title: Hennessey Venom GT

text: The Hennessey Venom GT is succeeded by the Hennessey Venom F5, which was unveiled in November 2017; unlike its predecessor, it is a series production car built completely from the ground up, including chassis and engine.


title: Hennessey Venom GT

text: The Venom GT appears in video games "Driveclub", "Forza (series)", "", "Need for Speed Rivals", "" and "".


title: 1962–1966

text: 1962–1966, also known as the Red Album, is a compilation album of hit songs by the English rock band the Beatles, spanning the years indicated in the title. Released with its counterpart "1967–1970" (the "Blue Album") in 1973, the double LP peaked at number 3 in the United Kingdom. In the United States, it topped the "Cash Box" albums chart and peaked at number 3 on the "Billboard" Top LPs & Tape chart while "1967–1970" reached the top spot. The album was re-released in September 1993 on compact disc, charting at number 3 in the UK.


title: 1962–1966

text: The album was instigated by Apple Records manager Allen Klein shortly before he was dismissed from his position. Even though the group had success with cover versions of songs, particularly "Twist and Shout", "1962–1966" contains only songs composed by the Beatles. The album omits any George Harrison compositions from the era, such as "Taxman", as the content is entirely Lennon–McCartney originals.


title: 1962–1966

text: As with "1967–1970", the compilation was created by Apple and EMI/Capitol Records in response to a bootleg collection titled "Alpha Omega", which had been sold on television the previous year. Print advertising for the two records made a point of declaring them "the only collection of the Beatles". The success of the two official double LP compilations inspired Capitol's repackaging of the Beach Boys' 1960s hits, starting with the 1974 album "Endless Summer".


title: 1962–1966

text: For the group's 1963 debut LP "Please Please Me", photographer Angus McBean took the distinctive colour photograph of the group looking down over the stairwell inside EMI House (EMI's London headquarters in Manchester Square, now demolished). The cover for the 1963 EP "The Beatles (No. 1)" used a picture from the same shoot.


title: 1962–1966

text: In 1969, the Beatles asked McBean to recreate this shot. Although one of the 1969 photographs was originally intended for the planned "Get Back" album, it was not used when that project saw eventual release in 1970 as "Let It Be". Instead, another 1969 photograph, along with an unused one from the 1963 photo shoot, were used for both this LP and the cover of "1967–1970".


title: 1962–1966

text: The inner gatefold photo for both LPs is from the "Mad Day Out" photo session in London on Sunday 28 July 1968.


title: 1962–1966

text: The British and American versions of the vinyl album contain notable differences; for example, "Help!" on the American edition includes the same pseudo-James Bond intro as the mix found on the American "Help!" soundtrack LP, while the same song on the British edition does not. Also, the British LP uses the stereo "whispering intro" mix of "I Feel Fine", while the US LP uses the mono mix from "Beatles '65", which is drenched in additional reverb. "(See Mix Variations below.)" In the liner notes associating the songs with their original albums, the US editions referenced the Capitol albums while UK printings used the British albums.


title: 1962–1966

text: The first compact disc version was released on 20 September 1993. It was released on two discs for the price of two albums, though it could have fit on to a single disc; EMI stated that this was done to match the release of "1967–1970". The CD version used new digital masters. The first four tracks on the CD release are in mono; the rest of the tracks are in stereo. The tracks "All My Loving", "Can't Buy Me Love", "A Hard Day's Night", "And I Love Her" and "Eight Days a Week" made their CD stereo debut with this release.


title: 1962–1966

text: EMI announced on 10 August 2010, that the album had been remastered for a second time and, once again, would be released as a two-CD package. The album was released worldwide on 18 October 2010, and 19 October 2010 in North America.


title: 1962–1966

text: The album was reissued on 180g vinyl in 2014, prepared from the original UK 1973 compilation master. The fake stereo mixes of the Andy White version of "Love Me Do" (with Starr on tambourine) and "She Loves You" were replaced by the true mono versions, but while the Side 1 label indicated “Please Please Me” and “From Me To You” being mono, they were, in fact, the stereo versions.


title: 1962–1966

text: In the US, the album sold 1,215,338 LPs by 31 December 1973 and 5,475,942 LPs by the end of the decade.


title: Justin Marks (writer)

text: Justin Marks is an American screenwriter, producer and television showrunner. He is best known for writing Disney's live-action remake of "The Jungle Book" and for creating and showrunning the Starz espionage thriller "Counterpart".


title: Justin Marks (writer)

text: Marks graduated from Columbia College of Columbia University in 2002 and he studied architecture in college. During his senior year, he befriended a literary manager, who helped him launch his career in screenwriting.


title: Justin Marks (writer)

text: A year prior, he had written a script for a potential He-Man film. Initially entitled Grayskull: The Masters of The Universe, the script was praised by fans yet was never used since the script was rewritten. With the film still being in development hell.


title: Justin Marks (writer)

text: In July 2013, Marks was hired by Disney to write a live-action adaptation of "The Jungle Book". Jon Favreau came on board as director, and the film was released in April 2016, grossing $966 million worldwide.


title: Justin Marks (writer)

text: In June 2015, it was revealed that Marks was working on the screenplay for a sequel to the 1986 film "Top Gun". The film, titled "", was released in theatres between May 24 and May 27, 2022, with Marks credited with co-writing the film's story with Peter Craig.


title: Justin Marks (writer)

text: Marks created the Starz science-fiction thriller "Counterpart", starring J. K. Simmons. The show was ordered straight-to-series for two 10-episode seasons. The first episode premiered December 10, 2017.


title: Justin Marks (writer)

text: In 2020, Marks and his wife Rachel Kondo started working on the upcoming TV adaptation of "Shogun", the famous novel by James Clavell.


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: "I Love It" is a song by Swedish duo Icona Pop featuring vocals from British recording artist Charli XCX. It was released as a single in May 2012 as a digital download in Sweden, where it peaked at number two on the singles chart. The song was added to their debut studio album, "Icona Pop", as well as their EP "Iconic" and their debut international album, "This Is... Icona Pop".


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: The song received positive reviews from music critics, and publications "Rolling Stone" and Pitchfork included it on their year-end lists for 2012. The song went on to become Icona Pop and Charli XCX's first US hit, peaking at number seven on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and was certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, denoting over 2 million copies sold in the United States. In June 2013, over a year after it was released elsewhere, the song charted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart. It has gone on to sell 4.3 million certified downloads.


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: The song was originally written by Charli XCX, whom Icona Pop met several times in London. Swedish producer Patrik Berger sent Charli two beats, and she quickly wrote songs for each of them, one of which became "I Love It" and the other of which became her following single "You're the One". However, she later stated that she knew she would not end up releasing it herself because she could not reconcile it with her sound.


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: While recording "Good for You" with Icona Pop, Berger presented them with Charli's work on "I Love It". Band member Aino Jawo said she felt a connection to the song because it mirrored her own experiences, and the line "You're from the 70s but I'm a 90s bitch" reminded her of an older man she had known. Member Caroline Hjelt described Charli XCX's original demo as "more cute, in a way…really cool and cocky". Icona Pop approached Swedish producer Style of Eye to make a rougher version of the track, telling him, "We want the punkiness. We want the 'fuck it' feeling."


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: "I Love It" is set in common time with a tempo of 126 beats per minute (Allegro), and is described as an electropop and dance-pop song. It is written in A♭ major, with an authentic cadence for the main chord progression. "Billboard" critic Jessica Hopper defined the instrumental by its "swells of revving synths" and prominent sub-bass sounds. Pitchfork writer Lindsay Zoladz commented that the song was "basically just two-and-a-half minutes of drop"; colleague Larry Fitzmaurice noted the track's maximalist approach fit the contemporary trends in electronic and pop music.


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: The song's lyrics describe breaking up with an older boyfriend. In its chorus, Icona Pop and Charli XCX shout in unison "I don't care / I love it". Critics compared the song's breakup narrative to Kelly Clarkson's 2004 single "Since U Been Gone", and journalist Chuck Eddy wrote in a piece for "Spin" that the track's brattiness was similar to British band Shampoo.


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: "I Love It" was released in Sweden in May 2012. It entered the Swedish Singles Chart the following month at number 48, and after two months on the chart, the song peaked at number two for three consecutive weeks. After its January 2013 appearance on an episode of "Girls", the song performed better in digital downloads than it had upon initial release. Ten days later it entered the "Billboard" Hot 100, eventually climbing to number seven on the chart. Jawo and Hjelt's first performance with Charli XCX happened in April 2013, after seeing her back stage at a South by Southwest showcase where both acts were playing.


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: In June 2013, several cover versions of the song entered the UK Singles Chart, including one by vlogger Venus Angelic. When Icona Pop released their version, it entered at the top of the chart, overtaking Robin Thicke's "Blurred Lines" featuring T.I. and Pharrell Williams.


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: "I Love It" was met with positive reviews from music critics. The song placed 15th on "The Village Voice"s 2012 Pazz & Jop list, and it rose to eighth place the following year. "Pitchfork Media" labeled it "Best New Music", calling the song "delectable, empowering, infinitely repeatable". "Pitchfork" later listed the song number 50 on its "Top 100 Tracks of 2012" list. "Rolling Stone" placed "I Love It" at number 35 on its year-end list, naming it "the Euro-slut club jam of the summer". Amrit Singh for Stereogum described it as "fun", Heather Phares commented Jawo and Hjelt "half-sung, half-shouted vocals and revved-up synths make the song inescapably catchy". Kat Bein of the "Miami New Times" called the song a "feminist pop anthem". In 2019, "Stereogum" and "Pitchfork" ranked the song as the 117th and 197th best song of the 2010s respectively.


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: The music video for "I Love It" was directed by Fredrik Etoall. The video was shot in a day by friends of the band while they were in Paris. It shows Jawo and Hjelt playing a show for a crowd shouting the lyrics and dancing, with additional shots from backstage and an after-party. It also includes outdoor shots of them wearing fringed jackets that they made. Charli XCX does not appear in the video.


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: In 2013, this song is featured on the season finale of the fourth season of "Glee", "All or Nothing". The song is performed by Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz), Kitty Wilde (Becca Tobin), Unique Adams (Alex Newell), and Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris).


title: I Love It (Icona Pop song)

text: In 2017, Swedish singer Moneybrother released a punk rock inspired cover version of the song as a part of the eighth season of "Så mycket bättre". The track received mixed to positive reviews, ultimately failing to chart.


title: Annie Awards

text: The Annie Awards are accolades which the Los Angeles branch of the International Animated Film Association, ASIFA-Hollywood, has presented each year since 1972 to recognize excellence in animation shown in cinema and television. Originally designed to celebrate lifetime or career contributions to animation, the award has been given to individual works since 1992.


title: Annie Awards

text: Membership in ASIFA-Hollywood is divided into three main categories: General Member (for professionals), Patron (for enthusiasts of animation), and Student Member. Members in each category pay a fee to belong to the branch. Selected professional members of the branch are permitted to vote to decide the awards.


title: Annie Awards

text: The 48th and 49th Annie Awards ceremonies were held virtually on April 16, 2021, and March 12, 2022, respectively, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Annie Awards

text: In 1972, June Foray first conceived the idea of awards for excellence in the field of animation. With the approval of ASIFA-Hollywood president Nick Bosustow, an Annie Award ceremony was organized. The first ceremony was held at the banquet room of Sportsmen's Lodge in Ventura Boulevard in Studio City, Los Angeles, California. Max Fleischer and Dave Fleischer were the first to be honored by the first Annie Awards for creating Betty Boop, bringing Popeye, and Olive Oyl to the animated screen, and for inventing the technique of rotoscoping.


title: Annie Awards

text: According to Foray, her husband Hobart Donavan suggested that the awards be called "Annie", because they are presented for excellence in animation.


title: Annie Awards

text: The first trophy for the Annie Award trophy was presented in the second award ceremony, to Walter Lantz, the founder of Walter Lantz Productions and creator of Woody Woodpecker. Made of wood and plastic, it was shaped like a zoetrope. The next year, Tom Woodward designed the trophy now presented.


title: Annie Awards

text: In 2008, the Annie Award nominees for Best Short Subject included two Walt Disney cartoons, a Pixar short, and two independent films: Picnic Pictures' "The Chestnut Tree", and Don Hertzfeldt's short "Everything Will Be OK". Official rules for the Annie Awards state that voting members must view all nominated achievements in their entirety before casting their ballot for a winner. Members are directed to view the nominated films on a secure website.


title: Annie Awards

text: When the online ballot launched on January 15, the two independent films were not included for voters to judge. ASIFA acknowledged this error over a week later, at which point all the votes were reportedly thrown out and the balloting system was reset. Voters were instructed to return and re-vote the category. "The Chestnut Tree" was now uploaded properly to the ballot; however, "Everything Will Be OK" was again not included: this time, the online ballot only played a portion of this film's 17-minute running time to voters, abruptly cutting out in the middle of a scene. ASIFA again took several days to repair the ballot, but this time allowed voting to continue.


title: Annie Awards

text: By the time the ballot officially closed on February 1, "Everything Will Be OK" was only available to voters for less than 24 hours of the entire 18-day voting period. Even though ASIFA apologized to Hertzfeldt, they took no further action and carried on with the event, awarding the prize to the Pixar short, "Your Friend the Rat". (Hertzfeldt would eventually win the award for his 2015 Oscar-nominated short film "World of Tomorrow".)


title: Annie Awards

text: In 2009, DreamWorks Animation's "Kung Fu Panda" swept the Annie Awards in a surprise upset over Pixar's "WALL-E", which won no Annie Awards but did go on to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. Many felt that the vote had been rigged: DreamWorks at the time gave each of their employees a free membership to ASIFA-Hollywood, which in turn conferred voting rights. (For most film awards, voting rights cannot be bought but must be conferred by one's peers.)


title: Annie Awards

text: As a result, Walt Disney Studios decided to cease submissions and support for the 2010 Annie Awards from their two animated film divisions, Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar. Due to Disney's complaints, ASIFA-Hollywood changed the rules on voting for individual achievement categories, making those categories only available to professionals within those categories. ASIFA-Hollywood head Antran Manoogian also said that Annie voters would in the future have to be approved by a committee and non-professionals would now be ineligible to vote.


title: Annie Awards

text: That was not enough for Disney president Ed Catmull, who had called for an advisory committee of relevant executives representing each studio to recommend rule changes to the ASIFA board. Catmull said, "We believe there is an issue with the way the Annies are judged, and have been seeking a mutually agreeable solution with the board. Although some initial steps have been taken, the board informed us that no further changes would be made to address our concerns." ASIFA-Hollywood did not agree to this demand.


title: Annie Awards

text: Disney and Pixar rejoined the Annie Awards in 2011, with no formal announcement. Ironically, earlier that year, the Annie Awards had a near-exact replay of the 2009 results, with Dreamworks Animation's "How to Train Your Dragon" sweeping all the major Annie Awards over Pixar's "Toy Story 3", which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and also received a nomination for Best Picture.


title: Annie Awards

text: The following nominees (TV shows, specials, and special presentations) received multiple wins and nominations:


title: Night Wolves

text: The Night Wolves () or Night Wolves Motorcycle Club is a Russian motorcycle club that was founded around the Moscow area in 1989. It holds an international status with at least 45 chapters world-wide.


title: Night Wolves

text: The club began forming out of a mixture of rock music fans and motorcycle enthusiasts who held then-illegal rock concerts in Moscow (see Censorship in the Soviet Union) as far back as 1983. By 1989 the club was consolidated as an informal motorcycle group bearing the name "Night Wolves", during the Perestroika era of the Soviet Union. It became the first official bike club in the USSR. As of the beginning of 2018, the Night Wolves now have chapters in Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Germany, Bulgaria , Serbia, Romania, Australia, Slovakia, Belarus, Philippines, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Czech Republic and North Macedonia. Alexander Zaldastanov (also known as The Surgeon) became the leader of the club in 1989.


title: Night Wolves

text: The club runs multiple rock clubs and arranges many rock concerts in Russia. It also runs several tattoo parlors and is one of the founders of the annual International Moscow Tattoo Convention. In 1995, they launched a clothing line, "Wolf Wear", and established the "Wolf Engineering" custom shop subsidiary. It has gathered mechanics and general motorcycle enthusiasts from all across Russia, runs several motorcycle repair and custom shops and also developed the Wolf-Ural (Волк-Урал) motorcycle together with the manufacturer IMZ-Ural. They usually ride Harley-Davidsons. Another subsidiary is the racing team "Wolf Racing" which was created in 2001 and participates in and organizes various events in Russia.


title: Night Wolves

text: A member of the Night Wolves, Valery Bely, was shot and killed in a dispute with a rival biker club, Three Roads, in November 2012. The head of Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov, joined the group in August 2014. In May 2015, Zaldastanov inaugurated the group's Chechen branch in Grozny and named Kadyrov its honorary leader.


title: Night Wolves

text: The Night Wolves set up a compound in Slovakia near Bratislava, not far from the Czech border, housing old tanks and armored vehicles.


title: Night Wolves

text: The club has long taken an interest in the political and social life of Russia, engaging in youth social issues, forging close links to the Kremlin and establishing a friendship with President Putin. They also contributed to the invasion of Crimea by patrolling the streets of the peninsula with unmarked soldiers sent from Russia and fought for the pro-Russian side in the Donbas war. They are involved with the Russian Orthodox Church and make a motorcycle pilgrimage to holy Russian Orthodox sites several times a year.


title: Night Wolves

text: The club has close ties to Vladimir Putin and a generally Russian nationalist sentiment. Putin has described them as his "friends" and appeared at their rallies, riding a Harley-Davidson trike. Yale University historian Timothy Snyder believes it serves "as a paramilitary and propaganda arm of the Putin regime."


title: Night Wolves

text: The Night Wolves are funded by the Kremlin, receiving "several hundred million rubles a year" according to a report in 2013. In May 2015, Alexei Navalny claimed that the Russian government had given 56 million rubles to the group in the preceding year and a half. In October 2015, Night Wolves received a donation of 12,000,000 rubles from the Russian government to 'build a "Patriot" youth center in Sevastopol in Crimea'.


title: Night Wolves

text: Members of the Night Wolves have fought on the side of pro-Russian militants during the Crimean Crisis and the Donbas war. They blockaded the main routes into Sevastopol and participated in attacks on a natural gas facility and the naval headquarters in the city. In April 2015, Agence France-Presse stated that Alexei Vereshchyagin had fought against Ukrainian government forces in Luhansk.


title: Night Wolves

text: Their August 2014 show in Sevastopol, supporting the annexation of Crimea by Russia and depicting Ukraine as a country controlled by "fascists", was attended by an estimated 100,000 people and broadcast by Russian state television.


title: Night Wolves

text: During their New Year's shows for children, the Night Wolves portrayed the West as conspiring to destroy Russia. In a January 2015 interview with "RIA Novosti", Zaldastanov stated that "When the kids come to us, we don't cut costs on special effects or efforts to convey to the children a feeling of true drive and danger."


title: Night Wolves

text: Canada added Zaldastanov to its sanctions list in February 2015. The Night Wolves were included in June 2015.


title: Night Wolves

text: In 2015, when the Night Wolves were planning to celebrate the "Victory Day" — victory over the Nazi Germany in the "Great Patriotic War" — on May 9 with a trip from Moscow to Berlin, the government of Poland refused them entry due to the club members' active support of Putin, and Germany cancelled the bikers' Schengen visas. On their way to Berlin, despite visa issues, Night Wolves commemorated the deaths of Polish officers murdered by NKVD in Katyn by lighting candles in their name on 26 April, although Night Wolves and their leader are outspoken supporters of Joseph Stalin, who ordered the murders.


title: Night Wolves

text: A Polish motorcyclists' organization calling itself the "Katyń Motorocycle Raid" (KMR) criticized the ban and said that Night Wolves already made two such trips in the past, and Polish public opinion was divided on the decision, with 38.7% supporting it and 28.5% opposing. After the ban, the KMR declared that it would light candles on the graves of fallen Red Army soldiers in the name of the Night Wolves. Families of the Katyń massacre's victims stated that they did not wish to be associated with the KMR.


title: Night Wolves

text: Bikers who wanted to enter Germany at the Berlin Schönefeld International Airport were denied entry. On 6 May, one member, who was trying to enter Germany by ship from Helsinki to Travemünde, was deported to Finland.


title: Night Wolves

text: In December 2014, the United States announced sanctions against the Night Wolves due to their involvement in attacks on a gas distribution station in Strikolkove and the Ukrainian naval headquarters in Sevastopol, and recruitment of fighters for the war in Donbas.


title: Night Wolves

text: In the very beginning the Night Wolves were often in conflict with other biking clubs. Yevgeny Vorobyev, the leader of the Three Roads, accused them of becoming too politicised. The representative of the Hells Angels in Russia told the "Moscow Times", "We call each other brothers and avoid being linked to any religious and political organizations, as these are things that divide people. To express my political views, I vote."


title: Night Wolves

text: According to Peter Pomerantsev, the Night Wolves admire Joseph Stalin, the Soviet dictator and one of the three main Allied leaders of World War II. On their ride to Berlin for a rally marking the anniversary of the end of World War II in 2015, they displayed red flags with portraits of Stalin and shouted World War II-era Red Army oath "For the Motherland! For Stalin!" According to Alexei Magister, the president of a biker club linked to the Night Wolves, "We are not harming anyone, we are just honouring the memory of those who fell to destroy Fascism".


title: Night Wolves

text: On their ride to Berlin in 2015, the Night Wolves paid homage to Stalin at the Russia's memorial to Polish prisoners of war killed in the Katyn massacre by the NKVD on Stalin's and Beria's orders in 1940.


title: Night Wolves

text: In January 2015, the group's leader, the Ukraine-born Alexander Zaldastanov, expressed support for a Russian Anti-Maidan movement which said it was ready to use violence to stop anti-government protesters.


title: Night Wolves

text: In an interview, Zaldastanov said "For the first time we showed resistance to the global Satanism, the growing savagery of Western Europe, the rush to consumerism that denies all spirituality, the destruction of traditional values, all this homosexual talk, this American democracy."


title: Night Wolves

text: In an interview with Finnish journalist Juha Portaankorva in 2016, Zaldastanov said "I would love Finland to stay a good neighbor of Russia. I would love the Finns to trust Russia more than America."


title: Night Wolves

text: In January 2015, Zaldastanov suggested that "Death to faggots" could be an alternate name for the Russian anti-Maidan movement. At a February 2015 "Anti-Maidan" rally in Moscow organized by Zaldastanov, popular slogans included "We don't need Western ideology and gay parades!"


title: Night Wolves

text: According to some of the Night Wolves, a prospective member must be male, from a former Soviet country, invited by an existing member, and must participate in club events for two years before becoming a member.


title: Night Wolves

text: The Night Wolves claim not to discriminate on religious grounds. The Night Wolves are openly homophobic and do not allow gay men to join the club; women are also not allowed to join.


title: Night Wolves

text: The Night Wolves have over 7,000 members, including Ramzan Kadyrov, the Head of the Chechen Republic.


title: Night Wolves

text: Mark Galeotti, writing in "The Moscow Times", described the Night Wolves as "a case study in the Kremlin's strategy of adopting and taming potentially hostile groups and using them precisely as tools of control—counter-counterculture, as it were."


title: Yui Aragaki

text: She was born on June 11, 1988, in Naha, Okinawa. She is the youngest among her two siblings. After seeing an audition notice for the junior fashion magazine , she applied for it and won the Grand Prix award for the audition. In 2001, at the age of 13, she began her Nicola modelling career and was very well received as a Nicola model, having set a record for appearing on cover for 15 times. One of her co-models, actress Enomoto Ayako, gave her the nickname 'Gakky' as a take on her surname. She moved to Tokyo at 15 and enrolled at Horikoshi High School famous for being the academic base of many famous celebrities including Seiko Matsuda. She made her acting debut in Shibuya in 2005. She also became quite popular as in the Pocky commercials. She also expanded into voice acting in 2006 as well as movies as of 2007. Other sources report that the abysmal reactions to her vocals lead to the stress. She has continued acting for the small and big screen since, however, and released more music. She also became a host for the radio program Girls Locks which lasted between 2010 and 2012.


title: Yui Aragaki

text: At the age of 15, Aragaki moved to Tokyo and enrolled in Horikoshi High School, a private high school popular for being attended by many Japanese celebrities. In 2004, she decided to put her Nicola career on hold and expand her career path into gravure and acting, and she also appeared in variety shows and commercials, with her Pocky commercials being the most popular. A year later, she officially graduated from Nicola. Even so, she still appears in the magazine occasionally.


title: Yui Aragaki

text: In 2005, Aragaki took up a role in the TBS drama, "Dragon Zakura", starring alongside Japanese idols like Tomohisa Yamashita and Masami Nagasawa. This marked a breakthrough in her acting career. Since then, she has been cast in many other dramas, like My Boss, My Hero and Gal Circle. She also starred in the 2007 tragic love story movie hit Koizora, for which she won her first award, the Nikkan Sports Film Award for Best Newcomer. Currently, she has 5 newcomer awards.


title: Yui Aragaki

text: Aragaki won the Film prize at the 45th Golden Arrow Awards in 2008. Her tremendous number of movie shoots as well as the preparation for her debut album resulted in her suffering from work-related stress in 2007. She was invited as a judge in 58th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen.


title: Yui Aragaki

text: Outside acting she also released her first album, "Sora", and the single "Heavenly Days", a song from "Koizora". "Memories", the theme song for "Tokyo Serendipity", was included in her debut album. She also performed at Budokan.


title: Yui Aragaki

text: She was also the co-hosts for popular radio program Girls Locks in 2010–2012. She also invited as a host of 54th Japan Record Awards.


title: Yui Aragaki

text: In 2016, she acted an ideal wife in The Full-Time Wife Escapist, raised a social topic in Japan. She also performed in "koi dance" as ending of the drama, become viral in Japan. She was invited as a judge again in 67th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen.


title: Yui Aragaki

text: In 2017, Aragaki Yui acted as Masako Matsushita in Kizuna : hashire kiseki no kouma also known as Ties: A Miraculous Colt. It was broadcast on NHK, and the story is about she raising the little ponies after the earthquake with her father. During the same year in July, Code Blue Season 3 that she had participated in has finally released after 7 years broadcasting the second season. In October, Aragaaki Yui played as Tamako Tomita in Mixed Doubles directed by Junichi Ishikawa.


title: Yui Aragaki

text: In 2018, Aragaki Yui acted as Shinkai Akira in Kemono ni Narenai Watashitachi (We Can Not Become Beasts, Weakest Beast). She also participated in the Code Blue the Movie that is released in July.


title: Yui Aragaki

text: In 2021, Aragaki married singer, songwriter and actor Gen Hoshino, her co-star in the television series "The Full-Time Wife Escapist".


title: Riho

text: She was trained by Emi Sakura and debuted for her Ice Ribbon promotion in May 2006, at the age of nine. She would work for the promotion for the next six years, becoming its first Triple Crown Champion, having won the ICE×60 Championship, the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship and the Triangle Ribbon Championship once each. She also became a Jiyūgaoka 6-Person Tag Team, Sea Of Japan 6-Person Tag Team and UWA World Trios Champion, unifying the three titles in July 2010, teaming with The Great Kojika and Mr. #6. Riho left Ice Ribbon in September 2012 to join Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling, a new promotion founded by Sakura, who had left Ice Ribbon the previous January. In November 2014, Riho won the IWA Triple Crown Championship.


title: Riho

text: In May 2019, Riho began making appearances for AEW. She defeated Nyla Rose to become the inaugural AEW Women's World Champion, holding the title for 133 days before Rose defeated her at Revolution. Riho also began appearing in World Wonder Ring Stardom, working in conjunction with her AEW commitments. She won the High Speed Championship in her first match for the promotion, and held the title for 351 days, dropping it to AZM in July 2020.


title: Riho

text: In 2006, when Riho was only nine years old and still in elementary school, she and her older sister Seina began training professional wrestling under Emi Sakura at her Ice Ribbon dojo. She made her debut in an exhibition match against Nanae Takahashi on May 29, 2006, in Shinagawa, Tokyo. On July 25, Riho made her debut for Ice Ribbon at the promotion's third ever event, defeating Makoto. Riho's first year in professional wrestling consisted mainly of matches with Emi Sakura, Hikari Minami and Seina. In March 2008, Riho and Seina faced each other in a four match series, which Riho won 3–1.


title: Riho

text: On October 24, 2008, Riho won her first professional wrestling championship, when she teamed with Yuki Sato to defeat Chounko and Masako Takanashi for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. On December 23, Riho was entered into a tournament to determine the inaugural ICE×60 Champion, but was eliminated in the semifinals by Seina, who would go on to become the champion. After successfully defending the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship against Emi Sakura and Ribbon Takanashi, Riho and Sato vacated the title, after Riho fractured her right leg on March 31, 2009. For most of 2009, Riho was involved in a storyline rivalry with Chii Tomiya, which eventually led to the two forming the tag team Miniature Dachs in November. On November 28, 2009, Riho defeated Nanae Takahashi and Tsukasa Fujimoto to become the inaugural Triangle Ribbon Champion. After one successful title defense, Riho lost the title to Miyako Matsumoto on March 22, 2010. However, just twelve days later, Riho came back to defeat Matsumoto for the ICE×60 Championship, the promotion's top title. In the process, Riho also became Ice Ribbon's first Triple Crown Champion. During the post-match celebration, Riho nominated her trainer Emi Sakura as her first challenger for the belt. On May 3 at "Golden Ribbon", Riho became the youngest person to ever main event a show in Korakuen Hall, when she lost the ICE×60 Championship to Sakura in her first defense, ending her title reign at just 30 days.


title: Riho

text: In January 2011, Riho came together with Ice Ribbon's younger wrestlers, including former associates Chii Tomiya and Hikari Minami, to form the Heisei YTR (Young Traditional Revolution) stable, under the leadership of Makoto. On February 6, Riho and Makoto made it to the finals of the Ike! Ike! Ima, Ike! Ribbon Tag Tournament, before being defeated by Muscle Venus (Hikaru Shida and Tsukasa Fujimoto) in a match that was also contested for the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship. On March 31, Riho made her debut for Smash at "Smash.15", where she teamed with Hikari Minami and Tsukushi to defeat Emi Sakura, Makoto and Mochi Miyagi in a six-woman tag team match, scoring the deciding pinfall over Miyagi. The following month, Riho and Minami began producing their own events under the banner of "Teens", which would focus on spotlighting Ice Ribbon's younger wrestlers. In August, the alliance between Riho and Makoto was broken, when Makoto announced that she would be leaving Ice Ribbon for Smash. On August 11, Riho interrupted a Smash press conference, where the transfer was made official, by attacking Smash promoter Tajiri and challenging him to a match. The match took place on August 21, during Makoto's final night in Ice Ribbon, and saw Tajiri pick up the win. On December 25 at "RibbonMania 2011", Seina returned to Ice Ribbon, after a two-year hiatus, to wrestle her retirement match against her Riho. Riho won the match in eight minutes and afterwards refereed a three-minute match, where Seina was defeated by her longtime friend Hikari Minami.


title: Riho

text: In early 2012, Riho began teaming regularly with Hikari Minami, after the latter brought back the Teens concept, producing "Teens4" on March 3. On April 15 at "Teens5", Riho won a tournament to earn the right to book herself a match for "Teens6". On May 24, Riho made her debut for Wrestling New Classic (WNC), the follow-up promotion to Smash, when she replaced an injured Mio Shirai in a tag team match, where she and Makoto were defeated by Kana and Syuri. On June 16 at "Teens6", Riho was defeated by World Wonder Ring Stardom representative Nanae Takahashi in the match she was allowed to choose herself. On September 1, Riho announced that she was quitting Ice Ribbon after the September 23 Korakuen Hall event to reunite with Emi Sakura, who had left the promotion in the beginning of the year. On September 17, Riho wrestled her final match at the Ice Ribbon Dojo in Saitama, teaming with her hand-picked partner Tsukasa Fujimoto in a tag team match, where they defeated Hiroyo Matsumoto and Hamuko Hoshi, with Riho pinning Hoshi for the win. On September 23 at "Ribbon no Kishitachi 2012", Riho was defeated by Aoi Kizuki in her Ice Ribbon farewell match.


title: Riho

text: In June 2010, Riho began making appearances for DDT Pro-Wrestling (DDT). On June 13, she teamed with Kenny Omega and Mr. #6 to defeat Mr. Strawberry, Muscle Sakai and O.K. Revolution for the Sea Of Japan 6-Person Tag Team Championship. On July 20, Omega left the championship team, after which the title was declared vacant, before Riho, Mr. #6 and The Great Kojika were announced as the new champions on July 24. The following day, Riho, The Great Kojika and Mr. #6 defeated Hikaru Sato, Keisuke Ishii and Yoshihiko, and Antonio Honda, Kudo and Yasu Urano in a three-way match to retain the Sea Of Japan 6-Person Tag Team Championship and win the Jiyūgaoka 6-Person Tag Team Championship and UWA World Trios Championships, unifying the three titles in the process. After defending the Trios Triple Crown Championship against Jaki Numazawa, Jun Kasai and Miyako Matsumoto at an Ice Ribbon event on September 23, Riho, The Great Kojika and Mr. #6 lost the title to Hikaru Sato, Michael Nakazawa and Tomomitsu Matsunaga back in DDT on November 3.


title: Riho

text: In late 2010 and early 2011, Riho also made appearances for Union Pro Wrestling, where she performed under a mask and the character of Black Cherry, a storyline nemesis of Cherry. The storyline also came to include Black Cherry #2 and Black Cherry #3, portrayed by Ice Ribbon wrestlers Hikari Minami and Emi Sakura, respectively.


title: Riho

text: On September 23, 2012, Riho officially joined Emi Sakura's Bangkok, Thailand-based Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling promotion. Riho made her in-ring debut for Gatoh Move on October 7 in Shinjuku, Tokyo, wrestling Emi Sakura to a ten-minute time limit draw. As part of her transfer to Gatoh Move, it was announced that Riho would be changing her ring name. On November 4, Riho changed her ring name from hiragana "" to kanji "", another way of writing her old ring name. She then went on to lose to Emi Sakura in a main event singles match. In January 2013, Riho took a temporary break from Gatoh Move to concentrate on her high school entrance exam. On May 4, Riho and Antonio Honda first defeated Choun Shiryu and Hiroyo Matsumoto in the semifinals and then Emi Sakura and Hikaru Sato in the finals to win the Go Go! Green Curry Khob Khun Cup mixed tag team tournament. From December 22 to 23, Riho and Emi Sakura worked two Wrestle-1 events, wrestling singles matches against each other; Riho won the first and Sakura the second. On August 9, 2014, Riho defeated Sakura in the finals to win the Gatonun Climax one-day tournament. On November 2, Riho defeated Sakura to win the IWA Triple Crown Championship, after which she announced she was entering the idol business. Riho made her first successful title defense on December 27, defeating Sakura in a rematch. Her second title defense took place on March 26, 2015, when she defeated Reina Joshi Puroresu's Makoto. On August 13, Riho main evented Gatoh Move's first ever Korakuen Hall show, successfully defending the IWA Triple Crown Championship against Kotori. On September 21, Riho lost the title to male wrestler DJ Nira in her fifth defense. On June 22, 2016, Gatoh Move held Riho's tenth anniversary event, which saw her defeat Kaori Yoneyama in the main event to regain the IWA Triple Crown Championship. She lost the title to Makoto on November 19. On December 24, Riho and Kotori defeated Aoi Kizuki and Sayaka Obihiro to win the Asia Dream Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Emi Sakura and Masahiro Takanashi in their second defense on March 28, 2017. The following May, Riho took part in events in the United Kingdom.


title: Riho

text: On September 22, 2017, Riho defeated Kotori in the finals of a tournament to become the inaugural Super Asia Champion. She made her first successful title defense on November 7 against Emi Sakura and afterwards announced she was going on an overseas tour. On March 31, 2018, she made her second successful defense of the Super Asia Championship vs Saki. Her third defense came against Jibzy in Bangkok, Thailand on May 12. Her next defense in Japan would be against Aoi Kizuki on July 28. A few weeks later she defended against Makoto in China, there was some controversy after the end of the match when Makoto complained that she kicked out before the count of three. On July 2, 2019, Riho was defeated by Emi Sakura in which after the match was over was given a farewell from Gatoh Move.


title: Riho

text: On May 25, 2019, Riho made her debut for All Elite Wrestling (AEW), competing in the six women tag-team match at Double or Nothing. On June 29 at Fyter Fest, she participated and won a three-way match. On August 31 at All Out, Riho defeated Hikaru Shida, advancing to face Nyla Rose on the October 2 episode of "Dynamite" to crown the inaugural AEW Women's World Champion. On October 2, she defeated Rose to become the inaugural champion. Riho made successful title defenses against Britt Baker on "Dynamite", her mentor Emi Sakura at Full Gear, and in a four-way match against Baker, Shida and Rose on "Dynamite". On the January 8, 2020, episode of "Dynamite", she successfully defended the title in a match against Kris Statlander, due to interference from the Nightmare Collective (Awesome Kong, Brandi Rhodes, Dr. Luther and Mel) against Kris Statlander, which caused Baker, Big Swole and Shida to fend off against the stable. On the February 12 episode of "Dynamite", Riho lost the AEW Women's World Championship to Rose, ending her reign at 133 days.


title: Riho

text: After an 11-month hiatus due to travel restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, it was announced in January 2021 that Riho would be returning to action and would be participating in the AEW Women's World Title Eliminator tournament. On the February 17 episode of "Dynamite", Riho defeated the NWA World Women's Champion Serena Deeb in the opening round in a non-title match. At the semi-finals of the American bracket, which aired on February 28 on B/R Live Riho lost to the former NWA World Women's Champion Thunder Rosa. On the November 26 episode of "Rampage", Riho faced Britt Baker (with the stipulation being that if Riho won, she would earn a title opportunity), and successfully won the match.


title: Riho

text: On January 8, 2022, on AEW Battle of the Belts Riho faced Baker for the AEW Women's World Championship which Riho lost by submission. On January 31 it was announced that Riho suffered a broken collarbone injury and returned back to Japan. After nearly four months of inactivity due to injury, On the May 6 episode of "Rampage", Riho participated in the AEW Owen Hart Cup and defeated Yuka Sakazaki in the qualifier match, and in the following episode of "Rampage", she was defeated by Ruby Soho in the quarterfinals.


title: Riho

text: On July 24, 2019, Riho made a surprise appearance on World Wonder Ring Stardom, announcing that she will wrestle for the company starting August. In her debut match on August 10, she won the High Speed Championship from Death Yama-san after pinning Starlight Kid in a three-way match. She successfully defended her title against Death Yama-san on September 29. From October 14 to November 4, she teamed with Starlight Kid to participate in the Goddesses Of Stardom Tag League 2019 as part of the Red Goddess block; they failed to advance to the finals but picked up a win over the Goddess of Stardom Champions Jungle Kyona and Konami. On December 14, they unsuccessfully challenged the champions in a title match. Riho made her first appearance since February 16, 2020, on July 11 after the company went on hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic. She teamed with World of Stardom Champion Mayu Iwatani to defeat AZM and Momo Watanabe. On July 26, Riho lost the High Speed Championship to AZM, in a three-way match which also involved Starlight Kid. In late December, Dave Meltzer confirmed that Riho would no longer appear for the promotion due to AEW commitments.


title: TVB

text: Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) is a television broadcasting company based in Hong Kong SAR. The Company operates five free-to-air terrestrial television channels in Hong Kong, with TVB Jade as its main Cantonese language service, and TVB Pearl as its main English service. TVB is headquartered at TVB City at the Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate.


title: TVB

text: TVB commenced broadcasting on November 19, 1967. The Company was incorporated on July 26, 1965 and was co-founded by Sir Run Run Shaw, who was Chairman from 1980 to 2011, together with Sir Douglas Clague and Harold Lee Hsiao-wo of the Lee Hysan family. When TVB first began broadcasting it was commonly known and promoted as "Wireless Television" () in Chinese to distinguish it from the then cable television broadcaster, Rediffusion Television (), which later became ATV (). It is still usually referred to with that name, although ATV later switched to "wireless" (free-to-air) broadcasting as well.


title: TVB

text: TVB is known primarily for its dramas, and produces the Miss Hong Kong and Miss Chinese International pageants. It has historically been the leading television broadcaster in Hong Kong.


title: TVB

text: The government set up a working party in the early 1960s to study the idea of setting up a second television station in Hong Kong, where the only television at that time was the wired, subscription-supported Rediffusion Television. There was debate as to whether the second station should be set up as a Crown corporation, like the BBC; a purely commercial enterprise; or a combination of the two. Another challenge lay in procuring enough content for the new station. In 1962, Director of Information Services J.L. Murray stated that while English programming could be purchased from other countries, "no country is producing a mass of suitable pre-recorded material in Chinese". Even though Hong Kong was already regarded as a centre for film production, it was considered a challenge to source enough Chinese-language content for another television station, as most of it would need to be produced in Hong Kong.


title: TVB

text: Regardless, there was commercial interest in the concept. A government franchise for a new wireless (free-to-air) television station was opened for tenders on 6 February 1965 and closed on 6 August 1965. On 25 January 1966 it was announced that Television Broadcasts Limited had won the franchise.


title: TVB

text: The new Television Broadcasts Limited station on Broadcast Drive in Kowloon Tong, Kowloon was officially opened by Governor David Trench on 19 November 1967. The governor spoke of the potential for television to better society, stating that the new station would play a significant role in "helping and enlighting our people", calling television "one of the most potent means of disseminating information there is".


title: TVB

text: The first images shown on the station were a live transmission of the Macau Grand Prix, which began broadcasting at 9:00 am that day and was interrupted by footage of the opening of the new station. The first colour broadcast was then made, a feature called "London Calling Hongkong" which constituted greetings from former governors Alexander Grantham and Robert Black. Following this was a piano recital by Chiu Yee-ha, who had also performed at the opening of the Hong Kong City Hall.


title: TVB

text: The new station broadcast both Cantonese-language and English-language channels. The Cantonese channel, called TVB Jade, began regular service on 4:30 pm that day on Channel 21, while the English service (TVB Pearl) began at 6:00 pm on Channel 25. The inaugural programming lineup included "Enjoy Yourself Tonight", a Chinese language variety show, and "Meet The Press", an English current affairs programme.


title: TVB

text: Hong Kong's mountainous topography posed a challenge to TVB, which was Hong Kong's first television station broadcast wirelessly, using a terrestrial television transmitter instead of a complex coaxial cable network. A network of transmitters, built atop various mountains, helped provide coverage to the territory. The main transmitter was built at Temple Hill, above Kowloon, to reach most of the main populated centre of Hong Kong as well as parts of the New Territories. Two broadcast relay stations were came into operation on 15 May 1968: one at Lamma Island expanded coverage to Pok Fu Lam, Aberdeen, Repulse Bay, and parts of Stanley, while another at Castle Peak covered Tuen Mun, Yuen Long, and Ping Shan.


title: TVB

text: A third booster station, located on Cloudy Hill, was activated in June 1968 and brought TVB reception to Fanling, Taipo, and Sheung Shui.


title: TVB

text: TVB was originally located on Broadcast Drive in Kowloon Tong, and was neighbours with RTHK and ATV. By the late 1980s, the company had out-grown the facility at Broadcast Drive, and built a new studio complex, named T.V. City, at 220 Clear Water Bay Road in November 1988. The first TVB City was in fact the old Shaw Movie Town complex used by Shaw Brothers since 1958. The old Broadcast Drive headquarters was later converted into apartments. The first TVB City is now used by Celestial Pictures.


title: TVB

text: To cope with future development and expansion, TVB began planning in 1998 to develop a replacement facility at the Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate. The new HK$2.2 billion TVB City came into full operation in October 2003. The new headquarters are built on by far the largest piece of land ever leased by the then Hong Kong Industrial Estates Corporation and the first service-providing company in the area. It has a building area of over 110,000 square metres, 30% more than that of the previous facilities at Clear Water Bay. Studio 1 in TVB City, which can seat an audience of six hundred and thirty, is the largest television production studio among commercial television stations in Asia.


title: TVB

text: TVB broadcasts several news programmes, such as News at 6:30 (Jade) and News at 7:30 (Pearl). It also operates its own news channel, TVBN. () and TVBN2 (), through TVB Network Vision ().


title: TVB

text: On 11 March 2010, the general manager Stephen Chan Chi Wan and four others were arrested on corruption charges by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). TVB confirmed that three of their employees were involved, and that their duties and work had been suspended pending further development. Stephen Chan Chi Wan was charged with corruption in September 2010 with TVB declining to comment on the situation. Stephen Chan and his co-accused were acquitted by a court in September 2011.


title: TVB

text: Since the 2000 June 4 rally, TVB has been increasingly criticised for its pro-China bias. Netizens of HKGolden and LIHKG have called it "CCTVB", as a reference to China's state-controlled broadcaster CCTV.


title: TVB

text: During the 2014 and 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, TVB's programmes, most especially its news reports were accused of providing biased coverage of the protests, with a pro-China slant. As a result of public boycotts, numerous brands officially pulled out of advertising contracts with TVB, including Pocari Sweat and Pizza Hut.


title: TVB

text: On 29 June 2018, the South China Morning Post quoted insider information that TVBI and the Broadcast Operation Department had laid off 100 people for two consecutive days. By July, a cutdown by 30 in the sports department was announced, leaving only 5 people. The long-established show "Sports World" aired its final episode on 7 July 2018. myTV SUPER sports channel will end on 15 August. By July, the "Hong Kong Animation Information Network" Facebook page stated that the dubbing group of about 70 people had been cut to 4, and there would be large-scale layoffs. Netizens expressed anger at this.


title: TVB

text: TVB's General Manager Shin Keong Cheong said he did not renew his contract and denied the layoffs. By August, in the interim results of TV broadcasting, the print version of TVB Weekly had been suspended and switched to an online version. The TVB8 and TVB Galaxy websites serving overseas ceased service in September 2018. MyTV Super's TVB Sports Channel and live news station had also stopped broadcasting with the TVB Travel Channel. It is reported that TVB will lay off 800 people. On 5 October, the same year, TVB announced the reduction of about 150 employees from TVB Weekly, the Production Coordination Department, the Arts Division and non-drama productions, which took effect on the same day. The layoffs included at least one producer and two directors of "Pleasure & Leisure".


title: TVB

text: In December 2019, Pro-government broadsheet Sing Tao Daily reported that TVB's current chairman, Charles Chan, is about to withdraw from his shares and intends to resign as chairman to leave TV Broadcasting Co., Ltd. On 16 December, Chief Executive Mark Lee issued an internal notice stating that about 350 employees would be cut, accounting for about 10% of the company's remaining employees. Following this, on 20 December, more than 50 behind-the-scenes staff members were fired, most of them from the variety show and the information, cultural and educational departments. On 20 January 2020, Charles Chan finally resigned as the chairman of the TVB board and as a non-executive director, and will sell all television broadcasting shares.


title: TVB

text: TVB Network Vision ceased its service since 1 June 2017, and the OTT platform named MyTV SUPER (expanded from MyTV and GOTV) replace TVB Network Vision to provide the paid television service. In addition, the company name of "TVB Network Vision" became "Big Big Channel".


title: Douglas Coe

text: Douglas Evans Coe (October 20, 1928 – February 17, 2017) was an American activist and businessman who served as the associate director of The Fellowship, a religious and political organization known for hosting the annual National Prayer Breakfast. Coe has been referred to as the "stealth Billy Graham". In 2005, Coe was named one of the 25 most-influential evangelicals in the United States by "Time". Coe was an ordained ruling elder and lay minister in the Presbyterian Church (USA).


title: Douglas Coe

text: Douglas Coe was born on October 20, 1928 in Medford, Oregon. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Willamette University in Salem in 1953.


title: Douglas Coe

text: While enrolled as a college student, Coe met dean of men and future fellowship associate Senator Mark O. Hatfield. Coe became involved with Young Life, a campus youth ministry, in Salem, Oregon, and started a chapter of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship with Roy Cook while enrolled at Willamette University. Coe and Cook became involved in laymen's groups of various kinds and helped establish a "Navigator house" in Salem. They met Abraham Vereide when he visited Salem, Oregon, for a Governor's prayer breakfast and were fascinated by his visionary communication of a "leadership led by God, empowered by His Spirit."


title: Douglas Coe

text: In 1958, Coe was employed by Vereide at the International Christian Leadership on Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C. and served as aide de camp to Vereide. By 1963, Coe had become an assistant director of ICL. He worked alongside of Vereide, Wallace Haines, Clifton Robinson and Richard C. Halverson, the clergy executives of the global ministry. Coe was trained by Jim Rayburn and Lorne Sanny in the methods of Bible memorization, study and teaching. Vereide also had Coe mentored by young Billy Graham, a youth minister and former president (1948-1952) of Northwestern College, and a frequent house guest of Vereide's. Halverson called Coe "...the godfather... but for good, not for bad."


title: Douglas Coe

text: Coe was a member of the planning committee for the National Student Leadership Forum on Faith and Values.


title: Douglas Coe

text: The extent of Coe's influence in American politics is a subject of debate. Speaking at the 1990 National Prayer Breakfast, President George H. W. Bush praised Coe for his "quiet diplomacy, I wouldn't say secret diplomacy".


title: Douglas Coe

text: The Fellowship was a behind-the-scenes player at the Camp David Accords in 1978, working with President Jimmy Carter to issue a worldwide call to prayer with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. In 2000, Coe met with top economic officials of Pakistan as a "special envoy" of U. S. Representative Joe Pitts. Coe met with President George H. W. Bush as he hosted a luncheon with Iraq's ambassador to the United States in the mid-1980s. In 2001, The Fellowship helped arrange a private meeting at Cedars between two warring leaders, Democratic Republic of Congo President Joseph Kabila and Rwandan President Paul Kagame, one of the first of a series of discreet meetings between the two African leaders that eventually led to the signing of a peace accord.


title: Douglas Coe

text: Coe was a member of the large United States Congressional and ministerial delegation which accompanied then First Lady Hillary Clinton to the 1997 funeral of the founder of the Missionaries of Charity, Mother Teresa. He is mentioned by John Ortberg in his book "If You Want to Walk on Water, You've Got to Get Out of the Boat" as the pastor of a man, named only as 'Bob', who had great influence on bringing medicine and releasing political prisoners in Kenya.


title: Douglas Coe

text: Coe convened a meeting between Bob Mitchell, the President of Young Life, Jay Kesler, the President of Youth for Christ, and Colonel James Meredith of United States Army at Vereide's Fellowship House in Washington, D.C. on July 29, 1980, which led to the formation of Military Community Youth Ministries (MCYM), a global program to spiritually and relationally care for children with parents in the military around the world in the similitude of Young Life and InterVarsity, organizations which Coe had served with early in his ministry career.


title: Douglas Coe

text: When he was not traveling, Coe resided in Arlington, Virginia, with his wife, Janice, in a house located on the grounds of the former Doubleday Mansion, renamed the Cedars. He and his wife had six children and 21 grandchildren.


title: Douglas Coe

text: Reluctant to speak in public, Coe routinely denied requests for interviews and speeches to large audiences.


title: Douglas Coe

text: In August 2019, Netflix released a five-part, original documentary series titled "The Family" which features Coe as the central figure of what it describes as "an enigmatic conservative Christian group ... [that] wields enormous influence in Washington, D.C." The series is based on the 2009 book "" by Jeff Sharlet.


title: Douglas Coe

text: In 1978, Coe was portrayed by Ned Wilson in the film, "Born Again", concerning his work in converting Charles Colson to Christianity and supporting him through his incarceration following Watergate.


title: Brigadier (United Kingdom)

text: Brigadier (Brig) is a senior rank in the British Army and the Royal Marines. Brigadier is the superior rank to colonel, and subordinate to major-general. It corresponds to the rank of brigadier general in many other nations.


title: Brigadier (United Kingdom)

text: The rank has a NATO rank code of OF-6, placing it equivalent to the Royal Navy commodore and the Royal Air Force air commodore ranks and the brigadier general (1-star general) rank of the United States military and numerous other NATO nations.


title: Brigadier (United Kingdom)

text: The rank insignia for a brigadier is a St Edward's Crown over three "pips" ("Bath" stars). The rank insignia for a brigadier-general was crossed sword and baton.


title: Brigadier (United Kingdom)

text: Brigadier was originally an appointment conferred on colonels (as commodore was an appointment conferred on naval captains) rather than a substantive rank. However, from 1 November 1947 it became a substantive rank in the British Army. The Royal Marines, however, retained it as an acting rank until 1997, when both commodore and brigadier became substantive ranks.


title: Brigadier (United Kingdom)

text: Brigadier-general was formerly a rank or appointment in the British Army and Royal Marines, and briefly in the Royal Air Force. It first appeared in the army in the reign of James II, but did not exist in the Royal Marines until 1913. In the 1740s, the substantive rank of brigadier-general was suppressed, and thereafter brigadier-general was a temporary appointment only, bestowed on a colonel or lieutenant-colonel (or on a colonel commandant in the Royal Marines) for the duration of a specific command (similar to a commodore).


title: Brigadier (United Kingdom)

text: The appointment was abolished in both the Army and the Marines in 1921, being replaced in the Army by the appointments of colonel-commandant (which already existed as a rank in the Marines) and colonel on the staff. These appointments, although reflecting its modern role in the British Army as a senior colonel rather than a junior general, were not well received and were both replaced with brigadier in both the Army and the Marines (although not replacing the substantive rank of colonel commandant in the latter) in 1928. From the formation of the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918 until 31 July 1919, it used the appointment of brigadier-general. This was superseded by the rank of air commodore on the following day.


title: Brigadier (United Kingdom)

text: The rank insignia for appointment of the brigadier-general was a crossed sword and baton; the insignia for higher grades of general consist of this device, with the addition of a star (major general), crown (lieutenant general), or both ("full" general).


title: Brigadier (United Kingdom)

text: Brigadier is the highest field officer rank (hence the absence of the word "general"), whereas brigadier-general was the lowest general officer "rank". However, the two ranks are considered equal.


title: Brigadier (United Kingdom)

text: Historically, "brigadier" and "sub-brigadier" were the junior officer ranks in the Troops of Horse Guards. This corresponded to French practice, where a brigadier was the cavalry equivalent of a corporal. To reflect the status of the Horse Guards as Household Troops, brigadiers ranked with lieutenants and sub-brigadiers with cornets in other cavalry regiments. When the Horse Guards were disbanded in 1788, the brigadiers and sub-brigadiers of the 1st and 2nd Troops became lieutenants and cornets in the 1st and 2nd Regiments of Life Guards, respectively.


title: Brigadier (United Kingdom)

text: Brigadier remains the lowest officer rank in the Royal Company of Archers, the King's Bodyguard for Scotland. There are twelve brigadiers on the establishment, ranking after ensigns.


title: Spuds MacKenzie

text: Spuds MacKenzie is a fictional dog (bull terrier) character used for an extensive advertising campaign marketing Bud Light beer in the late 1980s. The Spuds MacKenzie mascot and campaign was the idea of a 23-year-old art director, Jon Moore. At the time, he was working at Needham, Harper, and Steers, a Chicago advertising agency. The dog first showed up in a Bud Light Super Bowl XXI ad in 1987.


title: Spuds MacKenzie

text: The dog was portrayed by a female bull terrier named Honey Tree Evil Eye, or Evie for short (October 7, 1983 – May 31, 1993). Evie was from Woodstock, Illinois, and lived in North Riverside, Illinois, with her owner's family, where she later died of kidney failure in 1993. Anheuser-Busch sponsored many dogs from the kennel in Illinois where Evie was from.


title: Spuds MacKenzie

text: The Spuds McKenzie ad campaign was not without its share of controversy. Shortly after Spuds' rise to fame, it was learned that the dog, portrayed as male in the ads, was actually female. The ads were criticized for promoting the consumption of alcohol by children by politicians and advocacy groups. Soon after the ads first aired in 1987, Senator Strom Thurmond began his own media campaign, claiming that the beer maker was using Spuds to appeal to children in order to get them interested in their product at an early age. By Christmas 1987, more legal action resulted from Bud Light's use of ads featuring Spuds dressed as Santa, which is illegal in states such as Ohio.


title: Spuds MacKenzie

text: In 1989, the Center for Science in the Public Interest, along with Mothers Against Drunk Driving, alleged that Anheuser-Busch was pitching the dog to children. Although the Federal Trade Commission found no evidence to support that allegation, Anheuser-Busch decided to retire Spuds in 1989, claiming that the character's image had started to overshadow the product.


title: Spuds MacKenzie

text: In 2017, the character appeared in Bud Light's Super Bowl LI advertisement as a ghost who helps a man named Brian reunite with his friends, in an homage to Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol". The house number in this advertisement's last segment is 1989, the year Spuds was retired.


title: Transitive relation

text: In mathematics, a relation on a set is transitive if, for all elements , , in , whenever relates to and to , then also relates to . Each partial order as well as each equivalence relation needs to be transitive.


title: Transitive relation

text: As a non-mathematical example, the relation "is an ancestor of" is transitive. For example, if Amy is an ancestor of Becky, and Becky is an ancestor of Carrie, then Amy, too, is an ancestor of Carrie.


title: Transitive relation

text: On the other hand, "is the birth parent of" is not a transitive relation, because if Alice is the birth parent of Brenda, and Brenda is the birth parent of Claire, then this does not imply that Alice is the birth parent of Claire. What is more, it is antitransitive: Alice can "never" be the birth parent of Claire.


title: Transitive relation

text: "Is greater than", "is at least as great as", and "is equal to" (equality) are transitive relations on various sets, for instance, the set of real numbers or the set of natural numbers:


title: Transitive relation

text: The empty relation on any set formula_2 is transitive because there are no elements formula_3 such that formula_4 and formula_5, and hence the transitivity condition is vacuously true. A relation containing only one ordered pair is also transitive: if the ordered pair is of the form formula_6 for some formula_7 the only such elements formula_3 are formula_9, and indeed in this case formula_10, while if the ordered pair is not of the form formula_6 then there are no such elements formula_3 and hence formula_13 is vacuously transitive.


title: Transitive relation

text: A transitive relation need not be reflexive. When it is, it is called a preorder. For example, on set "X" = {1,2,3}:


title: Transitive relation

text: Let be a binary relation on set . The "transitive extension" of , denoted , is the smallest binary relation on such that contains , and if and then . For example, suppose is a set of towns, some of which are connected by roads. Let be the relation on towns where if there is a road directly linking town and town . This relation need not be transitive. The transitive extension of this relation can be defined by if you can travel between towns and by using at most two roads.


title: Transitive relation

text: If a relation is transitive then its transitive extension is itself, that is, if is a transitive relation then .


title: Transitive relation

text: The transitive extension of would be denoted by , and continuing in this way, in general, the transitive extension of would be . The "transitive closure" of , denoted by or is the set union of , , , ... .


title: Transitive relation

text: The relation "is the birth parent of" on a set of people is not a transitive relation. However, in biology the need often arises to consider birth parenthood over an arbitrary number of generations: the relation "is a birth ancestor of" "is" a transitive relation and it is the transitive closure of the relation "is the birth parent of".


title: Transitive relation

text: For the example of towns and roads above, provided you can travel between towns and using any number of roads.


title: Transitive relation

text: No general formula that counts the number of transitive relations on a finite set is known. However, there is a formula for finding the number of relations that are simultaneously reflexive, symmetric, and transitive – in other words, equivalence relations – , those that are symmetric and transitive, those that are symmetric, transitive, and antisymmetric, and those that are total, transitive, and antisymmetric. Pfeiffer has made some progress in this direction, expressing relations with combinations of these properties in terms of each other, but still calculating any one is difficult. See also Brinkmann and McKay (2005). Mala showed that no polynomial with integer coefficients can represent a formula for the number of transitive relations on a set, and found certain recursive relations that provide lower bounds for that number. He also showed that that number is a polynomial of degree two if contains exactly two ordered pairs.


title: Transitive relation

text: A relation "R" is called "intransitive" if it is not transitive, that is, if "xRy" and "yRz", but not "xRz", for some "x", "y", "z".


title: Transitive relation

text: In contrast, a relation "R" is called "antitransitive" if "xRy" and "yRz" always implies that "xRz" does not hold.


title: Transitive relation

text: For example, the relation defined by "xRy" if "xy" is an even number is intransitive, but not antitransitive. The relation defined by "xRy" if "x" is even and "y" is odd is both transitive and antitransitive.


title: Transitive relation

text: The relation defined by "xRy" if "x" is the successor number of "y" is both intransitive and antitransitive. Unexpected examples of intransitivity arise in situations such as political questions or group preferences.


title: Transitive relation

text: Generalized to stochastic versions ("stochastic transitivity"), the study of transitivity finds applications of in decision theory, psychometrics and utility models.


title: Transitive relation

text: A "quasitransitive relation" is another generalization; it is required to be transitive only on its non-symmetric part. Such relations are used in social choice theory or microeconomics.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Colonial Williamsburg is a living-history museum and private foundation presenting a part of the historic district in the city of Williamsburg, Virginia, United States. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation has 7300 employees at this location and . (Employees figure is .) There are 37 companies in The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation corporate family.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Its historic area includes several hundred restored or re-created buildings from the 18th century, when the city was the capital of Colonial Virginia; 17th-century, 19th-century, and Colonial Revival structures; and more recent reconstructions. An interpretation of a colonial American city, the historic area includes three main thoroughfares and their connecting side streets that attempt to suggest the atmosphere and the circumstances of 18th-century Americans. Costumed employees work and dress as people did in the era, sometimes using colonial grammar and diction (although not colonial accents).


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: In the late 1920s, the restoration and re-creation of colonial Williamsburg was championed as a way to celebrate rebel patriots and the early history of the United States. Proponents included the Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin and other community leaders; the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (now called Preservation Virginia), the Colonial Dames, the Daughters of the Confederacy, the Chamber of Commerce, and other organizations; and the wealthy Rockefellers: John D. Rockefeller Jr., and his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Colonial Williamsburg is part of the part-historic project, part-tourist attraction Historic Triangle of Virginia, along with Jamestown and Yorktown and the Colonial Parkway. The site was once used for conferences by world leaders and heads of state, including U.S. presidents. It was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1960.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: In June 2019, its sixth president, Mitchell Reiss, announced that he would resign effective October, ending a five-year tenure distinguished by staff turnover, downsizing, and outsourcing.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Colonial Williamsburg is a historical landmark and a living history museum. Its core runs along Duke of Gloucester Street and the Palace Green that extends north and south perpendicular to it. This area is largely flat, with ravines and streams branching off on the periphery. At the City of Williamsburg's discretion, Duke of Gloucester Street and other historic area thoroughfares are closed to motorized vehicles during the day, in favor of pedestrians, bicyclists, joggers, dog walkers, and animal-drawn vehicles.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Surviving colonial structures have been restored as close as possible to their 18th-century appearance, with traces of later buildings and improvements removed. Many of the missing colonial structures were reconstructed on their original sites beginning in the 1930s. Animals, gardens, and dependencies (such as kitchens, smokehouses, and privies) add to the environment. Some buildings and most gardens are open to tourists, the exceptions being buildings serving as residences for Colonial Williamsburg employees, large donors, the occasional city official, and sometimes College of William & Mary associates.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Prominent buildings include the Raleigh Tavern, the Capitol, the Governor's Palace (all reconstructed), as well as the Courthouse, the Wythe House, the Peyton Randolph House, the Magazine, and independently owned and functioning Bruton Parish Church (all originals). Colonial Williamsburg's portion of the historic area begins east of the College of William & Mary's College Yard.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Four taverns have been reconstructed for use as restaurants and two for inns. There are craftsmen's workshops for period trades, including a printing shop, a shoemaker's, blacksmith's, a cooperage, a cabinetmaker, a gunsmith's, a wigmaker's, and a silversmith's. There are merchants selling tourist souvenirs, books, reproduction toys, pewterware, pottery, scented soap, and tchotchkes. Some houses, including the Peyton Randolph House, the Geddy House, the Wythe House, and the Everard House are open to tourists, as are such public buildings as the Courthouse, the Capitol, the Magazine, the Public Hospital, and the Public Gaol. The Public Gaol served as a jail for the colonists. Former notorious inmates include the pirate Blackbeard's crew who were kept in the 1704 jail while they awaited trial.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Colonial Williamsburg operations extend to Merchants Square, a Colonial Revival commercial area designated a historic district in its own right. Nearby are the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum and DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum, operated by Colonial Williamsburg as part of its curatorial efforts.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: The Jamestown statehouse, housing Virginia's government at the time, burned down on October 20, 1698. The legislators consequently moved their meetings to the College of William & Mary in Virginia at Middle Plantation, putting an end to Jamestown's 92-year run as Virginia's colonial capital. In 1699, in a graduation exercise, a group of College of William & Mary students delivered addresses endorsing proposals to move the capital to Middle Plantation, ostensibly to escape the malaria – and the mosquitoes which transmit them – of the Jamestown Island site. Interested Middle Plantation landowners donated some of their holdings to advance the plan, and to reap its rewards.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg by Governor Francis Nicholson, who was first among the proponents of the change, in honor of the Dutch Royal Willem III van Oranje (William of Orange). He was Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 1672 and King of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702, where he was known as king William III of England. Nicholson said that at Williamsburg "clear and crystal springs burst from the champagne soil". By "champagne," he meant excellent or fertile. Nicholson had the city surveyed and a grid laid out by Theodorick Bland taking into consideration the brick College Building and the decaying Bruton Parish Church building of the day. The grid seems to have obliterated all but the remnants of an earlier plan that laid out the streets in the monogram of William & Mary, a W superimposed on an M. The main street was named Duke of Gloucester after the eldest son of Queen Anne. Nicholson named the street north of it Nicholson Street, for himself, and the one south of it Francis Street.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: For eighty-one years of the 18th century, Williamsburg was the center of government, education and culture in the Colony of Virginia. Here, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Monroe, James Madison, George Wythe, Peyton Randolph, Richard Henry Lee, and others furthered the forms of British government in the Commonwealth of Virginia and later helped adapt its preferred features to the needs of the new United States. During the American Revolutionary War, in 1780, under the leadership of Governor Thomas Jefferson, the government moved to Richmond, on the James River, about west, to be more central and accessible from western counties and less susceptible to British attack. There it remains today.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: With the seat of government removed, Williamsburg's businesses floundered or migrated to Richmond, and the city entered a long, slow period of sleepy stagnation and decay. Bypassed by progress, in its isolation the town maintained much of its 18th-century aspect. Captured by General George McClellan in 1862 and garrisoned by the American Civil War for the duration, Williamsburg mostly escaped the ravages of the Civil War. The site stood on high ground away from waterways and was not served by the early railroads, whose construction began in the 1830s, and only was reached by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1881.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Williamsburg relied for jobs on The College of William & Mary, the Courthouse, and the Eastern Lunatic Asylum (now Eastern State Hospital),; it was said that the "500 Crazies" of the asylum supported the "500 Lazies" of the college and town. Colonial-era buildings were by turns modified, modernized, protected, neglected, or destroyed. Development that accompanied construction of a World War I gun cotton plant at nearby Peniman and the coming of the automobile blighted the community, but the town never lost its appeal to tourists. By the early 20th century, many older structures were in poor condition, no longer in use, or were occupied by squatters, but, as Goodwin said, it was the only colonial capital still capable of restoration.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: The Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin became rector of Williamsburg's Bruton Parish Church in 1903 for the first of two periods. Born in 1869 at Richmond to a Confederate veteran and his well-to-do wife, and reared in rural Nelson County at present-day Norwood, Goodwin was educated at Roanoke College, the University of Virginia, the University of Richmond, and the Virginia Theological Seminary. He first visited Williamsburg as a seminarian sent to recruit William & Mary students. Returning as an energetic 34-year-old, he became rector of a Bruton Parish Church riven by factions. He helped harmonize the congregation, and assumed leadership of a flagging campaign to restore the 1711 church building. Goodwin and New York ecclesiastical architect J. Stewart Barney completed the church restoration in time for 1907's 300th anniversary of the founding of America's Anglican (Episcopal) Church at nearby Jamestown, Virginia. Goodwin traveled the East Coast raising money for the project and establishing philanthropic contacts. Among the 1907 anniversary guests was J. Pierpont Morgan, president of the Episcopal church's General Convention meeting that year in Richmond.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Goodwin accepted a call from wealthy St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Rochester, N.Y., in 1908, and pastored there until his return in 1923 to Williamsburg to become a William & Mary fundraiser and religious studies professor, as well as pastor of Yorktown's Episcopal church and a chapel at Toano. He had maintained his Williamsburg ties, periodically visiting his first wife's and their first son's graves, using William & Mary's library for historical research, and vacationing. What he saw in the deterioration of colonial-era buildings saddened and inspired him. He renewed his associations with the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities—the membership of which included prominent and wealthy Virginians—and helped to protect and repair the town's 18th-century octagonal powder horn, a structure now called the Magazine. With other William & Mary professors, he saved the John Blair House from demolition to make way for a gasoline station—and turned it into a faculty club. In 1924, as the college launched a building and fundraising drive, he adopted Barney's proposal for saving other houses in the historic section of the town for use as student and faculty housing. After working for two years to interest such individuals as Henry Ford and such organizations as the Dames of Colonial America to invest in his hopes, Goodwin obtained the at first limited and later complete support (and major financial commitment) of John D. Rockefeller Jr., the wealthy son of the founder of the Standard Oil monopoly. Rockefeller's wife Abby Aldrich Rockefeller was also to play a role. In addition to working as Rockefeller's agent Goodwin returned to the Bruton Parish pulpit in 1926, keeping his college positions.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Rockefeller's first investment in a Williamsburg house had been a contribution to Goodwin's acquisition of the George Wythe House for next-door Bruton Church's parish house. Rockefeller's second and better known was his almost simultaneous authorization of the make-safe purchase of the Ludwell-Paradise house in early 1927. Goodwin persuaded Rockefeller to buy it on behalf of the college for housing in the event Rockefeller should decide to restore the town. Rockefeller had agreed to pay for college restoration plans and drawings. He later considered limiting his restoration involvement to the college and an exhibition enclave. He did not commit to the town's large scale restoration until November 22, 1927—the now-uppercase Restoration's birthday. As Goodwin later put it: "Mr. Rockefeller then stated that he would associate himself with the endeavor to restore colonial Williamsburg!" Until that moment, Rockefeller had always spoken in terms of "if" he would become involved, though all the while acquiring property and proposals.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Concerned that prices might rise if their purposes were known, Rockefeller and Goodwin at first kept their acquisition plans secret, quietly buying houses and lots and taking deeds in blank. Goodwin took Williamsburg attorney Vernon M. Geddy, Sr. into his confidence, without exposing Rockefeller as silent partner. Geddy did much of the title research and legal work related to properties in what was to become the restored area. Geddy later drafted the Virginia corporate papers for the project, filed them with the Virginia State Corporation Commission, and served briefly as the first president of what became the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. That much property changing hands was noticed by the courthouse crowd and by newspaper reporters. After eighteen months of increasingly excited rumors, Goodwin and Rockefeller revealed what had become an open secret — their plans, at county and town meetings on June 11 and 12, 1928. The purpose was to obtain the consent of the citizenry at large and enlist them in the project. No African-Americans attended the meetings, or were formally consulted about their town's future. Town and county controlled properties the restoration project required—a new high school and two public greens, among them. The city retained ownership of its streets, an arrangement that forestalled later proposals to raise revenue by closing the historic area to unticketed tourists.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Some townspeople had qualms. Major S. D. Freeman, retired Army officer and school board president, said, "We will reap dollars, but will we own our town? Will you not be in the position of a butterfly pinned to a card in a glass cabinet, or like a mummy unearthed in the tomb of Tutankhamun?"


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: To gain the cooperation of persons reluctant to sell their traditional family homes to the Rockefeller organization, the restoration soon offered holdouts free life tenancies and maintenance in exchange for ownership. Freeman sold his house outright and moved to Virginia's Middle Peninsula.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Rockefeller management decided against giving custody of the project to the state-run college—ostensibly to avoid political control by Virginia's Democratic Byrd Machine—but restored the school's Wren Building, Brafferton House and President's House. Colonial Williamsburg pursued a program of partial re-creation of some of the rest of the town. It featured shops, taverns and open-air markets in a colonial style.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: The first lead architect in the project was William Graves Perry of Perry, Shaw & Hepburn, with Arthur Asahel Shurcliff as the chief landscape architect. An Advisory Board of Architects was selected to provide guidance for the project. Prominent architects who served on the Advisory Board included Robert P. Bellows, Fiske Kimball, A. Lawrence Kocher, Philip N. Stern, Merril C. Lee, W. Duncan Lee, Marcellus E. Wright Sr., Edmund S. Campbell, and R. E. Lee Taylor.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: During the restoration, the project demolished 720 buildings that postdated 1790, many of which dated from the 19th century. Some decrepit 18th-century homes were demolished, some needlessly. The Governor's Palace and the Capitol building were reconstructed on their sites with the aid of period illustrations, written descriptions, early photographs, and informed guesswork. The grounds and gardens were almost all done in the authentic Colonial Revival style.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: The Capitol is a 1930s beaux arts approximation of the 1705 building at the east end of the historic area. It was designed by the architects Perry, Shaw & Hepburn, who had it rebuilt as they thought it should have been, not as it was, despite objections and archaeological evidence to the contrary. Its 1705 original, an H-shaped brick statehouse with a double-apsed, oarsmen-circular southern facades, burned in the 1740s, and was replaced by an H-shaped rectangular edifice. The reconstruction is off-center, its floorplan is skewed, and its interior is overly elaborate. In the second building, Patrick Henry, protesting against the Stamp Act, first spoke against King George, George Mason introduced the Virginia Bill of Rights, and from it Virginia's government instructed its delegates to the Second Continental Congress to propose national independence. Its likeness only exists in a period woodcut and in architectural renderings considered but shelved by the Restoration. The present building was dedicated with a ceremonial meeting of the Virginia General Assembly on February 24, 1934. Virginia's state legislators have reassembled for a day every other year in the Capitol.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Of the approximately 500 buildings reconstructed or restored, 88 are labelled original. They include outbuildings such as smokehouses, privies, and sheds. The foundation reconstructed the Capitol and Governor's Palace on their 18th-century foundations and preserved some below-ground 18th-century brickwork, classifying them as reconstructions. It rebuilt William & Mary's Wren Building, which burned four times in 230 years and was much modified, on its original foundations, saved some above-ground brickwork, and classified the result as original. At least one historic area house that Colonial Williamsburg took down to its basement and replaced its superstructure is likewise classified among the 88. A building a few lots away, similarly handled, is defined as a reconstruction.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: On the western side of the city, beginning in the 1930s, retail shops were grouped under the name Merchants Square to accommodate and mollify displaced local merchants. Increasing rents and tourist-driven businesses eventually drove out all the old-line community enterprises except a dress shop. One of the last to be forced out, a locally popular drugstore complete with lunch counter, was supplanted by a Williams Sonoma.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Beginning in the earliest period of the Restoration, Colonial Williamsburg acquired acreage in Williamsburg and the two counties which adjoin it, notably to the north and east of the historic area to preserve natural views and facilitate the experience of as much of the late 18th-century environment as possible. This was described as a "rural, wooded sense of arrival" along corridors to the historic area.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: In 2006, announcing a conservation easement on acreage north of the Visitor Center, Colonial Williamsburg President and Chairman Colin G. Campbell said its restrictions protected the view and preserved other features: "This viewshed helps to set the stage for visitors in their journey from modern day life into the 18th-century setting. At the same time, this preserves the natural environment around Queen's Creek and protects a significant archaeological site. It is a tangible and important example of how the Foundation is protecting the vital greenbelt surrounding Colonial Williamsburg's historic area for future generations".


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: The entrance roadways to the historic area were planned with care. The Colonial Parkway was planned and is maintained to reduce modern intrusions.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Near the principal planned roadway approach to Colonial Williamsburg, similar design priorities were employed for the relocated U.S. Route 60 near the intersection of Bypass Road and North Henry Street. Prior to the restoration, U.S. Route 60 ran right down Duke of Gloucester Street through town. To shift the traffic away from the historic area, Bypass Road was planned and built through farmland and woods about a mile north of town. Shortly thereafter, when Route 143 was built as the Merrimack Trail (originally designated State Route 168) in the 1930s, the protected vista was extended along Route 132 in York County to the new road, and two new bridges were built across Queen's Creek.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Goodwin, who served as a liaison with the community, as well as with state and local officials, was instrumental in such efforts. Nevertheless, some in the Rockefeller organization, regarding him as meddlesome, gradually pushed Goodwin to the periphery of the Restoration and by the time of his death in 1939 Colonial Williamsburg's administrator, Kenneth Chorley of New York, was indiscreetly at loggerheads with the local reverend. Goodwin's relationship with Rockefeller remained warm, however, and his interest in the project remained keen. Colonial Williamsburg dedicated its headquarters in 1941, naming it The Goodwin Building.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: About 30 years later, when Interstate 64 was planned and built in the 1960s and early 1970s, from the designated "Colonial Williamsburg" exit, the additional land along Merrimack Trail to Route 132 was similarly protected from development. Today, visitors encounter no commercial properties before they reach the Visitor's Center.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Not only highway travel was considered. Although Williamsburg's brick Chesapeake and Ohio Railway passenger station was less than 20 years old and one of the newer ones along the rail line, it was replaced with a larger station in Colonial style that was located just out of sight and within walking distance of the historic area, on the northern edge of Peacock Hill.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Farther afield was Carter's Grove Plantation. It was begun by a grandson of wealthy planter Robert "King" Carter. For over 200 years, it had gone through a succession of owners and modifications. In the 1960s after the death of its last resident, Ms. Molly McRae, Carter's Grove Plantation came under the control of Winthrop Rockefeller's Sealantic Foundation, which gave it to Colonial Williamsburg as a gift. Archaeologist Ivor Noel Hume discovered in its grounds the remains of 1620s Wolstenholme Towne, a downriver outpost of Jamestown. The Winthrop Rockefeller Archaeology Museum, built just above the site, showcased artifacts from the dig. Colonial Williamsburg operated Carter's Grove until 2003 as a satellite facility of Colonial Williamsburg, with interpretive programs. The property was sold to a dot com millionaire who declared bankruptcy before completing the purchase, and the empty facility remained in limbo for more than a decade.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Between Carter's Grove and the Historic District was the largely vacant Kingsmill tract, as well as a small military outpost of Fort Eustis known as Camp Wallace (CW). In the mid-1960s, CW owned land that extended all the way from the historic district to Skiffe's Creek, at the edge of Newport News near Lee Hall.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Distant from the historic area and not along the carefully protected sight paths, it was developed in the early 1970s, under CW Chairman Winthrop Rockefeller.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Rockefeller, a son of Abby and John D. Rockeller Jr., was a frequent visitor and particularly fond of Carter's Grove in the late 1960s. He became aware of some expansion plans elsewhere on the Peninsula of his St. Louis-based neighbor, August Anheuser Busch, Jr., head of Anheuser-Busch. By the time Rockefeller and Busch completed their discussions, the biggest changes in the Williamsburg area were underway since the Restoration began 40 years before. Among the goals were to complement Colonial Williamsburg attractions and enhance the local economy.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: The large tract consisting primarily of the Kingsmill land was sold by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation to Anheuser-Busch for planned development. The Anheuser-Busch investment included building a large brewery, the Busch Gardens Williamsburg theme park, the Kingsmill planned resort community, and McLaws Circle, an office park. AB and related entities from that development plan comprise the area's largest employment base, surpassing both Colonial Williamsburg and the local military bases.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Colonial Williamsburg has become one of the most popular tourist destinations in Virginia. With its historic significance to American democracy, it and the surrounding area was the site of a summit meeting of world leaders, the first World Economic Conference in 1983, and hosted visiting royalty, including King Hussein of Jordan and Emperor Hirohito of Japan. Queen Elizabeth II paid two royal visits to Williamsburg during her reign, once in October 1957 and again, in May 2007, both to celebrate the anniversaries of the founding of nearby Jamestown.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: Colonial Williamsburg is an open-air assemblage of buildings populated with historical reenactors (interpreters) whose job it is to explain and demonstrate aspects of daily life in the past. The reenactors work, dress, and talk as they would have in colonial times.


title: Colonial Williamsburg

text: While there are many living history museums (such as Old Sturbridge Village in Massachusetts, Old Salem in Winston-Salem, or Castell Henllys in the UK), Colonial Williamsburg is unusual for having been constructed from a living town whose inhabitants and post-Colonial-era buildings were removed. Also unlike other living history museums, Colonial Williamsburg allows anyone to walk through the historic district free of charge, at any hour of the day. Charges apply only to those visitors who wish to enter the historic buildings to see arts and crafts demonstrations during daylight hours, or attend scheduled outdoor performances such as the "Revolutionary City" programs.