title: Strychnos nux-vomica

text: The strychnine-containing seeds have been used in arrow poison. The use of strychnine is highly regulated in many countries, and it is mostly used in baits to kill feral mammals. Most accidental poisoning is caused by breathing in the powder or by absorption through the skin.


title: Strychnos nux-vomica

text: "Strychnos" is promoted within alternative medicine as a treatment for many conditions, but the claims are not supported by medical evidence.


title: Strychnos nux-vomica

text: "Strychnos" is promoted within herbal medicine as being a treatment for a wide range of maladies, including cancer and heart disease. There is, however, no evidence it is useful for treating any condition. Indeed, these seeds contain strychnine. The plant appears on the Commission E list of unapproved herbs because it has not been proven to be safe or effective and thus is not recommended for use. Use of strychnine seeds for such purposes may prove fatal as strychnine is a highly toxic compound and has no safe limit for consumption.


title: Strychnos nux-vomica

text: In Ayurveda (the Indian system of Classical medicine), "hudar" is a mixture containing "Strychnos nux-vomica". The seeds are first immersed in water for five days and then in milk for two days followed by their boiling in milk.


title: Strychnos nux-vomica

text: The level of toxic alkaloids in the unprocessed "Strychnos" seeds used in traditional medicines can be determined using established HPLC methods and HPLC-UV methods.


title: Adanga Maru

text: Adanga Maru () is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film written and directed by Karthik Thangavel. The film stars Jayam Ravi and Raashii Khanna, with Ponvannan, Babu Antony, Sampath Raj and Azhagam Perumal in supporting roles. The music was composed by Sam C. S., with cinematography by Sathyan Sooryan and rditing by Ruben.


title: Adanga Maru

text: The film began production in December 2017 and was released on 21 December 2018. The film received mixed to positive response from critics and audience in spite of being a commercial success at the box office.


title: Adanga Maru

text: Subhash is a newly appointed SI in Chennai. He is sympathetic to the public's suffering and tries to improve their lives. These efforts sometimes conflict with the law and cause Subhash trouble with his superior Inspector Muthukaruppan.


title: Adanga Maru

text: Called to investigate a girl's suspected suicide, Subhash deduces that she was murdered and gathers evidence. He confronts Abhijith, a boy whose mobile phone was active near the crime scene, and the boy's friends Christy, Bhuvan, and Deepak. The boys reveal that they committed murders of several other girls, avoiding the consequences due to their parents' privilege, being the sons of a prominent businessman, the district collector of chennai city, a gold merchant, and a well-known scientist. The boys show Subhash a video of them assaulting the girl, and he becomes enraged and arrests them.


title: Adanga Maru

text: Corrupt JCP Saarangan asks Subhash for proof of the crimes but the videos have been deleted and the boys are released while Subhash is suspended from duty. The boys vow revenge, and Subhash returns home to discover his extended family have been murdered, except for one niece. Saarangan, who has been bribed with a Porsche Cayenne Car, declares that the deaths resulted from an accidental fire. Subhash resigns, defiantly telling Saarangan that he will avenge his family by ensuring that the four boys die at the hands of their fathers. Bhuvan is kidnapped by Subhash and locked in a car booby trapped with inflammable silane gas. His father opens the car door and witnesses Bhuvan burn alive in front of him.


title: Adanga Maru

text: Subhash then kidnaps Deepak and Christy and hides them. The corrupt police try to secretly detain Subash, but he triggers Muthukaruppan's pistol which attracts public attention and forces them to officially arrest him. While in custody, Subhash reveals to Christy's father that Christy is in a van at the airport. The father finds Christy and tells him to run to the police for help, but Subhash had placed an illegal firearm in Christy's bag along with a beeping device. The National Security Guards mistake Christy for a terrorist and fatally shoot him. With technical help from Subhash's friend, Deepak's crimes are exposed in the Internet and a live video feed shows him inside a glass tank.


title: Adanga Maru

text: The public is allowed to remotely release chemicals which will result in Deepak's death. Deepak's father hires hackers to stop this. Deepak is located and when his father breaks open the glass to release him, the chemicals are combined and Deepak is killed. In the meantime, Subhash warns Saarangan to check on his teenage daughter's safety. Saarangan panics but is relieved when she is found to be safe. Saarangan realises his hypocrisy and decides to support Subhash to fight for justice for the victims of the boys. Abhijit's father Sanjay has Subhash released from custody, intending to make a deal.


title: Adanga Maru

text: Subhash kidnaps Abhijit and dangles him from a rope at a great height; he threatens to publicize the recovered video evidence of the boys' crimes, thereby ruining Sanjay and his reputation. Sanjay is given a chance to prevent this by shutting down a computer, but would have to let go of the rope. Sanjay does so, letting his son fall to his death to preserve his reputation. One year later, Subhash has become an IPS officer, and continues to murder unconvictable lawbreakers to serve justice.


title: Adanga Maru

text: In December 2017, Jayam Ravi announced on social media that his 23rd film would be an action-thriller titled "Adanga Maru" by first-time director Karthik Thangavel. Raashi Khanna was announced as the female lead, this being her second Tamil film after "Imaikkaa Nodigal" (2018). Stunt choreographer Stun Siva's son, Kevin Kumar, made his debut as a stunt choreographer in this film. Filming was completed in October 2018.


title: Adanga Maru

text: The soundtrack was composed by Sam C. S. The audio rights were acquired by Sony Music in August 2018.


title: Adanga Maru

text: "Adanga Maru" was released on 21 December 2018. Thinkal Menon of "The Times of India" rated it 3 out of 5, saying, ""Adanga Maru" has a routine plot, but the treatment makes it fast-paced and interesting." "Behindwoods" wrote, ""Adangamaru"s fresh screenplay and packaging makes this intense revenge drama a good watch." "The Hindu" wrote, "thanks to its speedy screenplay, Adanga Maru finishes as a fairly engaging watch." "India Today" wrote, "Debutant director Karthik Thangavel's "Adanga Maru" starring Jayam Ravi could have been a flawless cop thriller, but it misses the mark by a few inches." "The Indian Express" wrote, "A more nuanced, well-thought-out storyline with better CGI [computer-generated imagery] could have definitely elevated the revenge saga. Adanga Maru is strictly a one-time watch."


title: Woodstock (film)

text: Woodstock is a 1970 American documentary film of the watershed counterculture Woodstock Festival which took place in August 1969 near Bethel, New York.


title: Woodstock (film)

text: The film was directed by Michael Wadleigh. Seven editors are credited, including Thelma Schoonmaker, Martin Scorsese, and Wadleigh. "Woodstock" was a great commercial and critical success. It received the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Schoonmaker was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing, a rare distinction for a documentary. Dan Wallin and L. A. Johnson were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound. The film was screened at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival, but was not entered into the main competition.


title: Woodstock (film)

text: The 1970 theatrical release of the film ran 185 minutes. A director's cut spanning 224 minutes was released in 1994. Both cuts take liberties with the timeline of the festival. However, the opening and closing acts are the same in the film as they appeared on stage; Richie Havens opens the show and Jimi Hendrix closes it.


title: Woodstock (film)

text: In 1996, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Woodstock (film)

text: An expanded 40th Anniversary Edition of "Woodstock", released on June 9, 2009 in Blu-ray and DVD formats, features additional performances not before seen in the film, and also includes lengthened versions of existing performances featuring Creedence Clearwater Revival and others.


title: Woodstock (film)

text: "Woodstock" received universal acclaim from newspaper and magazine critics in 1970. It was also an enormous box office smash. The edition of May 20, 1970 of "Variety" reported it was doing well in its third week in Chicago and San Francisco. In each of those metropolitan areas the movie played at only one cinema during that week, but many thousands showed up. Eventually, after it branched out to more cinemas including more than one per metropolitan area, it grossed $50 million in the United States. The budget for its production was just $600,000, making it not only the fifth highest-grossing film of 1970 but one of the most profitable movies of that year as well.


title: Woodstock (film)

text: Decades after its initial release, the film earned a rare 100% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on 25 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.58/10. The critical consensus reads: "By documenting arguably the most renowned music festival in history, "Woodstock: 3 Days of Peace & Music" achieves the rare feat of capturing the unique spirit of its time."


title: Woodstock (film)

text: In his original 1970 review, Roger Ebert rated the movie 4 stars (out of 4) and described it as "maybe the best documentary ever made in America", adding "The remarkable thing about Wadleigh's film is that it succeeds so completely in making us feel how it must have been to be there". In 2005 Ebert added "Woodstock" to his "Great Movies" list and wrote a retrospective review that stated, ""Woodstock" is a beautiful, moving, ultimately great film...Now that the period is described as a far-ago time like "the 1920s" or "the 1930s," how touching it is in this film to see the full flower of its moment, of its youth and hope."


title: Woodstock (film)

text: In 1996, "Woodstock" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Woodstock (film)

text: In the science fiction thriller "The Omega Man" (1971), Colonel Robert Neville (played by Charlton Heston) is seen traveling to a movie theatre in Los Angeles to screen the film for himself alone. "Woodstock" had been a recent film debuting prior to release of "The Omega Man", and had been held over (continuously run) in some theaters for months. Neville darkly remarks the film is so popular it was "held over for the third straight year". As he repeats some of the dialogue verbatim, it is clear that Neville has repeated the ritual many times during the two years that he has believed himself to be the last man alive on Earth.


title: Woodstock (film)

text: In a 2009 review, Noel Murray of "The A.V. Club" graded the DVD release A−, stating, "Wadleigh crafted a film with a thoughtful flow; it tells the full story of the event, from the paranoia (and eventual acceptance) of the locals to the helpful attitudes (and eventual paranoia) of the throng. Woodstock runs for more than 20 minutes before Wadleigh even gets to any of the performances, and throughout the film, he cuts away to interviews and montages that map out the scope of the mini-community formed at Woodstock, in all its glories and sadness." "Entertainment Weekly" called this film the benchmark of concert movies and one of the most entertaining documentaries ever made.


title: Woodstock (film)

text: Upon the festival's 25th anniversary, in 1994, a 224 minutes director's cut of the film — subtitled "3 Days of Peace & Music" — was released theatrically in cinemas and later on DVD. It added over 40 minutes and included additional performances by Canned Heat, Jefferson Airplane and Janis Joplin. Jimi Hendrix's set at the end of the film was also extended with two additional numbers. Some of the crowd scenes in the original film were replaced by previously unseen footage.


title: Woodstock (film)

text: After the closing credits — featuring Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young's "Find the Cost of Freedom" — a list of prominent people from the "Woodstock Generation" who had died is shown, including John F. Kennedy, Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Martin Luther King Jr., Mama Cass Elliot, Jim Morrison, John Lennon, Max Yasgur, Roy Orbison, Abbie Hoffman, Paul Butterfield, Keith Moon, Bob Hite, Richard Manuel, Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix. It ends with the epitaph to the right:


title: Woodstock (film)

text: On June 9, 2009 a 40th-anniversary edition was released in two-disc sets on Blu-ray and DVD, available as both a "Special Edition" and an "Ultimate Collector's Edition". The latter included copious memorabilia. The director's cut was newly remastered in high definition with a 2K scan of the original elements, and provided a new 5.1 audio mix. Among the special features are 18 never-before-seen performances from artists such as Joan Baez, Country Joe McDonald, Santana, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, Canned Heat and Joe Cocker; five of the artists included—Paul Butterfield, Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Grateful Dead, Johnny Winter and Mountain—played at Woodstock but had never appeared in any film version.


title: Woodstock (film)

text: The bonus songs, a 143-minute collection of 18 performances presented in standard definition, are entitled "Untold Stories":


title: Woodstock (film)

text: Bonus featurettes, also in standard definition, last 77 minutes. Entitled "Woodstock: From Festival to Feature," they cover the festival itself, the challenges of making the film, its reception and legacy, and other topics:


title: Woodstock (film)

text: This edition contains the same Blu-ray version of the film released in 2009 along with the second Blu-ray disc of bonus features, but the latter are now presented in high definition. The set also adds a third Blu-ray disc with sixteen more previously unreleased performances and eight more featurettes.


title: Woodstock (film)

text: The eight featurettes are entitled "Woodstock: From Festival to Feature Revisited." They run a total of 32 minutes and cover the festival behind the scenes, its history and legacy, and the restoration of the film:


title: Haris Rauf

text: Haris Rauf (Urdu: حارث رؤف; born 7 November 1993) is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his international debut for the Pakistan cricket team in January 2020. He made his Twenty20 debut for the Lahore Qalandars in the 2018 Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy on 5 October 2018. In November 2018, he was selected by the Lahore Qalandars in the players' draft for the 2019 Pakistan Super League tournament. He made his Test debut against England in December 2022.


title: Haris Rauf

text: Although Rauf was born in Rawalpindi, Punjab, his family is originally from Mansehra in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.


title: Haris Rauf

text: When Rauf was a student in the Islamabad Model College for Boys I-8/3 he was more interested in football than cricket, helping his school lift the football trophy and being declared the best player of the tournament. He joined the cricket team of International Islamic University, Islamabad, and when its coach asked him to attend the Lahore Qalandars trials to be held in Gujranwala in September 2017, he was initially reluctant. However, he agreed and was spotted by Aaqib Javed, who pushed him to play cricket in Australia, after which he was selected for Lahore Qalandars for the 2018 Abu Dhabi T20 Trophy, which also marked his domestic career debut.


title: Haris Rauf

text: In March 2019, Rauf was named in Baluchistan's squad for the 2019 Pakistan Cup. He made his List A debut for Baluchistan in the 2019 Pakistan Cup on 2 April 2019. In September 2019, he was named in Northern's squad for the 2019–20 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy tournament. He made his first-class debut for Northern in the 2019–20 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 28 September 2019. In October 2019, the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) named him as one of the six players to watch ahead of the 2019–20 National T20 Cup tournament.


title: Haris Rauf

text: In December 2019, after originally only being in Australia to play for the Glenorchy Magpies in Tasmanian Grade Cricket, he joined the Melbourne Stars for 2019-20 Big Bash League season as a replacement for Dale Steyn who was injured. He took a five-wicket haul in his second match against the Hobart Hurricanes. On 8 January 2020, he took a hat-trick against the Sydney Thunder, becoming the first Pakistani and first Melbourne Stars bowler to do so in the BBL, with one delivery bowled at 151.3 km/h. On 16 February 2019, he took 4 for 23 and help Lahore Qalandars to win against Karachi Kings.


title: Haris Rauf

text: In December 2021, Rauf was signed by Yorkshire County Cricket Club to play in the 2022 cricket season in England.


title: Haris Rauf

text: In January 2020, Rauf was named in Pakistan's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for their series against Bangladesh. He made his T20I debut for Pakistan, against Bangladesh, on 24 January 2020.


title: Haris Rauf

text: In May 2020, the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) awarded him with a central contract, in a newly created Emerging Players' category, ahead of the 2020–21 season. In June 2020, he was named in a 29-man squad for Pakistan's tour to England during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, on 22 June 2020, Rauf was one of three players from Pakistan's squad to test positive for COVID-19. Although he had shown no previous symptoms of the virus, he was advised to go into a period of self-isolation. Rauf was eventually replaced in Pakistan's squad by Mohammad Amir, after he had provided five positive tests out of six for COVID-19 in the last month. On 30 July 2020, the PCB confirmed that Rauf had returned two consecutive negative tests, and was therefore eligible to fly to England to join the Pakistan squad.


title: Haris Rauf

text: On 29 October 2020, Rauf was named in Pakistan's One Day International (ODI) squad for the first match against Zimbabwe. He made his ODI debut for Pakistan, against Zimbabwe, on 30 October 2020. In November 2020, he was named in Pakistan's 35-man squad for their tour to New Zealand. In January 2021, he was named in Pakistan's Test squad for their series against South Africa. In March 2021, he was again named in Pakistan's Test squad, this time for their series against Zimbabwe. In June 2021, he was also named in Pakistan's Test squad for the series against the West Indies.


title: Haris Rauf

text: In September 2021, Rauf was named in Pakistan's squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. He took a four-for against New Zealand to the win man-of-the-match for Pakistan in their second game of the tournament.


title: Haris Rauf

text: In February 2022, Rauf was named in Pakistan's Test squad for their series against Australia. In August 2022, Rauf was named in Pakistan's squad for Asia cup.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: In oncology, the Warburg effect () is the observation that most cancer cells produce energy predominantly not through the 'usual' citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria as observed in normal cells, but through a less efficient process of 'aerobic glycolysis' consisting of high level of glucose uptake and glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation taking place in the cytosol, not the mitochondria, even in the presence of abundant oxygen. This observation was first published by Otto Heinrich Warburg, who was awarded the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme". The precise mechanism and therapeutic implications of the Warburg effect, however, remain unclear.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: In fermentation, the last product of glycolysis, pyruvate, is converted into lactate (lactic acid fermentation) or ethanol (alcoholic fermentation). While fermentation produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) only in low yield compared to the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation of aerobic respiration, it allows proliferating cells to convert nutrients such as glucose and glutamine more efficiently into biomass by avoiding unnecessary catabolic oxidation of such nutrients into carbon dioxide, preserving carbon-carbon bonds and promoting anabolism.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Diagnostically the increased glucose consumption by cancer cells resulting from the Warburg effect is the basis for tumor detection in a PET scan, in which an injected radioactive glucose analog is detected at higher concentrations in malignant cancers than in other tissues.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Around the 1920s, Otto Heinrich Warburg and his group concluded that deprivation of glucose and oxygen in tumor cells leads to lack of energy, resulting in cell death. Biochemist Herbert Grace Crabtree further extended Warburg's research by discovering environmental or genetic influences. Crabtree observed that yeast, "Saccharomyces cerevisiae," prefers fermentation leading to ethanol production over aerobic respiration, in aerobic conditions and in the presence of a high concentration of glucose - the Crabtree effect. Warburg observed a similar phenomenon in tumors - cancer cells tend to use fermentation for obtaining energy even in aerobic conditions - coining the term "aerobic glycolysis". The phenomenon was later termed Warburg effect after its discoverer. Warburg hypothesized that dysfunctional mitochondria may be the cause of higher rate of glycolysis seen in tumor cells, as well as a predominant cause of cancer development.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Normal cells primarily produce energy through glycolysis followed by mitochondrial citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. However, most cancer cells predominantly produce their energy through a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation even in the presence of abundant oxygen. Anaerobic glycolysis is less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation for producing adenosine triphosphate and leads to the increased generation of additional metabolites that may particularly benefit proliferating cells. The Warburg effect has been much studied, but its precise nature remains unclear, which hampers the beginning of any work that would explore its therapeutic potential.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Otto Warburg postulated this change in metabolism is the fundamental cause of cancer, a claim now known as the Warburg hypothesis. Today, mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are thought to be responsible for malignant transformation, and the Warburg effect is considered to be a result of these mutations rather than a cause.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Older hypotheses such as the Warburg hypothesis suggests the Warburg effect may simply be a consequence of damage to the mitochondria in cancer. It may also be an adaptation to low-oxygen environments within tumors, or a result of cancer genes shutting down the mitochondria, which are involved in the cell's apoptosis program that kills cancer cells.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Since glycolysis provides most of the building blocks required for cell proliferation, both cancer cells and normal proliferating cells have been proposed to need to activate glycolysis, despite the presence of oxygen, to proliferate. Inefficient ATP production is only a problem when nutrients are scarce, but aerobic glycolysis is favored when nutrients are abundant. Anaerobic glycolysis favors anabolism and avoids oxidizing precious carbon-carbon bonds into carbon dioxide. In contrast, oxidative phosphorylation is associated with starvation metabolism and favored when nutrients are scarce and cells must maximize free energy extraction to survive. Such trade-offs can be theoretically associated with Giffen behavior in economics.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Evidence attributes some of the high anaerobic glycolytic rates to an overexpressed form of mitochondrially-bound hexokinase responsible for driving the high glycolytic activity. In kidney cancer, this effect could be due to the presence of mutations in the von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor gene upregulating glycolytic enzymes, including the M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase. TP53 mutation hits energy metabolism and increases glycolysis in breast cancer.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: The Warburg effect is associated with glucose uptake and utilization, as this ties into how mitochondrial activity is regulated. The concern lies less in mitochondrial damage and more in the change in activity. On the other hand, tumor cells exhibit increased rates of glycolysis which can be explained with mitochondrial damage.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: , scientists had been investigating the possibility of therapeutic value presented by the Warburg effect. The increase in nutrient uptake by cancer cells has been considered as a possible treatment target by exploitation of a critical proliferation tool in cancer, but it remains unclear whether this can lead to the development of drugs which have therapeutic benefit. Many substances have been developed which inhibit glycolysis and so have potential as anticancer agents, including SB-204990, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA, bromopyruvic acid, or bromopyruvate), 3-bromo-2-oxopropionate-1-propyl ester (3-BrOP), 5-thioglucose and dichloroacetic acid (DCA).


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: A clinical trial for 2-DG [2008] showed slow accrual and was terminated. There is no evidence yet [2012] to support the use of DCA for cancer treatment.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (ACCA;CHC), a small-molecule inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs; which prevent lactic acid build up in tumors) has been successfully used as a metabolic target in brain tumor pre-clinical research. Higher affinity MCT inhibitors have been developed and are currently undergoing clinical trials by Astra-Zeneca.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), a small-molecule inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, "downregulates" glycolysis "in vitro" and "in vivo". Researchers at the University of Alberta theorized in 2007 that DCA might have therapeutic benefits against many types of cancer.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyses the rate-limiting step in the aerobic oxidation of glucose and pyruvate and links glycolysis to the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). DCA acts a structural analog of pyruvate and activates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) to inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases, to keep the complex in its un-phosphorylated form. DCA reduces expression of the kinases, preventing the inactivation of the PDC, allowing the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA rather than lactate through anaerobic respiration, thereby permitting cellular respiration to continue. Through this mechanism of action, DCA works to counteract the increased production of lactate exhibited by tumor cells by enabling the TCA cycle to metabolize it by oxidative phosphorylation. DCA has not been evaluated as a sole cancer treatment yet, as research on the clinical activity of the drug is still in progress, but it has been shown to be effective when used with other cancer treatments. The neurotoxicity and pharmacokinetics of the drug still need to be monitored but if its evaluations are satisfactory it could be very useful as it is an inexpensive small molecule.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Lewis C. Cantley and colleagues found that tumor M2-PK, a form of the pyruvate kinase enzyme, promotes the Warburg effect. Tumor M2-PK is produced in all rapidly dividing cells and is responsible for enabling cancer cells to consume glucose at an accelerated rate; on forcing the cells to switch to pyruvate kinase's alternative form by inhibiting the production of tumor M2-PK, their growth was curbed. The researchers acknowledged the fact that the exact chemistry of glucose metabolism was likely to vary across different forms of cancer; however, PKM2 was identified in all of the cancer cells they had tested. This enzyme form is not usually found in quiescent tissue, though it is apparently necessary when cells need to multiply quickly, e.g., in healing wounds or hematopoiesis.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: A model called the "reverse Warburg effect" describes cells producing energy by glycolysis, but which are not tumor cells, but stromal fibroblasts. In this scenario, the stroma become corrupted by cancer cells and turn into factories for the synthesis of energy rich nutrients. The cells then take these energy rich nutrients and use them for TCA cycle which is used for oxidative phosphorylation. This results in an energy rich environment that allows for replication of the cancer cells. This still supports Warburg's original observation that tumors show a tendency to create energy through anaerobic glycolysis.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Another model has been described in tumor cells in an obesity model called Warburg effect inversion. Whereas in the reverse model the stroma of the microenvironment produces energy-rich nutrients, in a context of obesity these nutrients already exist in the bloodstream and in the extracellular fluid (ECF). In this way, highly energetic nutrients enter directly into TCA and later into oxidative phosphorylation, while lactate and glycogenic amino acids take the opposite path to that proposed by Warburg, which is the production of glucose through the consumption of lactate.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Nutrient utilization is dramatically altered when cells receive signals to proliferate. Characteristic metabolic changes enable cells to meet the large biosynthetic demands associated with cell growth and division. Changes in rate-limiting glycolytic enzymes redirect metabolism to support growth and proliferation. Metabolic reprogramming in cancer is largely due to oncogenic activation of signal transduction pathways and transcription factors. Although less well understood, epigenetic mechanisms also contribute to the regulation of metabolic gene expression in cancer. Reciprocally, accumulating evidence suggest that metabolic alterations may affect the epigenome. Understanding the relation between metabolism and epigenetics in cancer cells may open new avenues for anti-cancer strategies.


title: Warburg effect (oncology)

text: Rapid increase in metabolism is needed during activation of T lymphocytes, which reside in peripheral blood containing stable concentrations of glucose. As glucose is plentiful, T-cells are able to switch to fast utilization of glucose using the coreceptor CD28. This CD3/CD28 signaling parallels insulin signaling, as both lead to higher expression of glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1) on the cell surface via the activation of Akt kinase. CD28 signal transduction not only leads to higher glucose uptake but also to an increased rate of glycolysis. Most of the glucose taken up by activated T lymphocytes is metabolised to lactate and dumped out of the cells.


title: Mano (singer)

text: Nagoor Babu, known by his stage name Mano, is an Indian playback singer, voice-over artist, actor, producer, television anchor and composer. He is a recipient of several awards such as the Nandi Awards from the Government of Andhra Pradesh and Kalaimamani award from the Government of Tamil Nadu.


title: Mano (singer)

text: Mano has recorded more than 1,000 songs for film and private various Telugu, Tamil, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya and Hindi films. He has also performed for over 3000 live concerts across the continents. Notably, he has recorded 500 songs for music director Ilayaraja. Mano is also recognized for being as the full-fledged dubbing artist for Rajanikanth in Telugu from "Muthu" (1995) onwards.


title: Mano (singer)

text: Mano was born as Nagoor Babu in Tenali, Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. His father Rasool, was a musician in the All India Radio, Vijayawada division and his mother Shaheeda, was a popular Stage actress. Inspired heavily by his mother, Mano joined the stage theater and played many historical characters which also involved singing live songs in his own voice. He soon started taking formal training of carnatic classical music under the vocalist Nedunuri Krishnamurthy. Subsequently, he started his film acting career in the late 1970s and acted in about 40 movies as child artist. He featured as a supporting character in films such as "Rangoon Rowdy".


title: Mano (singer)

text: Mano has sung almost 30,000 songs for films and private in 15 languages such as Telugu, Tamil, Oriya, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi.


title: Mano (singer)

text: While in 1977, Mano was shooting for a Telugu film for which the veteran M. S. Viswanathan was the music composer, it so happened that the original singer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam who was supposed to sing a song could not show up to the recording studio. Accidentally, Mano was asked to show his singing skills by the composer's assistant who was a good friend of Mano's father. Mano rendered a few of the Ghazal songs much to the appreciation of audience present there and the composer himself. From then on, Mano was signed by Viswanathan to sing few track songs upon which the main singer would sing in the final version. In 1982, Mano approached the famous composer Chakravarthy seeking a chance for his brother who was upcoming as a Tabla player. However, Chakravarthy insisted that he wanted an assistant like him to sing track songs. Mano, joined his troop and assisted for almost 2 years. In his tenure with Chakravarthy, Mano sang over 2000 tracks for almost all the leading singers.


title: Mano (singer)

text: Before beginning his long standing career with Ilaiyaraaja, Nagoor Babu was rechristened as "Mano" to avoid clash of names with the already established singer Nagore E. M. Hanifa. The name was selected and christened by Ilaiyaraaja himself in his first song "Annae Annae nee enna sonnae" in the Tamil film Fazil's "Poo Vizhi vaasalilae" title song. Mano went on to record many memorable songs under the same composer for his Tamil and Telugu films. In 1987, Mano got a big break by singing popular songs for the film "Enga Ooru Pattukkaran". The songs "Shenbagame Shenbagame" and "Madhura Marikozhundu Vasam" became instant hits among the listeners. However, he also faced criticism from the critics who dubbed that his voice was an absolute clone to S. P. Balasubrahmanyam.


title: Mano (singer)

text: Taking the criticism in his stride, Mano went on recording as many as 500 successful songs with Ilaiyaraaja and slowly branched out to sing for other Tamil composers as well. He recorded maximum number of duet songs with K. S. Chithra, Swarnalatha and S. Janaki. He simultaneously sang many hundreds of songs in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada film industries. His teaming up with Hamsalekha in Kannada produced many chart buster numbers which are considered evergreen. His few Malayalam, Hindi and Oriya songs also were well received.


title: Mano (singer)

text: The late 1980s saw Mano experimenting with his voice through some modulations and it indeed worked in his favor to silence his critics. In the 1988 Kamal-starrer Soorasamharam, he first experimented with his voice encouraged by his mentor Ilayaraja (who wanted him to sound different in the song - Vedhalam Vandhirukuthu). He took inspiration for that song from the evergreen RD Burman number Mehbooba Mehbooba from Sholay and the song went on to be a big hit and he was much appreciated for the voice modulation. He later followed the same style for some more songs especially those with Arabic tunes. In 1994, he was approached by A. R. Rahman to sing the duet song "Mukkabla" with Swarnalatha for the movie "Kadhalan". Mano was asked to sing in a very different style by the composer and he took the R. D. Burman route and the Mukkala song went on to become a huge blockbuster which broke all the regional barriers and reached out to the entire country. He recorded the same song in the Telugu and Hindi versions which also were well received. Following this stupendous success in experimentation, many music directors cashed in his newfound fame and made him sing in the same style. Some of the songs he modulated his voice for are "Aye Shabba Aye Shabba" for Vidyasagar's "Karna", "I Love You" and "Azhagiya Laila" for Sirpy's "Ullathai Allitha" and "Thillana Thillana" for Rahman's "Muthu". He has also done a few semi-classical numbers such as "Athma Varaiyo". He has also sung a few Hindi film songs for Gulshan Kumar in "Aaya Sanam", "Aaja Meri Jaan", "", and "Chor Aur Chand".


title: Mano (singer)

text: The year 1995 also saw another face of Mano as the voice-over dubbing artist in the Telugu film industry. He dubbed his voice for almost all Rajinikanth starrers in Telugu. His voice became almost synonymous with Rajinikanth and was in great demand by all the directors and producers. He also dubbed his voice for Kamal Haasan in some movies in Telugu.He also dubbed for Akshay kumar in Galatta Kalyanam(Atrangi re).


title: Mano (singer)

text: Mano has worked as a music composer for the 2008 released Telugu film "Sombheri". He got good response for his compositions. He also tried his hands on releasing Tamil film "Azhagiya Tamil Magan" (2007) as "Mahaa Muduru" in 2010 starring Vijay and Shriya Saran. The film, however, flopped at the box-office. He also produced two movies dubbed from Telugu to Tamil "Madurai Thimiru" and "Kumaran Rajini Rasigan" (dubbed versions of "Yogi" and "Bujjigadu") under the studio name, "Lord Venkateswara Productions" and "Mano Media Entertainments" respectively.


title: Mano (singer)

text: Mano is hosting "Manathodu Mano" – a musical talk show in Jaya TV. He is also one of the permanent judging panel for Vijay TV's musical reality show "Airtel Super Singer Junior" along with Chitra and Malgudi Subha. He also co-judges the musical show "Idea Super Singer" on Maa TV. He also co-judges the musical show "Sun Singer S6" (2019) with Karthik and Remya Nambesan. Since 2019, he co-judges popular Telugu television reality-comedy series "Jabardasth" and "Extra Jabardasth" alongside Roja. In 2021, he is one of the judges of Tamil reality-music show "Rockstar".


title: Mano (singer)

text: Mano is married to Jameela in 1985. They have three children. Shakir, Rafi, and Sofia. They both have made their debut in singing for the movie "Kumaran Rajini Rasigan". The elder son Shakir is being introduced as a lead actor in a couple of Tamil films. Mano loves listening to ghazals by Mehdi Hassan and Ghulam Ali.


title: Olivia O'Brien

text: Olivia Gail O'Brien (born November 26, 1999) is an American singer-songwriter. In 2016, after she collaborated with Gnash on the single "I Hate U, I Love U", the pair peaked at number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the United States and number one in Australia, resulting in a recording contract with Island Records. Her debut studio album, "Was It Even Real?", was released in April 2019. Her single "Josslyn", a part of her EP "The Results of My Poor Judgement", became popular on the media-sharing app TikTok and is another one of her well-known works.


title: Olivia O'Brien

text: Olivia Gail O'Brien was born on November 26, 1999, in Thousand Oaks, California. She has been singing since she was seven years old, and taught herself to play guitar and piano. She attended Justin-Siena High School in Napa, California. She also skipped a grade (3rd), and attended Montessori and Catholic schools in her youth. O'Brien also was bullied as a teenager, some of it stemming from her social class and the fact she was creating music.


title: Olivia O'Brien

text: O'Brien initially gained the attention of Gnash after posting a cover of one of his songs on SoundCloud, after beginning to create music at the age of 13. Gnash reached out to O'Brien, expressing interest in her material, and asked for her to send him any original songs that she had. O'Brien then sent a voice note of her original song, "I Hate U, Love U", and he invited her to record the song with him in Los Angeles. "I Hate U, I Love U" (stylized in lowercase) was released in March 2016, and appears on Gnash's third EP titled "Us". The single peaked at number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and reached number one in Australia. Thereafter, O'Brien signed with Island Records and released her debut solo single, "Trust Issues", in August 2016, which premiered through "Complex" magazine. Her second single, "Root Beer Float" featuring Blackbear, premiered on September 15, 2016. O'Brien released a third single, "Find What You're Looking For", in October 2016. O'Brien released "Hate U, Love U" as a single in December, the original solo version of "I Hate U, I Love U". O'Brien also released an acoustic video for the song on December 20, 2016. O'Brien made her television debut in July 2016 with Gnash performing "I Hate U, I Love U" on "Late Night with Seth Meyers". O'Brien and Gnash made their second television performance on September 19, 2016, performing "i hate u, i love u" on "Today".


title: Olivia O'Brien

text: In February 2017, O'Brien released "Empty" as the lead single from her debut extended play. In March 2017, O'Brien was nominated for an iHeartRadio Music Award for Best Solo Breakout, but lost to Zayn Malik. She released the next single from the EP in July, "RIP", with accompanying music video. The third single, "No Love", followed in November along with her debut extended play, "It's Not That Deep". O'Brien featured in the acoustic version of Jack & Jack's single "Beg", released in January 2018. In June 2018, a remix of "RIP" was released with the collaboration of G-Eazy and Drew Love. In August 2018, "UDK" was released as the first promotional single from O'Brien's debut studio album. O'Brien released the lead single, "I Don't Exist", in September, followed by "Care Less More" in November, both with accompanying music videos. The third single, "Love Myself", was released on February 1, 2019. In March, O'Brien announced that her debut studio album, "Was It Even Real?", was scheduled for release on April 26, 2019. She then released "Just Friends" as the second promotional single, and "Just a Boy", as the final single before the release of the album. In May 2019, O'Brien collaborated with the Norwegian group Seeb on "Fade Out". The single was accompanied by a music video.


title: Olivia O'Brien

text: On November 15, 2019, she released a project called "It Was a Sad Fucking Summer" as the first release from a series of "micro-mixtapes" leading to her next album. She also announced a tour, It Was a Sad F**king Tour, beginning in February 2020. On February 6, 2020, O'Brien released her second micro-mixtape, "The Results Of My Poor Judgement". In April 2020, O'Brien was set to perform at Coachella Festival, which was later canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A track from the tape called "Josslyn" gained traction on streaming services and radio airplay when users on TikTok began doing dance challenges to the song. A "quarantine" music video shot at O'Brien's house in isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic was released on May 8. The single would be re-released on the "Josslyn" EP which included the original version of the song, a remix, a demo of the song and a radio edit on May 15. A remix with rapper 24kGoldn was released on May 22, whilst the original song was serviced to top 40 radio formats on June 2.


title: Olivia O'Brien

text: O'Brien released the single, "Better Than Feeling Lonely" on January 1, 2021. On April 9, 2021, O'Brien released "Sociopath" as the lead single for her upcoming album following an online fan vote between another song. The first part of her second studio album was released on June 11, 2021, titled "Episodes: Season 1". The track "No More Friends" features from Oli Sykes. To support the project, O'Brien embarked on The Olivia O'Brien Show tour in the fall of 2021.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Los Altos (; Spanish for "The Heights") is a city in Santa Clara County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. The population was 31,625 according to the 2020 census.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Most of the city's growth occurred between 1950 and 1980. Originally an agricultural town with many summer cottages and apricot orchards, Los Altos is now an affluent bedroom community on the western edge of Silicon Valley, serving as a major source of commuters to other parts of Silicon Valley. Los Altos strictly limits commercial zones to the downtown area and small shopping and office parks lining Foothill Expressway and El Camino Real.


title: Los Altos, California

text: The area was originally called "Banks and Braes". Paul Shoup, an executive of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and his colleagues formed the Altos Land Company in 1906 and started the development of Los Altos. The company acquired of land from Sarah Winchester. Shoup wanted to link Palo Alto and Los Gatos by making Los Altos a commuter town. It continued a train-a-day operation to and from San Francisco.


title: Los Altos, California

text: In 1908, Southern Pacific Railroad began running steam train service through Los Altos (April 19, 1908) with five trains per day. Two freight cars served as a train depot. Also, the first commercial building, Eschenbruecher's Hardware, was built in downtown. In 1913, the craftsman-style Los Altos train station was built at 288 First Street.


title: Los Altos, California

text: By 1949, many residents were dissatisfied with the zoning policy of Santa Clara County, and there was a constant threat of annexation by neighboring Palo Alto and Mountain View, so they decided to incorporate. Los Altos became the eleventh city in Santa Clara County on December 1, 1952.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Train service ceased operation in January 1964, and the train track became Foothill Expressway. Los Altos may have a legitimate claim to having the first scientifically designed sound baffle in 1970. Santa Clara County undertook a seminal study to calculate the effects of alternate soundwall designs along Foothill Expressway. The resulting wall brought about the predicted reduction of seven to ten decibels in noise pollution levels experienced by adjacent homes.


title: Los Altos, California

text: In 1976, Apple co-founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak built the first 50 Apple I computers in Jobs's garage in Los Altos.


title: Los Altos, California

text: In 2004, landlord Judy Fusco rented her Los Altos home, later known as "Casa Facebook", to Mark Zuckerberg; there, he and a few other associates scaled Facebook from 200,000 members to 2.5 million.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Los Altos is bordered by Los Altos Hills to the west, Palo Alto to the west and northwest, Mountain View to the north and northeast, Sunnyvale to the east, and Cupertino to the southeast.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Los Altos is crossed by three creeks that flow north to San Francisco Bay, Adobe Creek on its western boundary, Stevens Creek on its eastern boundary and Permanente Creek in the middle. Hale Creek is tributary to Permanente Creek, and Permanente Creek is now largely diverted to Stevens Creek by a diversion channel. All three creeks originate on the flanks of Black Mountain.


title: Los Altos, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Los Altos had a population of 28,976. The population density was (28976/6.487) round 1 people per square mile (((1/2.59)*(28976/6.487)) round 1/km). The racial makeup of Los Altos was 20,459 (70.6%) White, 148 (0.5%) African American, 48 (0.2%) Native American, 6,815 (23.5%) Asian, 59 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 195 (0.7%) from other races, and 1,252 (4.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,132 persons (3.9%).


title: Los Altos, California

text: The Census reported that 28,749 people (99.2% of the population) lived in households, 34 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 193 (0.7%) were institutionalized.


title: Los Altos, California

text: There were 10,745 households, out of which 4,067 (37.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 7,476 (69.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 599 (5.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 228 (2.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 199 (1.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 55 (0.5%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,086 households (19.4%) were made up of individuals, and 1,228 (11.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68. There were 8,303 families (77.3% of all households); the average family size was 3.08.


title: Los Altos, California

text: The age distribution of the population consisted of 7,560 people (26.1%) under the age of 18, 1,006 people (3.5%) aged 18 to 24, 5,273 people (18.2%) aged 25 to 44, 9,353 people (32.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,784 people (20.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.


title: Los Altos, California

text: There were 11,204 housing units at an average density of (11204/6.487) round 1 per square mile (((1/2.59)*(11204/6.487)) round 1/km), of which 9,002 (83.8%) were owner-occupied, and 1,743 (16.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.0%. 24,669 people (85.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 4,080 people (14.1%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Los Altos, California

text: The median household income of Los Altos for 2013–2017 was $208,309. The average home listing price in 2014 was $1.96 million. In 2017, "Forbes" ranked Los Altos (94022 and 94024) as the 3rd and 48th most expensive ZIP codes in the United States with median home prices of $7,755,000 and $3,431,615, respectively. In 2018, data from the American Community Survey revealed that Los Altos was the fifth wealthiest city in the United States.


title: Los Altos, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 27,693 people, 10,462 households, and 8,024 families residing in the city. The population density was (27693/6.487) round 1 people per square mile (((1/2.59)*(27693/6.487)) round 1/km). There were 10,727 housing units at an average density of (10727/6.487) round 1 per square mile (((1/2.59)*(10727/6.487)) round 1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 80.35% White, 15.42% Asian, 0.47% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 0.66% from other races, and 2.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race constituted 3.76% of the population.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Of 10,462 households, 33.6% had minor children living with them, 69.4% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female head with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 18.7% were singles including 9.8% 65 or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 2.98.


title: Los Altos, California

text: The median age was 44 years, much higher than the 35.3 national figure. 23.7% were under 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 29.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.3% were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Los Altos strives to maintain a semi-rural atmosphere. Los Altos has few sidewalks except in commercial zones and along arterial roads. Minimum lot size for most residential housing is one-quarter of an acre. Most streets have broad dirt shoulders and little or no street lighting. The civic center sits in the middle of an orchard, a remnant of those that once covered the area. The downtown is a triangle with arterials and collector streets on all sides that enable most through traffic to bypass Main Street.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Many Los Altos homes fetch $2 million and higher, putting the city (along with neighboring Los Altos Hills, with which it shares ZIP codes) at numbers 24 and 28 on Forbes' "Most Expensive ZIP Codes in America" list in 2007. In 2015, "Forbes" placed Los Altos (ZIP codes 94022 and 94024) as the 11th and 57th most expensive ZIP codes in the United States, behind such cities as Atherton, California and Sagaponack, New York. For the 94022 ZIP code, which includes parts of Los Altos Hills, California the median home price is $4.9 million with an average of 120 days on the market. For the 94024 ZIP code, the median home price is $2.8 million with an average of 36 days on the market.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Since the mid-1990s, downtown Los Altos has experienced mild economic difficulties due to competition from nearby shopping centers and chain stores, as well as its lack of a hotel or movie theater. Revitalizing downtown is a major issue in city politics.


title: Los Altos, California

text: According to the City's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Los Altos, California

text: Primary and middle school students attend schools in the Los Altos School District, the Cupertino Union School District, or Bullis Charter School (K–8). The Los Altos School District has one of the highest average API scores in California and includes seven elementary schools in the Los Altos–Mountain View area.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Local residents generally attend high school in one of two public school districts: Mountain View-Los Altos Union High School District or Fremont Union High School District.


title: Los Altos, California

text: All of the public schools are highly regarded, and many graduates of Los Altos-area high schools continue their education at well-known universities.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Los Altos is also served by highly regarded private and religious schools. St. Nicholas School, St. Simon School, Miramonte Elementary School, (JrK–8th) Canterbury Christian School (K–6th), the Lower and Middle Campuses (K–6th) of Pinewood School, The School for Independent Learners, and the lower school campus of the Waldorf School of the Peninsula are located within city limits. Others nearby include St. Francis High School (Mountain View), Mountain View Academy, and The King's Academy (Sunnyvale). Other schools farther away with students from Los Altos include Sacred Heart Schools, Atherton, Mitty High School, Menlo School, Woodside Priory School, Castilleja School, The Harker School, and Bellarmine College Preparatory.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Santa Clara County Library operates the Los Altos Library and the Woodland Branch Library in Los Altos.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Adobe Creek flows through Redwood Grove, a nature preserve off University Avenue in Los Altos purchased by the city in 1974. In October 2009 Los Altos contracted with Acterra to remove non-native plants and revitalize the redwood, oak woodland, riparian and grassland ecosystems by installing native plants, improving soil conditions, and creating habitat for wildlife such as bird houses and native bee boxes. The coast redwoods ("Sequoia sempervirens") were transplanted by the Halsey family from a location on Summit Road in the Santa Cruz Mountains and replaced the native willows. The historic Halsey House, built in the late 1920s by Theodore and Emma Halsey, is a good example of Spanish Revival architecture. The city designated Halsey House a local landmark in 1981 and until recently it housed the Florence Fava collection of Coastanoan or Ohlone Indian artifacts from a nearby archeological excavation in Los Altos Hills (now moved to the Los Altos History House). On June 16, 2010, the Los Altos City Council finalized the purchase of of creekside property from Delbert and Marlene Beumer, who wanted to provide a safe pathway connecting Shoup Park and Redwood Grove.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Steelhead trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss") occurred historically in Adobe Creek. However, tidal gates at the mouth of Adobe Creek as well as culverts at the El Camino Real and Interstate 280 overpasses probably preclude the passage of migrating salmonids, even though the reaches upstream from Hidden Villa in Los Altos Hills have been judged excellent trout habitat.


title: Los Altos, California

text: Los Altos has a variety of youth-oriented sports organizations, programs, and after-school activities. Some examples include:


title: Los Altos, California

text: The "Los Altos Town Crier", a weekly, is the primary newspaper for the town, "serving the Hometown of Silicon Valley since 1947." The "San Jose Mercury News" is the primary daily newspaper serving the town, delivering a Peninsula Section to Los Altans and locations north in lieu of the Local section delivered to those in San Jose and other communities closer to San Jose.


title: Los Altos, California

text: The program was run by the non-profit Los Altos Sister Cities, Inc., founded in 1988. That organization later decided to cease its participation and is now dissolved. Los Altos no longer participates in the sister cities program.


title: Bell Textron

text: Bell Textron Inc. is an American aerospace manufacturer headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. A subsidiary of Textron, Bell manufactures military rotorcraft at facilities in Fort Worth, and Amarillo, Texas, as well as commercial helicopters in Mirabel, Quebec, Canada.


title: Bell Textron

text: The company was founded on July 10, 1935, as Bell Aircraft Corporation by Lawrence Dale Bell in Buffalo, New York. The company focused on the designing and building of fighter aircraft. Their first fighters were the XFM-1 Airacuda, a twin-engine fighter for attacking bombers, and the P-39 Airacobra. The P-59 Airacomet, the first American jet fighter, the P-63 Kingcobra, the successor to the P-39, and the Bell X-1 were also Bell products.


title: Bell Textron

text: In 1941, Bell hired Arthur M. Young, a talented inventor, to provide expertise for helicopter research and development. It was the foundation for what Bell hoped would be a broader economic base for his company that was not dependent on government contracts. The Bell 30 was their first full-size helicopter (first flight December 29, 1942) and the Bell 47 became the first helicopter in the world rated by a civil aviation authority, becoming a civilian and military success.


title: Bell Textron

text: Textron purchased Bell Aerospace in 1960. Bell Aerospace was composed of three divisions of Bell Aircraft Corporation, including its helicopter division, which had become its only division still producing complete aircraft. The helicopter division was renamed Bell Helicopter Company and in a few years, with the success of the UH-1 Huey during the Vietnam War, it had established itself as the largest division of Textron. In January 1976, Textron changed the division's name to Bell Helicopter Textron.


title: Bell Textron

text: Bell Helicopter had a close association with AgustaWestland. The partnership dated back to separate manufacturing and technology agreements with Agusta (Bell 47 and Bell 206) and as a sublicence via Agusta with Westland (Bell 47). When the two European firms merged, the partnerships were retained, with the exception of the AB139, which is now known as the AW139. Bell and AW cooperated also on the AW609 tiltrotor.


title: Bell Textron

text: Bell planned to reduce employment by 760 in 2014 as fewer V-22s were made. A rapid prototyping center called XworX assists Bell's other divisions in reducing development time.


title: Bell Textron

text: Established in 1986, its Mirabel, Quebec facility assembles and delivers most Bell's commercial helicopters and delivered its 5,000th helicopter on December 12, 2017.


title: The Bitter Truth

text: The Bitter Truth is the fifth studio album by American rock band Evanescence. It was released on March 26, 2021, through BMG Rights Management and was produced by Nick Raskulinecz. It is the band's first album of all-new material since their 2011 self-titled third album. " The Bitter Truth" received a positive critical reception. It reached number 11 on the US "Billboard" 200, top five on the "Billboard" Independent, Alternative, Hard Rock, and Rock Albums charts, and the top 10 of multiple international album charts.


title: The Bitter Truth

text: Lead vocalist Amy Lee first spoke about a new studio album for the band in July 2018. In an interview with Detroit radio station WRIF, Lee confirmed that the band planned to work on a new album following the end of their tour in support of "Synthesis".


title: The Bitter Truth

text: In an interview with Sirius XM backstage at Epicenter Festival at Rockingham Speedway in May 2019, Lee again confirmed that a new album was in the works. Blabbermouth.net reported that Lee was hoping the album would be ready for release in 2020. "We're just gonna get together and see what happens this month," she said, "and start doing that more regularly until we feel like we're ready to do it."


title: The Bitter Truth

text: Lee then provided an update on the album in November 2019, while taking part in a Reddit AMA. Responding to a question pertaining to new music from the band, Lee commented that she was "absolutely living in it" and was "listen[ing] to our new music every day."


title: The Bitter Truth

text: The band entered the studio in January 2020 with Nick Raskulinecz, with whom they had previously worked on 2011's "Evanescence". Although originally planning to work with several producers across the album, the band's plans changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This then turned Raskulinecz into "The Bitter Truth"s sole producer. In August, the U.S.-based band members returned into the studio to finish writing and recording after taking COVID tests, and German guitarist Jen Majura had to work remotely. On September 9, the album was nearing completion, with "70% done". Recording was completed in November.


title: The Bitter Truth

text: The album was announced in April 2020, and was originally planned for release in late 2020. The pandemic delayed the album's completion, however, and eventually pushed it to a March 2021 release.


title: The Bitter Truth

text: "Yeah Right", "Feeding the Dark", and "Take Cover", the latter previously debuted live in the 2016 live shows, were originally written for the 2011 self-titled album, but were reworked a decade later.


title: The Bitter Truth

text: "The Bitter Truth" was first announced with the release of its lead single, "Wasted on You", in April 2020. Its second single, "The Game Is Over", followed in July. The band released an additional two singles in August's "Use My Voice" and December's "Yeah Right" (as a promotional one). The former featured guest vocalists from bands such as Veridia, Within Temptation, The Pretty Reckless and Halestorm. The latter, meanwhile, was released to coincide with the announcement of the album's tracklist and release date. The fourth single, "Better Without You", was released on March 5, 2021.


title: The Bitter Truth

text: To promote the album in advance, the band performed the first single "Wasted on You" at the "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" show on February 19, 2021. The band is scheduled to tour Europe in March and April 2022, in a co-headlining tour alongside Within Temptation.


title: The Bitter Truth

text: "The Bitter Truth" received positive critical reviews. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has a weighted average score of 78 based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". AllMusic gave the album a positive review, saying, "Altogether, "The Bitter Truth" carries listeners on a journey both familiar and fresh, recapturing the heavy-yet-melodic hallmarks that made "Fallen" one of the most successful albums of the 2000s and pushing Evanescence into the future with a graceful maturity and worldly perspective."


title: The Bitter Truth

text: "Consequence of Sound" rated the album A- and said: ""The Bitter Truth" is reminiscent of the band's older material but also entirely fresh. It does not feel like a band going through the motions. Lee told Heavy Consequence that time away and perspective on the band's career added to the "fire and passionate energy" on "The Bitter Truth", and that sentiment is clearly evident throughout the album."


title: The Bitter Truth

text: "Kerrang!" gave the album 4 out of 5 and stated: "Weirdly, the feeling of it all is a mixture of things, most of them positive. There's catharsis and darkness, but they are of the most forward-looking variety, fringed at times with something approaching hopeful joy. In a time where Evanescence's usual emotional touch could easily speak to feelings of isolation, fear, confusion, hopelessness, loss and fragility, "The Bitter Truth" gets on that frequency and interrupts it. It's not an album that lies and tells you everything is fine, but reminds that, even in the darkest points of life, things do and will get better. And in another 10 years if they haven't, Amy Lee will doubtless have a comforting, ambitious, emotionally articulate way to navigate that as well."


title: The Bitter Truth

text: "Metal Hammer" gave the album a positive review and stated: "They might have made them wait for it, but "The Bitter Truth" delivers everything Evanescence fans would want and expect from the band's comeback record: an album that’s emotive, stirring and just a touch overwrought, nestled between the bold and the familiar."


title: Ada-class corvette

text: The Ada class is a class of anti-submarine corvettes developed primarily for the Turkish Navy during the first stage of the MILGEM project. The Turkish Navy has commissioned all four Ada-class corvettes.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: The design objective of the Ada class was to build a modern littoral combat ship, with national anti-submarine warfare and high-seas patrol capabilities, while extensively using the principles of low observable technology in its design.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: According to the Ada class acquisition model, Turkey's Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM) signed R&D contracts for two prototype ships considered to be testing platforms. Thus, being an open-end project, first and second ships of the class were expected to be slightly different in terms of vessel design and system configuration. The subsequent vessels, scheduled to be built by private shipyards, would have a more optimized design and configuration.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: All four ships of the series, , , and were built by the Istanbul Naval Shipyard Command. The construction works of the lead ship, TCG "Heybeliada" commenced on 26 July 2005. TCG "Heybeliada" was launched with a ceremony attended by Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on 27 September 2008. On 2 November 2010, "Heybeliada" initiated sea acceptance trials in the Sea of Marmara. "Heybeliada" entered navy service on 27 September 2011. Cost of the TCG "Heybeliada" was reported around US$260 million.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: The production of the second ship of the class, , commenced on 27 September 2008. "Büyükada" was expected to incorporate weapon systems with notable performance, such as the ASELSAN air-search radar. "Büyükada" was launched on 27 September 2011 and underwent sea acceptance trials before it was officially commissioned on 27 September 2013. In September 2013, then Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that the Ada-class was to be temporarily put on hold after the completion of the first two corvettes by the Istanbul Naval Shipyard, and that the bid won by RMK Marine to build six more corvettes was canceled. Motives behind this decision was reported other shipbuilders complaining about the bidding process. He added that a new bidding process would take place. Construction of commenced on 17 December 2014. The ship was launched in June 2016 and commissioned on 4 November 2018. Turkish Naval Forces Command (TNFC) received its fourth and last Ada-class corvette, TCG "Kinaliada" (F-514) on 29 September 2019, in the commissioning ceremony held at the Istanbul Naval Shipyard.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: On 4 November 2019, the Defense Industries Administration (SSB) of Turkey announced that Turkey's ASW corvette TCG "Kinaliada" successfully test-fired Atmaca anti-ship cruise missile. Turkish Navy plans to replace the inventory of Harpoon ASM by 2022.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: The class vessels are propelled by a RENK CODAG Cross-Connect propulsion plant. It consists of a gas turbine rated at and two diesel engines rated at . Each diesel engine drives one controllable pitch propeller via a two-speed main reduction gear. The cross-connect gear splits the power from the gas turbine via both main reduction gears to the two shafts. The ship can be operated in Diesel mode, in single gas turbine mode, or in CODAG mode. CODAG is where diesel and gas turbine engines are providing combined power (27,320 kW).


title: Ada-class corvette

text: The design concept and mission profile of the Ada-class corvette bears similarities with the of the U.S. Navy. The Ada-class corvettes are more heavily armed, and are equipped with more capable radar and sonar systems. The "Freedom" class has a higher speed and variable mission modules.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: GENESIS ("Gemi Entegre Savaş İdare Sistemi", i.e., "Ship Integrated Combat Management System"), a network-centric warfare management system developed by HAVELSAN and initially used in the upgraded s of the Turkish Navy, was contracted for the first two corvettes on 23 May 2007. In the last Ada-class corvette, "Kınalıada", the ADVENT combat management system (an upgraded version of GENESIS) is installed instead of GENESIS system. It is also planned for "Burgazada" to be retrofited with the ADVENT combat management system. The class ships have a national hull mounted sonar developed by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. The sonar dome has been developed by STM's subcontractor ONUK-BG Defence Systems, extensively employing nano-enhanced Fiber Reinforced Polymer. The Ada class features an Electronic Chart Precise Integrated Navigation System (ECPINS), supplied by OSI Geospatial. Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS) for controlling machinery, auxiliary systems, power generation and distribution was delivered by STM's subcontractor Yaltes JV. Main systems integrated to IPMS are power management system, fire detection system, fire fighting, damage control system, CCTV system and stability control system.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: "Ada" means island in Turkish. Each individual ship of the class is named for a Turkish island, in particular the Prince Islands in the Sea of Marmara to the southeast of Istanbul. The lead ship of the class, , is named after Heybeliada island, where the Turkish Naval High School is located.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: On 6 April 2011, Indonesia and Turkey signed a defense industry cooperation agreement, including the construction of two Ada-class corvettes for the Indonesian Navy.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: The Ukrainian Ministry of Defense has ordered 2 corvettes with construction to be performed jointly by the Turkish STM and Ukrainian shipyard. Under the deal, the first vessel will be delivered to Ukraine by the end of 2023 unfinished, to then be completed in Ukraine. The deal was signed in December 2020 worth $256 million.


title: Ada-class corvette

text: In DSA 2022, STM has proposed their 99M OPV based on Ada-class to Royal Malaysian Navy for their Littoral Mission Ship batch II program.


title: Yamato nadeshiko

text: Yamato nadeshiko ( or ) is a Japanese term meaning the "personification of an idealized Japanese woman", or "the epitome of pure, feminine beauty"; poised, decorous, kind, gentle, graceful, humble, patient, virtuous, respectful, benevolent, honest, charitable, faithful. It is a floral metaphor, combining the words "Yamato", an ancient name for Japan, and "nadeshiko", a delicate frilled pink carnation called "Dianthus superbus", whose kanji translate into English as "caressable child".


title: Yamato nadeshiko

text: The term "Yamato nadeshiko" is often used to describe a demure young woman and, in a contemporary context, nostalgically of women with good traits which are perceived as being increasingly rare.


title: Yamato nadeshiko

text: The official nickname of the Japan women's national football team is "Nadeshiko Japan" () which was derived from "Yamato nadeshiko". The nickname was chosen by contest in 2004.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Christianity and abortion have a long and complex history, and there are a variety of positions taken by contemporary Christian denominations on the topic. Although the Bible does not contain any explicit judgment on abortion, there are several biblical passages that have been interpreted as indicating either moral approval or disapproval of abortion. While some writers say that early Christians held different beliefs at different times about abortion, others say that they condemned abortion at any point of pregnancy as a grave sin, a condemnation that they maintained even when some early Christians did not view as homicide the elimination of a fetus not yet "formed" and animated by a human soul. Some authors, such as ethicist Benjamin Wiker, have contrasted the prohibition of abortion in later Christian societies with the availability of abortion that was present in earlier Roman society, arguing that this reflects a wider condemnation of pagan practices.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: A great deal of variation exists in terms of how contemporary Christian denominations view abortion. Nonetheless, some Christian denominations can be considered anti-abortion while others may be considered abortion rights supporters. Additionally, there are sizable minorities in all denominations that disagree with their denomination's stance on abortion.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Daniel C. Maguire asserts that European-generated "mainline" Protestant denominations have clearly moved in the direction of accepting family planning and contraception as well as "support for legal access to abortion, although with qualifications regarding the moral justification for specific acts of abortion." This general trend among "mainline" Protestant denominations has been resisted by Christian Fundamentalists who are generally opposed to abortion. Thus, religious leaders in more liberal Christian denominations became supporters of abortion rights while Evangelical and other conservative Protestants found themselves allied with the Catholic Church which remained staunchly anti-abortion.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: A number of biblical passages are often cited by Christians on either side of the abortion question. Some frequently cited ones and common arguments surrounding them are as follows:


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Catholic Church states that its opposition to abortion follows from a belief that human life begins at conception and that "human life must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment of conception." Accordingly, it opposes procedures whose purpose is to destroy an embryo or fetus for whatever motive (even before implantation), but admits acts, such as chemotherapy or hysterectomy of a pregnant woman who has cervical cancer, which indirectly result in the death of the fetus. The Church holds that "the first right of the human person is his life" and that life is assumed to begin at fertilization. As such, Canon 1398 provides that "a person who procures a successful abortion incurs an automatic (latae sententiae) excommunication" from the Church, which can only be removed when that individual seeks penance and obtains absolution. The Church has affirmed that every procured abortion is a moral evil, a teaching that the Catechism of the Catholic Church declares "has not changed and remains unchangeable" since the first century. However, this claim of consistency of the Church on the question of abortion is disputed by a number of historians, such as John Connery, Ann Hibner Koblitz,


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Angus McLaren, John Noonan, and John Riddle. With the exception of the three-year period 1588–1591, abortion before quickening was not prohibited by Catholic canon law until 1869. Early Catholics disagreed whether ensoulment happened at conception or (as in Roman tradition) at some later point, and thus whether early abortion was murder, a minor sin, or morally neutral.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: With the papal bull "Apostolicae Sedis moderationi" of 1869, Pope Pius IX, without making any distinction about the stage of pregnancy, listed as subject to an excommunication from which only a bishop could grant absolution those who effectively procured an abortion. The authors of one book have interpreted this as "Pius IX declared all direct abortions homicide", but the document merely declared that those who procured an effective abortion incurred excommunication reserved to bishops or ordinaries. In 1895, the Church specifically condemned therapeutic abortions.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Apart from indicating in its canon law that automatic excommunication such as that laid down for procurement of a completed abortion does not apply to women who abort because of a direct threat to the life of a mother if her pregnancy continues or indeed of any grave fear or grave inconvenience, the Catholic Church assures the possibility of forgiveness for women who have had an abortion without any such attenuation. Pope John Paul II wrote:


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Many, and in some Western countries most, Catholics hold different positions on abortion than those promulgated by the Church; the views of these people range from generally anti-abortion positions allowing some exceptions, to more general acceptance of abortion.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Connie Paige has been quoted as having said that, "the Roman Catholic Church created the right-to-life movement. Without the church, the movement would not exist as such today."


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The National Conference of Catholic Bishops selected James Thomas McHugh, administrator of the United States Catholic Conference's Family Life Bureau, and during 1967 to organize its National Right to Life Committee (NRLC). The National Right to Life Committee was formed in 1968 under the auspices of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops to coordinate information and strategy between emerging state anti-abortion groups. These groups were forming in response to efforts to change abortion laws based on model legislation proposed by the American Law Institute (ALI). New Jersey attorney Juan Ryan served as the organization's first president. NRLC held a nationwide meeting of anti-abortion leaders in Chicago in 1970 at Barat College. The following year, NRLC held its first convention at Macalestar College in St. Paul, Minnesota. From 1968 to 1971, the organization published a newsletter that informed member organizations about abortion-related legislation in the states.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: When the NRLC was formally incorporated in May 1973 in response to the US Supreme Court "Roe v. Wade" decision (which struck down most state laws in the United States restricting abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy), the National Conference of Catholic Bishops launched into a campaign to amend the United States Constitution with the enactment of a Human Life Amendment seeking not only to overturn the "Roe v. Wade" decision, but to also forbid both Congress and the states from legalizing abortion within the United States. Its first convention as an incorporated organization was held the following month in Detroit, Michigan. At the concurrent meeting of NRLC's board, Ed Golden of New York was elected president. Among the organization's founding members was Dr. Mildred Jefferson, the first African-American woman to graduate from Harvard Medical School. Jefferson subsequently served as president of the organization. Conventions have been held in various cities around the country every summer since the Detroit convention.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Following incorporation in 1973, the committee began publishing "National Right to Life News." The newsletter has been in continuous publication since November 1973 and is now published daily online as the news and commentary feed, "National Right To Life News Today".


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Many controversies have arisen over its treatment of Catholic politicians who support abortion rights. In some cases, bishops have threatened to withhold communion to such politicians; in others, bishops have urged politicians in this situation to refrain from receiving communion. In a few cases, such as the case of Mario Cuomo, the possibility of excommunication has been considered.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church believes that life begins at conception, and that abortion (including the use of abortifacient drugs) is the taking of a human life. The "Basis of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church" states that, if it is because of a direct threat to her life that a woman interrupts her pregnancy, especially if she already has other children, she is not to be excommunicated from the church because of this sin, which however she must confess to a priest and fulfill the penance that he assigns:


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The document also acknowledges that abortions often are a result of poverty and helplessness and that the Church and society should "work out effective measures to protect motherhood."


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opposes elective abortion based on a belief in the "sanctity of human life." However, the church has no clear position on when life begins. Ordinances – such as naming and blessing children and sealing children to their parents – are not performed for stillborn or miscarried children. The church's "General Handbook" states, "It is a fact that a child has life before birth. However, there is no direct revelation on when the spirit enters the body." The church allows members to abort pregnancies in some rare circumstances. According to an official statement, "The Church allows for possible exceptions for its members when: Pregnancy results from rape or incest, or a competent physician determines that the life or health of the mother is in serious jeopardy, or a competent physician determines that the fetus has severe defects that will not allow the baby to survive beyond birth." The statement goes on to say, "Abortion is a most serious matter and should be considered only after the persons involved have consulted with their local church leaders and feel through personal prayer that their decision is correct." The statement also clarifies that the LDS church does not favor or oppose specific legislation or public demonstrations concerning abortion.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Jehovah's Witnesses adopt a very strong anti-abortion stance, based on their interpretation of the Bible. Jehovah's Witnesses have a long list of "serious sins" - one of which is abortion. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that life begins at conception, and that all life is sacred - thus believing that abortion is tantamount to murder.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: They believe that deliberately inducing an abortion for the "sole purpose of which is to avoid the birth of an unwanted child" is an "act of high crime" in the eyes of God. In the case of the mother's life being at risk, Jehovah's Witnesses suggest the mother needs to make a "personal decision about which life to save".


title: Christianity and abortion

text: For baptized Jehovah's Witnesses that have had an abortion, it is demanded that the individual turns to God in prayer, and demonstrate repentance. It is common for the mother to be the subject of a judicial committee hearing. It is possible that a judicial committee - made up of Church elders - will rule that the individual should be disfellowshipped. However, if the mother is deemed to be repentant, she will be formally reproofed. This results in the individual having restrictions placed on their actions within the congregation (such as being prohibited from commenting during meetings or conducting group prayers), normally for a year.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: In the twentieth century, the debate over the morality of abortion became one of several issues which divided and continue to divide Protestantism. Thus, Protestant views on abortion vary considerably with Protestants to be found in both the "anti-abortion" and "abortion-rights" camps. Conservative Protestants tend to be anti-abortion whereas "mainline" Protestants lean towards an abortion-rights stance. The Black Protestant community is strongly pro-choice, with 56 percent supporting legal access to abortion in all or most cases vs. 35 percent holding abortion should be illegal in all or most cases. However, among Black evangelicals support for legal access to abortion drops to 51 percent and rises to 67 percent among non-evangelical Black Protestants.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Former Southern Baptist Convention President W.A. Criswell (1969-1970) welcomed Roe v. Wade, saying that ""I have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had a life separate from its mother that it became an individual person," the redoubtable fundamentalist declared, "and it has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the mother and for the future should be allowed." This was a common attitude among evangelicals at the time. Criswell would later reverse himself on his earlier position.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Even among Protestants who believe that abortion should be a legal option, there are those who believe that it should nonetheless be morally unacceptable in most instances. This stance was expressed by former President Bill Clinton when he asserted that abortion should be "safe, legal and rare." Other Protestants, most notably the Evangelicals, have sought to sharply restrict the conditions under which abortion is legally available. At the other extreme, some Protestants support freedom of choice and assert that abortion should not only be legal but even morally acceptable in certain circumstances.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Protestant supporters of abortion rights include the United Church of Christ, the Episcopal Church, the Presbyterian Church (USA), and the Lutheran Women's Caucus. At its 2016 General Conference, the United Methodist Church voted by a margin of 425 to 268 to withdraw from the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice. The vote reflects a growing conservative tide on social issues among United Methodists, including abortion.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The American Baptist Churches USA and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America consider abortion permissible under certain restricted circumstances.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Despite their general opposition to abortion, fundamentalist churches that include the conservative evangelical, Non-denominational, Independent Baptist and Pentecostal movements, do not have a consensus doctrine regarding abortion. While these movements hold in common that abortion (when there is no threat to the life of the mother) is a form of infanticide, there is no consensus as to whether exceptions should be allowed when the mother's life is in mortal danger, or when the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest. Some argue that the lives of both the mother and fetus should be given equal consideration, in effect condemning all abortion including those performed to save the life of the mother. Others argue for exceptions which favor the life of the mother, perhaps including pregnancies resulting from cases of rape or incest.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The National Association of Evangelicals includes the Salvation Army, the Assemblies of God, and the Church of God, among others, and takes an anti-abortion stance. While there is no set doctrine among member churches on if or when abortion is appropriate in cases of rape or incest, or to save the life of the mother, the NAE's position on abortion states, "...abortion on demand for reasons of personal convenience, social adjustment or economic advantage is morally wrong, and <nowiki>[the NEA]</nowiki> expresses its firm opposition to any legislation designed to make abortion possible for these reasons."


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The General Board of the American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A. opposes abortion "as a means of avoiding responsibility for conception, as a primary means of birth control, and without regard for the far-reaching consequences of the act." There is no agreement on when personhood begins, whether there are situations that allow for abortion, whether there should be laws to protect the life of embryos and whether laws should allow women the right to choose an abortion.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Southern Baptists played an integral part in the pro-choice movement prior to 1980. During the 1971 Southern Baptist Convention, the delegates passed a resolution recognizing that "Christians in the American society today are faced with difficult decisions about abortion", stating that laws should recognize the "sanctity of human life, including fetal life", and calling upon Southern Baptists to work for laws allowing abortion in extreme cases such as rape, severe fetal deformity, and the health of the mother. The stance was described in the media as "hedging" on abortion and a resolution opposing all abortions was defeated. W. Barry Garrett wrote in the "Baptist Press", "Religious liberty, human equality and justice are advanced by the <nowiki>[Roe v. Wade]</nowiki> Supreme Court Decision." In 1980, the SBC revised their 1971 position by only making exceptions for the life of the mother.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Today, the Southern Baptist Convention, the largest Protestant denomination in the United States, opposes elective abortion except to save the life of the mother. The Southern Baptist Convention calls on Southern Baptists to work to change the laws in order to make abortion illegal in most cases. Richard Land, president of the Southern Baptist Convention's Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission from 1988 to 2013, said that he believes abortion is more damaging than anything else, even poverty.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Church of England generally opposes abortion. In 1980 it stated that: "In the light of our conviction that the foetus has the right to live and develop as a member of the human family, we see abortion, the termination of that life by the act of man, as a great moral evil. We do not believe that the right to life, as a right pertaining to persons, admits of no exceptions whatever; but the right of the innocent to life admits surely of few exceptions indeed." The Church also recognizes that in some instances abortion is "morally preferable to any available alternative."


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Episcopal Church in the United States of America has taken a nuanced position and has passed resolutions at its triannual General Convention. "General Convention resolutions have expressed unequivocal opposition to any legislation abridging a woman's right to make an informed decision about the termination of pregnancy, as well as the pain and possible support that may be needed for those making difficult life decisions." The ECUSA also condemns violence against abortion clinics.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Anglicans for Life, previously known as National Organization of Episcopalians for Life (N.O.E.L.), was founded in 1966 by Bishop Joseph Meakin Harte in Arizona and is a para-church organization working for anti-abortion issues.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Anglican Church of Australia does not take an official position on abortion. However, in December 2007, an all-woman committee representing the Melbourne diocese recommended that abortion be "decriminalised", on the basis of the ethical view that "the moral significance [of the embryo] increases with the age and development of the foetus". This is seen to be the first approval of abortion by an official Australian Anglican group.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Lutheranism in the United States consists largely of three denominations: the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (4.5 million members), the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (2.3 million members), and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (0.4 million members).


title: Christianity and abortion

text: "Because of our conviction that both the life of the woman and the life in her womb must be respected by law, this church opposes:


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod views abortion as contrary to God's Word. The church released a statement on their website saying that abortion "is not a moral option, except as a tragically unavoidable byproduct of medical procedures necessary to prevent the death of another human being, viz., the mother." The LCMS believes that whether abortion is legal or not, it does not change the fact that abortion is as sin. On the topic of whether abortion is allowed in the case of rape or incest, the LCMS has stated that though there are many "emotional arguments for abortion... the fact of the matter is that it is wrong to take the life of one innocent victim (the unborn child)...It is indeed a strange logic that would have us kill an innocent unborn baby for the crime of his father."


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod adopted a resolution in July 2011 on social issues, where it includes the twofold approach:


title: Christianity and abortion

text: In this resolution of social issues, a resolution of the topic of abortion has been included. Within it, on the topic of abortion, the WELS continues to express its commitment to the Holy Scriptures and believes that the Holy Scriptures "clearly testify to a reverence for the life of the mother and the life of her unborn child as both being equal in value." Furthermore, the intentional termination of a life should be considered a sin because the WELS would consider the unborn a life and the Bible commands against murder. On the issue of the endangering the mother's life during the pregnancy, the WELS states that effort to save both the mother's and baby's life, but if that is not possible, then there should be effort to save at least one life.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Methodist Church of Great Britain takes a moderate anti-abortion position. The Methodist Church of Great Britain believes its members should work toward the elimination of the need for abortion by advocating for social support for mothers. The MCGB states that "Abortion must not be regarded as an alternative to contraception, nor is it to be justified merely as a method of birth control. The termination of any form of human life cannot be regarded superficially and abortion should not be available on demand, but should remain subject to a legal framework, to responsible counselling and to medical judgement."


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The United Methodist Church was a founding member of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice in 1973. Within the Coalition's website is this statement, "Subsequently, if sex serves purposes beyond reproduction, then a woman has the legal right to both prevent and interrupt a pregnancy". In 2008 the United Methodist General Conference went on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice (RCRC).


title: Christianity and abortion

text: In 1987 the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) was formed as an unofficial anti-abortion group within the United Methodist Church. As a result of the efforts of TUMAS, on May 19, 2016, the General Conference of the United Methodist Church voted to withdraw the General Board of Church and Society and the United Methodist Women from the RCRC. However, the letter informing the RCRC of the withdrawal also stated that the United Methodist Church continues to support "the reproductive health of women and girls", and encourages the RCRC to continue its educational work, advocacy, and supportive ministries.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) generally takes a pro-choice stance. The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) believes that the choice to receive an elective abortion can be "morally acceptable;" however, the denomination does not condone late abortions where the fetus is viable and the mother's life is not in danger.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: Other Presbyterian denominations such as the Orthodox Presbyterian Church and the Presbyterian Church in America are anti-abortion. Most Reformed churches, including both the Reformed Church in America and the Christian Reformed Church in North America are anti-abortion.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Religious Society of Friends generally avoids taking a stance on controversial issues such as abortion; however, in the 1970s the American Friends Service Committee advocated for abortion rights.


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) General Assembly has "repeatedly affirmed its support for the principles of a woman's right to reproductive freedom, of the freedom and responsibility of individual conscience, and of the sacredness of life of all persons. While advocating respect for differences of religious beliefs concerning abortion, Disciples have consistently opposed any attempts to legislate a specific religious opinion regarding abortion for all Americans."


title: Christianity and abortion

text: The United Church of Christ has strongly supported abortion rights since 1971 as a part of their Justice and Witness Ministry. The church is an organizational member of the National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League (NARAL).