title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: The city is known to some as "The City of Roses" because of a stretch of highway that was once lined with dozens of rose bushes. Although there used to be many prominent rose gardens around the community, few of these gardens have been maintained. The city is also known as "Cape Girardeau: Where the River Turns a Thousand Tales," due to the history of the town and the Mississippi River.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: Numerous murals commemorate the city's history. The largest is the Mississippi River Tales Mural, located on the city's downtown floodwall. Covering nearly , it spans the length of the downtown shopping district and features 24 panels. Behind the floodwall lies the Riverfront Park of Cape Girardeau Missouri, where riverboats dock and visitors can view the Mississippi River.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: There are 39 historic sites in Cape Girardeau that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Of these, eight are historic districts, such as Cape Girardeau Commercial Historic District, which was listed in 2000 and includes multiple contributing properties. The growth of the town can be documented through Sanborn maps, over 80 of which are available online. Other landmarks include the Fort D Historic Site and the Confederate War Memorial.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: Among the city's older cemeteries are Apple Creek Cemetery, Salem Cemetery, and Old Lorimier Cemetery.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: Cape Girardeau is located at (37.309042, −89.546498). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. The "cape" that the city is named after no longer exists. A rock which remains from the previously existing cape can be seen on a promontory which overlooks the Mississippi River in Cape Rock Park.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: Cape Girardeau has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cfa") with four distinct seasons and is located in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 6b. Winter typically brings a mix of rain, sleet, and snow, with occasional heavy snowfall and icing. The city has a January daily average of and averages 12.8 days annually with temperatures staying at or below freezing; the first and last freezes of the season on average fall on October 23 and April 7, respectively. Summer is typically hazy, hot, and humid with a July daily average of , and there is an average of 47 days a year with high temperatures at or above . The average annual precipitation is , with the rainiest season being spring. Extremes in temperature range from , which last occurred on June 29, 2012, down to on January 11, 1977.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: The Cape Girardeau-Jackson, MO-IL metropolitan area is part of the Cape Girardeau-Sikeston-Jackson, MO-IL CSA and as of 2019 had a population of 135,045.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 37,941 people, 15,205 households, and 8,466 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 16,760 housing units at an average density of . As of July 2021, it is estimated that the racial makeup of the city was 80.6% White (78.2% Non-Hispanic White), 12.7% Black or African American, 0.00% Native American, 3.0% Asian, 0.2% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: There were 15,205 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 38.8% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.3% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.89.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 19.3% under the age of 18, 20.2% between the ages of 18 and 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age in the city was 32.1 years. The gender makeup of the city was 47.4% male and 52.6% female.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 35,349 people, 14,380 households, and 8,297 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,456.5 people per square mile (562.4/km). There were 15,827 housing units at an average density of 652.1 per square mile (251.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 87.32% White, 9.30% Black or African American, 1.13% Asian, 0.39% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.10% of the population.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: There were 14,380 households, of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 43.8% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.3% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.90.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 18.4% from ages 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: The median income for a household in the city was $36,502, and the median income for a family was $47,592. Males had a median income of $31,575 versus $21,392 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,877. About 8.5% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 and over.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: According to the Cape Girardeau Chamber of Commerce, there are more than 100 employers in Cape Girardeau who employ at least 100 workers. The top employers in the city are:


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: St. Francis HealthCare System serves the Cape Girardeau area. This system contains six different centers. St. Francis offers immediate care in Cape Girardeau and Perryville. Landmark Hospital is a 30-bed facility that treats patients with catastrophic or chronic medical conditions. St. Francis also has joint partnership with the Physician Alliance Surgery Center, which performs ear, nose, throat, and general surgery. The Black River Medical Center offers three beds and an emergency room. The main medical center is a 308-bed facility in Cape Girardeau that serves over 650,000 people. Patients come from Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, and Arkansas. Some of the services offered at the main campus are the Neurosciences Institute, Orthopedic Institute, Family BirthPlace, Heart Hospital, Emergency and Trauma Center, Cancer Institute, and Fitness Plus.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: Southeast Health is a health care system with its main facility, Southeast Missouri Hospital, located in Cape Girardeau. This healthcare system serves patients from southeast Missouri, western Kentucky, southern Illinois, and northern Arkansas. Southeast Health also has a cancer center, heart center, fitness center, breast care and diagnostic center, campus health clinic, diabetes center, pharmacy, and hospice. Additional hospice services, including respite for caregivers and grief & bereavement services can be found at Crown Hospice, which serves the Cape Girardeau and Poplar Bluff areas.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: Cape Girardeau is a home rule city that utilizes the council-manager form of government. The Cape Girardeau City Council is the elected governing body. The city council consists of the mayor and six city council members. The mayor is directly elected at-large (citywide) for a four-year term and the city council members are elected from six wards for staggered four-year terms. Cape Girardeau elected its first female mayor, Stacy Kinder, in the 2022 Mayoral race.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: In the Missouri General Assembly, Cape Girardeau is in the 27th Senate District and is currently represented by Republican Holly Rehder. Most of the city is included in the 147th Legislative District; small northern portions of the city are in the 146th Legislative District, represented by Republican Barry Hovis.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: In the U.S. House of Representatives, Cape Girardeau is in Missouri's 8th Congressional District and is currently represented by Republican Jason T. Smith of Salem in Dent County.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: During the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, Democrats in the city gave a majority of their votes to former Vice President Joe Biden. He received 1,635 votes (54.88%) out of the total 2,979 votes cast in the city. Bernie Sanders, who had won the city four years earlier in 2016, placed second with 1,241 votes (41.66%). Although she had suspended her campaign before the date of the Missouri primary, U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts garnered 35 votes (2.14%) to finish third ahead of U.S. Representative Tulsi Gabbard of Hawaii with 24 votes (0.81%). Former Mayor Michael Bloomberg of New York City followed in fifth with 17 votes (0.57%).


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: Although he did not face a serious primary challenge in 2020, incumbent President Donald J. Trump clinched 1,818 votes (97.53%) out of the total 1,864 votes cast in the city during the 2020 Republican presidential primaries. Among the 46 defections, 26 (1.40%) voted uncommitted while 10 voters (0.54%) choose former Governor of Massachusetts and 2016 Libertarian Party vice-presidential nominee Bill Weld and six voters (0.32%) opted for former U.S. Representative Joe Walsh of Illinois.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: In the 2016 Republican presidential primaries, GOP voters in the city of Cape Girardeau backed U.S. Senator Ted Cruz of Texas with 2,802 votes (47.29 percent) over real estate entrepreneur Donald J. Trump who finished second with 2,159 votes (36.44 percent). Former Governor John R. Kasich of Ohio finished third with 568 votes (9.59 percent) ahead of U.S. Senator Marco Rubio of Florida with 267 votes (4.51 percent).


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: In the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries, Democratic voters in the city supported U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont with 1,334 votes (52.64 percent) over former Secretary of State and U.S. Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton of New York with 1,179 votes (46.53 percent). Likewise, Clinton carried the city eight years earlier in the 2008 Democratic primaries with 2,057 votes (51.43 percent) over former U.S. Senator Barack Obama of neighboring Illinois who received 1,812 votes (45.30 percent) in the city. Former U.S. Senator John Edwards of North Carolina placed third with 102 votes (2.55 percent).


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: In the 2008 Republican presidential primaries, GOP voters in the city of Cape Girardeau supported former Governor of Massachusetts and current U.S. Senator Mitt Romney of Utah with 1,922 votes (38.48 percent) over former U.S. Senator John McCain of Arizona with 1,592 votes (31.87 percent). Former Governor Mike Huckabee of neighboring Arkansas placed in a not-so-distant third with 1,192 votes (23.86 percent) ahead of former U.S. Representative and libertarian Ron Paul of Texas with 193 votes (3.86 percent).


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: There are over 20 different schools in Cape Girardeau. These range from pre-kindergarten to higher education. Public and private and parochial school systems are present within the city.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: Most of Cape Girardeau in Scott County is in the Scott City R-I School District, while a very small section is in Kelso C-7 School District.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: The City of Cape Girardeau has established a Transportation Trust Fund that implements a .5% local sales tax. All of that money is used on transportation improvement projects. General projects are also included to keep the city's streets in good condition.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: On June 15, 2000 the Cape Girardeau County Commission passed Resolution 00-06 which formed the Cape Girardeau County Transportation Commission. The CGCTA now offers transportation to the citizens of Cape Girardeau County, which ultimately benefits the citizens of the city of Cape Girardeau. The services that the CGCTA offer are essentially buses and taxis.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: In 2011, Cape Girardeau launched the Ride the City campaign. This dedicated 16 miles of bicycle lanes in city streets. There are lanes that are used only by bicycles and lanes where motor vehicles and bicycles can share space.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: Buses are offered to the citizens by the Cape Transit Authority and have several stops throughout the city. A general admission is $2, senior citizens are $1, and children ages 6 and under are free. Special pick-ups can be made to those who are disabled and live within three-fourths of mile from a designated stop. The Cape Girardeau County Transit Authority handles the city's bus and taxi service. Greyhound buses are also available for long-distance transit. Cape Girardeau is home to local rideshare service, carGO technologies that provides rides from anywhere in Cape Girardeau to surrounding cities such as, Jackson and Scott city.


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

text: The City of Cape Girardeau owns the Cape Girardeau Regional Airport. This is a full-service airport that offers flights to and from O'Hare Airport in Chicago, Illinois.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: Syria Palaestina (literally, "Palestinian Syria"; ; , ) was a Roman province in the Palestine region between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD. It resulted from the merging of the province of Judaea with Galilee, in 132 AD, into an enlarged province named "Syria Palaestina". Its capital was Caesarea Maritima.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: Judaea was a Roman province which incorporated the regions of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, and extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea. It was named after Herod Archelaus's Tetrarchy of Judaea, but the Roman province encompassed a much larger territory. The name "Judaea" was derived from the Kingdom of Judah of the 6th century BC.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: Following the deposition of Herod Archelaus in 6 AD, Judea came under direct Roman rule, during which time the Roman governor was given authority to punish by execution. The general population also began to be taxed by Rome. However, Jewish leaders retained broad discretion over affairs within Judaism. The Herodian kingdom was split into tetrarchies in 6 AD, and they were gradually absorbed into Roman provinces, with Roman Syria annexing Iturea and Trachonitis. The capital of the Judaea province was shifted from Jerusalem to Caesarea Maritima, which, according to historian H. H. Ben-Sasson, had been the "administrative capital" of the region beginning in 6 AD.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: During the 1st and 2nd centuries, Judaea became the epicenter of a series of unsuccessful large-scale Jewish rebellions against Rome, known as the Jewish-Roman Wars. The Roman suppression of these revolts led to wide-scale destruction, a very high toll of life and enslavement. The First Jewish-Roman War (66-73) resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple. Two generations later, the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132-136 ) erupted. Judea's countryside was devastated, and many were killed, displaced or sold into slavery. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt, Jerusalem was rebuilt as a Roman colony under the name of Aelia Capitolina, and the province of Judea was renamed Syria Palaestina.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: The province retained its capital, Caesarea Maritima, and therefore remained distinct from the province of Syria located further north with its capital in Antioch. Jerusalem, which held special religious significance for the Jews, was rebuilt as a Roman colony named Aelia Capitolina. Jews were forbidden to settle there or in the immediate vicinity. While Syria was divided into several smaller provinces by Septimius Severus and later again by Diocletian, Syria Palaestina survived into late antiquity. Presumably it was small enough not to become dangerous as a potential starting point for usurpations. Instead, Diocletian even integrated parts of the province of Arabia into the province, namely the Negev and the Sinai Peninsula. He moved the Legio X Fretensis from Jerusalem to Aila (today's Eilat/Aqaba) to secure the country against Arab incursions. The part of the Roman imperial border that now ran through Palestine was subsequently placed under its own supreme commander, the "Dux Palaestinae", who is known from the "Notitia Dignitatum". The border wall, the Limes Palaestinae, which had existed for some time, was pushed further south.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: In the 3rd century, Syria Palaestina experienced the crisis that spread throughout the empire, but the 4th century brought an economic upswing due the Christianization of the Roman Empire and the associated upswing in Christian pilgrimage to the "Holy Land". In the course of late antiquity, with imperial support, Christianity succeeded in asserting itself against Judaism in almost the entire region. The province was split into smaller provinces during the 4th and 5th centuries. In 358, areas that had formerly belonged to Arabia were transformed into a separate province of Palaestina Salutaris, with Petra as its capital. The remaining territory was named Palaestina Prima. Around the year 400, it had been further split into a smaller Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda. Palaestina Prima included the heartland with the capital Caesarea, while Palaestina Secunda extended to Galilee, the Golan and parts of the Transjordan, and its capital was Scythopolis (today Bet She'an). Salutaris was named Tertia or Salutaris.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: The name Syria-Palaestina was given to the Roman province of Judaea in the early 2nd century AD. The renaming is often presented as having been performed by Roman Emperor Hadrian in the wake of the 132-135 AD Bar Kokhba revolt, though no evidence exists as to exactly when the name change was implemented or by whom, and the renaming may have taken place at an earlier date. While the previous term bore an ethnic connotation to Jews, the new term had a strict geographical meaning.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: Some scholars suggest it was enacted to "disassociate the Jewish people from their historical homeland" or as a "punishment" for the Bar Kokhba revolt, and identify Hadrian as the one responsible. Other scholars disagree; some suggested that the name was justified as the new province was far larger than geographical Judea, and as the name of "Syria Palaestina" was already in use for at least five centuries by the time the Bar Kokhba revolt took place.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: Despite this naming, Palestine was independent of Syria, even to a greater extent than before, since instead of a "legatus Augusti pro praetore", a higher-ranking governor of consular rank now presided over the region. This in turn was probably due to the fact that in addition to the already existing legion in Caesarea, a second legion was stationed in Legio, increasing the military importance of the province. Exactly when the legion was moved and the rank of the governor's post increased is a matter of debate - in any case, these events must have occurred before the governorship of Quintus Tineius Rufus, who took office no later than 130.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: Up until the 4th century, and despite the genocide of Jewish–Roman wars, Jews probably formed a majority in Syria-Palaestina, with Samaritans and pagan Greco-Syriacs forming the rest of the population.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: By the beginning of the Byzantine period (dis-establishment of Syria-Palaestina), the Jews had become a minority and were living alongside Samaritans, pagan Greco-Syriacs and a large Syriac Christian community. Many Jews emigrated to thriving centers in the Jewish diaspora, especially to Iraq. Others continued living in the region, especially in the Galilee and the coastal plain, and some converted to Christianity. The conversions of Jews, Samaritans and pagans, along with the immigration of Christians, led to the creation of a Christian majority in the province during that period.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: After the Jewish–Roman wars (66–135), which Epiphanius believed the Cenacle survived, the significance of Jerusalem to Christians entered a period of decline, Jerusalem having been temporarily converted to the pagan Aelia Capitolina, but interest resumed again with the pilgrimage of Helena (the mother of Constantine the Great) to the Holy Land c. 326–28.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: New pagan cities were founded in Judea at Eleutheropolis (Bayt Jibrin), Diopolis (Lydd), and Nicopolis (Emmaus).


title: Syria Palaestina

text: The Romans destroyed the Jewish community of the Church in Jerusalem, which had existed since the time of Jesus. Traditionally it is believed the Jerusalem Christians waited out the Jewish–Roman wars in Pella in the Decapolis.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: The line of Jewish bishops in Jerusalem, which is claimed to have started with Jesus's brother James the Righteous as its first bishop, ceased to exist within the Empire. Hans Kung in "Islam: Past Present and Future", suggests that the Jewish Christians sought refuge in Arabia and he quotes with approval Clemen et al.:


title: Syria Palaestina

text: "This produces the paradox of truly historic significance that while Jewish Christianity was swallowed up in the Christian church, it preserved itself in Islam."


title: Syria Palaestina

text: Christianity was practiced in secret and the Hellenization of Palaestina continued under Septimius Severus (193–211 AD).


title: Syria Palaestina

text: In circa 390, Syria Palaestina was reorganised into several administrative units: Palaestina Prima, "Palaestina Secunda", and "Palaestina Tertia" (in the 6th century), Syria Prima and Phoenice and Phoenice Lebanensis. All were included within the larger Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Diocese of the East, together with the provinces of Isauria, Cilicia, Cyprus (until 536), Euphratensis, Mesopotamia, Osroene, and Arabia Petraea.


title: Syria Palaestina

text: Palaestina Prima consisted of Judea, Samaria, the Paralia, and Peraea, with the governor residing in Caesarea. "Palaestina Secunda" consisted of the Galilee, the lower Jezreel Valley, the regions east of Galilee, and the western part of the former Decapolis, with the seat of government at Scythopolis. "Palaestina Tertia" included the Negev, southern Transjordan part of Arabia, and most of Sinai, with Petra as the usual residence of the governor. Palestina Tertia was also known as Palaestina Salutaris.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: The General Dynamics FIM-43 Redeye is a man-portable surface-to-air missile system. It uses passive infrared homing to track its target. Production began in 1962 andin anticipation of the Redeye II, which later became the FIM-92 Stingerended in the early 1970s (delivery of the last Redeye for the U.S. Army was completed in July 1971) after about 85,000 rounds had been built. The Redeye was withdrawn gradually between 1982 and 1995 as the Stinger was deployed, though it remained in service with various armed forces of the world until quite recently, being supplied via the Foreign Military Sales program. It was initially banned from being sold overseas, to avoid missiles falling into the hands of terrorist organizations. However, after the export ban was lifted, the weapon was never actually used by terrorists against civil aircraft, in contrast with other MANPADS. While the Redeye and 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7) were similar, the missiles were not identical. Nonetheless, the CIA concluded that the Soviet SA-7 had benefited from the Redeye’s development.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: In 1948 the United States Army began seeking new infantry air-defense weapons, as automatic gunfire was ineffective against new fast jets. Several gun/rocket systems were investigated, but none were promising. In the mid-1950s Convair began studies of a man portable infrared guided missile. In November 1956 the results of these studies were shown to the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. In 1957 official requirements were formulated. Meanwhile, the Convair bid was contested by:


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: The competing designs were based on various U.S. air-to-air missiles, adapted for ground use and scaled-down to be operated by hand and launched from a disposable tube. Largely because of cost overruns associated with General Dynamic's developments of their own infrared technology, Philco was sub-contracted with a seeker already in production, which was considered a cheaper and more reliable product than General Dynamics-developed prototype devices. The basic Redeye mounted the Philco-developed heat seeker at its homing head, a direct descendant of the AIM-9B Sidewinder missile, using the same uncooled lead sulfide IR detector unit behind an optical lens. The missile choice was affected by budgetary reasons, because rocket motors and other missile sections 2.75 inches in diameter were easier to manufacture by available metalworking machinery and industrial facilities producing folding fin aerial rockets, instead of developing completely new production lines.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: Finally, in April 1958, Convair was awarded a contract to start development of the system. In May 1958 six unguided launches were conducted by U.S. Marines at Twentynine Palms proving ground and Camp Pendleton, California, to assess human factors and ergonomics of the new weapon, as well as a trooper's capability to aim and launch a missile from the shoulder safely and accurately towards an imaginary target. In June 1958 the flight test phase of the feasibility demonstration program began.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: In July 1959 the development project began, in March 1960, the advanced test rounds were fired. Launches from a launch tube followed in May 1961, with a shoulder launch occurring in 1961. Technical problems prevented the missile entering full production: The missile did not live up to its specifications, being slower, less maneuverable and less accurate. During the testing, substantial use was made of the Atlantic Research MQR-16 Gunrunner expendable target missile.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: Due to deficiencies and shortcomings, experienced during the system development phase, mainly to seeker inability to discriminate target against cloudy background or in a heavy clutter environment, coupled with absence of night operation capability and inability to engage head-on targets, which were never resolved (eventually leading to the Stinger development), several other unsolicited proposals competed with the Redeye in the early 1960s, both guided, engaging target using techniques other than infrared homing, and unguided, directionally-controlled missile systems.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: Limited production began as XM41 Redeye Block I. The missile was designated XMIM-43A in June 1963. Block I systems were then evaluated between 1965 and 1966.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: Block II systems designated XM41E1 began development in 1964, the missile being designated XMIM-43B. The missiles were delivered in April 1966, and included a new gas-cooled infrared detector cell, a slightly redesigned launcher and an improved warhead.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: In 1965 to 1966 General Dynamics developed the final Redeye Block III configuration, designated at first XM41E2 with XFIM-43C missiles. The missiles retained the seeker from the Block II missile, but included a new rocket motor, warhead and fuze. The launcher now had an XM-62 open sight and upgraded electronics. The new missile could turn at up to 3g. The missile achieved a kill probability against F9F tactical drones travelling at 430 knots at an altitude of 100 meters of 0.51. From this it was calculated that the kill probability versus a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 at similar altitude would be 0.403, and 0.53 against helicopters (specifically the Mil Mi-6 and U.S. H-13 and H-21). Kill probability against larger propeller driven aircraft like the Antonov An-12 was estimated at 0.43. Production of the Block III systems began in May 1967. In 1968 Block III was declared operational.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: Fifty Redeye systems were delivered to the mujahideen by the United States during the Soviet–Afghan War in 1984, where they were used to shoot down aircraft including several Sukhoi Su-25 jets, as well as Mil Mi-24 and Mi-8 helicopters. By November 1986 it had largely been replaced by the dramatically more successful FIM-92 Stinger missiles.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: All Redeye missiles were numbered and inventorized by the U.S. Army Missile Command to prevent them from disappearance or otherwise unnoticed losses. Thanks to that, there were no Redeye missiles reported lost or stolen from the Army inventory, though such losses actually occurred after Redeyes were supplied to foreign troops (happening first in Belgium in January 1974, causing a strengthening of security measures in the major West European and British airports.)


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: Redeye missiles provided to the FDN by the U.S. were also used by the Nicaraguan "Contras" to shoot down at least four Soviet Mil Mi-8 helicopters during the Nicaraguan Revolution.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: The missile is fired from the M171 missile launcher. First, the seeker is cooled to operating temperature and then the operator begins to visually track the target using the sight unit on the launcher. Once the target is locked onto by the missile, a buzzer in the launcher hand grip begins vibrating, alerting the operator. The operator then presses the trigger, which fires the initial booster stage and launches the missile out of the tube at a speed of around 80 feet per second (25 m/s). As the missile leaves the tube, spring-loaded fins pop out—four stabilizing tail fins at the back of the missile, and two control surfaces at the front of the missile. Once the missile has traveled six meters, the sustainer motor ignites. The sustainer motor takes the missile to its peak velocity of Mach 1.7 in 5.8 seconds. 1.25 seconds after the sustainer is ignited, the warhead is armed.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: The missile's seeker is capable only of acquiring and tracking the hot exhaust of aircraft, which limits the engagements to tail-chase only, tracking the rapidly receding target. The missile's blast fragmentation warhead is triggered by an impact fuze, requiring a direct hit. As a first-generation missile it is susceptible to countermeasures, including flares and hot brick jammers. Its inability to turn at a rate greater than 3 G means that it can be outmaneuvered, if detected.


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: During its development, the weapon underwent several major design changes. Initially, its gripstock was literally just a gripstock with grips, stock and trigger only, later evolved in a separable launch unit with optics, electronics, and battery input. Several designs didn't have optical sighting device at all (gunner was supposed to rely on the instant annoying alarm beep when seeker acquired the target,) while those which have it differed one from another with shape, field of view and magnification of their optics, either separable, or non-separable, which in turn could be built-in or molded-in primitive mechanical sight with flashing diodes inside diopter to inform gunner of seeker's lock-on. Launch tube changed its design and shape several times, from pipelike straight-shaped one to the variable-diameter tube with wide rear section to provide missile with better acceleration, and back to straightline tube to prevent its explosion due to a critical pressure drop or accidental booster detonation. Canards of the basic missile design were housed within the missile body during the entire flight, coming outside only to correct the course deviation of each roll cycle and folding back within a split second, variable incidence (instead of fixed) canards were used to improve terminal guidance accuracy. Seeker also have changed drastically, with multiple modifications made during the test phase, most important of which, it became cooled, thus increasing its discrimination capability (though extending reaction time a little bit in order to adjust its subsystems to operating temperature,) and reducing the field of view to increase missile's capability against single engine jets, to become more reliable and efficient weapon. Among the design improvements made in the seeker gyro were an increased aperture to provide greater sensitivity; a new center post design for supporting the secondary mirror to improve background discrimination; a new gyro gimbal of increased rigidity; an improved lead sulfide cell, doubling its sensitivity; and an improved reticle with a reduced field of view. Unorthodox designs included the "Foxhole Redeye," being almost a half shorter and small enough to be stored and fired from a rifleman's foxhole, and the "unitized launcher Redeye" fire-and-discard variant as a fully discardable throw-away unit with no separable elements for use with the USMC and CONARC units. All interim designs eventually were dropped in favour of the one which was considered the best possible choice by the Army Missile Command, and mass-produced at the General Dynamics facilities within the Greater Los Angeles Area. The following is the list, featuring the basic model, designated FIM-43A and approved for production along with its derivatives:


title: FIM-43 Redeye

text: Sources:<ref name="http://www.cmchant.com/">The Redeye – A pioneering battlefield missile Christopher Chant - Aviation and military history, April 15, 2013</ref>


title: Without Remorse

text: Without Remorse is a thriller novel, written by Tom Clancy and published on August 11, 1993. Set during the Vietnam War, it serves as an origin story of John Clark, one of the recurring characters in the "Ryanverse". "Without Remorse" introduces Clark as former Navy SEAL John Kelly and explains how he changed his name. G.P. Putnam's Sons paid $14 million for the North American rights, a record for a single book. The book debuted at number one on "The New York Times" Best Seller list.


title: Without Remorse

text: In 1970, former Navy SEAL John Kelly, who recently lost his pregnant wife, Patricia, in a car accident, picks up a hitchhiker named Pam on his way to his home on Battery Island in the Chesapeake Bay. They quickly become lovers, and over time Kelly discovers her full name, Pamela Madden, and that she is a runaway who became a drug mule and prostitute; she has recently escaped from her drug-dealer/pimp Henry Tucker. Kelly, along with the help of doctors Sam and Sarah Rosen, helps rehabilitate her from barbiturates. Weeks after recovering, Kelly and Pam go to Baltimore for follow-up treatment. Kelly takes them scouting through the neighborhood where her pimps work. One of them recognizes Pam and pursues them in a car chase. Kelly is gravely wounded by a shotgun blast, while Pam is recaptured and later tortured, gang-raped, and killed.


title: Without Remorse

text: In Vietnam, a U.S. target drone (specified in the book as a buffalo hunter) discovers Air Force Colonel Robin Zacharias as a prisoner of war in a secret camp administered by the NVA. Since Zacharias possesses highly classified knowledge and has been declared killed in action, Admiral Dutch Maxwell arranges a secret rescue mission for him as well as other American POWs held in the camp. Unbeknownst to them, Soviet colonel Nikolay Grishanov has been interrogating the prisoners; he later lobbies his government to transport Zacharias and his fellow prisoners into the Soviet Union, citing their intelligence value. However, friction between the Soviets and the North Vietnamese leads the latter to decide to kill the POWs.


title: Without Remorse

text: Meanwhile, Kelly recovers from his wounds with the help of Dr. Rosen and his head nurse, Sandra "Sandy" O'Toole. Vowing to exact revenge on the people responsible for Pam's death, he wages a private war on Tucker's drug ring, eliminating some of its players and saving some female drug mules in the process. He recruits Rosen and O'Toole to help rehabilitate one of the rescued prostitutes, Doris Brown. He later obtains more information on the drug ring from brutally torturing one of Pam's pimps, William Grayson, using a pressure chamber designed to simulate deep-water diving conditions; he is then left to die from severe decompression sickness. However, his specialized tactics, including advanced close-quarters combat, camouflaging himself as a homeless man, meticulous intelligence gathering, and manufacturing of suppressors for his firearms draw the attention of local investigators, particularly Emmet Ryan, who investigated Kelly's initial altercation and Pam's subsequent death.


title: Without Remorse

text: Later, Kelly is approached by Admiral Maxwell to act as the pathfinder for the rescue mission on Zacharias and other American POWs, since he is familiar with the area from his days in the UDT and had previously gone behind enemy lines to rescue Maxwell's son. Kelly pauses his personal vendetta, and proceeds to Vietnam. A KGB mole informs the Soviets of the rescue mission, compromising it. However, Kelly manages to capture Grishanov while escaping from the camp, who is then used as leverage to negotiate the transfer of Colonel Zacharias and his fellow prisoners to the Hanoi Hilton, where they will be confirmed as alive and eventually returned.


title: Without Remorse

text: Upon returning from Vietnam, Kelly finds out that Doris and her father Raymond had been killed and continues his mission. He finds out that the heroin processed by Tucker's drug ring was smuggled into the U.S. through the corpses of dead American soldiers, and also deduces that a corrupt police officer is on Tucker's payroll. Meanwhile, the CIA try to recruit him following his actions in Vietnam, and due to Kelly's difficult position, they agree to help him escape his legal troubles in return for the assassination of the mole who had jeopardized the Vietnam operation. Kelly forces the supposed mole, an aide to the Special Assistant to the National Security Advisor, to kill himself, inadvertently leaving the real mole, a Senate aide and anti-war activist, active. He then rushes to complete his vendetta, finally killing Tucker and his remaining cohorts. Corrupt police Lieutenant Mark Charon is incidentally murdered by the criminals.


title: Without Remorse

text: Ryan deduces that Kelly is the vigilante targeting drug dealers and their corrupt police partners. He confronts him on his boat, where Kelly confesses. He bargains with the detective for one more hour of liberty before being arrested; Ryan agrees, but Kelly fakes his death by capsizing his boat. He is then rescued by his CIA superiors, who recruit him under his new identity as John Clark. He quietly resumes contact with O'Toole and marries her. Three years later, Zacharias and his fellow POWs are released after the end of the American involvement in the Vietnam War.


title: Without Remorse

text: "Without Remorse" is said to be inspired by David Morrell's novel "First Blood" (1972) as well a string of action films that feature violent and "psycho" Vietnam veterans of the 1980s. Clancy subverted the cliché by framing Kelly's rage and frustration as "pro-social". Moreover, it gave him a platform to express his disgust with the U.S. government for neglecting Vietnam veterans, who "understand the arts of war".


title: Without Remorse

text: Regarding the message of the novel, Clancy said: "The central question in this book is: What is justice? And how is justice applied? What if you're in the situation where a great wrong has been done and the law does not respond to it? Now, is your duty as a citizen just to forget about it and permit society as a whole to make that mistake? Or is your duty as a citizen to become the instrument of justice, if you can do so in a controlled and structured and just way? Do you have the moral right to become the instrument of justice yourself?"


title: Without Remorse

text: Clancy started working on "Without Remorse" in 1971. He later went back to the previously abandoned story in 1992, spending about four months on the novel. He explained the process: "You gotta tell a good story if people are going to read it. I think you have an ethical obligation to deal with those issues as truthfully as possible. So, there's an educational aspect to what I do."


title: Without Remorse

text: Commercially, the book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list for the week of August 29, 1993.


title: Without Remorse

text: Critically, "Without Remorse" received generally positive reviews. "Dallas Morning News" hailed it as "Mr. Clancy's best", while the "San Diego Union-Tribune" praised it as "a non-stop emotional roller coaster". However, Kirkus Reviews gave it a mixed verdict, stating that it is "twice as long as the two rather creaky storylines can bear, but the millions of midlevel, desk-bound, action-loving bureaucrats whose adventurous wishes Clancy so faithfully fulfills are unlikely to complain." "Publishers Weekly" also gave it a mixed review, bemoaning Clancy's "attempts to rationalize this amoral crusade with passages of introspection by characters who are either noble warriors or human scum" as well as "failings of style and moral judgment"; however, they agree that "this overlong, often melodramatic novel seems destined to follow its predecessors to the top of the bestseller lists."


title: Without Remorse

text: Savoy Pictures first bought the film rights to "Without Remorse" soon after the novel was released for $2.5 million. At one point, Keanu Reeves was offered the role as Clark for $7 million but declined. "Variety" magazine reported that Laurence Fishburne and Gary Sinise were later attached to star in the adaptation; however, production was shut down due to script problems and financial woes with the production company. The film went under development hell for years until Christopher McQuarrie signed on with Paramount Pictures to direct the adaptation in 2012. Tom Hardy was approached by Paramount to play Clark, and Kevin Costner was slated to reprise his role as mentor William Harper from another Clancy-based film, "" (2014), but this version was scrapped.


title: Without Remorse

text: In 2017, it was announced that Akiva Goldsman signed on with the same studio to produce another film adaptation starring Clark, "Rainbow Six". On September 20, 2018, Michael B. Jordan was announced to be playing the character in a two-part film series, which will be composed of "Without Remorse" and "Rainbow Six" and with Goldsman, Jordan, Josh Appelbaum, and Andre Nemec producing. Stefano Sollima is currently in talks to direct the film. On January 9, 2019, "Variety" announced that Taylor Sheridan will rewrite the screenplay. "Tom Clancy's Without Remorse" was released on Prime Video on April 30, 2021


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: The 2022 Ottawa municipal election was held on Monday, October 24, 2022, to elect a mayor, city councillors, and trustees to the English and French public school boards and the English and French Catholic school boards in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent Mayor Jim Watson did not run for re-election, citing his age as the reason behind his decision. This election was the first since the 1997 municipal election that an incumbent mayor or its equivalent did not run for re-election. The mayoral election was won handily by businessman and former journalist Mark Sutcliffe.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Candidate nominations opened on May 2 and closed on August 19. The election was held on the same day as the 2022 Ontario municipal elections.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: The outgoing city council was marred by a split between supporters of Mayor Jim Watson, known by detractors as the "Watson club", who represented mostly suburban wards, and opponents of the mayor's agenda, who mostly represent more urban wards. Some of Watson's more vocal critics on council have included Jeff Leiper, Catherine McKenney, Shawn Menard, Carol Anne Meehan and Diane Deans. This divide on council has shown up on a number of key issues during the term, such as a fight over who should chair the transportation committee, the Ottawa Police Services budget, a tax break for a proposed Porsche dealership in Vanier, whether to call for a judicial inquiry into the beleaguered Ottawa light rail system, how to deal with the Freedom Convoy occupation of the downtown core, and a vote on an unpopular addition to the Chateau Laurier.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Bob Chiarelli, 81, is the former Mayor (2001–2006) and Regional Chair (1997–2001), a former provincial cabinet minister under Dalton McGuinty and Kathleen Wynne, and the former MPP for Ottawa West—Nepean (2010–2018) and Ottawa West (1987–1997). He is the second cousin of outgoing city councillor for College Ward Rick Chiarelli.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Bernard Couchman, 43, is a businessman and perennial candidate. He ran for mayor in the 2014 and 2018 elections.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Celine Debassige, 22, is an Indigenous activist and poet. She is Ojibwe and Dene, and described herself as a "radical socialist".


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Gregory "Jreg" Guevara, 25, is a YouTuber and journalist who goes under the pseudonym Jreg (also JrEg) online. He writes for "Capital Current", and formerly for "The Charlatan" and "Apartment613". Guevara has denied that his campaign is a joke, instead referring to it as post ironic. He has stated that he is simultaneously a libertarian and a socialist.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Nour Kadri, 48, is a professor and an expert-on-call at the University of Ottawa, president & CEO of Skyline Health Systems, and president of the Canadian Arab Federation.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Graham Macdonald, 39, is a businessman and the founder & former CEO of Ottawa Mortuary Services. He previously served as the President of the Ottawa District Funeral Service Association.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Mike Maguire, 61, is an independent management consultant and a former public servant. He was the mayoral runner-up in the 2014 and a candidate in 2010. He considers himself to on the right wing of the political spectrum.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Catherine McKenney, 61, is the city councillor for Somerset Ward since 2014. Prior to being elected to city council, McKenney was a political staffer to councillors Alex Munter and Diane Holmes, and MPs Ed Broadbent and Paul Dewar.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Ade Olumide, 51, is a taxpayer rights advocate and former President of the Municipal Taxpayer Advocacy Group. He sought the Conservative Party of Canada nomination for Kanata—Carleton for the 2015 Canadian federal election, but was disqualified with no reason provided. Olumide later challenged the decision in court, citing his ethnic origin as the reason for his disqualification.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Paramjit Singh, 46, is a police officer with the Ottawa Police Service. Singh is fluent in three languages: English, French, and Punjabi.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Mark Sutcliffe, 54, is an entrepreneur & business consultant, and a former local radio, print, & television media personality.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Matthew Luloff was elected in 2018 with 23.76% of the vote. He ran again and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Laura Dudas was elected in 2018 with 41.37% of the vote. She ran again and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Jan Harder was re-elected in 2018 with 74.27% of the vote. She did not seek re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Cathy Curry was appointed to the seat on November 10, 2021, after her predecessor, Jenna Sudds, was elected as Member of Parliament for Kanata—Carleton on September 20, 2021. She ran again seeking a full-term and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Eli El-Chantiry was re-elected in 2018 with 65.90% of the vote. He did not seek re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Glen Gower was elected in 2018 with 57.86% of the vote. He ran again and was re-elected with a slight gain in vote share.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Theresa Kavanagh was elected in 2018 with 55.17% of the vote. She ran again and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Rick Chiarelli was re-elected in 2018 with 46.79% of the vote. He had indicated he "expected" to run for re-election, but ultimately chose not to file.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Keith Egli was re-elected in 2018 with 63.12% of the vote. He did not seek re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Diane Deans was re-elected in 2018 with 56.08% of the vote. She had announced that she would not be seeking re-election in order to run for mayor, but later declared she would not run for either.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Tim Tierney was re-elected in 2018 with 81.34% of the vote. He ran again and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Mathieu Fleury was re-elected in 2018 with 68.08% of the vote. He did not seek re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Rawlson King was elected to the seat in a by-election on April 15, 2019, after his predecessor, Tobi Nussbaum, resigned to accept an appointment to become the CEO of the National Capital Commission on January 26, 2019. He ran again and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Catherine McKenney was re-elected in 2018 with 76.66% of the vote. They did not seek re-election in order to run for Mayor.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Jeff Leiper was re-elected in 2018 with 85.28% of the vote. He ran again and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Riley Brockington was re-elected in 2018 with 54.50% of the vote. He ran again and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Shawn Menard was elected in 2018 with 28.12% of the vote. He ran again and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Jean Cloutier was re-elected in 2018 with 32.81% of the vote. He did not seek re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Catherine Kitts was elected to the seat in a by-election on October 5, 2020, with 54.44% of the vote after her predecessor, Stephen Blais, was elected as Member of Provincial Parliament for Orléans on February 27, 2020. She ran again seeking a full-term and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor George Darouze was re-elected in 2018 with 54.86% of the vote. He ran again and was re-elected by a close margin.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Scott Moffatt was re-elected in 2018 with 55.81% of the vote. He did not seek re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Carol Anne Meehan was elected in 2018 with 42.55% of the vote. She initially announced she was running for re-election in the new Barrhaven East Ward, but later announced she was not running for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent city councillor Allan Hubley was re-elected in 2018 with 45.53% of the vote. He ran again and was re-elected.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: The Barrhaven East Ward was newly created for the 2022 election following redistricting. Incumbent city councillor Carol Anne Meehan initially announced she was running for re-election in the new Barrhaven East Ward, but later announced she was not running for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Mardi de Kemp was appointed to the seat on March 29, 2022, after her predecessor, John Curry, died on February 5, 2022. She will be seeking election to a full term.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Sandra Moore was re-elected in 2018 with 69.53% of the vote. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Brian Coburn was re-elected by acclamation in 2018. He will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Spencer Warren was re-elected by acclamation in 2018. He will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Joanne MacEwan was re-elected by acclamation in 2018. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Glen Armstrong was elected in 2018 with 54.59% of the vote. He will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Jeremy Wittet was re-elected by acclamation in 2018. He will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Mark D. Mullan was re-elected by acclamation in 2018. He will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Shelley Lawrence was elected in 2018 with 82.92% of the vote. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Cindy Simpson was appointed to the seat on February 12, 2019, after her predecessor, Thérèse Maloney-Cousineau, died on January 11, 2019. She will be seeking election to a full term.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: In 2022, the OCDSB responded to the City of Ottawa's ward boundary realignment by redistricting its trustee Zones. Following consultation, trustees made amendments to their zones, specifically:


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Lynn Scott was re-elected in 2018 with 64.84% of the vote. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Christine Boothby was re-elected in 2018 with 66.34% of the vote. She did not file to run for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Donna Blackburn was re-elected in 2018 with 39.96% of the vote. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Wendy Hough was elected in 2018 with 66.65% of the vote. She did not file to run for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Rob Campbell was elected in 2018 with 65.08% of the vote. He did not file to run for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Chris Ellis was re-elected in 2018 with 48.28% of the vote. He did not file to run for re-election. The 2SLGBTQI+ community has criticized Shannon Boschy's candidacy due to his opposition to gender-affirming medical care for children and youth, which Boschy described as "the sterilization of vulnerable children in Canada."


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Jennifer Jennekens was elected in 2018 with 52.74% of the vote. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Keith Penny was elected in 2018 with 55.13% of the vote. He did not file to run for re-election. The 2SLGBTQI+ community has criticized Chanel Pfahl's candidacy due to her opposition to gender-affirming medical care for children and youth, which she described as "a pseudoscientific concept which harms kids".


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Lyra Evans was elected in 2018 with 55.33% of the vote. She will be running for re-election in Zone 6.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Justine Bell was appointed to the seat on February 12, 2020, after her predecessor, Erica Braunovan, resigned on December 4, 2019. She will be seeking a full term.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Mark Fisher was re-elected in 2018 with 50.42% of the vote. He did not file to run for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Sandra Schwartz was re-elected in 2018 with 74.31% of the vote. She did not file to run for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: The Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est (CECCE)'s boundaries for Zones 1, 2, and 3 are outside of Ottawa, and are thus not included on this list.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Jolène Savoie-Day was elected in 2018 with 66.80% of the vote. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Chad Mariage was re-elected by acclamation in 2018. He will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Valérie Assoi was elected by acclamation in 2018. She did not file to run for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Robert Rainboth was elected by acclamation in 2018. He will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Dan Boudria was re-elected in 2018 with 79.15% of the vote. He will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Johanne Lacombe was re-elected by acclamation in 2018. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Monique Briand was re-elected by acclamation in 2018. She will be running for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee André Thibodeau was elected by acclamation in 2018. He will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: The Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario (CEPEO)'s boundaries for Zones 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are outside of Ottawa, and are thus not included on this list.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Roda Muse was elected by acclamation in 2018. She did not file to run for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Denis M. Chartrand was re-elected in 2018 with 73.79% of the vote. He did not file to run for re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Marc Roy was re-elected by acclamation in 2018. He has indicated that he will be seeking re-election in Zone 6.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Marielle Godbout was re-elected in 2018 with 79.34% of the vote. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Warsama Abdourahman Aden was appointed to the seat on September 23, 2020, after his predecessor, Lucille Collard, was elected as Member of Provincial Parliament for Ottawa—Vanier on February 27, 2020. He will be seeking election to a full term.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Jacinthe Marcil was elected in 2018 with 43.87% of the vote. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Incumbent trustee Samia Ouled Ali was elected in 2018 with 50.99% of the vote. She will be seeking re-election.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: The Campaign Life Coalition is a Canadian political lobbyist organization that advocates for socially conservative values. Campaign Life Coalition opposes abortion, euthanasia, embryonic stem cell research, IVF, same-sex marriage, and transgender rights legislation.


title: 2022 Ottawa municipal election

text: Horizon Ottawa is a progressive community organization that advocates for progressive policies and more progressive elected representatives.


title: Javert

text: Javert (), no first name given in the source novel, is a fictional character and the main antagonist of Victor Hugo's 1862 novel "Les Misérables." He was presumably born in 1780 and died on June 7, 1832. First a prison guard, and then a police inspector, his character is defined by his legalist tendencies and lack of empathy for criminals of all forms. In the novel, he becomes obsessed with the pursuit and punishment of the protagonist Jean Valjean after his violation of parole.


title: Javert

text: As Hugo depicts it, Javert's misguided and self-destructive pursuit of justice is more tragic than villainous. He is "a compound" of "respect for authority and hatred of rebellion," Hugo writes, "but he made them almost bad by dint of his exaggeration of them". Reflective thought is "an uncommon thing for him, and singularly painful" because thought inevitably contains "a certain amount of internal rebellion."


title: Javert

text: He is without vices, but upon occasion will take a pinch of snuff. His life is one "of privations, isolation, self-denial, and chastity—never any amusement".


title: Javert

text: Javert has been described as a legalist: His "moral foundation... is built strictly on legalism"; he is "one of the most tragic legalists in Western literature" and "the consummate legalist".


title: Javert

text: Born in a prison (his mother a fortune-teller and his father serving in the prison galley), Javert sees himself as excluded from a society that "irrevocably closes its doors on two classes of men, those who attack it and those who guard it." He becomes a law officer on the basis of "an irrepressible hatred for that bohemian race to which he belong[s]" and a personal foundation of "rectitude, order, and honesty." So devoted is he to this choice that, Hugo writes, "[h]e would have arrested his own father if he escaped from prison and turned in his own mother for breaking parole. And he would have done it with that sort of interior satisfaction that springs from virtue." Because of his mother's occupation and the book's statement that he belonged to a "gypsy race" or "vagabond order" (French: "race bohème"), it has been hypothesized that he was intended to be ethnically Romani.


title: Javert

text: Following his encounters with Jean Valjean during the June Rebellion, in which he is first spared by Valjean and, later, spares him arrest, Javert experiences a deep torment caused by the compromise of his previous worldview. Where previously he has "never in his life known anything but one straight line", Valjean's behavior compels him to see two: "both equal straight", and "contradictory". The profound confusion caused by this—by the realization that the law is not infallible, that he himself is not irreproachable, and that there exists a superior force (identified by Hugo with God) to what he has known—plunges him into such a despair that he commits suicide.


title: Javert

text: The character of Javert is loosely based on Eugène François Vidocq, a criminal and adventurer who became a police official (though Vidocq wrote that he never arrested anyone who stole out of need). Hugo also drew on Vidocq's life for the character of Valjean. In the novel, Hugo describes Javert as "a marble informer, Brutus in Vidocq".


title: Javert

text: Javert first becomes familiar with the convict Jean Valjean as an assistant guard in the Bagne of Toulon. Years later, in 1823, Valjean is living under the name Monsieur Madeleine and serving as the mayor of a small town identified only as Montreuil-sur-Mer, where he is a successful manufacturer. Javert arrived in 1820 to serve as an inspector with the local police. Javert suspects Madeleine's true identity and becomes convinced of it when he watches Madeleine demonstrate extraordinary strength by lifting a loaded cart off of a man trapped beneath it. Madeleine also antagonizes Javert by dismissing his attempt to arrest Fantine, a prostitute detained for having a violent row with a street idler. Javert decides to denounce Valjean as an ex-convict, but learns from Parisian authorities that they have already arrested someone who calls himself Champmathieu whom they believe is really Valjean and whom several former convicts have already identified as Valjean.


title: Javert

text: Unsure, Javert goes to Arras to see Champmathieu and satisfies himself that this is the real Valjean. He returns and visits Madeleine and asks him to dismiss him from the police because he "has failed in respect, and in the gravest manner, towards a magistrate" by suspecting Madeleine. He tells Madeleine: "You will say that I might have handed in my resignation, but that does not suffice. Handing in one's resignation is honorable. I have failed in my duty; I ought to be punished; I must be turned out." He condemns himself at length—"if I were not severe towards myself, all the justice that I have done would become injustice"—and begs to be dismissed.


title: Javert

text: Madeleine/Valjean travels to the court in Arras, discloses his identity, and saves Champmathieu. He returns to Montreuil-sur-Mer, where Javert arrests him the next morning at Fantine's hospital bedside. Valjean asks for three days to bring Fantine's daughter Cosette to her, but Javert denies his request. Valjean escapes from the city jail, is later recaptured and returned to the galleys, and escapes a few months later, though the authorities think he has drowned.


title: Javert

text: Javert is recruited to be an inspector in the capital. Javert is informed of Valjean's presumed death (which the latter had feigned during his last escape) not long after it happens. Early in the year 1824, Javert hears of an alleged kidnapping: a foster child taken from the couple that kept her. When he hears that this is supposed to have taken place in Montfermeil (Valjean was captured just as he was trying to get there), he visits the Thénardiers. Thénardier, however, does not want to become involved with the police, and tells Javert that the girl was fetched by her grandfather, and that he saw the man's passport. In March of the same year, Javert hears of a man nicknamed "the beggar who gives alms." Curious, he tracks the man to the Gorbeau House tenement, and recognizes Jean Valjean. When Valjean attempts to escape with Cosette, Javert chases them into what seems to him a dead end. Valjean evades capture by climbing over the stone wall of a convent and pulling Cosette up over the wall on a rope.


title: Javert

text: In 1832, Javert chances to meet Valjean once more while leading a squad of policemen in the capture of a gang which had been terrorizing Paris for years: Patron-Minette. The Thénardiers, who have lost their inn, now live at Gorbeau House and are associated with the gang. Unbeknownst to Javert, the venerable elderly gentleman whom the Thénardiers and Patron-Minette intend to extort is Jean Valjean. When Marius overhears the plans for capturing Valjean, he informs the police of the imminent crime, and is introduced to inspector Javert, who gives him two pistols to fire a signal for when he and his team should enter the building. Javert does not have the opportunity to recognize Valjean upon saving him from the gang; however, Valjean recognizes Javert almost immediately and makes a quick escape out the window of the attic where the confrontation was taking place.


title: Javert

text: During the 1832 June Rebellion, Javert, working undercover to gather information about the revolutionaries, joins a group of them at the barricade they have erected in the rue de la Chanvrerie. Gavroche, a street urchin, recognizes him as a policeman and denounces him. They find on him a little round card pasted between two pieces of glass, and bearing on one side the arms of France, engraved, and with this motto: Supervision and vigilance, and on the other this note: "JAVERT, inspector of police, aged fifty-two," and the signature of the Prefect of Police of that day, M. Gisquet. The revolutionaries imprison him.


title: Javert

text: When Valjean appears at the barricade with the intent of finding Marius, the beloved of his adopted daughter, Javert and he recognize one another.


title: Javert

text: Valjean requests, as reward for protecting the barricade from soldiers and national guardsmen, that he be allowed to execute Javert. Enjolras, the leader of the insurrection, acquiesces, and Valjean leads Javert away from the barricade and into a side street. There, instead of killing Javert, Valjean cuts his bonds and implores him to run and save himself. He also gives Javert his address, in the unlikely case that he survives the uprising. Valjean then fires a shot into the air and returns to the barricade, where he tells everyone that the policeman is dead.


title: Javert

text: As the army storms the barricade, Valjean manages to grab the badly wounded Marius and dives into a sewer, where he wanders with Marius on his shoulders, despairing of finding an exit. A stroke of luck brings him face to face with Thénardier, who, in the dark and muck of the sewer, does not recognise him. Thénardier assumes that Valjean is a robber who had just killed a well-to-do young man, and he offers to let Valjean out of the sewer if Valjean splits the loot found on Marius' person in half. Valjean pays him, and Thénardier opens for him a sewer grate with a stolen government-issued key.


title: Javert

text: Valjean's joy at finally being out of the sewer does not last long. Valjean notices that he is observed by a tall figure, which is revealed to be Javert. Valjean repeats that he is ready to surrender, but he asks for Javert's help in delivering the wounded boy to safety. They travel to Valjean's house, and Javert says that he will wait for Valjean to come back downstairs. However, when Valjean looks out of the window, Javert is gone.


title: Javert

text: Javert wanders the streets in emotional turmoil: his mind simply cannot reconcile the image he had carried through the years of Valjean as a brutal ex-convict with his acts of kindness on the barricades. Now, Javert can be justified neither in letting Valjean go nor in arresting him. For the first time in his life, Javert is faced with the situation where he cannot act "lawfully" without acting "immorally", and vice versa. Javert is unable to find a solution to this dilemma, and horrified at the sudden realization that Valjean was simultaneously a criminal and a good person — a conundrum which reveals deep flaws in his ethical system, and suggests to him the existence of a superior moral system. He feels that the only possible resolution for himself is in death, and—after leaving for the prefect of police a brief letter addressing lapses in the Conciergerie — he drowns himself in the river Seine.


title: Javert

text: Since the original publication of "Les Misérables" in 1862, the character of Javert has appeared in a large number of adaptations in numerous types of media based on the novel, including books, films, musicals, plays, games, and web-comics.


title: Javert

text: In the stage musical of the same name, Javert is a central character. His character, and his role in the plot, is largely unchanged and he remains the primary antagonist. His is considered a bass or baritone role. He wears a standard costume designed to look like a mid-19th century French policeman. He was portrayed by Roger Allam in the Original London Production and Terrence Mann in the original Broadway cast of Les Miserables. Ethan Freeman was notable for highlighting Javert's inner pain and his more emotional connection to Valjean. Philip Quast played the character in the in 1995. He has also been played by notable broadway actor Norm Lewis in the . Russell Crowe played the policeman in the 2012 movie of "Les Misérables". Other people who have played the character include Bradley Jaden, Michael Ball, Earl Carpenter, Clive Carter, Anthony Crivello, Hadley Fraser, Shuler Hensley, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Will Swenson, Hayden Tee, David Thaxton, and Chuck Wagner.


title: Thumbnail

text: Thumbnails are reduced-size versions of pictures or videos, used to help in recognizing and organizing them, serving the same role for images as a normal text index does for words. In the age of digital images, visual search engines and image-organizing programs normally use thumbnails, as do most modern operating systems or desktop environments, such as Microsoft Windows, macOS, KDE (Linux) and GNOME (Linux). On web pages, they also avoid the need to download larger files unnecessarily.


title: Thumbnail

text: Thumbnails are ideally implemented on web pages as separate, smaller copies of the original image, in part because one purpose of a thumbnail image on a web page is to reduce bandwidth and download time.


title: Thumbnail

text: Some web designers produce thumbnails with HTML or client-side scripting that makes the user's browser shrink the picture, rather than use a smaller copy of the image. This results in no saved bandwidth, and the visual quality of browser resizing is usually less than ideal.


title: Thumbnail

text: Displaying a significant part of the picture instead of the full frame can allow the use of a smaller thumbnail while maintaining recognizability. For example, when thumbnailing a full-body portrait of a person, it may be better to show the face slightly reduced than an indistinct figure. However, this may mislead the viewer about what the image contains, so is more suited to artistic presentations than searching or catalogue browsing.


title: Thumbnail

text: Thumbnail makes for smaller, more easily viewable pages and also allows viewers to have control over exactly what they want to see.


title: Thumbnail

text: In 2002, the court in the US case "Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation" ruled that it was fair use for Internet search engines to use thumbnail images to help web users find what they seek.


title: Thumbnail

text: The word "thumbnail" is a reference to the human thumbnail and alludes to the small size of an image or picture, comparable to the size of the human thumbnail. While the earliest use of the word in this sense dates back to the 17th century, the American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms is reported to have documented that the expression first appears in the mid-19th century to refer to 'a drawing the size of the thumbnail'. The word was then used figuratively, in both noun and adjective form, to refer to anything small or concise, such as a biographical essay. The use of the word "thumbnail" in the specific context of computer images as 'a small graphical representation, as of a larger graphic, a page layout, etc.' appears to have been first used in the 1980s.


title: Thumbnail

text: The term "vignette" is sometimes used to describe an image that is smaller than the original, larger than a thumbnail, but no more than 250 pixels in the long dimension.


title: Thumbnail

text: Directors, storyboard artists and graphic designers, as well as other kinds of visual artists, use the term "thumbnail sketch" to describe a small drawing on paper (usually part of a group) used to explore multiple ideas quickly. Thumbnail sketches are similar to doodles, but may include as much detail as a small sketch. A "comprehensive" thumbnail sketch of a printed project, more or less to final size, is often referred to as a "comp", and can be highly detailed, with production information included. The purpose of thumbnails was to visualize the ideas in a miniature form, similar to an illustration shorthand. Often, the old school animators used this process to quickly jot down the key "poses" that were part of an animation sequence. These compact drawing were then pinned up above the animation table, within easy view. As the animator worked through creating the final drawings of each pose, the thumbnails helped to keep the original ideation relevant.


title: ATP Tour records

text: The ATP Tour is the modern top-level men's professional tennis circuit. It was introduced in 1990 and it's administered by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). All the records listed here are only for the players who played most of their careers on the ATP Tour and they're based on official ATP data. The names of active players appear in boldface. However, no boldface is used in lists exclusively for active players.


title: ATP Tour records

text: 'Big Titles' according to the ATP are the Grand Slam tournaments, Masters tournaments, ATP Finals and Olympics.


title: ATP Tour records

text: This is the class of tournaments in which the winner earns 500 ATP ranking points. This format began in 2009.


title: ATP Tour records

text: This is the class of tournaments in which the winner earns 250 ATP ranking points. This format began in 2009.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: Portrait of an American Family is the debut studio album by American rock band Marilyn Manson. It was released on July 19, 1994 by Nothing and Interscope Records. The group was formed in 1989 by vocalist Marilyn Manson and guitarist Daisy Berkowitz, whose names were created by combining the given name of a pop culture icon with the surname of a serial killer: a naming convention which all other band members would conform to for the next seven years. The most prominent lineup of musicians during their formative years included keyboardist Madonna Wayne Gacy, bassist Gidget Gein and drummer Sara Lee Lucas.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: The band's highly visualized concerts earned them a loyal fanbase in the South Florida punk and hardcore music scene, eventually gaining the attention of Nine Inch Nails vocalist Trent Reznor, who signed them to his Nothing Records vanity label. The album was initially produced by Roli Mosimann at Criteria Studios in Miami under the title "The Manson Family Album". However, the band was unhappy with his production, and this material was then re-produced and remixed in various Los Angeles recording studios by Manson and Reznor, along with assistant producers Sean Beavan and Alan Moulder. Parts of the album were re-recorded at Reznor's home studio at 10050 Cielo Drive, where members of the Manson Family infamously committed the Tate murders in 1969.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: Gidget Gein was not invited to the L.A. recording sessions. He had been fired from the band in late 1993 due to his ongoing addiction to heroin, and was replaced by Twiggy Ramirez. Despite this, Gein is credited with performing the entirety of the bass work on the album, while the majority of Sara Lee Lucas' live drumming was replaced with electronic drum programming from Nine Inch Nails keyboardist Charlie Clouser. The record contains a wide array of cultural references; Interscope delayed its release on several occasions due to the inclusion of references to Charles Manson, and also because of objections to its controversial artwork.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: "Portrait of an American Family" was released to limited commercial success and mostly positive reviews; in 2017, "Rolling Stone" deemed the album one of the greatest in the history of heavy metal music. The group embarked on several concert tours to promote the release, including appearing as an opening act on Nine Inch Nails' "Self Destruct Tour", as well as the "Portrait of an American Family Tour". "Get Your Gunn" and "Lunchbox" were issued as commercial singles, while "Dope Hat" was released as a promotional single. The record was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2003 for shipments of over 500,000 units in the United States.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids was formed in December 1989 when vocalist Marilyn Manson met guitarist Daisy Berkowitz at the Reunion Room, a small nightclub in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The two were writing original compositions by the beginning of 1990, with Manson the sole lyricist and Berkowitz composing the majority of music. Until 1996, the names of band members were derived from combining the first name of a pop culture icon with the surname of a serial killer. The earliest incarnation of the band also included Olivia Newton Bundy on bass guitar, and Zsa Zsa Speck on keyboards, along with an electronic drum machine. Speck was hired by the band on a temporary basis as their original choice for keyboardist, Madonna Wayne Gacy, was unable to obtain a keyboard. The original lineup was retained for two performances, the first of which took place at Churchill's Hideaway in Miami, with 20 audience members in attendance. As Gacy could still not afford to purchase an instrument, he appeared on-stage at their second show – at the Reunion Room – playing with toy soldiers. Speck and Bundy both exited the group sometime after this performance.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: The band's highly visualized concerts primarily drew from elements of shock art. Their live shows routinely featured naked women nailed to crucifixes, young children locked in cages, amateur pyrotechnics and sadomasochism, as well as piñatas filled with butchered animal remains and experiments in reverse psychology. These concerts quickly earned them a loyal fanbase among the South Florida punk and hardcore music scene, and were playing sold-out shows in 300-capacity nightclubs throughout Florida within six months of forming. In February 1990, while working as a journalist at "25th Parallel", Manson interviewed Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails. The pair remained friends afterwards, and Reznor was eventually presented with a compilation of the band's demo recordings. After being impressed by the material, Reznor offered the group a spot opening for Nine Inch Nails and Meat Beat Manifesto at Club Nu in Miami on July 3, 1990.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: In early 1991, the group signed a record deal with Sony Music. However, Berkowitz later recalled that the president of A&R at the label, Richard Griffin, "personally rejected us within minutes, saying he liked the show and the idea but 'didn't like the singer'". They used the proceeds of the deal to fund the recording of subsequent demo tapes. Bassist Gidget Gein and live drummer Sara Lee Lucas would eventually join the band, and they continued touring and releasing EPs independently for the next two years. In November 1992, Reznor invited the band's vocalist to attend "strategic talks" in Los Angeles, and to appear as a guitarist in a music video for the Nine Inch Nails track "Gave Up". By the end of the year, Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids were the first act signed by Reznor's vanity label, Nothing Records, shortening their name to Marilyn Manson in the beginning of 1993.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: Marilyn Manson held recording sessions for their debut album, then titled "The Manson Family Album", in July 1993 at Criteria Studios in Miami with producer Roli Mosimann. The album consisted of re-recorded versions of songs originally demoed by the group during their formative years. According to "Loudwire", Mosimann's original production aimed for a "sleazy, groove-laden" sound. Sessions concluded several months later in the autumn. At this point, Mosimann created a radio edit of "Snake Eyes and Sissies", indicating that this song was intended to be released as the lead single. However, the band was unhappy with Mosimann's production, claiming it to be unrepresentative of their live performances, while Manson claimed the songs sounded too polished, saying: "I thought, 'This really sucks.' So I played it for Trent, and he thought it sucked."


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: Before reworking the album in Los Angeles, the band played shows in Florida under the name Mrs. Scabtree, which consisted of members of Marilyn Manson, Amboog-a-Lard, Jack Off Jill and The Itch. Manson had produced various releases by both of the latter bands in 1993. The band then travelled to the Record Plant in L.A. to remix "The Manson Family Album" over a seven-week period with Reznor, with Manson explaining: "We spent seven weeks redoing, fixing, sometimes starting from scratch. That was our band's first experience in a real studio on a project this big. We didn't know what to expect. It was fifteen-hour days, with a team – Trent, Alan Moulder, Sean Beavan, and me – bringing out the sound." Berkowitz was initially reluctant to re-record the album, saying: "I felt doing this was unnecessary, and worried it would make us look like a Nine Inch Nails/Reznor spin-off. The final result, however, is a very high-quality piece of work."


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: Berkowitz re-recorded some of his guitar work in L.A., and the vast majority of Sara Lee Lucas' live drumming was replaced with drum programming created by Nine Inch Nails keyboardist Charlie Clouser. Gidget Gein was not invited to these sessions. He had been fired from the band a few days before Christmas 1993 due to his heroin addiction. Berkowitz clarified that this was "the second or third time [he was being fired], for being a junkie and not showing up. And playing really horribly live." He was replaced by Jeordie White of Amboog-a-Lard, who was renamed Twiggy Ramirez. Despite this, Gein is credited with performing the entirety of the bass work on the album, with Ramirez credited for "base tendencies". Gein later died of a heroin overdose in 2008. Following this period of re-recording, "The Manson Family Album" was retitled to "Portrait of an American Family". Mosimann was listed in the liner notes as an engineer, with no mention of his original production role.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: Sections of the album were recorded and mixed at 10050 Cielo Drive: the address of the house where members of the Manson Family committed the Tate murders in 1969. Reznor rented the property in 1992 and built a recording studio inside the residence, which he named 'Pig'—a reference to that word being written with Sharon Tate's blood on the front door of the house on the night of the massacre. The studio is credited as 'Le Pig' in the album's liner notes. Reznor denied renting the property in an attempt to have the infamy of the massacre associated with his music, and chastised Manson for doing so, saying: "I wasn't trying to create some manufactured spooky thing. Any shock value to what I was doing was about trying to sneak subversive things to a wide audience. With [Manson] ... he knew exactly what he was doing and exactly what would be shocking. Those were very conscious decisions on his part. What I was doing wasn't the same thing." The house was demolished in late 1994, with Reznor transporting the original "Pig" door to New Orleans, where it was installed as the entrance to his subsequent recording studio, Nothing Studios.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: The record contains a wide array of cultural references, beginning with the first track: the poem recited in "Prelude (The Family Trip)" is an adaption of a poem originally from the 1964 novel "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", which later appeared during the tunnel boat ride scene from "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory". In his autobiography, "The Long Hard Road Out of Hell", Manson explained that the lyrics to the second song on the album, "Cake and Sodomy", were inspired by a trip to New York City in 1990. He said that he wrote its lyrics in a hotel room after spending several hours viewing public-access cable television and "watching Pat Robertson preach about society's evils and then ask people to call him with their credit card number. On the adjacent channel, a guy was greasing up his cock with Vaseline and asking people to call and give him their credit card number." The song's intro contains several samples, including Marlon Brando in the 1972 film "Last Tango in Paris" saying "Go on and smile, you cunt!", and Mink Stole's character from John Waters' 1977 film "Desperate Living" repeatedly screaming "White trash!".


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: "Lunchbox" was inspired by a 1972 law introduced by the Florida Legislature, which made it illegal to carry a metal lunch-box on school grounds. It tells the story of a bullied child who uses a lunch-box as a defensive weapon, and proclaims that one day he will be a "big rock 'n' roll star". The track incorporates elements from The Crazy World of Arthur Brown's 1968 single "Fire". "Organ Grinder" makes use of various dialogue excerpts of the Child Catcher from the 1968 film "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang", while "Cyclops" contains a distorted sample of the preacher from "" (1986). "Dope Hat" contains various samples of dialogue spoken by Charles Nelson Reilly – the actor who portrayed Horatio J. HooDoo – in Sid and Marty Krofft's television series "Lidsville" (1971–73). The lyrics to "Get Your Gunn" were inspired by the murder of Dr. David Gunn, who was killed by a self-proclaimed pro-life activist. Manson later described his murder as "the ultimate hypocrisy I witnessed growing up: that these people killed someone in the name of being 'pro-life'." The song also features audio from the televised suicide of Pennsylvania Treasurer R. Budd Dwyer.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: The title of "Wrapped in Plastic" is a reference to David Lynch's television series "Twin Peaks", specifically the scene in the pilot episode where Laura Palmer's dead body is discovered wrapped in sheets of plastic. "Dogma" contains a sample of dialogue from John Waters' 1972 film "Pink Flamingos". Although the clips from "Desperate Living" on "Cake and Sodomy" and "Misery Machine" are credited in the liner notes, this clip is not; Waters is additionally thanked in the album credits. "Sweet Tooth" is the only song on the record for which former bassist Gidget Gein wrote both guitar and bass parts.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: A line of dialogue spoken at the start of "Snake Eyes and Sissies" – "Killing is killing whether done for duty, profit or fun" – is a quote taken from an interview with serial killer Richard Ramirez. "My Monkey" contains numerous samples of interviews from Charles Manson; several of its verses are derived from "Mechanical Man", a song from his 1970 album "". Its lyrics are credited simply to "Manson". The song also contains vocals from Robert Pierce, who was six years old at the time of its recording. He was the son of Rambler guitarist Richard Pierce, and was introduced to Marilyn Manson when both bands shared a rehearsal space in Florida.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: "Misery Machine" is the thirteenth and final track on the album, and contains a sample from "Beep Beep" by The Playmates. The title is a direct reference to the Mystery Machine from the animated television series "Scooby-Doo", while a phrase contained in the song, "We're gonna ride to the Abbey of Thelema", is a reference to Aleister Crowley's spiritual philosophy of Thelema: "Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law. Love is the law, love under will." An untitled hidden track begins a few seconds after "Misery Machine", and consists of Stole in "Desperate Living" screaming "Go home to your mother! Doesn't she ever watch you!? Tell her this isn't some Communist daycare center! Tell your mother I hate her! Tell your mother I hate you!". After this, a telephone rings for several minutes, followed by an irate answering machine message from the mother of a Manson fan.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: The band's vocalist discussed his thoughts on "Portrait of an American Family" in retrospect with Empyrean Magazine, circa May/June 1995:


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: The four-member family depicted on the album cover were created by Manson using papier-mâché and human hair. In "The Long Hard Road Out of Hell", the vocalist said that a painting by John Wayne Gacy was originally set to feature as the cover; the same painting later appeared on the cover of Acid Bath's 1994 album "When the Kite String Pops". Also set to appear as part of the album's interior artwork was an image of himself as a child sitting naked on a living room couch. Although the photograph was taken by his mother with no vulgar intent, and no genitalia is shown, Interscope's parent company Time Warner demanded it be removed on the grounds that it could constitute child pornography. Manson explained the background of the image: "When I was six years old, that was when Burt Reynolds had posed for "Playgirl". My mom thought it'd be funny to have me do that pose, lying on a couch. It's only sick if you have a sick mind. It was innocent." Another piece of interior photography consisted of an image of a Blythe doll surrounded by Polaroid pictures of a mutilated female body, purportedly faked by Manson and several of his friends.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: When the record was presented to Nothing's parent company Interscope in January 1994, executives at the label refused to release it unless all references to Charles Manson were removed. This included altering the band's name, and omitting the song "My Monkey". The vocalist explained: "I think the Axl Rose/Charles Manson thing panicked them. The heat came from the name of our band. They apparently hadn't looked into it very carefully, and they had this knee-jerk reaction to what we're about." Guns N' Roses had faced widespread criticism over the inclusion of "Look at Your Game, Girl" – a cover of a Charles Manson song – as a hidden track on their 1993 album ""The Spaghetti Incident?"".


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: During this period, the band's management attempted to have it issued through other labels and distributors. They met with Guy Oseary and Freddy DeMann from Maverick Records, Madonna's vanity label, who were initially worried that their lyrics or image included antisemitism, although they found this was not the case. Afterward, Maverick offered the band an alternate deal. Before this deal could be finalized, Interscope agreed to release the album, which was issued in the United States on July 19, 1994. The "Honolulu Star-Bulletin" reported that Members of the British Parliament tried to ban the album in the United Kingdom and called it an "outrage against society." "Portrait of an American Family" was preceded by the release of "Get Your Gunn" as the lead single on June 9. Its music video was directed by Rod Chong.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: Marilyn Manson performed as one of the opening acts on Nine Inch Nails' "Self Destruct Tour" throughout 1994. They embarked on their first national headlining tour in December, with Monster Voodoo Machine and Arab on Radar supporting. The tour would be problematic, however. The band's vocalist was arrested after the tour's first date, in Jacksonville, for allegedly violating Florida's Adult Entertainment Code by simulating sex on stage while wearing a strap-on dildo. He narrowly avoided arrest four nights later – on New Year's Eve in Fort Lauderdale – after Nine Inch Nails guitarist Robin Finck jumped on stage wearing a g-string and attempted to play an unspecified practical joke on the singer involving powdered sugar. Manson reacted by tearing the g-string off and placing Finck's penis in his mouth. He hid from local police in a backstage bathroom.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: This would also be drummer Sara Lee Lucas' final tour with the band. Tensions developed between him and Manson as the tour progressed and, during the second-to-last show, Manson doused Lucas' drum kit in lighter fluid and set it ablaze. He was immediately replaced by Kenneth Wilson, who joined the group as Ginger Fish. The "Lunchbox" EP was released on February 6, 1995, containing several remixes of the song created by Charlie Clouser as well as a cover of Gary Numan's "Down in the Park". Richard Kern directed the music video for the track. Marilyn Manson toured again in the spring of 1995, opening for Danzig alongside Korn.


title: Portrait of an American Family

text: "Dope Hat" was issued as a promotional single in the summer of 1995. Its music video was directed by Tom Stern, and was based on the tunnel boat ride scene from "Willy Wonka". The band entered Reznor's Nothing Studios in New Orleans to record b-sides for the song's release as a commercial single. However, the release was cancelled, as the material recorded during these sessions was compiled into a standalone EP of cover versions, remixes and interludes titled "Smells Like Children". "Portrait of an American Family" was re-released in 2009 as a limited edition green-colored vinyl LP box set, which also contained a T-shirt emblazoned with the album cover.