radio waves can be refracted by inversions, making it possible to hear FM radio or watch VHF low-band television broadcasts from long distances on foggy nights. The signal, which would normally be refracted up and away into space, is instead refracted down towards the earth by the temperature-inversion boundary layer. This phenomenon is called tropospheric ducting. Along coastlines during Autumn and Spring, due to multiple stations being simultaneously present because of reduced propagation losses, many FM radio stations are plagued by severe signal degradation disrupting reception.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: When an inversion layer is present, if a sound or explosion occurs at ground level, the sound wave is refracted by the temperature gradient (which affects sound speed) and returns to the ground. The sound, therefore, travels much better than normal. This is noticeable in areas around airports, where the sound of aircraft taking off and landing often can be heard at greater distances around dawn than at other times of day, and inversion thunder which is significantly louder and travels further than when it is produced by lightning strikes under normal conditions.


title: Inversion (meteorology)

text: The shock wave from an explosion can be reflected by an inversion layer in much the same way as it bounces off the ground in an air-burst and can cause additional damage as a result. This phenomenon killed two people in the Soviet RDS-37 nuclear test when a building collapsed.


title: Kaitlyn Bristowe

text: Kaitlyn Dawn Bristowe (born 19 June 1985) is a Canadian television personality, podcast host, and former spin class instructor best known for being a contestant on the nineteenth season of ABC's "The Bachelor," and as the lead on the eleventh season of "The Bachelorette". She competed on season 29 of "Dancing with the Stars", with partner Artem Chigvintsev, and was declared the winner on November 23, 2020.


title: Kaitlyn Bristowe

text: The daughter of a ballerina, Bristowe grew up in Leduc, Alberta, Canada, and moved as an adult to Vancouver, British Columbia for a dance scholarship where she became a spin-class instructor.


title: Kaitlyn Bristowe

text: Bristowe was a contestant on Chris Soules' season of "The Bachelor". She placed third overall, losing to runner-up Becca Tilley and winner Whitney Bischoff.


title: Kaitlyn Bristowe

text: On "The Bachelor" "After the Final Rose" segment, host Chris Harrison announced that season eleven would begin with two Bachelorettes, Bristowe and fellow season nineteen contestant Britt Nilsson. Bristowe became the official bachelorette of season eleven. The season ultimately ended in her engagement to contestant Shawn Booth.


title: Kaitlyn Bristowe

text: Bristowe co-hosted season 17 and season 18 of "The Bachelorette" alongside fellow former Bachelorette Tayshia Adams.


title: Kaitlyn Bristowe

text: During the airing of "The Bachelor: The Greatest Seasons – Ever!" in June 2020, host Chris Harrison offered Bristowe a spot on the upcoming season of "Dancing with the Stars", which she accepted. Previously Bristowe alleged that "The Bachelor" creator Mike Fleiss had blocked Bristowe from participating on the show when she was offered a spot in 2015 after her season of "The Bachelorette" had finished airing.


title: Kaitlyn Bristowe

text: On September 2, 2020, Bristowe was announced as one of the celebrities competing on the 29th season of "Dancing with the Stars". She was partnered with professional dancer Artem Chigvintsev, and on November 23, 2020, they were declared the winners of the season.


title: Kaitlyn Bristowe

text: On November 8, 2021, Bristowe was announced as one of the stars joining the "Dancing with the Stars Live! - 2022 Tour." She is joining other professionals on the show, including her season 29 partner, Artem. She is set to perform at 55 out of the 66 dates.


title: Kaitlyn Bristowe

text: Her podcast, "Off the Vine with Kaitlyn Bristowe", began on May 29, 2017. In 2019, she started her wine label "Spade and Sparrows". On May 14, 2020, Bristowe released her debut single "If I'm Being Honest".


title: Kaitlyn Bristowe

text: On November 2, 2018, Bristowe and Booth made a joint statement that they had broken up. Kaitlyn started dating Jason Tartick from Becca Kufrin's season of "The Bachelorette" in January 2019. They share a home together in Nashville, Tennessee, with their two golden retrievers. In September 2019, the couple starred in country singer Brett Kissel's music video for his number one hit "Drink About Me". In November 2020, the couple's dogs starred in the music video for Kissel's "A Few Good Stories" with Walk off the Earth. In May 2021, Bristowe and Tartick announced their engagement, and as of August 2, 2021 they have set a wedding date.


title: Liberal Arts (film)

text: Liberal Arts is a 2012 American comedy-drama film. The second film directed by, written by, and starring Josh Radnor, it tells the story of 35-year-old Jesse (Radnor) who has a romantic relationship with Zibby (Elizabeth Olsen), a 19-year-old college student. The film premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival in January 2012.


title: Liberal Arts (film)

text: Jesse Fisher, a 35-year-old college admissions officer in NYC who loves literature and language, is newly single and dissatisfied with his life and career. He believes the happiest time of his life was the years at his unnamed Ohio liberal arts college, where he could study uninterrupted, surrounded by others like him. Peter Hoberg, his former English professor, invites Jesse back to the college to attend his retirement ceremony. Jesse meets 19-year-old Zibby, a sophomore studying drama and the daughter of Peter's friends.


title: Liberal Arts (film)

text: After the retirement dinner, Jesse stumbles upon a campus party where he runs into Zibby. They agree to have coffee together the next day. He spends the afternoon with her, walking around the campus discussing life, books, and music. He also encounters his old romantics teacher, Judith Fairfield—a woman he has long admired—and meets the eccentric Nat, and Dean, a brilliant but depressed student who, like Jesse, always carries a book with him.


title: Liberal Arts (film)

text: Before Jesse leaves, Zibby asks to stay in touch through hand-written letters and they become closer. Meanwhile, Peter feels lost facing his upcoming retirement, and goes to the dean to ask to stay on. He is told that they have already hired his replacement.


title: Liberal Arts (film)

text: Zibby invites Jesse back to campus, hinting that she has feelings for him. Jesse has concerns about the 16-year age gap, but agrees. They spend time together and kiss. When Peter sees them together, however, he encourages Jesse to date women his own age. Zibby confesses her feelings to Jesse and asks him to sleep with her; he agrees, but changes his mind after she admits that she is a virgin. Zibby is insulted and hurt and asks him to leave. Jesse goes to a bar where he meets Fairfield again. They have a one-night stand, but afterwards she tells him to grow up and kicks him out. Meanwhile, Zibby goes to a party and kisses a classmate. Jesse leaves without seeing Zibby again, but says goodbye to Peter.


title: Liberal Arts (film)

text: Jesse returns to New York and, some months later, writes to Zibby again. He apologizes for hurting her, says that he misses her and credits her for helping him to grow. He meets and starts dating Ana, a bookseller his own age with a similar love for books. After Jesse helps avert Dean's suicide by overdose, he advises the young man to stop hiding from life within books.


title: Liberal Arts (film)

text: Jesse goes to see Zibby and apologizes to her again. She says that she had hoped to take a shortcut to adulthood through a relationship with Jesse, and that she understands that what he did was the right thing. Jesse goes back home and renews his correspondence with Zibby. The film ends with Zibby lying down reading "Songs of Innocence and of Experience" which she received via courier from Jesse, and Ana lying on Jesse's chest, them happily talking about growing old.


title: Liberal Arts (film)

text: The majority of scenes were filmed at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. Kenyon is the real life "alma mater" of both Radnor and co-star Allison Janney.


title: Liberal Arts (film)

text: "Liberal Arts" received generally positive reviews and has a rating of 71% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 113 reviews with an average score of 6.56 out of 10. The consensus states: "While it's hard not to wish it had a little more bite, "Liberal Arts" ultimately succeeds as a good-natured -- and surprisingly clever -- look at the addictive pull of nostalgia for our youth." The film also has a score of 55 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews, indicating "Mixed or average reviews".


title: Liberal Arts (film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 3 and a half out of 4 stars and stated in his review:


title: Electronegativities of the elements (data page)

text: As quoted from these sources in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition". CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 9, Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy; Electronegativity


text: As quoted from these sources in: J.A. Dean (ed), "Lange's Handbook of Chemistry" (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4; Table 4.5, Electronegativities of the Elements.


title: The Singing Nun

text: Jeanne-Paule Marie "Jeannine" Deckers (17 October 1933 – 29 March 1985), better known as Sœur Sourire () and often called The Singing Nun in English-speaking countries, was a Belgian singer-songwriter and a member of the Dominican Order in Belgium as Sister Luc Gabriel. She acquired widespread fame in 1963 with the release of the Belgian French song "Dominique", which topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and other charts. Owing to confusion over the terms of the recording contract, she was reduced to poverty, and also experienced a crisis of faith, quitting the order, though still remaining a Catholic. She died by suicide with her lifelong partner, Annie Pécher.


title: The Singing Nun

text: She was born Jeanne-Paule Marie Deckers, in Laeken, Brussels, Belgium, in 1933, the daughter of a pâtisserie owner, and was educated in a Catholic school in Brussels. Her mother thought of her as a "tomboy" and was pleased when she decided to join the all-girl Guides Catholiques de Belgique (GCB). When she was fifteen she had a premonition that she would become a nun. She became an avid Girl Guide who bought her first guitar to play at Guide evening events. While studying for three years after high school, to obtain a diploma for teaching sculpture, she considered dedicating her life to religion in a Catholic convent. From the age of 21, between 1954 and 1959, she taught sculpture to youngsters. At scout camp in the summer of 1959 she met sixteen-year-old Annie Pécher, with whom she would develop a close relationship. She became convinced, however, that her new teaching profession did not suit her and she resigned. In September 1959 she entered the Missionary Dominican Sisters of Our Lady of Fichermont, headquartered in the city of Waterloo, where she took the religious name "Sister Luc Gabriel".


title: The Singing Nun

text: While in the convent, Sister Luc Gabriel wrote, sang, and casually performed her own songs, which were so well received by her fellow nuns and visitors that her religious superiors encouraged her to record an album, which visitors and retreatants at the convent would be able to purchase.


title: The Singing Nun

text: In 1962, the album was recorded in Brussels at Philips; in 1963 the single "Dominique" became an international hit, and her album sold nearly two million copies. Sister Luc Gabriel became an international celebrity and took the stage name of ("Sister Smile"). She gave several live concerts and appeared on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on television on 5 January 1964. "Dominique" was the first song by a Belgian artist to be a number one hit single in the United States. The song's chorus refrain "Dominique, nique, nique" was the source of some unintended amusement amongst French listeners as the word "niquer" is short for "fornicate", with "nique" the equivalent of "fuck"; Deckers was unaware of the connotation, as were the other Belgian Catholics of that era.


title: The Singing Nun

text: Sister Luc Gabriel found it difficult, however, having to live up to her publicity as "a true girl scout," always happy and in a good mood. "I was never allowed to be depressed," she remembered in 1979. "The mother superior used to censor my songs and take out any verses I wrote when I was feeling sad."


title: The Singing Nun

text: In 1963 the General Music Company published a book of 15 Soeur Sourire songs with English lyrics provided by Noël Regney, who later claimed that he had co-written "Dominique." Later that same year she was sent by her order to take theology courses at the University of Louvain. She liked the student life, if not her courses.


title: The Singing Nun

text: Deckers did not see much money from her international fame, and her second album, "Her Joys, Her Songs," received little attention and disappeared almost as soon as it was released in 1964. Most of her earnings were taken by Philips and her producer, while the rest automatically went to her religious congregation, which earned at least $100,000 in royalties.


title: The Singing Nun

text: In 1966, a biographical film loosely based on Sister Luc Gabriel was released called "The Singing Nun" and starring Debbie Reynolds in the central role. Sister Luc Gabriel reportedly rejected the film as "fiction".


title: The Singing Nun

text: Pulled between two worlds and increasingly in disagreement with the Catholic Church, Deckers left her convent in 1966 to pursue a life as a lay Dominican instead. She later reported that her departure resulted from a personality clash with her superiors, that she had been forced out of the convent and did not leave of her own free will. Convent superiors denied the other nuns contact with her as she was described as a "bad influence". After she left, however, she continued to adhere as closely as she could to the disciplines of the convent, still considering herself a nun, praying several times daily, and maintaining a simple and chaste lifestyle.


title: The Singing Nun

text: When she left the convent, her record company made her give up her professional names, "Sœur Sourire" and "The Singing Nun". She attempted to continue her musical career under the name "Luc Dominique". Increasingly frustrated at what she perceived to be the Catholic Church's failure to fully implement the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, she released a song in 1967 defending the use of contraception, called "Glory be to God for the Golden Pill". This led to an intervention by the Catholic hierarchy in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and one of her concerts was cancelled. Several major tour venues subsequently cancelled, and the tour was effectively derailed. In 1968, Deckers turned to publishing, writing a book of inspirational verse, but that, too, failed to gain an audience.


title: The Singing Nun

text: Deckers went on to release an album titled "I Am Not a Star in Heaven" and developed a repertoire of religious songs and songs for children. Despite her renewed emphasis on music, Deckers' career failed to prosper. She blamed the album's failure on not being able to use the names by which she had become known, saying that "nobody knew who it was." When a second single, "Sister Smile Is Dead", also failed, Deckers turned to teaching disabled youngsters in Wavre, Belgium, eventually opening her own school for autistic children. She eventually suffered a nervous breakdown, which was followed by two years of psychotherapy.


title: The Singing Nun

text: She reconnected with a friend from her youth, Annie Pécher, while at the University of Louvain. The two slowly developed a very close relationship, and would share an apartment until their deaths.


title: The Singing Nun

text: People at my record company think that two women who live together must be lesbians. They assert even that nuns in convents are in love. I deny these rumors as I testify against every creepy spirit. The answer is still obvious that I am not homosexual. I am loyal and faithful to Annie, but that is a whole other love in the Lord. Anyone who cannot understand this can go to the devil!


title: The Singing Nun

text: Biographer Catherine Sauvat asserts that despite this denial, Deckers did go on subsequently to have a sexual relationship with Pécher, though only after several years of life together.


title: The Singing Nun

text: In 1973, Deckers became involved with the Catholic Charismatic Renewal. Cardinal Suenens requested that she write songs for the movement, and this led to a brief but successful return to the stage, including a visit to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where she sang before several thousand people. Under the name "Sister Smile", she released another album in 1979, which she described as containing "honest, religious songs" commenting that the album would help listeners to "know who I really am."


title: The Singing Nun

text: In the late 1970s, the Ministry of Finance of Belgium said that she owed $63,000 in back taxes. Deckers countered that the royalties from her recording were given to her convent and therefore she was not liable for payment of any personal income tax. She then called on her former convent and her former record label, Philips. The sisters gave her what they considered to be her share (which enabled her to acquire an apartment in Wavre, Brabant) on condition that she stop denigrating the congregation and sign a document stating that all accounts were balanced, but Philips, which had received 95% of the revenue, did nothing. Deckers ran into heavy financial problems. In 1982, she tried, once again as Sœur Sourire, to score a hit with a disco synthesizer version of "Dominique", but this last attempt to resume her singing career failed. In addition to the other financial worries, the autism centre for children started by Deckers and Pécher had to close its doors for financial reasons in 1982. After this, Deckers tried to make a living by giving lessons in music and religion.


title: The Singing Nun

text: Citing their financial difficulties, she and Annie Pécher died by suicide by taking overdoses of barbiturates and alcohol on 29 March 1985. In their suicide note, they wrote that they had not given up their faith and wished to be buried together with the funeral rite of the Catholic Church. They were buried together on 4 April 1985 in Cheremont Cemetery in Wavre, Brabant, the town where they died. The inscription on their tombstone reads, "J'ai vu voler son âme/ A travers les nuages" (English: "I saw her soul fly through the clouds"), a line taken from her 1966 song "Luc Dominique".


title: The Singing Nun

text: ("Sister Smile. Love me") is a 2005 biographical novel by Luc Maddelein and , inspired by Deckers' personal diaries and correspondence. It contains excerpts from the diaries. It was translated into French as ("Sister Smile. Diary of a Tragedy").


title: The Singing Nun

text: In 1996, "The Tragic and Horrible Life of the Singing Nun" premiered Off-Broadway at the Grove Street Playhouse. The play, which was written and directed by Blair Fell, was loosely based on events in Deckers' life. The production featured several musical numbers and followed the life of the title character, renamed Jeanine Fou, from her entry into the convent until her death with Pécher. "The New York Times" review stated the play "milks much of its comic mileage from the incongruous, and willfully tasteless, pairing of its holy setting and its trashy, Jacqueline Susann-style dialogue ... In dressing up despair in barbed frivolity, Mr. Fell provides his own skewed equivalent of tragic catharsis." The Catholic League spoke out publicly against the production.


title: The Singing Nun

text: In 2006, a musical version of Fell's play was staged during the New York Musical Theatre Festival, produced by George DeMarco and David Gerard, both of whom produced the 1996 production. Laura Daniel played Jeanine and received the NYMF Award for Outstanding Individual Performance. The musical featured music and lyrics by Andy Monroe and a book by Fell (who also contributed additional lyrics); it was directed by Michael Schiralli.


title: The Singing Nun

text: "The Singing Nun" is a 1966 American semi-biographical film, directed by Henry Koster and with a screenplay by John Furia and Sally Benson. Based loosely on Deckers' life to that point in time, it stars Debbie Reynolds in the title role and also features Greer Garson, Ricardo Montalbán, Agnes Moorehead, Katharine Ross, Chad Everett, and Ed Sullivan as himself.


title: The Singing Nun

text: In 2009, "Sœur Sourire", a Franco-Belgian biopic starring Belgian actress Cécile de France as Deckers, was released. The film won the Magritte Award for Best Costume Design.


title: Self-portrait

text: A self-portrait is a representation of an artist that is drawn, painted, photographed, or sculpted by that artist. Although self-portraits have been made since the earliest times, it is not until the Early Renaissance in the mid-15th century that artists can be frequently identified depicting themselves as either the main subject, or as important characters in their work. With better and cheaper mirrors, and the advent of the panel portrait, many painters, sculptors and printmakers tried some form of self-portraiture. "Portrait of a Man in a Turban" by Jan van Eyck of 1433 may well be the earliest known panel self-portrait. He painted a separate portrait of his wife, and he belonged to the social group that had begun to commission portraits, already more common among wealthy Netherlanders than south of the Alps. The genre is venerable, but not until the Renaissance, with increased wealth and interest in the individual as a subject, did it become truly popular.


title: Self-portrait

text: By the Baroque period, most artists with an established reputation at least left drawings of themselves. Printed portraits of artists had a market, and many were self-portraits. They were also sometimes given as gifts to family and friends. If nothing else, they avoided the need to arrange for a model, and for the many professional portrait-painters, a self-portrait kept in the studio acted as a demonstration of the artist's skill for potential new clients. The unprecedented number of self-portraits by Rembrandt, both as paintings and prints, made clear the potential of the form, and must have further encouraged the trend.


title: Self-portrait

text: A self-portrait may be a portrait of the artist, or a portrait included in a larger work, including a group portrait. Many painters are said to have included depictions of specific individuals, including themselves, in painting figures in religious or other types of composition. Such paintings were not intended publicly to depict the actual persons as themselves, but the facts would have been known at the time to artist and patron, creating a talking point as well as a public test of the artist's skill.


title: Self-portrait

text: In the earliest surviving examples of medieval and Renaissance self-portraiture, historical or mythical scenes (from the Bible or classical literature) were depicted using a number of actual persons as models, often including the artist, giving the work a multiple function as portraiture, self-portraiture and history/myth painting. In these works, the artist usually appears as a face in the crowd or group, often towards the edges or corner of the work and behind the main participants. Rubens's "The Four Philosophers" (1611–12) is a good example. This culminated in the 17th century with the work of Jan de Bray. Many artistic media have been used; apart from paintings, drawings and prints have been especially important.


title: Self-portrait

text: In the famous "Arnolfini Portrait" (1434), Jan van Eyck is probably one of two figures glimpsed in a mirror – a surprisingly modern conceit. The Van Eyck painting may have inspired Diego Velázquez to depict himself in full view as the painter creating "Las Meninas" (1656), as the Van Eyck hung in the palace in Madrid where he worked. This was another modern flourish, given that he appears as the painter (previously unseen in official royal portraiture) and standing close to the King's family group who were the supposed main subjects of the painting.


title: Self-portrait

text: In what may be one of the earliest childhood self-portraits now surviving, Albrecht Dürer depicts himself as in naturalistic style as a 13-year-old boy in 1484. In later years he appears variously as a merchant in the background of Biblical scenes and as Christ.


title: Self-portrait

text: Leonardo da Vinci may have drawn a picture of himself at the age of 60, in around 1512. The picture is often straightforwardly reproduced as Da Vinci's appearance, although this is not certain.


title: Self-portrait

text: In the 17th century, Rembrandt painted a range of self-portraits. In "The Prodigal Son in the Tavern" (c1637), one of the earliest self-portraits with family, the painting probably includes Saskia, Rembrandt's wife, one of the earliest depictions of a family member by a famous artist. Family and professional group paintings, including the artist's depiction, became increasingly common from the 17th century on. From the later 20th century on, video plays an increasing part in self-portraiture, and adds the dimension of audio as well, allowing the person to speak to an audience in their own voice.


title: Self-portrait

text: Women artists are notable producers of self-portraits; almost all significant women painters have left an example, from Caterina van Hemessen to the prolific Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, and Frida Kahlo, as well as Alice Neel, Paula Modersohn-Becker and Jenny Saville who painted themselves in the nude. Vigée-Lebrun painted a total of 37 self-portraits, many of which were copies of earlier ones, painted for sale. Until the 20th century women were usually unable to train in drawing the nude, which made it difficult for them to paint large figure compositions, leading many artists to specialize in portrait work. Women artists have historically embodied a number of roles within their self-portraiture. Most common is the artist at work, showing themselves in the act of painting, or at least holding a brush and palette. Often, the viewer wonders if the clothes worn were those they normally painted in, as the elaborate nature of many ensembles was an artistic choice to show her skill at fine detail.


title: Self-portrait

text: Images of artists at work are encountered in Ancient Egyptian painting, and sculpture and also on Ancient Greek vases. One of the first self-portraits was made by the Pharaoh Akhenaten's chief sculptor Bak in 1365 BC. Plutarch mentions that the Ancient Greek sculptor Phidias had included a likeness of himself in a number of characters in the "Battle of the Amazons" on the Parthenon, and there are classical references to painted self-portraits, none of which have survived.


title: Self-portrait

text: Self-portraits may have a longer continuous history in Asian (mainly Chinese) art than in Europe. Many in the scholar gentleman tradition are quite small, depicting the artist in a large landscape, illustrating a poem in calligraphy on his experience of the scene. Another tradition, associated with Zen Buddhism, produced lively semi-caricatured self-portraits, whilst others remain closer to the conventions of the formal portrait.


title: Self-portrait

text: Illuminated manuscripts contain a number of apparent self-portraits, notably those of Saint Dunstan and Matthew Paris. Most of these either show the artist at work, or presenting the finished book to either a donor or a sacred figure, or venerating such a figure.


title: Self-portrait

text: Orcagna is believed to have painted himself as a figure in a fresco of 1359, which became, at least according to art historians — Vasari records a number of such traditions — a common practice of artists. However, for earlier artists, with no other portrait to compare to, these descriptions are necessarily rather speculative. Among the earliest self-portraits are also two frescos by , one in Velemér (1378), western Hungary, and one in Martjanci (1392), northeastern Slovenia. In Italy Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337) included himself in the cycle of "eminent men" in the Castle of Naples, Masaccio (1401–1428) depicted himself as one of the apostles in the painting of the Brancacci Chapel, and Benozzo Gozzoli includes himself, with other portraits, in the Palazzo Medici "Procession of the Magi" (1459), with his name written on his hat. This is imitated a few years later by Sandro Botticelli, as a spectator of "the Adoration of the Magi" (1475), who turns from the scene to look at us.


title: Self-portrait

text: Fourteenth-century sculpted portrait busts of and by the Parler family in Prague Cathedral include self-portraits, and are among the earliest such busts of non-royal figures. Ghiberti included a small head of himself in his most famous work.


title: Self-portrait

text: Notably, the earliest self-portrait painted in England, other than in a manuscript, is the miniature painted in oils on panel by the German artist Gerlach Flicke, 1554.


title: Self-portrait

text: Albrecht Dürer was an artist highly conscious of his public image and reputation, whose main income came from his old master prints, all containing his famous monogram, which were sold throughout Europe. He probably depicted himself more often than any artist before him, producing at least twelve images, including three oil portraits, and figures in four altarpieces. The earliest is a silverpoint drawing created when he was thirteen years old. At twenty-two Dürer painted "Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle" (1493, Louvre), probably to send to his new fiancée, Agnes Frey. The Madrid self-portrait (1498, Prado) depicts Dürer as a dandy in fashionable Italian dress, reflecting the international success he had achieved by then. In his last self-portrait, sold or given to the city of Nuremberg, and displayed publicly, which very few portraits then were, the artist depicted himself with an unmistakable resemblance to Jesus Christ (Munich, Alte Pinakothek). He later re-used the face in a religious engraving of, revealingly, the Veil of Veronica, Christ's own "self-portrait" (B.25). A self-portrait in gouache he sent to Raphael has not survived. A woodcut of a bathhouse and a drawing show virtually nude self-portraits.


title: Self-portrait

text: The great Italian painters of the Renaissance made comparatively few formal painted self-portraits, but often included themselves in larger works. Most individual self-portraits they have left were straightforward depictions; Dürer's showmanship was rarely followed, although a controversially attributed "Self-portrait as David" by Giorgione would have something of the same spirit, if it is a self-portrait. There is a portrait by Pietro Perugino of about 1500 (Collegio del Cambio of Perugia), and one by the young Parmigianino showing the view in a convex mirror. There is also a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci (1512), and self-portraits in larger works by Michelangelo, who gave his face to the skin of St. Bartholomew in the "Last Judgement" of the Sistine Chapel (1536–1541), and Raphael who is seen in the characters of "School of Athens" 1510, or with a friend who holds his shoulder (1518). Also notable are two portraits of Titian as an old man in the 1560s. Paolo Veronese appears as a violinist clothed in white in his "Marriage at Cana", accompanied by Titian on the bass viol (1562). Northern artists continued to make more individual portraits, often looking very much like their other bourgeois sitters. Johan Gregor van der Schardt produced a painted terracotta bust of himself (c. 1573).


title: Self-portrait

text: Titian's "Allegory of Prudence" (c. 1565–70) is thought to depict Titian, his son Orazio, and a young cousin, Marco Vecellio. Titian also painted a late self-portrait in 1567; apparently his first. Baroque artist Artemisia Gentileschi's "La Pittura (Self-portrait as the allegory of painting)" presents herself embodying the classical allegorical representation of Painting, seen in the dramatic mask worn around Gentileschi's neck which Painting often carries. The artist's focus on her work, away from the viewer, highlights the drama of the Baroque period, and the changing role of the artist from craftsperson to singular innovator. Caravaggio painted himself in "Bacchus" at the beginning of his career, then appears in the staffage of some of his larger paintings. Finally, the head of Goliath held by David (1605–10, Galleria Borghese) is Caravaggio's own.


title: Self-portrait

text: In the 17th century, Flemish and Dutch artists painted themselves far more often than before; by this date most successful artists had a position in society where a member of any other trade would consider having their portrait painted. Many also included their families, again following the normal practice for the middle-classes. Mary Beale, Anthony van Dyck and Peter Paul Rubens produced numerous images of themselves, the latter also often painting his family. This practice was especially common for female artists, whose inclusion of their families was often a deliberate attempt to mitigate criticism of their profession causing distraction from their "natural role" as mothers.


title: Self-portrait

text: Rembrandt drew and painted dozens of self-portraits, as well as portraits of his wife, son, and mistress. At one time about ninety paintings were counted as Rembrandt self-portraits, but it is now known that he had his students copy his own self-portraits as part of their training. Modern scholarship has reduced the autograph count to something over forty paintings, a few drawings, and thirty-one etchings. Many show him posing in quasi-historical fancy dress, or pulling faces at himself. His oil paintings trace the progress from an uncertain young man to the dapper and very successful portrait-painter of the 1630s to the troubled but massively powerful portraits of his old age.


title: Self-portrait

text: In Spain, there were self-portraits of Bartolomé Estéban Murillo and Diego Velázquez. Francisco de Zurbarán represented himself in Luke the Evangelist at the feet of Christ on the cross (around 1635). In the 19th century, Goya painted himself numerous times. French self-portraits, at least after Nicolas Poussin tend to show the social status of the artist, although Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin and some others instead showed their real working costume very realistically. This was a decision all 18th-century self-portraitists needed to make, although many painted themselves in both formal and informal costume in different paintings. Thereafter, one can say that most significant painters left us at least one self-portrait, even after the decline of the painted portrait with the arrival of photography. Gustave Courbet (see below) was perhaps the most creative self-portraitist of the 19th century, and "The Artist's studio" and "Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet" are perhaps the largest self-portraits ever painted. Both contain many figures, but are firmly centred on the heroic figure of the artist.


title: Self-portrait

text: One of the most famous and most prolific of self-portraitists was Vincent van Gogh, who drew and painted himself more than 43 times between 1886 and 1889. In all of these self-portraits one is struck that the gaze of the painter is seldom directed at the viewer; even when it is a fixed gaze, he seems to look elsewhere. These paintings vary in intensity and color and some portray the artist with bandages; representing the episode in which he severed one of his ears.


title: Self-portrait

text: The many self-portraits of Egon Schiele set new standards of openness, or perhaps exhibitionism, representing him naked in many positions, sometimes masturbating or with an erection, as in "Eros" (1911). Stanley Spencer was to follow somewhat in this vein. Max Beckmann was a prolific painter of self-portraits as was Edvard Munch who made great numbers of self-portrait paintings (70), prints (20) and drawings or watercolours (over 100) throughout his life, many showing him being badly treated by life, and especially by women.


title: Self-portrait

text: Obsessively using the self-portrait as a personal and introspective artistic expression was Horst Janssen, who produced hundreds of self-portraits depicting him a wide range of contexts most notably in relation to sickness, moodiness and death. The 2004 exhibition "Schiele, Janssen. Selbstinszenierung, Eros, Tod" (Schiele, Janssen: Self-dramatisation, Eros, Death) at the Leopold Museum in Vienna paralleled the works of Egon Schiele and Horst Janssen, both heavily drawing on sujets of erotica and death in combination with relentless self-portraiture. Frida Kahlo, who following a terrible accident spent many years bedridden, with only herself for a model, was another painter whose self-portraits depict great pain, in her case physical as well as mental. Her 55-odd self-portraits include many of herself from the waist up, and also some nightmarish representations which symbolize her physical sufferings.


title: Self-portrait

text: Throughout his long career, Pablo Picasso often used self-portraits to depict himself in the many different guises, disguises and incarnations of his autobiographical artistic persona. From the young unknown "Yo Picasso" period to the "Minotaur in the Labyrinth" period, to the "old Cavalier" and the "lecherous old artist and model" periods. Often Picasso's self-portraits depicted and revealed complicated psychological insights, both personal and profound about the inner state and well-being of the artist. Another artist who painted personal and revealing self-portraits throughout his career was Pierre Bonnard. Bonnard also painted dozens of portraits of his wife Marthe throughout her life as well. Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Egon Schiele and Horst Janssen in particular made intense (at times disturbingly so) and self-revealing self-portraits throughout their careers.


title: Self-portrait

text: Many of the medieval portraits show the artist at work, and Jan van Eyck (above) his chaperon hat has the parts normally hanging loose tied up on his head, giving the misleading impression he is wearing a turban, presumably for convenience whilst he paints. In the early modern period, increasingly, men as well as women who painted themselves at work had to choose whether to present themselves in their best clothes, and best room, or to depict studio practice realistically. See also the Gallery of Women painters above.


title: Self-portrait

text: Art critic Galina Vasilyeva-Shlyapina separates two basic forms of the self-portrait: "professional" portraits, in which the artist is depicted at work, and "personal" portraits, which reveal moral and psychological features. She also proposes a more detailed taxonomy: (1) the "insertable" self-portrait, where the artist inserts his or her own portrait into, for example, a group of characters related to some subject; (2) the "prestigious, or symbolic" self-portrait, where an artist depicts him- or herself in the guise of a historical person or religious hero; (3) the "group portrait" where artist is depicted with members of family or other real persons; (4) the "separate or natural" self-portrait, where the artist is depicted alone. However it might be thought these classes are rather rigid; many portraits manage to combine several of them.


title: Self-portrait

text: With new media came a chance to create different kinds of self-portraits besides simply static painting or photographs. Many people, especially teens, use social networking sites to form their own personal identity on the internet. Still others use blogs or create personal web pages to create a space for self-expression and self-portraiture.


title: Self-portrait

text: The self-portrait supposes in theory the use of a mirror; glass mirrors became available in Europe in the 15th century. The first mirrors used were convex, introducing deformations that the artist sometimes preserved. A painting by Parmigianino in 1524 "Self-portrait in a mirror", demonstrates the phenomenon. Mirrors permit surprising compositions like the "Triple self-portrait" by Johannes Gumpp (1646), or more recently that of Salvador Dalí shown from the back painting his wife, Gala (1972–73).


title: Self-portrait

text: This use of the mirror often results in right-handed painters representing themselves as left-handed (and vice versa). Usually the face painted is therefore a mirror image of what the rest of the world saw, unless two mirrors were used. Most of Rembrandt's self-portraits before 1660 show only one hand – the painting hand is left unpainted. He appears to have bought a larger mirror in about 1652, after which his self-portraits become larger. In 1658 a large mirror in a wood frame broke whilst being transported to his house; nonetheless, in this year he completed his Frick self-portrait, his largest.


title: Self-portrait

text: The size of single-sheet mirrors was restricted until technical advances made in France in 1688 by Bernard Perrot. They also remained very fragile, and large ones were much more expensive pro-rata than small ones – the breakages were recut into small pieces. About 80 cm, or two and a half feet, seems to have been the maximum size until then – roughly the size of the palace mirror in "Las Meninas" (the convex mirror in the "Arnolfini Portrait" is considered by historians impractically large, one of Van Eyck's many cunning distortions of scale). Largely for this reason, most early self-portraits show painters at no more than half-length.


title: Self-portrait

text: Self-portraits of the artist at work were, as mentioned above, the commonest form of medieval self-portrait, and these have continued to be popular, with a specially large number from the 18th century on. One particular type in the medieval and Renaissance periods was the artist shown as Saint Luke (patron saint of artists) painting the Virgin Mary. Many of these were presented to the local Guild of Saint Luke, to be placed in their chapel. A famous large view of the artist in his studio is "The Artist's Studio" by Gustave Courbet (1855), an immense "Allegory" of objects and characters amid which the painter sits.


title: Self-portrait

text: The self-portraits of many Contemporary artists and Modernists often are characterized by a strong sense of narrative, often but not strictly limited to vignettes from the artists life-story. Sometimes the narrative resembles fantasy, roleplaying and fiction. Besides Diego Velázquez, (in his painting Las Meninas), Rembrandt Van Rijn, Jan de Bray, Gustave Courbet, Vincent van Gogh, and Paul Gauguin other artists whose self-portraits reveal complex narratives include Pierre Bonnard, Marc Chagall, Lucian Freud, Arshile Gorky, Alice Neel, Pablo Picasso, Lucas Samaras, Jenny Saville, Cindy Sherman, Andy Warhol and Gilbert and George.


title: Self-portrait

text: The self-portrait can be a very effective form of advertising for an artist, especially of course for a portrait painter. Dürer was not really interested in portraits commercially, but made good use of his extraordinary self-portraits to advertise himself as an artist, something he was very sophisticated in doing. Sofonisba Anguissola painted intricate miniatures which served as advertisements for her skill as well as novelty items, considered such because the rarity of successful women painters provided them with an oddity quality. Rembrandt made his living principally from portrait-painting during his most successful period, and like Van Dyck and Joshua Reynolds, many of his portraits were certainly intended to advertise his skills. With the advent of regular Academy shows, many artists tried to produce memorable self-portraits to make an impression on the artistic stage. A recent exhibition at the National Gallery, London, "Rebels and Martyrs", did not shrink from the comic bathos that sometimes resulted. An example from the 21st century is Arnaud Prinstet, an otherwise little-known contemporary artist who has generated good amounts of publicity by undertaking to paint his self-portrait every day. On the other hand, some artists depicted themselves very much as they did other clients.


title: Self-portrait

text: Some artists who suffered neurological or physical diseases have left self-portraits of themselves that have allowed later physicians to attempt to analyze disruptions of mental processes; and many of these analyses have entered into the textbooks of neurology.


title: Self-portrait

text: The self-portraits of artists who suffered mental illnesses give a unique possibility to physicians for investigating self-perception in people with psychological, psychiatric or neurologic disturbances.


title: Self-portrait

text: Russian sexologist Igor Kon in his article about masturbation notes that a habit of masturbating may be depicted in works of art, particularly paintings. So Austrian artist Egon Schiele depicted himself so occupied in one of his self-portraits. Kon observes that this painting does not portray pleasure from the masturbation, but a feeling of solitude. Creations of Schiele are analyzed by other researchers in terms of sexuality, and particularly pedophilia.


title: Self-portrait

text: One of the most distinguished, and oldest, collections of self-portraits is in the Vasari Corridor of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. It was originally the collection by the Cardinal Leopoldo de' Medici in the second part of the 17th century and has been maintained and expanded until the present time. It is mostly not on view for general visitors, although some paintings are shown in the main galleries. Many famous artists have not been able to resist an invitation to donate a self-portrait to the collection. It comprises more than 200 portraits, in particular those of Pietro da Cortona, Charles Le Brun, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, and Marc Chagall. Other important collections are housed at the National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom) in London (with various satellite outstations elsewhere), and the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C..


title: Self-portrait

text: Two methods of obtaining photographic self-portraits are widespread. One is photographing a reflection in the mirror, and the other photographing one's self with the camera in an outstretched hand. Eleazar Langman photographed his reflection on the surface of a nickel-plated teapot.


title: Self-portrait

text: Another method involves setting the camera or capture device upon a tripod, or surface. One might then set the camera's timer, or use a remote controlled shutter release.


title: Self-portrait

text: Finally, setting up the camera, entering the scene and having an assistant release the shutter (i.e., if the presence of a cable release is unwanted in the photo) can arguably be regarded as a photographic self-portrait, as well. The speed of creating photographic self-portraits allowed for a range of images with more of a "play" atmosphere than traditional methods. One such example is Frances Benjamin Johnston's "Self-Portrait, c. 1896", an image which demonstrates the photo-portrait's ability to play with gender roles.


title: Mars Pathfinder

text: Mars Pathfinder (MESUR Pathfinder) is an American robotic spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars in 1997. It consisted of a lander, renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and a lightweight, wheeled robotic Mars rover named "Sojourner", which became the first rover to operate outside the Earth–Moon system.


title: Mars Pathfinder

text: Launched on December 4, 1996, by NASA aboard a Delta II booster a month after the "Mars Global Surveyor" was launched, it landed on July 4, 1997, on Mars's Ares Vallis, in a region called Chryse Planitia in the Oxia Palus quadrangle. The lander then opened, exposing the rover which conducted many experiments on the Martian surface.


title: Mars Pathfinder

text: The mission carried a series of scientific instruments to analyze the Martian atmosphere, climate, and geology and the composition of its rocks and soil. It was the second project from NASA's Discovery Program, which promotes the use of low-cost spacecraft and frequent launches under the motto "cheaper, faster and better" promoted by then-administrator Daniel Goldin. The mission was directed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a division of the California Institute of Technology, responsible for NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The project manager was JPL's Tony Spear.


title: Mars Pathfinder

text: This mission was the first of a series of missions to Mars that included rovers, and was the first successful lander since the two "Vikings" landed on the red planet in 1976. Although the Soviet Union successfully sent rovers to the Moon as part of the Lunokhod program in the 1970s, its attempts to use rovers in its Mars program failed.


title: Mars Pathfinder

text: In addition to scientific objectives, the "Mars Pathfinder" mission was also a "proof-of-concept" for various technologies, such as airbag-mediated touchdown and automated obstacle avoidance, both later exploited by the Mars Exploration Rover mission. The "Mars Pathfinder" was also remarkable for its extremely low cost relative to other robotic space missions to Mars. Originally, the mission was conceived as the first of the Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) program.


title: Mars Pathfinder

text: The "Mars Pathfinder" conducted different investigations on the Martian soil using three scientific instruments. The lander contained a stereoscopic camera with spatial filters on an expandable pole called Imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP), and the Atmospheric Structure Instrument/Meteorology Package (ASI/MET) which acts as a Mars meteorological station, collecting data about pressure, temperature, and winds. The MET structure included three windsocks mounted at three heights on a pole, the topmost at about and generally registered winds from the West.