title: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: The Nice model has undergone some modification since its initial publication. The giant planets now begin in a multi-resonant configuration due an early gas-driven migration through the protoplanetary disk. Interactions with the trans-Neptunian belt allow their escape from the resonances after several hundred million years. The encounters between planets that follow include one between an ice giant and Saturn that propels the ice giant onto a Jupiter-crossing orbit followed by an encounter with Jupiter that drives the ice giant outward. This jumping-Jupiter scenario quickly increases the separation of Jupiter and Saturn, limiting the effects of resonance sweeping on the asteroids and the terrestrial planets. While this is required to preserve the low eccentricities of the terrestrial planets and avoid leaving the asteroid belt with too many high-eccentricity asteroids, it also reduces the fraction of asteroids removed from the main asteroid belt, leaving a now-nearly-depleted inner band of asteroids as the primary source of the impactors of the LHB. The ice giant is often ejected following its encounter with Jupiter, leading some to propose that the Solar System began with five giant planets. Recent works, however, have found that impacts from this inner asteroid belt would be insufficient to explain the formation of ancient impact spherule beds and the lunar basins, and that the asteroid belt was probably not the source of the Late Heavy Bombardment.


title: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: According to one planetesimal simulation of the establishment of the planetary system, the outermost planets Uranus and Neptune formed very slowly, over a period of several billion years. Harold Levison and his team have also suggested that the relatively low density of material in the outer Solar System during planet formation would have greatly slowed their accretion.


title: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: The late formation of these planets has therefore been suggested as a different reason for the LHB. However, recent calculations of gas-flows combined with planetesimal runaway growth in the outer Solar System imply that Jovian planets formed extremely rapidly, on the order of 10 My, which does not support this explanation for the LHB.


title: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: The Planet V hypothesis posits that a fifth terrestrial planet caused the Late Heavy Bombardment when its meta-stable orbit entered the inner asteroid belt. The hypothetical fifth terrestrial planet, Planet V, had a mass less than half of Mars and originally orbited between Mars and the asteroid belt. Planet V's orbit became unstable due to perturbations from the other inner planets causing it to intersect the inner asteroid belt. After close encounters with Planet V, many asteroids entered Earth-crossing orbits, causing the Late Heavy Bombardment. Planet V was ultimately lost, likely plunging into the Sun. In numerical simulations, an uneven distribution of asteroids, with the asteroids heavily concentrated toward the inner asteroid belt, has been shown to be necessary to produce the LHB via this mechanism. An alternate version of this hypothesis in which the lunar impactors are debris resulting from Planet V impacting Mars, forming the Borealis Basin, has been proposed to explain a low number of giant lunar basins relative to craters and a lack of evidence of cometary impactors.


title: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: A hypothesis proposed by Matija Ćuk posits that the last few basin-forming impacts were the result of the collisional disruption of a large Mars-crossing asteroid. This Vesta-sized asteroid was a remnant of a population which initially was much larger than the current main asteroid belt. Most of the pre-Imbrium impacts would have been due to these Mars-crossing objects, with the early bombardment extending until 4.1 billion years ago. A period without many basin-forming impacts then followed, during which the lunar magnetic field decayed. Then, roughly 3.9 billion years ago, a catastrophic impact disrupted the Vesta-sized asteroid, significantly increasing the population of Mars-crossing objects. Many of these objects then evolved onto Earth-crossing orbits, producing a spike in the lunar impact rate during which the last few lunar impact basins are formed. Ćuk points to the weak or absent residual magnetism of the last few basins and a change in the size–frequency distribution of craters which formed during this late bombardment as evidence supporting this hypothesis. The timing and the cause of the change in the size–frequency distribution of craters is controversial.


title: Late Heavy Bombardment

text: A number of other possible sources of the Late Heavy Bombardment have been investigated. Among these are additional Earth satellites orbiting independently or as lunar trojans, planetesimals left over from the formations of the terrestrial planets, Earth or Venus co-orbitals, and the breakup of a large main belt asteroid. Additional Earth satellites on independent orbits were shown to be quickly captured into resonances during the Moon's early tidally-driven orbital expansion and were lost or destroyed within a few million years. Lunar trojans were found to be destabilized within 100 million years by a solar resonance when the Moon reached 27 Earth radii. Planetesimals left over from the formation of the terrestrial planets were shown to be depleted too rapidly due to collisions and ejections to form the last lunar basins. The long-term stability of primordial Earth or Venus co-orbitals (trojans or objects with horseshoe orbits) in conjunction with the lack of current observations indicate that they were unlikely to have been common enough to contribute to the LHB. Producing the LHB from the collisional disruption of a main belt asteroid was found to require at minimum a 1,000–1,500 km parent body with the most favorable initial conditions. Debris produced by collisions among inner planets, now lost, has also been proposed as a source of the LHB.


title: Ritsu Dōan

text: Coming through the youth system, Dōan joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 2015. On 27 May, he debuted against FC Seoul in the 2015 AFC Champions League. In 2016, he mainly played for their Gamba Osaka's newly-established reserve team Gamba Osaka U-23 in the J3 League.


title: Ritsu Dōan

text: In June 2017, Dōan moved to Eredivisie club FC Groningen on loan with an option to purchase on a three-year contract. The option was exercised on 23 April 2018, and Dōan transferred to Groningen on a permanent basis on 1 July 2018.


title: Ritsu Dōan

text: On 15 April 2018, against Roda, Dōan scored his eighth goal of the season, equaling the total of goals Arjen Robben scored as a teenager for Groningen.


title: Ritsu Dōan

text: In September 2020, he moved on loan to Bundesliga side Arminia Bielefeld for the 2020–21 season. Dōan made his debut in the opening game of the season, a 1–1 draw against Eintracht Frankfurt. Dōan scored his first goal for Bielefeld in a 4–1 home defeat against Bayern Munich.


title: Ritsu Dōan

text: In May 2017, Dōan was elected Japan national under-20 team for the 2017 U-20 World Cup. At this tournament, he played full-time in all four matches and scored three goals.


title: Ritsu Dōan

text: On 30 August 2018, Dōan received his first international call-up from the Japan national team for the Kirin Challenge Cup 2018. He started his debut appearance in a friendly match against Costa Rica on 11 September 2018, and scored his debut goal in a friendly match against Uruguay on 16 October 2018.


title: Ritsu Dōan

text: He was called-up by Hajime Moriyasu to represent Japan in the 2022 FIFA World Cup. He featured in Japan's first match of the competition against Germany on 23 November 2022, being subbed on in the second half while Japan was 1–0 down. Dōan scored the equalizer four minutes after coming on as his side later went on to win the game 2–1. In an almost identical turn of events, he was subbed on in the second half of Japan's final group stage match against Spain on 1 December 2022 while Japan was 1–0 down, and scored the equalizer two minutes after coming on as his side later went on to win 2–1. The win ultimately qualified Japan for the tournament's knockout stages as group winners.


title: Alex Cox

text: Alexander B. H. Cox (born 15 December 1954) is an English film director, screenwriter, actor, non-fiction author and broadcaster. Cox experienced success early in his career with "Repo Man" and "Sid and Nancy", but since the release and commercial failure of "Walker", his career has moved towards independent films. Cox received a co-writer credit for the screenplay of Terry Gilliam's "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" (1998) for previous work on the script before it was rewritten by Gilliam.


title: Alex Cox

text: Cox was born in Bebington, Cheshire, England in 1954. He attended Worcester College, Oxford, and later transferred to the University of Bristol where he majored in film studies. Cox secured a Fulbright Scholarship, allowing him to study at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he graduated from the School of Theater, Film and Television with an MFA.


title: Alex Cox

text: Cox began reading law as an undergraduate at Oxford University, but left to study radio, film and TV at Bristol University, graduating in 1977. Seeing difficulties in the British film scene at the time, he first went to Los Angeles to attend film school at UCLA in 1977. There he produced his first film, "Edge City" (also known as "Sleep Is for Sissies"), a 40-minute surreal short about an artist struggling against society. After graduation, Cox formed Edge City Productions with two friends with the intention of producing low-budget feature films. He wrote a screenplay for "Repo Man", which he hoped to produce for a budget of $70,000, and began seeking funding.


title: Alex Cox

text: Michael Nesmith agreed to produce "Repo Man", and convinced Universal Studios to back the project with a budget of over a million dollars. During the course of the film's production, the studio's management changed, and the new management had far less faith in the project. The initial cinema release was limited to Chicago, followed by Los Angeles, and was short-lived.


title: Alex Cox

text: After the success of the soundtrack album (notable for featuring many popular LA punk bands), there was enough interest in the film to earn a re-release in a single cinema in New York City, but only after becoming available on video and cable. Nevertheless, it ran for 18 months, and eventually earned $4,000,000.


title: Alex Cox

text: Continuing his fascination with punk music, Cox's next film was an independent feature shot in London and Los Angeles, following the career and death of bassist Sid Vicious and his girlfriend Nancy Spungen, initially titled "Love Kills" and later renamed "Sid and Nancy". It was met warmly by critics and fans, though heavily criticised by some, including Pistols' frontman John Lydon, for its inaccuracies. The production of this film also sparked a relationship with Joe Strummer of the Clash, who would continue to collaborate with the director on his next two films.


title: Alex Cox

text: Cox had long been interested in Nicaragua and the Sandinistas (both "Repo Man" and "Edge City" made references to Nicaragua and/or Latin American revolution), and visited in 1984. The following year, he hoped to shoot a concert film there featuring the Clash, the Pogues and Elvis Costello. When he could not get backing, he decided instead to write a film that they would all act in. The film became "Straight to Hell". Collaborating with Dick Rude (who also co-starred beside Strummer, Sy Richardson and Courtney Love), he imagined the film as a spoof of the Spaghetti Western genre, filmed in Almería, Spain, where many classic Italian westerns were shot. "Straight to Hell" was widely panned critically, but successful in Japan and retains a cult following. On 1 June 2012, Cox wrote an article in "The New York Times" about his long-standing interest in spaghetti westerns.


title: Alex Cox

text: Continuing his interest in Nicaragua, Cox took on a more overtly political project, with the intention of filming it there. He asked Rudy Wurlitzer to pen the screenplay, which followed the life of William Walker, set against a backdrop of anachronisms that drew parallels between the story and modern American intervention in the area. The $6,000,000 production was backed by Universal, but the completed film was too political and too violent for the studio's tastes, and the film went without promotion. When "Walker" failed to perform at the box office, it ended the director's involvement with Hollywood studios, and led to a period of several years in which Cox would not direct a single film. Despite this, Cox and some critics maintain that it is his best film.


title: Alex Cox

text: Effectively blacklisted for working on a studio project during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, Alex Cox struggled to find feature work. He finally got financial backing for a feature from investors in Japan, where his films had been successful on video. Cox had scouted locations in Mexico during the pre-production of "Walker" and decided he wanted to shoot a film there, with a local cast and crew, in Spanish. Producer Lorenzo O'Brien penned the script. Inspired by the style of Mexican directors including Arturo Ripstein, he shot most of the film in "plano secuencia"; long, continuous takes shot with a hand-held camera. "El Patrullero" was completed and released in 1991, but struggled to find its way into cinemas.


title: Alex Cox

text: Shortly after this, Cox was invited to adapt a Jorge Luis Borges story of his choice for the BBC. He chose "Death and the Compass". Despite being a British production and an English language film, he convinced his producers to let him shoot in Mexico City. This film, like his previous Mexican production, made extensive use of long-takes. The completed 55-minute film aired on the BBC in 1992.


title: Alex Cox

text: Cox had hoped to expand this into a feature-length film, but the BBC was uninterested. Japanese investors gave him $100,000 to expand the film in 1993, but the production ran over-budget, allowing no funds for post-production. To secure funds, Cox directed a "work for hire" project called "The Winner". The film was edited extensively without Cox's knowledge, and he tried to have his name removed from the credits as a result but was denied, but the money was enough for Cox to fund the completion of "Death and the Compass". The finished, 82-minute feature received a limited cinema release in the US, where the TV version had not aired, in 1996.


title: Alex Cox

text: In 1996, producer Stephen Nemeth employed Alex Cox to write and direct an adaptation of Hunter S. Thompson's "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas". After creative disagreements with the producer and Thompson, he was sacked from the project, and his script rewritten when Terry Gilliam took over the film. (Cox later sued successfully for a writing credit, as it was ruled that there were enough similarities between the drafts to suggest that Gilliam's was derivative of Cox's. Gilliam countered that the screenplays were based on the source book and similarities between them were a consequence of this.)


title: Alex Cox

text: In 1997, Alex Cox made a deal with Dutch producer Wim Kayzer to produce another dual TV/feature production. "Three Businessmen". Initially, Cox had hoped to shoot in Mexico but later decided to set his story in Liverpool, Rotterdam, Tokyo and Almería. The story follows businessmen in Liverpool who leave their hotel in search of food and slowly drift further from their starting point, all the while believing they are still in Liverpool. The film was completed for a small budget of $250,000. Following this, Cox moved back to Liverpool and became interested in creating films there.


title: Alex Cox

text: Cox had long been interested in the Jacobean play, "The Revenger's Tragedy", and upon moving back to Britain, decided to pursue adapting it to a film. Collaborating with fellow Liverpudlian screenwriter Frank Cottrell Boyce, the story was recast in the near future, following an unseen war. This adaptation, titled "Revengers Tragedy", consisted primarily of the original play's dialogue, with some additional bits written in a more modern tone. The film is also notable for its soundtrack, composed by Chumbawamba.


title: Alex Cox

text: Following this, Cox directed a short film set in Liverpool for the BBC titled "I'm a Juvenile Delinquent – Jail Me!" (2004). The 30-minute film satirised reality television as well as the high volume of petty crime in Liverpool which, according to Cox, is largely recreational.


title: Alex Cox

text: In 2006, Alex Cox tried to get funding for a series of eight very low budget features set in Liverpool and produced by locals. The project was not completed, but the director grew interested in pursuing the idea of a film made for less than £100,000. He had originally hoped to shoot "Repo Man" on a comparable budget, and hoped that the lower overhead would mean greater creative freedom.


title: Alex Cox

text: "Searchers 2.0", named after but based on "The Searchers", became Cox's first film for which he has sole writing credit since "Repo Man", and marked his return to the comedy genre. A road movie and a revenge story, it tells of two actors, loosely based on and played by Del Zamora and Ed Pansullo, who travel from Los Angeles to a desert film screening in Monument Valley in the hopes of avenging abuse inflicted on them by a cruel screenwriter, Fritz Frobisher (Sy Richardson). It was scored by longtime collaborator Dan Wool aka Pray for Rain ("Sid & Nancy", "Straight to Hell", "Death & the Compass", "The Winner", "Three Businessmen", "Repo Chick" among others). Although the film was unable to achieve a cinema release in America or Europe, Cox claimed the experience of making a film with a smaller crew and less restrictions was energising. It is available on DVD in Japan, and was released in October 2010 in North America.


title: Alex Cox

text: Alex Cox had attempted to get a "Repo Man" sequel, titled "Waldo's Hawaiian Holiday", produced in the mid-'90s, but the project fell apart, with the script adapted into a graphic novel of the same name. For his next micro-feature, he wrote a fresh attempt at a "Repo" follow-up, although it contained no recurring characters, so as to preserve Universal's rights to the original. "Repo Chick" was filmed entirely against a green screen, with backgrounds of digital composites, live action shots, and miniatures matted in afterwards, to produce an artificial look. It premiered at the Venice Film Festival on 9 September 2009.


title: Alex Cox

text: In 2013 Cox directed "Bill, the Galactic Hero", developed from a science fiction book by Harry Harrison. It was funded by a successful Kickstarter funding campaign, raising $114,957 of the original $100,000 goal. The film was to be made, created and acted by his film students in monochrome with supervision from professional film makers who would be giving their time on the film for free.


title: Alex Cox

text: Cox's 2013 book "The President and the Provocateur" examines events in the lives of John F. Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald leading up to Kennedy's assassination, with reference to the various conspiracy theories.


title: Alex Cox

text: In 2017 Cox directed another crowdfunded film, "Tombstone Rashomon", which tells the tale of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral from multiple perspectives in the style of Akira Kurosawa's 1950 film "Rashomon".


title: Alex Cox

text: In September 2019, Cox started the podcast ‘Conversations with Cox and Kjølseth’ with his friend and colleague Pablo Kjølseth. In October 2022, Cox announced the end of the podcast, citing its small audience and the comparative success of podcasts by Joe Dante, Quentin Tarantino and Cox’s one-time collaborator Roger Deakins.


title: Alex Cox

text: In May 1988 Cox began presenting the long-running and influential BBC series "Moviedrome". The weekly strand was a showcase for cult films. Though most of the films shown were chosen by series creator and producer Nick Jones, each film was introduced by Cox. By the time he left the show in September 1994, Cox had introduced 141 films. Various film directors have cited "Moviedrome" as an influence, including Ben Wheatley and Edgar Wright. The series was later presented by film director and critic Mark Cousins.


title: Alex Cox

text: Cox has cited Luis Buñuel and Akira Kurosawa as influences, as well as the Western film directors Sergio Leone, Sergio Corbucci, Sam Peckinpah, John Ford and Giulio Questi. Cox also wrote a book on the history of the genre called "10,000 Ways to Die". While he once directed films for Universal Pictures, such as "Repo Man" and "Walker", since the late 1980s, he has found himself on a self-described blacklist, and turned to producing independent films. Cox is an atheist and is decidedly left-wing in his political views. Many of his films have an explicit anti-capitalist theme or message. He was originally set to direct "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas" but was replaced by Terry Gilliam due to creative differences with Hunter S. Thompson. By August 2009, Cox had announced completion of "Repo Chick", which premiered at the Venice Film Festival the following month, but he remained ambivalent as to whether the film would ever be distributed to cinemas. His previous film, "Searchers 2.0", was not released theatrically, and only appears on DVD in Japan and North America after a televised screening in the UK on the BBC.


title: Alex Cox

text: Cox is a fan of the Japanese "Godzilla" films and appeared in a 1998 BBC documentary highlighting the series. He also narrated the documentary "Bringing Godzilla Down to Size" and wrote the "Godzilla in Time" comics for Dark Horse. He tried to direct an American "Godzilla" film at one point, but unsuccessfully submitted his outline to TriStar Pictures.


title: Alex Cox

text: In a March 2007 blog post, Cox referred to Vice President Dick Cheney as "secret architect of the 9-11 atrocities." In the same article, Cox called the September 11 attacks "Plan Pearl Harbor," referring to the false flag conspiracy theory surrounding the attack on Pearl Harbor.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Leander Dendoncker (born 15 April 1995) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as either a defender or defensive midfielder for Premier League club Aston Villa and the Belgium national team.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: He joined Anderlecht in 2009 and made his professional debut in July 2013, going on to play 171 games for the club and score 11 goals. He won two Belgian Super Cups and a Belgian First Division A title. In 2018, he signed for Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan before transferring for €15 million. He made 159 appearances and scored 12 goals, then moved to fellow Premier League team Aston Villa for an undisclosed fee.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Dendoncker made his senior international debut for Belgium in June 2015 and was part of their squad that finished third at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, also featuring at UEFA Euro 2020 and the 2022 World Cup.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Dendoncker transferred from K.S.V. Roeselare to R.S.C. Anderlecht in 2009, choosing that club ahead of Standard Liège, Club Brugge and K.R.C. Genk. After performances for the youth team in the NextGen Series and a training camp in Turkey, he was incorporated into the first team in January 2013. He models his game on that of the Spanish midfielder Sergio Busquets.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: He made his professional debut on 21 July in the 2013 Belgian Super Cup, replacing Dennis Praet for the final nine minutes of the 1–0 win over Genk at the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium. On 26 September, he extended his contract until 2016.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: However, it was not until 1 August 2014 that he debuted in the Belgian Pro League, on the first day of the season away to KV Oostende. After scoring his first professional goal on 18 January 2015 in a 3–0 win at Lierse S.K., Dendoncker was praised by former Anderlecht player Paul Van Himst, who said that there was no better player at his position in the club. He played six matches in the 2014–15 Belgian Cup, which his team lost 2–1 in the final to Brugge.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Anderlecht won the 2016–17 Belgian First Division A. Dendoncker scored five goals along the way, including two on 18 December in a 4–0 home win over K.A.S. Eupen. He also played all 16 games in their European campaign that season, which ended with elimination by eventual winners Manchester United in the quarter-finals of the UEFA Europa League. In the first leg of that tie on 13 April 2017, he scored a late equaliser in a 1–1 draw.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: On 9 August 2018, Dendoncker moved to newly promoted English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers on an initial season-long loan with an obligation on Wolves to make the player a permanent Wolves signing in summer 2019. He made his debut on 28 August in the second round of the EFL Cup away to Sheffield Wednesday (2–0 victory), with coach Nuno Espírito Santo making nine changes from the previous game. In late September, The Football Association rejected the obligatory purchase clause in Dendoncker's Wolves contract and made his deal permanent for €15 million.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: He finally made a league appearance on 5 December in a 2–1 win against Chelsea, playing the final nine minutes in place of goalscorer Raúl Jiménez, and scored his first Premier League goal on his sixth appearance in the competition, in a 1–3 win at Everton on 2 February 2019.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Dendoncker committed a foul in the Wolves penalty area with just 180 seconds remaining of their April 2019 FA Cup semi-final with Watford while leading 2–1, thereby conceded the penalty that enabled the opponents to draw the game and then win in extra time. On 4 May he scored the only goal of a home win over Fulham, which enabled Wolves to make the Europa League as a result of Watford losing the cup final.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Dendoncker became a permanent Wolves signing on 1 July 2019, his original loan agreement having included an obligation on the club to sign him permanently at the end of the original season-long loan period. Following the introduction of Video Assistant Referees (VAR) by the Premier League for the 2019–20 season, he was the first Wolves player to have a 'goal' ruled out using VAR in a league match during Wolves' opening fixture away to Leicester City on 11 August.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: On 14 December 2020, it was announced by Wolverhampton Wanderers that Dendoncker had extended his contract with the club until 2023, with an option of a further twelve months available to the club. He made his 100th competitive appearance for the club in an FA Cup 4th Round tie away to non-league Chorley the following 22 January, a game Wolves won 1–0. He scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season at home to West Ham United in a 3–2 loss on 5 April 2021. He scored his first goal in the 2021–22 Premier League season in 2–0 win away to Tottenham Hotspur on 13 February 2022.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: On 1 September 2022, Dendoncker moved to fellow West Midlands-based Premier League club Aston Villa for an undisclosed fee. Dendoncker made his Aston Villa debut on 16 September 2022, as a substitute in a 1–0 home victory over Southampton.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Dendoncker was first called up for the Belgium national football team on 22 May 2015 by manager Marc Wilmots, along with his Anderlecht teammate Youri Tielemans. He made his debut on 7 June in a friendly game away to France, replacing Jason Denayer for the final five minutes of a 4–3 win.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: On 4 June 2018, manager Roberto Martínez named Dendoncker in Belgium's 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He made his tournament debut on 29 June in a 1–0 win over England at the Kaliningrad Stadium, with both teams fielding unfamiliar teams having already advanced to the last 16.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Dendoncker was called up by Martínez for UEFA Euro 2020 in May 2021. After starting the first two games, he was replaced for the rest of the tournament for the quarter-finalists once Axel Witsel recovered from injury.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: On 8 June 2022, Dendoncker scored his first international goal in a 6–1 home win over Poland in the Nations League.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Dendoncker was born in Passendale, West Flanders, to pig farming parents. He is the middle of three footballing sons: younger brother Lars was on the books of Club Brugge KV before moving to Brighton & Hove Albion in 2020, while older Andres played local football and became an agent for his siblings.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Dendoncker moved to Brussels to play for Anderlecht while in their under-15 team and suffered from homesickness while adjusting to the difference between a largely white rural setting and a diverse urban environment. He attended the Sint-Guido-Instituut school in Anderlecht at the time that it was being filmed for the fly-on-the-wall documentary "De School van Lukaku" (Lukaku's School) focusing on his teammate Romelu Lukaku.


title: Leander Dendoncker

text: Dendoncker speaks three languages fluently; English, French and Dutch. He has noted that he speaks in West Flemish to his family, but the Brabantian dialect when doing interviews for Anderlecht.


title: Bumper Robinson

text: Larry C. "Bumper" Robinson II is an American film, television and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Bumblebee and Blitzwing on "", Falcon on "Avengers Assemble" and Cyborg in "".


title: Bumper Robinson

text: Robinson's first theatrical break came as the son of O. J. Simpson's character in "Cocaine and Blue Eyes" (1983), a CBS television movie. Years later, he would be cast in the role of the young O. J. Simpson in "The O. J. Simpson Story" (1995).


title: Bumper Robinson

text: In the 1980s, Robinson played Zammis in "Enemy Mine", Clarence on "Amen", Jonah Carver on "Days of Our Lives" and a recurring role as Leon on NBC's "Night Court". He has made appearances on "The Jeffersons", "Gimme a Break!", "Hill Street Blues", "Matt Houston", "Cagney & Lacey", "Webster", "Punky Brewster", "The Facts of Life" and "Family Matters". He began his voice-over career on "The Flintstone Kids" as Philo Quartz, followed by work on "Scooby-Doo", among others.


title: Bumper Robinson

text: Robinson's career continued into the 1990s, with work on "", the FOX television movie "Generation X", and shows like "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper", "The Client", "Touched by an Angel", "The Steve Harvey Show", "Sister, Sister" and "The John Larroquette Show". He earned rave reviews for his performance as Jackie Jackson in ABC's miniseries, "", after which he joined the cast of "A Different World" as Dorian Heywood. He also played Jared Harris on "Guys Like Us", Marcus Miller on The WB's "Three", a recurring role as Ivan Ennis on "Living Single" and Marcus Wentworth on UPN's "Grown Ups".


title: Bumper Robinson

text: In 2001, Robinson starred alongside Phylicia Rashad in the PBS film "The Old Settler". Not long after, he starred in an American-Chinese produced action series called "Flatland", with Dennis Hopper which was filmed in Shanghai. He joined the cast of "Sabrina The Teenage Witch" in 2003, after which he headed to New Mexico to star in "Death Valley".


title: Bumper Robinson

text: He has appeared in "", "Bones", "Jane Doe: Yes I Remember It Well", "Roommates", "Alcatraz" and BET's "The Game".


title: Bumper Robinson

text: In addition, Robinson is also a prominent voice actor with roles in animated films and television shows such as "Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School", "Pinky and the Brain", "Futurama", "Brother Bear" and "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". He also provided the voices of Bumblebee, Blitzwing, Porter C. Powell and Blackout on "".


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Parliamentary sovereignty, also called parliamentary supremacy or legislative supremacy, is a concept in the constitutional law of some parliamentary democracies. It holds that the legislative body has absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all other government institutions, including executive or judicial bodies. It also holds that the legislative body may change or repeal any previous legislation and so it is not bound by written law (in some cases, not even a constitution) or by precedent.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: In some countries, parliamentary sovereignty may be contrasted with separation of powers, which limits the legislature's scope often to general law-making and makes it subject to external judicial review, where laws passed by the legislature may be declared invalid in certain circumstances. Many states have sovereign legislatures, including the United Kingdom, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Barbados, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Israel.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Under the federal system, neither the states nor the federal parliament in Australia have true parliamentary sovereignty. The Commonwealth Parliament is created by the federal constitution, and only has enumerated powers. Each state's legislative power is inherent but restrained by the federal constitution, the relevant state constitution, and Commonwealth powers. Nevertheless, in Australian context, parliamentary supremacy is used contextually as a term and has two meanings: one is that parliament (the legislature) can make and unmake any law; another meaning is that as long as parliament (legislature) has the power to make laws regarding a subject matter, the exercise of that power cannot be challenged or reviewed by the judiciary. The second meaning is more consistent with the federal system and the practice of judicial review, as the judiciary cannot review on the merits of the parliament (legislature)'s exercise of power.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Blackshield and Williams explain that "[i]n Australia, the idea of Parliamentary Sovereignty must be understood in the context of the rigid limits and boundaries imposed by the federal Constitution, and to some extent by the State Constitutions as well." The constitution confers the power to make laws in the Commonwealth Parliament, however, this limited to particular subjects. Section 128 of the federal constitution prescribes the mode to alter the constitution, which further restricts the power of the Commonwealth Parliament.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: The supremacy clause (section 109 of the constitution) gives Commonwealth laws precedence over state laws. The state law-making power is therefore constrained where the Commonwealth has concurrent law-making power. Furthermore, regarding the subject matters which Commonwealth has concurrent legislative power, the Commonwealth Parliament can 'cover the field', which means the Commonwealth can, by express words or by implication, exclude the operations of state laws. The Commonwealth Parliament has exclusive legislative power over the subject matters listed in sections 52 and 92 of the constitution, which means that the states cannot make laws in these areas. Also under section 96 of the constitution, the Commonwealth can use financial assistance to entice states to refrain from exercising their legislative powers, such as refraining from collecting income tax.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Each state parliament power is subject to procedural limitation, which is the entrenchment of restrictive legislative procedure. Section 6 of the Australia Act states that laws concerning the "constitution, power or procedure of the parliament" are invalid unless passed in the manner and form prescribed by the legislation made by the parliament.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Over the last forty years or so, a change has been observed in Belgium in the relationships between the judiciary and Parliament. The "dogma of absolute inviolability of the parliamentary assemblies" used to exist but has been "breached". The parliamentary assemblies are now accountable not just to the electors but also to the courts.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: A first breach opened up by the "Le Ski" judgement of 27 May 1971, in which the Belgian Court of Cassation upheld the supremacy of the norm of self-executing international law. Then in 1980, Article 142 of the Constitution (former Article 107 ter) established a Court of Arbitration in Belgium, nowadays the Constitutional Court, charged with hearing actions for annulment of laws. It would hand down its first judgement on 5 April 1985.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: A second breach was opened in the dogma of inviolability of the assemblies was by the Constitutional Court, in its judgement no. 31/96 of 15 May 1996. The Council of State, the highest administrative Court in Belgium, which had previously always insisted it had no jurisdiction to hear annulment applications against the administrative acts by the Houses of Parliament, declared that the absence of any possibility to apply for the annulment of such acts was contrary to the constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination, opened up a new avenue for judicial review of Parliament’s acts: the laws of 25 May 1999 and of 15 May 2007, adopted in the wake of the Court’s judgement, extended the jurisdiction of the Supreme Administrative Court to the acts and Rules of Procedure of the legislative assemblies or their organs with regard to public procurement and personnel.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Third and finally, concerning the decisions taken by the assemblies with regard to MPs or political groups, the civil courts have not hesitated to sanction them when subjective rights were at stake. MPs "enjoy the protection of their subjective rights by the law courts. This principle applies both for rights deriving from the law in the broad sense and for rights which have a regulatory basis" (Civ. Brussels, 21 April 1997).


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Legislatures of Canadian provinces are "sovereign within matters enumerated to them". Provincial legislatures can make and modify their own codified constitutions by simple majority, as British Columbia did.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Similarly, the federal Parliament is "sovereign in all matters delegated to it", but most amendments to the federal Constitution may only be made with the consent of both Parliament and two-thirds of provinces containing 50% of the population (the 7/50 rule), or in some cases, unanimous consent of the provinces.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: In addition, although a law can be challenged and struck down by a court when found to be in violation of certain sections of the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", Parliament or provincial legislatures may invoke Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the "notwithstanding clause") to allow the law to operate for up to five years, at which time it may either lapse or be renewed.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: According to the constitution of Finland sovereign power lies with the people, represented by the parliament. As the highest organ of government the parliament holds supreme legislative power and can override a presidential veto and alter the constitution. There is no constitutional court and the supreme court does not have an explicit right to declare a law unconstitutional.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: By principle, the constitutionality of laws in Finland is verified by a simple vote in the parliament. However, the Constitutional Law Committee of the parliament reviews any doubtful bills and recommends changes, if needed. In practice, the Constitutional Law Committee fulfills the duties of a constitutional court. In addition to preview by the Constitutional Law Committee, all Finnish courts of law have the obligation to give precedence to the constitution when there is an obvious conflict between the Constitution and a regular law.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: The power to alter and amend the constitution is vested with the parliament, requiring approval either by a two-thirds vote in a single parliament if the proposed alteration is first declared to be urgent by a five-sixths vote of the same parliament, or by a slower procedure of first passing the amendment by a majority in the then current parliament and then passing the amendment by a two-thirds vote in the following parliament that convenes after a general election. A Finnish peculiarity is that the parliament can make exceptions to the constitution in ordinary laws that are enacted in the same procedure as constitutional amendments. An example of such a law is the "State of Preparedness Act" which gives the Council of State certain exceptional powers in cases of national emergency. As these powers, which correspond to U.S. executive orders, affect constitutional basic rights, the law was enacted in the same manner as a constitutional amendment. However, it can be repealed in the same manner as an ordinary law.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Executive power is shared by the President of the Republic and the cabinet. The latter must rely on the confidence of parliament. From the independence of Finland in 1917 up to the constitutional reform of 1999, the president held considerable executive powers, and in particular was able to call a re-election of the parliament at will. In order to strengthen the role of the parliament as the highest organ of government, the constitutional reform constrained most of the presidential powers to be exercised only on the advice of the cabinet.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: The Knesset, the legislative branch of the Israeli government, has the power to enact and repeal all laws. It enjoys "de jure" parliamentary supremacy, and can pass any law by a simple majority, even one that might arguably conflict with a Basic Law of Israel, unless it has specific conditions for its modification. The Knesset can adopt and amend Basic Laws acting through its capacity as a Constituent Assembly. The Knesset also supervises government activities through its committees, elects the Prime Minister of Israel and approves the Cabinet of Israel, elects the President of Israel, and recommends the Comptroller of Israel. It also has the power to remove the President and State Comptroller from office, revoke the immunity of its members, and to dissolve itself and call new elections.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: The sovereignty of Parliament in Italy is born from parliamentary privilege, but, in one of the most comprehensive and compelling "systemic" judgments, the Constitutional Court (rapporteur Carlo Mezzanotte) had opened the justiciability of ‘'interna corporis'’. Traces of the old theories are expressed in "autodichia", which involves subtracting the ordinary courts of all acts performed within the Chambers. The choice to set off some acts to the Presidents of the Parliament has been criticized as an attempt to exclude them from judicial review, even when pertaining to individual rights: this has given rise to some conflicts between the judiciary and Parliament, brought to the Constitutional Court, who gave useful elements to restrict the legal definition, compelling the legal doctrine through the modern evolution of the sovereignty of Parliament.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: The concept in New Zealand is derived from that in the United Kingdom. The parliament exercises sovereignty.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Some legal experts such as Robin Cooke in "Taylor v New Zealand Poultry Board," [1984] have questioned how far parliamentary sovereignty goes. There are several laws and conventions that limit the exercise of parliamentary sovereignty. For example, the maximum term of Parliament and some other matters relating to the electoral system may only be altered by a parliamentary supermajority or by a majority in a popular referendum. However, these requirements may be themselves altered by a parliamentary majority.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: The principle of separation of powers laid out by the constitution of 1814, was challenged in 1884 when a parliamentary majority led by the (Liberal party ("Venstre")) impeached the government appointed by the king.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Originally, legislative power was exercised by the Sovereign acting on the advice of the "Curia regis", or Royal Council, in which important magnates and clerics participated and which evolved into parliament. In 1265, the Earl of Leicester irregularly called a full parliament without royal authorisation. Membership of the so-called Model Parliament, established in 1295 under Edward I, eventually came to be divided into two branches: bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed the House of Lords, while the two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough led the House of Commons. The King would seek the advice and consent of both houses before making any law. During Henry VI's reign, it became regular practice for the two houses to originate legislation in the form of bills, which would not become law unless the Sovereign's assent was obtained, as the Sovereign was, and still remains, the enactor of laws. Hence, all Acts include the clause "Be it enacted by the Queen's (King's) most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows...". The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 provide a second potential preamble if the House of Lords were to be excluded from the process.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: During the 17th century in England, a notion developed that Parliament (made up of the House of Lords and House of Commons) shared in sovereignty with the King, based on an entirely erroneous notion of the history of Parliament. It was not until the changing of the Coronation Oath in the Coronation Oath Act 1688 as part of the Glorious Revolution that Parliament was recognised as part of the constitutional structure, with laws being considered to emanate from Parliament and not just the King. The Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 were passed the following year which asserted certain rights of the parliaments of England (which at the time included Wales) and Scotland and limited the powers of the monarch. Furthermore, in 1698 Parliament created the Civil List, a financial arrangement that left the monarch reliant on Parliament for income.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: After 1689 English parliamentary supremacy became evident in the relation of the English parliament to those of Scotland and Ireland. The Act of Settlement 1701 made a presumption upon Scotland: the Scots retaliated with the Act of Security 1704, which was countered by the Alien Act 1705: the issue was settled by the Union of the parliaments of England and Scotland in 1707 which created a new British parliament, though "in essence it was just an extension of the English parliament". However the truth of that comment historically, legally under the Treaty of Union as implemented by the Acts of Union of 1706/7, the English and Scottish Parliaments had given up their rights and sovereignty to the new, Union Parliament. Perhaps it is more correct to say that they had “pooled” their sovereignty. It is arguable whether the concept of parliamentary supremacy arose from the Acts of Union 1707 or was a doctrine that evolved thereafter. The autonomy of the Parliament of Ireland also came under attack and the Declaratory Act 1720 made the Irish parliament a dependency. The so-called Constitution of 1782 removed British parliamentary supremacy over Ireland for a short period but then the Irish parliament was merged with Britain's in the Acts of Union 1800.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Some scholars and judges have questioned the traditional view that Parliament cannot bind itself, arguing that it can impose procedural (or "manner and form") restrictions on itself, since the legislature must be constituted and regulated by legal rules.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: The notion of parliamentary sovereignty began to be challenged with the Parliament Act 1911 which changed the nature of what was meant by parliament, as Dicey regretfully noted in the Introduction to the 8th edition of his "Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution" (1915), but that while the reality was now Cabinet and political party were supreme (pp lxxii–lxxiv), in law Parliament was still sovereign albeit that "the share of sovereignty" of the Commons had increased (p xlii).


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: Parliamentary supremacy is cited by contemporary American legal historians as the reason English law did not develop due process in the American sense. It is also argued to be integral to the way in which England's approach to rights and liberties evolved.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: The doctrine of parliamentary supremacy was demonstrated in, for example, the War Damage Act 1965. In English Law, it was upheld in 2005 by Lord Bingham in the case of " R (Jackson) v Attorney General":


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: However, there is a distinction to be made between legal sovereignty and political sovereignty. Parliament is not politically sovereign, which means that if Parliament passes unpopular or oppressive legislation, then it may not be applied in practice; for example, the various civil servants who administer laws within government departments may be relied upon to use any loopholes and vague language which exists in a Bill to get around unwanted areas, and the judiciary is likely to purposefully interpret and create precedent for said laws in a similar manner. However this does not necessarily mean that Parliament is not legally sovereign. It is argued that nonetheless Parliament can legally pass any legislation it wishes. This point is made clearly by Lord Reid in "Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke" [1969] 1 AC 645:


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: It is not necessarily the case that parliamentary sovereignty extends to changing the Act of Union at will.


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: In recent years some judges and scholars in Britain and New Zealand have questioned the traditional view that parliament is sovereign. Others, however, have rejected these arguments. Various constitutional changes in the United Kingdom have influenced the renewed debate about parliamentary sovereignty:


title: Parliamentary sovereignty

text: However, Parliament may theoretically withdraw from commitments it has made or repeal any of the constraints it has imposed on its ability to legislate.


title: Monique Coleman

text: Adrienne Monique Coleman (born November 13, 1980) is an American actress known for her role in Disney's "High School Musical" movies, in which she plays Taylor McKessie.


title: Monique Coleman

text: Adrienne Monique Coleman was born in Orangeburg, South Carolina. She started her acting career in theater and television at a very young age in Columbia, South Carolina. She currently lives in Los Angeles. Her training began at the Workshop Theater School of Dramatic Arts where she performed in over 15 plays.


title: Monique Coleman

text: Coleman went to Heathwood Hall Episcopal School. Then she attended The Theater School at DePaul University in Chicago, earning her BFA in Acting in 2002.


title: Monique Coleman

text: Coleman made her first lead in the independent feature entitled "Mother of the River," which was shot in the historic Charleston, South Carolina. The film won numerous awards at film festivals in Chicago. Two years later, Coleman appeared as Young Donna in The Family Channel Movie "The Ditch digger's Daughters" for which she was nominated for a Young Artists Award of Hollywood. During her sophomore year of high school, Coleman wrote, directed, produced, and starred in her own one-person play entitled "Voices from Within" with standing room only – audience numbering in the hundreds. On stage in Chicago, Coleman starred in productions of "Noises Off", "Polaroid Stories", "The Real Thing," and "The Colored Museum".


title: Monique Coleman

text: In 2005, Coleman had the honor of working opposite one of her heroes – the legendary James Earl Jones when she played Leesha in the 2005 Hallmark TV Movie "The Reading Room". She received a 2006 Camie Award for the role and represented the film at the NAACP Image Awards.


title: Monique Coleman

text: In 2006, Coleman rose to prominence in "High School Musical", where she portrayed Taylor McKessie, the best friend of the new girl, Gabriella Montez (Vanessa Hudgens). Before then, she was a recurring guest star in "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody" episodes, "Forever Plaid", "Not So Suite 16", "Neither a Borrower Nor a Speller Bee" and "A Prom Story" along with Hudgens. Coleman has had seven other guest appearances on television, including "Boston Public", "Gilmore Girls", "Malcolm in the Middle", "Strong Medicine", "", "Married to the Kellys", and "Veronica Mars". Coleman was also in the first ever "Disney Channel Games" in 2006, on the Blue Team (with Brenda Song, Corbin Bleu, Cole Sprouse, Vanessa Hudgens, and Jason Earles and Brandon Baker). She won with both teams.


title: Monique Coleman

text: She showcased her ballroom skills in "Dance With Me", while she partnered with National Youth Latin Champion Jared Murillo. Drew Seeley was the soloist. She is the host of "3 Minute Game Show: High School Musical Edition" on Disney Channel. She recorded a song called "Christmas Vacation" for the holiday album entitled "A Disney Channel Holiday." In 2007, she appeared in "High School Musical 2". In 2008, she again repeated her role as Taylor McKessie in "High School Musical 3".


title: Monique Coleman

text: Coleman competed in the Fall 2006 third edition of ABC's "Dancing with the Stars" reality dance competition. She was paired with professional partner Louis van Amstel throughout the competition. Van Amstel and the judges praised her for "taking risks" during the competition. The pair appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show before they were eliminated and performed the same dance they performed in week 2's episode. She was eliminated from Dancing With The Stars on November 1, 2006, finishing fourth in the competition. She was the last female in the contest that year. Coleman was very gracious in defeat, and appeared on the "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" show on the same night as the Results Show to thank her fans for their votes and support.


title: Monique Coleman

text: At a ceremony at UN headquarters in New York, she was presented with a letter of recognition of her new role by Assistant Secretary-General Jomo Kwame Sundaram of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. In presenting the letter, Mr. Sundaram said Coleman will work "to raise awareness about the challenges young people face and will highlight the positive contribution they make to their communities." Coleman said receiving the designation of Youth Champion was "beyond an honor" and she would use her new position to promote global efforts to achieve the anti-poverty Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).


title: Monique Coleman

text: Coleman worked with dosomething.org to produce a "Do Something U" video tutorial. The video targets young activists who need a bit of guidance and inspiration to help them carry out their ideas for their communities to fruition. Coleman's video tutorial focused on teaching youth the best way to utilize social media to spread word of ideas and actions.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex is a 2001 platform game developed by Traveller's Tales and co-published by Universal Interactive Studios and Konami. It was first released for the PlayStation 2 and later ported to the Xbox, and GameCube, with Eurocom developing the GameCube version.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: The game is the fourth main installment and the sixth overall in the "Crash Bandicoot" video game series. It is the first of the entire series to not be released exclusively for a PlayStation console. The plot centers on the appearance of Crunch Bandicoot, a genetically advanced bandicoot created by the main antagonist of the series, Doctor Neo Cortex, who has harnessed the power of a group of destructive mask spirits known as the Elementals. Crash Bandicoot and his sister Coco must travel the world and gather special Crystals that will return the Elementals to a hibernated state, and thwart Cortex's plans to use Crunch as a weapon for world domination.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: Critical reception of the game was mixed, with many reviewers opining that the game recycled elements from its PlayStation predecessors with minimal innovation. The PlayStation 2 edition sold 1.56 million copies in North America, and the game qualified for various best-seller ranges, including the Platinum Range for PlayStation 2, Xbox Classics, and Player's Choice on GameCube. It was released as a launch title for the Xbox Originals line of downloadable original-Xbox games for the Xbox 360's Live Marketplace service in December 2007.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: "The Wrath of Cortex" is a platform game in which the player controls Crash and Coco Bandicoot, who must gather 25 Crystals and defeat the main antagonists of the story: Doctor Neo Cortex, his new superweapon Crunch Bandicoot and Crunch's power sources, the renegade Elementals. Much of the game takes place in a "Virtual Reality (VR) Hub System" created by Coco to help Crash gather the Crystals. The VR Hub System is split up into five "VR Hubs"; initially, only the first VR Hub is available. Each VR Hub has five teleportation portals to different levels. The goal in each level is to find and obtain the Crystal hidden in the area. In some levels, the Crystal will be located at the end of a level or must be earned by completing a specific challenge. Most levels contain a "Bonus Platform" that leads to a special bonus area, where the player must navigate through a maze and collect everything in sight. Once a bonus area is completed, it cannot be played again unless the level is replayed. After completing all five levels in a VR Hub, a sixth teleportation portal to a boss fight with Crunch will appear. By defeating the boss, the next VR Hub will become available for play. When all 25 Crystals are collected and Doctor Cortex and Crunch are defeated, the game is won.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: Besides Crystals, Gems and Coloured Gems can be collected for extra accomplishment. Gems are rewarded to the player if all of the crates in a level are broken open or if a secret area is completed. Coloured Gems are found in special levels and lead to hidden areas. "Relics" can be won by re-entering a level where the Crystal has already been retrieved. To obtain a Relic, the player must initiate the "Time Trial" mode and race through a level in the pre-designated time displayed before entering a level. To begin a Time Trial run, the player must enter a level and activate the floating stopwatch near the beginning of the level to activate the timer; if the stopwatch is not touched, the level can be played regularly. The player must then race through the level as quickly as possible. Scattered throughout the level are yellow crates with the numbers one, two, or three on them. When these crates are broken, the timer is frozen for the number of seconds designated by the box. As no lives are lost in the Time Trial mode, the level can be played through as often as the player desires. Sapphire, Gold and Platinum Relics can be won depending on how low the player's final time is. The first five Relics the player receives unlocks access to a secret level. Every five Relics thereafter open up another level in the Secret Warp Room. The levels in the Secret Warp Room must be won before the game can be fully completed.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: Crash and Coco Bandicoot start the game with five lives. Crash and Coco lose a life when they are struck by an enemy attack or suffer any other type of damage. More lives can be earned by collecting 100 "Wumpa Fruits" or break open a special crate to collect a life. Crash and Coco can be shielded from enemy attack by collecting an Aku Aku mask. Collecting three of these masks allows temporary invulnerability from all minor dangers. If Crash or Coco run out of lives, the game is over. However, the game can be continued by selecting "Continue" at the "Game over" screen.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: Ten returning characters from previous "Crash" titles star in "Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex" along with five new characters. The protagonist of the series, Crash Bandicoot, is a genetically enhanced eastern barred bandicoot who must defeat the antagonist Doctor Neo Cortex and his new superweapon. Coco Bandicoot, Crash's younger sister, is a highly intelligent computer expert with an interest in Hong Kong martial arts films, having developed a highly masterful ability of martial arts from being self taught Aku Aku is an omnipotent witch doctor mask who guides and aids Crash and Coco in stopping the plans of Doctor Neo Cortex. Pura, Coco's pet tiger cub, serves a very minor role and appears only in the introduction of the game.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: The main antagonist of the series, Doctor Neo Cortex, is a mad scientist who created Crash Bandicoot among other characters and now seeks Crash's elimination along with world domination. The controlling force behind Cortex's plots for conquering the world is Uka Uka, the twin brother of Aku Aku. Four recurring villains from the series serve minor roles in the game: Dr. N. Gin, Cortex's main assistant; Dr. Nefarious Tropy, a scientist who specialises in time travel; Tiny Tiger, a hulking and ferocious thylacine; and Dingodile, a dingo-crocodile hybrid armed with a flamethrower.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: Five new characters in the series make their appearance in "The Wrath of Cortex", of which the most important is Dr. Cortex's genetically enhanced superweapon Crunch Bandicoot, a bionic bandicoot created for the purpose of destroying Crash Bandicoot. Acting as Crunch's power source are the Elementals, a group of evil masks who control the elements of Earth, Water, Fire, and Air. The Elementals consist of Rok-Ko, a temperamental and rock-headed earthbending mask who controls earthquakes and landslides, Wa-Wa, a waterbending mask who controls thunderstorms and floods, Py-Ro, an easily perturbed firebending mask who controls volcano eruptions, and Lo-Lo, a joke-cracking airbending mask who controls tornadoes.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: Outraged by their poor "track record for spreading evil", Uka Uka orders Dr. Neo Cortex, Tiny Tiger, Dingodile, Dr. Nefarious Tropy and Dr. N. Gin to devise a plan to eliminate Crash Bandicoot. Cortex reluctantly comes forward with the announcement of a previously secret "genetically enhanced superweapon of unbelievable strength", but reveals that it is missing a power source. Uka Uka then suggests using the Elementals, a group of renegade masks who had elemental power over earth, water, fire and air, and were used to ravage the globe. The Elementals caused earthquakes, floods, and an Ice Age many centuries ago until they were imprisoned by the ancients with the aid of special Crystals that put the masks in a state of hibernation. Cortex deduces that if they awaken the Elementals and harness their destructive power, they can bring his secret weapon to life and eliminate Crash Bandicoot forever.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: Back on Earth, the world is suddenly terrorised by severe natural disasters, leading Aku Aku to realize that Uka Uka has released the Elementals. Aku Aku returns to Crash and Coco Bandicoot and alerts them of the current situation, disclosing that the only way to stop the Elementals is to imprison them once more with the Crystals, which have been scattered across the Earth. Using Coco's new Virtual Reality Hub System, Crash and Coco travel the world and gather the Crystals, fending off attacks from Cortex's superweapon, Crunch Bandicoot, and the Elementals along the way. However, by the time the Crystals have been gathered and the Elementals have been put in their hibernation state, Crunch's elemental powers have reached maximum capacity, forcing Crash to battle Crunch at full power in Cortex's space station. However, despite this, Crash defeats Crunch, which releases him from Cortex's control. Infuriated by this failure, Uka Uka attacks Cortex with a fireball, only to have it hit a vital part of the space station, which causes a chain reaction that results in the space station's self-destruction. Crash, Aku Aku, and Crunch escape and return to the Bandicoot home on Coco's space fighter ship, while Cortex and Uka Uka deploy an escape pod and end up landing somewhere in Antarctica, where Uka Uka furiously chases Cortex around a small ice floe.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: "The Wrath of Cortex" was originally intended to be designed by Mark Cerny, who had designed all the games in the series thus far, and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. The game under Cerny's direction was to be a free-roaming title with puzzle elements that would see Crash travelling between different planets. In early 2000, when Universal approached Traveller's Tales to be the development team behind the game, they produced a 3-D rendered demo of Crash running through a volcanic level. Development of the game's engine began in mid-2000. It was originally titled "Crash Bandicoot Worlds".


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: On September 21, 2000, Universal Interactive Studios and Konami announced that they had entered an agreement that would enable Konami to publish a "Crash Bandicoot" game for next-generation game systems, with Universal Interactive handling the production of the games. The agreement served to break the "Crash Bandicoot" franchise's exclusivity to Sony-produced consoles and effectively made Crash Bandicoot a mascot character for Universal rather than Sony. After Universal fell out with Cerny and Sony, Traveller's Tales was forced to alter the game from a free-roaming title to a standard "Crash" title. Traveller's Tales had to begin development of the game from scratch and were given only twelve months to complete the game.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: The character Crunch Bandicoot was designed by Craig Whittle of Traveller's Tales and Sean Krankel of Universal. The concept of battling mini-bosses within the game's levels was dropped to uphold the fast and frantic pace of the series' gameplay. Multiplayer capability was also considered before being dropped. An earlier draft of the story featured an alternate version of the game's climax and ending, which involved Crash battling Crunch in a mechanical robot suit. At the end of the fight, Crunch would destroy Crash's suit with a bolt of electricity. The resulting debris would render Cortex unconscious, destroy the remote control device controlling Crunch and start an electrical fire in the space station. As the Bandicoots escape to resume their beach-going vacation, the ruins of the space station would crash-land onto the island of Cortex's original settlement, conveniently allowing Cortex and Uka Uka to resume their world domination bids.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: The majority of the characters and vehicles in the game were built and textured by Nicola Daly and animated by Jeremy Pardon. The main game systems and game code as a whole were coded by John Hodskinson. The game's music is composed by Andy Blythe and Marten Joustra of Swallow Studios. A rearranged version of the original "Crash Bandicoot" theme by Mutato Muzika's Josh Mancell also appears in the game. The game's sound effects were created by Ron Horwitz, Tom Jaeger, John Robinson, and Harry Woolway of Universal Sound Studios. The game's voice actors were cast and directed by Margaret Tang. Clancy Brown voices the dual role of Doctor Neo Cortex and Uka Uka, while Mel Winkler provides the voice of Aku Aku. Crash and Coco Bandicoot are respectively voiced by Brendan O'Brien and Debi Derryberry. Corey Burton voices the returning villains Doctor N. Gin and Doctor Nefarious Tropy. Kevin Michael Richardson provides the voice of new character Crunch Bandicoot, while the Elementals, consisting of Rok-Ko, Wa-Wa, Py-Ro, and Lo-Lo, are voiced by Thomas F. Wilson, R. Lee Ermey, Mark Hamill, and Jess Harnell respectively.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: "The Wrath of Cortex" was released onto the PlayStation 2 on October 29, 2001. The Xbox version of the game was announced by Universal Interactive on January 31, 2002, and features reduced loading times and improved graphics. On May 7, 2002, the company announced a GameCube version of the game, which was later confirmed to have connectivity to the Game Boy Advance. The GameCube version was released on September 17, 2002, initially in North America. Commercially, the PlayStation 2 version sold over 1.56 million units in North America, and around 170,000 copies in 2001 in Japan. The PlayStation 2 version also received a "Double Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom. As a result, the game was re-released for the Platinum Range on October 11, 2002, for the Sony Greatest Hits line-up on October 15, 2002, and for the Best line-up on October 17, 2002. The "Greatest Hits" version of the game features quicker load times than those of the original version. The Xbox version was re-released for the Xbox Classics line-up on April 11, 2003, and the GameCube version was re-released for the Player's Choice line-up in Europe on October 22, 2004.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: "The Wrath of Cortex" received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Reviewers felt that the game was a non-challenging repetition of the formula set by the previous games, with Ben Kosmina of Nintendo World Report summarizing the game's structure as "a carbon copy of """. Louis Bedigian of GameZone, however, declared "Wrath of Cortex" to be better than the preceding games, as well as the hardest game in the series, and welcomed the new levels, abilities and vehicles. The Atlasphere levels were positively received and commonly compared to "Marble Madness", with Bedigian remarking that "Traveller's Tales could develop a whole game based on the sphere levels alone". The game's fixed camera angles and limited perspectives were said to result in frustrating trial-and-error gameplay. Bedigian and Mike Sabine of PlanetXbox found the controls to be sluggish. Sabine and Kosmina criticized Coco Bandicoot as an unnecessary inclusion that was harder to control than Crash. Hilary Goldstein of IGN went into further detail, dismissing Coco as "a less powerful and less enjoyable playable character" and saying "She's just not fun the way Crash is. Crash is a silly creature to look at. He's almost absurd, which works great with his various animations. Coco isn't really silly at all. The game isn't called "Crash and Coco" so why must I be forced to play her? Rather than add variety, Coco detracts from the only real selling point of the game -- Crash Bandicoot". Star Dingo of "GamePro" called the underwater levels "insidious" and suggested they be "used as an example in classes on how not to make a 2D shooter". Kosmina appreciated the GameCube version's GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable support through the Crash Blast minigame. The long loading times in the PS2 version were widely criticized, and their reduction in the Xbox and GameCube versions was welcomed.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: The graphics were positively received for their rich colour palette and increased definition and special effects from the previous games, but were generally seen as less impressive than those of competing games on their respective systems. The Xbox version was noted to have enhanced fur, lighting and particle effects compared to the PS2 version. Star Dingo also commented on the Xbox version's improved visuals, but considered the fur effects to be "creepy". Bedigian, while impressed by the graphics and effects, acknowledged that the visual style was conservative. Lafferty pointed out that the environments were less defined and detailed than other GameCube titles. Casamassina said that the presentation was sterile, elaborating that the environments lacked roundness and that the architecture felt empty. Goldstein was relieved by the reduction of slowdown and stuttering in the Xbox version and lauded the visuals as having the best use of colour on the system, but dismissed the enemy design as bland. Shane Satterfield of GameSpot singled out the game's underwater scenes as impressive. Matthew Gallant, also of GameSpot, and Andrei Alupului of PlanetPS2 deemed the graphics to be average, and Gallant was particularly disappointed with the opening sequence, which "has Crash water-skiing across a flat blue-and-white surface that approximates water much the same way "3" approximates pi". Randy Nelson of "" considered the game to be "one of the best-looking titles on PS2 at the moment", but found the levels to be sparsely populated as a result of their increased width. The GameCube version was observed to suffer from framerate drops.


title: Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex

text: Sabine complimented the game's "quirky and playful" music as "fresh and lively". Bedigian was annoyed by Crash's voice, and considered "less than half" of the game's soundtrack to be worth listening to. Kosmina commended the audio as well done, and singled out the voice-acting for Cortex as "great", but criticized the poor looping of the music. Perry summed up the audio as familiar "thumping conga" music and "cartoony" sound effects. Lafferty described the audio as "fun, with a solid soundtrack and over-acted vocal characterizations". McElfish felt that the music was "consistently fresh and memorable" and the voice-overs were believable, but the sound effects were bland. Casamassina described the music as "well composed and catchy, with enough variation to keep you tapping your feet without realizing it", but criticized the voice-acting, which he felt was overdone and made some of the characters come off as annoying, and lamented the GameCube version's lack of Dolby Pro Logic support. Goldstein, while saying the audio was good in its own right, derided the Xbox version's surround sound mixing as sloppy. Gallant also criticized the sound mixing, and complained of a "loud, unidentifiable thunking noise" throughout the first vehicle-based level in the GameCube version. Alupului dismissed the music as "cheesy standard-fare cartoon stuff that sounds like it's done in primitive MIDI", and considered the voice-acting to be poor. Star Dingo described the music as "cool" and "rhythm-happy" and the celebrity voice-overs for the villains as "droll", but said the sound effects were uninspired. Kilo Watt, also of "GamePro", said that the game's "bouncy" soundtrack was pleasant, but nothing new for the series. Mark Hamill's presence in the voice cast was noticed, with Alupului, despite not being a "Star Wars" fan, feeling sorrow for Hamill having been "relegated to doing voice work for mediocre video games".


title: Randy Feltface

text: Randy Feltface, mostly referred to merely as Randy, or, on occasion, Randy the Purple Puppet, is an Australian puppet comedian. Randy is a fixture on the international stand-up circuit, and makes regular guest appearances on Australian television. He also performs as one half of the musical comedy duo "Sammy J and Randy", who made their television sitcom debut in 2015 with "Sammy J & Randy in Ricketts Lane" on ABC in Australia, for which Randy is credited as co-writer and lead actor. In 2019, Randy competed in the American reality television comedy competition series "Bring the Funny", making it to the second round (the "Comedy Clash").


title: Randy Feltface

text: Randy notes that he has an unusually elaborate life story for a puppet comedian, though McIvor has stated that it has changed over time and that Randy sometimes makes new claims about his life in an improvisational manner.


title: Randy Feltface

text: Randy's first acting gig was in a presentation on workplace bullying. Having gained a taste for showbiz, he soon began to make occasional appearances on the stand-up circuit in around 2005. Randy and Sammy J first met when they shared a bill; shortly after they began performing together at the Butterfly Club in South Melbourne as Sammy J & Randy.


title: Randy Feltface

text: Randy's first full length solo show was "Randy's Postcards from Purgatory", which debuted at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival in 2009 to critical acclaim.


title: Randy Feltface

text: In his first full length show, "Randy's Postcards from Purgatory", Randy revealed he was 38 years old, working children's parties on the weekend, going broke, and facing an impending divorce. He was also a heavy drinker and smoker. By the time of "Randy is Sober" it appears that Randy has quit drinking and smoking, and is now a vegan. He has also written an unpublished novel entitled "Walking to Skye", a recurring topic of interest in his 2015/2016 solo show "Randy Writes a Novel".


title: Randy Feltface

text: During the events depicted in the second show, "Ricketts Lane", Randy is sent to jail for tax fraud, thanks to his house-mate, Sammy J, a young lawyer desperate to make a case. However, McIvor noted that both Randy and Sammy J are actors on that show.


title: Randy Feltface

text: In his show "Purple Privilege", Randy says he was born on the "day Lindy Chamberlain's baby was eaten by a dingo" (17 August, 1980).


title: Randy Feltface

text: Randy Feltface is operated by Heath McIvor, who began his career in puppetry at age 13 in 1993, when he performed with the Melbourne children's theatre company Polyglot Theatre. He provided puppetry work for "The Hobbit", "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" and "Walking With Dinosaurs, the Live Experience". He has also worked in television on "Pig's Breakfast", "Li'l Horrors", and as 'Fiend' in "Me and My Monsters".


title: Randy Feltface

text: McIvor and his friend Philip Millar were working on a puppet musical called "Tyrannosaurus Sex" with a mutual friend Derek Rowe; Rowe, who worked as a workplace consultant for companies, was eventually contracted to create a show about workplace bullying by an insurance company. The show, entitled "What's A Bully To You?", originally featured two puppets, but the team realized they needed a third, unisex puppet that could perform a male and a female role depending on the costume: the puppet, called "Beverly" and "Randy" depending on the role, was built by Millar, made from tools in his shed, his arm rods being hacked together from barbecue forks. The show was not received well by the company, and McIvor decided to use the character and puppet for an upcoming puppet comedy show organized by Millar called "Pure Puppet Palaver", rebranding it as a stand-up comedy act.


title: Randy Feltface

text: When performing with Sammy J, Randy performs the funny-man to Sammy J's straight-man in the double act, and much of their material is musical comedy. In his solo performances, Randy tends towards observational comedy; in both "Randy is Sober" and "Randy Writes a Novel", he contemplates his own progression as a person and his existential crisis as an artist. He often breaks the fourth wall, pointing out that he is a puppet and cannot actually see the audience, or noting that his movement on stage is usually limited to the desk he is behind.


title: Randy Feltface

text: The ARIA Music Awards are a set of annual ceremonies presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the National Standards Body of India under Department of Consumer affairs, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, Government of India. It is established by the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2016 which came into effect on 12 October 2017. The Minister in charge of the Ministry or Department having administrative control of the BIS is the ex-officio President of the BIS. BIS has 500 plus scientific officers working as Certification Officers, Member secretaries of technical committees and lab OIC's.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: The organisation was formerly the Indian Standards Institution (ISI), set up under the Resolution of the Department of Industries and Supplies No. 1 Std.(4)/45, dated 3 September 1946. The ISI was registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: A new Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016 which was notified on 22 March 2016, has been brought into force with effect from 12 October 2017. The Act establishes the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) as the National Standards Body of India.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: As a National Standards Body, it has 25 members drawn from Central or State Governments, industry, scientific and research institutions, and consumer organisations. Its headquarters are in New Delhi, with regional offices in Eastern Region at Kolkata, southern Region at Chennai, Western Region at Mumbai, Northern Region at Chandigarh and Central Region at Delhi and 20 branch offices. It also works as WTO-TBT enquiry point for India.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: It is a comprehensive building code for regulating the building construction activities across the country which was first published in 1970. Preliminary Draft Amendment No. 1 to NBC 2005 Part 11 "Approach to Sustainability" was put into circulation a preliminary draft amendment and BIS accepted the feedback from people till 15 March 2013.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: The Bill was passed on 8 March 2016 by the Rajya Sabha. The new Bill will repeal the existing Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986. The main objectives of the proposed legislation are:


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: It is a training institute of BIS which is set up in 1995. It is functioning from Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: To support the activities of product certification, BIS has a chain of 8 laboratories. These laboratories have established testing facilities for products of chemical, food, electrical and mechanical disciplines. Approximately, 25000 samples are being tested in the BIS laboratories every year. In certain cases where it is economically not feasible to develop test facilities in BIS laboratories and also for other reasons like overloading of samples, equipment being out of order, the services of outside approved laboratories are also being availed. Except for the two labs, all the other labs are NABL (National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories) accredited. It operates a laboratory recognition scheme also.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: SSI Facilitation Cell became operational since 26 May 1997. The aim of the Cell is to assist the small scale entrepreneurs who are backbone of the Indian industry. It has an incentive scheme to promote such units to get certified with ISI Mark.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: If any customer reports about the degraded quality of any certified product at Grievance Cell, BIS HQs, BIS gives redressal to the customer.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: BIS is a founder member of International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It represents India in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the World Standards Service Network (WSSN).


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: One of the major functions of the Bureau is the formulation, recognition and promotion of the Indian Standards. As on 1 January 2019, over 20,000 Standards have been formulated by BIS, are in force. These cover important segments of economy, which help the industry in upgrading the quality of their products and services.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: BIS has identified 15 sectors which are important to Indian Industry. For formulation of Indian Standard, it has separate Division Council to oversee and supervise the work. The Standards are regularly reviewed and formulated in line with the technological development to maintain harmony with the International Standards.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: Product Certifications are to be obtained voluntarily. For, some of the products like Milk powder, Drinking Water, LPG Cylinders, etc., certification is mandatory. Because these products are concerned with health and safety.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: Foreign manufacturers of products who intend to export to India also may obtain a BIS product certification license. For some products various Indian government ministries/departments/agencies makes its compulsory to have BIS certification. Towards this, BIS launched its Product Certification Scheme for overseas manufacturers in the year 2000, which is called Foreign Manufacturers Certification Scheme. Under the provisions of this scheme, foreign manufacturers can seek certification from BIS for marking their product(s) with BIS Standard Mark. The foreign manufacturer needs to appoint an Authorized Indian Representative who will be an Indian Resident to act as an agent between BIS and the manufacturer.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: Depending on the product, the manufacturer has to imprint one of two possible marks on the product label. The Standard Mark or the ISI Mark.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: The Standard Mark is compulsory for certain types of electronics and IT goods, whereas the ISI mark is mandatory for product categories such as cement, household electrical products, food products, steel materials, etc. The ISI mark is also used for several voluntary BIS certification product categories.


title: Bureau of Indian Standards

text: Indian importers who intend to get Certification Mark may apply for the license. However, the assessment visit is paid to the original product manufacturer.


title: Elisa Jordana

text: Elisa Ann Schwartz, mostly known by her stage name Elisa Jordana, is an American radio and TV personality, musician, writer, and online talk-show host. She is best known for her appearances on "The Howard Stern Show" and as a former member of the dance-pop band Cobra Starship.


title: Elisa Jordana

text: Jordana was born and raised in Old Bridge, New Jersey. She grew up listening to New Kids on the Block and Whitney Houston. She wrote her first song at age seven; by the time she was in her teens she was already writing songs for her high school's musicals. She moved to New York City at 17 and continued to write and play around the city.


title: Elisa Jordana

text: Jordana studied in Radio, Television, and Digital Communications at Connecticut School of Broadcasting, the same school fellow former Howard Stern staff member Artie Lange attended. She also attended Berklee College of Music for a couple of semesters before joining Cobra Starship.


title: Elisa Jordana

text: Jordana was an original member of Cobra Starship as a keytarist and backup singer. In 2007, she parted ways with the band to focus on her solo career, launching singles such as "Fuck You, I'm Fine," "Online Sweetheart," and an album titled "Introducing Elisa Jordana."


title: Elisa Jordana

text: Jordana first made her debut on "The Howard Stern Show" in November 2011. She was interviewed by Howard Stern about her relationship with a writer of the show, Benjy Bronk. Jordana appeared in studio nearly a dozen times after that for interviews, games, and musical performances.


title: Elisa Jordana

text: After writing comedy for "The Howard Stern Show", Jordana became a student of "The New York Times" Best Selling Author Susan Shapiro. Jordana has written articles for "XOJane", "Marie Claire," Yahoo"," "and The Rumpus."


title: Elisa Jordana

text: Outside of making multiple appearances on Howard Stern On Demand, Jordana first made her television debut on the Fuse TV reality television series, "Redemption Song". The show was hosted by professional wrestler Chris Jericho and was based on 11 women who competed to win a record deal with Geffen Records.


title: Elisa Jordana

text: Radar Online confirmed in April 2017 that Jordana signed on to become a new cast member in the Bravo reality series "Vanderpump Rules".


title: Elisa Jordana

text: Once she left "The Howard Stern Show", Jordana created her own talk show titled "Kermit and Friends". She started broadcasting the show on Spreecast in February 2015 and lasted for over a year. The show was heavily featured on "The Howard Stern Show" and received acknowledgment from talk-show host Jimmy Kimmel.


title: Elisa Jordana

text: In 2017, after being disappointed in appearing briefly in "Vanderpump Rules" for a single season, Jordana worked at a private equity firm selling gold to wealthy investors before the company got shut down due to various issues and COVID-19. A month before losing her dog Kermit, Jordana got to work from home which in her own words was "a blessing from God that I got to spend the last month with Kermit on my lap as my coworker." Jordana joined the Christian Church and through the church, she was inspired to start the "Kermit And Friends" podcast up again to celebrate Kermit's life. She was soon joined by personalities such as Victoria Asher, Rachel Luba, John Melendez, "The Drew and Mike Podcast", and a variety of other celebrities, pets, and puppets. A big storyline has been Jordana's chaotic engagement to Andy Dick, who often appears on the podcast inebriated after initially being the show's reverend.


title: Elisa Jordana

text: Jordana has also featured several members of the Wack Pack on her podcast, including High Pitch Erik and Wendy the Retard.


title: Desquamation

text: Keratinocytes are the predominant cells of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Living keratinocytes reside in the basal, spinous, or granular layers of the epidermis. The outermost layer of the epidermis is called the Stratum corneum and it is composed of terminally differentiated keratinocytes, the Corneocytes. In the absence of disease, desquamation occurs when corneocytes are individually shed unnoticeably from the surface of the skin. Typically the time it takes for a corneocyte to be formed and then shed is about 14 weeks but this time can vary depending on the anatomical location that the skin is covering. For example, desquamation occurs more slowly at acral (palm and sole) surfaces and more rapidly where the skin is thin, such as the eyelids. Normal desquamation can be visualized by immersing skin in warm or hot water. This induces the outermost layer of corneocytes to shed, such as is the case after a hot shower or bath.


title: Desquamation

text: Corneocytes are held together by corneodesmosomes. In order for desquamation to occur these corneodesmosome connections must be degraded. Keratinocytes residing in the stratum granulosum produce corneodesmosome-degrading kallikrein family members, especially KLK1, KLK5, and KLK7. Kallikreins are serine proteases. They are packaged within lamellar bodies and released into the intercellular space between the keratinocytes as they transition into becoming corneocytes. To prevent premature desquamation, granular layer keratincoytes also produce kallikrein-inhibitory proteins. At acral surfaces, desquamation occurs more slowly because granular layer keratinocytes downregulate expression of KLK1 and KLK7 and upregulate expression of protease inhibitors, including the KLK5-specific SPINK9 and the cysteine protease inhibitors CSTA and CST3. Slowing the process of corneocyte desquamation allows acral (palm and sole) skin to form a thick protective stratum corneum.


title: Desquamation

text: Scale forms on the skin surface in various disease settings, and is the result of abnormal desquamation. In pathologic desquamation, such as that seen in X-linked ichthyosis, the stratum corneum becomes thicker (hyperkeratosis), imparting a "dry" or scaly appearance to the skin, and instead of detaching as single cells, corneocytes are shed in clusters, which forms visible scales. Desquamation of the epidermis may result from disease or injury of the skin. For example, once the rash of measles fades, there is desquamation. Skin peeling typically follows healing of a first degree burn or sunburn. Toxic shock syndrome, a potentially fatal immune system reaction to a bacterial infection such as "Staphylococcus aureus", can cause severe desquamation; so can mercury poisoning. Other serious skin diseases involving extreme desquamation include Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Radiation can cause dry or moist desquamation. Desquamation is also abnormal in patients with immune-mediated skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Abnormal desquamation often results in scale formation on the skin's surface. Lipid composition alterations in scale have been used to construct diagnostic models for human skin disease.


title: Desquamation

text: Certain eye tissues, including the conjunctiva and cornea, may undergo pathological desquamation in diseases such as dry eye syndrome. The anatomy of the human eye makes desquamation of the lens impossible.


title: 2020–21 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: The 2020–21 season was Tottenham Hotspur's 29th season in the Premier League and 43rd successive season in the top division of the English football league system. After finishing in sixth place in the 2019–20 season, Tottenham entered the UEFA Europa League at the second qualifying round, reaching the last 16 in the competition before being eliminated by Dinamo Zagreb over two legs. In the FA Cup, Tottenham played three rounds, being knocked out by Everton in the fifth round.


title: 2020–21 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: In the league, Tottenham lost their first game at home to Everton, but then went on an unbeaten run into December, where at the time Tottenham were division leaders for four weeks. With an away loss to Liverpool, Tottenham's form dropped. José Mourinho had guided the club to reach the League Cup final facing Manchester City. However, because of the dropped form in the league, he was sacked along with his coaching staff on 19 April 2021, and replaced by former player Ryan Mason as interim head coach until this season ends. Mason's first game in-charge was a league home game against Southampton which Tottenham won. The next game was the League Cup final which the team lost 1–0.


title: 2020–21 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: The third round draw took place on 30 November 2020 on the BBC with Robbie Savage selecting Tottenham to play away at Marine of the Northern Premier League Division One North West, the 8th tier of the football pyramid. The draw for the fourth and fifth round were made on 11 January, conducted by Peter Crouch.


title: 2020–21 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: The draw for both the second and third round were confirmed on 6 September, live on Sky Sports by Phil Babb. On 21 September, Tottenham's third-round game against Leyton Orient was postponed due to multiple COVID-19 positive tests among the Leyton squad. On 25 September, the English Football League issued a statement saying that it "has determined that in line with Carabao Cup Rule 5.1, the Club <nowiki>[Leyton Orient]</nowiki> was unable to fulfil its obligations to complete the fixture by virtue of the Council’s order and shall therefore forfeit the tie" and that "in accordance with Carabao Cup Rules, Tottenham Hotspur have been awarded with a bye to progress to Round Four of the Carabao Cup", where they played Chelsea. The game finished 1–1, and went straight to a penalty shoot-out which Tottenham won 5–4 to progress into the next round. Tottenham won their quarter-final against Stoke City by a 3–1 scoreline to advance to the semi-finals. In the semi-finals, played over only one leg, Tottenham then beat 10-man Brentford 2–0 to progress to the final of the competition, which they lost 1–0 against Manchester City.


title: 2020–21 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: The second qualifying round draw was made on 31 August. The draw for the third qualifying round was held on 1 September. The draw for the play-off round was held on 18 September.


title: 2020–21 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season

text: The draw for the round of 16 was held on 26 February 2021. The order of legs was reversed after the original draw to avoid a scheduling conflict with the Arsenal v Olympiacos second leg in the same city on 18 March, as Arsenal were the domestic cup winners and given higher priority over Tottenham.


title: Range Rover (L460)

text: The Range Rover, code-named L460, is the fifth generation Range Rover from the Land Rover marque. It was revealed by Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) in London on 26 October 2021. The car is available in two different wheelbases, as a plug-in hybrid (PHEV), and with a seven-seat option.


title: Range Rover (L460)

text: The fifth generation Range Rover was revealed on 26 October 2021 by the Jaguar Land Rover Chief Creative Officer and the car's designer, Gerry McGovern, at the Royal Opera House in London. It is built on JLR's new MLA-Flex platform, will be available as a PHEV and with a seven-seat option. As well as two PHEV, three diesel and two petrol JLR 3.0 L Ingenium I6 engine options, the car will be the first from JLR to use an engine developed under the combustion and electrified powertrain partnership agreed between JLR and BMW in 2019, the 4.4L BMW/JLR V8 engine. It launched with a range of mild hybrid (MHEV) diesel and petrol engines, with PHEVs due in early 2022 and an all-electric model in 2024. Buyers can also specify the four-seater arrangement that includes a centre console dividing the two rear seats along with an electrically operated tray table and a mini-fridge.