title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The prototype was based on the standard R8 and followed closely the original concept, with a shape reminiscent of existing V8 and V10 petrol-powered versions. Audi claimed the production version of the R8 e-tron was capable of a 0– acceleration time of around 4.8 seconds, making it only 0.2 seconds slower than the R8 V8. Top speed was to be limited to to protect the charge of the battery making the performance figures true to the concept. It was planned to be put into production in early 2012. Along with the R8 e-tron, Audi also considered a small-scale production of a smaller and lighter zero-emission sports car based on the second e-tron concept displayed at the 2010 Detroit Motor Show.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: In 2010, Audi began a development program with the objective to manufacture the R8 e-tron in limited numbers. On June 26, 2012, one of the earliest R8 e-tron prototypes set a new electric car lap record at the Nürburgring racetrack with a time of 8:09.099.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: In May 2013, after developing 10 prototypes for research and development purposes, Audi decided to put the production of the electric car on hold due to its limited all-electric range as battery technology did not advance as fast as Audi had initially expected, making the R8 e-tron unviable for series production.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: In March 2014, Audi revised its decision and announced it will build the R8 e-tron upon customer request. The company explained that their latest development work resulted in an increased range from to approximately . The limited production R8 e-tron was based on the second generation of the R8 platform shared with the Lamborghini Huracán.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The "NF" (i.e. "Nachfolger" or simply "successor") prototype is a light weight variant of the R8 with excessive use of the lightweight carbon fibre-reinforced polymer. The R8 NF was featured online describing the proliferation of carbon-fibre in vehicles such as the R8 and highlighted the carbon-fibre engine cover on the R8 Spyder, the roof of the R8-based E-Tron and the various pieces found on the limited-run R8 GT, amongst others. The prototype of the R8 NF was reported to be up 20% () lighter than an aluminum-bodied R8. The R8 NF was presented to the public in Audi's lightweight research and production plant in Neckarsulm, Germany.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The R8 Limited Edition is a limited production variant of the R8 Coupé 4.2 FSI quattro developed for the UK market, commemorating the tenth victory for Audi in 24 Hours of Le Mans. Changes included a titanium body colour option (no-cost optional metallic and pearl effect paint options, Titanium Metallic at cost), titanium finish 19-inch '5-arm double-spoke Y design' alloy wheels (from R8 GT Coupe), red brake callipers, satellite navigation, the Audi Music Interface (AMI), an interior light package, a premium Bang and Olufsen sound system, mobile phone preparation via a Bluetooth interface with integrated seat-belt microphones, Audi magnetic ride adaptive suspension system, Black Fine Nappa Leather-upholstered seats and headrests with crimson red accents and red contrast stitching, red stitching on leather-covered multi-function steering wheel and instrument cowl, crimson red leather upholstery on monoposto, knee pads and passenger door handle in red leather, floor mats have a red surround and feature the R8 logo in silver, stainless steel pedals and illuminated door sills with bright aluminium inserts carrying the R8 logo, optional Carbon Package (carbon sigma sideblades, door mirrors, monoposto, inlays and door sill trims, illuminated engine bay), bespoke R8 Driving Experience at Silverstone Circuit. The R8 Limited Edition was available to order from July 2011, with deliveries beginning in October of the same year. Production was limited to 100 units.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Unveiled at the 2011 Guangzhou Auto Show, the R8 V10 Limited Edition is a limited production variant of the R8 V10 Coupé developed for the Chinese market with a limited production run of 30 units. Notable changes included a Nordic gold body colour, front and rear air intakes/outlets and lightweight tailpipes are in matt black, front and rear slats and rear bumper (partially) in matt titanium grey; front spoiler, flics, sideblades, exterior mirrors, a fixed rear wing, an enlarged rear diffuser in carbon matt; radiator grille in matt black; radiator grille surround and bars in matt titanium grey, 19-inch wheels in 5 twin-spoke "Y" design finished in titanium paint, an aluminum gear knob with limited edition number from 1 up to 30 without number 4, 14 and 24; sports bucket seats in black Alcantara with contrasting stitching and piping in trim colour, headlining in Alcantara with contrasting stitching, knee pad in shark skin black with contrast stitching, centre console inlays and door trim inserts in body colour, monoposto and door pulls use inlays in carbon matt, doors and centre console are in body colour, instrument cluster with black dials and R8 emblem, door sill trims with aluminium insert and R8 logo, R tronic transmission.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The F12 is an electric variant of the R8 Coupé designed by Audi Electronics Venture in collaboration with Robert Bosch GmbH, Bosch Engineering GmbH and 3 institutes at the RWTH Aachen University (Institute of Automotive Engineering (ika), Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM)). Notable features include two separate blocks of 200-macrocell battery with total 38 kWh charge, front axle synchronous motor and rear axle asynchronous motors rated at and of torque a DC/DC converter, heat pump, user-programmable instrument cluster. The car's basic drive functions – Park, Reverse, Neutral and Drive – are performed by operating buttons on the center tunnel. All other operations are controlled via a tablet computer that can be removed from the center console.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: R8 Exclusive Selection Editions are limited production variants of the 2012 R8 Coupé 4.2 FSI quattro (20 units) and 2012 R8 Coupé 5.2 FSI quattro (30 units) developed for the US market. Notable changes for the V8 model include Daytona Gray matte body colour, carbon fibre exterior splitter and diffuser, 19-inch titanium five-arm double spoke wheels, black grille surrounds, black exhaust finishers, R8 GT tail lamps, red brake calipers, exclusive leather package with Crimson Red elements and contrast stitching, exclusive leather Navigation surround, a thicker contoured leather multifunctional steering wheel, carbon fibre elements, Bang & Olufsen Sound System and Navigation with the Audi Music Interface. Notable changes for the V10 model include Ibis white exterior and Brilliant Black features (sideblade, exterior mirrors, rear license plate surround), R8 GT tail lamps, 19-inch bi-color e-tron wheels, Ibis interior upholstery with Alabaster White contrast stitching, carbon fiber monoposto driver's cockpit, exclusive leather Navigation surround and contoured steering wheel. Transmission choices for both models included a six-speed manual or the R-tronic automated manual transmission.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The China Edition is a limited production variant of the R8 Coupé 5.2 FSI quattro developed for the Chinese market. Changes included a choice of two body colors (Malibu blue body with Suzuka grey rocker panel side blades, or Suzuka grey body with Malibu blue side blades), 19-inch high-gloss black wheel hubs in a five twin-spoke "Y" design, fixed spoiler in carbon matte, shark skin upholstery with colored stitching, handbrake and steering wheel wrapped in Alcantara, instrument shield in carbon matte, aluminum gear knob engraved with characters "R8 专享", removal of the numeral "4" from the serial numbers (as it is considered an unlucky number in China), seat heating function and the R-tronic automated manual transmission. Production was limited to 80 units.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The R8 Phantom Edition is a limited production variant of the R8 V10 Coupé developed for the Russian market with a limited production run of 12 units. The Phantom Edition has a matte paint and some dark carbon fiber details. The interior is filled with carbon fiber and alcantara.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Unveiled at the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans, the R8 LMX is a limited variant of the Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro coupé with LED and laser high beams module shared with the Audi R18 e‑tron quattro with four 450 nanometer 5,500 Kelvin laser diodes per module, increased engine power to and of torque, 7-speed S Tronic dual-clutch transmission, carbon‑fiber ceramic brake discs ( front), red anodized brake calipers, 19‑inch wheels with 235/35 R 19 front and 305/30 R 19 rear tyres, exclusive Ara Blue body colour, a fixed rear spoiler, matte carbon fiber‑reinforced polymer front spoiler lip, side flics, engine compartment cover, exterior mirror housings, sideblades, rear wing and the diffuser; singleframe grille, front air inlet grilles, rear outlet grille finished in titanium gray; sport exhaust system with high-gloss black tailpipes, black interior with blue accents, folding bucket seats upholstered in Nappa leather with Sepang Blue diamond pattern, backrest covers in Ara Blue, Sepang Blue stitching at parking brake lever, center tunnel console, steering wheel and the instrument cowl; black Alcantara headlining, black Nappa leather door trim, center tunnel console, parking brake lever, inlays in the doors, arc around the cockpit in matte carbon; illuminated aluminum inlays integrated into the CFRP door sill trims, selector lever for the S Tronic and knee pads upholstered in Nappa leather, floor mats with black piping and Sepang Blue stitching. The R8 LMX was available for sale in early 2014.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Other options for all R8 variants included a high-beam assistant, a stowage package, various travel case sets, a cell phone preparation with belt microphone and voice control, and the parking system plus with reversing camera.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: European models were delivered at the end of 2012. Early models included the R8 V8 (Coupé/Spyder), R8 V10 (Coupé/Spyder) and the R8 V10 plus (Coupé).


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: UK models went on sale as 2013 model year cars. The sales began in August 2012, with deliveries beginning in early 2013.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: US models went on sale in April 2013 as 2014 model year cars. Early models include R8 V8 (Coupé/Spyder), R8 V10 (Coupé/Spyder) and the R8 V10 plus (Coupé).


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Japanese models went on sale in August 2013. Early models include R8 V8 (Coupé) and the R8 V10 (Coupé/Spyder).


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The transmission options are either a Lamborghini-sourced six-speed manual gearbox with metal gate for the shift lever, or an Audi-developed "S or R Tronic" gearbox—which is an automated manual, without a traditional clutch pedal, and with an automatic gear shifting mode.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The R8 also features a distinctive curved bar of LED daytime running lamps (DRLs) mounted inside the xenon HID headlamp casings.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The R8, like most mid- or rear-engine designed sports cars, utilises wider wheels and tyres on its rear axle. For the 18-inch alloy wheels (on standard summer tyres), there is just one range of sizes—the fronts are sized at 8.5J×18H2 ET42, whilst the rears are two inches wider at 10.5Jx18H2 ET50. With the 19-inch wheels (standard fit in most markets), the theme continues—the fronts are all 8.5J×19H2 ET42, and the rears are 11.0Jx19H2 ET50. 19-inch wheels for the winter tyre package have a ½" narrower rear compared to the summer tyre wheel package. There is also a corresponding difference in tyre sizes—18's are (eXtra Load) in front and at the rear. For the 19-inch tyres, two different options are available—all fronts are , and the rears are either or . Standard factory supplied tyre makes offered are either Continental SportContact3 or Pirelli P-Zero Rosso.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: As Volkswagen Group owns both Audi and Lamborghini (Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.), some of the R8 is shared with the Lamborghini Gallardo, including some of the chassis and floorpan, door handle mechanisms, transmissions, and the revised V10 engine. The base R8 is made distinct by its German designed exterior styling, cabin, smaller V8 engine, magnetic dampers, and pricing.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The R8 (with the V8 engine) has a curb weight of . Its suspension system uses BWI Group's magnetorheological dampers.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Safety features include Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme, which includes anti-lock braking system (ABS), electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), Anti-Slip Regulation (ASR) and Electronic Differential Lock (EDL), front dual-stage airbags, and 'sideguard' curtain airbags.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Despite the development of the car, Audi itself had stated not to enter any races with the new GT3 car as an official 'factory' team.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: In the 2009 24 Hours Nürburgring, and preceding VLN endurance races, Audi privateer teams had entered four cars, operated by the Abt Sportsline and Nürburging-based Phoenix race teams. Until the 19th hour, two of these R8 remained challengers for the lead, against two Manthey-operated Porsche GT3 in the same lap, before the leading #99 car suffered suspension problems. The #97 finished 2nd, and despite electrical and gearbox problems, the other two cars finished 23rd or better.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Australian Mark Eddy participated in the 2010 Australian GT Championship with the first R8 LMS in the Southern Hemisphere.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Audi's Le Mans 24 Hour team, Joest Racing ran a pair of R8 LMS GT3's in the 2011 Bathurst 12 Hour held at the Mount Panorama Circuit, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia on 6 February 2011. The #7 R8 driven by an all-Australian crew of Mark Eddy, multiple Bathurst 1000 winner Craig Lowndes and Warren Luff qualified on pole alongside teammates Marc Basseng, Christopher Mies and Darryl O'Young in the #8 car. Bessing, Miles and O'Young won the race from Eddy, Lowndes & Luff by just 0.71 seconds with Lowndes setting the races fastest lap and a new class lap record of 2:09.0861 for the 6.213 km long circuit on lap 267 of the 292 ran in the 12-hour time frame. FIA GT3 and Australian GT Championship cars were included in the 12 Hour for the first time in 2011. The race had previously been the domain of Group 3E Series Production Cars. Phoenix Racing returned to the event in 2012 and won the event again with Christopher Mies, Darryl O'Young and Christer Joens.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Two Audi R8 LMS customer race cars purchased by Flying Lizard Motorsports entered the GT Daytona class of 2014 United SportsCar Championship. Testing took place in Sebring on 2013-11-16, with the first race for both Flying Lizard Audi R8 LMS cars taking place in 2014 Rolex 24 at Daytona.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Paul Miller Racing entered GT Daytona class of 2014 United SportsCar Championship with an Audi R8 LMS.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: In the 2012 24 Hours of Nürburgring (the 40th edition of the race), Audi secured its first-ever victory and a 1-2 finish in the 24-hour classic with a Phoenix team consisting of Marc Basseng, Christopher Haase, Frank Stippler and Markus Winkelhock taking the top spot of the podium and Christian Abt, Michael Ammermüller, Armin Hahne and Christian Mamerow of the Mamerow racing team (which used a Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG last year) taking second.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Phoenix Racing went on to win the 2012 24 Hours of Spa in an Audi R8 LMS Ultra in the hands of Andrea Piccini, Rene Rast and Frank Stippler. They were closely followed by fellow Audi Sport team, W Racing Team. The R8 LMS Ultra in GT3 spec is capable of pulling 1.8g in corners and can accelerate from 0- in 3.2s.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: In the 2012 Rolex Sports Car Series Rolex 24 at Daytona race, Team APR Motorsport finished in 31st place with its drivers Ian Baas (USA)/Nelson Canache (YV)/Dion von Moltke (ZA)/Dr. Jim Norman (USA)/Emanuele Pirro (I). Oryx Racing came home in 32nd place with Humaid Al Masaood (UAE)/Saeed Al Mehairi (UAE)/Steven Kane (GB). Both teams drove the version of the car.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: In 2013, Audi won the GT class of the Rolex 24 in a 1-2 finish with Alex Job Racing (drivers Filipe Albuquerque, Oliver Jarvis, Edoardo Mortara and Dion von Moltke) and APR Motorsport (drivers Ian Baas, Marc Basseng, Rene Rast and Frank Stippler).


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: An Audi R8 e-tron entered the Silvretta E-Auto Rally Montafon 2010 with factory driver Lucas Luhr. The R8 e-tron won the race against 23 other electric cars in the three-day race. An R8 e-tron prototype (rated and ) driven by Markus Winkelhock completed Nürburgring at 8:09.099 minutes.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Many publications were hailing it as the first car to truly be able to beat the Porsche 997—considered by many to be one of the best sports cars ever made, and a leader in its class. Initial comparison tests have proven quite positive in this respect; "Evo Magazine" listed it as a "supercar", compared the R8 to the Porsche 911 Carrera 4S, Aston Martin V8 Vantage, and BMW M6 and after praising the R8's "amazing stability, traction and grip, unparalleled steering accuracy and bite, (and) its uncannily flat and disturbance-free ride", claimed that as a result of "the sublime effortlessness of it all", the Audi is a better sports car. The article concluded that "Audi humbles Porsche. A new dawn starts today".


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Other publications have also written similar reviews of the Audi beating the Porsche in comparison tests. In a half mile drag race conducted by Battle of the Supercars between the R8 and a 997 Carrera S, the Porsche won, crossing the line just a half metre before the R8. However, the R8 easily beat the Porsche around Top Gear's test track.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The television show "Top Gear" compared the Nissan GT-R to the R8 V8, and remarked that the R8 was "simultaneously less impressive and yet somehow more involving". On the R8 they wrote that "it rewards driver input", calling it "fantastic in a way that will appeal more to true car enthusiasts", but also remarked that it (the V8 model) was "much slower", and the GT-R was cheaper. On their test track, the car performed better than a Lamborghini Gallardo and an Aston Martin DB9.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: Customers bought every unit available for 2008 within a week after the R8 premiered at the Bogota International Auto Show and Auto Expo of Medellin. In April 2013, the 100th Audi R8 GT3 race car, an Audi R8 LMS ultra, was delivered to Team MS RACING from Heilbronn-Biberach facility.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: As part of the Audi R8 e-tron concept launch, a PlayStation 3 video game titled Vertical Run was produced. The goal of Vertical Run is to beat the competition in a multiplayer challenge by collecting enough electrical energy and avoiding driving errors in the e-tron, in order to reach the highest possible speed. The game is accessible through the PlayStation Home service in the new Audi Space within PlayStation Home.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: After record consumer response in 2011, Audi brought back its #WantAnR8 Twitter campaign where fans can tweet for the opportunity to get behind the wheel of a 2012 Audi R8 for a day. The #WantAnR8 hashtag would appear during a new 30-second spot called "Once Upon a Time," featuring the R8 supercar. The spot debuted on March 21, 2013 on the Audi YouTube channel, followed by network TV on March 26. The new #WantAnR8 Twitter contest ran from March 20, 2012 through October 29, 2012. The contest was split up into four entry periods, and two winners being selected in each round, for eight winners in total. Winners had the option to drive the R8 on the track at the Audi Sportscar Experience in Sonoma, CA or have an R8 delivered to their home. The new 30-second spot called "Once Upon a Time" was created by Audi of America advertising agency Venables, Bell and Partners.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: In December 2013, an Audi R8 valued at US$157,300 was awarded as a prize on the CBS daytime American game show "The Price Is Right". It was the largest prize ever won on the show.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: As part of the R8 facelift market launch in the UK, a new film for the R8 V10 plus had been produced. In addition, users of the free image-recognition app Blippar are able to view this video by simply pointing their phone at print and poster advertisements of the car, instantly bringing 2D photographs to life.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: The R8 became the main vehicle for Tony Stark (played by Robert Downey Jr.) throughout Marvel's Iron Man Trilogy with a V8 used in Iron Man, a V10 Spyder used in Iron Man 2 and an e-tron prototype being used in Marvel's Iron Man 3.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: A red 2014 Audi R8 Spyder was used in the U.S. premiere of Iron Man 3 at El Capitan and TCL Chinese Theatres, being driven by Robert Downey, Jr.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: A 2014 Audi R8 V10 Plus Coupé was used in the Audi Health Check program in Canada (between 2013-07-15 and 2013-09-15), where some customers turning in out-of-warranty vehicles received as a shuttle an Audi R8 outfitted as a German EMS (Emergency Medical Services) vehicle.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: An Audi R8 Spyder was used in London's Leicester Square with the world premiere of The Wolverine, with Hugh Jackman. In the film, the car is driven by Wolverine (Hugh Jackman), Jean Grey (Famke Janssen), Yukio (Rila Fukushima), Shingen (Hiroyuki Sanada) and Mariko (Tao Okamoto) in an Audi R8 Spyder and the red colour 2012 Audi R8 Coupe - similar to the one which was put on display on a specially erected plinth on the red carpet. An Audi R8 e-tron was used in the end of "".


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: As part of the 2014 Audi R8 launch in the US, Audi Library iPad App was produced, allowing the user to configure a 2014 R8 V10 plus on the fully interactive digital brochure as well as access dynamic Audi content. In conjunction with the new Audi Library app, Audi also released a new video on the S tronic transmission. The video engages and excites sportscar enthusiasts by highlighting the incredibly fast shifting seven-speed S tronic double clutch transmission on the track.


title: Audi R8 (Type 42)

text: As part of the 2014 Audi R8 launch in the US, the Audi #WantAnR8 contest returned between October 23, 2013 and November 20, 2013, where fans are challenged to prove their love for the R8 by taking their own virtual turn on the Sonoma Raceway to create a video featuring original Audi R8 footage and music from innovative recording artists from around the world.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: Man vs. Wild, also called Born Survivor: Bear Grylls, Ultimate Survival, Survival Game, or colloquially as simply Bear Grylls in the United Kingdom, is a survival television series hosted by Bear Grylls on the Discovery Channel. In the United Kingdom, the series was originally shown on Channel 4, but the show's later seasons were broadcast on Discovery Channel U.K. The series was produced by British television production company Diverse Bristol. The show was premiered on November 10, 2006, after airing a pilot episode titled "The Rockies" on March 10, 2006.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: Grylls also said he has been approached about doing a "Man vs. Wild" urban disaster 3D feature film, which he said he would "really like to do". He signed on to showcase urban survival techniques in a Discovery show called "Worst-Case Scenario", which premiered on May 5, 2010, on the network.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: The Discovery Channel terminated its legal relationship with Grylls in 2012 due to contract disputes, effectively canceling the series. In April 2019, Netflix brought Grylls back to the wilderness in the interactive series "You vs. Wild", which includes eight episodes running approximately 20 minutes each.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: The general format of each episode is the premise that Grylls is left stranded in a region with his film crew. The episode documents his efforts to survive and find a way back to civilization, usually requiring an overnight shelter of some kind. There are mostly wild terrains – jungles, forests, or similar non-urban areas. But in special episodes, like that in Shipyard Gdynia, there are industry areas located in cities. Grylls also tells about successful and failed survivals in the particular area which he is in.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: Each episode takes about 7–10 days to shoot. Before each show the crew does about a week of reconnaissance, followed by Grylls doing a flyover of the terrain. Grylls then undergoes two days of intensive survival briefings, followed by a cameraman and a sound engineer. The directors oversee location filming and the final edit of each program. Grylls is specifically credited as "Presenter" to highlight his role in presenting survival techniques to the viewer.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: According to Grylls, the show's format is "how to deal with difficulties presented to you":I to bear in mind that this is a worst-case scenario show, and therefore, of course things have to be planned. Otherwise, it would just be me in the wild and nothing happening, you know, 'cause textbook survival says you land, you get yourself comfortable, you wait for rescue, you don't do anything. It would be a very boring show. The show is how to deal if you fall into quick sand, if you get attacked by an alligator, if you have to make a raft. I get a really good briefing before we go. I know there's a big river there, there's gonna be a great cliff climb there, there's loads of snakes in those rocks, watch out for an alligator. So I do have a good idea of 80 percent of what's gonna happen.Contrary to onscreen presentation, his movements are rarely from Point A to Point B: "We plan it, if we're doing different locations, sometimes we'll have to do a whole crew move and get a helicopter. Again, we're talking huge distances sometimes. So we'll use helis when we have to."


title: Man vs. Wild

text: In a special first aired on June 2, 2009, Will Ferrell joined Grylls on a survival trip to Northern Sweden. This season 4 premiere episode was called "Men vs. Wild".


title: Man vs. Wild

text: In July 2011, Grylls had a special co-host, actor Jake Gyllenhaal in the season 7 premiere of the show on the Discovery Channel, in which they travelled through Iceland. In the U.K., this episode was aired as a special in 2014, under the Bear's Wild Weekend banner.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: In March 2012, Discovery Channel terminated its contract with Grylls due to contract disputes. "Due to a continuing contractual dispute with Bear Grylls, Discovery has terminated all current productions with him," a network spokesperson told "The Hollywood Reporter".


title: Man vs. Wild

text: In August 2019, Bear Grylls appeared with Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in a special episode filmed in the India's Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand. The episode was showcased in more than 180 countries across the world on the Discovery, Inc. network. His second episode, retitled "Into the Wild" with actor Rajinikanth, was filmed in January 2020, with an air date on March 23, 2020. His third episode with actor Akshay Kumar, was showcased on 14 September 2020. In 2021, Ajay Devgan and Vicky Kaushal and in 2022 Ranveer Singh participated with Bear in separate episodes.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: The show is called "Man vs. Wild" in the U.S., Canada, New Zealand, Australia, India, and Malaysia. The show does, however, go by different names in other parts of the world.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: In the United Kingdom, where the show originates, it is called "Born Survivor: Bear Grylls" and is broadcast on the Discovery Channel. It is also known as "Ultimate Survival" in other countries. Grylls' books have also been published under the "Born Survivor" name in the U.K. These variations run basically the same format as "Man vs. Wild", although there are some differences between them. For example, during the opening sequence, Grylls introduces the show with "Hello and welcome to "Born Survivor", I'm Bear Grylls, and I'm in England—where I'm going to show you what it takes to get out alive." There are also a few differences in what he does during the shows; however, the names of the episodes are generally the same.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: The release date of new episodes also varies slightly, since they cannot normally be arranged to show at exactly the same time due to schedule and time zone's differences.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: In 2006, a "Man vs. Wild" crew member admitted that some scenes in episodes were misleading, indicating to viewers that Grylls was stranded in the wild alone when he was not. The issue of scenes being manipulated was also raised by Mark Weinert, a U.S. survival consultant. One example he gave was of a raft allegedly being put together by team members before being taken apart, so Grylls could be filmed building it. Other scenes that have been criticized include:


title: Man vs. Wild

text: In response to these early criticisms, Discovery and Channel 4 aired re-edited versions of some episodes, removing elements that were too planned, with a fresh voice-over and a preceding announcement pointing out that some situations are "presented to Bear to show the viewer how to survive". However, five of the most controversial episodes in Season 1 were never re-released after editing and are no longer available on DVD from Discovery. These are "The Rockies", "Moab Desert", "Costa Rican Rain Forest", "Mount Kilauea" and "Desert Island".


title: Man vs. Wild

text: Following criticism in the media in July 2007 about elements of the show's first season, Channel 4 temporarily suspended the show's second season for a few weeks, promising clarification and transparency in the production and editing of the show. The channel issued a statement saying that:


title: Man vs. Wild

text: The programme explicitly does not claim that presenter Bear Grylls' experience is one of unaided solo survival. For example, he often directly addresses the production team, including the cameraman, making it clear he is receiving an element of back-up.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: The Discovery Channel also responded to the criticism by announcing that future airings would be edited so as not to imply to viewers that Grylls was left alone to survive during the production of the show. Due to this change, episodes in later airings, on DVDs and digital distribution contain a notice at the beginning of each episode stating that Grylls will receive help from the camera crew on occasion, that he will in certain circumstances use provided safety equipment to minimize risks, and that he will sometimes deliberately put himself in dangerous situations to demonstrate survival techniques. Grylls has also stated on camera when he has received assistance to demonstrate survival tactics or when he is exiting the setting for a while due to safety concerns.


title: Man vs. Wild

text: On August 3, 2007, Grylls posted on his blog that the "press accusations of motels and stagings in the show that have been doing the rounds, all I can say is they don't always tell the full story, but that's life and part of being in the public eye I guess." In response to allegations of spending nights in local hotels as opposed to staying in the shelters built during filming, Grylls clarifies in an article in the December 3 issue of "People" magazine: "The night stuff [shown on camera] is all done for real. But when I’m not filming I stay with the crew in some sort of base camp."


title: Man vs. Wild

text: Additionally, the Discovery Channel started releasing "making-of" episodes from Season 4. In the behind-the-scenes footage, Grylls tells how the film crew sometimes assists him in filming certain sequences. In addition, while setting up a scene, each production crew member is introduced and their role is briefly explained, including a safety consultant who served in the Royal Marines. Grylls also tells how each crew members' role ensures his safety while he explains survival tactics. The footage includes open discussion over safety and other precautions. The Discovery Channel in the U.K. has also edited out certain scenes of Grylls killing animals that he has captured for food.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) due to decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries such that part of the heart muscle is unable to function properly or dies. The most common symptom is centrally located pressure-like chest pain, often radiating to the left shoulder or angle of the jaw, and associated with nausea and sweating. Many people with acute coronary syndromes present with symptoms other than chest pain, particularly women, older people, and people with diabetes mellitus.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Acute coronary syndrome is subdivided in three scenarios depending on the duration of symptoms, the presence of ECG changes and blood test results: ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, 30%), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI, 25%), or unstable angina (38%). Generally, when symptoms occur for less than 30 minutes, it is unstable angina. When symptoms are prolonged for more than 30 minutes, the diagnosis is acute myocardial infarction.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: ACS should be distinguished from "stable" angina, which develops during physical activity or stress and resolves at rest. In contrast with stable angina, unstable angina occurs suddenly, often at rest or with minimal exertion, or at lesser degrees of exertion than the individual's previous angina ("crescendo angina"). New-onset angina is also considered unstable angina, since it suggests a new problem in a coronary artery.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: The cardinal symptom of critically decreased blood flow to the heart is chest pain, experienced as tightness around or over the chest and (often, but not always) radiating to the left arm and the left angle of the jaw. This may be associated with diaphoresis (sweating), nausea and vomiting, as well as shortness of breath. In many cases, the sensation is "atypical", with pain experienced in different ways or even being completely absent (which is more likely in female patients and those with diabetes). Some may report palpitations, anxiety or a sense of impending doom (angor animi) and a feeling of being acutely ill. The description of the chest discomfort as a pressure has little utility in aiding a diagnosis as it is not specific for ACS.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Though ACS is usually associated with coronary thrombosis, it can also be associated with cocaine use. Chest pain with features characteristic of cardiac origin (angina) can also be precipitated by profound anemia, brady- or tachycardia (excessively slow or rapid heart rate), low or high blood pressure, severe aortic valve stenosis (narrowing of the valve at the beginning of the aorta), pulmonary artery hypertension and a number of other conditions.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: In those who have ACS, atheroma rupture is most commonly found 60% when compared to atheroma erosion (30%), thus causes the formation of thrombus which block the coronary arteries. Plaque rupture is responsible for 60% in ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) while plaque erosion is responsible for 30% of the STEMI and vice versa for Non ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). In plaque rupture, the content of the plaque are lipid rich, collagen poor, with abundant inflammation which is macrophage predominant, and covered with a thin fibrous cap. Meanwhile, in plaque erosion, the plaque is rich with extracellular matrix, proteoglycan, glycoaminoglycan, but without fibrous caps, no inflammatory cells, and no large lipid core. After the coronary arteries are unblocked, there is a risk of reperfusion injury due spreading inflammatory mediators throughout the body. Investigations is still underway on the role of Cyclophilin D in reducing the reperfusion injury.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Other, less common, causes of acute coronary syndrome include spontaneous coronary artery dissection, ischemia in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA), and myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA).


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: In the setting of acute chest pain, the electrocardiogram is the investigation that most reliably distinguishes between various causes. The ECG should be done as early as practicable, including in the ambulance if possible. If this indicates acute heart damage (elevation in the "ST segment", new left bundle branch block), treatment for a heart attack in the form of angioplasty or thrombolysis is indicated immediately (see below). In the absence of such changes, it is not possible to immediately distinguish between unstable angina and NSTEMI.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: As it is only one of the many potential causes of chest pain, the patient usually has a number of tests in the emergency department, such as a chest X-ray, blood tests (including myocardial markers such as troponin I or T, and H-FABP and/or a D-dimer if a pulmonary embolism is suspected), and telemetry (monitoring of the heart rhythm).


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Combination of troponin levels (less than 5 ng/L) with low TIMI scores can help to predict those with low possibility of myocardial infarction and discharge them safely from the emergency department. Coronary CT angiography combined with Troponin levels is also helpful to triage those who are susceptible to ACS. F-fluoride positron emission tomography is also helpful in identifying those with high risk, lipid-rich coronary plaques.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: The ACI-TIPI score can be used to aid diagnosis; using seven variables from the admission record, this score predicts crudely which patients are likely to have myocardial ischemia. For example, according to a randomized controlled trial, males having chest pain with normal or non-diagnostic ECG are at higher risk for having acute coronary syndrome than women. In this study, the sensitivity was 65.2% and specificity was 44%. This particular study had an 8.4% prevalence of acute coronary syndrome, which means the positive predictive value of being a male with chest pain and having coronary syndrome is 9.6% and negative predictive value is 93.2% ( click here to adjust these results for people at higher or lower risk of acute coronary syndrome).


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: In a second cohort study, exercise electrocardiography was similarly found to be a poor predictor of acute coronary syndrome at follow-up. Of the patients who had a coronary event at 6 years of follow up, 47% had a negative ECG at the start of the study. With an average follow up of 2.21 years the receiver operating characteristic curves gave resting ECG a score of 0.72 and exercise ECG a score of 0.74.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: There are not only prediction scores for diagnosis of ACS, but also prognosis. Most notably, the GRACE ACS Risk and Mortality score helps diagnose, and based upon that score predicts mortality rate of a given patient. It takes into account both clinical (blood pressure, heart rate, EKG findings) and medical history in its scoring system.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Acute coronary syndrome often reflects a degree of damage to the coronaries by atherosclerosis. Primary prevention of atherosclerosis is controlling the risk factors: healthy eating, exercise, treatment for hypertension and diabetes, avoiding smoking and controlling cholesterol levels; in patients with significant risk factors, aspirin has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Secondary prevention is discussed in myocardial infarction.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: After a ban on smoking in all enclosed public places was introduced in Scotland in March 2006, there was a 17% reduction in hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome. 67% of the decrease occurred in non-smokers.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: People with presumed ACS are typically treated with aspirin, clopidogrel or ticagrelor, nitroglycerin, and if the chest discomfort persists morphine. Other analgesics such as nitrous oxide are of unknown benefit. Angiography is recommended in those who have either new ST elevation or a new left or right bundle branch block on their ECG. Unless the person has low oxygen levels additional oxygen does not appear to be useful.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: If the ECG confirms changes suggestive of myocardial infarction (ST elevations in specific leads, a new left bundle branch block or a true posterior MI pattern), thrombolytics may be administered or primary coronary angioplasty may be performed. In the former, medication is injected that stimulates fibrinolysis, destroying blood clots obstructing the coronary arteries. In the latter, a flexible catheter is passed via the femoral or radial arteries and advanced to the heart to identify blockages in the coronaries. When occlusions are found, they can be intervened upon mechanically with angioplasty and usually stent deployment if a lesion, termed the "culprit" lesion, is thought to be causing myocardial damage. Data suggest that rapid triage, transfer and treatment is essential. The time frame for door-to-needle thrombolytic administration according to American College of Cardiology (ACC) guidelines should be within 30 minutes, whereas the door-to-balloon Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) time should be less than 90 minutes. It was found that thrombolysis is more likely to be delivered within the established ACC guidelines among patients with STEMI as compared to PCI according to a case control study.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: If the ECG does not show typical changes, the term "non-ST segment elevation ACS" is applied. The patient may still have had a "non-ST elevation MI" (NSTEMI). The accepted management of unstable angina and acute coronary syndrome is therefore empirical treatment with aspirin, a second platelet inhibitor such as clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor, and heparin (usually a low-molecular weight heparin), with intravenous nitroglycerin and opioids if the pain persists. The heparin-like drug known as fondaparinux appears to be better than enoxaparin.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: A blood test is generally performed for cardiac troponins twelve hours after onset of the pain. If this is positive, coronary angiography is typically performed on an urgent basis, as this is highly predictive of a heart attack in the near-future. If the troponin is negative, a treadmill exercise test or a thallium scintigram may be requested.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: If there is no evidence of ST segment elevation on the electrocardiogram, delaying urgent angioplasty until the next morning is not inferior to doing so immediately. Using statins in the first 14 days after ACS reduces the risk of further ACS.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: In a cohort study comparing NSTEMI and STEMI, people with NSTEMI had a similar risk of death at one year after PCI as compared to people with STEMI (3.4% vs 4.4%). However, NSTEMI had significantly more "major cardiac events" (death, myocardial infarction, disabling stroke, or requiring revascularization) at one year (24.0% vs 16.6%).


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Cocaine-associated ACS should be managed in a manner similar to other patients with acute coronary syndrome except beta blockers should not be used and benzodiazepines should be administered early.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: The TIMI risk score can identify high risk patients in non-ST segment elevation MI ACS and has been independently validated.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Based on a global registry of 102,341 patients, the GRACE Risk Score estimates in-hospital, 6 months, 1 year, and 3-year mortality risk after a heart attack. GRACE Score 2.0 Calculator.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: The Killip classification consists of 4 classes based on clinical symptoms. It predicts 30-day mortality after myocardial infarction.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: The aim of diagnostic markers is to identify patients with ACS even when there is no evidence of heart muscle damage.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: The aim of prognostic markers is to reflect different components of pathophysiology of ACS. For example:


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Studies have shown that for ACS patients, weekend admission is associated with higher mortality and lower utilization of invasive cardiac procedures, and those who did undergo these interventions had higher rates of mortality and complications than their weekday counterparts. This data leads to the possible conclusion that access to diagnostic/interventional procedures may be contingent upon the day of admission, which may impact mortality. This phenomenon is described as weekend effect.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Valvular heart disease is characterized by damage to or defective in one of the four heart valves: the mitral, aortic, tricuspid or pulmonary. Some types of valvular heart disease include valvular stenosis, valvular prolapse and regurgitation.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Oral infections may pose risk during postoperative period of heart valve surgery. Oral health in patients scheduled for heart valve surgery is poorer than in individuals without valve disease. Most of them experience periodontitis due to high dental plaque scores, reflecting poorer dental hygiene. This situation could favour the appearance of bacteremia following tooth brushing in these individuals. Bacteremia secondary to periodontal infection is known to be one of the primary causes of infectious endocarditis, particularly in patient with heart valve disorders. Therefore, treatment of dental disease should be done prior to performing heart surgery. Periodontal treatment is advised in patients with advanced periodontitis, followed by root planing and ultrasound treatment. Those teeth not amenable to treatment and with poor prognosis should be removed as pre-surgical preventive measures.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: The two main concerns during dental treatment for people of patient with valvular heart disease are the risk of infective endocarditis and bleeding in anti coagulated patients. Endocarditis is more likely to occur in patients who have previously had endocarditis and those with certain cardiac lesions. Risk of a normally functioning prosthesis being infected after a dental procedure is probably no higher than risk in patient with damaged native valves. However, mortality and morbidity is much higher should prosthesis become infected. Patient with native valve disease can often stop or reduce their anticoagulants, but those with prosthetic valves should not discontinue anticoagulants without cardiological advice. Mechanical mitral valves are prone to thrombosis, which cause emboli if adequate anti-coagulation is not maintained, although short term modification may be possible.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Heart failure (HF) is defined as the incapacity of the heart to function properly, pumping insufficient blood towards the tissues and leading to fluid accumulation within the lungs, liver and peripheral tissues.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Most if not all patients with heart failure will be undergoing drug treatments for their condition and these drugs can produce a series of oral manifestation. In this context, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as captopril and enalapril can produce burning mouth sensation lichenoid reactions and a loss of taste sensation, while diuretics like furosemide can produce xerostomia.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Consultation with the supervising physician is highly advised in order to understand the patient's current condition and the medication prescribed. The patient should be receiving medical care, and heart failure should be compensated. Dental treatment is to be limited to patients who are in stable condition, since these people are at a high risk of developing questionable arrhythmias and even sudden death secondary to cardiopulmonary arrest. Stress and anxiety are to be avoided during the visits, which in turn should be brief (< 30 minutes) and are to be scheduled for the morning sessions. The patient should be seated on the chair in a semi-supine position, with control of body movements (which should be slow), to avoid orthostatic hypotension. In patients who has been administered with digitalis agents (digoxin, methyl-digoxin), the vasoconstrictor dose should be limited to two anaesthetic carpules, since this drug combination can cause arrhythmias. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) can lead to fluid and sodium retention, and therefore should not be prescribed in patients with heart failure.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: In emergency (i.e., lung edema), after contacting the emergency service, the patient should be seated with the legs lowered, and receiving nasal oxygen at a rate of 4–6 liters/minute. Sublingual nitroglycerin tablets are indicated (0.4-0.8 mg), and the dose may be repeated every 5 or 10 minutes if blood pressure is maintained.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Arrhythmias are variations in normal heart rate due to cardiac rhythm, frequency or contraction disorders. The most common type of cardiac arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation.


title: Acute coronary syndrome

text: Consultation with the supervising physician is also advised in order to understand the patient's current condition and the type of arrhythmia involved, as well as the medication prescribed. It must be checked that the patient uses the medication correctly. Stress and anxiety can be reduced with anxiolytics. Short visits in the morning are to be preferred. Patient monitoring, with recording of the pulse, is indicated before treatment. It is very important to limit the use of vasoconstrictor in local anesthesia, with no more than two carpules. The treatment planned should not be too long or complicated. Although modern pacemakers are more resistant to electromagnetic interferences, caution is required when using electrical devices like ultrasound and electric scalpels that might interfere with pacemakers – especially the older models, since such devices developed in the last 30 years are bipolar and are generally not affected by the small electromagnetic fields generated by dental equipment. It is therefore important to know the type of pacemaker, the degree of electromagnetic protection of the generator, and the nature of the arrhythmia. If arrhythmia develops during dental treatment, the procedure should be suspended, oxygen is to be given, and the patient vital signs are to be assessed: body temperature (normal values: 35.5-37oC), pulse (normal values: 60-100 bpm), respiratory frequency (normal values in adults: 14-20 cycles or respirations per minute), blood pressure (normal values: systolic blood pressure under 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure under 90 mmHg). Sublingual nitrites are to be administered if there is chest pain. The patient should be placed in the Trendelenburg position, with vagal maneuvering where necessary (valsalva maneuver, massage in the carotid pulse region). The dental team should be prepared for basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation and initiation of the emergency procedure for evacuation to a hospital centre, if necessary.


title: Lac

text: Lac is the resinous secretion of a number of species of lac insects, of which the most commonly cultivated is "Kerria lacca".


title: Lac

text: Cultivation begins when a farmer gets a stick that contains eggs ready to hatch and ties it to the tree to be infested. Thousands of lac insects colonize the branches of the host trees and secrete the resinous pigment. The coated branches of the host trees are cut and harvested as sticklac.


title: Lac

text: The harvested sticklac is crushed and sieved to remove impurities. The sieved material is then repeatedly washed to remove insect parts and other material. The resulting product is known as seedlac. The prefix "seed" refers to its pellet shape. Seedlac, which still contains 3–5% impurity, is processed into shellac by heat treatment or solvent extraction.


title: Lac

text: The leading producer of lac is Jharkhand, followed by the Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, and Maharashtra states of India. Lac production is also found in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, parts of China, and Mexico.


title: Lac

text: The word "Lac" is derived from the Sanskrit word "lāksh"ā' (लाक्षा) representing the number 100 thousand, which was used for both the Lac insect (because of their enormous number) and the scarlet resinous secretion it produces that was used as wood finish, lacquerware, skin cosmetic, ornaments and dye for wool and silk in ancient India and neighbouring areas. Lac resin was once imported in sizeable quantity into Europe from India along with Eastern woods. These are being used very widely nowadays.


title: Lac

text: Estimated yields per tree in India are 6–10 kg for kusum, 1.5–6 kg for ber, and 1–4 kg for dhak. The bugs' life cycles can produce two sticklac yields per year, though it may be better to rest for six months to let the host tree recover.


title: Lac

text: Lac is harvested by cutting the tree branches that hold sticklac. If dye is being produced, the insects are kept in the sticklac because the dye colour comes from the insects rather than their resin. They may be killed by exposure to the sun. On the other hand, if seedlac or shellac is being produced, most insects can escape because less coloured pale lac is generally more desired.


title: Lac

text: The use of lac dye goes back to ancient times. It was used in ancient India and neighbouring areas as wood finish, lacquareware, skin cosmetic, lacquerware and dye for wool and silk. In China, it is a traditional dye for leather goods. Lac for dye has been somewhat replaced by the emergence of synthetic dyes, though it remains in use, and some juices, carbonated drinks, wine, jam, sauce, and candy are coloured using it. It is still used as sealing wax by the India Post.


title: Lac

text: Lac is used in folk medicine as a hepatoprotective and anti-obesity drug. It is used in violin and other varnish and is soluble in alcohol. This type of lac was used in the finishing of 18th-century fowling guns in the United States.


title: Lac

text: India exported significant amounts of sticklac derivatives, especially lac dye, from the 1700s to the late 1800s. Production declined as synthetic dyes emerged, and after the late 1940s, production of seedlac and shellac also declined due to replacement.


title: Lac

text: In the mid-1950s, India annually produced about 50,000 tons of sticklac and exported about 29,000 tons of lac; by the late 1980s the figures were about 12,000 tons and 7,000 tons, respectively. By 1992–93, India's lac exports fell further to 4,500 tons. In the same period, Thailand's production increased somewhat, with annual lac exports of around 7,000 tons in the 1990s, mainly of seedlac. China exported only about 500 tons of shellac per year in the 1990s but produced more lac internally: 4,000-5,000 tons of sticklac and 2,000–3,000 tons of shellac in Yunnan province, with additional, smaller production in Fujian province. While India, Thailand, and China are the major lac producers, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka also play small roles.


title: Lac

text: Usage of "lac"/"lah"/"laksha" is described in ancient Hindu literature Atharvaveda also. Kand 5 and Sukta 5 (chapter 5, verse 5) is called as Laksha Sukti - verse related to lac. This entire verse is dedicated to lac and its usage. It has description of many ancient practices.


title: Lac

text: The Mahabharata mentions the Lakshagriha, which was built by the Kauravas to house the Pandavas. The intention of Kauravan was to burn the Pandavas by setting fire to the Lakshagriha.


title: Aventura (band)

text: Aventura is an American bachata group formed in The Bronx, New York. With the lineup always consisting of the members Romeo Santos, Henry Santos, Lenny Santos (Len Melody), and Max Santos (Max Agende), they are regarded as one of the most influential Latin groups of all time. All of the members are of Dominican descent, although Romeo is also half Puerto Rican on his mother's side. They were the first major bachata act to have originated in the United States instead of the Dominican Republic. The group was integral to the evolution of bachata music and are the pioneers of the modern bachata sound. Aventura released five studio albums in a decade, creating many top 10 hits like "Cuando Volverás", "Un Beso", "Mi Corazoncito", "Los Infieles", "El Perdedor", "Por Un Segundo", "Dile Al Amor", among others. They have sold out many arenas including the world famous Madison Square Garden. Aventura has been nominated for awards such as American Music Awards, the Latin Grammy Awards, "Billboard" Latin Music Awards, and Premio Lo Nuestro. Aventura is one of the most internationally recognized Latin groups of the last two decades and frequently refer to themselves as "K.O.B.", or "Kings of Bachata".


title: Aventura (band)

text: In 1993, Lenny Santos and his brother Max Santos formed Los Tinallers. Lenny and Max were looking for a singer who could help them take their music career more serious. Lenny didn't know anybody in their neighborhood who could sing. He was later introduced to Anthony Santos via one of the group's musicians named Roney Fernandez who attended the same school as Anthony. They clicked instantly, and the two started working on songs together. Anthony was a singer and composer who would sing with his cousin Henry at their local church choir. Anthony later introduces Lenny to his cousin Henry, who also joins the group. The group would perform for their neighbors, at local stores and in the streets for free in the Bronx. The group decided to change the name to Los Tinellers, a play on the word teenager. The group consisted of lead members Lenny and Anthony.


title: Aventura (band)

text: In 1995, the group was discovered by Elvin Polanco when Lenny and Anthony asked him if they could perform at a local parade he was hosting. Elvin, seeing potential in the group, became their manager. He helped them record their first studio album despite having no funds. They released their debut album in 1995 titled "Trampa de Amor" under Elca Productions. The album did not do well commercially, selling a total of five copies. Elvin Polanco ran into some health problems and the group was left without a manager at that time.


title: Aventura (band)

text: In 1996, with the help of new manager Julio César García, the group created a new image. Julio added Henry and Max as lead members. He made the group to resemble popular American boy bands. He renamed the group to Aventura. They signed a record deal with Premium Latin Music, Inc. They made their big break in 1999, with the hopes of breaking bachata music into the mainstream from its traditional base. They slowly began to gather fans in the cities of Boston and Lancaster. The group was the first to experiment with bachata by fusing the genre with R&B, hip hop & rap, reggae and rock. They were the first bachata act to sing a whole bachata song in English. Anthony innovated bachata with fresh lyrics that incorporated songs with different themes, instead of just singing about heartbreak. Lenny innovated bachata guitar with his use of electric guitars. He also innovated the tone of bachata guitar by adding guitar effects such as wah, phaser, distortion, tremolo, and harmonizer. Max innovated the bachata bass with his use of bass techniques such as slapping and bass slides. Max incorporated a lot of rock bass riffs into bachata. Their sound helped make the genre mainstream, as showed with the success of their 2002 hit song "Obsesión". The song achieved huge success in many countries, topping many international charts like France, Germany, and Italy. Since then they have blown up internationally with hits such as "Su Veneno", "Todavia Me Amas", "El Malo", "Te Invito", "Por Un Segundo", among others. Toby Love began his music career with Aventura and left in 2005 to pursue a solo career in bachata. They have been inducted into the Bronx Walk of Fame.


title: Aventura (band)

text: On September 1, 2007, Aventura performed as the main act on the sold-out Madison Square Garden concert. They were accompanied by Don Omar, Antony Santos, Wisin y Yandel, Miri Ben-Ari, Toby Love, and El Torito.


title: Aventura (band)

text: In 2009, Aventura was invited to perform their hit single "Su Veneno" at the White House for the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama. They are the first bachata act to ever perform at the White House.


title: Aventura (band)

text: In February 2010, they sold out the Garden once again, but for a legendary four nights in a row. They surpassed American artists such as Lady Gaga and Madonna in ticket sales, being one of the first Latin groups to do so. At one of the concerts they paid homage to Juan Luis Guerra, and even sang some songs with the iconic Dominican singer.


title: Aventura (band)

text: In 2011, the group announced that they would be taking a hiatus to work on individual musical projects. Henry embarked on a respective solo career, looking to be accepted without the group. Romeo took the opportunity to sign with Sony Music Latin, and embarked on his solo career as well. Although Max wanted to focus more on his rap career, he joined his brother Lenny and formed their new bachata group called "D'Element." under Lenny's record label Element Music Group. They then joined Steve Styles from the bachata group Xtreme and renamed the group to Vena.


title: Aventura (band)

text: The group reunited to close out the second night of Romeo's sold-out Yankee Stadium concert on July 12, 2014.


title: Aventura (band)

text: On December 1, 2015, it was announced on the band's website and social media that they would have a reunion tour for the whole month of February at the United Palace theater in New York City. Their first concert since their split started with a sold-out crowd on February 4, 2016, with the final concert ending on February 28, 2016. They would've continued on with the tour, but Romeo had to finish the second leg of his Formula Vol. 2 tour.


title: Aventura (band)

text: On April 1, 2019, the group posted an image on their Instagram account teasing a new Aventura single called "Inmortal" slated to be released at 9PM, captioning it "#UTOPIA". At 9PM, Romeo uploaded a video saying that their new song would not be released at 9PM after all, and that it was intended to be an April Fool's joke which led the fans to become upset and lash out on social media. The following day, however, the group apologized and announced that the April Fool's joke was not the song, but was the release date. They then previewed the new single "Inmortal" and its music video, stating that it was being released Friday, as a part of Romeo's fourth upcoming studio album, "Utopia". It is their first single in 8 years, and debuted at number 5 on the Hot Latin Songs chart, and at number 95 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Aventura (band)

text: Aventura won for Tropical Duo/Group of the Year for the "Billboard" Latin Music Awards on April 25, 2019. That same night they performed "Inmortal" alongside Raulin Rodriguez.


title: Aventura (band)

text: On September 21, 2019, the group reunited for Romeo's Utopia concert at MetLife Stadium in New Jersey. They performed hits such as "Dile al Amor", "Todavia Me Amas", and "Inmortal". The group performed "Obsesión" alongside Cardi B and also performed her hit song "I Like It". On December 8, 2019, an announcement was made regarding the band's upcoming US tour, La Gira Inmortal. It is their first tour since splitting in 2011, and began in Los Angeles on February 5, 2020. In March 2020, The group had announced that concerts were postpone due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This included 5 shows at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City that was supposed to take place from March 16 to the 19, and March 22, 2020. It was eventually postpone for the dates July 9 to the 12. However, it was eventually canceled just like all the other scheduled or postpone shows.


title: Aventura (band)

text: In June 2021, Aventura announced the return of the Inmortal Tour. But instead of doing the shows in the venues that were originally planned before their cancelation, they decided to play at stadiums and big arenas in certain cities. Before the tour started, The group released the single Volví on August 3, 2021, featuring Bad Bunny. On August 14, the tour started in Miami, Florida at Hard Rock Stadium. They became the first Latin act to ever sell out the stadium. The tour ended on October 9, 2021, in East Rutherford, New Jersey, at MetLife Stadium. This was the same venue Romeo Santos sold out 2 years prior. They had a show for Arlington, Texas, at Globe Life Field scheduled on August 22, 2021. However it was postpone to October 14, 2021. This would have been the last concert but for some unknown reason the concert never happened. It was never mentioned. There was no news nor any announcements were made about why it was canceled.


title: Aventura (band)

text: On November 4, 2021, Aventura announced their very last concert to be set for December 18, 2021, At the Félix Sánchez Olympic Stadium in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. They sold out tickets 3 days after the day they went on sale. A second concert was set for December 19, 2021, which would eventually be their final concert together. Both shows were successful.


title: Aventura (band)

text: On May 10, 2022, Max "Agenda" Santos was in an interview by Mega Atlanta Radio in which he mention that an album was in the works. Based on what he said it looks like it was in the works but the pandemic might had delayed it and now with the group having their own individual projects for 2022, we may not see that album nor hear any new about it anytime soon.


title: Sandro Marcos

text: Ferdinand Alexander "Sandro" Araneta Marcos III ( , , ; born March 7, 1994) is a Filipino politician who is the representative of Ilocos Norte's 1st congressional district since 2022, and the eldest of three sons of Philippine President Bongbong Marcos and First Lady Liza Araneta Marcos.


title: Sandro Marcos

text: Marcos, nicknamed "Sandro", was born Ferdinand Alexander Araneta Marcos III on born on March 7, 1994, in Laoag, Ilocos Norte to Bongbong Marcos, then-Representative of the 2nd district of Ilocos Norte, and attorney Liza Araneta Marcos. He is the eldest of the three sons. He is the grandson of the late president, Ferdinand Marcos Sr. and his wife Imelda Marcos.


title: Sandro Marcos

text: Marcos attended Don Sergio Osmeña Senior Memorial National High School, Inc. and Padre Annibale School in Laoag for his primary education. He then left for the United Kingdom and attended the Worth School for his secondary education from 2006 to 2013. After that, he went to the University of London, where he earned a degree in Bachelor of Science in International Relations in 2016. He then earned his master's degree in developmental studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science in 2017.


title: Sandro Marcos

text: Prior to running for public office, Marcos worked as a member of the legislative staff of House Majority Leader and Leyte 1st District Rep. Martin Romualdez, his father's cousin, whom he sees as his mentor.


title: Sandro Marcos

text: Marcos ran for representative of Ilocos Norte's 1st district in 2022 and won, defeating incumbent Ria Christina Fariñas. Despite being a neophyte congressman, he was elected House Senior Deputy Majority Leader in the 19th Congress of the Philippines on July 26, 2022.


title: Sandro Marcos

text: On late November 2022, Marcos, together with House Speaker Martin Romualdez, plans to file the House Bill 6398, also known as the Maharlika Investments Fund (MIF). The aim is to create a sovereign wealth fund for the Philippines. The bill draws inspiration from South Korea's Korea Investment Corporation. MIF is targeted to be approved by the House of Representatives on December 12, 2022. Economist Michael Batu said the bill can help raise money to help the government's programs and achieve development goals, if managed properly.


title: Crypt

text: A crypt (from Latin "crypta" "vault") is a stone chamber beneath the floor of a church or other building. It typically contains coffins, sarcophagi, or religious relics.


title: Crypt

text: Originally, crypts were typically found below the main apse of a church, such as at the Abbey of Saint-Germain en Auxerre, but were later located beneath chancel, naves and transepts as well. Occasionally churches were raised high to accommodate a crypt at the ground level, such as St Michael's Church in Hildesheim, Germany.


title: Crypt

text: The word "Crypt" developed as an alternative form of the Latin "vault" as it was carried over into Late Latin, and came to refer to the ritual rooms found underneath church buildings. It also served as a vault for storing important and/or sacred items.


title: Crypt

text: The word "Crypta", however, is also the female form of "crypto" "hidden". The earliest known origin of both is in the Ancient Greek "κρύπτω" (krupto/krypto), the first person singular indicative of the verb "to conceal, to hide".


title: Crypt

text: First known in the early Christian period, in particular North Africa at Chlef and Djemila in Algeria, and Byzantium at Saint John Studio in Constantinople where Christian churches have been built over mithraea, the mithraeum has often been adapted to serve as a crypt.


title: Crypt

text: The famous crypt at Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, developed about the year 600, as a means of affording pilgrims a view of Saint Peter's tomb, which lay according to the Roman fashion, directly below the high altar. The tomb was made accessible through an underground passageway beneath the sanctuary from where pilgrims could enter at one stair, pass by the tomb and exit without interrupting the clerical community's service at the altar directly above.


title: Crypt

text: The Visigothic crypt (the Crypt of San Antolín) in Palencia Cathedral (Spain), was built during the reign of Wamba to preserve the remains of the martyr Saint Antoninus of Pamiers, a Visigothic-Gallic nobleman brought from Narbonne to Visigothic Hispania in 672 or 673 by Wamba himself. These are the only remains of the Visigothic cathedral of Palencia.


title: Crypt

text: Crypts were introduced into Frankish church building in the mid-8th century, as a feature of its Romanization. Their popularity then spread more widely in western Europe under Charlemagne. Examples from this period are most common in the early medieval West, for example in Burgundy at Dijon and Tournus.


title: Crypt

text: After the 10th century, the early medieval requirements of a crypt faded, as church officials permitted relics to be held in the main level of the church. By the Gothic period crypts were rarely built, however burial vaults continued to be constructed beneath churches and referred to as crypts.


title: Crypt

text: In more modern terms, a crypt is most often a stone chambered burial vault used to store the deceased. Placing a corpse into a crypt can be called "immurement", and is a method of final disposition, as an alternative to, for example, cremation. Crypts are usually found in cemeteries and under public religious buildings, such as churches or cathedrals, but are also occasionally found beneath mausolea or chapels on personal estates. Wealthy or prestigious families will often have a 'family crypt' or 'vault,' in which all members of the family are interred. Many royal families, for example, have vast crypts containing the bodies of dozens of former royalty. In some localities, an above ground crypt is more commonly called a mausoleum, which also refers to any elaborate building intended as a burial place, for any number of people.


title: Crypt

text: There was a trend in the 19th century of building crypts on medium to large size family estates, usually subtly placed on the edge of the grounds or more commonly incorporated into the cellar. After a change of owner, these are often blocked up and the house deeds will not allow this area to be re-developed .


National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) is an autonomous institute that offers courses in fashion, designing, technology, and management. Its head office is located in New Delhi, India.


title: National Institute of Fashion Technology

text: NIFT was established in 1986 under the Ministry of Textiles of the Government of India. It was declared as a statutory institute in 2006 and empowered to grant its own degree by the NIFT Act of the Indian Parliament.


text: Along with the Ministry of Textiles, NIFT is in the process of creating a India specific size chart. The project was fully underway in 2021. The National Institute of Fashion Technology has announced NIFT 2022 result on March 9, 2022 in online mode.


text: NIFT currently has 18 campuses spread across the country. The first campus was established in 1986 in Haus Khaz, New Delhi. The campuses at Chennai, Kolkata, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Mumbai were set up in 1995, followed by the Bengaluru campus in 1997. The campus in Bhopal was set up in June 2008, Bhubaneshwar in 2010, Jodhpur in 2010, Kangra in 2009, Kannur temporarily in 2008 but permanently in 2012, and Patna in 2008. Raebareli in 2007, Shillong in 2008, Srinagar in 2016, Panchkula temporarily in 2019 but permanently in 2022. Daman became the latest edition in the NIFT network established in 2022.


text: NIFT offers undergraduate, post-graduate, and doctoral programmes in design, management, and technology.


text: The new digital disruptive pattern camouflage uniform adopted by the Indian Army in 2022 was designed by this institution.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: Caroline Schermerhorn Astor Wilson (October 10, 1861 – September 13, 1948) was an American heiress, social leader, and prominent member of New York society.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: Caroline Schermerhorn Astor was born in New York City on October 10, 1861, and was known as "Carrie". She was the fourth of five children born to William Backhouse Astor Jr. and Caroline Schermerhorn Astor, leader of the "Four Hundred". Her three elder sisters were Emily Astor, who married socialite James Van Alen; Helen Astor, who married diplomat James Roosevelt Roosevelt (the elder half-brother of future president Franklin D. Roosevelt); and Charlotte Astor, who married James Coleman Drayton and, after his death, George Ogilvy Haig. She had one younger brother, Colonel John Jacob Astor IV, who died aboard the RMS "Titanic" in 1912.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: Carrie was a descendant of many prominent Americans. Her paternal grandparents were William Backhouse Astor Sr. and Margaret (née Armstrong) Astor while her maternal grandparents were Abraham Schermerhorn and Helen Van Courtlandt (née White) Schermerhorn. She was also a great-granddaughter of John Jacob Astor, America's first millionaire, wealthy merchant Peter Schemerhorn, and Continental major and U.S. Senator John Armstrong Jr. and Alida (née Livingston) Armstrong. Her uncle John Jacob Astor III was the father of William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: Carrie grew up at her parents' New York brownstone, 350 Fifth Avenue, at the southwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 34th Street, known for its ballroom.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: In 1883, wealthy socialite Alva Vanderbilt, the then wife of railroad tycoon William Kissam Vanderbilt, planned an elaborate masquerade ball for 1,000 guests (reportedly costing $3 million) to celebrate the opening of her new home at 660 Fifth Avenue, known as the William K. Vanderbilt House. The ball was to feature entertainment given by young society figures, including a dance which young Carrie was to participate in. However, at the last minute, Carrie learned that she was not invited, because Carrie's mother, Caroline Schermerhorn Astor - "the" Mrs. Astor and the undisputed head of New York society, had never formally "called upon" Alva. In order to appease Carrie and allow her to attend the ball, Mrs. Astor proceeded to send her calling card to the Vanderbilts' residence prior to Alva's lavish ball. Alva then extended an invitation to the Astors and they attended the ball. Reciprocally, Mrs. Astor invited the Vanderbilts to her annual ball, which was considered a formal acknowledgement of the Vanderbilts' full acceptance into the upper echelon of New York society.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: After her 1884 marriage, Carrie became a noted society hostess in her own right. Despite her family's initial reluctance at the marriage, her father purchased them a new home at 414 Fifth Avenue (not far from her parents at 350 Fifth) as a wedding present, which was furnished by Wilson's father.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: For many years, Carrie and her sister-in-law, Grace Vanderbilt, shared Box 3 at the Metropolitan Opera House, "alternating as hostess on opening night."


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: After her mother's fallout with Carrie's cousin William Waldorf Astor over the use of the name "Mrs. Astor", which led to the construction of the opulent Waldorf Hotel next to her mother's residence, Mrs. Astor decamped from 34th Street and tore down Carrie's childhood home to build the larger and even more grand Astor Hotel. Her mother also built a new Astor residence uptown, at the northeast corner of Fifth and East 65th Street, for Mrs. Astor and Carrie's brother, John Jacob Astor IV, at 841 and 840 Fifth Avenue and designed by society architect Richard Morris Hunt. At the inaugural ball at her mother's new residence on February 3, 1896, Carrie led the cotillion in the new ballroom while her brother's wife (the former Ava Lowle Willing) led the cotillion from the other side.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: The feud with Carrie's cousin extended to Carrie as well and led her husband to hire Warren and Wetmore to design an uptown residence for the couple on East 64th Street. Wilson bought the property in 1896, began construction in 1900, and the six-story limestone mansion with forty rooms was completed in 1903. Carrie's house was around the corner from her mother and located at the northeast corner of Fifth and East 65th Street. The sixty-five feet wide residence had a Beaux Arts facade of Indiana Limestone and a mansard roof of blue slate and featured five bays and featured a circular atrium. On January 21, 1904, Carrie hosted the first large party in their new house, which featured a performance by opera singers Mme. Lillian Nordica and Enrico Caruso.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: A member of the Colony Club, Carrie served as the vice-president of the New York Women's League for Animals and was a director of the Beekman Street Hospital. She donated to the Merchant Marine Library Service.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: In the early 1880s, Carrie met and fell in love with Marshall Orme Wilson (1860–1926), although her family disapproved of him and his family. He was the eldest son of Richard Thornton Wilson, a banker from Tennessee who had served the Commissary-General of the Confederacy and became rich investing in railways (leading to claims of war profiteering). Wilson and his siblings were known in New York and Newport society as the "Marrying Wilsons" due to their marriages into the wealthiest and most prominent families. His sister Grace married Cornelius Vanderbilt III, and his brother, Richard Jr. was married to Marion Steedman Mason, granddaughter of Rear Admiral Charles Steedman of Charleston, South Carolina, and great-granddaughter of the U.S. Senator of New Hampshire, Jeremiah Mason. Another sister, Belle, was married to Sir Michael Henry Herbert (the British Ambassador to the U.S. during Theodore Roosevelt's administration and brother to the Earl of Pembroke), and Mary, who married New York real estate heir Ogden Goelet (parents of Mary Goelet, who married the Duke of Roxburghe).


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: Reportedly, Carrie "starved herself into bulimia until her mother gave in and agreed to the marriage." On November 18, 1884, Carrie was married to Wilson at the Astor mansion. Together, Orme and Carrie had two sons:


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: Her husband died on April 1, 1926, in New York City, and he was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx. In his will, Carrie received their residence and all of its belongings, and their sons inherited the residual estate, including funds left by their paternal grandfather in trust for them.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: Carrie lived another twenty-two years and died on September 13, 1948, at the home of her son Richard, 1 Sutton Place (the former home of Anne Harriman Vanderbilt). At the time of her death, she was the last surviving child of her parents. After a funeral at Trinity Church, she was buried alongside her husband at Woodlawn Cemetery. After her death, her former home was sold to the Indian Government to house their diplomats in New York for $500,000.


title: Carrie Astor Wilson

text: In the HBO series "The Gilded Age", Carrie is a recurring character portrayed by actress Amy Forsyth.


title: Hiten Tejwani

text: Hiten Tejwani married his "Kutumb" and "Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi" co-star Gauri Pradhan on 29 April 2004. The couple became parents to twins, son Nevaan and daughter Katya on 11 November 2009.


title: Hiten Tejwani

text: In an interview, he revealed that he had been married once before, but went through a painful divorce in 2001.


title: Hiten Tejwani

text: Tejwani played a role in Ekta Kapoor's serial "Ghar Ek Mandir", which was aired on Sony TV. This was followed by appearances in Kapoor's soaps "Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii" on Metro Gold, "Kaahin Kissii Roz" on Star Plus, and "Kutumb" on Sony TV with Gauri Pradhan. He appeared again with Pradhan in the second season of "Kutumb", and Kapoor took the same couple in her show "Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi". When "Kutumb" ended, he was offered the role of Karan Virani in Kapoor's series "Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi" on Star Plus. In 2009, he and his wife also made a short cameo in the Star Plus show "Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan". In 2006, Tejwani along with his wife Gauri participated in the second season of "Nach Baliye 2" and returned to host Season 4 in 2008.


title: Hiten Tejwani

text: In 2009 and 2010, he also played small or supporting roles in the shows "Jasuben Jayantilaal Joshi Ki Joint Family" and "Kitani Mohabbat Hai" on NDTV Imagine, "Palampur Express" on Sony TV, "Chotti Bahu - Sindoor Bin Suhagan" on Zee TV and "Rang Badalti Odhani" on Star One.


title: Hiten Tejwani

text: In 2011 he appeared in "Mukti Bandhan" as Vicky Oberoi, where he played the antagonist. Later that year, he was cast again by Kapoor as the lead actor of "Pavitra Rishta" on Zee TV. Tejwani was nominated for "Best Actor in Lead Role" at Zee Rishtey Awards, The Global Indian Film and TV Honours, 5th Boroplus Gold Awards, 11th Indian Telly Awards and 12th Indian Television Academy Awards. He also made a cameo appearance in Kapoor's "Kya Huaa Tera Vaada", in the role of Jatin Chopra. He appeared in the Sri Lankan television series "Pooja", playing a doctor.


title: Hiten Tejwani

text: In 2013, he appeared in "Sanskaar - Dharohar Apno Ki" as Murli. He later played Nitin Joshi in Colors TV's "Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi". In 2015, Tejwani played the role of Dr. Anant in "Balika Vadhu". and also played Niranjan Chaturvedi in "Gangaa" from 2015 to 2017.


title: Hiten Tejwani

text: In 2017, Tejwani was a celebrity contestant in the Bigg Boss 11 of the Indian version of the reality TV show "Bigg Boss", which premiered on 1 October. He survived for 11 weeks until he got evicted on 17 December (Day 77). In 2018, he appeared in Colors TV's show "Tantra" where he plays a role of Inspector Bharat Singh Rathore. In 2019, he portrayed Viraj Roy in &TV's "Daayan". As of February 2019, he was a contestant on "Kitchen Champion 5" with his wife Gauri Pradhan Tejwani. Tejwani will play a professor in the upcoming film "Nobel Peace".


title: Hiten Tejwani

text: From 2020 to 2021, he appeared as Shiv Narayan Gupta in Star Bharat's "Gupta Brothers". Since July 2022, he joined the cast Colors TV's show "Swaran Ghar" as Arjun Deol.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Nickelodeon Studios was a production studio and theme park attraction run by the television network Nickelodeon at Universal Studios Florida.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Opening on June 7, 1990, as "The First World Headquarters for Kids", the studio attracted young tourists as contestants and audience members for Nickelodeon's live-action programming. At its peak, the studio employed 400 people and was the largest production studio in Florida, bringing $110 million in business to the state by 1994.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: The studio closed permanently on April 30, 2005, after much of Nickelodeon's production had moved to Nickelodeon on Sunset. Nickelodeon Studios ended its run having produced over 2,000 episodes of original programming.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: In November 1988, Nickelodeon contracted space within the soon to be built Universal Studios Florida for its first production studio. Universal had determined through market research that a working studio was crucial in attracting guests to a movie themed park, and they offered Nickelodeon a sweetheart deal to supply that production. The promise of a custom-built studio at no expense, coupled with rent-free production, lured Nickelodeon away from negotiating with Disney-MGM Studios. The contract stipulated that Nickelodeon promote Universal Studios Florida on-air 1,000 times per year, while also broadcasting the park's television commercials.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Turner Construction Company began erecting two soundstages (Stages 18 and 19) and an adjacent video production facility within the Production Central area of the park in 1989.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: The exterior of the facility was designed by network production designer Byron Taylor, and the interior was designed by network art director Don St. Mars. Viacom senior vice president Scott Davis would supervise the design and construction of the complex, and he was later named the first general manager of Nickelodeon Studios.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: "Super Sloppy Double Dare" in April 1989 and "Think Fast" in January 1990 were the first Nickelodeon productions filmed at Universal Studios Florida, and they were shot on the Stage 21 while Nickelodeon Studios was still being constructed. Like other Nickelodeon game shows, both programs were previously filmed at WHYY-TV in Philadelphia. Nickelodeon's live-action productions had traditionally been shot on rented soundstages in multiple cities, which was not cost-effective and limited the network's growth.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Prior to the studio's completion, "Double Dare" executive producer Andy Bamberger, "Double Dare" creator Geoffrey Darby, Nickelodeon President Geraldine Laybourne, and Nickelodeon Studios general manager Scott Davis wrote their names in the cement floor of the video production building's second story. Bamberger, who also served as executive producer of "Make the Grade" and "Total Panic", wrote "I Love TV Production" above his name.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: On June 7, 1990, Universal Studios Florida officially opened to the public. "Nickelodeon Studios Opening Day Celebration!" was broadcast live from the studio on Nickelodeon, hosted by Marc Summers of "Super Sloppy Double Dare". The event was announced by John Harvey of "Super Sloppy Double Dare" and co-hosted by Greg Lee of "Total Panic", Skip Lackey of "Think Fast", Christine Taylor and Kelly Brown of "Hey Dude", and Alie Smith, Matt Brown, Wendy Douglas and Will Friedle of "Don't Just Sit There!". Celebrity appearances were made by Andrea Elson, Bill Cosby, Brooke Theiss, Danny Ponce, Gerard Christopher, Jane Seymour, Jason Hervey, Kellie Martin, Les Lye, Linda Blair, Steven Spielberg and Wil Wheaton. The broadcast included live performances by Kid 'n Play, Perfect Gentlemen and The Cover Girls.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Daily tours were given of the studio, starting with a queue area outside Stage 18 that led into the video production building. The 45-minute tours took park guests upstairs through the control room, through a viewing area that allowed glimpses of Stages 18 and 19, then downstairs through the wardrobe department and Gak Kitchen, with the tour concluding in a large audition room. While game shows were often shot 5 days a week while in production, sitcoms such as "Welcome Freshmen" would rehearse during the week and only shoot on weekends. This became problematic, as Nickelodeon's contract with Universal stipulated that their guests would be able to witness shows being filmed, "seven days a week, 52 weeks a year, during all hours of the tour’s operation". To remedy this, the audition room was renamed Stage 17 and began hosting Game Lab, a mock game show at the end of every tour that culminated with one of the guests getting slimed.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Nickelodeon unveiled its Slime Geyser (also known as the Gak Geyser) in front of the studio on October 27, 1990. Russell Johnson, famous for playing The Professor on "Gilligan's Island", appeared at the unveiling ceremony. The 17-foot high fountain would "erupt" with green colored water every 10 minutes. The network subsequently used a recording of the Geyser erupting as the sign-on for their broadcasting day.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: On April 30, 1992, the Nickelodeon Time Capsule was buried near the Slime Geyser. The burial ceremony was broadcast live on Nickelodeon and hosted by Mike O'Malley of "Get the Picture" and Joey Lawrence of "Blossom", with an appearance by Dr. Emmett Brown of "". It contains items deemed important to the children of 1992 as voted upon by Nickelodeon viewers. These items included a Barbie doll, baseball, books (comic book, endangered species book, history book, phone book, TV Guide and World Atlas), bubble gum, CDs (MC Hammer and Michael Jackson), hat featuring the catchphrase of Joey Lawrence, news reports (1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and Operation Desert Storm), Nickelodeon Gak, "Nickelodeon Magazine", Nintendo Game Boy, pencils, photos of things too big to fit inside (bicycles, cars, celebrities, planes, politicians and trains), piece of the Berlin Wall, Reebok Pump sneakers, Rollerblades, skateboard, t-shirt featuring the Nicktoons characters "Ren and Stimpy", Twinkies, and VHS movies ("Back to the Future" and "Home Alone"). The final items put in the capsule were a tape of the event itself and the camcorder used to record it.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: "Roundhouse" moved to CBS Studio Center in Los Angeles for the filming of its second season in 1993. The show's unionized cast, crew and musicians were unhappy that working in Orlando deprived them of residuals. As a right-to-work state, Florida had attracted producers looking to avoid union costs and regulations that were prevalent in California.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: An episode of "Weinerville" shot on February 14, 1994, marked the 1,000th episode of live-action programming filmed at the studio since its opening. Nickelodeon Studios had at that point brought $110 million in business to Florida, and regularly employed between 280 and 330 people on a weekly basis.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Universal Studios Florida trailed Walt Disney World in attendance at the end of 1994, with Universal hosting 7.7 million guests that year compared with Disney's 28.9 million. To stay competitive, Universal broke ground on Islands of Adventure in 1995, recommitting itself primarily as a theme park with the $2 billion expansion. Universal by then saw the production studio aspect of the park as secondary to its thrill rides, shortening their marketing slogan from "See the Stars. Ride the Movies" to "Ride the Movies". The number of new productions began decreasing not only at Nickelodeon Studios, but at Universal Studios Florida proper and the competing Disney-MGM Studios.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: "Rugrats" in 1995 had become an unexpected success in reruns, causing Nickelodeon to heavily invest in animation and producing new episodes of the show. Nickelodeon's in-house Nicktoons animation at the point was produced at Games Animation in Los Angeles. Albie Hecht, the network's President of Film and Entertainment, met with his in-house animators in 1996 to solicit opinions on what a new animation studio should look like. That same year, producers Mike Tollin and Brian Robbins requested Nickelodeon move filming of their hit live-action show "All That" from Orlando to Los Angeles so they wouldn't have to leave home for production. The network obliged, and the third season of "All That" was filmed on a rented soundstage at Paramount Pictures while Nickelodeon searched for a permanent Hollywood studio.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Corporate changes also began affecting the future of Nickelodeon Studios. Geraldine Laybourne, longtime champion of the Orlando facility, left her position as President of Nickelodeon in February 1996 and was replaced by executive vice president Herb Scannell. Nickelodeon Studios general manager Scott Davis exited in 1997 and was replaced by "Nickelodeon Guts" creator Scott Fishman.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: "The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo" was shut down by a labor strike in August 1997 when the production switched from videotape to film stock. Movies and television shows shot on film stock were regulated by the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees. The show's producer, Alan Goodman, would move production of "The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo" to Montreal for the filming of its final season. Canada was attracting American productions at the time with tax incentives and a favorable exchange rate.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Nickelodeon opened two new studios in California, the live-action studio Nickelodeon on Sunset in 1997, and the Nickelodeon Animation Studio in 1998. Nickelodeon Studios partnered with visual effects company Kinetix in August 1998 to upgrade the video production building with a training center for Kinetix software, attempting to remain viable against Nickelodeon Animation Studio. Nickelodeon Games and Sports for Kids launched in 1999, airing reruns of game shows produced by the network with new wraparound segments filmed at Nickelodeon Studios.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: The studio began laying off employees in March 2001 since a majority of Nickelodeon's closed-set productions had moved to California, game shows were no longer being produced, and the network's highest rated programming was animated. The studio auctioned off its remaining props in storage at their offsite scene shop in June 2001. The final program taped at the facility was "Nickelodeon Splat!", which aired live on August 17, 2004. The studio closed permanently on April 30, 2005.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Nickelodeon Studios was responsible for producing over 2,000 episodes of original, live-action programming for Nickelodeon. The facility employed 400 people at its peak, at which point it was the largest production studio in Florida.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: "Eureeka's Castle" won the CableACE Award (1990) for Best Children's Series, "Roundhouse" won the CableACE Award (1993) for Best Original Song, "Legends of the Hidden Temple" won the CableACE Award (1995) for Best Game Show Series, "Taina" won the ALMA Award (2002) for Outstanding Children's Television Programming, and Melissa Joan Hart received the Young Artist Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award (2013) for her title role in "Clarissa Explains It All".


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: "Clarissa Explains It All" received an Emmy nomination (1994) for Outstanding Children's Program, "Nick News: Space Shuttle, Phone Home" received an Emmy nomination (1995) for Outstanding Children's Special, and "Gullah Gullah Island" received an Emmy nomination (1997) for Outstanding Preschool Children's Series.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: On November 9, 2006, Universal announced that Stage 18 would be redesigned to become a 1,000-seat permanent venue for the Blue Man Group. The new venue opened on June 1, 2007, as the Sharp Aquos Theatre, and later was renamed the Blue Man Group Theatre in 2012. Their residency ended on February 1, 2021, leaving Stage 18 vacant.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: The Nickelodeon Time Capsule buried by the network in 1992 was removed in August 2007 and reburied at the Nickelodeon Suites Resort. Upon the hotel's closure in 2016, it was reburied at the Nickelodeon Animation Studio and is set to be opened on April 30, 2042.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Nickelodeon returned to film "My Family's Got Guts" in 2008, using some of the former Nickelodeon Studios facilities including the green room. Training was in Stage 19, and the actual production was filmed nearby on Stages 23 and 24.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: The complex became popular for urban exploration, as Universal left much of the original Nickelodeon branding intact for years after the studio closed. In 2012, YouTube personality adamthewoo gained access to Stage 19 and the upper floors of the video production building, documenting vastly untouched murals and decor from the heyday of the studios. A majority of these remnants have since been removed.


title: Nickelodeon Studios

text: Stage 19 and the video production building are now home to Bally Sports Florida and its sister network, Bally Sports Sun.