title: Northrop YA-9

text: The pilot sat under a large bubble canopy well ahead of the leading edge of the wings. The cockpit was surrounded by a bathtub of armor (aluminum in the prototypes, which would have been replaced by titanium if production occurred) while the wing-mounted fuel tanks were self-sealing and filled with foam to minimize the potential for fires or massive fuel loss. Dual redundant hydraulic flight control systems were fitted, with a further manual backup to prevent a single hit from causing control failure. These design features were hoped to reduce combat losses by as much as 90% in Vietnam-type operations. A single 30 mm rotary cannon was to be fitted in the belly of the aircraft, with the gun barrels extending under the nose. As the gun was mounted on the aircraft's centerline, the undercarriage nosewheel was offset to the left. As the GAU-8 Avenger cannon was not ready, both YA-9 prototypes (and the two YA-10s) were fitted with the smaller 20 mm M61 Vulcan instead. Ten underwing hardpoints were fitted, allowing up to of weapons, including bombs and AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missiles, to be carried.


title: Northrop YA-9

text: The YA-9 took its first flight on 30 May 1972, with the second prototype flying on 23 August. Northrop's flight testing was successful, with the aircraft claimed to have "fighter-like" handling and to be a good weapon platform. A fly-off by USAF test pilots of the two competing designs took place between 10 October and 9 December 1972. While the YA-9 fully met the USAF's requirements, the YA-10 was declared the winner on 18 January 1973. The use of the established TF34 engine by the YA-10 rather than the untried F102 may have been preferred by the Air Force, while Fairchild had no alternative work available and was unlikely to survive if it did not win the A-X contract.


title: Northrop YA-9

text: The two YA-9 prototypes were subsequently relegated to NASA for continued flight testing before being retired. When retired, the YA-9s' custom-built engines were removed and were later mated to a C-8 Buffalo airframe as part of the NASA-Boeing joint Quiet Short-haul Research Aircraft (QSRA) study into a quiet short-haul commercial aircraft.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Sean Christopher Haire (February 25, 1971 – September 8, 2014) was an American professional wrestler, mixed martial artist and kickboxer, better known by his ring name Sean O'Haire.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Haire was best known for his appearances with the professional wrestling promotions World Championship Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment on its SmackDown brand and New Japan Pro-Wrestling in the early to mid-2000s. A three time WCW World Tag Team Champion, O'Haire was named "Rookie of the Year" by the "Wrestling Observer" in 2000.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Upon retiring from professional wrestling in 2006, Haire competed in mixed martial arts and kickboxing before becoming a hair stylist.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Haire was born in Atlanta, Georgia, but spent most of his youth in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. Prior to becoming a wrestler, Haire participated in multiple Toughman competitions and also was part-owner of a fitness center. Haire was of Irish descent.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: After completing his training in the WCW Power Plant, World Championship Wrestling's training school, Haire, using the ring name Sean O'Haire, began making appearances on second-tier WCW television shows such as WCW Worldwide and WCW Saturday Night. Haire made his live television debut on the June 26, 2000 episode of "Nitro" teaming with his fellow Power Plant graduate Mark Jindrak as they defeated The Filthy Animals (Rey Mysterio and Juventud Guerrera).


title: Sean O'Haire

text: On the July 3 episode of "Nitro", O'Haire and Jindrak faced the Misfits in Action (General Hugh G. Rection and Corporal Cajun) to determine the number one contenders for the World Tag Team Championship, but were defeated. Despite this, O'Haire and Jindrak faced then-World Tag Team Champions KroniK and Vampiro and The Great Muta in a three-way match for the championship, but were unsuccessful in winning the title. In August, O'Haire and Jindrak helped form The Natural Born Thrillers with Mike Sanders, Shawn Stasiak, Chuck Palumbo, Johnny "The Bull" Stamboli, and Reno. They were briefly mentored by Kevin Nash. In September, O'Haire and Jindrak won the World Tag Team Championship for the first time.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: O'Haire and Jindrak won the title once more before splitting when O'Haire and Jindrak participated in a tag team battle royal with the Natural Born Thrillers teammates Stasiak and Palumbo. After the conclusion of the match, Sanders declared both teams victorious and said that the teams should trade partners. As a result, O'Haire formed a new tag team with Palumbo, while the second team consisted of Jindrak and Stasiak.<ref name="Ohaire/Palumbo"></ref>


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Palumbo and O'Haire defeated The Insiders (Diamond Dallas Page and Nash) in January 2001. A short time later, The Natural Born Thrillers broke up when Stasiak and Jindrak became jealous of Palumbo and O'Haire's success. The teams met at SuperBrawl Revenge on February 18 for the tag team gold. Palumbo and O'Haire retained their titles. O'Haire and Palumbo next feuded with Totally Buffed (Buff Bagwell and Lex Luger) and defeated them at Greed on March 18 to retain the Tag Team Title.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Over the following two weeks, O'Haire and Palumbo feuded with Team Canada (Lance Storm and Mike Awesome), defeating them on the final episode of "Nitro" on March 26. WCW was purchased by the WWF, and both O'Haire and Palumbo's contracts were picked up.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: O'Haire and Palumbo made their WWF debuts on the June 28, 2001, episode of "SmackDown!" as part of The Alliance, attacking the Hardy Boyz. O'Haire and Palumbo started feuding with the WWF Tag Team Champions the Acolytes Protection Agency in the following weeks, which ended at Invasion on July 22 when the APA defeated O'Haire and Palumbo in a non-title match. Subsequently, O'Haire and Palumbo defeated the Hardy Boyz on the August 2, 2001 edition of "SmackDown!".


title: Sean O'Haire

text: O'Haire and Palumbo next dropped the WCW Tag Team Championship to The Brothers of Destruction (The Undertaker and Kane) on the August 9 edition of "SmackDown!" and lost their rematch for the championship in a steel cage match the following week on "Raw". O'Haire and Palumbo's last televised match together was on the August 26 edition of "Heat" defeating The Holly Cousins (Hardcore Holly and Crash Holly).


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Palumbo was thrown out of The Alliance in late October and joined the WWF in November. Also in September, O'Haire was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) for seasoning where he joined Kenny Bolin's "Bolin Services". O'Haire returned to WWE on the June 30, 2002 edition of "Heat", defeating Justin Credible. He made a few more appearances on "Heat", in dark matches and at house shows throughout the rest of 2002, facing off against and teaming with, among others, Doug Basham, Damaja, D'Lo Brown, Johnny Stamboli, Shelton Benjamin, Charlie Haas, Christopher Nowinski and Raven.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: In January 2003 vignettes started to appear on WWE programming showing O'Haire in his new gimmick — a Devil's advocate character. He urged people to commit adultery, break the law, not pay taxes, and not go to church, among other things. He ended each vignette with the line "I'm not telling you anything you don't already know." In 2003, O'Haire returned to the main "SmackDown!" roster, telling various superstars to perform indecent acts which included persuading Spanky to streak through the arena and Dawn Marie to flash the audience.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: O'Haire's persona included a long black trench coat he wore to the ring and his obsession with spiders, including fairly new tattoos with black flames on each wrist and a red spider web shooting out from the flames on his left wrist and a blue spider web on his right wrist. His Titantron video was also inside the body of a spider with a spiderweb in the background. He quickly came under the tutelage of wrestling legend, Roddy Piper in April 2003. His new persona was abandoned but he held victories over major stars Rikishi, Funaki, Mr. America by count out, Chris Benoit, and Eddie Guerrero. WWE officially released Piper from his contract on June 26, 2003, right after O'Haire and Piper made their last appearance together on "SmackDown!". In late November 2003, he was involved in a motorcycle accident which required stitches and kept him out of action for the next month or so. When he recovered in February, he was sent back to OVW before being released from his contract on April 3, 2004.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Haire went to work for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) following his WWE release, still using the ring name Sean O'Haire. He wrestled Hiroshi Tanahashi at NJPW Nexess on May 3, 2004, in a losing effort. On July 17, 2004, O'Haire and Piper re-united at a Ballpark Brawl show where Haire was Piper's hand-picked wrestler to face Jimmy Hart's hand-picked wrestler Abyss. O'Haire defeated Abyss by disqualification. Haire then went on to work for California based independent promotion Ultimate Pro Wrestling.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: O'Haire reunited with Chuck Palumbo on February 23, 2005 at UPW's Homecoming Havoc in which they were defeated by Tom Howard and Predator. O'Haire retired from professional wrestling soon after in order to focus on mixed martial arts.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: O'Haire's last match was on March 28, 2006 when he returned to WWE for a one night appearance on WWE Velocity losing to Scotty 2 Hotty in a dark match.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Haire signed with Japanese based kickboxing promotion K-1 in 2004. He made his K-1 debut on December 31, 2004 with a second-round knockout loss to Musashi. Haire then went on to compete in two world grand prix tournaments held in Las Vegas, where he was defeated by Gary Goodridge (2005) and Chalid Arrab (2006). Not long after his first K-1 bout he was allegedly slated for a fight against Rick Cheek but his record was brought into question; K-1 reportedly claimed his record was 10–1 in kickboxing & 8–0 in MMA, where only his K-1 bout vs Musashi & his MMA bout against Shungo Oyama could be found.<ref name="IKF more news 3/28/05"></ref>


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Haire made his professional mixed martial arts debut in September 2004 with a first round submission win over Tony Towers. In November 2004, Haire faced Pride FC veteran Shungo Oyama at K-1 Fighting Network Rumble on the Rock 2004 where he was victorious via first round technical knockout. Haire's next bout came against 1996 Olympic judo silver medalist Kim Min-soo and was defeated via first round submission. On October 21, 2006, Haire, replacing Mark Hunt, fought Eric "Butterbean" Esch at Pride 32 in Las Vegas. He lost the fight via knockout early in the first round.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: On August 17, 2007, Haire was scheduled to fight Mark Kerr at the Mohegan Sun Arena for the Global Fighting Championships promotion but the entire card was canceled after four of the eight scheduled bouts fell through. No explanation was given at that time, regarding the cancellation, only a guarantee of a full refund. It was revealed by GFC representative Joel Parker that half of the night's fights were called off, prompting the decision to nix the card rather than put on a lackluster event. Parker revealed that several fighters were disqualified for either failing to meet their contracted weight or for medical reasons. Kerr and Edwin Dewees were pulled from the card by the overseeing athletic commission for missing weight. According to commission doctors, Kerr registered an unhealthy blood pressure reading the day prior. Kerr was set to fight Haire.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: In 2007, Haire took part in "Champions Quest Fighting Challenge". He was successful in his first fight on September 29, against Darrell Wood, and beat Frankie Parkman on December 7. However, he never fought again after December 2007. Haire defeated Tony Towers with a Guillotine Choke in the first round. Haire had many MMA fights on smaller shows not listed by the major MMA fight databases.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Haire married a woman named Joy Elizabeth in Maui, Hawaii on May 15, 2005. Approximately a year and a half later, he announced their divorce during a radio interview with SquaredCircleRadio.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: Haire was involved in an altercation where he was jumped outside of a bar in Hilton Head, South Carolina on March 30, 2007, in which he sustained fractures to his face and skull, including his orbital bone. As a result of the fight, the vision in his left eye was impaired. Although Haire claimed that he was going to the aid of a friend, witnesses asserted that Haire tried to instigate a fight with one of his alleged assailants, Juan Brantley. Brantley had filed a complaint with police on March 17, in which he stated that Haire had attempted to start a fight with him at another bar.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: In June 2004, Haire was arrested and charged with multiple counts of assault after a brawl at a Hilton Head night club, but he was only convicted of one count of assault in 2006.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: On April 24, 2007, Haire was charged with aggravated assault and battery for a fight at a bar weeks prior. The charge was later dismissed.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: On September 6, 2009, Haire was arrested in Chatham County, Georgia for allegedly assaulting his girlfriend. He was charged with domestic battery and criminal trespassing before being released on $4,600 bail.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: On November 23, 2011, Haire was again arrested in Chatham County, Georgia and charged with battery. He was later released on $1,850 bail.


title: Sean O'Haire

text: On the morning of September 9, 2014, Haire was found dead by his father, hanging from a bedpost in his bedroom in the Spartanburg, South Carolina home they shared. He was 43 years old. It was determined by the Spartanburg County coroner's office that Haire died by suicide the night prior. Haire's passing was announced to the public via Twitter by former WCW wrestler and personal friend of Haire's Scotty Riggs. Haire reportedly battled years of depression and substance addiction in the years prior to his death. It was reported that Haire had attended WWE sponsored rehab six times in the six years preceding his death.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: Ultralight aviation (called microlight aviation in some countries) is the flying of lightweight, 1- or 2-seat fixed-wing aircraft. Some countries differentiate between weight-shift control and conventional three-axis control aircraft with ailerons, elevator and rudder, calling the former "microlight" and the latter "ultralight".


title: Ultralight aviation

text: During the late 1970s and early 1980s, mostly stimulated by the hang gliding movement, many people sought affordable powered flight. As a result, many aviation authorities set up definitions of lightweight, slow-flying aeroplanes that could be subject to minimum regulations. The resulting aeroplanes are commonly called "ultralight aircraft" or "microlights", although the weight and speed limits differ from country to country. In Europe, the sporting (FAI) definition limits the maximum stalling speed to and the maximum take-off weight to , or if a ballistic parachute is installed. The definition means that the aircraft has a slow landing speed and short landing roll in the event of an engine failure.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: In most affluent countries, microlights or ultralight aircraft now account for a significant percentage of the global civilian-owned aircraft. For instance in Canada in February 2018, the ultralight aircraft fleet made up to 20.4% of the total civilian aircraft registered. In other countries that do not register ultralight aircraft, like the United States, it is unknown what proportion of the total fleet they make up. In countries where there is no specific extra regulation, ultralights are considered regular aircraft and subject to certification requirements for both aircraft and pilot.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: In Australia, ultralight aircraft and their pilots can either be registered with the Hang Gliding Federation of Australia (HGFA) or Recreational Aviation Australia (RA Aus). In all cases, except for privately built single seat ultralight aeroplanes, microlight aircraft or trikes are regulated by the Civil Aviation Regulations.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: Pilots of a powered, fixed wing aircraft or paramotors do not need a licence, provided its weight with a full fuel tank is not more than , but they must obey the rules of the air.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: For heavier microlights the current UK regulations are similar to the European ones, but helicopters and gyroplanes are not included.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: Other than the very earliest aircraft, all two-seat UK microlights (and until 2007 all single-seaters) have been required to meet an airworthiness standard; BCAR Section S.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: In 2007, Single Seat DeRegulated (SSDR), a sub-category of single seat aircraft was introduced, allowing owners more freedom for modification and experiments. By 2017 the airworthiness of all single seat microlights became solely the responsibility of the user, but pilots must hold a microlight licence; currently NPPL(M) (National Private Pilots Licence).


title: Ultralight aviation

text: Ultralights in New Zealand are subject to NZCAA General Aviation regulations with microlight specific variations as described in Part 103 and AC103-1.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: The United States FAA's definition of an ultralight is significantly different from that in most other countries and can lead to some confusion when discussing the topic. The governing regulation in the United States is FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles. In 2004, the FAA introduced the "Light-sport aircraft" category, which resembles some other countries' microlight categories. Ultralight aviation is represented by the United States Ultralight Association (USUA), which acts as the US aeroclub representative to the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: Advancements in batteries, motors, and motor controllers has led to some practical production electric propulsion systems for some ultralight applications. In many ways, ultralights are a good application for electric power as some models are capable of flying with low power, which allows longer duration flights on battery power.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: In 2007, the first pioneering company in this field, the Electric Aircraft Corporation, began offering engine kits to convert ultralight weight shift trikes to electric power. The 18 hp motor weighs and an efficiency of 90% is claimed by designer Randall Fishman. The battery consists of a lithium-polymer battery pack of 5.6kWh which provides 1.5 hours of flying in the trike application. The company claimed a flight recharge cost of 60 cents in 2007.


title: Ultralight aviation

text: A significant obstacle to the adoption of electric propulsion for ultralights in the U.S. is the weight of the battery, which is considered part of the empty weight of the aircraft despite efforts to have it considered as fuel. As battery energy density improves lighter batteries can be used.


title: With Teeth

text: With Teeth (stylized as [WITH_TEETH]) is the fourth studio album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails, released by Nothing Records and Interscope Records on May 3, 2005. The album was produced by Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor and long-time collaborator Alan Moulder. It also features contributions from musician Dave Grohl and future band member Atticus Ross.


title: With Teeth

text: In line with the band's previous material, the record features introspective songwriting influenced by Reznor's addiction to alcohol and drugs and subsequent sobriety. The album generated three singles: "The Hand That Feeds", "Only", and "Every Day Is Exactly the Same", the latter of which was released as an accompanying remix EP. The album was supported by the .


title: With Teeth

text: "With Teeth" was well received by critics, albeit slightly less than the band's previous work. Some complimented the aggressive composition, while others said the album was bland and criticized Reznor for a lack of originality. The album became the band's second to reach No. 1 in the U.S. and was certified gold by the RIAA.


title: With Teeth

text: Nine Inch Nails garnered mainstream attention with their influential second album "The Downward Spiral", as well as a widely broadcast live performance at Woodstock '94, becoming one of the most popular music acts of the 1990s. Reznor appeared in "Time" magazine's list of the year's most influential people in 1997, and "Spin" magazine described him as "the most vital artist in music". However, his musical output was infrequent, having released only three studio albums from 1989 to 2005 with a rough average of five years between each release. During this time, Reznor became increasingly addicted to alcohol and drugs, resulting in depression and writer's block.


title: With Teeth

text: The 1999 Nine Inch Nails double album "The Fragile" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics and eventually sold 898,000 copies. However, it failed to attain the success of its predecessor and fell from the top of the "Billboard" charts after only a week. Afterwards, the only original Nine Inch Nails material released until 2005 was the 2000 remix album "Things Falling Apart", as well as the 2001 remix album "Still" and the 2001 single "Deep" from the "" soundtrack. Reznor told "Spin" magazine in 2005, "I was going to just drink myself or drug myself out of it. I got back to New Orleans after the "Fragile" tour, and I'd pretty much lost my soul."


title: With Teeth

text: After Reznor decided to go to rehab, he began work on a new album and found that the songwriting process moved along easier for him than in the past. He said that it was due to having "a pretty good game plan" and elaborated, "I had themes and subjects [...] as my brain started working, the songs just started to come out. I regained my self-confidence." He originally planned the album to be a concept album, complete with a storyline. He was quoted in a 2007 article as saying, "I'd come up with this kind of elaborate storyline, and the record was gonna be a concept record that had a number of pretentious elements to it. I was gonna talk about multi-layered reality and waking up in a dream you can't wake up out of, and eventually finding acceptance after you go through this period of trying to fight it. It was all kind of a big analogy for me getting sober."


title: With Teeth

text: Reznor began recording the album at Nothing Studios in New Orleans, the last release he recorded at the location before permanently relocating to Los Angeles. The album was produced by Reznor and long-time Nine Inch Nails producer Alan Moulder, with engineering and assistance by Atticus Ross, who would later join the band as its second official member in 2016. The album was mixed in stereo and 5.1 surround sound. Nirvana drummer and Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl contributed drums and percussion on seven tracks. According to a statement on the official Nine Inch Nails website, Reznor stated that producer Rick Rubin was his "mentor" and "source of inspiration" throughout the planning and writing process of the album.


title: With Teeth

text: Reznor was heavily inspired by the use of more analog electronic effects and instruments, specifically tape delay and modular synthesizers. A post on the band's official website dated May 5 indicated that Reznor, Ross, and Leo Herrera were in the studio recording and "refining" rough new material. It also stated Jerome Dillon was on drums on these sessions. Mixing began on October 28, and Reznor revealed on New Year's Eve that the album was complete and would be titled "With Teeth".


title: With Teeth

text: Before the album's release, Reznor described "With Teeth" as "more song-oriented" and "lean" than "The Fragile" (1999). In reference to the album's sound, Reznor said he "tried to keep a lo-fi aesthetic running through it, a kind of carelessness." Moreover, he stated the music was less of a concept album, and more of "a collection of songs that are friends with each other, but don't have to rely on each other to make sense". "With Teeth" is considered as Reznor's most rock-centric album since the "Broken" EP and labeled as industrial rock, electronic rock, and hard rock. The album's sound also draws inspirations from genres such as drum and bass, pop, electronica, and ambient.


title: With Teeth

text: The album's lyrics tackle Reznor's opinion of himself, his relationship with the world around him and his place in it, and his struggles with addiction. Although it dealt with these issues, Reznor was hopeful that it was still "disguised enough that [it was] not a terribly boring record about recovery and addiction". Reznor also drew influence from the September 11, 2001 attacks, which occurred shortly after his recovery. The album's first single, "The Hand That Feeds", was a direct example of the themes of protest and propagandist fear that helped influence the album. These influences became more prominent in his next album, "Year Zero", and the alternate reality game that accompanied it.


title: With Teeth

text: Early reports indicated that the album had a working title of "Bleedthrough". Reznor stated that the name was eventually changed: "It was supposed to be about different layers of reality seeping into the next, but I think some people were thinking about blood or a tampon commercial."


title: With Teeth

text: In a statement to fans on the official Nine Inch Nails website, Reznor explained that his dislike for the constraints of CD artwork led to the creation of a downloadable 20-megabyte poster, incorporating credits, lyrics, and artwork. The poster, designed by Reznor and Rob Sheridan, contains lyrics that are not featured in the actual songs (a practice Reznor has continued since "Pretty Hate Machine"), as well as song titles and lyrics not featured on the album, possibly recorded but unreleased. The poster is available to members of the official Nine Inch Nails fan club as part of the initial welcome package.


title: With Teeth

text: "With Teeth" is the last Nine Inch Nails studio album to include the Nothing Records logo in the packaging, since it was declared extinct after the February 2007 inclusion of the "Beside You in Time" home video. Before the release of the album, fans were able to listen to "With Teeth" in its entirety by attending listening parties that took place in 13 cities throughout the U.S. Anyone who attended received promotional posters and stickers. Those who pre-ordered the album received a limited edition 7" vinyl containing the single "The Hand That Feeds," as well as the B-side track "Home." The album was promoted with seven short teaser trailers. "The Fragile", "Things Falling Apart", and "Year Zero" were also promoted with trailers, as well as commercials.


title: With Teeth

text: "With Teeth" was released as a standard CD, double vinyl, a DualDisc and a CD/DVD combo. In addition to 5.1 surround and stereo mixes of the songs, the DualDisc (and DVD) contain the video for "The Hand That Feeds", an interactive discography and a slide show of album artwork. Reznor also released multitrack files for a few of the songs. In retrospect Reznor said, "That whole idea of putting up multitracks, really was just, several years ago, bored in a hotel room [...] just as an experiment I happened to have the multitracks with me--I think I was doing press for "With Teeth"--I loaded up "The Hand That Feeds" and made it as a multitrack, in GarageBand. [...] I thought it would be cool to give the sounds to people, and I knew the challenge would be to get that past Interscope, essentially giving the masters out. But they agreed." Reznor has released multitrack files for every major Nine Inch Nails release up to, and including, "The Slip".


title: With Teeth

text: In June 2015, an instrumental version of the album was released to Apple Music. A remastered "Definitive Edition" was released on vinyl and digital in November 2019.


title: With Teeth

text: Nine Inch Nails live performances supported the album with a tour named . The touring lineup featured Jeordie White, Aaron North, Alessandro Cortini, and Jerome Dillon. Midway through the tour, Dillon was forced to stop playing due to a medical condition. He was initially replaced by Alex Carapetis, and then later by Josh Freese.


title: With Teeth

text: The tour began with a small club tour in early 2005, and the band members were reportedly "pleasantly surprised by the interest" despite the group's lengthy hiatus between tours. This initial leg of the tour also included a headlining performance at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. The band followed up with a North American arena tour in autumn 2005, supported by Queens of the Stone Age, Autolux, Death from Above 1979, and hip hop artist Saul Williams. The second leg of the tour consisted of a series of North American amphitheaters performances in the summer of 2006, supported by Bauhaus, TV on the Radio, and Peaches. In 2007, a tour documentary entitled "Beside You in Time" was released in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray formats.


title: With Teeth

text: "With Teeth" received mostly positive reviews from critics, with an aggregate rating of 71 based on 22 reviews on Metacritic. "Rolling Stone"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Rob Sheffield described the album as "vintage Nine Inch Nails", while "Stylus Magazine" said "The words 'triumphant return' are apt." Rock critic Robert Christgau gave it a lukewarm review, commenting, "All pretense of deeper meaning worn into shtick, [Reznor] is left with the aggro mood music that was always his calling." "Newsday" gave "With Teeth" a rating of A− and called it "a strong reminder why, despite his lengthy absences, Reznor remains alt-rock royalty."


title: With Teeth

text: Other critics panned the album, including "The Village Voice", which described the album as "all paint-by-numbers with no topography or relief—just one angry distorted chord after another." PopMatters critically slammed the album, summarizing its poor review by simply saying "Trent Reznor has run out of ideas." In the review for AllMusic, editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine was also muted in his praise for the album, claiming that "[It] is the work of a craftsman, a musician who meticulously assembles his work by layering details so densely, there's never a moment on the record where something isn't roiling under the surface, where something isn't added to the mix. He's good at this, though. "With Teeth" is an impressive achievement technically and the music is generally strong, yet there's a nagging problem -- namely, there's nothing new here."


title: With Teeth

text: "With Teeth" was named one of the top 40 albums of 2005 by "Spin" magazine. The song "The Hand That Feeds" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance for the 48th Annual Grammy Awards in 2006. The song "Every Day Is Exactly the Same" was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2007. Pitchfork named "The Hand That Feeds" in its "Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s", at number 406. In 2005, Reznor was nominated by the Billboard Music Awards as the "Modern Rock Artist of the Year".


title: With Teeth

text: "With Teeth" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 272,000 copies in its first week. The album has been certified gold in the United States and the United Kingdom and platinum in Canada.


title: With Teeth

text: The track "Home" was originally a B-side to "The Hand That Feeds". On CD versions the track is placed after the last track, on vinyl it is placed after "Sunspots". As mentioned above, the UK version also features an additional track, an alternate version of "Right Where it Belongs", and the Japanese version also contains the alternate track, as well as a remix of "The Hand That Feeds" by Photek, bringing its track total to 16.


title: Rahim Aga Khan

text: Prince Rahim Aga Khan (; born 12 October 1971) is the second of the Aga Khan IV’s four children. Based in Geneva, Switzerland, he has been actively involved for many years in the governance of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN).


title: Rahim Aga Khan

text: Prince Rahim Aga Khan was born on 12 October 1971, in Geneva, the eldest son of Prince Karim Aga Khan and his first wife Princess Salimah Aga Khan.


title: Rahim Aga Khan

text: Prince Rahim received his secondary education at Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts (1990) and graduated from Brown University, Rhode Island, U.S. with a bachelor's degree in Comparative Literature awarded in 1995. In 2006, he completed an executive development program in management and administration at the University of Navarra IESE Business School in Barcelona, Spain. In 2010, he established the Aga Khan Brown Workshop series at the Watson Institute.


title: Rahim Aga Khan

text: Prince Rahim has been actively involved in the governance of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), where he currently chairs the AKDN Environment and Climate Committee and co-chairs AKDN's Budget Review Committees.


title: Rahim Aga Khan

text: Prince Rahim sits on either the Board or Executive Committee for several of the AKDN's agencies and affiliated structures, namely the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development, the Aga Khan University Foundation, the Aga Khan Foundation, the Aga Khan Development Network Foundation, the Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance and the Aga Khan Trust for Culture.


title: Rahim Aga Khan

text: Prince Rahim travels regularly to oversee programs and other projects of the Aga Khan Development Network.


title: Rahim Aga Khan

text: Prince Rahim married Kendra Irene Spears on 31 August 2013 in Geneva, Switzerland. They have two children: Prince Irfan (b. 11 April 2015) and Prince Sinan (b. 2 January 2017). The couple divorced in February 2022.


title: Nynorsk

text: Nynorsk () () is one of the two written standards of the Norwegian language, the other being Bokmål. From 12 May 1885, it became the state-sanctioned version of Ivar Aasen's standard Norwegian language () parallel to the Dano-Norwegian written language ("Riksmål"). Nynorsk became the name in 1929, and it is after a series of reforms still a variation which is closer to , whereas Bokmål is closer to "Riksmål" and Danish.


title: Nynorsk

text: Between 10 and 15 percent of Norwegians have Nynorsk as their official language form, estimated by the number of students attending "videregående skole" (secondary education). Nynorsk is also taught as a mandatory subject in both high school and elementary school for all Norwegians who do not have it as their own language form.


title: Nynorsk

text: Danish was the written language of Norway until 1814, and Danish with Norwegian intonation and pronunciation was on occasion spoken in the cities (see Dano-Norwegian). With the independence of Norway from Denmark, Danish became a foreign language and thus lost much of its prestige, and a conservative, written form of Norwegian, "Landsmål", had been developed by 1850. By this time, however, the Danish language had been gradually reformed into the written language Riksmål, and no agreement was reached on which of the two forms to use. In 1885, the parliament declared the two forms official and equal.


title: Nynorsk

text: Efforts were made to fuse the two written forms into one language. A result was that Landsmål and Riksmål lost their official status in 1929, and were replaced by the written forms Nynorsk and Bokmål, which were intended to be temporary intermediary stages before their final fusion into one hypothesised official Norwegian language known at the time as Samnorsk. This project was later abandoned and Nynorsk and Bokmål remain the two officially sanctioned standards of what is today called the Norwegian language.


title: Nynorsk

text: Both written languages are in reality fusions between the Norwegian and Danish languages as they were spoken and written around 1850, with Nynorsk closer to Norwegian and Bokmål closer to Danish. The official standard of Nynorsk has been significantly altered during the process to create the common language form Samnorsk. A minor purist fraction of the Nynorsk population has stayed firm with the historical Aasen norm where these alterations of Nynorsk were rejected, which is known as Høgnorsk (, analogous to High German). Ivar Aasen-sambandet is an umbrella organization of associations and individuals promoting the use of Høgnorsk, whereas Noregs Mållag and Norsk Målungdom advocate the use of Nynorsk in general.


title: Nynorsk

text: The Landsmål (Landsmaal) language standard was constructed by the Norwegian linguist Ivar Aasen during the mid-19th century, to provide a Norwegian-based alternative to Danish, which was commonly written, and to some extent spoken, in Norway at the time.


title: Nynorsk

text: The word "Nynorsk" also has another meaning. In addition to being the name of the present, official written language standard, Nynorsk can also refer to the Norwegian language in use after Old Norwegian, 11th to 14th centuries, and Middle Norwegian, 1350 to about 1550. The written Norwegian that was used until the period of Danish rule (1536-1814), closely resembles Nynorsk (New Norwegian). A major source of old written material is Diplomatarium Norvegicum in 22 printed volumes.


title: Nynorsk

text: After the transition from Middle Norwegian to New Norwegian/Nynorsk (c. 1525), several studies of the language were assembled. The oldest of these is a language overview and collection of proverbs from the early 1600s Vest-Agder. Later in the century, a dictionary from Robyggjelaget was written. Neither of these works were printed until more recently. In 1646, however, Christen Jensøn (1610-1653), born in Askvoll, Norway, released a dictionary which documented the Nynorsk language in Sunnfjord.


title: Nynorsk

text: In 1749, Erik Pontoppidan released a dictionary of Norwegian words that were incomprehensible to Danish people, "Glossarium Norvagicum Eller Forsøg paa en Samling Af saadanne rare Norske Ord Som gemeenlig ikke forstaaes af Danske Folk, Tilligemed en Fortegnelse paa Norske Mænds og Qvinders Navne". Pontoppidan's dictionary was criticised by Torleiv Hannaas for being a somewhat haphazard collection of rarities, and for being written by someone who was not proficient in Nynorsk, in contrast with Jensøn's dictionary. It is agreed, and also admitted by Pontoppidan himself, that the scope of Pontoppidan's work was not to provide a complete or rigid study of Nynorsk, but to make an attempt to further the understanding of the language.


title: Nynorsk

text: A systematic study of the Norwegian language was made by Ivar Aasen in the mid 19th century. After the dissolution of Denmark–Norway and the establishment of the union between Sweden and Norway in 1814, Norwegians considered that neither Danish, by now a foreign language, nor by any means Swedish, were suitable written norms for Norwegian affairs. The linguist Knud Knudsen proposed a gradual Norwegianisation of Danish. Ivar Aasen, however, favoured a more radical approach, based on the principle that the spoken language of people living in the Norwegian countryside, who made up the vast majority of the population, should be regarded as more Norwegian than that of upper-middle class city-dwellers, who for centuries had been substantially influenced by the Danish language and culture. This idea was not unique to Aasen, and can be seen in the wider context of Norwegian romantic nationalism. In the 1840s Aasen traveled across rural Norway and studied its dialects. In 1848 and 1850 he published the first Norwegian grammar and dictionary, respectively, which described a standard that Aasen called Landsmål. New versions detailing the written standard were published in 1864 and 1873, and in the 20th century by Olav Beito in 1970.


title: Nynorsk

text: During the same period, Venceslaus Ulricus Hammershaimb standardised the orthography of the Faroese language. Spoken Faroese is closely related to Landsmål and dialects in Norway proper, and Lucas Debes and Peder Hansen Resen classified the Faroese tongue as Norwegian in the late 17th century. Ultimately, however, Faroese was established as a separate language.


title: Nynorsk

text: Aasen's work is based on the idea that Norwegian dialects had a common structure that made them a separate language alongside Danish and Swedish. The central point for Aasen therefore became to find and show the structural dependencies between the dialects. In order to abstract this structure from the variety of dialects, he developed some basic criteria, which he called "the most perfect form". He defined this form as the one that best showed the connection to related words, with similar words, and with the forms in Old Norwegian. No single dialect had all the perfect forms, each dialect had preserved different aspects and parts of the language. Through such a systematic approach, one could arrive at a uniting expression for all Norwegian dialects, what Aasen called "the fundamental dialect", and Einar Haugen has called "Proto-Norwegian".


title: Nynorsk

text: The idea that the study should end up in a new written language marked his work from the beginning. A fundamental idea for Aasen was that the fundamental dialect should be Modern Norwegian, not Old Norwegian or Old Norse. Therefore, he did not include grammatical categories which were extinct in all dialects. At the same time, the categories that were inherited from the old language and were still present in some dialects should be represented in the written standard. Haugen has used the word "reconstruction" rather than "construction" about this work.


title: Nynorsk

text: From the outset, Nynorsk was met with resistance among those who believed that the Dano-Norwegian then in use was sufficient. With the advent and growth of mass media, exposure to the standard languages increased, and Bokmål's position is dominant in many situations. This may explain why negative attitudes toward Nynorsk persist, as is seen with many minority languages. This is especially prominent among students, who are required to learn both of the official written languages. There are however many individual reasons for both positive and negative attitudes towards Nynorsk. Many claim that obligatory learning of both language forms is unnecessary, and that students would be better off spending their time on learning a foreign language, or simply focusing on one of the language forms.


title: Nynorsk

text: Some critics of obligatory Nynorsk and Bokmål as school subjects have been very outspoken about their opposition. For instance, during the 2005 election, the Norwegian Young Conservatives made an advertisement where a candidate for parliament threw a copy of the Nynorsk dictionary into a barrel of flames. After strong reactions to this book burning, they apologized and chose not to use the video.


title: Nynorsk

text: Bokmål has a much larger basis in the cities and generally outside of the western part of the country. Most Norwegians do not speak either Nynorsk or Bokmål as written, but a Norwegian dialect that identifies their origins. Nynorsk shares many of the problems that minority languages face.


title: Nynorsk

text: In Norway, each municipality and county can choose to declare either of the two language standards as its official language or remain "standard-neutral". As of 2020, 90 municipalities have declared Nynorsk as their official standard, while 118 have chosen Bokmål and another 148 are neutral, numbers that have been stable since the 1970s. As for counties, three have declared Nynorsk as their official standard: Vestfold og Telemark, Møre og Romsdal and Vestland. Most municipalities in Rogaland and few in the "standard-neutral" counties have declared Nynorsk as their official standard. Ålesund is the largest municipality with Nynorsk as its official language form.


title: Nynorsk

text: The main standard used in primary schools is decided by referendum within the local school district. The number of school districts and pupils using primarily Nynorsk has decreased from its height in the 1940s, even in Nynorsk municipalities. Nynorsk is also part of the school curriculum in high school and elementary school for all students in Norway, where students are taught to write it.


title: Nynorsk

text: The prevailing regions for Nynorsk are the rural areas of the western counties of Rogaland, Vestland and Møre og Romsdal, where an estimated 90% of the population writes Nynorsk. Some of the rural parts of Oppland, Buskerud, Telemark, Aust- and Vest-Agder also write primarily in Nynorsk. In the Sunnmøre region of Møre og Romsdal, all municipalities have stated Nynorsk as the official standard. In Vestland, almost all municipalities have declared Nynorsk as the official standard – the city of Bergen being one of only three exceptions.


title: Nynorsk

text: Written Nynorsk is found in all the same types of places and for the same uses (newspapers, commercial products, computer programs, etc.) as other written languages. Most of the biggest newspapers in Norway have certain articles written in Nynorsk, like "VG" and "Aftenposten", but are mainly Bokmål. There are also nationwide newspapers where Nynorsk is the only Norwegian-language form of publication, among them are "Dag & Tid" and "Framtida.no". Many local newspapers have also chosen Nynorsk as the only language form of publication, like "Firdaposten", "Hallingdølen", "Hordaland" and "Bø blad". Many newspapers are also officially neutral, conforming to either Nynorsk or Bokmål in an article as they see fit, like "Klassekampen" and "Bergens Tidende". Commercial products produced in the Nynorsk areas of Norway are also often distributed with Nynorsk text, like types of Gamalost. Many computer programs and apps that serve the whole country often present a choice between Bokmål and Nynorsk, especially those produced by the Norwegian government.


title: Nynorsk

text: There are also requirements by law that many Norwegian institutions have to follow. These laws are in order to keep Nynorsk and Bokmål as equals, which has been seen as an important case since the creation of the language forms. For instance the State-owned broadcaster NRK is required by law to have at least 25% of their content in Nynorsk. This means that at least one quarter of their content on broadcast and online media has to be in Nynorsk. There is also a requirement for state organs and universities to have content written in Nynorsk. Every student in the country should be presented the opportunity to take their exam in either Nynorsk or Bokmål.


title: Nynorsk

text: Nynorsk is first and foremost a written language form but it does appear as a spoken language. Spoken Nynorsk is often referred to as normed Nynorsk speech. Bokmål speech in Eastern Norway often conforms to Urban East Norwegian, whereas Bokmål speech in Bergen and Trondheim is called "pen-bergensk" (lit. fine Bergenish) and "pen-trøndersk" (lit. fine Trondheimish), respectively. Normed Nynorsk speech is mostly used in scripted contexts, like news broadcasts from television stations, such as NRK and TV2. It's also widely used in theaters, like Det Norske Teatret and by teachers. Since the 1970s, the motto of the Nynorsk movement has largely been "speak dialect, write Nynorsk", which has marginalized the use of normed Nynorsk speech to mainly scripted contexts. This is in contrast to the normed Bokmål speech which many speakers use in all social settings. Outside of scripts, it is quite common to rather speak a Norwegian dialect. Compared to many other countries, dialects have a higher social status in Norway and are often used even in official contexts. At the same time, it is not uncommon for dialect speakers to use a register closer to the Nynorsk writing standard when deemed suitable, especially in formal contexts.


title: Nynorsk

text: Nynorsk is a North-Germanic language, close in form to both Icelandic and the other form of written Norwegian (Bokmål). Nynorsk grammar is closer in grammar to Old West Norse than Bokmål is, as the latter was influenced by Danish.


title: Nynorsk

text: Grammatical genders are inherent properties of nouns, and each gender has its own forms of inflection.


title: Nynorsk

text: Standard Nynorsk and all Norwegian dialects, with the notable exception of the Bergen dialect, have three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. The situation is slightly more complicated in Bokmål, which has inherited the Danish two-gender system. Written Danish retains only the neuter and the common gender. Though the common gender took what used to be the feminine inflections in Danish, it matches the masculine inflections in Norwegian. The Norwegianization in the 20th century brought the three-gender system into Bokmål, but the process was never completed. In Nynorsk these are important distinctions, in contrast to Bokmål, in which all feminine nouns may also become masculine (due to the incomplete transition to a three-gender system) and inflect using its forms, and indeed a feminine word may be seen in both forms, for example "boka" or "boken" ("the book") in Bokmål. This means that "en liten stjerne – stjernen ("a small star – the star", only masculine forms) and "ei lita stjerne – stjerna (only feminine forms) both are correct Bokmål, as well as every possible combination: "en liten stjerne – stjerna, "ei liten stjerne – stjerna or even "ei lita stjerne – stjernen". Choosing either two or three genders throughout the whole text is not a requirement either, so one may choose to write "tida" ("the time" ) and "boken" ("the book" ) in the same work in Bokmål. This is not allowed in Nynorsk, where the feminine forms have to be used wherever they exist.


title: Nynorsk

text: In Nynorsk, unlike Bokmål, masculine and feminine nouns are differentiated not only in the singular form but also in the plural forms. For example:


title: Nynorsk

text: That is, nouns generally follow these patterns, where all definite articles/plural indefinite articles are suffixes:


title: Nynorsk

text: The gender of each noun normally follows certain patterns. For instance will all nouns ending in "-nad" be masculine, like the word "jobbsøknad" (job application). Almost all nouns ending in "-ing" will be feminine, like the word "forventning" (expectation). The "-ing" nouns also get an irregular inflection pattern, with "-ar" and "-ane" in the plural indefinite and plural definite (just like the masculine) but inflected like a feminine noun in every other way. There are a few other common nouns that have an irregular inflection too, like "mann" which means man and is a masculine word, but for plural it gets an umlaut (just like English): "menn" (men) and it gets a plural definite that follows the inflection pattern of a feminine word: "mennene" (the men). The word "son" which means son is another word that is inflected just like a masculine word except for the plural, where it is inflected like a feminine noun with an umlaut: "søner" (sons), "sønene" (the sons).


title: Nynorsk

text: Here is a short list of irregular nouns, many of which are irregular in Bokmål too and some of which even follow the same irregular inflection as in Bokmål (like the word in the first row: "ting"):


title: Nynorsk

text: Expressing ownership of a noun (like "the girl's car") is very similar to how it is in Bokmål, but the use of the reflexive possessive pronouns "sin", "si", "sitt", "sine" are more extensive than in Bokmål due to the preservation of historical grammatical case expressions.


title: Nynorsk

text: A grammatical gender is not characterized by noun inflection alone; each gender can have further inflectional forms. That is, gender can determine the inflection of other parts of speech which agree grammatically with a noun. This concerns determiners, adjectives and past participles.


title: Nynorsk

text: The inflection patterns and words are quite similar to those of Bokmål, but unlike Bokmål the feminine forms are not optional, they have to be used. As for adjectives and determiners, the list of words with a feminine inflection form are quite few compared to those for the masculine and neuter after the 2012 language revision. All the past participles for strong verbs are for instance no longer inflected for the feminine (with an inflection ending "-i") and there is just a handful of adjectives left with a feminine form, one of which is the adjective "liten" as is shown in the inflection table below.


title: Nynorsk

text: Adjectives have to agree with the noun in both gender and number just like Bokmål. Unlike Bokmål, Nynorsk has a more completed system of adjective agreement comparable to that of the Swedish language (see Nynorsk past participles).


title: Nynorsk

text: Just like in Bokmål, adjectives have to agree after certain copula verbs, like in this case the verb for "to be": "vere" ("er" is its present tense). Other important copula verbs where predicative agreement happens are "verte" and "bli" (both mean "become"). Other copula verbs are also "ser ut" (looks like) and the reflexive verbs in Nynorsk. When verbs are used other than these copula verbs, the adjectives like in the example above will no longer be adjectives but an adverb. The adverb form of an adjective is the same as the neuter form of the adjective, just like in Bokmål. For instance "Han gjør lite" (he does little). Adverbs are not inflected, like most European languages. The system of agreement after copula verbs in the Scandinavian languages is a remnant of the grammatical case system. The verbs where the subject and predicate of the verb had the same case are known as copula verbs. The system of grammatical case disappeared but there was still specific gender forms that was left.


title: Nynorsk

text: Most adjectives will follow this pattern of inflection for adjectives, which is the same as in Bokmål:


title: Nynorsk

text: Examples of adjectives that follow this pattern are adjectives like fin (nice), klar (ready/clear), rar (weird).


title: Nynorsk

text: Adjectives/perfect participles that end in a diphthong (like the word "grei", which means straightforward/fine) will follow this inflection pattern:


title: Nynorsk

text: Past participles of verbs, which are when the verb functions as an adjective, are inflected just like an adjective. This is very similar to the system of agreement in the Swedish language, where all participles have an inflection for gender, number and definiteness. In contrast, participles in Bokmål are only in general inflected for number and definiteness and shares many of the inflections it got from the Danish language. The inflections of these participles are inferred from the verb conjugation class they pertain to, described in the verb section. In Nynorsk, the verb "skrive" (to write, strong verb) has the following forms:


title: Nynorsk

text: Strong verbs had an optional feminine form "-i" prior to the 2012 language revision that still are used among some users.


title: Nynorsk

text: Some of the weak verbs have to agree in only number (just like in Bokmål), while many have to agree in both gender and number (like in Swedish). The weak verbs are inflected according to their conjugation class (see Nynorsk verb conjugation).


title: Nynorsk

text: Present participles are like all other living Scandinavian languages not inflected in Nynorsk. In general, they are formed with the suffix "-ande" on the verb stem; "Ein skrivande student" (a writing student).


title: Nynorsk

text: As can be seen from the inflection tables for adjectives and past participles, they all have their own inflection for definiteness. Just like Bokmål, when adjectives and past participles are accompanied by the articles in the following table below, the adjective/past participle gets the definite inflection and the following noun also gets the definite inflection - a form of double definiteness. Nynorsk requires the use of double definiteness, where as in Bokmål this is not required due to its Danish origins, but the usage in Bokmål depends on the formality of the text. That is, in Bokmål it is perfectly fine to write "I første avsnitt" (which means; "in the first paragraph"), while the same sentence in Nynorsk would be "I det første avsnittet" which is also the most common way to construct the sentence in the Norwegian dialects and is also legal Bokmål.


title: Nynorsk

text: Like most Scandinavian languages, when the noun is definite and is described by an adjective like the phrase "the beautiful mountains", there is a separate definite article dependent on the gender/number of the noun. In Nynorsk these articles are: "den"/"det"/"dei". The following noun and adjective both gets a definite inflection. When there is no adjective and the articles "den"/"det"/"dei" are used in front of the noun (like "dei fjella", English; "those mountains"), the articles are inferred as the demonstrative "that"/"those" depending on if the noun is plural or not. The difference between the demonstrative "that" and the article "the" is in general inferred from context when there is an adjective involved.


title: Nynorsk

text: The determinatives have inflection patterns quite similar to Bokmål, the only difference being that the masculine form is often used for the feminine in Bokmål.


title: Nynorsk

text: "Bil" (car) is a masculine noun, "hytte" (cabin) is a feminine noun and "hus" (house) is a neuter noun. They all have to agree with the determinatives "min" and "eigen" in gender and number.


title: Nynorsk

text: "Bil" (car) is a masculine noun, "hytte" (cabin) is a feminine noun and "hus" (house) is a neuter noun. They all have to agree with the determinative "ingen" in gender and number.


title: Nynorsk

text: "Bil" (car) is a masculine noun, "hytte" (cabin) is a feminine noun and "hus" (house) is a neuter noun. They all have to agree with the determinative "nokon" in gender and number.


title: Nynorsk

text: As in other continental Scandinavian languages, verb conjugation is quite simple as they are not conjugated in person, unlike English and other European languages. Verbs are divided into two conjugation classes: strong and weak verbs. The weak verbs are further divided into different categories: "a"-verbs, "j"-verbs, short verbs and "e"-verbs (some "e"-verbs with "-de" in the preterite tense and some with "-te" in the preterite tense). The conjugation class decides what inflection the verb will get for the different tenses and what kind of past participle inflection it gets. "E"-verbs with "-de" in the preterite will for instance be inflected in both gender and number for the past participles; while those with "-te" will be inflected only in number, as described in the past participle section. Unlike Bokmål, Nynorsk has a more marked difference between strong and weak verbs—a common pattern in dialects across Norway. The system resembles the Swedish verb conjugation system.


title: Nynorsk

text: To identify what conjugation class a verb pertains to; "j"-verbs will have "-je" or "-ja" in the infinitive, "e"-verbs have "-er" in the present tense, "a"-verbs have "-ar" in the present tense and "-a" in the preterite.


title: Nynorsk

text: Strong verbs have no ending in their present and preterite forms. The only difference between these forms is ablaut.


title: Nynorsk

text: Just like in Bokmål and in most other Germanic languages, there is no difference between the simple tenses and the continuous tenses in Nynorsk. This means for instance that "drikk" will cover both of the English present forms "drink" and "drinking".


title: Nynorsk

text: All users can choose to follow a system of either an "-e" or an "-a" ending on the infinitives of verbs. That is, one can for instance choose to write either "å skrive" or "å skriva" (the latter is common in west Norwegian dialects). There is also a system where one can use both "-a" endings and "-e" endings at certain verbs, this system is known as kløyvd infinitiv.


title: Nynorsk

text: As can be shown from the conjugation tables, the removal of the vocal ending of the infinitive creates the imperative form of the verb "kjøp deg ei ny datamaskin!" (buy yourself a new computer!). This is true for all weak and strong verbs.


title: Nynorsk

text: There are ergative verbs in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A verb in Norwegian that is ergative has two different conjugations, either weak or strong. The two different conjugation patterns, though similar, have two different meanings. A verb with a weak conjugation as in the section above, will have an object, that is, the weak conjugated verb is transitive. The verb with strong conjugation will not have an object. The strongly conjugated verbs are intransitive. The system of ergative verbs is more pronounced in Nynorsk than in Bokmål. An ergative verb in Bokmål will have two different conjugations only for the preterite tense for strong verbs due to the influence of Danish that did not have strong ergative verbs, while all ergative verbs in Nynorsk have two different conjugations for all tenses like Swedish. Ergative verbs are also very common in Norwegian dialects, like in the following example.


title: Nynorsk

text: Other verbs that are ergative are often j-verbs; "liggje" (to lie down), "leggje" (to lay down). These are differentiated for all tenses, just like Bokmål.


title: Nynorsk

text: Just like the other Scandinavian languages and Bokmål, there is passive construction of verbs. In general, the passive is created by taking the verb stem and adding the suffix "-ast". For instance the verb "hente" (English: fetch) has the passive form "hentast". This suffix was inherited from Old Norse and is the same suffix that exists in modern-day Icelandic. In fact, all the verb forms "berast", "reddast", "opnast", "seljast" in the table below are Icelandic verb forms too.


title: Nynorsk

text: In contrast to Bokmål, the passive forms of verbs are only used after auxiliary verbs in Nynorsk, and never without them. Without an auxiliary verb there would rather be a passive construction by the use of the verbs "vere"/"bli"/"verte" (to be/to become) and then the past participle verb form. For instance, the following sentence is not a valid sentence in Nynorsk: "Pakka hentast i dag" (the package will be fetched today), there would rather be a construction like "Pakka vert henta i dag". This is due to the reduction of sentences that are ambiguous in meaning and due to the historic legacy of Old Norse. Bokmål and certain languages like Swedish and Danish have evolved another passive construction where the passive isn't reflexive. In the general case, this can lead to confusion as to "han slåast" means that "he is fighting"» or that "he is being hit", a reflexive or a non reflexive meaning. Nynorsk has two different forms that separate this meaning for the verb "slå" ("slåast" and "slåst"), but in the general case it does not. Nynorsk solves this general ambiguity by mainly allowing a reflexive meaning, which is also the construction that has the most historical legacy behind it. This was also the only allowed construction in Old Norse.


title: Nynorsk

text: There are reflexive verbs in Nynorsk just like the other Scandinavian languages, and these are not the same as passives. Examples are "synast" (think, looks like), "kjennast" (feels), etc. The reflexive verbs have their own conjugation for all tenses, which passives do not. A dictionary will usually show an inflection table if the verb is reflexive, and if it is passive the only allowed form is the word alone with an "-ast" suffix.


title: Nynorsk

text: In general, all reflexive verbs are conjugated by this pattern. These have a reflexive meaning, see the examples below. Every reflexive verb is also a copula verb, so they have adjective agreement with adjectives like "kald" (cold), just like in Bokmål and the other Scandinavian languages.


title: Nynorsk

text: One of the past participle and the preterite verb ending in Bokmål is "-et". Aasen originally included these "t"s in his Landsmål norms, but since these are silent in the dialects, it was struck out in the first officially issued specification of Nynorsk of 1901.


title: Nynorsk

text: Examples may compare the Bokmål forms "skrevet" ('written', past participle) and "hoppet" ('jumped', both past tense and past participle), which in written Nynorsk are "skrive" (Landsmål "skrivet") and "hoppa" (Landsmål "hoppat"). The form "hoppa" is also permitted in Bokmål.


title: Nynorsk

text: Other examples from other classes of words include the neuter singular form "anna" of "annan" ('different', with more meanings) which was spelled "annat" in Landsmål, and the neuter singular form "ope" of "open" ('open') which originally was spelled "opet". Bokmål, in comparison, still retains these "t"s through the equivalent forms "annet" and "åpent".


title: Nynorsk

text: As can be seen from the inflection table, the words for "mine", "yours" etc. have to agree in gender with the object as described in the determiners section.


title: Nynorsk

text: Like in Icelandic and Old Norse (and unlike Bokmål, Danish and Swedish), nouns are referred to by "han", "ho", "det" (he, she, it) based on the gender of the noun, like the following:


title: Nynorsk

text: The main ordering of possessive pronouns is where the possessive pronoun is placed after the noun, while the noun has the definite article, just like in the example from the table above; "boka mi" (my book). If one wishes to emphasize ownership, the possessive pronoun may come first; "mi bok" (my' book). If there is an adjective involved, the possessive pronoun also may come first, especially if the pronoun or adjective is emphasized; "mi eiga hytte" (my own cabin), "mi første bok" or "den første boka mi" (my first book). In all other cases the main ordering will be used. This is in contrast to other continental Scandinavian languages, like Danish and Swedish, where the possessive comes first regardless, just like English. This system of ordering possessive pronouns in Nynorsk is more similar to how it is in the Icelandic language today.


title: Nynorsk

text: The distinction between Bokmål and Nynorsk is that while Bokmål has for the most part derived its forms from the written Danish language or the common Danish-Norwegian speech, Nynorsk has its orthographical standards from Aasen's reconstructed "base dialect", which are intended to represent the distinctive dialectical forms.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Switzerland is not a member state of the European Union (EU). It is associated with the Union through a series of bilateral treaties in which Switzerland has adopted various provisions of European Union law in order to participate in the Union's single market, without joining as a member state. All but one (the microstate Liechtenstein) of Switzerland's neighbouring countries are EU member states.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: The European Union is Switzerland's largest trading partner, and Switzerland is the EU's fourth largest trading partner, after the United Kingdom, U.S. and China. Export of goods from Switzerland accounts for 5.2% of the EU's imports; mainly chemicals, medicinal products, machinery, instruments and time pieces. In terms of services, the EU's exports to Switzerland amounted to €67.0 billion in 2008 while imports from Switzerland stood at €47.2 billion.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Switzerland signed a free-trade agreement with the then European Economic Community in 1972, which entered into force in 1973.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and took part in negotiating the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement with the European Union. It signed the agreement on 2 May 1992, and submitted an application for accession to the EU on 20 May 1992. However, after a Swiss referendum held on 6 December 1992 rejected EEA membership by 50.3% to 49.7%, the Swiss government decided to suspend negotiations for EU membership until further notice. These did not resume and in 2016, Switzerland formally withdrew its application for EU membership.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: In 1994, Switzerland and the EU started negotiations about a special relationship outside the EEA. Switzerland wanted to safeguard the economic integration with the EU that the EEA treaty would have permitted, while purging the relationship of the points of contention that had led to the people rejecting the referendum. Swiss politicians stressed the "bilateral" nature of these negotiations, where negotiations were conducted between two equal partners and not between 16, 26, 28 or 29, as is the case for EU treaty negotiations.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: These negotiations resulted in a total of ten treaties, negotiated in two phases, the sum of which makes a large share of EU law applicable to Switzerland. The treaties are:


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: The Bilateral I agreements are expressed to be mutually dependent. If any one of them is denounced or not renewed, they all cease to apply. According to the preamble of the EU decision ratifying the agreements:


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: This is referred to as the "guillotine clause". While the bilateral approach theoretically safeguards the right to refuse the application of new EU rules to Switzerland, in practice the scope to do so is limited by the clause. The agreement on the European Economic Area contains a similar clause.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Before 2014, the "bilateral approach", as it is called in Switzerland, was consistently supported by the Swiss people in referendums. It allows the Swiss to keep a sense of sovereignty, due to arrangements when changes in EU law will only apply after the EU–Swiss Joint Committee decides so in consensus. It also limits the EU influence to the ten areas, where the EEA includes more areas, with more exceptions than the EEA has.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: From the perspective of the EU, the treaties contain largely the same content as the EEA treaties, making Switzerland a virtual member of the EEA. Most EU law applies universally throughout the EU, the EEA and Switzerland, providing most of the conditions of the free movement of people, goods, services and capital that apply to the member states. Switzerland pays into the EU budget. Switzerland has extended the "bilateral treaties" to new EU member states; each extension required the approval of Swiss voters in a referendum.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: In a referendum on 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed, by a 55% majority, to join the Schengen Area. This came into effect on 12 December 2008.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: In 2009, the Swiss voted to extend the free movement of people to Bulgaria and Romania by 59.6% in favour to 40.4% against. While the EU Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely does not apply to Switzerland, the Swiss-EU bilateral agreement on the free movement of people contains the same rights both for Swiss and EEA nationals, and their family members.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: By 2010, Switzerland had amassed around 210 trade treaties with the EU. Following the institutional changes in the EU–particularly regarding foreign policy and the increased role of the European Parliament–European Council President Herman Van Rompuy and Swiss President Doris Leuthard expressed a desire to "reset" EU-Swiss relations with an easier and cleaner way of applying EU law in Switzerland. In December 2012, the Council of the European Union declared that there will be no further treaties on single market issues unless Switzerland and EU agree on a new legal framework similar to the EEA that, among others, would bind Switzerland more closely to the evolving EU legislation. José Manuel Barroso, the President of the European Commission, later affirmed this position. However, a second referendum on Swiss EEA membership isn't expected, and the Swiss public remains opposed to joining.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: In 2009, Switzerland became a participant in the Schengen Area with the acceptance of an association agreement by popular referendum in 2005. This means that there are no passport controls on Switzerland's borders with its neighbours though customs controls continue to apply.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: In a referendum in February 2014, the Swiss voters narrowly approved a proposal to limit the freedom of movement of foreign citizens to Switzerland. The European Commission said it would have to examine the implications of the result on EU–Swiss relations since literal implementation would invoke the guillotine clause.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: On 22 December 2016, Switzerland and the EU concluded an agreement whereby a new Swiss law (in response to the referendum) would require Swiss employers to prioritise Swiss-based job seekers (whether Swiss nationals or non-Swiss citizens registered in Swiss job agencies) whilst continuing to observe the free movement of EU citizens into Switzerland thus allowing them to work there.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Since 2008, Switzerland has contributed CHF 1.3 billion towards various projects designed to reduce the economic and social disparities in an enlarged EU. One example of how this money is used is Legionowo railway station, Poland, which was redeveloped with CHF 9.6 million from the Swiss budget.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Negotiations between Switzerland and the European Commission on an institutional framework accord began in 2014 and concluded in November 2018. On 7 December 2018, the Swiss Federal Council decided to neither accept nor decline the negotiated accord, instead opting for a public consultation. The negotiated accord would cover five areas of existing agreements between the EU and Switzerland made in 1999:


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Notably, the accord would facilitate EU law in these fields to be readily transposed into Swiss law, and the European Court of Justice would be the final and binding arbiter on disputes in these fields. If the accord were accepted by Switzerland, the country would be in a similar position with regard to imposition of EU law (albeit only in the above five fields) as that in the other EFTA countries which are members of the EEA. Further to matters of sovereignty, specific concerns raised in Switzerland include possible impact on state aid law on the cantonal banks, the potential for transposition of the into Swiss law (and any resulting impact on social welfare for example) and the possible impact on wages enjoyed in the country. Accepting the accord is considered by the Commission to be necessary to allow Swiss access to new fields of the European single market, including the electricity market and stock exchange equivalence.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: By June 2019, the Swiss Federal Council found no meaningful compromise neither with the internal consulting partners, such as Swiss labour unions and business representatives, nor with the outgoing EU-commission president Jean-Claude Juncker. EU-member countries have also expressed that no further compromise on the text of the proposed framework accord with Switzerland would be possible. As a result, Brussels did not extend its stock market equivalence to the Swiss stock exchange because of this breakdown of Swiss-EU negotiations, and for a counter-measure, the Swiss Federal Council ordinance from November 2018 was implemented, limiting the future exchange of most EU-traded Swiss stocks to the SIX Swiss Exchange in Zurich.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: The negotiations on the proposed framework accord between Switzerland the EU were restarted on 23 April 2021, when Swiss Federal Councilor Guy Parmelin and EU-commission president Ursula von der Leyen met in Brussels. The meeting took place in a friendly atmosphere, but no agreement could be attained as the federal councilor insisted on excluding key issues such as protection of Swiss wages, Citizens’ Rights Directive, and state aid for cantonal banks from the agreement. The following week, Stéphanie Riso, Deputy Head of Cabinet for the EU commission, informed representatives of the 27 member countries of the progress with regard to the framework accord with Switzerland. The EU commission perceived the Swiss demands as an ultimatum, and the EU member countries expressed support for the EU-leadership in the negotiations. Foreign Minister Ignazio Cassis told reporters that the impasse was due to a different interpretation of the "free movement of people" clause in the framework accord. In September 2020, Swiss voters clearly rejected a ballot measure by the Swiss People's Party to limit the free movement of persons, and decided to favour bilateral agreements with the EU. According to internal reports by the Swiss Federal Council, failed negotiations with the EU-commission have already been taking place on 11 November 2020 when chief negotiator Livia Leu took the podium for Swiss-EU talks.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: On 26 May 2021, Switzerland decided to again suspend negotiations with the EU and not sign the drafted EU-Swiss Institutional Framework Agreement. The main disagreements were about freedom of movement, the level playing field and state aid rules.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: On 15 November 2021, Maroš Šefčovič, EU Vice President responsible for Swiss-EU negotiations and Brexit struck a more conciliatory tone with Swiss Foreign Minister Ignazio Cassis, when they met in Brussels. The two sides agreed to establish a structured political dialog at ministerial level, and re-open bilateral talks in early 2022. The Swiss Foreign minister in particular insisted that Switzerland will be integrated back into the Erasmus+ and the Horizon Europe programmes. At stake are a number of agreements between Switzerland and the EU, including future access to EU's electricity market, as well as EU citizens' availability of Swiss social security benefits.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Among these sixteen votes, just three are against further integration or for reversing integration with the European Union (6 December 1992, 4 March 2001, and 9 February 2014); the other thirteen votes are in favour of either deepening or maintaining integration between Switzerland and the European Union.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Switzerland took part in negotiating the EEA agreement with the EU and signed the agreement on 2 May 1992 and submitted an application for accession to the EU on 20 May 1992. A Swiss referendum held on 6 December 1992 rejected EEA membership. As a consequence, the Swiss Government suspended negotiations for EU accession until further notice. With the ratification of the "second" round of "bilateral treaties", the Swiss Federal Council downgraded their characterisation of a full EU membership of Switzerland from a "strategic goal" to an "option" in 2006. Membership continued to be the objective of the government and was a "long-term aim" of the Federal Council until 2016, when Switzerland's frozen application was withdrawn. The motion was passed by the Council of States and then by the Federal Council in June. In a letter dated 27 July the Federal Council informed the Presidency of the Council of the European Union that it was withdrawing its application.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Concerns about loss of neutrality and sovereignty are the key issues against membership for some citizens. A 2018 survey of public opinion in Switzerland found only 3% considered that joining the EU was a feasible option.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: The popular initiative entitled "Yes to Europe!", calling for the opening of immediate negotiations for EU membership, was rejected in a 4 March 2001 referendum by 76.8% and all cantons. The Swiss Federal Council, which was in favour of EU membership, had advised the population to vote against this referendum, since the preconditions for the opening of negotiations had not been met.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: During the history of EU-Swiss relations, the country has undergone several substantial changes in foreign policies, depending on the democratic outcomes of ballot measures. Specific agreements with the EU on freedom of movement for workers and areas concerning tax evasion were first addressed during the Switzerland–EU summit in May 2004 where nine bilateral agreements were signed. Romano Prodi, former President of the European Commission, said the agreements "moved Switzerland closer to Europe." Joseph Deiss of the Swiss Federal Council said, "We might not be at the very centre of Europe but we're definitely at the heart of Europe". He continued, "We're beginning a new era of relations between our two entities."


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: The Swiss population agreed to their country's participation in the Schengen Agreement and joined the area in December 2008.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: The result of the referendum on extending the freedom of movement of people to Bulgaria and Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007 caused Switzerland to breach its obligations to the EU. The Swiss government declared in September 2009 that bilateral treaties are not solutions and the membership debate has to be examined again while the left-wing Green Party and the Social Democratic Party stated that they would renew their push for EU membership for Switzerland.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: In the February 2014 Swiss immigration referendum, a federal popular initiative "against mass immigration", Swiss voters narrowly approved measures limiting the freedom of movement of foreign citizens to Switzerland. The European Commission said it would have to examine the implications of the result on EU–Swiss relations. Due to the refusal of Switzerland to grant Croatia free movement of persons, the EU accepted Switzerland's access to the Erasmus+ student mobility program only as a "partner country", as opposed to a "programme country", and the EU froze negotiations on access to the EU electricity market. On 4 March 2016, Switzerland and the EU signed a treaty that extends the agreement on the free movement of people to Croatia, which led to Switzerland's full readmission into Horizon 2020, a European funding framework for research and development. The treaty was ratified by the National Council on 26 April on the condition that a solution be found to an impasse on implementing the 2014 referendum. The treaty was passed in December 2016. This allowed Switzerland to rejoin Horizon 2020 on 1 January 2017.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: A poll to mark 30 years since the 1992 EEA referendum indicated that 71% would vote for EEA participation if a referendum were held. Support for joining the EU was just 32%.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: In the field of foreign and security policy, Switzerland and the EU have no overarching agreements. But in its Security Report 2000, the Swiss Federal Council announced the importance of contributing to stability and peace beyond Switzerland's borders and of building an international community of common values. Subsequently, Switzerland started to collaborate in projects of EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Switzerland has contributed staff or material to EU peace keeping and security missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kosovo, North Macedonia and the province of Aceh, Indonesia.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: Close cooperation has also been established in the area of international sanctions. As of 2006, Switzerland has adopted five EU sanctions that were instituted outside of the United Nations. Those affected the former Republic of Yugoslavia (1998), Myanmar (2000), Zimbabwe (2002), Uzbekistan (2006) and Belarus (2006).


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: The currency of Switzerland is the Swiss franc. Switzerland (with Liechtenstein) is in the unusual position of being surrounded by countries that use the euro. As a result, the euro is "de facto" accepted in many places, especially near borders and in tourist regions. Swiss Federal Railways accept euros, both at ticket counters and in automatic ticket machines. Also many public phones, vending machines or ticket machines accept euro coins. Many shops and smaller businesses that accept euros take notes only, and give change in Swiss francs, usually at a less favourable exchange rate than banks. Many bank cash machines issue euros at the traded exchange rate as well as Swiss francs.


title: Switzerland–European Union relations

text: On 6 September 2011, the Swiss franc effectively became fixed against the euro: the Franc had always floated independently until its currency appreciation became unacceptable during the eurozone debt crisis. The Swiss National Bank set an CHF/EUR peg that involved a minimum exchange rate of 1.20 francs to the euro, with no upper bound in place. The Bank committed to maintaining this exchange rate to ensure stability. The peg was abandoned on 15 January 2015, when renewed upward pressure on the Swiss franc exceeded the Bank's level of tolerance.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Korean Buddhism is distinguished from other forms of Buddhism by its attempt to resolve what its early practitioners saw as inconsistencies within the Mahayana Buddhist traditions that they received from foreign countries. To address this, they developed a new holistic approach to Buddhism that became a distinct form, an approach characteristic of virtually all major Korean thinkers. The resulting variation is called "Tongbulgyo" ("interpenetrated Buddhism"), a form that sought to harmonize previously arising disputes among scholars (a principle called "hwajaeng" 和諍).


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Centuries after Buddhism originated in India, the Mahayana tradition arrived in China through the Silk Road in the 1st century CE via Tibet; it then entered the Korean peninsula in the 3rd century during the Three Kingdoms Period, from where it was transmitted to Japan. In Korea, it was adopted as the state religion of 3 constituent polities of the Three Kingdoms Period, first by the Goguryeo (also known as Goryeo) in 372 CE, by the Silla (Gaya) in 528 CE, and by the Baekje in 552 CE.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: As it now stands, Korean Buddhism consists mostly of the Seon Lineage, primarily represented by the Jogye and Taego Orders. The Korean Seon has a strong relationship with other Mahayana traditions that bear the imprint of Chan teachings as well as the closely related Zen. Other sects, such as the modern revival of the Cheontae lineage, the Jingak Order (a modern esoteric sect), and the newly formed Won, have also attracted sizable followings.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Korean Buddhism has contributed much to East Asian Buddhism, especially to early Chinese, Japanese, and Tibetan schools of Buddhist thought.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: When Buddhism was originally introduced to Korea from Former Qin in 372, about 800 years after the death of the historical Buddha, shamanism was the indigenous religion. The Samguk yusa and Samguk sagi record the following three monks who were among the first to bring Buddhist teaching, or Dharma, to Korea in the 4th century during the Three Kingdoms period: Malananta – an Indian Buddhist monk who came from Serindian area of southern China's Eastern Jin Dynasty and brought Buddhism to the King Chimnyu of Baekje in the southern Korean peninsula in 384 CE, Sundo – a monk from northern Chinese state Former Qin brought Buddhism to Goguryeo in northern Korea in 372 CE, and Ado – a monk who brought Buddhism to Silla in central Korea. As Buddhism was not seen to conflict with the rites of nature worship, it was allowed by adherents of Shamanism to be blended into their religion. Thus, the mountains that were believed by shamanists to be the residence of spirits in pre-Buddhist times later became the sites of Buddhist temples.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Though it initially enjoyed wide acceptance, even being supported as the state ideology during the Goryeo (918–1392 CE) period, Buddhism in Korea suffered extreme repression during the Joseon (1392–1897 CE) era, which lasted over five hundred years. During this period, Neo-Confucianism overcame the prior dominance of Buddhism.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Only after Buddhist monks helped repel the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) did the persecution of Buddhists stop. Buddhism in Korea remained subdued until the end of the Joseon period, when its position was strengthened somewhat by the colonial period, which lasted from 1910 to 1945. However, these Buddhist monks did not only put an end to Japanese rule in 1945, but they also asserted their specific and separate religious identity by reforming their traditions and practices. They laid the foundation for many Buddhist societies, and the younger generation of monks came up with the ideology of "Mingung Pulgyo", or "Buddhism for the people". The importance of this ideology is that it was coined by the monks who focused on common men's daily issues. After World War II, the Seon school of Korean Buddhism once again gained acceptance.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: A 2005 government survey indicated that about a quarter of South Koreans identified as Buddhist. However, the actual number of Buddhists in South Korea is ambiguous as there is no exact or exclusive criterion by which Buddhists can be identified, unlike the Christian population. With Buddhism's incorporation into traditional Korean culture, it is now considered a philosophy and cultural background rather than a formal religion. As a result, many people outside of the practicing population are deeply influenced by these traditions. Thus, when counting secular believers or those influenced by the faith while not following other religions, the number of Buddhists in South Korea is considered to be much larger. Similarly, in officially atheist North Korea, while Buddhists officially account for 4.5% of the population, a much larger number (over 70%) of the population are influenced by Buddhist philosophies and customs.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: When Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the 4th century CE, the Korean peninsula was politically subdivided into Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo in the north (which included territory currently in Russia and China), Baekje in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast. There is concrete evidence of an earlier introduction of Buddhism than traditionally believed. A mid-4th century tomb, unearthed near Pyongyang, is found to incorporate Buddhist motifs in its ceiling decoration.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Korean Buddhist monks traveled to China or India in order to study Buddhism in the late Three Kingdoms Period, especially in the 6th century. In 526, the monk Gyeomik (謙益) from Baekje traveled via the southern sea route to India to learn Sanskrit and study the Vinaya. The monk Paya (波若; 562–613?) from Goguryeo is said to have studied under the Tiantai master Zhiyi. Other Korean monks of the period brought back numerous scriptures from abroad and conducted missionary activity throughout Korea.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: The date of the first mission from Korea to Japan is unclear, but it is reported that a second detachment of scholars was sent to Japan upon invitation by the Japanese rulers in 577. The strong Korean influence on the development of Buddhism in Japan continued through the Unified Silla period. It was not until the 8th century that independent study by Japanese monks began in significant numbers.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: In 372, the monk Sundo (順道, pinyin: "Shùndào") was sent by Fu Jian (337–385) (苻堅) of Former Qin to the court of the King Sosurim of Goguryeo. He brought texts and statues (possibly of Maitreya, who was popular in Buddhism in Central Asia), and the Goguryeo royalty and their subjects quickly accepted his teachings. Buddhism in China was in a rudimentary form, consisting of the law of cause and effect and the search for happiness. This had much in common with the predominant Shamanism, which likely led to the quick assimilation of Buddhism by the people of Goguryeo.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Early Buddhism in Silla developed under the influence of Goguryeo. Some monks from Goguryeo came to Silla and preached among the people, making a few converts. In 551, Hyeryang (惠亮), a Goguryeo monk was appointed the first National Patriarch of Silla. He first presided over the "Hundred-Seat Dharma Assembly" and the "Dharma of Eight Prohibitions".


title: Korean Buddhism

text: In 384, the Gandharan monk Marananta arrived in Baekje and the royal family received the strain of Buddhism that he brought. King Asin of Baekje proclaimed, "people should believe in Buddhism and seek happiness." In 526, the Baekje monk Gyeomik (겸익, 謙益) traveled directly to Central India and came back with a collection of Vinaya texts, accompanied by the Indian monk Paedalta (Sanskrit: Vedatta). After returning to Baekje, Gyeomik translated the Buddhist scriptures in Sanskrit into seventy-two volumes. The Gyeyul school in Baekje was established by Gyeomik about a century earlier than its counterpart in China. As a result of his work, he is regarded as the father of Vinaya studies in Korea.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Buddhism did not enter the kingdom of Silla until the 5th century. The common people were first attracted to Buddhism here, but there was resistance among the aristocrats. In 527, however, a prominent court official named Ichadon presented himself to King Beopheung of Silla and announced he had become Buddhist. The king had him beheaded, but when the executioner cut off his head, it is said that milk poured out instead of blood. Paintings of this are in the temple at Haeinsa and a stone monument honoring his martyrdom is in the National Museum of Kyongju.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: During the reign of the next king, Jinheung of Silla, the growth of Buddhism was encouraged and eventually recognized as the national religion of Silla. Selected young men were physically and spiritually trained at Hwarangdo according to Buddhist principles regarding one's ability to defend the kingdom. King Jinheung later became a monk himself.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: The monk Jajang (慈藏) is credited with having been a major force in the adoption of Buddhism as a national religion. Jajang is also known for his participation in the founding of the Korean monastic sangha.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Another great scholar to emerge from the Silla Period was Wonhyo. He renounced his religious life to better serve the people and even married a princess for a short time, with whom he had a son. He wrote many treatises and his philosophy centered on the unity and interrelatedness of all things. He set off to China to study Buddhism with a close friend, Uisang, but only made it part of the way there. According to legend, Wonhyo awoke one night very thirsty. He found a container with cool water, which he drank before returning to sleep. The next morning he saw that the container from which he had drunk was a human skull and he realized that enlightenment depended on the mind. He saw no reason to continue to China, so he returned home. Uisang continued to China and after studying for ten years, offered a poem to his master in the shape of a seal that geometrically represents infinity. The poem contained the essence of the Avatamsaka Sutra.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Buddhism was so successful during this period that many kings converted and several cities were renamed after famous places during the time of the Buddha.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: In 668, the kingdom of Silla succeeded in unifying the whole Korean peninsula, giving rise to a period of political stability that lasted for about one hundred years under Unified Silla. This led to a high point in scholarly studies of Buddhism in Korea. The most popular areas of study were "Wonyung", "Yusik" (Ch. 唯識; "Weishi") or East Asian Yogācāra, "Jeongto" or Pure Land Buddhism, and the indigenous Korean "Beopseong" ("Dharma-nature school").


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Wonhyo taught the Pure Land practice of yeombul, which would become very popular amongst both scholars and laypeople, and has had a lasting influence on Buddhist thought in Korea. His work, which attempts a synthesis of the seemingly divergent strands of Indian and Chinese Buddhist doctrines, makes use of the Essence-Function (體用 "che-yong") framework, which was popular in native East Asian philosophical schools. His work was instrumental in the development of the dominant school of Korean Buddhist thought, known variously as "Beopseong", "Haedong" (海東, "Korean") and later as "Jungdo" (中道, "Middle Way")


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Wonhyo's friend Uisang (義湘) went to Chang'an, where he studied under Huayan patriarchs Zhiyan (智儼; 600–668) and Fazang (法藏; 643–712). When he returned after twenty years, his work contributed to Hwaeom Buddhism and became the predominant doctrinal influence on Korean Buddhism together with Wonhyo's "tongbulgyo" thought. Hwaeom principles were deeply assimilated into the Korean meditation-based Seon school, where they made a profound effect on its basic attitudes.


title: Korean Buddhism

text: Influences from Silla Buddhism in general, and from these two philosophers in particular crept backwards into Chinese Buddhism. Wonhyo's commentaries were very important in shaping the thought of the preeminent Chinese Buddhist philosopher Fazang, and Woncheuk's commentary on the "Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra" had a strong influence in Tibetan Buddhism.