title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In February 1956, The Duke of Edinburgh's Award was first announced. It was at first "for boys" aged 15 to 18. It was first administered, and largely designed, by John Hunt, who had led the first successful ascent of Mount Everest in 1953, and had retired from the army to run The Duke of Edinburgh's Award. It was designed to attract boys who had not been interested in joining one of the main British youth movements, such as the Scout Association. It was not necessary to 'join' any organisation, or wear a uniform to participate. In the first 12 months, 7,000 boys had enrolled for the scheme. The programme borrowed from the Moray Badge, instituted at Gordonstoun School by its headmaster, Kurt Hahn, in 1936, and the County Badge adopted in Moray in 1941.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In November 1957 it was announced that girls would be invited to participate. On 19 June 1958 the Award was extended to girls, with the first girls allowed to join from 1 September 1958. The programme for girls was not the same as that for boys, and was for ages 14 to 20. The first girls received their Gold Awards on 3 November 1959 at Buckingham Palace. From January 1965, the Gold Award for boys and girls was made more similar.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The first Gold Awards were achieved in 1958, and the charity was established in 1959. A single programme for young people aged 14 to 21 was launched in 1969, and extended to those up to 25 years of age in 1980.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In 2013, the Duke presented Awards at St James's Palace which included his 500th Gold Award Presentation.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: Participation in DofE programmes and the number of awards achieved has grown every year since 1956. As of 2017, roughly 420,000 young people were taking part in Duke of Edinburgh's Award programmes run in nearly 11,000 designated DofE centres – including schools, youth clubs, Air cadets, Army Cadets and businesses – throughout the UK. Over 6 million young people in the UK have taken part in the DofE in the UK since 1956 (8 million worldwide). The Duke of Edinburgh's Award is a member of the National Council for Voluntary Youth Services (NCVYS).


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In 2009, the old system of keeping track of progress through paper Record Books was replaced by the introduction of a major new online system – "e"DofE. Participants use this system to track their progress, while Leaders use it to oversee participants' progress.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award programmes take between one and four years to complete, and they must be completed by the participant's twenty-fifth birthday. There are around 300,000 new participants annually, with an estimated 461,000 current participants in the UK. The programmes are at three progressive levels which, if successfully completed, lead to a Bronze, Silver, or Gold Duke of Edinburgh's Award.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: With assistance from adult Leaders, participants select and set objectives in each of the following areas:


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: To achieve an award, the participant must work on each section for a minimum period of time, and must be monitored and assessed by someone with knowledge of the chosen activities. Each progressive level demands more time and commitment from participants: Bronze 3–6 months; Silver: 6–9 months; Gold: 12–18 months. Participants are required to show regular activity and commitment to the award for the duration of their DofE programme, which is usually at least one hour per week.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In Northern Ireland participants completing The Duke of Edinburgh's Award can choose to accept a certificate from the Gaisce or an International Award Certificate instead of a Duke of Edinburgh certificate.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: Awards modelled on The Duke of Edinburgh's Award are presented by sponsoring organisations affiliated with the Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Association in 144 nations: 29 located in the Americas; 36 in Africa; 32 in Asian Pacific countries; and 47 in Europe, around the Mediterranean, and in Arab countries. The prestige, scope and awareness of these awards vary from country to country and often – unlike awards programmes in Ireland and the United Kingdom – there is no connection to the head of state and awards are simply issued by private youth charities. In the United States, for instance, only about 7,000 of the estimated 47 million eligible persons age 14 to 24 annually participate in the programme.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The Award was established in Australia in 1959 on the initiative of Sir Adrien Curlewis (son of Herbert Curlewis) in 1958. By 1962 the award was available in all state and territories and today over 30,000 young Australians commence a Bronze, Silver or Gold Award each year. The Duke of Ed in Australia is a widely recognised organising and accrediting framework of non-formal education and learning.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: Over 775,000 young Australians have now completed their award and approximately 45,000 are actively participating in the award program each year, supported by a network of 60,000 volunteers acting as award leaders, supervisors and assessors.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award can be found in over 1,200 locations and institutions across Australia including cities, rural and remote areas, through Government and independent schools, universities, indigenous communities, refugee support programmes, detention centres, community organisations, disability groups and other youth programs.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The National Chairman is currently Gary Nairn, and the National CEO is Peter Kaye. The Hon Larry Anthony is the chair of The Friends of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award in Australia and Andrew Murray AM is the Deputy Chair.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The first Duke of Edinburgh's Award ceremony in Canada was held in 1964. By 2011, approximately 500,000 Canadians had received the award over the programme's 57-year history. In 2013, the Royal Bank of Canada announced a $1 million grant to help fund marketing and publicity efforts to increase awareness for the programme.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: "The Prince Makhosini Award" had 3,000 young people participating in the programme in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) as of 2013.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The scheme in Ghana is named the Head of State Award. It began in 1967, and by 2021 about 750,000 young people had taken part.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: India awards the "International Award for Young People" to youth who complete a self-improvement programme based on the Duke of Edinburgh's award model. The programme was first introduced to India in 1962 and was originally operated by the Indian Public Schools Conference. In 1989 the Award Programme Foundation, a registered charity, was established to oversee management of the award. According to the Award Programme Foundation, implementation of awards are undertaken by 154 local institutions, including governments, NGOs and universities. Despite the long history of the programme in India, only about 19,000 youth annually participate. As in many other nations, awards in India are granted in three levels – gold, silver and bronze – based on the complexity and time commitment of the projects undertaken by the individual award participant.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: "Gaisce – The President's Award" () was established by a trust deed under the patronage of the President of Ireland on 28 March 1985. It joined the Duke of Edinburgh's International Awards Association in 1988. There are three awards: bronze, silver and gold. The profile of the award was raised substantially during the term of Mary Robinson.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The award was established in Korea in 2008 by Korea Youth Services Centre. The award is currently supported under The Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, which is an organisation organised by the government. The applicants have to be in an age in between 14 and 25 years old. Anyone who is over 14 but under 25 can challenge for the bronze award, but the applicants have to be at least 15 years old to start the silver medal, as well as the gold medal starts from 16 years old. Despite the fact that there have been fewer than ten gold medal winners in eight years, there has been an exponential increase of the number of applicants in Korea. It reached its peak in 2011, which recorded 3,500 applicants and there are over 6,000 young people, who have completed their awards by 2015. Also, there are 17 organisations or associations that are supporting the award.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: "The Prince Mohato Award" was established in 1976. Its current patron is King Letsie III. As with other nations, the award is presented in three levels and eligible youth are those age 14 to 25. The chairperson of the awards program is Maureen Nyathi.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In Malaysia, the award is referred to as " Anugerah Remaja Perdana, RAKAN MUDA". It is a Full Member of The Duke of Edinburgh's International Association and was officially launched in Malaysia on 6 Nov 2000. The gold award will be awarded by the Malaysian Minister of Youth and Sport at an award ceremony.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In New Zealand, although one or two organisations started taking part earlier, it was not until 18 July 1963 that the Governor-General, Sir Bernard Fergusson, held the inaugural meeting of the National Council of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award in New Zealand at Government House in Wellington, when a Constitution for The Award in New Zealand was adopted.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In New Zealand the Award is referred to as the Duke of Edinburgh's Hillary Award. The name draws on one of New Zealand's greatest adventurers, Sir Edmund Hillary. The Award has also previously been called in ‘The Young New Zealanders Challenge of the Duke of Edinburgh’s Hillary Award’. In 2015 there were 9,000 registrations annually and approximately 18,500 young people engaged at any one time in the Award in New Zealand.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The Award was founded in the Netherlands in 1997 by Wim van der Laan and Maurice Jurgens. Known as "The International Award for Young People", it was officially recognised by the ministry of education in 2007 as a substitute for community service in secondary education and is currently being offered by 28 institutions.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The "Prémio Infante D. Henrique" is the Portuguese version of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award targeting those between 14 and 24 years old. It was established in 1988 in Porto by The Duke of Braganza, who remains its honorary president. The Prémio Infante D. Henrique consists of a program of personal and social development of voluntary and non-competitive activities in four areas:


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In 2015 the Prémio Infante D. Henrique became a licensee of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award and adopted the international brand.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: The Award was first introduced in 1991 by Sister Agnes in the Roman Catholic Parish of Motru, being carried on locally until 2011. Since 2011, the programme has expanded nationwide, where it was successfully implemented in several cities of Romania.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In April 2013 the license for Award Romania was signed in the presence of Secretary-General John May, and it became a National Award Authority.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: Starting June 2013 The Duke of Edinburgh's International Award has Her Majesty Margareta, Custodian of the Romanian Crown, as Patron in Romania. Since then, the Award has seen a rapid expansion, engaging over 10,000 young people and over 2,000 Award Leaders and adult volunteers, with millions having participated around the world, finding their purpose, passion and place in the world.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In Singapore, the award is referred to as "National Youth Achievement Award". It is a full member of The Duke of Edinburgh's International Association and was officially launched in Singapore on 9 May 1992 by president Wee Kim Wee at the Istana.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In South Africa, the Award is referred to as the President's Award for Youth Empowerment. The Award was first established in 1983 under the name The Gold Shield Award, but in 1992, in anticipation of Nelson Mandela becoming the first president of a democratic South Africa, the name was changed to The President's Award for Youth Empowerment.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In its 33-year history of youth engagement in South Africa, the Award Programme has reached over 150,000 young people in the country. The President's Award has a full licence to operate the Award in South Africa, from the Duke of Edinburgh's International Award Foundation, which oversees Award Programmes in over 140 countries globally, with 25 of these being in Africa.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: There are over 14,300 active participants in South Africa (2014) and the Award Programme is currently being used by over 250 Award Units nationally (community youth groups, residential youth facilities, schools and correctional centres) as a workable framework for youth empowerment. It is being increasingly sought to provide a framework for youth-at-risk, providing them with a positive, affirming alternative to the social challenges which they face within their communities. The Award Programme is not a once off intervention but is a longer-term process, taking between three and five years to complete all three levels of Bronze, Silver, and Gold.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In the U.S., the award is offered through "The Duke of Edinburgh’s International Award USA" organization, based in Chicago. Various schools and some Scout councils participate.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: "The Duke of Edinburgh International Award", "The International Youth Award", or simply "The International Award" was founded in Zambia in 1989. Although the concept of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award was introduced to Zambia in September 1981, it was only in 1989 when the Zambian government decided to integrate it into the President's Youth Award of Zambia in existence at the time. In 1990, a National Youth Award Committee was elected and operated under the National Youth Development Council (NYDC). In May 1991, a pilot project started with 50 young individuals and by December the same year 30 had qualified for the Bronze Award level. At the 4th forum, held in November 1991 in Hong Kong, Zambia was given a provisional membership of the International Award Association.


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

text: In 1992, the National Youth Award Committee decided to change the name of the programme in Zambia from President's Youth Award to National Youth Award Association to avoid possible political misunderstanding. In the mid-1990s, the Award got a new lease of life when private schools began to adopt the Award, reporting directly to the International Secretariat in London in the absence of a National Award Authority. At this point, slight name variations arose in different private schools depending on organisers; however, the integrity of the award is still maintained.


title: Bones (season 10)

text: The tenth season of the American television series "Bones" premiered on September 25, 2014, and concluded on June 11, 2015, on Fox. The show moved time slots from its previous season, airing on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ET.


title: Bones (season 10)

text: The series was renewed for a tenth season on January 29, 2014. Series creator Hart Hanson stepped down as showrunner for the tenth season to focus on his new TV series, "Backstrom"; longtime executive producer and writer Stephan Nathan took over the role of showrunner. In January 2014, Fox Entertainment President Kevin Reilly commented that season 10 would possibly be the final season, but in July 2014, Fox chairman and CEO Peter Rice commented, "I hope it's not the last year ... it's a fantastic series, it's famously moved all over our schedule for 10 years ... It's [Emily Deschanel and David Boreanaz's] last year contractually, so we have to have that conversation ... but I hope that they will come back." The tenth season features the series' 200th episode, written by Stephen Nathan and directed by series star David Boreanaz, which is an Alfred Hitchcock homage set in the 1950s.


title: Bones (season 10)

text: In July 2014, John Boyd was cast in a recurring role of James Aubrey, a junior FBI agent working under Booth. However, it was later revealed that Boyd would be a series regular. The character of Lance Sweets, portrayed by John Francis Daley who joined the cast in the third season, is killed off in the season premiere episode. The decision to kill off the character was because Daley needed a break from the series to direct the upcoming "National Lampoon's Vacation" remake, "Vacation", and executive producer Stephan Nathan thought killing off the character instead of just writing him off would be more impactful. With the series' 206th episode, "Bones" became the longest-running one-hour drama for producing studio 20th Century Fox Television, and the episode also names all 206 bones in the human body. Emily Deschanel's real-life pregnancy was written into the show (like her first pregnancy), and the season features the reveal that Brennan is pregnant with her and Booth's second child. The season finale was written as a potential series finale, as it was written before the writers knew the series was renewed for another season.


title: Bones (season 10)

text: Live +7 ratings is the number of viewers who watched a particular episode live, plus the number of viewers via DVR over a seven-day period from the original broadcast.


title: Bones (season 10)

text: The tenth season of "Bones" was released on DVD (subtitled "Blackmail & Jail Edition") in region 1 on September 29, 2015, and in region 2 on October 12, 2015. The set includes all 22 episodes of season ten on a 6-disc DVD set presented in anamorphic widescreen. Special features include deleted scenes, a gag reel, and two featurettes—"Sweets' Sweetest Moments" and "From Script to Screen: Creating the 200th Episode".


title: Central Michigan University

text: Central Michigan University (CMU) is a public research university in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. Established in 1892 as the Central Michigan Normal School and Business Institute, the private normal school became a state institution and renamed Central State Normal School in 1895 after the Michigan State Board of Education took over governance of the school. The institution came into its own as a university and gained its current name Central Michigan University in 1959 under the university's 6th president Judson W. Foust.


title: Central Michigan University

text: CMU is one of the eight research universities in Michigan and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It has more than 15,000 students on its Mount Pleasant campus. CMU offers 200 academic programs at the undergraduate, master's, specialist, and doctoral levels, including programs in entrepreneurship, journalism, music, audiology, teacher education, psychology, and physician assistant. The School of Engineering and Technology has ABET accredited programs in Mechanical, Electrical, Computer, and Environmental Engineering. CMU's College of Medicine opened in fall 2013.


title: Central Michigan University

text: The Central Michigan Chippewas compete in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference in six men's and ten women's sports.


title: Central Michigan University

text: CMU opened its door in 1892 as the Central Michigan Normal School and Business Institute. Prof. Charles F. R. Bellows, a University of Michigan graduate, became the founding principal of the normal school in June 1892.


title: Central Michigan University

text: For the first year, 31 students attended classes in the Carpenter Building in downtown Mount Pleasant. Bellows surveyed the future location of the campus and was involved in the construction of the original Main Building, which opened in September 1893. Within the first two years, land was acquired, and a $10,000 school building was constructed.


title: Central Michigan University

text: During Bellows' tenure, he organized a separate Conservatory for Music through his own funds, which became incorporated into the Normal in 1900. He continued to teach as a professor and spoke to teacher groups throughout the State. Bellows also led an advertising effort for the school in order to gain more students.


title: Central Michigan University

text: In 1895, the Michigan State Board of Education assumed control of the school, renaming it Central Michigan Normal School. Bellows resigned from Central in the following year. He returned to Ypsilanti in 1902 to join the faculty of the State Normal School (now Eastern Michigan University).


title: Central Michigan University

text: By 1918, the campus consisted of 25 acres with five buildings. On June 1, 1959, with 40 buildings now standing on the 235-acre campus and an enrollment of 4,500 students, Central was renamed Central Michigan University. The designation reflected growth in the complexity of the school's academic offerings as well as its physical growth in the post-war period. Enrollment tripled over the next 10 years.


title: Central Michigan University

text: In response to the need for doctors to practice in rural areas, CMU opened its medical school in 2010.


title: Central Michigan University

text: Central Michigan University is governed by a Board of Trustees, whose eight members are appointed by the Governor of Michigan and confirmed by the Michigan Senate for terms of eight years.


title: Central Michigan University

text: The Board of Trustees appoints and reviews the President of Central Michigan University, currently Robert O. Davies. Nancy E. Mathews was appointed as Provost and Executive Vice President of Central Michigan University on August 1, 2022, by President Robert O. Davies.


title: Central Michigan University

text: CMU is considered "selective" by "U.S. News & World Report". For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), CMU received 18,517 applications and accepted 14,273 (77.1%). Of those accepted, 1,909 enrolled, a yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 13.4%. CMU's freshman retention rate is 77%, with 61.7% going on to graduate within six years.


title: Central Michigan University

text: Of the 57% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1010-1223. Of the 10% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 19.25 and 26.


title: Central Michigan University

text: Central Michigan University has seen a dramatic decline in enrollment in recent years. Between 2012 and 2022, CMU had a 46% drop in total enrollment.


title: Central Michigan University

text: Academic work on campus is supported by the Charles V. Park Library, which holds one million books and can seat up to 2,655 patrons at a time. The university owns and operates the Brooks Astronomical Observatory.


title: Central Michigan University

text: The university's neuroscience program was named undergraduate program of the year in 2013 by the Society for Neuroscience.


title: Central Michigan University

text: The Central Michigan University College of Graduate Studies provides over 70 graduate degree programs at the Master's, Specialist, or Doctoral levels.


title: Central Michigan University

text: According to the National Science Foundation, CMU spent $15.6 million on research and development in 2018.


title: Central Michigan University

text: The school's athletics programs are affiliated with NCAA Division I. CMU was a member of the Interstate Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1950 to 1970. Almost all Central Michigan teams compete in the Mid-American Conference; the one exception until recently was the women's lacrosse team, newly elevated from club to full varsity status for the 2015-2016 school year. It competed in the Southern Conference for a time, but joined the MAC for the 2021 season.


title: Central Michigan University

text: The football program is known for producing players such as Antonio Brown, & Joe Staley. Before moving up to Division I, the football team won its second NCAA Division II national championship in 1974 by defeating the Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens 54 to 14. Notable Division I years include 1994, 2006, 2007, and 2009 when they won the MAC Football Championship Game. In 2009, they finished the season ranked #23 in the final AP Poll and #24 in the final Coaches Poll marking the first time that a CMU football team had ever ended the season ranked in the Top 25 at the NCAA Division I-FBS level. Since 2014, the football program has made a college bowl game, and continues to see its players set MAC records yearly.


title: Central Michigan University

text: Frequently defeating both the Michigan Wolverines and the Michigan State Spartans in dual meets, CMU's wrestling team won its 10th straight MAC championship and seventh straight conference tournament title in 2008. The Chippewas tied for seventh at the NCAA Championships, scoring a school-record 69 points. Four individuals earned All-America honors.


title: Central Michigan University

text: The women's basketball program has excelled to new levels. In 2018, the team made its way to the sweet sixteen of the NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament. The team beat the LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers and the Ohio State Buckeyes in the first two rounds, only to lose to the Oregon Ducks in the third.


title: Central Michigan University

text: In 1958, the men's swimming and diving team was runner-up to the North Central at the second annual NAIA national meet, which was held in Muncie, Indiana.


title: Central Michigan University

text: In May 2020, the university discontinued its men's track and field program as part of budget cuts caused by the coronavirus pandemic. In June of the same year, CMU announced it had received a waiver from the NCAA Division I Council that would allow the football program to remain in the Football Bowl Subdivision and give the school two years to bring the total number of men's programs up to FBS compliance.


title: Central Michigan University

text: Central Michigan University is home to 21 on-campus residence halls, arranged in four areas throughout the campus. In 2006, the 21st and 22nd residence halls on campus opened in the East complex. In 2019, the university decommissioned and demolished Barnes Hall, which was the oldest serving residence hall and the only one not physically connected to any other. In 2022, the University closed the North Residence Halls.


title: Central Michigan University

text: It was announced by the university on March 3, 2022, that Larzelere, Trout, Calkins, and Robinson would be closed during the 2022 Fall semester due to semester enrollment estimates.


title: Central Michigan University

text: The majority of CMU residence hall rooms are two-bedroom suites designed for 4 or 5 people. Three of the Original Towers (Cobb, Troutman and Wheeler), nine-story high-rise residence halls designed primarily for freshmen, feature one-bedroom suites for three or four people. The fourth of the Original Towers, Carey, was renovated to double-occupancy rooms in 2020 as a means of managing decreased enrollment. The New Towers, as well as Fabiano and Celani, are designed primarily for upperclassmen, and are four-bedroom suites. Residents of Robinson, Carey, Celani, Fabiano, Campbell, Kesseler and Kulhavi pay an additional charge over the standard room and board rate.


title: Central Michigan University

text: Each district is connected to one of four Residential Restaurants. The Towers features the RFoC, or Real Food on Campus, and the East Complex features the Fresh Food Company. Each area also has an after hours snack shop.


title: Central Michigan University

text: Some residence halls are designated as official Living Learning Communities, associated with a particular academic department, allowing students who choose to live there opportunities for study and collaboration with other students from similar programs.


title: Central Michigan University

text: CMU offers only co-ed residence halls, with Sweeney Hall the last to convert, from females only, in the fall of 2010.


title: Central Michigan University

text: Construction began on two more buildings, Celani and Fabiano, near the East Quad in the spring of 2005. The buildings are somewhat similar in design to the New Towers which opened in 2003. On December 1, 2005, one of the buildings was named The Ben and Marion Celani Residence hall to recognize the generosity of Detroit area businessman Thomas Celani and his wife Vicki. On April 20, 2006, the remaining building was named the Fabiano Family Residence Hall, recognizing their contribution to the school. John S. Fabiano served on the board of trustees 1999–2004, and also owns the Fabiano Brothers Inc, an alcohol distribution company. These two new halls opened for the fall semester of 2006, along with a new Residential Restaurant to serve the residents of the six East Area halls.


title: Central Michigan University

text: CMU recognizes academic, social, and professional Greek organizations which comply with university rules and regulations such as its anti-hazing policies. Currently, in the social realm, there consists of 12 fraternities and 12 sororities. Other Greek life organizations that pertain to honoCe, degrees, and multicultural backgrounds have formed as well throughout the years. Each is unique to their own roots, and provides a great networking opportunity for students at the university.


title: Central Michigan University

text: On March 2, 2018, 19-year-old student James Eric Davis Jr. shot and killed his mother and father when they came to campus to take him home for spring break. After the shooting, Davis fled and the campus was placed on lockdown. Around 15 hours later, police arrested him and took him to a local hospital. The incident disrupted the travel plans of students and campus activities for several days. Davis was charged with two counts of murder and one count of unlawful possession of a firearm used to commit murder, and was later determined to be not guilty by reason of insanity and committed to a psychiatric institution.


title: Central Michigan University

text: The campus' student-run newspaper is "Central Michigan Life". The paper is published every Thursday during the academic year and www.cm-life.com, which receives 1 million page views per year, is updated daily. "CM Life" was named one of the top three non-daily newspapers in the nation for 2007, 2018, 2019 by the Society of Professional Journalists. It also was named the best college newspaper in Division I in Michigan eight of the past 10 years. "CM Life" has been named winner of the National Pacemaker Awards by Associated Collegiate Press in 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1989, 1990, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016, 2019. It also was a finalist for the first time for an online Pacemaker in 2010.


title: Central Michigan University

text: CM-Life has come in first place for the Best College Media Company in the nation seven years in a row (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020) by College Media Business and Advertising Managers organization.


title: Central Michigan University

text: There are also two student-run college radio stations, FM 91.5 WMHW-FM and FM 101.1, a student produced newscast, News Central 34, and a student-run college television station MHTV. In 2005, a student-operated music label called Moore Media Records (MMR) was established.


title: Central Michigan University

text: In addition, the university owns and operates WCMU-TV, the region's PBS station, and WCMU-FM, the NPR affiliate. Both stations serve most of Northern Michigan, including the eastern Upper Peninsula, through a network of repeater stations.


title: Central Michigan University

text: On February 2, 2008, Central Michigan University's online magazine, Grand Central Magazine, was launched. Currently updated weekly, the magazine is run through CMU's Department of Journalism and features magazine style features from the world of sports, entertainment, style, technology and travel.


title: 1992 European Cup Final

text: The 1992 European Cup Final was a football match held on 20 May 1992 at Wembley Stadium, London, between Sampdoria of Italy and Barcelona of Spain. Barcelona won the game 1–0 after extra time, thanks to a Ronald Koeman free kick, to record their first triumph in the competition. It was the first to have a group stage involving the eight second-round winners split into two groups, and the winner of each one met in the final. In doing so, they became the second Spanish club to win the tournament and the 19th overall. This was the last final before the competition was re-branded as the Champions League. The final is, as of 2022, the most recent in which both of the finalists entered a European Cup/UEFA Champions League final having not won any of the previous finals.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: Tucker Carlson Tonight is an American talk show and current affairs program hosted by conservative commentator Tucker Carlson on the television network Fox News. The show premiered in November 2016 and includes political commentary, monologues, interviews, and analysis, similar to Fox News' "On the Record".


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: Guest hosts for the program include Will Cain, Sean Duffy, Pete Hegseth, Tulsi Gabbard and Brian Kilmeade.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: Created to replace "On the Record" hosted by Brit Hume on an interim basis after Greta Van Susteren's departure from Fox News, the show premiered as a 7:00 PM ET program in Fox News Channel's lineup. The series currently airs at 8:00 PM ET, while reruns of each night's episode air at 1:00 AM ET the following morning.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: Following Megyn Kelly's departure from Fox News, the network announced on January 5, 2017, that "Tucker Carlson Tonight" would take over the 9:00 PM ET time slot vacated by "The Kelly File" beginning on January 9, 2017. Martha MacCallum was named as his replacement in the 7:00 PM timeslot, with her show carrying the title "The First 100 Days". On April 24, 2017, "Tucker Carlson Tonight" took over "The O'Reilly Factor"s 8:00 PM time slot, following its cancellation.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In December 2019, "Playboy" model Karen McDougal sued Fox News after Carlson accused her of extorting President Donald Trump in a 2018 episode of his show. In September 2020, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit, citing her acceptance of Fox News' defense that Carlson's extortion claims were opinion-based and not "statements of fact". The judge also agreed with Fox News' defense that reasonable viewers would have "skepticism" over statements Carlson makes on its show, as he often engages in 'exaggeration' and 'non-literal commentary'".


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In July 2020, the show's head writer, Blake Neff, resigned after Oliver Darcy of CNN learned via an anonymous tip that he had authored a series of online comments that were widely regarded as racist and sexist. Neff posted these remarks over the span of several years under a pseudonym on AutoAdmit, a legal message board known for its lack of moderation. Neff, who previously worked at "The Daily Caller", had joined the staff of the television show shortly after its launch in November 2016.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: Carlson, who co-founded "The Daily Caller" with Neil Patel, typically devotes his show to two or three current events and brings on speakers to debate or discuss such topics. Carlson uses a loose format in which he interviews persons from varied political perspectives and asks them probing questions. The show is broadcast live at 8:00 PM ET on weeknights, with a repeat airing at 1:00 AM the following morning.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: The show is typically begun with the introduction "Good evening, and welcome to "Tucker Carlson Tonight"." Carlson describes the program as "the show that is the sworn enemy of lying, pomposity, smugness, and groupthink," a catchphrase which he often uses as a closing.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: The program's premiere episode garnered 3.7 million viewers and was rated higher than previous editions of "On the Record" hosted by Greta Van Susteren and later Brit Hume. "Tucker Carlson Tonight" currently maintains the network's time-slot dominance over CNN's "Anderson Cooper 360°" and MSNBC's "All In with Chris Hayes".


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In October 2018, "Tucker Carlson Tonight" was the second-highest rated news show in all of prime time, after "Hannity", with 3.2 million nightly viewers. In April 2020, Carlson's program surpassed "Hannity" as the highest-rated primetime cable news show, with an average audience of 4.56 million viewers. During the second quarter of 2020, "Tucker Carlson Tonight" garnered an average audience of 4.33 million viewers, the largest for any program in the history of cable news.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In July 2020, "Tucker Carlson Tonight" broke the record for highest-rated program in U.S. cable news history, garnering an average nightly audience of 4.33 million viewers.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In February 2022, Mediaite reported that "in the month of October, Tucker Carlson [was] the number-one watched host among Democrats in the key 25-54 age demographic – across all networks."


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In 2018, neoconservative pundit Bill Kristol (former editor-at-large of "The Weekly Standard" and current editor-at-large of "The Bulwark") described the views Carlson expressed on his show as "ethno-nationalism of some kind." Carlson responded that Kristol "discredited himself years ago."


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: Throughout 2018 and 2019, the show was the target of an advertiser boycott. Advertisers began leaving the show after complaints following Carlson saying that U.S. immigration made the country "poorer, dirtier and more divided." According to Fox News, the advertisers only moved their ad buys to other segments. By early 2019, it was reported the show had lost at least 26 advertisers, and by August 2019, Media Matters calculated that the show had lost more than 70 advertisers since December 2018. By late September 2019, almost 50 advertisers had released statements announcing the discontinuation of advertising on the show; according to "The Guardian", "dozens more cut ties without saying anything publicly." Despite these boycotts, the average cost for a 30-second spot on "Tucker Carlson Tonight" nearly doubled from 2018 to 2019, according to the advertising analytics company SQAD.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In a September 2018 episode of "Tucker Carlson Tonight", Carlson coined the nickname "creepy porn lawyer" to refer to Michael Avenatti, ostensibly in reference to the latter's representing Stormy Daniels, which Avenatti objected to and reportedly found infuriating. Following on and off-air sparring between Tucker Carlson and Michael Avenatti, Avenatti announced that he was investigating an alleged bar altercation involving Tucker Carlson and a patron. This culminated in the revelation that Carlson had thrown a glass of wine at a man who had insulted his daughter. A July 2019 book by author Peter D'Abrosca made reference to the incident.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In opposition to many Fox colleagues, in January 2020, Carlson criticized the assassination of Qasem Soleimani by the Trump administration.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In June 2020, Carlson's on-air criticisms of the Black Lives Matter movement led corporations such as The Walt Disney Company, T-Mobile, Papa John's, and Poshmark to pull advertising from his program. A data firm estimated that nearly 38% of Carlson's 2020 advertising revenue had come from My Pillow at half-year. Carlson remained the most-watched cable news host, garnering 680,000 viewers among audience members 25-54. These advertisers had not entirely pulled away from Fox News, according to the television network, but only from Carlson's show.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In July 2020, after combat veteran Senator Tammy Duckworth called for a "national dialogue" about the removal of monuments to founding fathers such as George Washington who owned slaves, Carlson received backlash after referring to her as a "moron" and, after she refused to appear on his show absent an apology, a "coward." Carlson's comment that "she was once injured while serving in the Illinois National Guard" was criticized, and he was accused of trivializing her military service; Duckworth in fact lost both her legs while serving in Iraq.


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: On November 12, 2020, the show broadcast a segment about alleged voter fraud in Georgia during the 2020 presidential election. The piece featured the story of a World War II veteran named James Blalock of Covington, Georgia, who died in 2006; Carlson stated on air that "James Blalock cast a ballot in last week's election." Reporting by local news outlets in Georgia later confirmed that Mr. Blalock did not vote in the 2020 election, but that his widow had cast a legal vote under the name "Mrs. James E. Blalock, Jr"; this was confirmed by interviews with Blalock's widow herself. A day later, Carlson issued an on-air correction, stating that "we're always going to correct when we're wrong."


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: Later that month, Carlson criticized unfounded claims made by former federal prosecutor Sidney Powell, who alleged that Venezuela, Cuba and unidentified communist interests had used a secret algorithm to hack into voting machines and commit electoral fraud in the 2020 election. Carlson noted that "what Powell was describing would amount to the single greatest crime in American history", and claimed Powell became "angry and told us to stop contacting her" when he asked for evidence of such fraud. In response, James Golden, producer of "The Rush Limbaugh Show", tweeted: "How quickly we turn on our own... Where is the 'evidence' the election was fair?".


title: Tucker Carlson Tonight

text: In March 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, "Los Angeles Times" opinion columnist Jackie Calmes criticized Carlson for his coverage of the invasion which she considered to be biased in favor of Vladimir Putin and the Kremlin.


title: Masking (personality)

text: In psychology and sociology, masking is the process in which an individual camouflages their natural personality or behavior to conform to social pressures, abuse or harassment. Masking can be strongly influenced by environmental factors such as authoritarian parents, rejection, and emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. Masking can be a behavior individuals adopt subconsciously as coping mechanisms or a trauma responses, or it can be a conscious behavior an individual adopts to fit in within perceived societal norms. Masking is interconnected with maintaining performative behavior within social structures and cultures.


title: Masking (personality)

text: Autistic masking refers to the suppression of autistic or neurodivergent traits to pass within society, and is a major focus of neurodiversity research.


title: Masking (personality)

text: Masking has existed since antiquity, with authors like Shakespeare referencing it in fiction long before masking was formally defined and studied within psychology. Frantz Fanon is credited with defining masking in his 1957 "Black Skin, White Masks", which describes masking behavior in race relations within the stratified post-war United States. Fanon explains how African-Americans, especially those of low social capital, adopted certain behaviors to resemble white people as well as other behaviors intended to please whites and reinforce the white man's higher social status.


title: Masking (personality)

text: The term masking was used to describe the act of concealing disgust by Paul Ekman (1972) and Friesen (1969). It was also thought of as a learned behavior. Developmental studies have shown that this ability begins as early as preschool and improves with age. Masking is mostly used to conceal a negative emotion (usually sadness, frustration, and anger) with a positive emotion or indifferent affect.


title: Masking (personality)

text: The social drivers of masking include social discrimination, cultural dominance, and violence. Elizabeth Radulski argues that masking is a cultural performance within Judith Butler's concept of performativity that helps individuals bypass cultural and structural barriers.


title: Masking (personality)

text: The causes of masking are highly contextual and situational. Masking may disguise emotions considered socially inappropriate within a situational context, such as anger, jealousy or rage. Individuals may mask in certain social situations, such as job interviews or dates, or around people of different cultures, identities, or ethnicities. Since different social situations require different performances, individuals often switch masks and exhibit different masking behaviors in different contexts. Code-switching, although associated more with linguistics, also refers to the process of changing one's masking behavior around different cultures in social and cultural anthropology. Contextual factors including relationships with one's conversation partner, social capital (class) differences, location, and social setting are all reasons why an individual would express, suppress, or mask an emotion.


title: Masking (personality)

text: There is a gendered disparity in masking behavior; studies show women mask negative emotions to a greater extent than men. According to psychologist Teresa Davis, this may be due to the greater social expectation for conformity placed on female gender roles, causing women to develop the skill to a greater extent than men during childhood socialization.


title: Masking (personality)

text: Some autistic people have been described as being able to "mask" or "camouflage" their signs of autism in order to meet social expectations. This may involve suppressing self-calming repetitive movements, faking a smile in an environment that they find uncomfortable or distressing, consciously evaluating their own behavior and mirroring others, or choosing not to talk about their special interests. Autistic people with conversational difficulties may also use more complex strategies such as scripting a conversation outline and developing conscious 'rules' for conversations, and carefully monitoring if these are being followed. Autistic people often learn conversational rules, social behaviors, and masking techniques by watching television shows and other media, often learning how to mimic a character's behavior. As masking is often a conscious effort, it can be exhausting for autistic people to mask for an extended period of time. Autistic people have cited social acceptance, the need to get a job, avoiding ostracism, or avoiding verbal or physical abuse as reasons for masking.


title: Masking (personality)

text: Autistic women mask to a greater extent and complexity than autistic men and are often underdiagnosed as a result.


title: Masking (personality)

text: Masking may conceal the person's need for support. Research has found that autistic masking is correlated with depression and suicide. Many autistic adults in one survey described profound exhaustion from trying to pretend to be non-autistic. Masking for extended periods of time can result in burnout and emotional trauma. Therapies that teach autistic people to mask, such as some forms of applied behavior analysis, are controversial.


title: Masking (personality)

text: Little is known about the effects of masking one's negative emotions. In the workplace, masking leads to feelings of dissonance, insincerity, job dissatisfaction, emotional and physical exhaustion, and self-reported health problems. Some have also reported experiencing somatic symptoms and harmful physiological and cognitive effects as a consequence.


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Betsy Brantley is an American actress. She has appeared in numerous films, plays, and television shows since the early 1980s. Her breakout role was in the 1982 film "Five Days One Summer" with Sean Connery.


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Betsy Brantley was born in New York City to Jack R. Brantley, a textile executive, and Dotty Brantley (née Rabey). In 1960, Jack moved the family to Greensboro, North Carolina, moving into the same house on Meadowbrook Terrace where he grew up. In 1962 Jack moved the family to Rutherfordton, North Carolina to serve as division president at dress-manufacturer Tanner. Betsy has a fraternal twin Alison, an older brother Jack Jr., and a younger brother Duncan who is a producer and screenwriter.


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Growing up Brantley spent a great deal of her time in the Blue Ridge mountains near Rutherfordton, where she developed a love for mountains. Her affinity with mountains helped her land her first major role in the film "Five Days One Summer".


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Brantley graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1977 and the Central School of Speech and Drama in the United Kingdom in 1980.


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Brantley's first major role was Kate in the 1982 film "Five Days One Summer" with Sean Connery. The film's director, Fred Zinnemann, cast Brantley because he wanted a new, unfamiliar face. Zinnemann only auditioned young women with little or no acting experience because he didn't want audiences associating a known actress, who had been around the block a time or two on screen or in a publicized personal life, spoiling the illusion of virtue. Until her role in "Five Days One Summer", her acting experience had been limited to a few roles in the English theater, a five-minute part in a British TV movie and a minor role in the film "Shock Treatment".


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Like "Five Days One Summer", many of Brantley's films are based in Europe. Her most famous role, perhaps, is her portrayal of Neely Pritt in "Shock Treatment" (1981). She also played alongside Pierce Brosnan and Michael Caine in the film version of "The Fourth Protocol" (1987) and acted a cameo in the Ashley Judd movie "Double Jeopardy" (1999). Brantley was also the performance model for Jessica Rabbit in "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" (1988).


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Along with roles in several other films, including "Havana" (1990) and "Deep Impact" (1998), Betsy has been a cast member in a number of television shows, including "Tour of Duty" and "Second Noah". On "Tour of Duty", she played the role of Dr. Jennifer Seymour (later Major Jennifer Seymour). On "Second Noah", she played Jesse Beckett, a veterinarian and the mother of eight adopted children.


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Brantley played Dolph Lundgren's girlfriend in "Dark Angel" (1990, retitled "I Come in Peace" in America).


title: Betsy Brantley

text: She has also appeared as Elsie Cubitt in the Granada Television production of "The Dancing Men", from "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, and also appeared in the 1987 BBC Horizon film, "Life Story" (the story of the discovery of the DNA double helix) as James Watson's sister, Elizabeth Watson.


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Brantley married actor Simon Dutton, and later the filmmaker Steven Soderbergh. She has one daughter, Sarah, with Soderbergh. Sarah lives in Seattle, Washington.


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Brantley is a private person and somewhat uncomfortable with the stardom she achieved. After her critical success with "Five Days One Summer", she said "I'd like to have had my career move a little slower, I find the attention just a bit daunting."


title: Betsy Brantley

text: Brantley lives in a pre-Civil War era home in the Montford, Virginia area with her pet cat Blueberry.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: Gilbert Baker (June 2, 1951 – March 31, 2017) was an American artist, designer, and activist, best known as the creator of the rainbow flag.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: Baker was born on June 2, 1951, in Chanute, Kansas. He grew up in Parsons, Kansas, where his grandmother owned a women's clothing store. His father was a judge and his mother was a teacher. He was baptized a Methodist.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: Baker served in the United States Army from 1970 to 1972. He was stationed as a medic in San Francisco at the beginning of the gay rights movement, and lived there as an openly gay man. After his honorable discharge from the military, he worked on the first marijuana legalization initiative California Proposition 19 (1972), and was taught to sew by his fellow activist Mary Dunn. He used his skill to create banners for gay-rights and anti-war protest marches. It was during this time that he met and became friends with Harvey Milk. He also joined the gay drag activist group Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence stating, "At first it was glamorous and political, but when the Sisters became more organized, I became a tool of the right wing and raised money for Jerry Falwell", referring to video and images of the group that were used for right-wing Christian efforts, "so I stopped."


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: Baker first created the Rainbow Flag with a collective in 1978. He refused to trademark it, seeing it as a symbol that was for the LGBT community. In 1979, Baker began work at Paramount Flag Company in San Francisco, then located on the southwest corner of Polk Street and Post Street in the Polk Gulch neighborhood. Baker designed displays for Dianne Feinstein, the Premier of China, the presidents of France, Venezuela, and the Philippines, the King of Spain, and many others. He also designed creations for numerous civic events and San Francisco Gay Pride. In 1984, he designed flags for the Democratic National Convention.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: In 1994, Baker moved to New York City, where he lived for the rest of his life. Here, he continued his creative work and activism. That year he created the world's largest flag (at that time) in celebration of the 25th anniversary of the 1969 Stonewall riots.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: In 2003, to commemorate the Rainbow Flag's 25th anniversary, Baker created a Rainbow Flag that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean in Key West. After the commemoration, he sent sections of this flag to more than 100 cities around the world. Due to his creation of the rainbow flag, Baker often used the drag queen name "Busty Ross", alluding to Betsy Ross.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: Baker died at home in his sleep on March 31, 2017 at age 65, in New York City. The New York City medical examiner's office determined cause of death was hypertensive and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Upon Baker's death, California state senator Scott Wiener said Baker "helped define the modern LGBT movement".


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: In 2003, Baker and his Key West project were the subject of "Rainbow Pride", a feature-length documentary by Marie Jo Ferron, bought by PBS National and debuting in New York on WNET. Baker recreated his original Rainbow Flag for the Academy-award-winning 2008 film "Milk", and is shown being interviewed on one of the featurettes of the DVD release.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: In 2015, the Museum of Modern Art ranked the rainbow flag as an internationally recognized symbol as important as the recycling symbol.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: In February and early March 2017, Baker was portrayed in Dustin Lance Black's "When We Rise" by Jack Plotnick, and by Dylan Arnold as young Gilbert Baker. In the second part of the miniseries Baker's character is shown sewing the flag and, later on, explaining to Cleve Jones the reasoning for the colors he had chosen.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: Upon Baker's death in late March 2017, California state senator Scott Wiener said Baker "helped define the modern LGBT movement".


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: In Baker's memory, NewFest and NYC Pride partnered with a design team to create ‘Gilbert', a rainbow font inspired by the rainbow flag, first released before June 2017.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: In April 2018, a children's book, "Pride: The Story of Harvey Milk and the Rainbow Flag" was released by Penguin Random House.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: In June 2019, Baker was one of the inaugural fifty American “pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes” inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn. The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history, and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: In June 2019, a square in Paris, France was officially renamed Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall (Stonewall Riots Square), and a plaque commemorating Baker was installed at the location. The plaque was unveiled by the Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo, French officials, Stuart Milk, and activists of Stonewall riots.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: Baker's work and related historical artifacts are represented in several major museum and archival collections. The GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco owns one of the sewing machines Baker used to produce the original rainbow flags in 1978, along with one of the limited-edition recreations of the eight-stripe design he produced to mark the 25th anniversary of the flag. In 2012, the society displayed both objects in an exhibition on the history of the flag at the GLBT History Museum which it sponsors in San Francisco's Castro District. In 2015, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City acquired examples of the rainbow flag for its design collection, where curators ranked it as an internationally recognized symbol similar in importance to the Creative Commons logo and the recycling symbol.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: The colors on the Rainbow Flag reflect the diversity of the LGBT community. When Baker raised the first rainbow flags at San Francisco Pride (his group raised two flags at the Civic Center) on June 25, 1978, it comprised eight symbolic colors:


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: Thirty volunteers had helped Baker hand-dye and stitch the first two flags in the top-floor attic gallery of the Gay Community Center at 330 Grove Street in San Francisco. Because using dye in public washing machines wasn't allowed, they waited until late at night to rinse the dye from their clothes, running a cycle with bleach in the washing machines after leaving.


title: Gilbert Baker (artist)

text: The design has undergone several revisions to remove two colors for expediency and later re-add those colors when they became more widely available. As of 2021, the most common variant consists of six stripes, with the colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Baker referred to this version of the flag as the "commercial version", because it came about due to practical considerations of mass production. Specifically, the rainbow flag lost its hot pink stripe when Baker approached the Paramount Flag Company to begin mass-producing them, and the hot pink fabric was too rare and expensive to include. The rainbow flag lost its turquoise stripe before the 1979 Gay Freedom Day Parade, as the committee organizing the parade wanted to fly the flag in two-halves, from the light poles along both sides of Market Street, so it became a six-striped flag with equal halves. In March 2017, Baker created a nine-stripe version of his original 1977 flag, with lavender, pink, turquoise and indigo stripes along with the red, orange, yellow, green and violet. According to Baker, the lavender stripe symbolizes diversity.


title: The O2

text: The O2 is a large entertainment district on the Greenwich peninsula in South East London, England, including an indoor arena, a music club, a Cineworld cinema, an exhibition space, piazzas, bars, and restaurants. It was built largely within the former Millennium Dome, a large dome-shaped canopy built to house an exhibition celebrating the turn of the third millennium; consequently "The Dome" remains a name in common usage for the venue. It is sometimes referred to as The O2 Arena, but that name properly refers to an indoor arena within The O2. Naming rights to the district were purchased by the mobile telephone provider O2 from its developers, Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), during the development of the district. AEG owns the long-term lease on the O2 Arena and surrounding leisure space.


title: The O2

text: From the closure of the original Millennium Experience exhibition occupying the site, several ways of reusing the Millennium Dome's shell were proposed and then rejected. The renaming of the Dome in 2005 gave publicity to its transition into an entertainment district. The Dome's shell remained in situ, but its interior and the area around North Greenwich Station, the QE2 pier and the main entrance area were completely redeveloped.


title: The O2

text: The area is served by North Greenwich tube station on the Jubilee line, which was opened just before the millennium exhibition, and by bus routes. Thames Clippers operate a river boat service for London River Services; the present tenants, AEG, purchased Thames Clippers in order to provide river links between central London and The O2. As well as a commuter service, Thames Clippers operates the O Express service. Local buses also serve the station and the nearby O2.


title: The O2

text: On 23 February 2017, O2 announced that they had agreed to a deal with AEG to maintain the naming rights of The O2 for a further 10 years until 2027.


title: The O2

text: The dome-shaped structure, which now houses The O2's Entertainment Avenue and arena, was originally constructed as the Millennium Dome and housed the Millennium Experience, a major exhibition to celebrate the start of the third millennium. The exhibition opened to the public on 1 January 2000 and ran until 31 December 2000; however, the project and exhibition was the subject of considerable political controversy and it did not attract the number of visitors anticipated, leading to recurring financial problems.


title: The O2

text: On 18 February 2022, due to Storm Eunice, the tent of The O2 was damaged, with the fibre-glass canopy covering the roof being partially torn off by high winds of up to in London.


title: The O2

text: In December 2001, the government announced that Meridian Delta had been chosen to develop the Dome as a sports and entertainment centre. Meridian Delta, a subsidiary of Quintain and Lendlease, signed a 999-year lease for the Dome with the government and English Partnerships, a UK governmental body for national regeneration which was assigned the regeneration of the Greenwich Peninsula.


title: The O2

text: The Dome was sub-leased to Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) for 58 years. AEG would develop and operate The O2 during the length of the lease, while the government was entitled to a 15% share of profits for 25 years. The O2 was developed inside the Dome structure by AEG to a design by Populous and Buro Happold at a cost of £350 million.


title: The O2

text: In 2008, the functions of English Partnerships were transferred to the Homes & Communities Agency, and in 2009, Quintain and Lend Lease sold their interest in Meridian Delta to Trinity College, Cambridge for £24 million.


title: The O2

text: As part of the investment programme, naming rights were sold to O2, and 'The O2' became the official name of the project on 25 May 2005, and in 2017 O2's name sponsorship was extended for a further ten years. The £6 million per year deal between O2 and AEG included priority tickets and reserved VIP accommodation for O2 mobile customers. The service was also made available to premium ticket holders. O2 started talks with AEG in 2005 to have its logo and branding placed on the roof of the dome, but this did not take place.


title: The O2

text: AEG have stated that they wish to abolish the 'Dome' name due to its reputation as a failed project, being tagged as 'The White Elephant.' Since its opening, there have been signs of the press and public calling it The O2. It is currently the largest entertainment district in London. To mark its opening, AEG spent £6.5 million on a mass advertising campaign, led by VCCP, throughout Europe to promote The O2.


title: The O2

text: The development took place in the form of new buildings being built inside the dome structure. The dome structure was not changed as part of the construction with the exception of blue lights being added to the support poles and plasma displays being added to some of the large sculptures around the dome. Construction started with the arena roof, which was built on the ground and then raised, as cranes could not be used in the dome structure. The construction then moved on to the arena building itself and the entertainment avenue around the arena building. A wide pathway between North Greenwich station and The O2 was also built, as well as the Peninsula Square piazza in front of the dome for special events. A glass roof was built over part of the pathway so that people can walk from the station to The O2 without getting wet in rain. A covered path was also built between the QE2 Pier and The O2's main entrance. Buro Happold provided structural engineering for the project. The main civil engineering and construction contract for the development was awarded to Sir Robert McAlpine. Watson Steel Structures provided engineering for the 4,500 tonne arena roof. M-E Engineers were the building services engineers for the project. T. Clarke were the electrical contractors.


title: The O2

text: OR Consulting engineers set up a few interactive exhibitions within The O2. Keller Ground engineering prepared the ground for construction. Special ground preparation was necessary due to the contaminated soils from the industrial works which existed at the site before the dome. Catalytic converters were also installed within the dome to prevent toxic gases due to the dome structure being left in place. The plant cylinders, containing services equipment, and some piles used for the original dome, were reused. Financial consulting was provided by WT Partnership and EC Harris. The Waterfront partnership provided legal support for the development and continues to do so for The O2. Kerzner International helped with the development of the entertainment venues.


title: The O2

text: Anschutz planned to build a super casino as one of the attractions, which would lead to further development of the area. The casino was to be developed and operated by Kerzner International. The association of the British Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott, with Philip Anschutz, head of the entertainment group, gave rise to political controversy, with allegations that Prescott may have used undue influence to support Anschutz's casino licence bid. Prescott had met Anschutz on several occasions and stayed in his ranch for a few days. In August 2006, it was reported that construction of the shell of The O2's casino site had already started. In January 2007 the single trial licence for a British super casino was granted to Manchester. Consequently, AEG announced that the casino would not be built in the near future, and that there would not be enough investment for a high-rise hotel, designed by Richard Rogers, as well as a theatre, a cable car from Canary Wharf and an extended development that was planned adjacent to the dome.


title: The O2

text: In late 2018, AEG, in association with property firm Crosstree Real Estate Partners, opened a premium retail outlet at the O2, called the Icon Outlet. The centre, which 'completes the loop' at the venue, is set over 210,000 sq.feet and takes up a section of the O2 that was previously intended to house a supercasino.


title: The O2

text: The new shopping centre opened its doors in October 2018 with thirty stores, however, that number has since increased to over 60. Brands at the Icon Outlet include Ted Baker, GANTT, Asics, Adidas, Nike, Hackett, Aspinall of London, Procook and Jack Wills. The venue also includes a cafe (Cloud Nine), a store that organises sample sales (Showcase.co.)


title: The O2

text: In late 2007 marine engineering consultancy Beckett Rankine was appointed to investigate the possibility of a cruise ship terminal being built.


title: The O2

text: In 2012 it was reported that the O2 would be sold by its owners AEG, as part of the disposal of the entire company's assets, rumoured to be valued around $7 billion.


title: The O2

text: The venue, rebranded The O2, was reopened to the public on 24 June 2007 with a concert by Bon Jovi in the arena. The O2 celebrated its first year with a book, including a double page picture of Elton John from his September 2007 "Red Piano" show.


title: The O2

text: Prior to this reopening, other events took place, including a soft opening for residents of the area to explore the entertainment district and an opening for staff called "The O2 Premiere" which featured Peter Kay, Tom Jones, Kaiser Chiefs and Basement Jaxx. An event called "Out of the Blue" featuring circus acts also took place on the day of the public opening, as part of the Greenwich Festival.


title: The O2

text: Various buildings are housed within the dome structure including an arena, known as The O2 Arena, smaller venue indigo at The O2, Hollywood Bowl, Cineworld, Sky Studios and an Entertainment Avenue consisting of various restaurants and bars. A new shopping outlet opened in 2018. Backstage there is also a VIP club lounge, operations rooms, a media centre with high definition facilities and a number of dressing rooms, as well as a VIP entrance/exit for performers.


title: The O2

text: All the venues in the complex use the latest lighting, sound and security technology, including RFID smart card tagging of staff and VIP guests, and digitally managed sound. There are four computer server rooms to provide this technology.


title: The O2

text: The complex is also covered by CCTV and security personnel. Arena visitors and their bags are screened with X-ray machines and metal detectors at the main entrance.


title: The O2

text: The O2 Arena (referred to as the North Greenwich Arena for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics) is a 20,000 capacity venue, primarily used for live music. It is located at the centre of The O2 and is the first American-style, multi-purpose arena in London. It is the second largest arena in the UK after the Manchester Arena, but is the busiest music venue in the world.


title: The O2

text: The arena and its facilities are housed in an independent building within the dome structure. The arena has hosted multiple kinds of music and sporting events and in 2008 exceeded ticket sales for both Madison Square Garden and the Manchester Arena.


title: The O2

text: "indigo at The O2" is a 2,750 capacity live music club for smaller music events, club events, after shows, corporate and private events. It contains four bars: two on the main ground floor area in front of the stage, one in the VIP lounge called the Purple Lounge and one in the stalls, called Bleachers. The Purple Lounge is not in direct view of the stage, but guests have access to "Kings Row", the best seats in the venue. indigo at The O2 is managed by Ansco Music Club limited (the business name of the indigo part of AEG Live).


title: The O2

text: The venue hosted "An Audience with Bill Clinton" in 2007. Comedians such as Andy Parsons and Roy Chubby Brown have performed at indigo. Classic FM hosted several shows throughout 2008. The venue hosted the 'bootcamp' sessions for the reality TV show, "The X Factor" during the 2008, Series 5 season, and in 2010 was used for the debut of the snooker format, Power Snooker. In 2012 it was the venue for a performance by South Korean pop rock band CN Blue. The indigo also hosted the 2020 BDO World Darts Championship.


title: The O2

text: The O2 Bubble was a two-storey bubble-shaped exhibition space built to museum standards, which opened in November 2007. It was made from ETFE, the same material used for the Eden Project, and the bubble itself was reportedly based on the Eden Project. Tutankhamen and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs was the first exhibition in the Bubble and after that was Body Worlds. In October 2009 it was Michael Jackson: The Official Exhibition, a collection of Jackson's personal items from his estate and Neverland Ranch, costumes and props from his tours and videos.


title: The O2

text: In 2009, the third floor of the bubble became an exhibition called the British Music Experience, a sixty-year retrospective of British popular music. The space, no longer named The O2 Bubble, has hosted various exhibitions including Star Wars Identities, My Name is Prince, Elvis on Tour, and DC Exhibition: Dawn of Super Heroes, and currently hosts ABBA: Super Troupers The Exhibition.


title: The O2

text: The Entertainment Avenue is a wide pedestrian avenue within The O2, with artificial palm trees and other decorations, built around the circular arena building which takes up the centre of the dome structure. The entertainment avenue has buildings on either side, which are leased to tenants who run bars and restaurants, and resembles a shopping centre.


title: The O2

text: The buildings on the Entertainment Avenue include a music club known as indigo at The O2, an exhibition space, a cinema managed by Cineworld and 26 bars and restaurants. The cinema includes 11 screens over 2 levels including one 770 capacity auditorium (Sky Super Screen) which is the third largest screen, by screen-size, in London, and the sixth largest screen in the UK. It uses the vista ticketing system, where tickets can be purchased from any stall selling refreshments. Cineworld began operating the cinema, taking over from Vue in 2010.


title: The O2

text: Fast food outlets have been banned from the development as the theme is 'aspirational but accessible', trying to avoid it being seen as a shopping centre but more like Covent Garden.


title: The O2

text: Announced in 2011, Up at The O2 officially opened on 21 June 2012. It involves an expedition across the roof of The O2 along a 190m long tensile fabric walkway. Halfway, a central platform provides 360-degree views of the city, before a descent down to the base of the venue on the other side. From the platform, visitors can see the Olympic Park, Thames Barrier, Historic Royal Greenwich and Canary Wharf.


title: The O2

text: In the summer of 2019, a new Mamma Mia! themed attraction opened at the O2. MAMMA MIA! THE PARTY was based on a popular Swedish show of the same name, which had enjoyed a successful run at the Tyrol Restaurant in Stockholm.


title: The O2

text: Taking its cue from the mega successful movie and theatre production Mamma Mia!, the show relocated the action to a Greek Taverna on the island of Skopelos. The show, which includes a full three course meal, tells the story of taverna owner Nikos and his wife Kate over one night at their family owned restaurant.The show was adapted for the London stage by TV celebrity Sandi Toksvig.


title: The O2

text: The O2 also has one multi-purpose indoor events space for live music and night clubbing. Competing with other similar events spaces such as Brixton Academy, the club is called Building Six (formerly Matter & Proud2).


title: The O2

text: Special events or minor events which did not require or could not be held in the indoor venues were held in the piazzas – The London Piazza, Peninsula Square outside the main entrance of The O2, and the area around the main entrance. The London Piazza, which had featured an indoor beach, ice rink and dry ski slope, was replaced by the Icon shopping outlet.


title: The O2

text: Hollywood Bowl is a boutique bowling alley and arcade games space within The O2. It also hosts a VR Zone Portal.


title: Great circle

text: In mathematics, a great circle or orthodrome is the circular intersection of a sphere and a plane passing through the sphere's center point.


title: Great circle

text: Any arc of a great circle is a geodesic of the sphere, so that great circles in spherical geometry are the natural analog of straight lines in Euclidean space. For any pair of distinct non-antipodal points on the sphere, there is a unique great circle passing through both. (Every great circle through any point also passes through its antipodal point, so there are infinitely many great circles through two antipodal points.) The shorter of the two great-circle arcs between two distinct points on the sphere is called the "minor arc", and is the shortest surface-path between them. Its arc length is the great-circle distance between the points (the intrinsic distance on a sphere), and is proportional to the measure of the central angle formed by the two points and the center of the sphere.


title: Great circle

text: A great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn on any given sphere. Any diameter of any great circle coincides with a diameter of the sphere, and therefore every great circle is concentric with the sphere and shares the same radius. Any other circle of the sphere is called a "small circle", and is the intersection of the sphere with a plane not passing through its center. Small circles are the spherical-geometry analog of circles in Euclidean space.


title: Great circle

text: The disk bounded by a great circle is called a "great disk": it is the intersection of a ball and a plane passing through its center.


title: Great circle

text: In higher dimensions, the great circles on the "n"-sphere are the intersection of the "n"-sphere with 2-planes that pass through the origin in the Euclidean space .


title: Great circle

text: To prove that the minor arc of a great circle is the shortest path connecting two points on the surface of a sphere, one can apply calculus of variations to it.


title: Great circle

text: Consider the class of all regular paths from a point formula_1 to another point formula_2. Introduce spherical coordinates so that formula_1 coincides with the north pole. Any curve on the sphere that does not intersect either pole, except possibly at the endpoints, can be parametrized by


title: Great circle

text: provided we allow formula_5 to take on arbitrary real values. The infinitesimal arc length in these coordinates is


title: Great circle

text: Integrating both sides and considering the boundary condition, the real solution of formula_13 is zero. Thus, formula_18 and formula_19 can be any value between 0 and formula_20, indicating that the curve must lie on a meridian of the sphere. In Cartesian coordinates, this is


title: Great circle

text: Some examples of great circles on the celestial sphere include the celestial horizon, the celestial equator, and the ecliptic. Great circles are also used as rather accurate approximations of geodesics on the Earth's surface for air or sea navigation (although it is not a perfect sphere), as well as on spheroidal celestial bodies.


title: Great circle

text: The equator of the idealized earth is a great circle and any meridian and its opposite meridian form a great circle. Another great circle is the one that divides the land and water hemispheres. A great circle divides the earth into two hemispheres and if a great circle passes through a point it must pass through its antipodal point.


title: The Trooper

text: "The Trooper" is a song by the English heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was released as the second single on 20 June 1983 from the band's fourth studio album, "Piece of Mind" (1983). It was one of only a few songs to get much radio airplay in the United States, thus peaking at No. 28 on the US Mainstream Rock charts. It also achieved success in the United Kingdom, peaking at No. 12 in the UK Singles Charts as well as gaining a much better reception than the band's previous single, "Flight of Icarus".


title: The Trooper

text: Written by bassist and founding-member Steve Harris, the song is based on the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava 1854, which took place during the Crimean War, and inspired by Lord Tennyson's 1854 poem of the same name. The track has been the subject of much praise since its release, with AllMusic describing it as "an all-time genre classic that boasts guitarists Dave Murray and Adrian Smith's most memorable harmonized lead riff, plus that trademark galloping rhythm," while Mick Wall comments that it is the song "which most Maiden fans from those days still recall first when you mention the "Piece of Mind" album." Despite the popularity of the song, it was the single's B-Side, a cover of Jethro Tull's "Cross-Eyed Mary", which managed to gain a substantial amount of airplay on US radio, becoming one of the band's few tracks, along with previous single "Flight of Icarus", to do so.


title: The Trooper

text: The single's accompanying music video included clips of a cavalry battle from the 1936 film "The Charge of the Light Brigade", starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland, which the BBC refused to play unedited, deeming the footage too violent. The band's manager, Rod Smallwood, has since criticised the decision, stating, "Anyone would think we'd killed the horses ourselves instead of using an old Errol Flynn movie." In 2003, Iron Maiden released a Camp Chaos version for the song. The music video shows the never-before-seen clips of the band playing the song as well as the animated battle between Eddie and politicians Al Gore and George W. Bush to which Eddie ended the conflict in the video by killing both Bush, Gore and their team. The updated version came in 2008, this time, the two US politicians were replaced by Eddie's yellow skeleton allies and their red enemy skeletons.


title: The Trooper

text: A regular fixture in the band's concerts, vocalist Bruce Dickinson has always waved a Union Flag during live performances and, more recently, has begun wearing an authentic red coat uniform which would have been worn during the battle on which the song was based. During a performance in Dublin in 2003, Dickinson's flag-waving reportedly received a large amount of booing from the Irish audience.


title: The Trooper

text: While the band were receiving criticism from Sharon Osbourne in 2005, at the time justifying her attack on the band at the 2005 Ozzfest, she accused Iron Maiden of disrespecting American troops, then fighting alongside the British in Iraq, for waving a Union Flag in the US, although "Classic Rock" magazine supported the band by pointing out that the song's subject bore no relation to the military activity then taking place in the Middle East.


title: The Trooper

text: On 15 August 2005, a live version of the song was released from the then upcoming live album, "Death on the Road".


title: The Trooper

text: On 24 April 2016, during Iron Maiden's performance in Beijing (their first in China), Dickinson did not bring out a flag while performing "The Trooper" as part of the request from the Chinese government to allow Iron Maiden to perform in the country. The flag was also omitted for a concert in Shanghai two days later.


title: The Trooper

text: The song has appeared in several Iron Maiden tribute albums, including "A Call To Irons: A Tribute To Iron Maiden", "Numbers from the Beast", "A Tribute to the Beast" and "Maiden Heaven: A Tribute to Iron Maiden", as well as on records by tribute bands such as Maiden uniteD (on 2010's "Mind the Acoustic Pieces") and The Iron Maidens (on their 2006 ). In addition, the song has been released by Sentenced on "The Trooper" EP (1994), Rage on "End of All Days" (1996), Hellsongs on "Hymns in the Key of 666" (2008), Thumper on the "Metalliska" compilation, Highland Glory as a bonus track on "Forever Endeavour" (2005), Radio Cult on "Grooves From The Grave" (2008), Stryper on "The Covering", Iced Earth on the "tour edition" of their 2011 album, "Dystopia", and 2Cellos on their 2015 album, "Celloverse".


title: The Trooper

text: On top of this, the track has also been included in the "Guitar Hero 2", "Carmageddon 2", "" and "Rock Band" video games, is mentioned in the novel "World War Z" by Max Brooks and is used as the opening theme for the documentary series "Metal Evolution".


title: The Trooper

text: During the course of the Troubles in Northern Ireland the image of Eddie, as he appears on the sleeve of "The Trooper", became an unofficial mascot of the Ulster Freedom Fighters loyalist paramilitary group and was the main figure on a number of the group's murals. The loyalist representation frequently carried a tattered flag with the emblem of the Ulster Defence Association rather than the Union Flag as on the Iron Maiden sleeve.


title: Faye Tozer

text: Faye Louise Tozer (born 14 November 1975) is an English singer, dancer, and actress, best known as a member of British pop group Steps.


title: Faye Tozer

text: Steps are a pop group that have had a series of charted singles between 1997 and 2020. Their name is based on a gimmick: each of their music videos are choreographed, and the dance steps are included with most of their single releases. Steps have sold over 25 million records, including 15 million albums.


title: Faye Tozer

text: During Steps split Tozer returned to the pop charts once, duetting with Russell Watson. Their UK single "Someone Like You" charted at No. 10 in May 2002 and she joined him on his UK tour around the same time. In 2006, Tozer was featured as a guest vocalist for Plastic Cinema for two songs: "Take Me Under" and "Any Minute Now".


title: Faye Tozer

text: Steps reformed in May 2011 for a four-part documentary series on Sky Living titled "Steps: Reunion". The series started airing on 28 September, following an announcement of a second greatest hits album, "The Ultimate Collection", that was released on 10 October 2011. The album entered the charts at number one, becoming the band's third album to achieve this feat. The second series of "Steps: Reunion" titled "Steps: On the Road Again" aired on Sky Living in April 2012; the series followed the band as they embarked on their sellout 22-date UK tour. On 24 September 2012, the group confirmed they would release their fourth studio album "Light Up The World" on 12 November 2012, alongside a six-date Christmas tour, starting from 30 November and ending on 5 December. The group reformed for a second time on 1 January 2017 in celebration of their 20th anniversary, and later announced their fifth studio album "Tears on the Dancefloor", which was released in April 2017 and entered the charts at number 2. On 5 March 2017, the group confirmed the release of the new album, alongside its lead single, "Scared of the Dark", and a 22-date tour, Party on the Dancefloor. A deluxe edition of the album, titled "Tears on the Dancefloor: Crying at the Disco", was released on 27 October.


title: Faye Tozer

text: In November 2017, Tozer announced that the reunion was no longer just a 20th-anniversary celebration and that the group intends to continue after their 2018 Summer of Steps tour. In April 2018, Richards announced that following their summer tour, they would begin work on their sixth studio album. In February 2019, Richards announced the group would begin recording their next album during the summer months.


title: Faye Tozer

text: On 7 September 2020, via their social media accounts, Steps announced the release date of their album entitled "What the Future Holds". The album was released on 27 November of the same year, with pre-orders available from 8 September. The next day, they confirmed a new 14-date UK tour (with special guest Sophie Ellis-Bextor) starting in November 2021. The first single from the album was the Greg Kurstin-and-Sia-penned "What the Future Holds", released on 9 September 2020. It was followed by "Something in Your Eyes" on 27 October 2020. "To the Beat of My Heart" was released as the album's third single in January 2021.


title: Faye Tozer

text: The first single of "What the Future Holds Pt. 2" was confirmed as a reworked version of "Heartbreak in This City" featuring Michelle Visage.


title: Faye Tozer

text: Tozer has combined a pop career with theatre work and acting. In 2004 she made her professional musical-theatre debut in a national tour of Andrew Lloyd Webber's one-woman musical "Tell Me on a Sunday". She and Patsy Palmer alternated in the role. Tozer toured with the musical "Love Shack", which also featured former pop singers Jon Lee and Noel Sullivan, and soon after starred as "Jubilee Climax" in a production of "Saucy Jack and the Space Vixens" at The Venue Leicester Square in London's West End.


title: Faye Tozer

text: In 2006 she toured in a production of "Me and My Girl", acted in the film "Lady Godiva Back in the Saddle" and appeared in the charity fitness DVD "The Allstar Workout". In 2007, Tozer appeared in a production of "Dial M for Murder" and in October began touring with the production "Over the Rainbow – the Eva Cassidy Story" playing Eva Cassidy. At Christmas 2007, she appeared in the pantomime "Aladdin" at the Theatre Royal, Newcastle.


title: Faye Tozer

text: Over Christmas 2008, Tozer played alongside "X Factor" finalist Ray Quinn in Aladdin, at the Broadway Theatre in Peterborough. Tozer has filmed roles in the independent films "Kung Fu Flid" & "Mixed Up". In 2010, Tozer appeared in "In The Spotlight – Songs From The Musicals" which completed a UK tour, directed by Karen Edwards and choreographed by Tom Gribby. In December 2010 she starred in "Aladdin" at the Grove Theatre in her home town of Dunstable.


title: Faye Tozer

text: In 2011 Tozer starred alongside her fellow Steps group member Ian "H" Watkins in a UK premier tour of "Rhinestone Mondays". The musical was the first Country and Western to be produced with Tozer playing the part of Annie. In 2013 Tozer starred in the musical "The Tailor-Made Man" at the Arts Theatre in London's West End for a limited 8-week run. She played the part of silent movie star Marion Davies. Tozer has played the role of Miss Hedge in "Everybody's Talking About Jamie" in London's Apollo Theatre in the West End.


title: Faye Tozer

text: In 2017, Tozer was one of four contestants on season 7, episode 8 of The Celebrity Chase, progressing to the episode's Final Chase.


title: Faye Tozer

text: From September 2018, Tozer participated in the sixteenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing" where her professional dance partner was Giovanni Pernice. The couple were joint runners up in the final.


title: Faye Tozer

text: She appeared on a celebrity special of the classic game show "Catchphrase", with Sir Chris Hoy, Martine McCutcheon and hosted by Stephen Mulhern all trying to guess the familiar phrases.


title: Faye Tozer

text: In 2002, she married her longtime Danish boyfriend Jesper Irn at the Priory Church in Dunstable, Bedfordshire. They divorced after five years.


title: Faye Tozer

text: On 24 February 2009, she gave birth to her first child, named Benjamin Barrington Tozer-Smith. On 5 December 2009, Tozer married Michael Smith in a ceremony at Beamish Hall, televised on an episode of "Celebrity Four Weddings".


title: Cryptic Writings

text: Cryptic Writings is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Megadeth. Released on June 17, 1997 through Capitol Records, it was the band's last studio album to feature drummer Nick Menza. His departure would mark the end of the band's longest lasting lineup to date, having recorded four studio albums. Megadeth decided to produce the record with Dann Huff in Nashville, Tennessee, because they were not satisfied with their previous producer Max Norman. The album features twelve tracks with accessible song structures, specifically aimed for radio airplay. The lyrics were also altered, in order to make the music more inclusive for wider audience. These changes were met with mixed opinions from music critics, who noted the band moving away from their thrash metal roots.


title: Cryptic Writings

text: The album debuted at number 10 on the "Billboard" 200 and was certified platinum in 1998 by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping one million copies in the United States. The first 500,000 copies of "Cryptic Writings" in the U.S. were released with silver background album cover. A remixed and remastered version, featuring four bonus tracks, was released in 2004. Seven years after its original release, the album sold 850,000 copies in the United States and won widespread praise from rock radio programmers. The song "Trust" was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 1998 Grammy Awards and became the band's highest charting song on "Billboard"s Mainstream Rock Tracks.


title: Cryptic Writings

text: In 1992 Megadeth released "Countdown to Extinction", which contained songs with compact, accessible structures that resulted with strong sales and significant radio airplay. 1994's "Youthanasia" and 1997's "Cryptic Writings" followed a similar route, with the latter spawning four top 20 hits. Frontman Dave Mustaine, speaking about the band's commercial breakthrough, said: "I think a lot of our success now has to do with the fact that we're willing to study the marketplace and educate ourselves. Most musicians don't get the opportunity to go into the market with educated strategy. Fortunately, for us, our management educated us on how to study what's current without losing our integrity and to keep on edge while staying at the forefront of what's important right now."


title: Cryptic Writings

text: According to guitarist Marty Friedman, it took the band a year to prepare the record "from note one to mixing". A lot of the material was written during the tour and some of it afterwards. As Friedman said, the songs came together naturally because the band wasn't rushed to get a record out. The album was produced by Dann Huff, who had his producing debut with Megadeth. The band chose to work with Huff because they were not satisfied with Max Norman, the producer of their previous record. Mustaine explained why he decided to quit the collaboration with Norman: "Max came up with this bullshit formula that every song had to be 120 beats per minute to get on the radio. When people make drastic decisions to do things like that and it backfires, it usually ends up, in one way or another, costing them their jobs."


title: Cryptic Writings

text: Before the start of the recording sessions, bassist David Ellefson stated that the band doesn't want their seventh studio album to sound like anything they have already recorded. Instrumentally, the band introduced a more melodic mix than the previous albums, filled with crunchy riffs and speedy guitar solos. In addition, Mustaine re-evaluated the band's songwriting techniques, recasting some lyrics to better reflect the sales and radio airplay environment of then's rock arena. According to him, many of the song's lyrics were altered in order to make the music "a little more inclusive of people who aren't into dying and evil". Ellefson commented that this album was a natural progression in Megadeth's sound. He further stated that they were not trying to leave behind their thrash metal and heavy metal roots, but to broaden their musical horizons.


title: Cryptic Writings

text: The symbol depicted on the cover is a veve, a voodoo sign. According to Ellefson, the original concept for the album's cover was very different, however, it was changed at the last minute. According to Menza, "The original album title was going to be "Needles and Pins". The cover was supposed to be a girl holding a Kewpie with a bunch of pins in it... she's stabbing the doll with a syringe in the chest. That didn't fly." The title derives from the song "Needles and Pins" by The Searchers, used as incidental music in "Use the Man". Aside from being a lyric, Ellefson stated that there was not really any correlation between the title and the music on the album. The first 500,000 copies of "Cryptic Writings" in the United States were released with an album cover featuring a silver background. These releases also included a Vic Rattlehead collectible card which promoted "The Cryptic Writings Of Megadeth", an issue run by Chaos Comics. Later US pressings features the same artwork with a black background instead. The black background album cover is also featured in the remasters.


title: Cryptic Writings

text: The album sold 75,000 copies in its first week of release and debuted at number 10 on "Billboard" 200. Four months after its release, the record was certificated gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping half million copies in the US, of which 383,000 were sold according to Nielsen Soundscan. Two years after its original release, the album sold 850,000 copies in the United States and won widespread praise from rock radio programmers. However, "Cryptic Writings" did not enjoy particular chart success on international level. It only managed to peak at number two on the Finnish Albums Chart, where it charted for eleven weeks. Elsewhere, it didn't enter into the top 10. It eventually received a gold certification from the Canadian Music Association for shipping 50,000 copies.


title: Cryptic Writings

text: A remixed and remastered version, featuring four bonus tracks, was released in 2004 through Capitol Records as part of the group's reissued back catalogue. According to the liner notes of the remastered version of "Cryptic Writings", Dave Mustaine had to alter many lyrics at the request of their new manager, Bud Prager. The liner notes suggest that Mustaine was not a fan of the changes, but other interviews indicate the band actively sought and eventually accepted Prager's advice for the album. "I figured maybe this guy (Prager) could help me get that intangible number one record I wanted so badly", Mustaine wrote in the liner notes.