title: Patrick Brammall

text: In 2012, Brammall had a starring role in two ABC comedy series – "The Strange Calls" as Sgt Neil Lloyd, and "A Moody Christmas" as Sean Moody (for which he won the AACTA Award for Best Performance in a Television Comedy). In 2013, Brammall reprised the role of Sean Moody for the eight-part series, "The Moodys". He also wrote episode 5 of the series, and was consequently nominated for an Australian Writers' Guild award for Best Narrative Comedy.


title: Patrick Brammall

text: In 2013 he acted in "The Elegant Gentleman's Guide to Knife Fighting", a sketch comedy show for the ABC, before going on to play Rupert Murdoch in the Nine Network miniseries, "", which went to air in September 2013.


title: Patrick Brammall

text: Brammall also has a starring role in the ABC comedy series "Upper Middle Bogan" as Danny Bright, which premiered in August 2013. The second season premiered in October 2014.


title: Patrick Brammall

text: In 2014, Brammall joined the main cast of the Network Ten series "Offspring", playing the role of midwife Leo Taylor. He also has a co-starring role in the Josh Lawson written and directed comedy feature, "The Little Death".


title: Patrick Brammall

text: Brammall first met his former wife Samantha Nield on the set of TV series "The Alice", where she was a member of the crew. The couple married in 2013, but are now divorced. In August 2017, Brammall was reported to be dating actress Harriet Dyer. In March 2021, Brammall and Dyer married five days after they became engaged. The couple adopted their first child, a daughter, in 2021.


title: Putlibai Gandhi

text: Putlibai Karamchand Gandhi (1844 — 12 June 1891) was the mother of Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi and the youngest wife of the former Rajkot Dewan Karamchand Gandhi. She was a devout practitioner of Hinduism by whom Mahatma Gandhi was schooled about his religion. She came from a village called Dantrana of the then-Junagadh State. She was twenty-two years younger than Karamchand who she had married after his first two wives had died early and the third was rendered childless. Mohandas was her youngest son, who she affectionately called Monia. Mahatma Gandhi wrote extensively about his mother and her conditions to him leaving for England to pursue Barrister in his autobiography "The Story of My Experiments with Truth".


title: DPDgroup

text: DPDgroup (legally GeoPost SA) is an international parcel delivery service for sorter compatible parcels based in Issy les Moulineaux, France. Until 2015 DPD stood for Dynamic Parcel Distribution. Its brands are DPD, Colissimo, Chronopost, Seur and BRT. The company is based in France and operates mainly in the express road-based market.


title: DPDgroup

text: DPDgroup services are available in Europe, Asia, South Africa, India, Brazil and several other countries in the world, either directly or through partnerships.


title: DPDgroup

text: DPDgroup is owned by La Poste, the international delivery network operated by the French state-owned postal service.


title: DPDgroup

text: In the 1980s, Le Groupe La Poste originated its express transport activities with the creation of Chronopost in 1985.


title: DPDgroup

text: In 1999, Le Groupe La Poste created GeoPost to consolidate its express transport and parcel delivery businesses. In the 2000s, GeoPost carried out a series of acquisitions concerning transport operators in various European markets.


title: DPDgroup

text: GeoPost bought the UK-based Parceline and Ireland's Interlink parcel service in November 2000, for around $277 million. In 2008 it was rebranded as Dynamic Parcel Distribution.


title: DPDgroup

text: In 2001, GeoPost became the main shareholder of DPD, a company created in 1977 in Aschaffenburg, West Germany (Deutscher Paketdienst until January 2008, then Dynamic Parcel Distribution). In the same year, GeoPost acquired the British company Parceline which was rebranded DPD in March 2008.


title: DPDgroup

text: On this occasion, Exapaq became DPD France and the logo of Chronopost was modified to show it was part of DPDgroup.


title: DPDgroup

text: In 2016, DPDgroup increased its equity investments within the DPD network - including taking 100% control of DPD in Germany - and acquired a 60% stake in JadLog (a Brazilian company).


title: DPDgroup

text: In 2017, DPDgroup increased its stake in the Seur network to 87%, completed the acquisition of Stuart (a French company) and took a 37.5% stake in BRT (an Italian company).


title: DPDgroup

text: In 2018, the stake in the SEUR network was increased to 94% and DPDgroup acquired a minority stake in Ninja Van, a specialist in the last mile in South-East Asia.


title: DPDgroup

text: In 2019, DPDgroup became the major shareholder in BRT by increasing its share in the capital to 85%, acquired a majority stake in Lenton, the Asian-based cross-border service provider and entered into an agreement with the logistics company in the Czech Republic and Slovakia Geis Parcel.


title: DPDgroup

text: DPDgroup operates in the light-weight parcel delivery market (less than 31.5 kg), which is typically referred to as the “CEP” market (courier, express and parcel).


title: DPDgroup

text: The CEP market differs from courier services (that do not require a sorting centre) and from freight (that requires several people or equipment to handle the parcels).


title: DPDgroup

text: DPDgroup operates in the different sub-segments of the CEP market, which are defined according to the following criteria:


title: DPDgroup

text: The company also operates through stakes in companies (especially Speedy in Bulgaria) or commercial partnerships in other European countries (especially with Nova Poshta in Ukraine and with PostNord in the Nordic countries).


title: DPDgroup

text: Since the beginning of 2022, the company has been chaired by Chairman-CEO Yves Delmas, who is also Executive Vice-president of Le Groupe La Poste.


title: DPDgroup

text: In 2012, DPDgroup committed itself to carbon-neutral deliveries. emissions are gradually being reduced and offset, through support for renewable energy projects in India and Brazil. In 2019, DPDgroup reduced its emissions generated by road transport by 14% per parcel compared to 2013.


title: DPDgroup

text: Offset of the remaining transport emissions is done by purchasing carbon credits. DPDgroup's investment represents more than 1% of the global voluntary carbon offset market in 2019.


title: DPDgroup

text: For inner-city deliveries, DPDgroup has implemented smart urban delivery initiatives. Since October 2019, Chronopost France has been operating 100% green deliveries in Paris, thanks to low-emission vehicles and urban depots. In autumn 2018, DPD UK's first urban depot opened in London and now 700 electric vehicles are deployed in the United Kingdom, to form the largest UK green livery. The company's green fleet and urban depots are in line with London's Ultra Low Emission Zone standards. Deliveries by alternative vehicles are also operated in Dublin, Hamburg, Madrid, Tallinn and Warsaw.


title: DPDgroup

text: In February 2018, DPD faced widespread criticism in the UK due to the treatment of Don Lane, one of its couriers. Lane had previously been fined £150 by DPD UK for attending a medical appointment to treat his diabetes and ultimately collapsed and died of the condition. According to Lane's widow, he had missed appointments with specialists because he felt under pressure to cover his route. Frank Field MP, Chairman of the House of Commons' Work and Pensions Select Committee, said "DPD have been told time and again that their punitive regime is totally unjust, particularly as their workers are labelled ‘self-employed’. Such mistreatment of workers smacks of sweated labour from the Victorian era." In March 2018, DPD UK announced that they would be offering all of their UK workers the opportunity to be classed as employees, and that they would abolish the fines for missing work. Plans were announced in March 2018 to create a DPD Driver Code later in the year, and to introduce a "self-employed worker" contract, which will offer drivers an alternative to working as a direct employee of DPD UK or working with the company on a self-employed basis.


title: DPDgroup

text: In November 2019, DPDgroup launched a Group-wide air quality monitoring programme measuring air quality with sensors on vans and Pickup points. Data are provided for free to cities & citizens.


title: DPDgroup

text: In October 2020, DPDgroup announced its commitment to deliver 225 of the largest European cities with zero- and low-emission delivery means.


title: Baba Azmi

text: Sayyid Baba Azmi is an Indian film cinematographer and member of the Akhtar-Azmi film family. He is son of the poet and lyricist Kaifi Azmi and brother of Shabana Azmi. He is known for his work in films such as Arjun, Beta, "Dil", "Tezaab", "Mr. India", "Akele Hum Akele Tum" and "Pukar".


title: Baba Azmi

text: He started his career in mid 1970s, assisting Ishan Arya his first cousin, in Telugu films, starting as light boy. He worked with Arya for a few Telugu films, before he got an independent break. In 2020, he made his directorial debut with the film "Mee Raqsam" starring Naseeruddin Shah. It was released on 21 August 2020 on Zee5.


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: The Dark Tower is a fantasy novel by American writer Stephen King. It is the seventh and final book in his "Dark Tower" series. It was published by Grant on September 21, 2004 (King's birthday), and illustrated by Michael Whelan. It has four subtitles: REPRODUCTION, REVELATION, REDEMPTION, and RESUMPTION – all but the second of these having been used as subtitles for previous novels in the series.


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: Beginning where book six left off, Jake Chambers and Father Callahan battle the evil infestation within the Dixie Pig, a vampire lounge in New York City featuring roast human flesh and doors to other worlds. After fighting off and destroying numerous "Low-Men" and Type One Vampires, Callahan sacrifices himself to let Jake survive.


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: In the other world—Fedic—Mia, her body now physically separated from Susannah Dean, gives birth to Mordred Deschain, the biological son of Roland Deschain and Susannah. The Crimson King is also a "co-father" of this prophetic child, so it is not surprising when "baby" Mordred's first act is to shapeshift into a spider-creature and feast on his birth-mother. Susannah shoots but fails to kill Mordred, eliminates other agents of the Crimson King, and escapes to meet up with Jake at the cross-dimensional door beneath the Dixie Pig which connects to Fedic. Maturing at an accelerated rate, Mordred later stalks Roland and the other gunslingers throughout this adventure, shifting from human to spider as the need arises, seething with an instinctive rage toward Roland, his "white daddy."


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: In Maine, Roland and Eddie recruit John Cullum, and then make their way back to Fedic, where the ka-tet is now reunited. Walter (known in other stories as Randall Flagg) plans to slay Mordred and use the birthmark on Mordred's heel to gain access to the Tower, but he is easily slain by the infant when Mordred sees through his lies.


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: Roland and his ka-tet travel to Thunderclap, then to the nearby Devar-Toi, to help a group of psychics known as Breakers who are allowing their telepathic abilities to be used to break away at the beams that support the Tower. Ted Brautigan and Dinky Earnshaw assist the gunslingers with information and weapons, and reunite Roland with his old friend Sheemie Ruiz from Mejis. The Gunslingers free the Breakers from their captors, but Eddie is wounded after the battle and dies a short while later. Roland and Jake pause to mourn and then jump to Maine of 1999 along with Oy, in order to save the life of Stephen King (whom he writes to be a secondary character in the book); the ka-tet have come to believe that the success of their quest depends on King surviving to write about it through his books.


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: They discover King about to be hit by a van. Jake pushes King out of the way but Jake is killed in the process. Roland, heartbroken with the loss of his adoptive son, buries Jake and returns with Oy to Susannah in Fedic, via the Dixie Pig. They are chased through the depths of Castle Discordia by an otherworldly monster, then depart and travel for weeks across freezing badlands toward the Tower.


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: Along the way they find Patrick Danville, a young man imprisoned by someone who calls himself Joe Collins but is really a psychic vampire named Dandelo. Dandelo feeds off the emotions of his victims, and starts to feed off of Roland and Susannah by telling them jokes. Roland and Susannah are alerted to the danger by Stephen King, who drops clues directly into the book, enabling them to defeat the vampire. They discover Patrick in the basement, and find that Dandelo had removed his tongue. Patrick is freed and soon his special talent becomes evident: his drawings and paintings become reality. As their travels bring them nearer to the Dark Tower, Susannah comes to the conclusion that Roland needs to complete his journey without her. Susannah asks Patrick to draw a door she has seen in her dreams to lead her out of this world. He does so and once it appears, Susannah had a bittersweet goodbye with Roland and crosses over to another world.


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: Mordred finally reaches and attacks Roland. Oy viciously defends his dinh, providing Roland the extra seconds needed to exterminate the were-spider. Oy is impaled on a tree branch and dies. Roland continues on to his ultimate goal and reaches the Tower, only to find it occupied by the Crimson King. They remain in a stalemate for a few hours, until Roland has Patrick draw a picture of the Crimson King and then erase it, thus wiping him out of existence except for his eyes. Roland gains entry into the Tower while Patrick turns back home. The last scene is that of Roland crying out the names of his loved ones and fallen comrades as he had vowed to do. The door of the Dark Tower closes shut as Patrick watches from a distance.


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: The story then shifts to Susannah coming through the magic door to an alternate 1980s New York, where Gary Hart is president. Susannah throws away Roland's gun (which does not function on this side of the door), rejecting the life of a gunslinger, and starts a new life with alternate versions of Eddie and Jake, who in this world are brothers with the surname Toren. They have only very vague memories of their previous journey with Susannah, whose own memories of Mid-World are already beginning to fade. It is implied that an alternate version of Oy, the billy-bumbler, will also join them.


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: In a final "Coda" section, King urges the reader to close the book at this point, consider the story finished with a happy ending, and not venture inside the Tower with Roland. For those who do not heed the warning, the story resumes with Roland stepping into the Dark Tower. He realizes that the Tower is not really made of stone, but a kind of flesh: it is Gan's physical body. As he climbs the steps, Roland encounters various rooms containing siguls or signs of his past life. When he reaches the top of the Tower, he finds a door marked with his own name and opens it. Roland instantly realizes, to his horror, that he has reached the Tower countless times before, and is trapped in Ka's wheel as punishment for his ruthlessness and killing. He is forced through the door by the hands of Gan and transported back in time to the Mohaine desert, back to where he was at the beginning of "", with no memories of what has just occurred. The only difference is that, this time, Roland possesses the Horn of Eld, which in the previous incarnation he had left lying on the ground after the . Roland hears the voice of Gan, whispering that, if he reaches the Tower again, perhaps this time the result will be different; there may yet be rest and redemption, if he stands true. The series ends where it began in the first line of book one: "The man in black fled across the desert, and the gunslinger followed."


title: The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower

text: On May 18, 2016, Stephen King tweeted a photo of the Horn of Eld with the caption 'Last Time Around', referring to the end of the final book and revealing that the upcoming 2017 film is a sequel to the book series rather than a direct adaptation. In the beginning of the film, Roland has the Horn of Eld, which he received at the end of "The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower".


title: Bodak Yellow

text: "Bodak Yellow" (alternatively titled "Bodak Yellow (Money Moves)") is the major-label debut single by American rapper Cardi B. It was written by Cardi B, Jordan Thorpe, Klenord Raphael, and produced by J. White Did It and Laquan Green. It was released on June 16, 2017, by Atlantic Records as the lead single from her debut studio album "Invasion of Privacy" (2018). The hip hop song was influenced by and interpolates the flow of American rapper Kodak Black's song "No Flockin".


title: Bodak Yellow

text: Selected by "The Washington Post" and "Pitchfork" music critics as the best song of 2017, it was cited by many publications as one of the songs that defined the 2010s decade. The single topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks, making Cardi B the second female rapper to reach number one with a solo song, following Lauryn Hill's "Doo Wop (That Thing)" in 1998. It was "Billboard"s top female rap song of the year. Cardi B became the first female rapper to have a solo single certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), when "Bodak Yellow" received the certification in 2021 for selling more than 10 million units in the country. Filmed in Dubai, its accompanying music video made her the only female rapper to have two videos on her YouTube channel with more than 1 billion views, as it joined "I Like It", and became the fastest solo female rap song to reach that mark on the platform.


title: Bodak Yellow

text: "Bodak Yellow" received nominations for Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song at the 60th Grammy Awards. The song won Single of the Year at the 2017 BET Hip Hop Awards, Rhythm & Bars Award at the 2017 Soul Train Music Awards, and Favorite Rap/Hip Hop Song at the 2018 American Music Awards.


title: Bodak Yellow

text: The beat for "Bodak Yellow" was created by Jermaine "J. White Did It" White, a producer from Dallas. White and Cardi B met in New York due to a shared manager and decided to work together. Cardi wrote the lyrics on a plane, listening to the beat White sent her. She stated, "every bitch that I don't like came to my head. And I pictured me, slapping it to them." White has stated he has sometimes been "intimidated" by Cardi B's focus and work ethic in the recording studio, and that "our chemistry at first was a love-hate one, because I was such a general at first, and then she became the general." The name of the song was inspired by Kodak Black, a Florida rapper, because Cardi B said the cadence of words in "Bodak Yellow" reminded her of Black's 2015 song "No Flockin." Kodak Black later released a remix of "Bodak Yellow".


title: Bodak Yellow

text: The lyrics, which reference the signature red sole of luxury shoe brand Louboutin, discuss her no longer needing to dance (she worked as a stripper), taunt her critics that she's now more powerful and making more money than they are, and that it's because of her work ethic.


title: Bodak Yellow

text: "Bodak Yellow" received widespread critical acclaim. "Complex"s writers called the song "a great, extraordinarily catchy record. The hook, the beat, her lyrics: it all works. Cardi sounds so sure of herself, it's difficult not to believe and rap along with every word. Her shit feels like early Lil' Kim, the way the fellas react to her bars. That beat drops and people go nuts." Tom Breihan of "Stereogum" wrote, "On 'Bodak Yellow,' Cardi uses [her] voice to fill up the synthy, minimal beat, using all the track's open space to project personality everywhere. It's a big, loud, brash, noisy song, and it's perfect." "USA Today" wrote, "The track’s name is a reference to the Florida rapper Kodak Black, borrowing the distinctive cadences he used on his minor hit 'No Flockin'.." "The Washington Post" editor Chris Richards said that the song did not need a hook because "every phrase she blurts has its own ticklish melody, its own whiplash rhythm." Naming it the best song of the year, "Pitchfork" stated it "emboldened many of the people—especially women of color—who were marginalized for the very things that anchor the Afro-Latina star's impenetrable pride." Dan Weiss of "Consequence of Sound" named it "the best rap debut in years." "The Ringer" considered it the best female rap song of the 2010s.


title: Bodak Yellow

text: The song's music video, directed by Picture Perfect,executive produced by James "Aggie" Barrett was released on June 24, 2017. The video features scenes with Cardi B in Dubai, riding camels through the desert. The video received nominations to the BET Hip Hop Awards and iHeartRadio Music Awards. , the video had been viewed over 1 billion times on YouTube.


title: Bodak Yellow

text: In August 2021, "Bodak Yellow" made Cardi B the first female rapper to have two videos on her YouTube channel with more than 1 billion views, joining "I Like It", and became the fastest solo female rap song to reach that mark on the platform.


title: Bodak Yellow

text: "Bodak Yellow" debuted at number 85 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart during the week of July 22, 2017. During its fifth week on the chart, it jumped to number 14, becoming Cardi B's first top 20 entry in the United States. It later reached number two, behind American pop singer Taylor Swift's song "Look What You Made Me Do", in the issue dated September 23, 2017, before climbing to the top of the chart two weeks later. "Bodak Yellow" topped the Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks, making it the second solo hip-hop number-one single by a female artist in the chart's history, following American rapper Lauryn Hill's "Doo Wop (That Thing)" in 1998. Spending a third week on top, it became the first song by a female rapper to spend multiple weeks atop the chart. Also the longest number one for a solo single by a female rapper at the time, the record has since been surpassed by Lizzo's "Truth Hurts" with seven weeks in 2019. In its 26th week on chart, the song re-entered the top ten, joining her other singles "MotorSport" and "No Limit", making Cardi B join the Beatles and Ashanti as the third act to place her first three chart entries in the top ten simultaneously.


title: Bodak Yellow

text: In September 2019, it was certified nonuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), becoming the highest-certified single by a female rapper. In March 2021, it was certified Diamond by the RIAA, making Cardi B the first female rapper to achieve this.


title: Bodak Yellow

text: Cardi B debuted the song live on June 15, 2017, at the Anti-Prom cruise hosted by NYC-based skate crew Brujas and designer label Gypsy Sport. On June 25, 2017, Cardi B performed the song at the 2017 BET Awards afterparty show. On July 18, she performed "Bodak Yellow" on "The Wendy Williams Show". On August 7, she performed the song at OVO Fest, an annual music festival in Toronto hosted by Canadian rapper Drake. Cardi B performed "Bodak Yellow" during the pre-show for the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards on August 27, 2017.


title: Bodak Yellow

text: Cardi B went on to perform the song at the twelfth annual BET Hip Hop Awards. She opened the 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards with a medley of "Bartier Cardi", "Bodak Yellow", "No Limit", "MotorSport" and "Finesse (Remix)". On April 7, 2018, Cardi B performed the song in a medley with "Bartier Cardi" on "Saturday Night Live".


title: Bodak Yellow

text: A remix of "Bodak Yellow", the "Latin Trap Remix", was officially released on August 18, 2017. The song features Cardi B rapping in Spanish and includes vocals from Dominican hip hop recording artist Messiah, who contributes a guest verse. A second official remix was released on September 18, 2017, featuring vocals by Florida-based rapper Kodak Black. Jamaican dancehall artist Spice also released a remix of the song, "Bodak Bitch". On the Fox series "", Zhavia has covered and remixed the song. Bruno Mars performed a drum version of the song during several shows of his 24K Magic World Tour. Janet Jackson also performed a dance routine to a mashup of "Bodak Yellow" on tour.


title: Bodak Yellow

text: With Cardi B alluding to Louboutin's red bottomed shoes in the lyrics, the song generated a 217% spike in search traffic for Christian Louboutin shoes, and an estimated $4.5 million media value, according to Business of Fashion. "Billboard" staff acknowledged that the song made Cardi B "a hip-hop household name", further adding, "as men dominated the charts and the airwaves in 2017, Cardi B didn't just break through—she made history", referring to her becoming the second female rapper to top the Hot 100 unassisted." Another article from the magazine in 2019 stated "she left an indelible mark on the summer of 2017" as "sonically, and lyrically, no mainstream song had the same flare as 'Bodak Yellow'" during the season. In 2019, "Pitchfork" staff noticed that her "genuinely ground-up and people-driven" success showed that it "was possible—or inevitable, and a precursor for more success to come." In "El Paso Times", Dave Acosta opined that with the song's success Cardi B gave "a new voice" to Hispanics and women, further adding, "at a time when Hispanics of all nationalities are being targeted by various government and political entities and the war rages for women's equality in health care and employment, Cardi's opening line, "You can't (expletive) with me, if you wanted to", give us an anthem and a voice—one with a heavy accent." In 2020, NPR Music stated that the "renaissance" of the dynamism of women in rap grew "in enthusiasm and breadth" since Cardi's "first historic run" in 2017.


title: Sara Malakul Lane

text: Sara Malakul Lane () is a Thai American actress and former supermodel. She has appeared in numerous Thai and Hollywood films. She most notably featured in the "Kickboxer" action film franchise across several films as the female lead.


title: Sara Malakul Lane

text: Malakul Lane was born in Guam to a Scottish father, Alastair Lane, and a Thai mother, Thapthim Malakul na Ayudhaya. Through her mother, she is a member of the Chakri dynasty, the current reigning dynasty of Thailand. Her mother's father, Mom Luang , was a diplomat, including ambassador of Thailand to Myanmar and the United Kingdom; Pikthip Malakul's grandfather was one of many children of Rama II of Siam. The family name Malakul was bestowed by King Vajiravudh on 30 May 1913, following the royal act which prescribed the use of surnames. She grew up between the United Kingdom and Bangkok, where she studied at NIST International School. She currently resides in Singapore.


title: Sara Malakul Lane

text: Malakul Lane, a method actress, started her acting career at the age of 15, transitioning from modeling after she won a role in her first TV series. She acted in Thai soap operas before moving to America.


title: Sara Malakul Lane

text: Her first role in a Hollywood film was playing Steven Seagal's daughter in the 2003 film "Belly of the Beast". She then starred in "Sharktopus" with Eric Roberts in 2010 and alongside Roberts and Peter Stormare in "The Wayshower" in 2011.


title: Sara Malakul Lane

text: In 2016, she played a Bangkok detective who becomes the love interest of the lead character in "", which was released in September 2016. She reprised the role in the sequel, "", released in 2018.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: War and Remembrance is an American miniseries based on the 1978 novel of the same name written by Herman Wouk. The miniseries, which aired from November 13, 1988, to May 14, 1989, covers the period of World War II from the American entry into World War II immediately after Pearl Harbor in December 1941 to the day after the bombing of the Japanese city of Hiroshima. It is the sequel to the 1983 miniseries "The Winds of War," which was also based on one of Wouk's novels.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: The television mini-series continues the story of the extended Henry family and the Jastrow family starting on December 15, 1941 and ending on August 7, 1945 and their life experiences during World War II.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: "War and Remembrance" had a multi-year production timeline. It was, at the time, the most expensive single project in the history of filmed entertainment and the most expensive single-story undertaking in United States television history. Costing $104 million ($253 million in 2021 dollars), it took over ABC's broadcast schedule for two one-week periods in 1988 and 1989, totaling 30 prime-time hours.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: Up to that point, television had been dominated by the Big Three broadcasting networks in the United States, ABC, NBC and CBS. Shortly afterwards, cable television began the fragmentation of the United States broadcasting audience in earnest, leaving "War and Remembrance" the last of the giant miniseries. Miniseries had been major events on American television and ABC had produced some of the most seminal, under its "ABC Novels for Television" banner, including "QB VII", "Rich Man, Poor Man", "Roots", "", and "Masada"".


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: Because Herman Wouk was happy with Dan Curtis's 1983 ABC Novel for Television adaptation of "The Winds of War", Wouk allowed Curtis to adapt the sequel novel as well. Curtis turned the project down at first, however. He feared it would be impossible to accomplish, even with virtually unlimited resources. Curtis worried that the massive naval battles could not be recreated, because so few WWII-era ships and planes still existed. More importantly, Curtis, who was Jewish, wondered how to do justice to the reality of the Holocaust, saying "to put on film the true horror was impossible. Once one false note sneaks in, you're gone. And, in my own eyes, I felt failing would be an absolute crime." Curtis credited his wife Norma with convincing him to take on the mammoth job, recounting that she told him "You'll kill yourself if someone else finishes this story."


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: Paramount Television had produced "The Winds of War" at a cost of $40 million, $32 million of which was covered by ABC's licensing fee. However, Paramount decided not to produce the sequel and sold the rights to ABC, which produced the massive miniseries itself. ABC first planned a $65 million, 20-hour series, but when they went to Curtis, he said he wanted to make a $100 million, 30-hour series, which they eventually greenlit. There were also strict contractual restrictions on advertising that Herman Wouk had negotiated in 1977, before either miniseries aired. He had approval over all ads and required them not to disturb the narrative or to run under 30 seconds. Wouk also refused to allow any advertising for personal care products, foods, or any other ABC programming. Two major eventual sponsors were Ford Motors and Nike. In addition, Wouk required that certain Holocaust sequences run uninterrupted by commercials of any kind. ABC's standards and practices division also agreed to an unprecedented waiver allowing frontal nudity during the lengthy Holocaust sequences, running parental advisories before any episodes beginning before 8pm.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: The screenplay took two years to write. While Wouk wrote the script for "The Winds of War" alone, for "War and Remembrance" Curtis and Earl W. Wallace wrote the dramatic scenes dealing with the fictional Henry family, while Wouk wrote the scenes involving historical figures. The series was nearly called off in 1985, just as it was nearing the completion of $16 million in preproduction, when ABC was bought by Capital Cities Communications, which instituted a thrifty executive direction.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: Although most of the enormous cast of "The Winds of War" returned to their roles in "War and Remembrance", including Robert Mitchum, Victoria Tennant, Polly Bergen and Jeremy Kemp, several roles were recast. John Houseman, who played Aaron Jastrow in "Winds of War", was too frail for "War and Remembrance"'s lengthy production schedule. He died of spinal cancer in 1988, the year "War and Remembrance" was broadcast. Houseman was replaced by John Gielgud. Jane Seymour was cast as Natalie Henry in place of Ali MacGraw after Seymour campaigned for the role and made a screen test. Dan Curtis was struck by her performance and immediately cast her in the vital role.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: Jan-Michael Vincent, who played Byron Henry in "The Winds of War", was busy as the action lead in the American television series "Airwolf". Cast and crew also hint in more recent interviews in the featurette on the "Winds of War" DVD that Vincent's drinking made him difficult on set. Vincent was replaced by Hart Bochner. Other major replacements include Sharon Stone as Janice (replacing Deborah Winters), Leslie Hope as Madeline (replacing Lisa Eilbacher), Michael Woods as Warren (replacing Ben Murphy), Robert Morley as Alistair Tudsbury (replacing Michael Logan), Barry Bostwick as Aster (replacing Joseph Hacker), and Steven Berkoff as Adolf Hitler (replacing Günter Meisner). William Woodson again serves as narrator.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: During preproduction, Dan Curtis lobbied the Polish Communist government tirelessly for permission to film on the grounds of the Auschwitz concentration camp, and after two years it was eventually granted, making "War and Remembrance" the first major commercial motion picture to be filmed there. His request was aided by the intercession of TVP, the public Polish TV network, and the support of Poland's preeminent World War II expert, who approved the script. Curtis said that he was allowed to film at Auschwitz on the condition that the script not have "one word about Polish antisemitism" during the war.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: Filming of the miniseries began with production at Auschwitz from January to May 1986. When the Chernobyl nuclear disaster happened nearby, causing legitimate fears of fallout spreading across Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, Curtis called in nuclear scientists from the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna to give the location a clean bill of health, but allowed any crew members who were still afraid to wait in Munich for the production to return. The crematoriums were rebuilt adjacent to the original site, from the original German blueprints, because they had been demolished by the Nazis at the end of the war.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: Because the miniseries was being shot out of sequence, Jane Seymour's long hair could not be cut for the scenes at Auschwitz, which were the very first she filmed. Instead, make-up artists took shears to a full scalp wig for her to wear for those scenes instead. Both Curtis and Seymour contracted pneumonia in the brutal sub-zero temperatures there and the production had to briefly shut down as a result. Several actual Auschwitz-Birkenau survivors were cast as extras for the Auschwitz-Birkenau selection sequence and former Auschwitz internee Branko Lustig, later a two-time Oscar-winning producer, served as assistant director on the series.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: Filmed from January 1986 to September 1987, the 1,492 page script (by Earl W. Wallace, Dan Curtis, and Herman Wouk) contained 2,070 scenes. There were 757 sets: 494 in Europe, including France, Italy, Austria, Yugoslavia, Switzerland, West Germany, England, and Poland, and 263 in the United States (including Hawaii) and Canada. There were 358 speaking parts in the script; 30,310 extras were employed in Europe and 11,410 in the United States. The gargantuan production was filmed in a series of seven 13-week shooting blocks, after each of which it would shut down for a month to do preliminary work for the next 13-week shoot.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: The series was shot in Yugoslavia in Zagreb and Osijek, where the old town district of Tvrđa, a Habsburg star-shaped fortress, was used as a primary location, doubling for the almost identical fortress town of Theresienstadt, in Czechoslovakia, which was converted by the Nazis to a Jewish ghetto. Filming took place in France throughout Paris, including the Paris Opera, where a scene from "The Marriage of Figaro" was staged with a 42-piece symphony orchestra and 500 extras, and Lourdes, where the production took over the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes; in West Germany in Baden-Baden and Berchtesgaden, where members of the United States Army, stationed nearby were hired as extras for some of the scenes shot at Hitler's Eagle's Nest; in Rome and Siena, Italy; Bern, Switzerland; London and Cambridge, England; and Vienna, Austria. Scenes set in Russia were filmed in Montreal in temperatures reaching 40 degrees below zero Celsius. In addition, miniatures for the sea battles were filmed in the water tank of the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios in the UK.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: In the US, the production shot extensively in and around Los Angeles. Filming also took place in Washington, D.C.; at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland; at Long Beach Naval Station in Long Beach, California aboard ; in Bremerton, Washington; at Naval Air Station Pensacola in Pensacola, Florida aboard the aircraft carrier ; in Mobile, Alabama, aboard ; and throughout Hawaii, including Pearl Harbor aboard and Waianae, where a large group of warships were assembled.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: After principal photography was completed, a wrap party for cast and crew was held on January 8, 1988 aboard the ocean liner in Long Beach, which had previously been used as a filming location for "The Winds of War.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: The scope of the production had required it to be greenlit years in advance. By 1988, network viewership had shrunk to just 68 percent of television viewers. As a result, by the time the series aired, it was never expected to earn a profit. ABC stated that they fully expected to lose at least $20 million on it. The miniseries was originally intended to run on consecutive nights in January 1989, but the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike caused ABC to move the first half, chapters I–VII, up to air in the fall of 1988. The strike raised ABC's ratings hopes, because it meant that the series would run without any other original programming opposite it on the other networks. However, when they were broadcast in November 1988, the first seven episodes no longer aired on consecutive nights, as originally planned, running instead spread out over eleven days.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: Although the miniseries won every time slot against its competition on NBC and CBS, and outperformed ABC's regular programming, it still underperformed ABC's ratings expectations, with the first chapter averaging an 18.6 Nielsen rating and a 29% viewer share. Because the ratings were lower than ABC had promised the various sponsors, the network was obligated to give additional free "make-good" advertising time to them. The low ratings were also reported to be partly responsible for ABC entertainment head Brandon Stoddard losing his job in April 1989. Dan Curtis blamed the lower-than-expected ratings partly on the confusing airdates, saying in a 2002 interview that ABC "skipped Saturdays and Mondays, the viewers lost the thread, and they didn't even put up a sign saying 'To Be Continued' at the end of the first half." In addition, because the editing schedule was so compressed, ABC allowed Curtis to turn in episodes of enormously varying length, running anywhere from two to three hours with commercials, often with odd running times like two hours and five minutes or two hours and twenty minutes. As a result, the episodes had extremely inconsistent start and end times each night they ran. NBC mocked ABC's airing strategy in a promo for their November sweeps programming, comparing their schedule of various regular series, television premieres of acquired films, the Vanna White telefilm "Goddess of Love" and a Comedy Store special against ABC's "eighteen hours of a war story that doesn't end."


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: Due to the lower than expected ratings for the first half, the second half, chapters VIII–XII (marketed by ABC as "The Final Chapter"), had several hours cut before airing. The second half was also mixed and aired in mono, instead of the stereo used on the first half. This was not a cost-cutting measure, but the result of a technical issue encountered with airing the stereo mix on the first half.


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: With the series costing $105 million to produce, Capital Cities/ABC lost an estimated $30-$40 million on the production. This began the downfall of the miniseries, where the format faced decreasing lengths and ratings into the mid-1990s as a result of increasing VCR ownership and cable television; by the 1996–1997 season, the longest-running network miniseries airing was a six-hour adaptation of "The Shining" (1996).


title: War and Remembrance (miniseries)

text: "War and Remembrance" received 15 Emmy Award nominations, including best actor (John Gielgud), actress (Jane Seymour) and supporting actress (Polly Bergen)), and won for best miniseries, special effects and single-camera production editing. It also won three Golden Globes, receiving trophies for Best Miniseries, as well as two awards for John Gielgud and Barry Bostwick, who tied for Best Supporting Actor.


title: Roshan (music director)

text: Roshan Lal Nagrath (14 July 1917 – 16 November 1967), better known by his first name Roshan, was an Indian esraj player and music director. He was the father of the actor and film director Rakesh Roshan and music director Rajesh Roshan and paternal grandfather of Hrithik Roshan.


title: Roshan (music director)

text: Roshan was born on 14 July 1917 in Gujranwala, Punjab Province (now Punjab, Pakistan), British India. He began music lessons at a young age and later attended Marris College in Lucknow, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh under the training of Pandit S N Ratanjankar (principal of the institute). Roshan became an accomplished sarod player under the guidance of Allauddin Khan, the renowned sarod player from Maihar. In 1940, Khawaja Khurshid Anwar, programme producer/music, All India Radio Delhi, hired Roshan as staff artist for esraj, the instrument he used to play. He gave up this job in 1948 to seek fame and fortune in Bombay.


title: Roshan (music director)

text: In 1948, Roshan came to Bombay to find work as a Hindi film music director and became assistant of music composer Khawaja Khurshid Anwar in film "Singaar" (1949). He somewhat struggled until he met the then famous producer-director Kidar Sharma, who gave him the job of composing for his film "Neki aur Badi" (1949). While it was a flop, Kidar Sharma gave him another chance in his next film. Roshan emerged as a player on the Hindi film music scene with "Baawre Nain" (1950) which became a big musical hit.


title: Roshan (music director)

text: In the early 1950s, Roshan worked with singers Mohammad Rafi, Mukesh and Talat Mahmood. "Malhar" (1951), "Shisham", and Anhonee (1952 film) were some of the movies that he scored during the 1950s. During this time, he also composed the Meera bhajan which became a run-away hit, "Aeiri main to prem diwani mera dard na jane koyi" sung by Lata Mangeshkar for the movie "Naubahar" (1952).


title: Roshan (music director)

text: He was not always commercially successful. He gave Indeewar and Anand Bakshi their first breaks in the Indian film industry as lyricists. Later, they became two of the most sought-after songwriters in Mumbai from the late 1960s onwards.


title: Roshan (music director)

text: Anand Bakshi was given his first break in 1956 by the music director Nisar Bazmi in his film "Bhala Aadmi" (1956). Roshan gave Bakshi the film "CID Girl" (1959), after Anand Bakshi wrote the four songs of "Bhala Aadmi" in 1956. "Bhala Aadmi" was released in 1958 after some delay. Together, Anand Bakshi and Roshan made a super hit musical film "Devar" (1966).


title: Roshan (music director)

text: The 1960s proved to be the golden age for Roshan and his music. His ability to mould folk music with Hindustani classical music became his trademark and resulted in successful movie musicals. During this time, Roshan gave hits such as "Na to karavan ki talaash hai from Barsat Ki Raat" and "Zindagi bhar nahi bhoolegi woh barsaat ki raat" ("Barsaat Ki Raat", 1960). "Barsaat Ki Raat" also was a "super hit" film of 1960s.


title: Roshan (music director)

text: "Ab kya misaal doon" and "Kabhi to milegi, kahi to milegi" (Aarti, 1962), "Jo vada kiya vo nibhana padega", "Paao chhoon lene do", "Jo baat tujhmein hai" and "Jurm-e-ulfat pe" ("Taj Mahal", 1963), "Nigahen milane ko jee chahata hai" and "Laaga chunari mein daag" ("Dil Hi To Hai", 1963), "Sansaar se bhaage phirte ho" and "Man re tu kaahe" ("Chitralekha", 1964), and "Oh re taal mile" and "Khushi khushi kar do vida" ("Anokhi Raat", 1968). He composed some melodies for the movie "Mamta" (1966) with lyrics by Majrooh Sultanpuri, "Rehte the kabhi jinke dil mein" and "Rahen Na Rahen Hum" sung by Lata Mangeshkar and her hit duet, "Chuppa Lo Yun Dil Mein Pyar Mera" with Hemant Kumar. "Devar" (1966): "Aaya hai mujhe phir yaad woh zalim, guzara zamana bachpan ka"; "Baharon ne mera chaman loot kar"; "Duniya mein aisa kahan sab ka naseeb hai".


title: Roshan (music director)

text: Roshan had been suffering from chronic heart trouble for over 20 years. He died of a heart attack in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, on 16 November 1967, age 50, leaving behind three sons and a daughter. He had a sudden heart attack while attending a social gathering.


title: Maria Pitillo

text: Maria Pitillo (born January 8, 1966) is an American retired actress. She has starred in films and on television, most notably as Audrey Timmonds in "Godzilla" (1998). She also had a recurring role on the TV series "Providence".


title: Maria Pitillo

text: Pitillo was born on January 8, 1966, in Elmira, New York, and grew up in Mahwah, New Jersey. Her parents divorced and her father moved Maria and her sisters, Lisa and Gina, to Mahwah, New Jersey. She attended Mahwah High School, where she was on the track team, before transferring to Northern Highlands Regional High School. She was prevented from attending her high school graduation ceremony after an altercation with her English teacher.


title: Maria Pitillo

text: Pitillo was living in suburban New Jersey, and working as a department store clerk when a friend invited her to audition for a TV commercial. Her first job was an advertisement for Pepto Bismol. Subsequent commercial work included an ad for Bank of Boston, York Peppermint Pattie, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Chic Jeans, among others. In the fall of 1987, Pitillo was cast as Nancy Don (Lewis) on the ABC soap opera, "Ryan's Hope", which lasted until that series ended its run in 1989.


title: Maria Pitillo

text: Pitillo later said that she did not consider acting as a serious career choice until after "Chaplin" (1992).


title: Maria Pitillo

text: Upon moving to Hollywood, Pitillo's work consisted primarily of television drama "(South of Sunset)", small parts in theatrical motion pictures, and included starring roles in several Made-For-TV movies. She earned critical praise for her roles in the following: "Middle Ages", "", as well as "Between Love and Honor". Pitillo's career breakthrough came with the 1995 FOX sitcom "Partners". Cast as Alicia Sondergard, the comedy met with critical success for herself, as well as for co-stars Jon Cryer, and Tate Donovan. "Partners" failed to gain traction with audiences, however, and was cancelled in the Spring of 1996.


title: Maria Pitillo

text: After completing "Dear God" in the summer of 1996, Pitillo was contacted by NBC President Warren Littlefield, who had taken notice of her performance in "Partners". Littlefield then signed her to a development deal with the network.


title: Maria Pitillo

text: In early 1997, while trying to acquire a stake in DreamWorks Studios, NBC tried to leverage Pitillo, as well as director James Burrows, with a project titled "Nearly Yours", which actress Parker Posey had dropped out of. DreamWorks and NBC could not come to an agreement, and the deal collapsed. The squabbling between NBC and DreamWorks left the network with a programming hole, and Pitillo without a television project for all of 1997. It wasn't until filming began on "Something To Believe In" (1997), and "Godzilla" (May 1997), that she returned to work. NBC continued to search for a suitable television project for Pitillo, and with input from Littlefield, developed the sitcom "House Rules", which aired as a mid-season replacement in March 1998.


title: Maria Pitillo

text: Pitillo starred as Audrey Timmonds in the TriStar Pictures film "Godzilla", which opened in theaters on May 20, 1998. The film and Pitillo's performance were skewered by fans and critics alike:


title: Maria Pitillo

text: "At its release, the film was much criticized by Godzilla fans the world over. Kenpachiro Satsuma, the actor who portrayed Godzilla in the second series of films (1984–1995) walked out of a Tokyo screening and told reporters that, 'It's not Godzilla, it does not have the spirit."


title: Maria Pitillo

text: "Godzilla" was nominated in several categories for Razzie awards, and Pitillo herself won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress in 1999. Pitillo is known to have commented once about her role in "Godzilla":


title: Maria Pitillo

text: "This movie isn't written for big performances from its actors," Pitillo says. "I don't expect a lot from it. It won't be like, `Oh, Maria Pitillo is a great actress.' But it's an opportunity for people to see me."


title: Maria Pitillo

text: Pitillo, Matthew Broderick, and Jean Reno were each under contract for a total of three "Godzilla" films. The first installment, having earned $379 million during its theatrical run, ensured that a sequel would be considered. Tri Star Pictures, which owned rights to the franchise, called on Centropolis to begin pre-production work on a sequel, which was tentatively titled "Godzilla 2". Ultimately, there was little enthusiasm to move forward, and the rights to the franchise were allowed to expire.


title: Maria Pitillo

text: By 2000, Pitillo had starred in the indie film "Dirk & Betty" and the comedy-drama "After Sex", and made guest appearances on several television shows. Her last film role was the made-for-TV movie "The Christmas Secret", starring Richard Thomas and Beau Bridges. It originally aired on CBS, and later broadcast on the ABC Family network as part of their 25 Days of Christmas. She had a recurring role on "Providence" (2001-2002) as Tina Calcatera, a divorced mother, and love interest of Robbie, played by Seth Peterson, a role which lasted until the series ended in 2002.


title: Maria Pitillo

text: Pitillo married David R. Fortney in 2002, and lives in Ross, California. She is of Italian and Irish descent.


title: Maria Pitillo

text: It is most often noted that Pitillo got into acting after a chance encounter with a friend, while some publicity material suggests that participating in Summer stock theater provided Pitillo the impetus to act professionally.


title: Jocasta

text: In Greek mythology, Jocasta (), also rendered Iocaste ( ) and also known as Epicaste (; ), was a daughter of Menoeceus, a descendant of the Spartoi Echion, and queen consort of Thebes. She was the wife of first Laius, then of their son Oedipus, and both mother and grandmother of Antigone, Eteocles, Polynices and Ismene. She was also sister of Creon and mother-in-law of Haimon.


title: Jocasta

text: After his abduction and rape of Chrysippus, Laius married Jocasta. Laius received an oracle from Delphi which told him that he must not have a child with his wife, or the child would kill him and marry her; in another version, recorded by Aeschylus, Laius is warned that he can only save the city if he dies childless. One night, Laius became drunk and fathered Oedipus with Jocasta.


title: Jocasta

text: Jocasta handed the newborn infant over to Laius. Jocasta or Laius pierced and pinned the infant's ankles together. Laius instructed his chief shepherd, Menoetes (not to be confused with Menoetes, the underworld spirit) a slave who had been born in the palace, to expose the infant on Mount Cithaeron and leave it to die. Laius' shepherd took pity on the infant and gave him to another shepherd in the employ of King Polybus of Corinth. Childless, Polybus and his Queen, Merope (according to Sophocles, or Periboea according to Pseudo-Apollodorus), raised the infant to adulthood.


title: Jocasta

text: Oedipus grew up in Corinth under the assumption that he was the biological son of Polybus and his wife. Hearing rumors about his parentage, he consulted the Delphic Oracle. Oedipus was informed by the Oracle that he was fated to kill his father and to marry his mother. Fearing for the safety of the only parents known to him, Oedipus fled from Corinth before he could commit these sins. During his travels, Oedipus encountered Laius on a narrow pass at Phocis. After a heated argument regarding right-of-way, Oedipus killed Laius, unknowingly fulfilling the first half of the prophecy. Oedipus continued his journey to Thebes and discovered that the city was being terrorized by the sphinx. Oedipus solved the sphinx's riddle, and the grateful city, along with the acting regent Creon, elected Oedipus as its new king. Oedipus accepted the throne and married Laius' widowed queen Jocasta, Oedipus’ actual mother, thereby fulfilling the second half of the prophecy. Jocasta bore her son's four children: two girls, Antigone and Ismene, and two boys, Eteocles and Polynices.


title: Jocasta

text: Differing versions exist concerning the latter part of Jocasta's life. In the version of Sophocles, when his city was struck by a plague, Oedipus learned that it was divine punishment for his patricide and incest. Hearing this news, Jocasta hanged herself. But in the version told by Euripides, Jocasta endured the burden of disgrace and continued to live in Thebes, only committing suicide after her sons killed one another in a fight for the crown. In both traditions, Oedipus gouges out his eyes; Sophocles has Oedipus go into exile with his daughter Antigone, but Euripides and Statius have him residing within Thebes' walls during the war between Eteocles and Polynices.


title: Jocasta

text: She is remembered in "De Mulieribus Claris", a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, composed in 136162. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature.


title: Afternoon

text: Afternoon is the time after solar noon. It is the time when the sun is descending from its peak in the sky to somewhat before its terminus at the horizon in the west. In human life, it occupies roughly the latter half of the standard work and school day. In literal terms, it refers to a time specifically after noon. The equivalent of Earth's afternoon on another planet would refer to the time the principal star of that planetary system would be in descent from its prime meridian, as seen from the planet's surface.


title: Afternoon

text: Afternoon is often defined as the period between noon and evening. If this definition is adopted, the specific range of time varies in one direction: noon is defined as the time when the sun reaching its highest point in the sky, but the boundary between afternoon and evening has no standard definition. However, before a period of transition from the 12th to 14th centuries, "noon" instead referred to 3:00 pm. Possible explanations include shifting times for prayers and midday meals, along which one concept of "noon" was defined—and so "afternoon" would have referred to a narrower timeframe.


title: Afternoon

text: The word "afternoon", which derives from "after" and "noon", has been attested from about the year 1300; Middle English contained both "afternoon" and the synonym "aftermete". The standard phrasing was "at afternoon" in the 15th and 16th centuries, but has shifted to "in the afternoon" since then. In Southern American and Midland American English, the word "evening" is sometimes used to encompass all times between noon and night. The Irish language contains four different words to mark time intervals from late afternoon to nightfall; this period is considered mystical. Metaphorically, the word "afternoon" refers to a relatively late period in the expanse of time or in one's life.


title: Afternoon

text: Afternoon is a time when the sun is descending from its daytime peak. During the afternoon, the sun moves from roughly the center of the sky to deep in the west. In late afternoon, sunlight is particularly bright and glaring, because the sun is at a low angle in the sky. The standard working time in most industrialized countries goes from the morning to the late afternoon or evening — archetypally, 9:00 am to 5:00 pm — so the latter part of this time takes place in the afternoon. Schools usually let their students out around 3:00 pm during the mid afternoon.


title: Afternoon

text: In diurnal animals, it is typical for blood levels of the hormone cortisol—which is used to increase blood sugar, aid metabolism and is also produced in response to stress—to be most stable in the afternoon after decreasing throughout the morning. However, cortisol levels are also the most reactive to environmental changes unrelated to sleep and daylight during the afternoon. As a result, this time of day is considered optimal for researchers studying stress and hormone levels. Plants generally have their highest photosynthetic levels of the day at noon and in the early afternoon, owing to the sun's high angle in the sky. The large proliferation of maize crops across Earth has caused tiny, harmless fluctuations in the normal pattern of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, since these crops photosynthesize large amounts of carbon dioxide during these times and this process sharply drops down during the late afternoon and evening.


title: Afternoon

text: In humans, body temperature is typically highest during the mid to late afternoon. However, human athletes being tested for physical vigor on exercise machines showed no statistically significant difference after lunch. Owners of factory farms are advised to use buildings with an east–west (as opposed to north–south) orientation to house their livestock, because an east–west orientation generally means thicker walls on the east and west to accommodate the sun's acute angle and intense glare during late afternoon. When these animals are too hot, they are more likely to become belligerent and unproductive.


title: Afternoon

text: The afternoon, especially the early afternoon, is associated with a dip in a variety of areas of human cognitive and productive functioning. Notably, motor vehicle accidents occur more frequently in the early afternoon, when drivers presumably have recently finished lunch. A study of motor accidents in Sweden between 1987 and 1991 found that the time around 5:00 pm had by far the most accidents: around 1,600 at 5:00 pm, compared to around 1,000 each at 4:00 pm and 6:00 pm. This trend may have been influenced by the afternoon rush hour, but the morning rush hour showed a much smaller increase. In Finland, accidents in the agriculture industry are most common in the afternoon, specifically Monday afternoons in September.


title: Afternoon

text: One psychology professor studying circadian rhythms found that his students performed somewhat worse on exams in the afternoon than in the morning, but even worse in the evening. Neither of these differences, however, was statistically significant. Four studies carried out in 1997 found that subjects who were given tests on differentiating traffic signs had longer reaction times when tested at 3:00 pm and 6:00 pm than at 9:00 am and 12:00 pm. These trends are held across all four studies and for both complex and abstract questions. However, one UK-based researcher failed to find any difference in exam performance on over 300,000 A-level exam papers sat in either the morning or afternoon.


title: Afternoon

text: Human productivity routinely decreases in the afternoon. Power plants have shown significant reductions in productivity in the afternoon compared to the morning, the largest differences occurring on Saturdays and the smallest on Mondays. One 1950s study covering two female factory workers for six months found that their productivity was 13 percent lower in the afternoon, the least productive time being their last hour at work. It was summarized that the differences came from personal breaks and unproductive activities at the workplace. Another, larger study found that afternoon declines in productivity were greater during longer work shifts.


title: Afternoon

text: It is important to note, however, that not all humans share identical circadian rhythms. One study across Italy and Spain had students fill out a questionnaire, then ranked them on a "morningness–eveningness" scale. The results were a fairly standard bell curve. Levels of alertness over the course of the day had a significant correlation with scores on the questionnaire. All categories of participants—evening types, morning types, and intermediate types—had high levels of alertness from roughly 2:00 pm to 8:00 pm, but outside this window their alertness levels corresponded to their scores.


title: Roger Reaves

text: William Roger Reaves is an American pilot who was one of the most prolific drug smugglers in history. He worked for Pablo Escobar and the Medellín Cartel. Reaves employed Barry Seal as a pilot in many of his drug-smuggling operations.


title: Roger Reaves

text: In his memoir, "Smuggler" (2016), Reaves claims that Seal paid millions in bribes to the Clintons when Bill Clinton was governor of Arkansas in order to land planes carrying cocaine at Mena, Arkansas.


title: Roger Reaves

text: Reaves served over thirty cumulative years in prison and escaped five times. He spent time in German, Australian, and American penal institutions, while supported by his wife throughout. He was shot down twice while in an aircraft and was tortured in a Mexican jail. In his own words, he is an "adventurous person".


title: The Power Broker

text: The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York is a 1974 biography of Robert Moses by Robert Caro. The book focuses on the creation and use of power in New York local and state politics, as witnessed through Moses' use of unelected positions to design and implement dozens of highways and bridges, sometimes at great cost to the communities he nominally served. It has been repeatedly named one of the best biographies of the 20th century, and has been highly influential on city planners and politicians throughout the United States. The book won a Pulitzer Prize in 1975.


title: The Power Broker

text: "The Power Broker" traces Moses' life from his childhood in Connecticut to his early years as an idealistic advocate for Progressive reform of the city's corrupt civil service system. According to Caro, Moses' failures there, and later experience working for future New York Mayor Jimmy Walker in the State Senate and Governor of New York Al Smith taught him how to acquire and wield power in order to achieve his goals.


title: The Power Broker

text: By the 1930s, Moses had earned a reputation as a creator of public parks in both the city and state, and later long-sought projects like the Triborough Bridge (later renamed Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), but at the price of his earlier integrity by circumventing and creation of sources of political power, as seen in his work in the creation and expansion of New York's public authorities. Caro ultimately portrays Moses as an appointed bureaucrat who, through his reputation for getting large construction projects done, amassed so much power over the years that the many elected officials whom he supposedly reported to instead became dependent on him. He consistently favored automobile traffic over mass transit and human and community needs. While bragging that he served in his many public jobs (save as New York City Parks Commissioner) without compensation, he lived like a king and similarly enriched those individuals in public and private life who aided him.


title: The Power Broker

text: Caro pays ample tribute to Moses for his intelligence, political shrewdness, eloquence and hands-on, if somewhat aggressive, management style, and gives full credit for his earlier achievements, but he has an ambivalent view of the man.


title: The Power Broker

text: The book is 1,336 pages long (only two-thirds of the original manuscript), and provides documentation of its assertions in most instances, which Moses and his supporters attempted to refute.


title: The Power Broker

text: As a reporter for "Newsday" in the early 1960s, Caro wrote a long series about why a proposed bridge across Long Island Sound from Rye to Oyster Bay, championed by Moses, would have been inadvisable. It would have required piers so large as to disrupt tidal flows in the sound, among other problems. Caro believed that his work had influenced even the state's powerful governor Nelson Rockefeller to reconsider the idea, until he saw the state's Assembly vote overwhelmingly to pass a preliminary measure for the bridge.


title: The Power Broker

text: "That was one of the transformational moments of my life," Caro said years later. It led him to think about Moses for the first time. "I got in the car and drove home to Long Island, and I kept thinking to myself: 'Everything you've been doing is baloney. You've been writing under the belief that power in a democracy comes from the ballot box. But here's a guy who has never been elected to anything, who has enough power to turn the entire state around, and you don't have the slightest idea how he got it.'"


title: The Power Broker

text: In 1966, his wife Ina Caro changed the topic of her graduate thesis to write about the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, while Caro was a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University taking courses in urban planning and land use. He found that academics' notions of highway planning contrasted with what he had seen as a reporter. "Here were these mathematical formulas about traffic density and population density and so on," he recalled, "and all of a sudden I said to myself: 'This is completely wrong. This isn't why highways get built. Highways get built because Robert Moses wants them built there. If you don't find out and explain to people where Robert Moses gets his power, then everything else you do is going to be dishonest.'"


title: The Power Broker

text: He found that despite Moses' illustrious career, no biography had been written, save the highly propagandistic "Builder for Democracy" in 1952. So he decided to undertake the task himself, beginning the seven-year process of hundreds of interviews meticulously documented as well as extensive original archival research, listed in the notes on sources in an appendix.


title: The Power Broker

text: Originally, Caro believed it would take nine months to research and write the book. As that time stretched into years, he ran out of money and despaired of ever finishing it. Ina, his wife and research assistant, sold the family home on Long Island and moved the Caros to an apartment in the Bronx where she had taken a teaching job, so that her husband could continue.


title: The Power Broker

text: Moses "did his best to try to keep this book from being written—as he had done, successfully, with so many previous, stillborn, biographies." After Caro had been working on the book for more than a year, Moses agreed to sit for a series of seven interviews, one lasting from 9:30 A.M. until evening, providing much material about his early life, but when Caro began asking questions ("for having interviewed others involved in the subjects in question and having examined the records—many of them secret—dealing with them, it was necessary to reconcile the sometimes striking disparity between what he told me and what they told me") the series of interviews was abruptly terminated."


title: The Power Broker

text: Caro's final manuscript ran to about 1,050,000 words. Editor Robert Gottlieb told him that the maximum possible length of a trade book was about 700,000 words, or 1,280 pages. When Caro asked about splitting the book into two volumes, Gottlieb replied that he "might get people interested in Robert Moses once. I could never get them interested in him twice." So Caro had to cut down his manuscript, which took him months.


title: The Power Broker

text: "The Power Broker" caused quite a stir when it was published, after the "One Mile" chapter ran as an excerpt in "The New Yorker". The chapter highlighted the difficulties in constructing one section of the Cross-Bronx Expressway and the way Moses ran roughshod over the interests of residents and businesses of the section of East Tremont which the road effectively destroyed. Before publication, Caro, largely unknown at the time, dared to challenge the magazine's legendary editor, William Shawn, over his changes to Caro's prose. It was common for the magazine to edit excerpts to conform to its house style. This did not make allowance for many of the author's narrative flourishes, such as single-sentence paragraphs. Caro also complained that much of his work had been compressed.


title: The Power Broker

text: The book won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography in 1974, as well as the Francis Parkman Prize awarded by the Society of American Historians to the book that best "exemplifies the union of the historian and the artist." On June 12, 1975, The New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects conferred a "Special Citation upon Robert Caro ... for reminding us once again, that ends and means are inseparable." In 1986, it was recognized by the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, and in 2001 the Modern Library selected it as one of the hundred most important books of the 20th century. In 2005, Caro was awarded the Gold Medal in Biography from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 2010, President Barack Obama, after awarding Caro a National Humanities Medal, said "I think about Robert Caro and reading "The Power Broker" back when I was 22 years old and just being mesmerized, and I'm sure it helped to shape how I think about politics." In 2010, Caro was inducted into the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. David Klatell, former interim dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, recommended the book to new students to familiarize themselves with New York City and the techniques of investigative reporting.


title: The Power Broker

text: Moses and his supporters considered the book to be overwhelmingly biased against him, and what his supporters considered to be a record of unprecedented accomplishment. Moses put out a 23-page typed statement challenging some of its assertions (he claimed he never used the anti-Italian slurs the book attributes to him about Fiorello La Guardia, for instance).


title: The Power Broker

text: In later years a more positive view of Moses' career has emerged, in explicit reaction to his portrayal in "The Power Broker". This re-evaluation has included museum exhibits and a 2007 book ("Robert Moses and the Modern City") described as having a "revisionist theme running throughout". In 2014, the author reminisced about his seven years' labor on the book in "The New York Times Sunday Book Review".


title: The Power Broker

text: The book remains highly regarded. In 2017, David W. Dunlap described "The Power Broker" as "the book that still must be read – 43 years after it was published – to understand how New York really works." In 2020, the book made frequent appearances as a status symbol on the bookshelves of U.S. journalists and politicians appearing in TV interviews from their homes during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Power Broker

text: In the book Caro claims Moses made parkway bridges low to keep buses from bringing black people to the beaches. In 1999 German professor of sociology Bernward Joerges, pointed out that buses were not allowed on the parkway anyway and "Moses did nothing different on Long Island from any parks commissioner in the country" in designing bridges too low for buses to pass under.


title: Riparian zone

text: A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream. Riparian is also the proper nomenclature for one of the terrestrial biomes of the Earth. Plant habitats and communities along the river margins and banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by hydrophilic plants. Riparian zones are important in ecology, environmental resource management, and civil engineering because of their role in soil conservation, their habitat biodiversity, and the influence they have on fauna and aquatic ecosystems, including grasslands, woodlands, wetlands, or even non-vegetative areas. In some regions, the terms riparian woodland, riparian forest, riparian buffer zone, riparian corridor, and riparian strip are used to characterize a riparian zone. The word "riparian" is derived from Latin "ripa", meaning "river bank".


title: Riparian zone

text: Riparian zones may be natural or engineered for soil stabilization or restoration. These zones are important natural biofilters, protecting aquatic environments from excessive sedimentation, polluted surface runoff, and erosion. They supply shelter and food for many aquatic animals and shade that limits stream temperature change. When riparian zones are damaged by construction, agriculture or silviculture, biological restoration can take place, usually by human intervention in erosion control and revegetation. If the area adjacent to a watercourse has standing water or saturated soil for as long as a season, it is normally termed a wetland because of its hydric soil characteristics. Because of their prominent role in supporting a diversity of species, riparian zones are often the subject of national protection in a biodiversity action plan. These are also known as a "plant or vegetation waste buffer".


title: Riparian zone

text: Research shows that riparian zones are instrumental in water quality improvement for both surface runoff and water flowing into streams through subsurface or groundwater flow. Riparian zones can play a role in lowering nitrate contamination in surface runoff, such as manure and other fertilizers from agricultural fields, that would otherwise damage ecosystems and human health. Particularly, the attenuation of nitrate or denitrification of the nitrates from fertilizer in this buffer zone is important. The use of wetland riparian zones shows a particularly high rate of removal of nitrate entering a stream and thus has a place in agricultural management. Also in terms of carbon transport from terrestrial ecosystems to aquatic ecosystems, riparian groundwater can play an important role. As such, a distinction can be made between parts of the riparian zone that connect large parts of the landscape to streams, and riparian areas with more local groundwater contributions.


title: Riparian zone

text: Riparian zones dissipate stream energy. The meandering curves of a river, combined with vegetation and root systems, slow the flow of water, which reduces soil erosion and flood damage. Sediment is trapped, reducing suspended solids to create less turbid water, replenish soils, and build stream banks. Pollutants are filtered from surface runoff, enhancing water quality via biofiltration.


title: Riparian zone

text: The riparian zones also provide wildlife habitat, increased biodiversity, and wildlife corridors, enabling aquatic and riparian organisms to move along river systems avoiding isolated communities. Riparian vegetation can also provide forage for wildlife and livestock.


title: Riparian zone

text: Riparian zones are also important for the fish that live within rivers, such as brook and charr. Impacts on riparian zones can affect fish, and restoration is not always sufficient to recover fish populations.


title: Riparian zone

text: They provide native landscape irrigation by extending seasonal or perennial flows of water. Nutrients from terrestrial vegetation (e.g. plant litter and insect drop) are transferred to aquatic food webs, and are a vital source of energy in aquatic food webs. The vegetation surrounding the stream helps to shade the water, mitigating water temperature changes. Extreme changes in water temperature can have lethal effects on fish and other organisms in the area. The vegetation also contributes wood debris to streams, which is important to maintaining geomorphology.


title: Riparian zone

text: From a social aspect, riparian zones contribute to nearby property values through amenity and views, and they improve enjoyment for footpaths and bikeways through supporting foreshoreway networks. Space is created for riparian sports such as fishing, swimming, and launching for vessels and paddle craft.


title: Riparian zone

text: The riparian zone acts as a sacrificial erosion buffer to absorb impacts of factors including climate change, increased runoff from urbanization, and increased boat wake without damaging structures located behind a setback zone.


title: Riparian zone

text: The protection of riparian zones is often a consideration in logging operations. The undisturbed soil, soil cover, and vegetation provide shade, plant litter, and woody material, and reduce the delivery of soil eroded from the harvested area. Factors such as soil types and root structures, climatic conditions, and vegetative cover determine the effectiveness of riparian buffering. Activities associated with logging, such as sediment input, introduction or removal of species, and the input of polluted water all degrade riparian zones.


title: Riparian zone

text: The assortment of riparian zone trees varies from those of wetlands and typically consists of plants that are either emergent aquatic plants, or herbs, trees and shrubs that thrive in proximity to water.


title: Riparian zone

text: In Asia there are different types of riparian vegetation, but the interactions between hydrology and ecology are similar as occurs in other geographic areas.


title: Riparian zone

text: Land clearing followed by floods can quickly erode a riverbank, taking valuable grasses and soils downstream, and later allowing the sun to bake the land dry. Riparian zones can be restored through relocation (of man-made products), rehabilitation, and time. Natural Sequence Farming techniques have been used in the Upper Hunter Valley of New South Wales, Australia, in an attempt to rapidly restore eroded farms to optimum productivity.


title: Riparian zone

text: The Natural Sequence Farming technique involves placing obstacles in the water's pathway to lessen the energy of a flood, and help the water to deposit soil and seep into the flood zone. Another technique is to quickly establish ecological succession by encouraging fast-growing plants such as "weeds" (pioneer species) to grow. These may spread along the watercourse and cause environmental degradation, but may stabilize the soil, place carbon into the ground, and protect the land from drying. The weeds will improve the streambeds so that trees and grasses can return, and later ideally replace the weeds. There are several other techniques used by government and non-government agencies to address riparian and streambed degradation, ranging from the installation of bed control structures such as log sills to the use of pin groynes or rock emplacement.


title: Trial of the century

text: Trial of the century is an idiomatic phrase used to describe certain well-known court cases, especially of the 19th, 20th and 21st century. It is often used popularly as a rhetorical device to attach importance to a trial and as such is not an objective observation but the opinion of whomever uses it. As attorney F. Lee Bailey and "The Washington Post" observed in 1999:


title: Trial of the century

text: In 1907, Harry K. Thaw was tried for the murder of Stanford White. Irvin S. Cobb, a contemporary reporter, explained why the trial fascinated the country so much:


title: Trial of the century

text: There are countless trials that have been labeled "the trial of the century" by the press; it is beyond the scope of this article to list them here. However, some legal scholars have labeled a few trials as "trials of the century". These cases are useful in this context for listing some of the most important trials, which include:


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: The 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Rolex Gran Premio del Made in Italy e dell'Emilia-Romagna 2022) was a Formula One motor race held on 24 April 2022 at the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, Italy. It was the first Grand Prix weekend of the season to utilize the Formula One sprint racing format.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: The race was won by Max Verstappen, ahead of Sergio Pérez and Lando Norris in second and third, respectively. It was Red Bull Racing's first 1–2 finish since the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix, as well as Verstappen's second career grand slam, having started in pole position after winning the sprint race from first position on Saturday, and set the fastest lap while leading every lap of the race he won on Sunday. Championship leader Charles Leclerc finished sixth, while his teammate Carlos Sainz Jr. retired on lap 1 after a collision with Daniel Ricciardo at turn 1. This was the only race in the 2022 season where a driver outside one of the top three constructors achieved a podium.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: Charles Leclerc was the Drivers' Championship leader after the previous round in Australia with 71 points, 34 ahead of George Russell in second, with Carlos Sainz Jr. in third, four points behind Russell. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari led Mercedes by 39 points and Red Bull Racing by a further 10.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: The drivers and teams were the same as the season entry list with no additional stand-in drivers for the race.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: Tyre supplier Pirelli brought the C2, C3, and C4 tyre compounds (designated hard, medium, and soft, respectively) for teams to use at the event.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: There were two practice sessions, both lasting one hour. The first practice session started at 13:30 local time () on Friday, 22 April. The second practice session started at 12:30 local time on 23 April. The first practice session ended with Charles Leclerc quickest ahead of Carlos Sainz Jr. and Max Verstappen. The session was red flagged twice due to the wet conditions causing spins at turn twelve by Lando Norris and later Valtteri Bottas. In the second practice session, George Russell set the fastest lap ahead of Sergio Pérez and Leclerc.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: Qualifying took place at 17:00 local time and was scheduled to last one hour. Unlike the season, in which the qualifying for the Formula One sprint determined the grid for Saturday and the winner of the sprint would be considered as the pole-sitter for the Grand Prix, the 2022 rules state that the driver setting the fastest time on qualifying would be considered as the pole-sitter regardless of the sprint results.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: The first qualifying session was red flagged with 12 minutes left after Alexander Albon's brakes caught fire at turn 14 due to an incorrect switch setting, spewing debris all over the track. Only ten drivers had set times before the red flag, causing the track to become congested. The drivers eliminated were Albon, his Williams teammate Nicholas Latifi, the two AlphaTauri drivers, Yuki Tsunoda and Pierre Gasly, and Esteban Ocon in the Alpine. The second part of qualifying was red flagged after Carlos Sainz Jr. spun at turn 18 and collided with the outside barrier; although his time was fast enough for him to advance to the third part of qualifying, he was not able to participate in the session due to his crash, leaving him tenth. Those eliminated were Lance Stroll, Zhou Guanyu, Mick Schumacher, and notably George Russell and Lewis Hamilton, the two Mercedes drivers, the first time since the 2012 Japanese Grand Prix that a Mercedes car did not make the final part of qualifying.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: In Q3, there were three more red flags, bringing the total in qualifying to five, a new record. First was Kevin Magnussen spinning at turn 12, one of many drivers having issues at that part of the track. The second red flag in the session was called when Valtteri Bottas's Alfa Romeo had an issue causing him to pull off the side of the track at turn 16, with only three minutes left in the session. Max Verstappen, who was on pace to set the fastest lap, had to slow down due to the yellow flags and was still able to complete the lap and beat Charles Leclerc's time by 0.7 seconds; the red flag was deployed before Leclerc was able to complete his lap. Drivers were again in a frenzy to get one more chance to improve their lap time; however, with less than a minute to go, Lando Norris spun at turn 12. This caused the session to end prematurely, leaving the drivers with no more chance to improve their lap times. Verstappen had set the fastest lap ahead Leclerc, the championship leader, who qualified in second. McLaren's Norris was third and Magnussen, driving for Haas, a team that did not qualify higher than 14th in 2021, was fourth, which was the team's best qualifying in its history. Verstappen's teammate Sergio Pérez managed seventh behind Fernando Alonso and Daniel Ricciardo, with Bottas, Sebastian Vettel, and Sainz occupying the rest of the top ten.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: The sprint started at 16:30 local time on 23 April and lasted for 21 laps. Unlike the season, in which only the first three placed drivers in the sprint received points, the 2022 rules expanded points to the first eight drivers. It continued to determine the grid for the race on Sunday.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: Max Verstappen had a bad start and Charles Leclerc took the lead, while Pierre Gasly hit Zhou Guanyu at turn 9, causing a puncture for Gasly, and Zhou's retirement, which brought out the safety car. In the first laps, Leclerc pushed hard to keep Verstappen out of DRS range but started to suffer from graining. On lap 19, Verstappen was able to pass him into turn 1 with the DRS to win the sprint, ahead of Leclerc. Sergio Pérez recovered to third, while Carlos Sainz Jr. came back to fourth. With the results, Sainz returned to second in the standings, while Verstappen rose from 6th to 5th, as both Mercedes drivers George Russell and Lewis Hamilton finished outside the points.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: The race started at 15:00 local time on 24 April and lasted 63 laps. It was won by Max Verstappen ahead of teammate Sergio Pérez in second and Lando Norris in third. On home soil, Ferrari drivers Charles Leclerc and Carlos Sainz Jr. suffered, as the former made a mistake late in the race that cost him a podium, while the latter had a DNF on lap 1.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: With rain falling in the circuit in the preceding hours and the track being wet, all cars on the grid started on intermediate tyres. Those starting on the right side of the grid, such as championship leader Charles Leclerc in second and his teammate Carlos Sainz Jr. in fourth, had a bad start due to a bitumen asphalt strip, which was added to cover the old starting line but had become more slippery when it rained. Going into turn 1, Leclerc lost positions to Sergio Pérez and Lando Norris, while Sainz was overtaken by Norris at the start and was hit by Daniel Ricciardo. The collision, which was not investigated, left Sainz struck in the gravel, while Ricciardo was able to get back on track and make a pit stop at the end of the lap. After the Sainz–Ricciardo collision, Mick Schumacher had a half-spin and dropped from 10th to 17th, as his rear-axle slid tagged the sidepod of Fernando Alonso, who had to retire on lap 8 after his bodywork failed. Russell, Sebastian Vettel, and Lance Stroll had a good start, with Russell sixth, Vettel ninth, and Stroll eleventh. The safety car brought out by the Sainz–Ricciardo collision was withdrawn on lap 4.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: With Leclerc stuck behind Norris, the two Red Bull cars of Max Verstappen and Pérez built a lead, as Verstappen turned down a suggestion from his team to put on dry tyres and he continued racing, as did the rest of the field, despite reports of the track drying. On lap 8, Leclerc overtook Norris into turn 1, but by then he had a 6.2 and 3.3 seconds deficit to Verstappen and Pérez, respectively. In the next seven laps, those gaps remained stable, as Verstappen was 5.5 seconds ahead of Pérez, with Leclerc at 1.9 seconds behind. Verstappen told his team he was ready to switch to slick tyres in case a safety car was brought out but remained on track. Ricciardo went into the pits on lap 18 to switch to dry, medium compound tyres, which led the rest of the field to follow suit over the next few laps. On lap 19, both Pèrez and Russell, the latter now running fourth after overtaking Kevin Magnussen on lap 12, pitted, which was a lap earlier than Verstappen and Leclerc, the latter of whom had a successful overcut to come in front of Pérez for second; however, due to Leclerc's colder tyres, Pérez was able to take the position back a few turns later, as Verstappen expanded his lead to 7.5 seconds.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: Leclerc remained close behind Pérez, who went over the grass at the chicane at turns 14–15 on lap 28, and Leclerc closed the gap to less than one second but was not able to make the overtake. When the DRS was activated on lap 35, after being off until then because of wet-weather conditions, despite all drivers being on dry tyres, Leclerc was over one second behind Pèrez, while Pierre Gasly was able to get into DRS zone behind Alexander Albon, as Lewis Hamilton remained stuck behind the two drivers for the rest of the race, being lapped by Verstappen on lap 40. Verstappen extended his lead on Pèrez and Leclerc. On lap 50, Leclerc went into the pits for soft compounds and came out in fourth position, behind Norris. Leclerc overtook Norris with the help of DRS by lap 51, as both Red Bull cars responded to Leclerc's undercut attempt and pitted on lap 51 (Pérez) and 52 (Verstappen), respectively. With the move, Leclerc closed the gap to Pèrez and had a seven-tenth gap on lap 53. In an attempt to push and get closer to Pérez for an overtake, Leclerc clattered the kerbs at the turns 14–15 chicane and spun to the outside wall on lap 54. He broke an endplate but avoided suspension damage, and was able to restart and get a new front wing and soft compounds at the pits. He fell back to ninth and recovered to sixth by the end of the race.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: Verstappen won ahead of Pérez, Norris, Russell, whose front-wing aerodynamic balance was not adjusted at his pit stop, and Valtteri Bottas, with Leclerc, Yuki Tsunoda, Vettel, Magnussen, and Stroll to complete the top 10. Albon, Gasly, and Hamilton finished 11th, 12th, and 13th, respectively, after Esteban Ocon received a five-second penalty and was demoted to 14th for an unsafe release in the pits, which forced Hamilton to lift off in the pit lane and drop a place, ahead of Zhou Guanyu, Nicholas Latifi, and Schumacher, who spun for a second time in the race, while Ricciardo, who was the only driver to make a second pit stop for a set of hard compounds and suffered a damaged diffusor from the collision with Sainz, finished last. Having led every lap whilst also having set the fastest lap and winning the race, Verstappen achieved his second career grand slam, while Red Bull had their first 1–2 finish since the 2016 Malaysian Grand Prix. In the Drivers' Championship, Sainz fell to fifth, while both Verstappen and Red Bull made a comeback to second place in the Drivers' and Constructor championships, respectively. Leclerc saw his leading advantage in the standings reduced from 45 to 27 points.


title: 2022 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix

text: By virtue of Bottas' fifth place finish in this event, Alfa Romeo were able to secure sixth place in the Constructor's Championship, having finished level on points at the end of the season with Aston Martin but finishing ahead on countback.


title: Yayati

text: Yayāti (), is a king in Hindu tradition. He is described to be a Chandravamsha king. He is regarded to be the progenitor of the races of the Yadavas and the Pandavas.


title: Yayati

text: He is considered in some texts to the son of King Nahusha, and his wife, Ashokasundari, daughter of Shiva and Parvati; however, early sources state that Virajas, daughter of Pitris, was the mother of Yayati. He had five brothers: Yati, Samyati, Ayati, Viyati, and Kriti. Yayāti had conquered the whole world and was the "Chakravarti" ("Universal Monarch" or "World Emperor").


title: Yayati

text: He married Devayani, the daughter of Shukra, and also took Sharmishtha, daughter of king Vrishaparvan, and the maid of Devayani, as his mistress. Upon hearing of his relationship with Sharmishtha, Devayani complained to her father, who in turn cursed Yayāti to old age in the prime of life, but later allowed him to exchange it with his son, Puru. His story finds mention in the "Mahabharata's" Adi Parva, as well as in the "Bhagavata Purana" and the Matsya Purana.


title: Yayati

text: Brahma's son was Atri, a "Brahmarshi". Atri's son was Chandra, the moon god. Chandra lent his name to the Lunar dynasty (Chandravaṃśa). Chandra's son was Budha. Budha had a son with Vaivasvaita Manu's daughter, Ila. Ila's son was Pururavas, who studied under Sage Kashyapa. Pururavas married the a"psara" Urvashi and had many sons, of whom Ayus was the eldest. Ayus completed his education from Sage Chyavana and married the "asura" princess Prabha. Ayus's son was Nahusha, who was educated by the Sage Vashistha.


title: Yayati

text: Upon Indra's loss of power, the devas asked Nahusha to be the new Indra. Nahusha ruled over the three worlds with the guidance of Sage Brihaspati for 100,000 years. Nahusha's sons, headed by Yati and Yayāti, were educated by thousands of Brahmarshis and the devas who used to wait upon their father. Nahusha eventually became arrogant, and was punished severely, as he was cursed by the saptrishi (seven sages) to be snake and to live further in Naraka (Hell). Indra was once more reinstated as the king of the devas.


title: Yayati

text: The "Mahabharata" mentions about Yayati's achievements. He performed 100 "Rajasuyas", 100 "Ashvamedhas", 100 "Vajapeyas", 1000 "Atiratras", 1000 "Pundarikas" and innumerable "Agnishthomas" and "Chaturmasyas". Wherever he hurled as Shami stick, he performed as sacrifice. He gave away mountains of gold and billions of cows to Brahmanas.


title: Yayati

text: The legend of Yayāti appears in the eighteenth and nineteenth chapters of the ninth canto of the "Bhagavata Purana".


title: Yayati

text: Yayāti's father, Nahusha, is transformed into a python by a curse uttered by the sages, as punishment for his arrogance. Yayāti's elder brother, Yati, is initially given the kingdom, but turns it down, and instead becomes an ascetic. Yayāti then becomes king in his place and rules the earth. He appoints his four younger brothers to rule the world's cardinal directions.


title: Yayati

text: One day, Sharmishtha, daughter of the daitya king Vrishaparvan, and Devayani, daughter of Shukracharya, go with Sharmishtha's retinue to bathe in a forest pool not far from their home. While they bathe, Indra transforms himself into a strong wind, collecting their clothes upon the stream's banks, and depositing them in a heap. In the ensuing confusion, the two women accidentally don each other's clothes. In the quarrel that ensued, Sharmishtha throws the naked Devayani into a well, and leaves the forest with her retinue. Later, Yayāti, son of Nahusha, chanced upon the pool after hunting, and helps Devayani to climb out of it, before returning to his kingdom. Devayani sent her maid, Ghurnika, to her father, and informed him about the quarrel. Shukra is enraged, and to placate him, Vrishaparvan agrees to offer a thousand maids, along with his daughter Sharmishtha, to serve Devayani. Some time afterwards, Yayati meets Devayani again, and the two fall in love. After Shukra offers his consent, the two marry.


title: Yayati

text: When Devayani moves to Yayati's palace after her marriage, Sharmishtha, now her maidservant, also goes along. Shukracharya, however, sternly warns Yayati never to have sex with Sharmishtha.


title: Yayati

text: After a long while, Sharmishtha comes to Yayāti, and requests him to give her a child. He refuses, stating that if he were to do so, he would face the wrath of Shukracharya. Nevertheless, Sharmishtha manages to convince him, saying that it would be against dharma if he were to refuse her request; he being the king, it was his responsibility to ensure the needs of the citizens, and she is desperate to have a child. He reluctantly agrees, and they begin an affair, in the hopes that she would conceive. In due course, Devayani gives birth to two sons: Yadu and Turvasu, while Sharmishtha begets three sons: Druhyu, Anudruhyu, and Puru.