title: Hebah Patel

text: Hebah had her breakthrough with the role of Meena "Kumari" in the coming-of-age love story "Kumari 21F" with Raj Tarun. It released in 2015 to positive reviews for her performance. A reviewer for the "Deccan Chronicle" wrote that Patel "steals the show" in the film.


title: Hebah Patel

text: Patel had a successful year, in 2016 with 3 releases. She was first seen as Supriya in "Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam" alongside Raj Tarun, which received praises for its comic content. She next appeared as Nithya / Amala in "Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada" opposite Nikhil Siddharth, it was a critical and commercial success. Her final film of the year was "Naanna Nenu Naa Boyfriends", where she was seen as Padmavati / Paddu, it was a female-oriented film.


title: Hebah Patel

text: Hebah again had 3 releases in 2017, with "Mister" being the first release, she was seen as Meera opposite Varun Tej. It received mixed reviews. She appeared as Dr. Netra in her next film "Andhhagadu", pairing with her frequent co-star Raj Tarun. It was a critical and commercial success. Her final release of the year was "Angel" with Naga Anvesh, where she was seen as Nakshatra.


title: Hebah Patel

text: In 2018, her only film was "24 Kisses" with Adith Arun. It saw her playing Sri Lakshmi and received mixed to positive reviews.


title: Hebah Patel

text: Patel's setback started in 2019, when she had no release. In 2020, she portrayed a cameo character of Sarah in "Bheeshma" and supporting character of Srujana in "Orey Bujjiga". Meanwhile, in 2020, she made her web debut with the Telugu series "Masti's", portraying Tanya.


title: Hebah Patel

text: In 2021, Hebah appeared in a special appearance in the song "Dinchak" along with Ram Pothineni in "Red".


title: Hebah Patel

text: Hebah's upcoming films include Telugu films "Geetha" with Sunil and "Telisinavaallu" with Ram Karthik. She also has Tamil films "Vallan" with Sundar C., which marks her return to Tamil cinema after 8 years and "Aadya".


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: Denzel Dominique Whitaker (born June 15, 1990) is an American actor. Beginning his career as a child actor, he acted in the films "Training Day" (2001) and "The Ant Bully" (2006) before portraying James Farmer Jr. in "The Great Debaters" (2007), earning an NAACP Image Award for his work in the film. His other film work includes "My Soul to Take" (2010), "Abduction" (2011) and "Black Panther" (2018).


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: On television, Whitaker was a cast member on Nickelodeon's "All That" between 2004 to 2005. He has appeared in recurring roles on "Brothers & Sisters" (2009) and "The Purge" (2019), in addition to guest roles on various series.


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: Whitaker was born on June 15, 1990 in Torrance, California, the son of Younalanda and Dale Whitaker. He went to Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, but while acting as a teenager he would receive and conduct schoolwork via email correspondence.


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: He was named after actor Denzel Washington. Whitaker disputed this fact on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" while promoting the movie "The Great Debaters," only to learn later from his father that, in fact, Washington was his namesake. Washington would later serve as an acting mentor for Whitaker on "The Great Debaters".


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: Whitaker made his acting debut in the 2001 film "Training Day" as Dimitri. He was a regular cast member during the tenth and final season of the Nickelodeon sketch-comedy series "All That".


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: He portrayed James Farmer Jr. in "The Great Debaters" (2007). Whitaker's acting in this film was well received, with one reviewer praising his "sweetness and vulnerability" and another describing him as a standout among the younger actors in the film. For his performance as James, Whitaker won the 2008 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture, and received a Young Artist Award nomination.


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: Whitaker played Sheldon in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Dadnapped" (2009). Whitaker was a blind teenager named Jerome in Wes Craven's "My Soul to Take" (2010). In 2011, he performed in two feature films, portraying Gilly in thriller "Abduction" and appearing in sports drama "Warrior".


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: Whitaker appeared as Eddie in thriller "Submerged" (2016) and was a young Zuri in the 2018 superhero film "Black Panther". He portrayed Andre, an aspiring musician, in the 2020 film "Cut Throat City", directed by rapper RZA.


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: His television work includes "ER", "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", "The War at Home", "Rizzoli & Isles" and "Blue Bloods". Whitaker also appeared in Werner Herzog's "".


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: As a voice actor, Whitaker provided the voice of Albert in "The Ant Bully" (2006) and portrayed Kyle in preschool series "Handy Manny". In the third season of "The Boondocks", Whitaker gave voice to Sgt. Gutte, and on "Black Dynamite: The Animated Series" he played Donald the Accountant.


title: Denzel Whitaker

text: He has also worked as an assistant voice director for the 2010 film "". Whitaker has directed films and music videos as well.


title: Elderflower cordial

text: Elderflower cordial is a soft drink made largely from a refined sugar and water solution and uses the flowers of the European elder ("Sambucus nigra" L.). Historically, the cordial was popular in Northwestern Europe where it has a Victorian heritage. However, versions of an elderflower cordial recipe can be traced to Roman times. In the 21st century, it is consumed in many countries of Europe where people still make it in the traditional way. In some countries, the drink can be found as an aromatic syrup, sold as a concentrated squash that is mixed with still or sparkling water. Elderflower pressé is a premixed form of this.


title: Elderflower cordial

text: In the northern hemisphere, elderflowers are in season from the end of May to the beginning of June or later and grow in most of Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. They grow in a variety of conditions including both wet and dry fertile soils, though they primarily prefer sunny locations. The elder's hermaphrodite flowers are borne in large corymbs, 10–25 cm in diameter, where the individual flowers are white with five petals, 5–6 mm in diameter, and pollinated by flies. The cream-coloured flowerheads are honey-scented blossoms that are crisp and somewhat juicy, with a highly aromatic smell and flavour. The leaves are bitter-smelling.


title: Elderflower cordial

text: Elderflower cordial can be made relatively easily at home, though it is also produced and sold commercially. The flowerheads are best collected fresh and new when the tiny buds have just opened and come to bloom before the fragrance is tainted with bitterness. The cordial is made by steeping the elderflower heads in a concentrated sugar solution so the flavour is infused into the syrup. A source of citric acid and lemon juice is added to help preserve the cordial and add tartness. The mixture is then covered and left to infuse before being strained to release as much juice as possible. For drinking the cordial is typically diluted with either water or sparkling water though tonic, soda or gin are also used.


title: Elderflower cordial

text: Commercial production of elderflower cordial uses a scaled-up version of the process described. Commercially produced cordials are generally sold as a concentrated squash and are usually diluted by one part cordial and ten parts water, thus a 500 ml bottle of cordial would be enough for 5.5 litres diluted. The high concentration of sugar in elderflower cordial gives it a long shelf life. There are many commercial producers of elderflower cordial, and cheaper canned fizzy "elderflower drinks" and "elderflower sodas" often use a synthetic cheap elderflower flavouring to save money and labour, as well as a real elderflower extract.


title: Prodrome

text: In medicine, a prodrome is an early sign or symptom (or set of signs and symptoms) that often indicates the onset of a disease before more diagnostically specific signs and symptoms develop. It is derived from the Greek word "prodromos", meaning "running before". Prodromes may be non-specific symptoms or, in a few instances, may clearly indicate a particular disease, such as the prodromal migraine aura.


title: Prodrome

text: For example, fever, malaise, headache and lack of appetite frequently occur in the prodrome of many infective disorders. A prodrome can be the early precursor to an episode of a chronic neurological disorder such as a migraine headache or an epileptic seizure, where prodrome symptoms may include euphoria or other changes in mood, insomnia, abdominal sensations, disorientation, aphasia, or photosensitivity. Such a prodrome occurs on a scale of days to an hour before the episode, where an aura occurs more immediate to it.


title: Prodrome

text: The prodrome is a period during which an individual experiences some symptoms and/or a change in functioning, which can signal the impending onset of a mental health disorder. It is otherwise known as the prodromal phase when referring to the subsyndromal stage or the early abnormalities in behavior, mood, and/or cognition before illness onset. Early detection of the prodrome can create an opportunity to administer appropriate early interventions quickly to try to delay or decrease the intensity of subsequent symptoms.


title: Prodrome

text: Schizophrenia was the first disorder for which a prodromal stage was described. People who go on to develop schizophrenia commonly experience non-specific negative symptoms such as depression, anxiety symptoms, and social isolation. This is often followed by the emergence of attenuated positive symptoms such as problems with communication, perception, and unusual thoughts that don't rise to the level of psychosis. Closer to the onset of psychosis, people often exhibit more serious symptoms like pre-delusional unusual thoughts, pre-hallucinatory perceptual abnormalities or pre-thought disordered speech disturbances. As positive symptoms become more severe, in combination with negative symptoms that may have begun earlier, the individual may meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. Although a majority of individuals who experience some of the symptoms of schizophrenia will never meet full diagnostic criteria, approximately 20–40% will eventually be diagnosed with schizophrenia. One of the challenges of identifying and treating the prodrome is that it is difficult to predict who, among those with symptoms, are likely to meet full criteria later.


title: Prodrome

text: The prodromal phase in schizophrenia can last anywhere from several weeks to several years, and comorbid disorders, such as major depressive disorder, are common during this period.


title: Prodrome

text: Signs and symptoms of the prodrome to schizophrenia can be assessed more fully using structured interviews. For example, the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, and the Comprehensive Assessment of At Risk Mental States (CAARMS) are both valid and reliable methods for identifying individuals likely experiencing the prodrome to schizophrenia or related psychotic-spectrum disorders.


title: Prodrome

text: There are ongoing research efforts to develop tools for early detection of at-risk individuals. This includes development of risk calculators and methods for large-scale population screening.


title: Prodrome

text: Describing the schizophrenia prodrome has been useful in promoting early intervention. Although not all people who are experiencing symptoms consistent with the prodrome will develop schizophrenia, randomized controlled trials suggest that intervening with medication and/or psychotherapy can improve outcomes. Interventions with evidence of efficacy include antipsychotic and antidepressant medications, which can delay conversion to psychosis and improve symptoms, although prolonged exposure to antipsychotics has been associated with adverse effects including Tardive dyskinesia, an irreversible neurological motor disorder. Psychotherapy for individuals and families can also improve functioning and symptomatology; specifically cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps improve coping strategies to decrease positive psychosis symptoms. Additionally, omega-3 fish oil supplements may help reduce prodromal symptoms. Current guidelines suggest that individuals who are at “high risk” for developing schizophrenia should be monitored for at least one to two years while receiving psychotherapy and medication, as needed, to treat their symptoms.


title: Prodrome

text: There is also growing evidence that there is a prodromal phase before the onset of bipolar disorder (BD). Although a majority of individuals with bipolar disorder report experiencing some symptoms preceding the full onset of their illness, the prodrome to BD has not yet been described systematically. Descriptive reports of bipolar prodrome symptoms vary and often focus on nonspecific symptoms of psychopathology, making identification of the prodromal phase difficult. The most commonly observed symptoms are too much energy, elated or depressed mood, and alterations in sleep patterns. There are no prospective studies of the prodrome to bipolar disorder, but in the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) study, which followed youth with elevated symptoms of mania for ten years, approximately 23% of the sample met BD criteria at the baseline and 13% of which did not meet the criteria for BD at baseline eventually were diagnosed with BD.


title: Prodrome

text: The reported duration of the prodrome to BD varies widely (mean = 27.1 ± 23 months); for most people, evidence suggests that the prodromal phase is likely to be long enough to allow for intervention.


title: Prodrome

text: Symptoms consistent with the prodrome to BD can be identified through semi-structured interviews such as The Bipolar Prodrome Symptom Interview and Scale-Prospective (BPSS-P), and the Semi-structured Interview for Mood Swings and symptom checklists like the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D).


title: Prodrome

text: Early intervention is associated with better outcomes for people with prodromal symptoms of BD. Interventions with some evidence of efficacy include medication (e.g. mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics) and psychotherapy. Specifically, family-focused therapy improves emotion regulation and enhances functioning in both adults and adolescents. Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) may be beneficial for youth at risk of developing BD by helping to stabilize their sleep and circadian patterns. Psychoeducational Psychotherapy (PEP) may be protective in individuals at risk of developing bipolar disorder and are associated with a four-fold reduction in risk for conversion to BD. This research needs to be explored further, however, it is currently thought to produce improvements in decreased stress due to social support and improved functioning through the skills developed in PEP. PEP can prove especially beneficial for individuals presenting transitional mania symptoms as it can assist caregivers in recognizing prodromal mania symptoms and knowing the next steps towards early intervention. The key goals of this type of therapy are to provide psychoeducation about mood disorders and treatments, social support, and to build skills in symptom management, emotion regulation, and problem-solving and communication. This research is in its infancy, further investigations will be necessary to determine which methods lead to the best outcomes and for whom.


title: Prodrome

text: Several neurodegenerative diseases have a prodromal phase. Early impairments in behavior, personality and language may be detected in Alzheimer's disease. In dementia with Lewy bodies, there is an identifiable set of early signs and symptoms that can appear 15 years or more before dementia develops. The earliest symptoms are constipation and dizziness from autonomic dysfunction, hyposmia (reduced ability to smell), visual hallucinations, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD). RBD may appear years or decades before other symptoms. In Parkinson's disease the loss of sense of smell may aid in earlier diagnosis. Multiple sclerosis may have a prodromal phase.


title: Prodrome

text: The prodromal phase of migraine is not always present, and varies from individual to individual, but can include ocular disturbances such as shimmering lights with reduced vision, altered mood, irritability, depression or euphoria, fatigue, yawning, excessive sleepiness, craving for certain food (e.g. chocolate), stiff muscles (especially in the neck), hot ears, constipation or diarrhea, increased urination, and other visceral symptoms.


title: Prodrome

text: Diverticulitis may worsen throughout the first day, as it starts out as small pains in the torso and/or mild diarrhea, and may slowly turn into vomiting and sharp pains in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen.


title: Prodrome

text: Prodromal measles is marked by fever, rhinorrhea, and conjuctivitis. Varicella may feature a prodrome; at least 37% of unvaccinated children who contract chickenpox have at "least" a mild febrile prodrome.


title: Frank Ferrer

text: Frank Ferrer (born March 25, 1966) is an American rock drummer. He is best known as the drummer for hard rock band Guns N' Roses, with whom he has played, toured, and recorded since 2006. Ferrer was also a member of The Psychedelic Furs, Love Spit Love as well as The Beautiful. He has recorded and worked with several high profile musicians including Robi "Draco" Rosa, Tool, Gordon Gano, PJ Harvey, Tommy Stinson, Nena, Frank Black of The Pixies, Neil Young, Perry Farrell and Cheetah Chrome of The Dead Boys.


title: Frank Ferrer

text: Ferrer was a member of New York based band The Beautiful. The band featured Ferrer on drums along with Jonathan Lacey on vocals and guitar, and bassist Perry Bottke. The band released a self-titled EP in 1990, and a full-length album "Storybook", in May 1992.


title: Frank Ferrer

text: Ferrer joined Love Spit Love in 1992. The band was formed by Richard Butler with Ferrer and Richard Fortus while The Psychedelic Furs were on hiatus. Love Spit Love released their self titled album "Love Spit Love" in 1994 and "Trysome Eatone" in 1997. During this time Ferrer also played on demos Dripping Goss' album "Gift of Demise." From 2001 until 2008, Ferrer joined the touring lineup (along with Fortus) of The Psychedelic Furs.


title: Frank Ferrer

text: Ferrer is drummer for the New York City based band The Compulsions. The band features Rob Carlyle on vocals and rhythm guitar, fellow Guns N' Roses member Richard Fortus on lead guitar, and bassist Sami Yaffa of Hanoi Rocks and The New York Dolls. In 2011, the band released their first full-length studio album, "Beat The Devil".


title: Frank Ferrer

text: In July 2006, Frank Ferrer joined Guns N' Roses during their European Tour to replace Bryan "Brain" Mantia, who had returned to the United States when his wife had a child. Tommy Stinson and Richard Fortus, whom Ferrer had both recorded with in the past, reached out to Ferrer to fill the drum position. Ferrer played his first show with the band on June 24, 2006, in Dessel, Belgium at Graspop Metal Meeting. Initially expected to be just a touring drummer filling in for 2 weeks, Ferrer became the official drummer in October 2006. He contributes drums to the tracks "Chinese Democracy", "Better", "If the World", "There Was a Time" and "I.R.S." on the album "Chinese Democracy".


title: Frank Ferrer

text: Ferrer toured with the group through the end of the Chinese Democracy Tour, as well as the Up Close and Personal Tour & Appetite for Democracy Tour. He appears in the live video release "Appetite for Democracy 3D".


title: Frank Ferrer

text: He took part in the reunion Not in This Lifetime... Tour, featuring classic-era members Slash and Duff McKagan, which circled the world from 2016-2019. He has continued to tour with them since.


title: Frank Ferrer

text: In 2019, Ferrer formed the hard rock band PSSR with singer/guitarist Eric J, bassist Brett Bass, and lead guitarist Rob Bailey, and released their first single "Busted". Two more singles were released in 2020, "Last Time" and "Push", and another in 2021 entitled "She's All Right".


title: Frank Ferrer

text: Ferrer was born March 25, 1966, to Cuban parents and raised in New York. His father was a carpenter and Latin percussionist. At age 11, Ferrer saw KISS in concert at Madison Square Garden and fell in love with rock music.


title: Frank Ferrer

text: His drum setup according to his official website consists of a 26x14" kick drum, a 12x12" rack tom and 14x14 and 16x16" floor toms, sometimes using 16x16 and 18x16 floor toms.


title: Frank Ferrer

text: His Sabian cymbal setup varies from time to time along with drumheads. His choice of sticks are Vater Power 5Bs.


title: Frank Ferrer

text: Ferrer uses a Latin percussion rock ridge rider cowbell and various handheld tambourines. He previously used Pork Pie Percussion drums and Zildjian cymbals until 2014.


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: Peer Gynt, Op. 23, is the incidental music to Henrik Ibsen's 1867 play of the same name, written by the Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg in 1875. It premiered along with the play on 24 February 1876 in Christiania (now Oslo).


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: Grieg later created two suites from his "Peer Gynt" music. Some of the music from these suites has received coverage in popular culture; see Grieg's music in popular culture.


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) was one of the definitive leaders of Scandinavian music and his influence was great. Although composing many short piano pieces and chamber works, the work Grieg did for Henrik Ibsen stood out. Originally composing 90 minutes of orchestral music for the play, he later went back and extracted certain sections for the suites. Peer Gynt's travels around the world and distant lands are represented by the instruments Grieg chooses to use.


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: When Ibsen asked Grieg to write music for the play in 1874, he reluctantly agreed. However, it was much more difficult for Grieg than he imagined, as he wrote to a friend:


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: Even though the premiere was a "triumphant success", it prompted Grieg to complain bitterly that the Swedish management of the theatre had given him specifications as to the duration of each number and its order:


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: For many years, the suites were the only parts of the music that were available, as the original score was not published until 1908, one year after Grieg's death, by Johan Halvorsen.


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: Various recordings have been made of this music. Some recordings that claim to contain the complete incidental music have 33 selections; the recording conducted by Ole Kristian Ruud is split into 49 items. Both recordings include several verses from the drama, read by actors.


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: The original score contains 26 movements: Movements indicated in bold were extracted by Grieg into two suites.


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: The complete score of the incidental music includes several songs and choral pieces. The complete score was believed to be lost until the 1980s and has been performed in its entirety only since then. (See the article on Ibsen's play for a list of notable productions, including concert performances of the incidental music.)


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: It was originally orchestrated for: one piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets in A, two bassoons, four horns in E, two trumpets in E, three trombones, a tuba, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, triangle, harp, and strings.


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: Over a decade after composing the full incidental music for Peer Gynt, Grieg extracted eight movements to make two four-movement suites. The "Peer Gynt" suites are among his best-known works, however they initially began as incidental compositions. Suite No. 1, Op. 46 was published in 1888, and Suite No. 2, Op. 55 was published in 1893. A typical rendition of both suites lasts 20 to 35 minutes.


title: Peer Gynt (Grieg)

text: Originally, the second suite had a fifth number, "The Dance of the Mountain King's Daughter", but Grieg withdrew it.


title: Willy Moon

text: William George Sinclair (born 2 June 1989), better known by his stage name Willy Moon, is a New Zealand musician, singer, songwriter and producer. He is known for his 2012 single "Yeah Yeah" which appeared on the 2012 Apple iPod advert and peaked at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart. In March 2015, Moon and his wife, Natalia Kills, were fired as judges from The X Factor New Zealand for their harsh comments towards one of the contestants.


title: Willy Moon

text: Moon was born in Wellington, New Zealand. He left school when he was 16 and left New Zealand when he was 18.He spent time in Berlin before moving to London, United Kingdom.Since 2014, Moon has been living in New York City.


title: Willy Moon

text: In 2010, Moon released his first song "I Wanna Be Your Man" on Myspace, where he was first noticed and subsequently acquired a record deal with Island Records. He released his first two singles through Luv Luv Luv Records.


title: Willy Moon

text: He received buzz for his off the wall approach to production, being named as a "One to Watch" by "The Guardian" and one of the "Faces of 2012" by "Q" magazine. He has also been featured in "GQ"s "Most Stylish Men", one of Elle's "Bright Young Things" and profiled by "Vogue".


title: Willy Moon

text: His music is described as "a brilliantly odd fusion of 50s rock'n'roll and modern production" using "hip-hop production techniques". Moon's single "Yeah Yeah" was playlisted on BBC Radio 1 in early 2012. He and his band also performed live in session for Huw Stephens for BBC Radio 1 at Maida Vale Studios in May 2012. He also performed on the television show Later... with Jools Holland for the BBC in October 2012.


title: Willy Moon

text: In July 2012, Moon released the singles "Railroad Track" and "Bang Bang" through Jack White's label Third Man Records. Moon's song "Yeah Yeah" was used in Apple Inc's 2012 iPod lineup TV advertisement, including the 5th-generation Touch, 7th-generation Nano, and 4th-generation Shuffle.


title: Willy Moon

text: "Yeah Yeah" was also featured on the Sosh Orange 2012 advertisement that ran in France and as part of the Forza Horizon video game soundtrack. At part of his 2012/2013 US tour, Moon performed on the television show "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" for NBC. In April 2013, Moon released his debut album, "Here's Willy Moon". The album featured "Yeah Yeah", "Railroad Track" and "I Wanna Be Your Man". In August 2013, Rockstar Games included "Railroad Track" in the "Grand Theft Auto V" soundtrack list. Ubisoft also launched an "" trailer featuring "Railroad Track".


title: Willy Moon

text: His tracks continue to be utilised in advertising, "Working for the Company" was used in the "Mr. Selfridge" advert in early 2014, "Yeah Yeah" features in a global Nissan Altima commercial and his cover of "Shakin" was the backing track to the Q1 Sky Atlantic UK television commercial.


title: Willy Moon

text: In early 2016, Moon started a band, Cruel Youth, with his wife Kills. The band's first song, "Mr. Watson", was released on Soundcloud in February, followed by "Diamond Days" in April, which was also released on iTunes. Their third single, "Hatefuck", was released in early September, along with the release of their debut EP, "+30mg", on 16 September 2016.


title: Willy Moon

text: In 2015, Moon was a judge and mentor on "The X Factor New Zealand" alongside his wife, Natalia Kills. Both Moon and Kills were fired following the first live screening for bullying and humiliating Joe Irvine, a contestant. Moon compared Irvine to Norman Bates, and Kills accused him of copying Moon's look. The comments led to widespread condemnation on social media, including a petition to have both Kills and Moon fired from the show, which reportedly received over 70,000 votes within 24 hours. The show's sponsors, franchise owner and fellow judges also voiced public disapproval of the incident.


title: Liesel Pritzker Simmons

text: Liesel Pritzker Simmons (born Liesel Anne Pritzker), stage name Liesel Matthews, is an American philanthropist and former child actress. She starred as Sara Crewe in "A Little Princess", a 1995 film adaptation of the Frances Hodgson Burnett classic, and as Alice Marshall in "Air Force One". She is a member of the wealthy Pritzker family. She is now known as a leader in impact investing and founded the Blue Haven Initiative in 2012 to that end.


title: Liesel Pritzker Simmons

text: Liesel Anne Pritzker was born in Chicago, Illinois, into the wealthy Pritzker family, the daughter of Irene (née Dryburgh) and Robert Pritzker. Her father founded The Marmon Group with his brother Jay Pritzker. She is of Jewish origin on her father's side and her mother is Australian. Her mother met her father while working at a Pritzker-owned Hyatt hotel in Australia; they married in 1980 and divorced in 1989. She has one brother, Matthew Pritzker, and three half-siblings from her father's first marriage to Audrey Gilbert Pritzker: Jennifer N. Pritzker; Linda Pritzker; and Karen Pritzker Vlock. She was named after the "Sound of Music" character Liesl von Trapp, the eldest daughter of the seven von Trapp children. She is one of twelve surviving grandchildren of patriarch A.N. Pritzker, a financier and industrialist who died in 1986. Her uncle, Jay Pritzker, is the founder of the Hyatt Hotel chain, and owned Braniff Airlines from 1983–1988. Her cousin is J. B. Pritzker, the 43rd Governor of Illinois. The family controls the TransUnion Credit Bureau and the Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines. The Pritzker family has been near the top of "Forbes" magazine's "America's Richest Families" list since the list began in 1982. Pritzker graduated from New Trier High School outside of Chicago and enrolled at Columbia University, from which she graduated in 2006.


title: Liesel Pritzker Simmons

text: Liesel Pritzker uses the name "Liesel Matthews" as an actress on stage and screen, first to honor her brother Matthew, and second to avoid conflict between her divorced parents about whether she should incorporate her stepfather's name and be known as Liesel Pritzker-Bagley.


title: Liesel Pritzker Simmons

text: Pritzker made her professional stage debut as Scout in a production of "To Kill A Mockingbird" in Chicago. She won a Theatre World Award for her performance in "Vincent in Brixton". She starred in two major films, Alfonso Cuaron's "A Little Princess" and Wolfgang Petersen's 1997 action thriller "Air Force One".


title: Liesel Pritzker Simmons

text: In 2002, Pritzker played the character Jenn in Neil Labute's play "The Distance from Here" at the Almeida Theatre at King's Cross in London, England with Enrico Colantoni, Ana Reeder, Amy Ryan, Jason Ritter, and Mark Webber in the cast. David Leveaux was director.


title: Liesel Pritzker Simmons

text: In 2002, Pritzker, then a first-year student at Columbia University, filed a $6 billion lawsuit against her father and eleven older cousins, claiming they had misappropriated money from trusts established for her and her brother Matthew Pritzker. In early 2005, the parties settled the lawsuit, which followed another suit that had begun the process of splitting the family fortune eleven ways. That result placed eleven Pritzkers into the Forbes 400, the most from any single family. Under the settlement, Liesel and Matthew each received roughly U.S. $280 million in cash and were given more control over other trusts valued at about U.S. $170 million each.


title: Liesel Pritzker Simmons

text: Liesel Pritzker is the founder of Young Ambassadors for Opportunity (YAO), a network of young professionals who aim to inspire, educate, and involve others in microfinance and the work of Opportunity International. In June 2009, she donated $4 million to Opportunity International to help expand microfinance services in Africa. She is the co-founder of the IDP Foundation, Inc., and Blue Haven Initiative.


title: Sandra Good

text: Sandra Collins Good (born February 20, 1944) is a long-time member of the Manson Family and a close friend of Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme. Good's Manson Family nickname is "Blue", which was given to her by Charles Manson to represent clean air and water.


title: Sandra Good

text: She was born in San Diego, California, the daughter of an aeronautical engineer. Her parents divorced when she was four years old. Good attended Point Loma High School and was a member of the Student Opinion Club. Good attended California State University Sacramento, the University of Oregon and San Francisco State College off and on for seven years, but never received a degree.


title: Sandra Good

text: Good joined the Manson Family in April 1968 and a few months later went off with them when they moved to a new home at Spahn Ranch in the mountains west of Chatsworth. She was in jail with Mary Brunner for attempting to use stolen credit cards when the Tate/La Bianca murders took place, but was back at the ranch in time to get arrested during the August 16th raid. (Good wrote extensively about meeting Charles Manson, her life in “the Family,” and the Tate/LaBianca murders in Lynette Fromme's 2018 memoir "Reflexion".)


title: Sandra Good

text: She has a son named Ivan S. Pugh (born September 16, 1969). Various men have been named as the father, most notably Joel Pugh (1940–1969), who was found dead in a London hotel room under suspicious circumstances.


title: Sandra Good

text: In a telephone interview with WWL (AM) in New Orleans soon after Lynette Fromme's attempted assassination of Gerald Ford, Good threatened that "a wave of assassins" from a group that she identified as the International Peoples Court of Retribution (see ATWA) would kill or disfigure certain business executives, whom she named, as well as members of their families. Good accused the executives of polluting the environment. On September 10, 1975, in a subsequent interview with Barbara Frum of the CBC radio program "As It Happens", Good made similar threats against persons to avenge the killing of trees. She also did a telephone interview with Hamilton, Ontario broadcaster Bob Bratina on CHML Radio.


title: Sandra Good

text: On December 22, 1975, Good and another Manson devotee, Susan Murphy, were indicted for "conspiracy to send threatening letters through the mail" by a Federal Grand Jury in Sacramento in connection with death threats against more than 170 corporate executives who Good believed were polluting the earth (see ATWA). Found guilty on March 16, 1976, Good was sentenced on April 13 to a 15-year prison term.


title: Sandra Good

text: Good was paroled in early December 1985, and released from the Federal Correctional Center for Women in Alderson, West Virginia, after having served nearly 10 years of her 15-year sentence; unlike many Manson Family members, at that time Good still professed total allegiance to Manson. A condition of her parole was that she could not reside in California. She lived instead in Vermont, where she lived quietly under the name Sandra Collins (or at times, "Blue Collins") until 1989, when her environmental activism made the news and her identity was made public.


title: Sandra Good

text: Following her parole, Good moved to Hanford, California, near Corcoran State Prison, to be closer to Manson, although as a convicted felon she was not permitted to visit him. On January 26, 1996, she and George Stimson began a now-defunct, pro-Manson website named "Access Manson", about which prosecutor Stephen Kay said, "[it] gives her [Good] an outlet where she can do things for [Manson]." Good also used the website to support Manson's environmental movement, ATWA (Air Trees Water Animals).


title: Sandra Good

text: In a 2019 interview, Good said, "They [Manson and his "family"] really saved my health, my brain, my emotional health, my mental health, my physical health. I'm thankful to them all," and credited Manson with teaching her about the "deep connection to the natural world."


title: Jaishankar

text: Jaishankar (12 July 1938 – 3 June 2000) was an Indian actor known for his work in Tamil cinema. He was a very popular lead actor in the 1960s and 70s. He was credited onscreen with title of "Makkal Kalaingnar" (people's artiste) or "Makkal Thamizhan" (people's Tamil) in most films starring him. He was also referred to as "Thennakathu James Bond" (South Indian James Bond) because of his roles in films such as "Vallavan Oruvan" and "CID Shankar".


title: Jaishankar

text: Jaishankar, whose real name was Shankar hailed from Kumbakonam, but was born in Thirunelveli to parents Subramaniyan Iyer who was the Judge of Thirunelveli court and Yogambal on 12 July 1938. Jaishankar did his schooling in P.S. Higher Secondary School, Mylapore, and completed his graduation from The New College, Chennai, where he was awarded an honours degree. He studied law but gave it up after a year because of his interests in the theater and other art forms.


title: Jaishankar

text: He joined Cho Ramaswamy's "Cho's Viveka Fine Arts", which consisted mostly of Mylaporeans where he did insignificantly small roles. He wasn't happy as he was interested in exploring his acting skills. As a result, he moved out of the troupe and eventually joined Koothabiran's "Kalki Fine Arts" where he made a mark by playing one of the lead roles in Kalki's 'Amara Thaara'.


title: Jaishankar

text: In an era dominated by Sivaji Ganesan, M. G. Ramachandran and Gemini Ganesan, he created his own niche with portrayals of Westernised characters. He was popularly known as "South Indian James Bond" because of his roles as the investigative detective in "Vallavan Oruvan" and "CID Shankar", and "Friday star" because he invariably had a release every week, He was also adept at comedy and contemporary portrayals as seen in "Pattanathil Bhootham", "Noottrukku Nooru" and "Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum".Among his more memorable roles was the teacher's role in the K Balachander film, "Noothukku Nooru". His first film was "Iravum Pagalum", which had also been the title of his debut film song. With the emergence of Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan, he began to play villain and father roles in many films, among them "Murattu Kaalai", "Apoorva Sagodharargal" and "Thalapathi".


title: Jaishankar

text: Jaishankar made his film debut in 1965, in the film "Iravum Pagalum" directed by Joseph Thaliath Jr. The film was released on 14 January 1965 Thai Pongal day. Despite facing competition from "Enga Veettu Pillai" and "Pazhani", released on the same day, the film become a commercial success." Generally starring romance, comedy and action films (especially played in investigative detective). In followed year he acted "Enga Veetu Penn" (1965), and "Panchavarna Kili", where he played in a dual role, and both the films become a commercial success. Jaishankar starred in "Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum" (1965), where he played estranged husband. Adaptation of Disney's "The Parent Trap" directed by Krishnan–Panju produced by AVM Productions. It was commercial success and won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil, and in "Nee", he played college student and also he paired with Jayalalithaa for first time and film become a commercial success. In 1966 he acted Psychological thriller film "Yaar Nee?", the film produced by P. S. Veerappa, it was remake of Hindi film "Woh Kaun Thi?" (1964). The film becomes successful at the box-office. He continued to achieve success at the box-office with films like "Naam Moovar", "Kadhal Paduthum Paadu", and "Gowri Kalyanam" (they released in 1966). Jaishankar worked under Modern Theatres films including "Iru Vallavargal" (1966), the film remake of Hindi film "Do Ustad". "Vallavan Oruvan" (1966), where he played Investigative officer CID Shankar on the death of his colleagues and the film loosely based on 1964 French-Italian film "Shadow of Evil". It becomes a major success at the box-office. "Kadhalithal Podhuma" (1967), the film was hit at the box-office. In 1967 he acted romantic-comic fantasy film "Pattanathil Bhootham" starred with K. R. Vijaya, the film heavily inspired by the 1964 American film "The Brass Bottle" and the film directed by M. V. Raman, and the film released on Tamil Puthandu. Despite facing competition from "Magaraasi", released on same day, it become a major successful at the box-office. "Naangu Killadigal", he played escaped prisoner with his inmates, according to Indian Express the film did not well at the box-office. "Neelagiri Express" (1968), where he played CID investigative officer and the assigned the task of nabbing the criminals behind the murder. The film was remake of Malayalam film "Cochin Express"and the film becomes blockbuster hit at the box-office.


title: Jaishankar

text: In 1969, he acted comedy film "Bommalattam", romantic film "Muthu Chippi", and family-drama film "Uyira Maanama" and "Jeevanamsam", he starred with C. R. Vijayakumari and actress Lakshmi debut on the film, she played shankar's sister role, all films becomes major hit at the box-office. In 1969 he acted in a comedy film "Poova Thalaiya", where he played the role of a successful son-in-law, Who will compete with an arrogant aunt. The film was a box-office success, running for 100 days in many centres of Tamil Nadu and also all over India. In same year he gives another major success films such as "Akka Thangai", he played suspected brother and the film directed by M. A. Thirumugam. It becomes huge hit at the box-office and won the Tamil Nadu Film Award for Best Film (Second Prize). And "Mannippu", where he played artist and falsely charged his finance missing case, it becomes a successful at the box-office and the film was remake of Malayalam film "Padunna Puzha".


title: Jaishankar

text: In "Maanavan" (1970), where he played a young man who becomes a district administrator from the poverty level. Maanavan proves commercial success. In 1970's he acted family drama film "Penn Deivam", and a comedy film "Veettuku Veedu", the film based on the play "Thikku Theriyadha Veettil" and later 2001 "Viswanathan Ramamoorthy" based on this film. And he starred in "Ethirkalam" with Gemini Ganesan and he acted Western-adventure film "Kalam Vellum" (1970), all the films becomes successfully hit at the box-office."CID Shankar" (1970), where he played to investigate a case of mysterious murder and finds clues leading to group of terrorists, it was an adaptation of 1965 French-Italian film "OSS 117 Mission for a Killer". "Nootrukku Nooru" (1971), where he played a college professor, who is accused by three college girls of sexual harassment, the film directed by K. Balachander under his production Kalakendra. The one of the film milestone at Shankar's career and he won the Film Fans Association Best Actor Award in 1971. "Karundhel Kannayiram" (1972), where he played when he is falsely accused of a crime and force to prove his innocence. In followed year he acted western-cowboy film "Ganga", it becomes a commercial success and his acted comedy-suspense film "Nawab Naarkali", in which he played financial stress law college student. The film adaptation of Komal Swaminathan's stage play of the same name and it becomes successful hit at the box-office. "Thedi Vandha Lakshmi" (1973), Jakkamma (1973),both was hit at the box-office. He acted in 1973 comedy-melodrama film "Ponvandu", where he played wealthy young man, who spends as an expense, who become challenge to his father, will be able not earn money without his father kindness. Jaishankar partially romance with Manorama in this film. And his 100th film was "Idhayam Parakindrathu" In 1974 he acted thriller film "Vairam", the film recorded at the super hit and followed he gives box-office success films "Kaliyuga Kannan" and "Athaiya Mamiya". His 1977 film "Avar Enakke Sondham" is credited with ushering disco music era in Tamil cinema with the smash-hit single "Surangani" composed by newcomer Ilayaraja.


title: Jaishankar

text: Between 1980 and 1999 Jaishankar emerged with latest actors like Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan, Vijayakanth, Sathyaraj, Thiagarajan, Mohan, Prabhu, Arjun and played lead villain and in character role. In film "Murattu Kalai" (1980), he reprise Villain role and co-starred with Rajinikanth. In film "Vidhi" (1984), he played rich criminal Lawyer and father of playboy Son, the film becomes Commercial Success. In 1984, he acted thriller film "24 Mani Neram", where he played investigating officer, the film directed by Manivannan and the same year he worked under Balu Mahendra's film "Neengal Kettavai". In 1985 he played actress Nadhiya father role in "Poove Poochooda Vaa" directed by Fazil. In followed he acted horror-thriller films as "Yaar?" and "Pillai Nila" (both released in 1985) and he played crime thriller film "Saavi", which he played CID Inspector and solve the murder case. The film based on American film "Dial M for Murder". The film commercial hit at the box-office. In a film "Oomai Vizhigal" (1986), where he played who runs unprofitable Magazine Dhinamurasu, he was an editor of the magazine, the film made by Film college student and run over 100+ days in theatre. In following 1989, he acted science fiction-horror film "Naalai Manithan", which he played mad scientist invents as drug which gives back life to dead if injected within two hours of dead, it becomes profitable venture.


title: Jaishankar

text: Jaishankar emerged with Rajinikanth in fifteen films – "Gaayathri", "Murattu Kaalai", "Garjanai", "Thanikattu Raja", "Paayum Puli", "Thudikkum Karangal", "Thai Veedu", "Adutha Varisu", "Thanga Magan", "Anbulla Rajinikanth", "Padikkadavan", "Maaveeran", "Mappillai", "Thalapathi", "Arunachalam".


title: Jaishankar

text: Jaishankar emergence with Kamal Haasan in nine films – "Cinema Paithiyam", "Savaal", "Ellam Inba Mayyam", "Vazhvey Maayam", "Sattam", "Naanum Oru Thozhilali", "Kadhal Parisu", "Apoorva Sagodharargal",Singaravelan.


title: Jaishankar

text: He has worked with many actresses including C. R. Vijayakumari, Jamuna, Rajasulochana, C. Vasantha, Jayalalithaa, K. R. Vijaya, Manorama, Lakshmi, Devika, Bharathi, Vanisri, Rajasri, Venniradai Nirmala, L. Vijayalakshmi, Ushanandini, Jayachitra, Shubha, Vijayanirmala of his time. Dancing Heroine A. Sakunthala, Vijayalalitha, Jayakumari and Latest Heroine Srividya, Sridevi, Sripriya and dancing heroine Silk Smitha. He also co-starred with other actors such as Sivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, R. Muthuraman, Ravichandran, A. V. M. Rajan, Srikanth, Sivakumar, Cho, Nagesh, S. V. Ranga Rao, S. A. Ashokan, R. S. Manohar, S. V. Ramadoss, Major Sundarrajan, P. S. Veerappa, O. A. K. Thevar, K. Balaji, and latest hero Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan, Vijayakanth, Thiagarajan, Sathyaraj, Nizhalgal Ravi, Arjun, Karthik, Mohan and new generation hero Vijay And Ajithkumar


title: Jaishankar

text: Jaishankar died of heart attack on 3 June 2000, at the age of 61 in Chennai. He was an alcoholic. He was survived by his wife, 2 sons and a daughter


title: Jaishankar

text: He is also remembered for his philanthropy as he helped the needy without any publicity. Each year his son, Dr.Vijay Shankar, conducts 15 free eye surgeries on his father's birthday. He planned to create a trust in his father's memory and conduct these camps on a larger scale and later include some more specialities like cardiac surgeries also.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: Sanam Saeed (born 2 February 1985) is a Pakistani actress, singer and former model who predominantly works in Urdu cinema and television. She is best known for portraying the role of Kashaf Murtaza in Momina Duraid's "Zindagi Gulzar Hai" for which she received numerous accolades including Lux Style Awards for Best Television Actress.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: A graduate of film and theatre studies at Lahore, Saeed made her television debut in the 2010 romance "Daam", Saeed had her first commercial success with the 2013 romantic series "Zindagi Gulzar Hai". She rose to prominence by featuring as the female lead in several top-grossing television series, including "Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu" (2013), "Talkhiyaan" (2013), "Zindagi Gulzar Hai" (2013) and "Kadoorat" (2013), "Kahin Chand Na Sharma Jaye" (2013), "Ek Kasak Reh Gayi" (2015), "Firaaq" (2014)—and received critical recognition for playing antagonist type in the 2015 family drama "Diyar-e-Dil", that earned her a nomination for Best Villain at Hum Awards. Saeed was last seen playing the main protagonist in "Deedan" opposite Mohib Mirza.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: After established herself as a leading actress in television, Saeed made her film debut with 2016 romantic comedy "Bachaana" and later appeared in a supporting role in "Dobara Phir Se" in the same year. Both of which earned her nomination for Best Actress and Best supporting Actress respectively at Lux Style Awards. Her other film appearances include biographical drama "Mah-e-Mir", period drama film "Rahm" (both 2016)"," melodrama "Azaad" (2017) and family drama "Cake" (2018) for which she received nomination for Best Actress at Lux Style Awards and Pakistan Achievement Awards. In 2019, Saeed was named "Pride of Pakistan" by "Daily Times."


title: Sanam Saeed

text: Born in England, her father is a retired interior designer while her mother was an art teacher. She has one brother, Adnan Saeed, and one sister, Amira Saeed. The multi-ethnic family (her father is a Punjabi while her mother is a Memon) moved back to Karachi in 1990. She did her O-levels at Bay View High School Karachi and her A-levels at L'Ecole College. Saeed started modelling at the age of 16. In "Paper Magazine", she confessed that the reason she quit modelling was due to her increasingly becoming conscious about her looks for the first time in her life.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: Saeed started her acting career with a supporting role in the 2010 ARY Digital serial, "Daam" as adaption of Umera Ahmad's "novel of the same name" opposite Aamina Sheikh and Sanam Baloch. Directed by Mehreen Jabbar, Saeed played the role of Fiza a "selfish and arrogant girl" who develops feeling for her sister-in-law's brother, which later become a burden for her.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: The following year she played the lead female role in Adnan Ahmed's Hum TV serial "Mera Naseeb", along with Syra Yousuf, Imran Aslam and Imran Abbas Naqvi. Her portrayal of Shazia, an outspoken and rebellious girl, was particularly praised.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: Saeed followed with the role of Yamina, a British Pakistani who is married to a materialistic snob, a wife beater (played by Junaid Khan) in Mehreen Jabbar's "Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu" an adaptation of Farhat Ishtiaq's "novel of the same name". Sultana Siddiqui's romantic drama "Zindagi Gulzar Hai" an adaption of Umera Ahmad's "novel of the same name" was Saeed's next serial. Co-starring Fawad Khan, she was cast as Kashaf Murtaza, a very sensible and matured girl, comes from a middle-class family background marked a departure from the glamorous characters that she had a reputation for portraying. The pairing of Saeed with Khan resulted in hype over the drama aired and it proved a major commercial success. It earned her 3 Awards as Best Actress. In addition, Saeed played Bibi, a Syrian Christian single mother in Bee Gul's "Talkhiyan", based on Arundhati Roy's novel "The God of Small Things". The drama, directed by Khalid Ahmed, set in Murree, received positive feedback from the critics and Saeed's portrayal of Bibi, a Syrian Christian single mother, was particularly praised.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: Saeed next played opposite Junaid Khan in the 2013 mystery drama "Kadoorat" aired on Hum TV from Momina Duraid. Her role was Minah, who take revenge from her step-mother and step-sister and later felt guilty. The same year, she appeared in Geo TV serial "Ek Kasak Reh Gaye" opposite alongside Mikaal Zulfiqar and ARY Digital's "Shukk" opposite Adeel Hussain and Ayesha Khan.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: Saeed next appeared opposite Ahsan Khan and Sarwat Gilani in the romantic telefilm "Dil Mera Dhadkan Teri", her third collaboration with Mehreen Jabbar. The telefilm was the remake of Waheed Murad's "1968 film of the same name". She featured in the role of "rich and spoiled brat". The telefilm received mixed reviews from critics, however Saeed's performance was praised by both critics and viewers. Saeed also starred in two other Eid special telefilms "Kahin Chand Na Sharma Jaye" opposite Goher Mumtaz and "Tamana ki Tamana" opposite Bilal Khan and Mathira. Saeed's only serial of 2014 was opposite Mohib Mirza, Noor Hassan Rizvi and Junaid Khan in the Hum TV serial "Firaaq". She is portraying the role of Paiman who struggles to live at her own wills despite of boundaries by her mother. As for 2015, Saeed had several upcoming projects in various stages of productions. She completed Anjum Shahzad's biographical film "Mah-e-Meer" with Fahad Mustafa and Iman Ali, describing it as the first "glamorous" role of her career. She has also committed to feature alongside Mohib Mirza in Nasir Khan's romantic thriller "Bachaana", where she will portray the role of Aalia, an Indian girl. Saeed was also finalised to play the lead in Duraid's Diyar-e-Dil.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: Her next serial, "Diyar-e-Dil", was not only the biggest success of 2015, but also one of the most successful serials of all time in Pakistan. Directed by Haseeb Hassan, and based on Farhat Ishtiaq's "novel of same name", she was cast alongside Maya Ali, Mikaal Zulfiqar, Osman Khalid Butt and Abid Ali, and portrayed Ruhina Behroze Khan, a young middle-class girl who marries her rich class fellow Behroze Khan (played by Zulfiqar), against his family members and leaves home and gives birth to new rivalry in both families.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: In 2016, she was seen in four Pakistani films. She made her film debut in Nasir Khan's romantic thriller "Bachaana" with Mohib Mirza She next appeared in Anjum Shahzad and Sarmad Sehbai's "Mah-e-Meer", along with Fahad Mustafa and Iman Ali, describing it as the first "glamorous" role of her career. She was also seen in Ahmed Jamal's "Rahm". She then appeared in Mehreen Jabbar's "Dobara Phir Se", alongside Adeel Hussain, Hareem Farooq, Ali Kazmi and Tooba Siddiqui, which earned her an award for Best supporting actress (film) at the 16th Lux Style Awards.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: In 2018, she appeared as the younger sister Zara, in critically acclaimed film "Cake". Reviewing the film for "The Express Tribune", critic Rahul Aijaz appreciates Saeed's extraordinary performance in the film and wrote <nowiki>"</nowiki>Saeed portrays Zara with suppressed emotions, running away from her past. Hers is the journey we try to keep digging into, slowly. The actor's naturally calm exterior and controlled style of speaking aids her project Zara's insecurities.<nowiki>"</nowiki>


title: Sanam Saeed

text: Saeed had briefly appeared in third season of "Coke Studio Pakistan" where she sang background vocals on "Alif Allah (Jugni)" by Arif Lohar and Meesha Shafi, "Aisha" by Amanat Ali and "Chori Chori" by Meesha Shafi as a backing vocalist.


title: Sanam Saeed

text: Sanam has worked for "Made for Stage Productions" in the following stage plays: "Chicago", "Mamma Mia!", "Carnage", "Dhaani" and "Grease".


title: Sanam Saeed

text: She married her childhood friend, Farhan Hassan, who is a banker from Karachi, on 2 January 2015. In 2018, she stated that her husband and she are divorced.


title: Orange roughy

text: The orange roughy ("Hoplostethus atlanticus"), also known as the red roughy, slimehead and deep sea perch, is a relatively large deep-sea fish belonging to the slimehead family (Trachichthyidae). The UK Marine Conservation Society has categorized orange roughy as "vulnerable to exploitation". It is found in , deep (bathypelagic, ) waters of the Western Pacific Ocean, eastern Atlantic Ocean (from Iceland to Morocco; and from Walvis Bay, Namibia, to off Durban, South Africa), Indo-Pacific (off New Zealand and Australia), and in the eastern Pacific off Chile. The orange roughy is notable for its extraordinary lifespan, attaining over 200 years. It is important to commercial deep-trawl fisheries. The fish is a bright, brick-red color, fading to a yellowish-orange after death.


title: Orange roughy

text: Like other slimeheads, orange roughy is slow-growing and late to mature, resulting in a very low resilience, making them extremely susceptible to overfishing. Many stocks (especially those off New Zealand and Australia, which were first exploited in the late 1970s), became severely depleted within 3–20 years, but several have subsequently recovered to levels that fisheries management believe are sustainable, although substantially below unfished populations.


title: Orange roughy

text: The orange roughy is not a vertically slender fish. Its rounded head is riddled with muciferous canals (part of the lateral line system), as is typical of slimeheads. The single dorsal fin contains four to six spines and 15 to 19 soft rays; the anal fin contains three spines and 10 to 12 soft rays. The 19 to 25 ventral scutes (modified scales) form a hard, bony median ridge between the pelvic fins and anus. The pectoral fins contain 15 to 18 soft rays each; the pelvic fins are thoracic and contain one spine and six soft rays; the caudal fin is forked. The interior of the mouth and gill cavity is a bluish black; the mouth itself is large and strongly oblique. The scales are ctenoid and adherent. The lateral line is uninterrupted, with 28 to 32 scales whose spinules or 'ctenii' largely obscure the lateral line's pores. The eyes are large.


title: Orange roughy

text: The orange roughy is the largest known slimehead species at a maximum standard length (a measurement that excludes the tail fin) of and a maximum weight of . The average commercial catch size is commonly between in length, again, varying by area.


title: Orange roughy

text: Orange roughy are generally sluggish and demersal; they form aggregations with a natural population density of up to 2.5 fish per m, now reduced to about 1.0 per m. These aggregations form in and around geologic structures, such as undersea canyons and seamounts, where water movement and mixing is high, ensuring dense prey concentrations. The aggregations are not necessarily for spawning or feeding; the fish are thought to cycle through metabolic phases (active or feeding and inactive or resting) and seek areas with ideal hydrologic conditions to congregate during each phase. They lose almost all pigmentation while inactive, when they are very approachable. Predators include large, deep-roving sharks, cutthroat eels, merluccid hakes, and snake mackerels.


title: Orange roughy

text: When active, juveniles feed primarily on zooplankton such as mysid shrimp, euphausiids (krill), mesopelagic and benthopelagic fish, amphipods, and other crustaceans; mature adults consume smaller fish, predominantly of the Butterflyfish and Lanternfish families, and squid, which make up to 20% of their diet. The diet of the orange roughy is depth-related, with adult diets inversely related to that of juveniles. For example, juvenile consumption of crustaceans is lowest at but increases with depth, while crustaceans in the adult diet peak at and decrease with depth. The consumption of fish is the opposite: juvenile consumption decreases with depth while adult consumption increases. This inverse feeding pattern may be an example of resource-partitioning to avoid intraspecific competition for the available food at depths where prey is less abundant. The orange roughy's metabolic phases are thought to be related to seasonal variations in prey concentrations. The inactive phase conserves energy during lean periods. Orange roughy can live for over 200 years.


title: Orange roughy

text: Orange roughy are oceanodromous (wholly marine), pelagic spawners: that is, they migrate several hundred kilometers between localized spawning and feeding areas each year and form large spawning aggregations (possibly segregated according to gender) wherein the fish release large, spherical eggs in diameter, made buoyant by an orange-red oil globule) and sperm "en masse" directly into the water. The fertilized eggs, (and later larvae) are planktonic, rising to around to develop, with the young fish eventually descending to deeper waters as they mature. Orange roughy are also synchronous, shedding sperm and eggs at the same time. The time between fertilization and hatching is thought to be 10 to 20 days; fecundity is low, with each female producing only 22,000 eggs per kg of body weight, less than 10% of the average for other species of fish. Females rarely produce more than 90,000 eggs in one lifetime. Spawning may last up to three weeks and starts around June or July. Orange roughy are very slow-growing and do not begin to breed until they are at least 20 years old, when they are around in length.


title: Orange roughy

text: The maturation age used in stock assessments ranges from 23–40 years, which limits population growth/recovery, because each new generation takes so long to start spawning.


title: Orange roughy

text: When commercial fishing of orange roughy began in the 1970s, they were thought to live for only 30 years. Since the 1990s, however, there is clear evidence that this species lives to an exceptional age. Early estimates of 149 years were determined via radiometric dating of trace isotopes found in an orange roughy's otolith (ear bone); counting by the growth rings of orange roughy otoliths gave estimated ages of 125 to 156 years. One specimen caught 1500 km east of Wellington in 2015 was estimated to be over 230 years old. Orange roughy caught near Tasmania have been aged at 250 years. The orange roughy is the longest-lived commercial fish species, and does not breed every year, which has important implications for its conservation status.


title: Orange roughy

text: The flesh is firm with a mild flavour; it is sold skinned and filleted, fresh or frozen. This species was first given the common name "Orange Roughy" by scientists in New Zealand in 1975 following the discovery of large aggregations during a deep-water research cruise. A large scale fishery for orange roughy subsequently developed around New Zealand, and imports into the United States increased where it was renamed from the less gastronomically appealing "slimehead" through a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service program during the late 1970s that identified underused species that should be renamed to make them more marketable.


title: Orange roughy

text: Historically, the United States has been the largest consumer of orange roughy, however, in recent years, the market for orange roughy in China has increased significantly. In 2014, the U.S. imported around 1,455 tonnes (4.4 million lb) (mainly fillets) from New Zealand, China, Peru and Indonesia. In 2015, China imported at least 4,000 tonnes (8.8 million lb) (mainly whole fish).


title: Orange roughy

text: A number of major food retailers have established seafood sustainability policies to reassure customers that they are stocking sustainable seafood. These policies often involve partnering with non-governmental organizations to define criteria for seafood that may be stocked. In addition, a number of ecolabels exist to help retailers and consumers identify seafood that has been independently assessed against a robust, scientific standard. One of the best known such programmes is that of the Marine Stewardship Council.


title: Orange roughy

text: In 2010, Greenpeace International added orange roughy (deep sea perch) to its seafood red list, which contains fish generally sourced from unsustainable fisheries.


title: Orange roughy

text: A 2003 joint report by the TRAFFIC Oceania and World Wildlife Foundation Endangered Seas Program argues, "probably no such thing [exists] as an economically viable deep-water fishery that is also sustainable." However, others have argued that deepwater fisheries can be managed sustainably provided that it is recognized that sustainable yields are low and catches are set accordingly.


title: Orange roughy

text: Because of its longevity, the orange roughy accumulates large amounts of mercury in its tissues, having a range of 0.30–0.86 ppm compared with an average mercury level of 0.086 ppm for other edible fish. Based on average consumption and the recommendations of a National Marine Fisheries Service study, in 1976 the FDA set the maximum safe mercury level for fish at 1 ppm. Regular consumption of orange roughy can have adverse effects on health. Compared to most edible fish, orange roughy is a very poor source of omega-3 fatty acids, averaging less than 3.5 g/kg.


title: Orange roughy

text: Orange roughy fisheries exist in New Zealand, Australia and Namibia. Annual global catches began in 1979 and increased significantly to a high of over 90,000 tonnes in the late 1980s. These high catch levels quickly decreased as stocks were fished down. For many stocks, the lack of understanding of the biological characteristics meant that they were overfished. By the end of the 1990s, three of the eight New Zealand orange roughy fisheries had collapsed and were closed. Because its longevity, late maturation and relatively low fecundity, orange roughy stocks tend to recover slower than most other species.


title: Orange roughy

text: A number of orange roughy stocks live outside the jurisdiction of any particular nation, making it more challenging to limit overall catches. The South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO) and the South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement have orange roughy stocks that are managed within their jurisdictions. These organizations have made progress toward collecting better information on total orange roughy catches and also with setting catch limits for fisheries on the high seas. For example, SPRFMO limited orange roughy catches and effort from 2007.


title: Orange roughy

text: Orange roughy is fished almost exclusively by bottom trawling. This fishing method has been heavily criticized by environmentalists for its destructive nature. This, combined with heavy commercial demand, has focused criticism from both environmentalists and media.


title: Orange roughy

text: New Zealand currently operates the largest orange roughy fisheries in the world, with a total catch of over 8,500 tonnes in the 2014 calendar year. This accounts for 95% of the total estimated catch of orange roughy. Exports of orange roughy provided an estimated revenue to New Zealand of NZ$53 million (US$37M) in 2015.


title: Orange roughy

text: Fisheries in New Zealand are managed through the Quota Management System (QMS), under which individuals or companies own quota shares for a stock of a particular species or species group. For each stock, a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) is set that maintains the stock at or above a level that can produce the maximum sustainable yield or that will move the stock toward that level. Orange roughy has been managed within the QMS since 1986.


title: Orange roughy

text: The Ministry for Primary Industries is responsible for the implementation of the QMS and its enabling legislation, the Fisheries Act 1996.


title: Orange roughy

text: Fishery farming of orange roughy was initiated in the mid-1970s, but full exploitation did not begin until 1979. There was no regulation of these early catches, and records indicate that they were very high. For many fisheries, management settings allow for a "fishing down" period during which the biomass is reduced to a level that will provide the maximum sustainable yield. For example, a fishery with a hypothetical unfished biomass of 100,000 tonnes will be allowed to be fished down to a biomass of 40,000 tonnes (assuming that this is the biomass that provides for the maximum sustainable yield) over a number of years. The rate of this "fish-down" can vary depending on the objectives of the fishery, but catches would then be more strictly controlled to maintain the biomass at around 40,000 tonnes.


title: Orange roughy

text: For the New Zealand orange roughy fisheries, productivity parameters and resulting estimates of unfished biomass were incorrectly estimated in the first decade of the fishery. Catch limits exceeded recommended estimates of sustainable yields for a subsequent decade and catches were estimated to have exceeded those catch limits because of burst nets, escape windows in nets and lost gear. Catch limits were reduced in the mid-1990s, although they were increased again following indications that stocks had begun to rebuild. This was later found not to be the case and a number of fisheries were closed completely or had catch limits reduced to one tonne to allow the stocks to rebuild.


title: Orange roughy

text: In one New Zealand fishery, the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) was reduced in 2008 from 1,470 tonnes to 914 tonnes, but this reduction was challenged in court. In February 2008, the High Court overturned the new quota, ruling that the Minister of Fisheries did not have the legal power to set quotas for ORH1. This was because of a strict interpretation of the Fisheries Act that required an accurate estimation of the biomass that could support the maximum sustainable yield. As a result of this decision, the Fisheries Act 1996 was amended to allow TACs to be set based on the best available information in the absence of an estimate of the biomass that could support the maximum sustainable yield.


title: Orange roughy

text: The New Zealand fishing industry contracted a pre-assessment of selected orange roughy fisheries against the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) Fisheries Standard in 2009. Following the pre-assessment, the industry representative body (Deepwater Group Ltd) put four orange roughy fisheries into Fishery Improvement Plans (FIPs) to deliver improvements in the fisheries that would enable them to meet the certification requirements of the MSC. These FIPs are public and have been monitored by the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership.


title: Orange roughy

text: In 2014, Bayesian model-based stock assessments were completed for four of New Zealand's main orange roughy stocks, one of which had been closed to fishing since 2000. The stock assessments used data collected by research surveys carried out by research organizations and the fishing industry. A key factor was the use of new acoustic technology, developed by the fishing industry, in recent surveys. The multi-frequency acoustic optical system (AOS) enables scientists to differentiate the types of fish acoustically ‘seen’ during the survey and works on slopes that previously made effective surveying impossible in some areas. The AOS also has the potential to allow scientists to see in real-time video, what is being measured by the survey. Other research-derived data were also critical to the success of the stock assessments, notably age-frequencies from improved ageing methods.


title: Orange roughy

text: The 2014 stock assessments, which were subject to a robust peer review process, indicated that three of the stocks had recovered enough to sustain increased catches. The TACs for these stocks were subsequently increased. The fourth stock was estimated to be at a low stock status and the TAC was reduced by over 40% to allow the stock to rebuild.


title: Orange roughy

text: In addition, an industry sponsored Management Strategy Evaluation was completed that provided an estimate of the biomass that could support the maximum sustainable yield (≈25–27% of the unfished biomass). Based on this output, the fishing industry agreed to aim to maintain the orange roughy stocks within a management target range of 30–50% of the unfished biomass. Further to this, a Harvest Control Rule was agreed that would define what catch limits should be given an estimate of stock status. Catch limits for those fisheries are currently consistent with the outputs of the agreed Harvest Control Rule.


title: Orange roughy

text: In May 2014, three orange roughy fisheries entered full assessment against the Marine Stewardship Council Fisheries Standard.


title: Orange roughy

text: The Australian orange roughy fishery was not discovered until the 1970s, but by 2008, the biomass of some stocks remained high while others was estimated to be down to 10% of the unfished level after years of commercial fishing. It was the first commercially sought fish to appear on Australia's threatened species list because of overfishing. By late 2017, a number of Australian orange roughy fisheries had been re-opened.


title: Orange roughy

text: In July 2020, a leading US-based MSC consultancy (conformity assessment body or CAB) acting for a group of Australian eastern zone orange roughy quota holders, released a scoring report recommended that the orange roughy eastern zone stock be given Marine Stewardship Council accreditation, scoring the fishery and its management highly (289/300) in each of the three assessment principles. However, environmental groups the Australian Marine Conservation Society and World Wildlife Fund raised late objections. MSC's decision to allow objections from these two eNGOs who did not engage in the more than year long process in contravention of the MSC Standard is seen by many as raising questions about the independence and credibility of the standard itself.


title: Orange roughy

text: The Arbitrator issued her decision in three iterations in early 2021 each following representations from the Appellants, CAB and Fishery Client. During the process the Australian Minister for fisheries wrote to the MSC explaining that although orange roughy was listed under Australia's EPBC Act (1999) that it was also managed under the Fisheries Management Act(1991) and Fisheries Administration Act (1991) and that the commercial take of orange roughy allowed continued recovery and that it is listed in a section of the EPBC Act that allowed this commercial take. However, the Arbitrator found that her view was that the standard could not have intended threatened species to be certified and that the goal for threatened species should be zero catch. Further, that because orange roughy was listed under the EPBC Act that it should be considered as an endangered, threatened and protected (ETP) species as part of MSC Principle 2 and could therefore not also be considered as a target or subject stock under Principle 1.


title: Orange roughy

text: In her second decision (February 2021) the Arbitrator summarised her decision by stating, "This particular stock is, according to the CAB and I have no reason within my limited remit, to disagree with this view, well managed and currently sustainably fished in terms of the prevailing science. I do acknowledge therefore that the remand decision will be all the more unwelcome by the CAB and the fishery client. However, the difficulty, in my view, lies in the narrow terms of the Standard when read against the Australian ETP legislation. It is not open to me to go beyond my interpretation, in light of any views I might have on the otherwise sustainability of the stock and the suitability of the unit of assessment for certification. The remedy to this lies outside of this process in seeking a change either to the Australian legislation or clarity in the Standard.


title: Orange roughy

text: The Fishery Client subsequently withdrew the stock from assessment. Documents from the objection process can be found here https://fisheries.msc.org/en/fisheries/australia-orange-roughy-eastern-zone-trawl/@@assessments.


title: Orange roughy

text: The precedent set by this decision has raised questions about the future of MSC in Australia given that a number of fish species involved in existing MSC certificates are listed under the EPBC Act. The current apparent incompatibility of the MSC Standard and Australian legislation is one reason why the MSC system has been so slow to develop in Australia and that Australian consumers have little recognition of the MSC brand.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: The Ottoman Turkish alphabet (, "") is a version of the Arabic script used to write Ottoman Turkish until 1928, when it was replaced by the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: Though Ottoman Turkish was primarily written in this script, non-Muslim Ottoman subjects sometimes wrote it in other scripts, including the Armenian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew alphabets.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: The various Turkic languages have been written in a number of different alphabets, including Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, Latin and other writing systems.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: The earliest known Turkic alphabet is the Orkhon script. When Turks adopted Islam, they began to use Arabic script for their languages, especially under the Kara-Khanids. Though the Seljuks used Persian as their official language, in the late Seljuk period, Turkish began to be written again in Anatolia in the nascent Ottoman state.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: The Ottoman Turkish alphabet is a form of the Perso-Arabic script. Well suited to writing Arabic borrowings, it was poorly suited to native Turkish words: Arabic has several consonants that do not exist in Turkish, making several Arabic letters superfluous except for Arabic loanwords; conversely, some Turkish sounds are not found in Arabic, such as "g" and "p". Turkish has eight different short vowels and no long ones, whereas Arabic has three short and three long vowels; and in the Arabic script, only long vowels are normally written.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: The introduction of the telegraph and the printing press in the 19th century exposed further weaknesses in the Arabic script.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: Some Turkish reformers promoted the Latin script well before Atatürk's reforms. In 1862, during an earlier period of reform, the statesman Münif Pasha advocated a reform of the alphabet. At the start of the 20th century, similar proposals were made by several writers associated with the Young Turk movement, including Hüseyin Cahit, Abdullah Cevdet and Celâl Nuri. In 1917, Enver Pasha introduced a revised alphabet, the ' representing Turkish sounds more accurately; it was based on Arabic letter forms, but written separately, not joined cursively. It was for a time the official script of the Army.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: The romanization issue was raised again in 1923 during the İzmir Economic Congress of the new Turkish Republic, sparking a public debate that was to continue for several years. A move away from the Arabic script was strongly opposed by conservative and religious elements. It was argued that Romanization of the script would detach Turkey from the wider Islamic world, substituting a foreign (European) concept of national identity for the confessional community.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: Others opposed Romanization on practical grounds, as there was no suitable adaptation of the Latin script that could be used for Turkish phonemes. Some suggested that a better alternative might be to modify the Arabic script to introduce extra characters for better representing Turkish vowels.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: In 1926, the Turkic republics of the Soviet Union adopted the Latin script, giving a major boost to reformers in Turkey.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: Ottoman Turkish script was replaced by the Latin-based new Turkish alphabet. Its use became compulsory in all public communications in 1929. The change was formalized by the "Law on the Adoption and Implementation of the Turkish Alphabet", passed on November 1, 1928, and effective on January 1, 1929.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: As with Arabic, Persian and Urdu, texts in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet are written right to left. The appearance of a letter changes depending on its position in a word:


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: Some letters cannot be joined to the left and so do not possess separate medial and initial forms. In medial position, the final form is used. In initial position, the isolated form is used.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: The orthography of Ottoman Turkish is complex, as many Turkish sounds can be written with several different letters. For example, the phoneme /s/ can be written as , , or . Conversely, some letters have more than one value: "k" may be /k/, /ɡ/, /n/, /j/, or /ː/ (lengthening the preceding vowel; modern ğ), and vowels are written ambiguously or not at all. For example, the text "kwrk" can be read as /ɟevɾec/ 'biscuit', /cyɾc/ 'fur', /cyɾec/ 'shovel', /cøryc/ 'bellows', /ɟørek/ 'view', which in modern orthography are written "gevrek", "kürk", "kürek", "körük", "görek".


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: Arabic and Persian borrowings are written in their original orthography: for example, and if using Arabic vowel points ("harakat"), "sabit" 'firm' is written as "s̱âbit", with "s̱" representing /s/ (in Arabic /θ/), representing the long vowel /aː/ as in Arabic, representing /b/, representing the short vowel /i/, and representing /t/. However, as in Arabic and Persian, "harakat" are generally found only in dictionaries and didactic works, therefore the same word "sabit" will generally be found written thus: (with no indication of the short /i/). As in Persian, the alif hamza ( "’") is rarely used in initial position and is replaced instead by a plain alif (); the ta marbuta (, appearing in final position of Arabic words) is also rarely used. The letters ث ح ذ ض ظ ع are found only in borrowings from Arabic; ژ is only in borrowings from Persian and French.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: Consonant letters are classified in three series, based on vowel harmony: soft, hard, and neutral. The soft consonant letters, ت س ك گ ه, are found in front vowel (e, i, ö, ü) contexts; the hard, ح خ ص ض ط ظ ع غ ق, in back vowel (a, ı, o, u) contexts; and the neutral, ب پ ث ج چ د ذ ر ز ژ ش ف ل م ن, in either. In Perso-Arabic borrowings, the vowel used in Turkish depends on the softness of the consonant. Thus, "klb" 'dog' (Arabic /kalb/) is /kelb/, while "ḳlb" 'heart' (Arabic /qalb/) is /kalb/. Conversely, in Turkish words, the choice of consonant reflects the native vowel.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: In Turkish words, vowels are sometimes written using the vowel letters as the second letter of a syllable: "elif" for /a/; "ye" for /i/, /ɯ/; "vav" for /o/, /œ/, /u/, /y/; "he" for /a/, /e/. The corresponding "harakat" are there: "üstün" (Arabic "fatḥah") for /a/, /e/; "esre" (Arabic "kasrah") for /ɯ/, /i/; "ötre" (Arabic "ḍammah") for /o/, /œ/, /u/, /y/. The names of the "harakat" are also used for the corresponding vowels.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: Other scripts were sometimes used by non-Muslims to write Ottoman Turkish since the Arabic alphabet was identified with Islam.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: The first novel to be written in the Ottoman Empire was "Akabi" (1851), which was written in the Armenian script by Vartan Pasha. Similarly, when the Armenian Duzian family managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid I ( 1839–61), they kept records in Ottoman Turkish but used the Armenian script.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: The Greek alphabet and the Rashi script of Hebrew were used by Greeks, Orthodox Turks and Jews for Ottoman. Greek-speaking Muslims would write Greek using the Ottoman Turkish script. Karamanlides (Orthodox Turks in Central Anatolia around Karaman region ) used Greek letters for Ottoman Turkish.


title: Ottoman Turkish alphabet

text: Ottoman Turkish used Eastern Arabic numerals. The following is the list of basic cardinal numerals with the spelling in the modern Turkish alphabet:


The 2020 United States presidential election in Alaska took place on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States presidential election in which all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated. Alaska voters chose three electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting incumbent Republican President Donald Trump and his running mate, incumbent Vice President Mike Pence, against Democratic challenger and former Vice President Joe Biden and his running mate, United States Senator Kamala Harris of California. The Libertarian, Green, Constitution, and Alliance Party nominees were also on the ballot, as was an Independent candidate. Write-in candidates were required to file a declaration of intent with the Alaska Division of Elections at least five days before the election, and their results were not individually counted.


title: 2020 United States presidential election in Alaska

text: Prior to the election, 13 of 14 news organizations making predictions considered this a state Trump would win, or otherwise a red state. Since it was admitted into the Union in 1959, Alaska has voted for the Republican nominee in every single election except 1964 in Lyndon B. Johnson's nationwide landslide, when he carried it with 65.91% of the vote. However, polling and voting trends indicated a possibly competitive race; on the day of the election, "FiveThirtyEight" had Trump leading by an average of 7.7%, and "270toWin" had him up by 5.6%. 58% of voters are registered as unaffiliated, undeclared, or Independent, the highest proportion of any state. The Senate and House of Representatives races down the ballot were also surprisingly competitive.


text: Despite not necessarily being a swing state, Alaska was also one of the last states to be called; the state did not start counting absentee ballots or early votes that were cast after October 29 until November 10. Mail-in votes only had to be received by November 13 for them to be counted, and counting had to be completed by November 18. As a result, Alaska was called for Trump on November 11. He won the state by 10.06%, the closest margin in the state since 1992, when Republican George H. W. Bush beat Democrat Bill Clinton by a 9.17-point plurality in a three-way race with an unusually strong showing from an independent candidate, Ross Perot. Biden received the highest percentage of the vote for a Democrat in the state since 1964. It was also the second time a Democrat won over 40% of the vote in the state since 1968, the first being Barack Obama in 2012.


text: Biden narrowly won Anchorage, the state's largest city, making him the first Democrat to do so since Johnson, which was in part attributable to Biden's outperformance in comparison to local Democrats and nationwide urban backlash against Trump more so than down-ballot Republicans. Biden also held traditionally Democratic strongholds in the state in the Bush; the Far North, consisting of the North Slope Borough, is the home of the Inupiat while the Southwest is dominated by Native American Yup'ik, Alutiiq, and Aleut communities. In 2019, Native Americans made up an estimated 15.6% of the state's population. The Southeast, which encompasses Juneau and Sitka, was also carried by Biden. However, his victories in traditionally Democratic regions and in closely divided Anchorage were offset largely by Trump's landslide wins in the Kenai Peninsula and the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, where he carried upwards of 70% of the vote in some regions. Trump also dominated the Interior and the city of Fairbanks, enough to award the state's three electoral votes to Trump. Alaska ultimately weighed in as 14.51 percentage points more Republican than the national average in 2020.


text: On September 21, 2019, the Alaska Republican Party became one of several state Republican parties to officially cancel their respective primaries and caucuses. Donald Trump's re-election campaign and GOP officials have cited the fact that Republicans canceled several state primaries when George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush sought a second term in 1992 and 2004, respectively; and Democrats scrapped some of their primaries when Bill Clinton and Barack Obama were seeking reelection in 1996 and 2012, respectively. Per The Green Papers, the party also argued that "When an incumbent Republican President is seeking the Republican nomination for President, a PPP [presidential preference poll] need not be conducted" and that "the incumbent Republican President will be the only "Qualified Presidential Candidate" in this case."


text: Of the 29 total delegates, 3 is allocated to the at-large congressional district, 10 to at-large delegates, and another 3 are allocated to pledged party leaders and elected officials (PLEO delegates). 13 bonus delegates were allocated.


text: The state party still formally conducted the higher meetings in their walking subcaucus-type delegate selection system. The legislative district conventions were held on the four consecutive Saturdays from February 8 to 29 to select delegates to the Alaska State Republican Convention. At the Alaska State Republican Convention, which took place from April 2 to April 4, 2020, the state party formally bound all 29 of its national pledged delegates to Trump.


text: The 26 pledged delegates Alaska sent to the national convention were joined by 3 pledged PLEO delegates, consisting of the National Committeeman, National Committeewoman, and chairman of the Alaska Republican Party.


text: The Alaska Democratic primary was originally scheduled for April 4, 2020. On March 23, due to concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic, the Alaska Democratic Party canceled in-person voting, but extended mail-in voting to April 10.


text: No contest was held for the Libertarian Party's nomination in the state of Alaska. At the 2020 Libertarian National Convention, the Alaskan delegates cast their votes for Georgia politician John Monds, but on the third and fourth ballots voted for Jo Jorgensen, psychology senior lecturer at Clemson University. Jorgensen would become the party's nominee after being elected on the fourth ballot, her running mate being entrepreneur and podcaster Spike Cohen.


text: According to the Federal Election Commission, in 2019 and 2020, of the candidates who were on the ballot, Donald Trump and his interest groups raised $1,487,277.13, Joe Biden raised $1,321,242.60, and Jo Jorgensen raised $7,420.85 from Alaska-based contributors. Don Blankenship, Brock Pierce, and Rocky De La Fuente, all of which were on the ballot, did not raise any money from the state.


text: In addition, write-in candidates were required to file a Declaration of Intent with the Alaska Division of Elections at least five days before the election. They were also obligated to file a financial disclosure statement. Write-in votes were not counted individually. The following candidates were given write-in access:


text: Technically the voters of Alaska cast their ballots for electors, or representatives to the Electoral College, rather than directly for the President and Vice President. Alaska is allocated 3 electors because it has 1 congressional district and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 3 electors who pledge to vote for their candidate and their running mate. Whoever wins the most votes in the state is awarded all 3 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than their candidate is known as a faithless elector. In the state of Alaska, a faithless elector's vote is counted and not penalized.


text: The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 14, 2020, to cast their votes for president and vice president. All 3 pledged electors cast their votes for President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead, the electors from each state and the District of Columbia meet in their respective state capitals (the District of Columbia electors meet within the District). The electoral vote was tabulated and certified by Congress in a joint session on January 6, 2021, per the Electoral Count Act.


text: These electors were nominated by each party in order to vote in the Electoral College should their candidate win the state:


text: As expected, there was a nationwide delay in reporting election results, due to the extreme influx of absentee and mail-in ballots as a public health measure in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which infected at least 17,448 Alaskans and killed 84 by Election Day. Each state imposed its own election procedures, such as expanding absentee voting and increased sanitization of polling station supplies, causing varying delays depending on the state. In Alaska, these delays were especially severe, though they did not receive much attention due to the state's comparatively minor and uncompetitive electoral presence as opposed to many other slower-counting states. Alaska mailed absentee ballot applications to every voter aged 65 and over. Mail-in ballots only needed to be postmarked by Election Day and received by November 13 (November 18 for overseas voters), further delaying the count. Only early votes cast before October 29 and Election Day votes would be released on Election Night and the state could not even begin the counting of absentee ballots nor the remaining early votes until November 10. Counting was expected to be complete by November 18. By November 4, the state still had at least 122,233 absentee ballots to count. Alaska and New York are the only two states to begin counting absentee ballots after Election Day. Gail Felunumiai, Alaska's Director of Elections, attributed the delay to the need to verify that voters who voted by mail and also at their polling places did not have their ballots counted twice.


text: Prior to the counting of absentee ballots, Trump led with 61.79% of the vote, resembling a "red mirage" effect seen in the rest of the country where Republicans initially overperformed due to the delayed counting of absentee and early votes, which leaned heavily Democratic – in Alaska specifically, Joe Biden won 54.78% of absentee ballots to Trump's 42.06%, narrowing up the margin as more votes were counted. The delay in counting and the consequential red mirage effect also left many state legislative races undecided for weeks, with seven incumbent Democratic state legislators trailing in their re-election bids before the counting of absentee votes. The extreme rural nature of the state only worsened the delay: with many local communities being accessible only by boat or plane, seven communities had to vote entirely by absentee ballots in the primary due to a last-minute shortage of election workers. The Associated Press called the race for Trump on November 11 at 12:16 PM EST (8:16 AM AKST), 4 days after President-elect Biden won the national election.


text: Unlike every other U.S. state, Alaska is not divided into counties or parishes. Rather, it is administratively divided into 20 boroughs: 19 organized and 1 unorganized, which act as county-equivalents. The Unorganized Borough lacks a borough government structure and itself is divided into eleven census areas. Contrary to election results in most states, official results by borough are not available – rather, they are estimates based on precinct-level data. However, the Alaska Division of Elections does release official results by State House district, which are listed in the table below. Trump won 21 districts to Biden's 19. Biden also won overseas ballots. The 5th, 23rd, 25th, 27th, 28th, and 35th districts swung from voting for Donald Trump in 2016 to Joe Biden in 2020.


text: The following are estimates from exit polls conducted by the University of Chicago for the Associated Press interviewing 689 likely voters in Alaska, adjusted to match the actual vote count.


text: Scott Goldsmith, an economist at the University of Alaska Anchorage, identifies the Alaskan economy as a three-legged stool, with the legs being the petroleum and gas industry; the federal government and military; and other services. The Alaskan electorate is generally aligned with the Republican Party due to the Democrats' opposition to the oil industry, which is the forefront of the state's economy. The state ranks sixth in the nation for crude oil production, producing 174.8 million barrels in 2018, with the largest oil field in North America by land area in Prudhoe Bay. 110,000 jobs (roughly 31%) are in the petroleum and gas industry. The Democratic Party's 2020 platform supported net-zero emissions by 2050, including an end to carbon pollution by the power industry by 2035, both of which would entail ultimately ending oil production entirely. Meanwhile, Trump supported expansion of the country's gas and oil industries and rolled back several environmental protections enacted by the Barack Obama administration. Several of Trump's environmental policies involved loosening restrictions on energy, hunting, and mining in the state: he instructed the Department of Agriculture to exempt Tongass National Forest from logging restrictions; supported the construction of Pebble Mine, an unpopular gold and copper mine in Bristol Bay (though the permit was ultimately denied); rolled back limits on hunters in federal land in Alaska; and opened the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling. While these policies expanded their respective industries, they were met with opposition among environmental groups and the Gwich'in, whose sacred land is partly within the refuge. Biden pledged to reverse several of Trump's climate policies and address the climate crisis, and he enacted a temporary moratorium on gas and oil leasing in the ANWR after being inaugurated on January 20, 2021.


text: Alaska also aligns with the Republicans due to issues regarding the Second Amendment, most prominently for hunting as 64.5% of Alaskan adults own a gun, the third highest proportion in the country. Biden supported several gun control measures in his 2020 platform while Trump and the Republican Party ideologically opposes gun control with the exception of red flag laws. Trump's environmental and gun policy included reviving hunting techniques in Alaska, an action condemned by several animal rights groups, including the Humane Society Legislative Fund, which endorsed the Biden/Harris ticket on October 6, 2020.