title: A Boy Named Sue

text: In the film "Swingers", one of the male characters is named Sue. The name is explained by another character by saying, "his dad was a big Johnny Cash fan."


title: A Boy Named Sue

text: "A Boy Named Sue" is referenced in the Red Hot Chili Peppers songs "One Big Mob" and "Save This Lady."


title: Jesper Christensen

text: Jesper Christensen (; born 16 May 1948) is a Danish actor. A veteran of European cinema, he has more recently made the transition to English language projects, including "The Interpreter" and "Revelations". He has also appeared as the mysterious villain Mr. White in the James Bond films "Casino Royale", "Quantum of Solace", and "Spectre".


title: Jesper Christensen

text: In his home country, Christensen has won four Bodil Awards, three for Best Actor: "Did Somebody Laugh?" (1978), "The Bench" (2000), and "Manslaughter" (2005), and one for Best Supporting Actor: "Barbara" (1997).


title: Jesper Christensen

text: In 2006, Jesper Christensen declined the offer to receive the Knight's Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog. He said that he thought the entire idea of monarchy is a crime against the members of the royal family, and it does not fit with modern ideas.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The disappearance on 8 March 2014 of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, a scheduled international passenger flight from Kuala Lumpur International Airport to Beijing Capital International Airport, prompted a large, multinational search in Asia and the southern Indian Ocean that became the most expensive search in aviation history. Analysis of communications between the aircraft and Inmarsat by multiple agencies has concluded that the flight ended in the southern Indian Ocean.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: An analysis of possible flight paths was conducted, identifying a primary search-area, approximately west of Perth, Western Australia, which takes six days for vessels to reach from Fremantle Harbour, near Perth. The underwater search of this area began on 5 October 2014 at a cost of A$60 million (approximately US$56 million or €41 million). With no significant delays, the search of the priority search-area was to be completed around May 2015. On 29 July 2015, a piece of marine debris, later confirmed to be a flaperon from Flight 370, was found on Réunion Island. On 20 December 2016, it was announced that an unsearched area of around , and approximately centred on location , was the most likely impact location for flight MH370. The search was suspended on 17 January 2017. In October 2017, the final drift study believed the most likely impact location to be at around . The search based on these coordinates was resumed in January 2018 by Ocean Infinity, a private company; it ended in June 2018 without success.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: In March 2022, Ocean Infinity committed to resuming its search in 2023 or 2024, pending approval by the Malaysian government.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Ships and aircraft from Australia, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States were involved in the search of the southern Indian Ocean. Satellite imagery was also made available by Tomnod to the general public so they could help with the search through crowdsourcing efforts.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 was a scheduled flight in the early morning hours of 8 March 2014 from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Beijing, China—one of two daily flights operated by Malaysia Airlines from its hub at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) to Beijing Capital International Airport. Flight 370 was scheduled to depart at 00:35 local time (MYT; ) and arrive at 06:30 local time (CST; UTC+08:00). At 00:41 MYT, Flight 370 took off with 239 persons aboard—two pilots, ten cabin crew, and 227 passengers (152 of whom were Chinese citizens). Flight 370 was cleared by air traffic control to proceed on a direct path to waypoint IGARI (), located between Malaysia and Vietnam over the South China Sea (near the boundary with the Gulf of Thailand).


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: At 01:07 MYT, the aircraft was at flight level 350—approximately above sea level—when the final message using the ACARS protocol was sent from the aircraft. At 1:19 MYT, Lumpur area air traffic control (ATC) initiated a hand-off to Ho Chi Minh area ATC. The Captain responded "Good night Malaysian Three Seven Zero," (originally reported to have been "all right, good night"), after which no further communications were made with the pilots. The crew was expected to contact air traffic control in Ho Chi Minh City as the aircraft passed into Vietnamese airspace just north of the point where the final verbal communication was made. Less than two minutes later, at 01:21, the aircraft disappeared from the radar screens of both Malaysian and Vietnamese ATC, which use secondary radar to track aircraft. No distress call was made.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Flight 370 was expected to arrive in Beijing at 6:30 local time (same time zone as Malaysia; 22:30 UTC, 7 March). At 7:24, Malaysia Airlines issued a media statement that Flight 370 was missing after contact was lost with Malaysian ATC at 2:40. The time of the last contact with ATC was later corrected to 1:19; Malaysia Airlines was notified at 2:40.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The watch supervisor at Kuala Lumpur Area Control Centre—which was the air traffic control centre that was last in contact with Flight 370—activated the Kuala Lumpur Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC) at 05:30, over four hours after communication was lost with Flight 370. When Malaysia Airlines issued a media statement two hours later, they claimed that they were "working with the authorities who have activated their Search and Rescue team to locate the aircraft".


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 9 March, the Chief General of the Royal Malaysian Air Force announced that Malaysia was analysing military radar recordings and that there was a "possibility" that Flight 370 had turned around and travelled over the Andaman Sea. The search radius was increased from the original from its last known position, south of Thổ Chu Island, to , and the area being examined then extended to the Strait of Malacca along the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, with waters both to the east of Malaysia in the Gulf of Thailand, and in the Strait of Malacca along Malaysia's west coast, being searched.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Numerous sightings of possible debris were made, but no debris from Flight 370 was discovered. Offshore oil slicks near Vietnam on 9 and 10 March later tested negative for aviation fuel. Satellite images taken on 9 March and posted on a Chinese website showed three floating objects measuring up to 24 × 22 metres (79 × 72 ft) at , but a search of the area did not find the objects; Vietnamese officials said the area had been "searched thoroughly". By the end of 9 March, 40 aircraft and more than two dozen vessels from several nations were involved in the search.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The Royal Malaysian Air Force confirmed on 10 March that Flight 370 made a "turn back". The following day, China activated the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters to aggregate satellite data to aid the search. On 12 March, Malaysian officials announced that an unidentified aircraft, possibly Flight 370, was last located by military radar at 2:15 in the Andaman Sea, northwest of Penang Island and near the limits of the military radar's coverage. The focus of the search shifted to the Andaman Sea and the Malaysian government requested help from India to search in the area.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The Malaysian government mobilised its civil aviation department, air force, navy, and Maritime Enforcement Agency; and requested international assistance under Five Power Defence Arrangements provisions and from neighbouring states. Various nations mounted a search and rescue mission in the region's waters. Within two days, the countries had already dispatched more than 34 aircraft and 40 ships to the area.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 11 March, the China Meteorological Administration activated the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, a 15-member organization whose purpose is to "provide a unified system of space data acquisition and delivery to those affected by natural or man-made disasters", the first time the charitable and humanitarian redeployment of the assorted corporate, national space agency, and international satellite assets under its aegis had been used to search for an airliner.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Another 11 countries joined the search efforts by 17 March after more assistance was requested by Malaysia. At the peak of the search effort and before the search was moved to the south Indian Ocean, 26 countries were involved in the search, contributing in aggregate nearly 60 ships and 50 aircraft. In addition to the countries already named, these parties included Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, Myanmar, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, and Vietnam. While not participating in the search itself, Sri Lanka gave permission for search aircraft to use its airspace. Malaysia deployed military fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and ships. A co-ordination centre at the National Disaster Control Centre (NDCC) in Pulau Meranti, Cyberjaya, was established.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 16 March, three staff members of the French government agency BEA flew to Kuala Lumpur to share with Malaysian authorities their experience in the organisation of undersea searches, acquired during the search for the wreckage of Air France Flight 447. The United Kingdom provided technical assistance and specialist capabilities from the Ministry of Defence, the UK Hydrographic Office, Department for Transport and the Met Office. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission analysed information from its network of infrasound detection stations, but failed to find any sounds made by Flight 370.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 11 March, "New Scientist" reported that, prior to the aircraft's disappearance, two reports about the engine status using the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) protocol had been automatically sent to engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce's monitoring centre in the United Kingdom.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 12 March, it was reported that military radar indicated the aircraft turned west away from the intended flight path and continued flying for 70 minutes before disappearing from Malaysian radar near Pulau Perak. It was also reported that it had been tracked flying at a lower altitude across Malaysia to the Malacca Strait, approximately from its last contact with civilian radar. The next day, the Royal Malaysian Air Force chief denied the report. A few hours later, however, the Vietnamese transport minister claimed that Malaysia had been informed on 8 March by Vietnamese air traffic control personnel, that they had "noticed the flight turned back west". A U.S. radar expert analysing the radar data reported that they did indeed indicate that the aircraft had headed west across the Malay Peninsula. "The New York Times" reported that the aircraft experienced significant changes in altitude.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 13 March, "The Wall Street Journal", citing sources in the US government, asserted that Rolls-Royce had received an aircraft health report every thirty minutes for five hours, implying that the aircraft had remained aloft for four hours after its transponder went offline; Malaysia denied the report. "The Wall Street Journal" later amended its report and stated simply that the belief of continued flight was "based on analysis of signals sent by the Boeing 777's satellite-communication link... the link operated in a kind of standby mode and sought to establish contact with a satellite or satellites. These transmissions did not include data." The following day, satellite operator Inmarsat released a public statement stating that "routine, automated signals were registered" on its network; analysis of these "keep-alive message[s]" that continued to be sent after air traffic control first lost contact could help pinpoint the aircraft's location.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: At a press conference on 15 March, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak confirmed that satellite communications from Flight 370 continued for several hours after contact with it was lost over the South China Sea and that the last signal—received at 08:11 Malaysian time—might have originated from as far north as Kazakhstan. Najib explained that the signals could not be more precisely located than to one of two possible loci: a northern locus stretching approximately from the border of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to northern Thailand, or a southern locus stretching from Indonesia to the southern Indian Ocean. Many of the countries on a possible northerly flight route—China, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and India—denied the aircraft could have entered their country's airspace, because military radar would have detected it. Inmarsat had provided an initial analysis of the signals from Flight 370, which produced the two loci, on 11 March.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: In the wake of the 15 March press conference, the focus of the search shifted to the southern part of the Indian Ocean, west of Australia. In the first two weeks of April, aircraft and ships deployed equipment to listen for signals from the underwater locator beacons attached to the aircraft's "black boxes". Four unconfirmed signals were detected between 6 and 8 April near the time the beacons' batteries were likely to have been exhausted. A robotic submarine searched the seabed near the detected pings until 28 May, with no debris found.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 17 March, Australia agreed to lead the search in the southern locus from Sumatra to the southern Indian Ocean. The search would be coordinated by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), with an area of between Australia and the Kerguelen Islands lying more than southwest of Perth, to be searched by ships and aircraft of Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. This remote area, which Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott described as "as close to nowhere as it's possible to be", is renowned for its strong winds, inhospitable climate, hostile seas, and deep ocean floors. On 18 March, the search of the area began with a single Royal Australian Air Force P-3 Orion aeroplane. On 19 March, the search capacity was ramped up to three aircraft and three merchant ships; the revised search area of was about south-west of Perth.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Search efforts intensified on 20 March, after large pieces of possible debris had been photographed in this area four days earlier by a satellite. Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, China, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea assigned military and civilian ships and aircraft to the search. China published images from satellite Gaofen 1 on 22 March that showed large debris about south west of the previous sighting. The same day, HMAS "Success" became the first naval vessel to reach the search area. On 26 March, images from French satellites indicated 122 floating objects in the southern Indian Ocean. Thai satellite images published on 27 March showed about 300 floating objects about from the French satellites' target area. The abundant finds, none confirmed to be from the flight, brought the realisation of the prior lack of surveillance over the area, and the vast amounts of marine debris littering the oceans.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 28 March, revised estimates of the radar track and the aircraft's remaining fuel led to a move of the search north-east of the previous area, to a new search area of 319,000 square kilometres (123,000 sq mi), roughly west of Perth. This search area had more hospitable weather conditions.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 30 March, four large orange objects found by search aircraft, described by media as "the so far most promising lead", turned out to be fishing equipment. On 2 April, Royal Navy survey vessel HMS "Echo" and submarine HMS "Tireless" arrived in the area, with HMS "Echo" starting immediately to search for the aircraft's underwater locator beacons (ULBs) fitted to the "black box" flight recorders, whose batteries were expected to expire around 7 April. On 4 April, the search area was shifted further north.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The surface search ended on April 28. In a press conference, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott noted that any debris would likely have become waterlogged and sunk and that the aircraft involved in the surface search were "operating at close to the limit of sensible and safe operation". Abbott explained that it was "highly unlikely" that any surface wreckage would be found and, therefore, the aerial searches had been suspended. The surface search in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean lasted 52 days, during 41 of which Australia coordinated the search. Over of ocean surface was searched. In the Southern Indian Ocean, 29 aircraft from seven countries conducted 334 search flights; 14 ships from several countries were also involved.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 4 April, the search was refocused to three more northerly areas from west of Learmonth, spanning over . ADV "Ocean Shield", fitted with a TPL-25 towed pinger locator, together with HMS "Echo"—which carried a "similar device", began searching for pings along a seabed line believed to be the Flight 370 impact area. Operators considered it a shot in the dark, when comparing the vast search area with the fact that TPL-25 could only search up to per day.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The Chinese vessel "Haixun 01" made a possible ULB detection at using a handheld hydrophone; the following day, "Haixun 01" made another possible ULB detection about 3 km (1.9 mi) further west. HMS "Echo" and a submarine were later tasked to the location of the Haixun 01's detections, but unable to make any detections.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 6 April, JACC announced that "Ocean Shield" had also picked up a signal, about from "Haixun 01". It was announced the next day that the TPL-25 pinger locator towed by "Ocean Shield" had picked up a signal twice on 6 April. The first was on the morning of 6 April, at approximately depth, and lasted two hours and 20 minutes. The second signal reception took place at approximately depth and lasted 13 minutes. During the second episode, two distinct pinger returns were audible. Both episodes of recorded signals, which took place at roughly the same position though several kilometres apart, were considered to be consistent with signals expected from an aircraft's flight recorder ULB. The signals received by "Ocean Shield" were recorded at the north of a newly calculated impact area, which was announced on 7 April, while the "Haixun 01" signals had been recorded at its southern edge. "Ocean Shield" detected two more signals on 8 April. The first was acquired at 16:27 AWST and held for 5 minutes, 32 seconds and the second was acquired at 22:17 AWST and held for around seven minutes. Experts had determined that the earlier signals captured by "Ocean Shield" were "very stable, distinct, and clear ... at 33.331 kHz and ... consistently pulsed at a 1.106-second interval". These were said to be consistent with the flight recorder ULB. but the frequency of the detections was well outside the manufacturer's specification of 37.5 +/- 1. The later signals were at a frequency of 27 kHz, which raised doubts that they were from a black box. On 10 April, a signal recorded by one of the sonobuoys deployed with a hydrophone at 300 metres depth was found unlikely to have originated from Flight 370.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 14 April, due to the likelihood of the ULBs' acoustic pulses having ceased because their batteries would have run down, the Towed Pinger Locator search gave way to a seabed search using side-scan sonar installed in a Bluefin-21 Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. The first day's search was aborted because the sea bed was considerably deeper than the maximum operating depth of Bluefin. Scanning subsequently resumed and after covering 42 square miles in its first four dives, the submersible was reprogrammed to allow it to dive 604 feet lower than its operational limit of 14,800 feet, when the risk of damage was assessed as "acceptable".


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Bluefin-21 required 16 missions to complete its search of the 314 square kilometre area around the detections made by the Towed Pinger Locator. The seafloor sonar search was suspended on 2 May for the AVD "Ocean Shield" to return to port to replenish supplies and personnel. Within two hours of its first deployment after returning to the search area on 13 May, Bluefin-21 developed a communications problem and was recovered. Spare parts from the UK were required and the AVD "Ocean Shield" returned to port to collect the parts. After Bluefin-21 was repaired, the seafloor sonar survey resumed on 22 May.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The seafloor sonar survey was completed on 28 May. After 30 deployments of the Bluefin-21 to depths of , which scanned of seabed, no objects associated with Flight 370 were found. The following day, after analysis of data from the last mission, the ATSB announced the search in the vicinity of the acoustic detections was complete and the area could be discounted as the final location of Flight 370. The announcement followed a statement by U.S. Navy's Deputy Director of Ocean Engineering that all four pings were no longer believed to have come from the aircraft's flight recorders. Truss informed parliament that, beginning in August, after a new commercial operator for the search effort had been selected, the search would move into a new phase "that could take twelve months". Equipment envisaged to be used would include towed side-scan sonar.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: During a tripartite meeting with officials from Australia, Malaysia, and China on 5 May, Australian Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss announced that a "detailed oceanographic mapping of the search area" would be conducted to "be able to undertake [the next phase of the] search effectively and safely". It was necessary both for planning the next phase of the search and because equipment used for the next phase would need to operate close to the seafloor (about 100 m or 300 ft). The bathymetric survey was made at a resolution of per pixel, which is substantially higher than previous measurements of the seafloor in this area made by satellites and a few passing ships which had their sonar turned on.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The Chinese survey vessel "Zhu Kezhen" departed Fremantle on 21 May to begin the bathymetric survey. On 10 June, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) signed a contract with the Dutch deep sea survey company Fugro to conduct a bathymetric survey of the seafloor in a new search area southwest of Australia. Fugro deployed their vessel , which began bathymetric survey operations on 18 June. The "Zhu Kezhen" ended survey operations on 20 September and began its return passage to China. The bathymetric survey charted around of seafloor through 17 December, when it was suspended for "Fugro Equator" to be mobilised in the underwater search.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 26 June, plans for the next phase of the search were formally announced; the search zone for the new phase is shifted to a new region of up to near Broken Ridge in the southern Indian Ocean based on a report released the same day by the ATSB, which detailed the methodology for determining the search area. The search was expected to begin in August and after the bathymetric survey was complete, but it was delayed until October with only part of the survey completed.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Malaysia announced in July that they had contracted with state-run oil company Petronas to supply a team to participate in the search. Petronas, in turn, has contracted the vessel "GO Phoenix"—owned by Australian company GO Marine Group—and the marine exploration firm Phoenix International, who will supply experts and equipment. Phoenix recovered black boxes from several recent undersea aircraft wrecks: Air France Flight 447, Yemenia Flight 626, Adam Air Flight 574, and Tuninter Flight 1153. Phoenix planned to use the SLH ProSAS-60 towed synthetic aperture side scan sonar system (rated to 6,000 m depth) to produce a high-resolution image of the ocean floor. On 6 August, Australia, Malaysia, and China jointly announced that Fugro had been awarded a contract to conduct this latest phase of the search.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The underwater search began on 6 October with the vessel "GO Phoenix", which departed Jakarta on 24 September and calibrated its instruments before arriving in the search zone on 5 October. Based on further analysis of Flight 370's satellite communications, detailed in an ATSB report published 8 October, the priority search area for the underwater search was shifted south from the area identified in June. On 18 October, "Fugro Discovery" departed Perth to join the search. The two vessels were joined by "Fugro Equator" and "Fugro Supporter" in January 2015.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 16 April 2015, a tripartite meeting between Malaysian, Australian and Chinese officials was held. Over 60 percent of the priority search area had been searched and, excluding significant delays, the search of the priority search area was expected to be mostly complete by the end of May. The countries agreed that if no trace of the aircraft is found in the priority search area, the underwater search would be extended to an additional of adjacent seafloor.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: In early May, "Fugro Supporter" withdrew from the underwater search and offloaded its AUV in Fremantle. Sea conditions during the austral winter are too rough to safely launch and recover the AUV and therefore, AUV operations will be suspended during the winter months. However, the AUV will be kept ready to assist the search at short notice. On 20 June, "GO Phoenix" left the search area to begin passage to Singapore, where it will be demobilized from search activities.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 17 January 2017, the MV "Fugro Equator" left the search area after the search of the entire underwater search area was completed. The same day, a joint communiqué is issued by the JACC announcing that the search for Flight 370 was suspended. The suspension of the search is in accord with a July 2016 agreement between Australia, Malaysia, and China that the search would be suspended, not ended, upon the completion of the search of the search area if it yields no evidence of Flight 370 and there is an "absence of credible new evidence leading to the identification of a specific location of the aircraft."


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Examination of possible end-of-flight scenarios indicate the aircraft may be located relatively close to the seventh BTO arc. On account of this, the underwater search began at the seventh BTO arc and has progressed outwards. Towed underwater vehicles equipped with synthetic aperture sonar, side-scan sonar, and multi-beam echo sounders are towed close to the seafloor to create a three-dimensional picture of the seafloor topography.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The sonar data was analysed on board the search vessels at the time of acquisition by sonar analysts and a representative of the ATSB. Data from Fugro vessels was transmitted by satellite to a team of Fugro sonar specialists and geophysicists in Perth then transmitted to the ATSB. Data from the ProSAS sonar used by the "GO Phoenix" and "Dong Hai Jiu 101" was analysed onboard and transmitted to the ATSB during port calls in Perth. In both cases, data was further reviewed by ATSB staff in Canberra and both a quality assurance review and independent expert review were performed by experts in the United States. At all stages, the data was analysed for quality, coverage, and contacts (areas of interest). Contacts were classified into three levels:


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Through 20 December 2016, 605 Category 3, 39 Category 2, and two Category 1 contacts were identified. The two Category 1 contacts were identified as a shipwreck and a rock field.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: MV "Fugro Discovery", MV "Fugro Equator", and MV "GO Phoenix" were equipped with towed underwater vehicles (also known as "towfish"), which carry synthetic aperture sonar, side scan sonar, and multi-beam echo sounders. The towfish were towed behind the vessel on cables up to in length. The length of the cable was varied to keep the towfish at an altitude of above the seafloor. The data collected by the instruments was relayed in real-time along the tow cable to the vessel, where it was processed and analysed to see if any debris associated with Flight 370 was present on the seafloor.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The MV "Fugro Supporter" and MV "Havila Harmony" were equipped with a Kongsberg HUGIN 4500 autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), which carried the same instruments as the towfish deployed by the other vessels. Unlike the towfish, the AUVs were self-propelled and could manoeuvre themselves to maintain a constant altitude above the seafloor. When launched, the torpedo-shaped AUV dived to the proper altitude, then followed a pre-programmed search pattern for up to 24 hours, collecting sonar data for up to 24 hours; when the mission was complete, the AUV surfaced and was recovered by the vessel, where the data was downloaded and the batteries were swapped for the next mission. The AUVs were used to scan areas which could not be effectively searched by the towfish on the other three vessels. Because of the difficulty in operating the AUV during the austral winter months due to sea conditions, the AUV operations were suspended during the austral winter months.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: In January 2016, a towfish pulled by the "Fugro Discovery" collided with an underwater mud volcano despite its use of forward-looking obstacle avoidance sonar. The towfish was later recovered by the "Havila Harmony" and transferred to "Fugro Discovery" to continue the search. Another towfish was lost on 21 March 2016.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 13 May 2015, it was announced that "Fugro Equator" had discovered wreckage of a previously uncharted 19th century cargo ship 4,000 metres underwater, more than 1,000 km off Australia's west coast. "Fugro Supporter" was diverted to the area to deploy an unmanned submarine to scan the seabed. Imaging of the site clearly showed an anchor and other manmade objects. It was announced that the related imagery would be provided to expert marine archaeologists for potential identification. Peter Foley, director of search operations, called it a "fascinating find but it's not what we're looking for".


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: In December 2015, an anomalous sonar contact was made of a possible man-made object and the "Havila Harmony" was sent to investigate. On 2 January 2016, its AUV captured high-resolution sonar images, which confirmed the contact was a shipwreck. Experts at the Western Australian Museum advised that the ship is likely an iron or steel vessel from the turn of the 19th century.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 29 July 2015, airliner marine debris was found on the coast of Réunion Island in the western Indian Ocean, about west of the underwater search area and 5,600 km (3,500 mi) southwest of the aircraft's last primary radar contact. The object had a stenciled internal marking "657 BB". The following day, a damaged suitcase, which may have been associated with Flight 370, was found. The location is consistent with models of debris dispersal 16 months after an origin in the current search area, off the coast of Australia. On 31 July, a Chinese water bottle and an Indonesian cleaning product were found in the same area; all such debris is receiving intense scrutiny.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Aviation experts have stated that the piece of debris resembles a wing flaperon from a Boeing 777, noting that the marking "657 BB" is a code for a portion of a right wing flaperon from that aircraft. The object was transported from Réunion—an overseas department of France—to Toulouse, for examination by France's civil aviation accident investigation agency, the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile, and a French defence ministry laboratory. Malaysia sent investigators to both Réunion and Toulouse. Furthermore, French police conducted a search of the waters around Réunion for additional debris.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 5 August, the Malaysian Prime Minister announced that experts have "conclusively confirmed" that the debris found on 29 July was from Flight 370; the debris was the first physical evidence that Flight 370 ended in the Indian Ocean. On 3 September French prosecutors formally announced that the flaperon was certainly from Flight 370, a unique serial number having been formally identified by a technician from Airbus Defence and Space in Spain, which had manufactured the flaperon for Boeing.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: A week after the discovery of a flaperon from Flight 370 on a beach on Réunion, France announced plans for an aerial search for possible marine debris around the island. On 7 August 2015, France began searching an area by along the east coast of Reunion. Foot patrols for debris along beaches are also planned. Malaysia asked authorities in neighboring states to be on alert for marine debris which could be from an aircraft.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 23 March 2016, what appeared to be a piece of a Rolls Royce engine cowling was found on a beach in South Africa. The Malaysian authorities sent a team to recover the piece and determine whether or not it came from the missing plane.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 24 June 2016, the Australian Transport Minister, Darren Chester, said that a piece of aircraft debris was found on Pemba Island, off the coast of Tanzania. The Australian Transport Safety Bureau announced on 22 June that a piece of debris found on an Australian island earlier in June was not from Flight 370. On 20 July, the Australian government released photos of the piece of debris found on Pemba Island around 24 June, believed to be an outboard wing flap.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 17 January 2017, Malaysia, Australia and China officially announced the suspension of the underwater search, stating that "despite every effort using the best science available, cutting edge technology, as well as modeling and advice from highly skilled professionals who are the best in their field, ... the search has not been able to locate the aircraft". The decision to suspend the search was in line with a July 2016 agreement between Australia, Malaysia, and China that the search would end upon completion of the search of the search area unless there was credible evidence leading to a specific area where the flight may have ended.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The decision to suspend the search came a month after a December 2016 ATSB report concluded that searching an additional area on the northern edge of the search area "would exhaust all prospective areas for the presence of [Flight 370]." Extending the search to this additional area would have cost an estimated AU$40 million. The support group for family members, Voice370, released a statement expressing their disappointment.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 17 October 2017, Malaysia received proposals from three companies (including the Dutch company Fugro and the U.S. salvage company Ocean Infinity) offering to continue the search for the aircraft. Later that month, the Malaysian government released a statement that it was in discussion with Ocean Infinity to make a further underwater search in the area to the north of the 2016 search, on the basis of no fee if the wreckage was not found. The search started on 22 January and ended in June 2018 without finding the aircraft.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The proposed additional searching was to be based on the drift modelling work undertaken by the CSIRO in 2016, and presented in the CSIRO Drift Reports 2, 3 and 4 subsequently published by ATSB. The essence of the CSIRO work was to investigate the most likely paths taken by drifting debris originating along the 7th BTO arc search area, and comparing this to recovered debris along the east coast of Africa and neighbouring Indian Ocean islands. Of particular interest was the first main recovered object, the starboard flaperon, which was found on Reunion Island in July 2015.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Early drift analysis, based on data collected over years from hundreds of buoys deployed by the Global Drifter Program of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, worked on the presumption that currents in the southern portion of the Indian Ocean, around 40-50 degrees South latitude, flow to the east accompanied by predominately westerly winds. Currents and winds in the northern portion however, around 20 degrees South, both flow to the west. Between these zones lies an "intermediate" area with no dominant movement either way. The main MH370 underwater search areas, from around 36°S to 40°S, extended across several of these zones, making debris drift prediction uncertain.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Satellite oceanographic data obtained by the CSIRO team revealed that in early March 2014, a ridge of high sea level cut across the main 7th arc search area, producing two prominent westward surface currents in the "intermediate" zone, one at 30°S and one at 35°S. This would have initiated a westerly movement of any floating debris in these areas. This helped address one of the key questions raised by the analysts as to why no debris was being found along the nearby west coast of Australia. This absence, along with the satellite data, strengthened the case for the impact position being further located north than previously calculated, with a latitude around being the most likely according to the data.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: High-resolution satellite images from a number of sources (Pleiades, NOAA SST) indicated a number of possibly man-made floating objects which, when analysed in conjunction with the revised drift analysis, could potentially have all originated in close proximity within the 7th BTO arc. The conclusion of the CSIRO Drift Report 3 was that this location was most likely to be north of the original search area, at around 35°S latitude.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The recovery of the Boeing 777 flaperon at Reunion Island in July 2015 was unexpected by the prevailing drift analyses, as it appeared to arrive far earlier than was predicted for a crash location within the search area. Physical testing of both replica and real flaperon items was undertaken to try to explain this occurrence.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: A genuine 777 flaperon was obtained from the ATSB by the CSIRO and cut down to resemble the recovered item. Buoyancy checks were done to correctly match that of the MH370 debris, and two weeks of fields tests were undertaken in North West Bay and Storm Bay, Tasmania to measure the flaperon's wind and current drift under a range of conditions. This testing revealed several significant pieces of information. Firstly, the flaperon, when cut to the shape of the recovered item, didn't drift exactly in-line with the prevailing wind, but exhibited a leeway drift of around 20° to the left. Secondly, due to the high float attitude of the flaperon, the wind effect was greater than originally expected, resulting in a corresponding overall faster speed of drift. These two data provided concurrence between the July 2015 arrival of the flaperon on Reunion Island, and it having had a source location in the northern end of the original search area.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Simulated drift trajectories of a large number of such flaperons were mapped in the analysis, based on them all having a source location within the southern end of the "remaining high probability area" identified in the ATSB First Principles Review (FPR) report. This area extended approximately each side along the 7th arc from around 32.5°S in the north to around 36°S in the south. The modelled trajectories indicated that a source location of around 35°S was consistent both with the maximum probability that no debris would be found on Western Australia, and good consistency that debris would appear at Reunion Island from July 2015.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The reports concluded that the most likely location of MH370 is within the southern end of the area identified in the ATSB FPR, near 35°S.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: In January 2018, Ocean Infinity announced its intention to resume the search in the narrowed 25,000 km² area. The attempt was approved by the Malaysian government, provided payment will be made only if the wreckage is found. Initially, the search was to be focused within the "high-probability" area identified by the ATSB. Under the contract, Ocean Infinity was to be paid up to $70 million, depending on the duration of the search; however, the plane had to be found in 90 days after the start of the search. In March 2018, the Malaysian government clarified that the 90 days limit did not include the necessary breaks for the vessel to resupply, and so the search was to continue until mid-June.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Ocean Infinity chartered the Norwegian multi-purpose offshore vessel "Seabed Constructor" to conduct the search. Maritime assets deployed by Ocean Infinity for the search include up to eight autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), each able to operate independently within a group, at depths down to without physical tethering to a surface vessel. The AUVs were to be equipped with a range of scanning technologies including side-scan sonar, multi-beam echo sounder, bottom profiler, high-definition camera, environmental sensors, magnetometer and synthetic aperature sonar.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The vessel arrived at the search area on 21 January 2018 and started the search on 22 January 2018. The planned search area of site 1, where the search begun, was , while the extended area covered some more . During the search, operations were temporarily suspended three times, while Seabed Constructor transited to Fremantle for refuelling, resupply, and crew change (twice); each transition took some ten days. In March 2018, "Seabed Constructor" started to search small areas beyond the originally planned search area. In April 2018, all areas of site 1 has been searched. The search continued northeast, and later that month area further northeast along the 7th arc (Site 4) was added to the search plan. In May 2018, the total area covered during the search exceeded , roughly the originally planned area of site 1 together with the extended area. The total area searched was some .


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: According to Loke Siew Fook, the Malaysia's new transport minister, the search was to end 29 May 2018. As of 1 June 2018, the search was reported as ongoing, searching beyond site 4 in the area where in 2014 MV "Haixun 01", operated by the China Maritime Safety Administration, had detected an acoustic signal suspected to originate from an underwater location beacon attached to the plane's black boxes. However, while several detections had been made, none could have been detected when the ship had passed the same location on an opposing heading, and independent analyses of the detections had determined that the signals had not match the performance standards of the underwater location beacons. It had been considered possible but unlikely that the signals could have had originated from a damaged one. The spokesperson for Ocean Infinity confirmed the contract with the Malaysian government had ended and the search itself would end soon, probably on 8 June 2018.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 9 June 2018, it was reported that the search had ended unsuccessfully. Ocean floor mapping data collected during the search were donated to the Nippon Foundation GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project to be incorporated into the global map of the ocean floor.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: In March 2019, in the wake of the 5th anniversary of the disappearance, the Malaysian government stated it was willing to look at any "credible leads or specific proposals" regarding a new search. Ocean Infinity stated they are ready to resume the search on the same no-fee no-find basis, believing they would benefit from the experience they gained from their search for the wreck of Argentinian submarine ARA "San Juan" and bulk carrier ship "Stellar Daisy", with the most probable location still being somewhere along the 7th arc around the area identified previously, the one which their 2018 search was based on. In March 2022, Ocean Infinity committed to resuming its search in 2023 or 2024, pending approval by the Malaysian government, with two new robotic ships to replace "Seabed Constructor."


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: A source of evidence to assist in locating the final resting place of the aircraft is analysis of underwater sound recordings. If the aircraft hit the ocean hard enough, hydroacoustic recordings could have potentially recorded an impact event. Furthermore, the aircraft's flight data recorders were fitted with underwater "pingers", which emit a detectable, pulsating acoustic signal that could have potentially led searchers to their locations.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: If Flight 370 had impacted the ocean hard, resulting underwater sounds could have been detected by hydrophones, given favourable circumstances. Sound waves can travel long distances in the ocean, but sounds that travel best are those that are reflected into the 'deep sound channel' usually found between 600–1,200 m beneath the surface. Most of the sound generated by an aircraft impacting the ocean would travel straight down to the seabed, making it unlikely that any of these sounds would be reflected into the deep sound channel unless the seabed sloped. Sounds from pieces of the aircraft imploding at depth would be more likely to travel in the deep sound channel. "The combination of circumstances necessary to allow [detection of an ocean impact] would have to be very particular", according to Mark Prior, a seismic-acoustic specialist at the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), who also explains that "given the continuing uncertainty regarding the fate of MH370, underwater acoustic data still has the possibility of adding something to the search." When an Airbus A330 hit the Atlantic Ocean at speed of , no data relating to the impact was detected in hydroacoustic recordings, even when analysed after the location of that aircraft was known. As with the analysis of the Inmarsat satellite data, the hydroacoustic analysis uses the data in a way very different from that originally intended.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The Australian Transport Safety Bureau requested the Curtin University Centre for Marine Science and Technology (CMST) analyse these signals. Scientists from CTBTO and Geoscience Australia have also been involved with the analysis. Available sources of hydroacoustic data were:


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Scientists from the CTBTO analysed their recordings soon after Flight 370 disappeared, finding nothing of interest. However, after the search for the flight shifted to the Indian Ocean, CMST collected recordings from the IMOS and found a clear acoustic signature just after 01:30 UTC on 8 March. This signature was also found, but difficult to discern from background noise, in the CTBTO recordings from HA01, likely because HA01 receives a lot of noise from the Southern Ocean and Antarctic coastline.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The CMST researchers believe that the most likely explanation of the hydroacoustic data is that they come from the same event, but unrelated to Flight 370. They note that "the characteristics of the [event's acoustic signals] are not unusual, it is only their arrival time and to some extent the direction from which they came that make them of interest". If the data relates to the same event, related to Flight 370, but the arc derived from analysis of the aircraft's satellite transmission is incorrect, then the most likely place to look for the aircraft would be along a line from HA01 at a bearing of 301.6° until that line reaches the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge (approximately 2.3°S, 73.7°E). In the latter possibility, if the acoustic recordings are from the impact of the aircraft with the ocean, they likely came from a location where water is less than 2,000 m deep and the seabed slopes downwards towards the east or southeast; if they came from debris imploding at depth, the source location along this line is much less certain. The lead CMST researcher believed the chance the acoustic event was related to Flight 370 to be very slim, perhaps as low as 10%. The audio recording of the suspect detection was publicly released on 4 June 2014; the ATSB had first referenced these signals in a document posted on its website on 26 May.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The aircraft's flight recorders were fitted with Dukane DK100 underwater acoustic beacons—also known as "underwater locator beacons" (ULBs) or "pingers"—which are activated by immersion in salt water and thereafter emit a 10 millisecond pulse every second at a frequency of 37.5±1 kHz. The beacons are limited by battery life, providing a minimum of 30 days and have an estimated maximum life of 40 days, according to their manufacturer. The nominal distance at which these beacons can be detected is 2,000–3,000 metres. Because the flight recorders to which they are attached could provide valuable information in the investigation, an intense effort was made to detect the beacons' pings before their batteries expired.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: HMS "Echo" made one possible detection on 2 April—the same day the ship joined the search effort. The following day, following tests, the detection was dismissed as an artefact of the ship's sonar system. On the afternoon of 5 April Perth time, HMS "Echo" detected a signal lasting approximately 90 seconds. The second detection was made within 2 km from the first detection.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: MV "Haixun 01", operated by the China Maritime Safety Administration, detected a signal at 37.5 kHz pulsing once per second on 4 April and again on 5 April at a position 3 km west of the first detection. HMS "Echo" was sent to the location of the MV "Haixun 01" detections and determined that the detections were unlikely to originate from ULBs attached to the plane's black boxes due to the depth of the seafloor, surface noise, and the equipment used. A submarine sent to the location made no acoustic detections.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: ADV "Ocean Shield" was sent to the search area with two Phoenix International TPL-25 towed pinger locators (also known as "towfish"). Shortly after one of the towfish was deployed, while descending, an acoustic signal was detected at a frequency of 33 kHz on 5 April. Further detections were made on 5 April and on 8 April, but none could be detected when the ship passed the same location on an opposing heading.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Independent analyses of the detections made by ADV "Ocean Shield" determined that the signals did not match the performance standards of the ULBs attached to the aircraft's black boxes. However, although unlikely, they noted that the signals could have originated from a damaged ULB.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Between 6–16 April, AP-3C Orion aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force deployed sonobuoys, which sank to a depth of 300m to detect the acoustic signature of the ULBs attached to the aircraft's black boxes. Sonobuoy drops were carried out at locations along the calculated arc of the final satellite communication with Flight 370 where seafloor depths were considered favourable, near the MV "Haixun 01" detections, and along the bearing determined by the Curtin University research team of a possible impact event. One AP-3C Orion sortie was capable of searching an area of . No acoustic detections related to the ULBs attached to the aircraft's black boxes were made by the sonobuoys.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The interim report released by the Malaysian Ministry of Transport in March 2015 mentioned, for the first time publicly, that the battery for the ULB attached to the flight data recorder had expired in December 2012. The battery's (and thus the ULB's) performance may have been compromised, but this likely was not significant in the search, given the close range at which the detection must be made and the vast search area.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The search for Flight 370 is the most expensive search operation in aviation history. In June 2014 "Time" estimated that the total search effort to that point had cost approximately US$70 million. Malaysia's Ministry of Transport revealed that it had spent RM 280.5 million (US$70 million) on the search through February 2016. The tender for the underwater search was AU$52 million (US$43 million or €35 million)—shared by Australia and Malaysia—for 12 months.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: On 17 January 2017, the official search for Flight 370 was suspended after yielding no evidence of the aircraft apart from some marine debris on the coast of Africa. Reported costs of the search varied between US$135–160 million. In February 2017, Malaysia's Transport Minister stated the cost as RM 500 million (US$112.47 million).


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: The seafloor sonar data obtained during the underwater search for Flight 370 gives scientists an unusually-large section of deep-ocean seafloor mapped at high resolution; most seafloor bathymetric data at such high resolution covers either a small area or shallower seafloor on continental shelves. Previous maps of the seafloor in the region of the underwater search were at a spatial resolution of 1 pixel per . The bathymetric survey had a spatial resolution of . During the October 2014—January 2017 underwater search, the spatial resolution of the side scan sonar used by the towfish varied, but was sufficient to detect a object, while the spatial resolution of the synthetic aperture sonar used by the ProSAS deep tow vehicle aboard the "GO Phoenix" and "Dong Hai Jiu 101" had a resolution of . By comparison, topographic maps of the Moon, Mars, and Venus have been conducted at resolution and the most remote land areas on Earth have been mapped at resolution.


title: Search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370

text: Data from the bathymetric survey revealed numerous subsea volcanoes and evidence of large submarine landslides with slide scarps—cliff faces at the top of the origin of the landslide—up to high and wide and debris fans more than long. Data from the bathymetric survey and underwater search may be used for oil, gas, and mineral exploration. Two features within the search area—Broken Ridge and the Kerguelen Plateau—potentially contain oil and gas deposits, while a field of manganese nodules—which also contain iron ore, nickel, copper, and cobalt—on the seafloor could also be exploited. Geoscience Australia published some of the underwater survey data in March 2017 with a high resolution dataset hosted at NCI Australia.


title: Televangelism

text: Televangelism (tele- "distance" and "evangelism," meaning "ministry," sometimes called teleministry) is the use of media, specifically radio and television, to communicate Christianity. Televangelists are ministers, whether official or self-proclaimed, who devote a large portion of their ministry to television broadcasting. Some televangelists are also regular pastors or ministers in their own places of worship (often a megachurch), but the majority of their followers come from TV and radio audiences. Others do not have a conventional congregation, and work primarily through television. The term is also used derisively by critics as an insinuation of aggrandizement by such ministers.


title: Televangelism

text: Televangelism began as a uniquely American phenomenon, resulting from a largely deregulated media where access to television networks and cable TV is open to virtually anyone who can afford it, combined with a large Christian population that is able to provide the necessary funding. It became especially popular among Evangelical Protestant audiences, whether independent or organized around Christian denominations. However, the increasing globalisation of broadcasting has enabled some American televangelists to reach a wider audience through international broadcast networks, including some that are specifically Christian in nature.


title: Televangelism

text: Some countries have a more regulated media with either general restrictions on access or specific rules regarding religious broadcasting. In such countries, religious programming is typically produced by TV companies (sometimes as a regulatory or public service requirement) rather than private interest groups.


title: Televangelism

text: The word "televangelism" is a portmanteau of television and evangelism and it was coined in 1958 as the title of a television miniseries by the Southern Baptist Convention. Jeffrey K. Hadden and Charles E. Swann have been credited with popularising the word in their 1981 survey "Prime Time Preachers: The Rising Power of Televangelism". However, the term "televangelist" was employed by "Time" magazine already in 1952, when telegenic Roman Catholic Bishop Fulton Sheen was referred to as the "first televangelist".


title: Televangelism

text: Christianity has always emphasized preaching the gospel to the whole world, taking as inspiration the Great Commission. Historically, this was achieved by sending missionaries, beginning with the Dispersion of the Apostles, and later, after the invention of the printing press, included the distribution of Bibles and religious tracts. Some Christians realized that the rapid uptake of radio beginning in the 1920s provided a powerful new tool for this task, and they were amongst the first producers of radio programming. Radio broadcasts were seen as a complementary activity to traditional missionaries, enabling vast numbers to be reached at relatively low cost, but also enabling Christianity to be preached in countries where this was illegal and missionaries were banned. The aim of Christian radio was to both convert people to Christianity and to provide teaching and support to believers. These activities continue today, particularly in the developing world. Shortwave radio stations with a Christian format broadcast worldwide, such as HCJB in Quito, Ecuador, Family Radio's WYFR, and the Bible Broadcasting Network (BBN), among others.


title: Televangelism

text: One of the first ministers to use radio extensively was S. Parkes Cadman, beginning in 1923. In 1923, Calvary Baptist Church in New York City was the first church to operate its own radio station."Tell It From Calvary" is a radio show that the church still produces weekly; it's heard on WMCA AM570. By 1928, Cadman had a weekly Sunday afternoon radio broadcast on the NBC radio network, his powerful oratory reaching a nationwide audience of five million persons.


title: Televangelism

text: Aimee Semple McPherson was another pioneering tent-revivalist who soon turned to radio to reach a larger audience. Radio eventually gave her nationwide notoriety in the 1920s and 1930s and she even built one of the earliest Pentecostal megachurches.


title: Televangelism

text: In the U.S., the Great Depression of the 1930s saw a resurgence of revival-tent preaching in the Midwest and South, as itinerant traveling preachers drove from town to town, living off donations. Several preachers began radio shows as a result of their popularity.


title: Televangelism

text: In the 1930s, a famous radio evangelist of the period was Roman Catholic priest Father Charles Coughlin, whose strongly anti-Communist and antisemitic radio programs reached millions of listeners. Other early Christian radio programs broadcast nationwide in the U.S. beginning in the 1920s–1930s include (years of radio broadcast shown): Bob Jones, Sr. (1927–1962), Ralph W. Sockman (1928–1962), G. E. Lowman (1930–1965), "Music and the Spoken Word" (1929–present), "The Lutheran Hour" (1930–present), and Charles E. Fuller (1937–1968). "Time" magazine reported in 1946 that Rev. Ralph Sockman's "National Radio Pulpit" on NBC received 4,000 letters weekly and Roman Catholic archbishop Fulton J. Sheen received between 3,000 and 6,000 letters weekly. The total radio audience for radio ministers in the U.S. that year was estimated to be 10 million listeners.


title: Televangelism

text: An association of American Evangelical Protestant religious broadcasters, the National Religious Broadcasters, was founded in 1944.


title: Televangelism

text: Although television also began in the 1930s, it was not used for religious purposes until the early 1950s. Jack Wyrtzen and Percy Crawford switched to TV broadcasting in the Spring of 1949. Another television preacher of note was Fulton J. Sheen, who successfully switched to television in 1951 after two decades of popular radio broadcasts and whom "Time" called "the first 'televangelist'". Sheen would win numerous Emmy Awards for his program that ran from the early 1950s, until the late 1960s.


title: Televangelism

text: After years of radio broadcasting in 1952 Rex Humbard became the first to have a weekly church service broadcast on television. By 1980 the Rex Humbard programs spanned the globe across 695 stations in 91 languages and to date the largest coverage of any evangelistic program. Oral Roberts's broadcast by 1957 reached 80% of the possible television audience through 135 of the possible 500 stations. In Uruguay, Channel 4 airs the Roman Catholic Church mass since 1961.


title: Televangelism

text: Christian Broadcasting Network, the first Christian channel, was founded in 1961, by Baptist Pastor Pat Robertson. Its show "The 700 Club", is one of the oldest on the American television scene and was broadcast in 39 languages in 138 countries in 2016.


title: Televangelism

text: The 1960s and early 1970s saw television replace radio as the primary home entertainment medium, but also corresponded with a further rise in Evangelical Christianity, particularly through the international television and radio ministry of Billy Graham. Many well-known televangelists began during this period, most notably Oral Roberts, Jimmy Swaggart, Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker, Jerry Falwell, and Pat Robertson. Most developed their own media networks, news exposure, and political influence. In the 21st century, some televised church services continue to attract large audiences. In the US, there are Joel Osteen, Joyce Meyer and T. D. Jakes. In Nigeria, there are Enoch Adeboye and Chris Oyakhilome.


title: Televangelism

text: Televangelists frequently draw criticism from other Christian ministers. For example, preacher John MacArthur published a number of articles in December 2009 that were highly critical of some televangelists.


title: Televangelism

text: A proportion of their methods and theology are held by some to be conflicting with Christian doctrine taught in long existing traditionalist congregations. Many televangelists are featured by "discernment ministries" run by other Christians that are concerned about what they perceive as departures from sound Christian doctrine.


title: Televangelism

text: In 2007, Senator Chuck Grassley opened a probe into the finances of six televangelists who preach a "prosperity gospel". The probe investigated reports of lavish lifestyles by televangelists including fleets of Rolls Royces, palatial mansions, private jets, and other expensive items purportedly paid for by television viewers who donate due to the ministries' encouragement of offerings. The six that were investigated are:


title: Televangelism

text: On January 6, 2011 Grassley released his review of the six ministries response to his inquiry. He called for a further congressional review of tax-exemption laws for religious groups.


title: Televangelism

text: The concept of using Internet videos and television to preach has spread beyond its American Evangelical roots. In Islam, the related concept of "dawah" has also given rise to similar figures who are often described as "Islamic televangelists". Examples include Moez Masoud, Zakir Naik and Amr Khaled, amongst others. These figures may build on the longstanding "da'i" tradition but also draw inspiration from Christian televangelists. Similarly to Christian televangelists, critics have argued that some Islamic televangelists may be too political, especially those pandering to fundamental Islamism including the far-right. Critics also claim that many will make significant amounts of money from their work and therefore may not be motivated by spiritual or charitable causes.


title: Televangelism

text: Examples of well-known Islamic televangelist TV channels include Muslim Television Ahmadiyya, Islam Channel, ARY Qtv and Peace TV. Some of these channels, but not all, have come under scrutiny from national television or communications regulators such as Ofcom in the UK and the CRTC in Canada, with Ofcom having censured both Islam Channel and Peace TV in the past for biased coverage of political events, incitement to illegal acts including marital rape, and homophobia.


title: Televangelism

text: Hindu religious leaders and preachers have also utilised practises inspired by Christian televangelism, with this becoming increasingly popular in recent times. The Hare Krishna movement has a strong proselytizing tradition which sometimes extends into the internet and television spheres.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: Jai Rodriguez is an American actor and musician best known as the culture guide on the Bravo network's Emmy-winning American reality television program "Queer Eye for the Straight Guy". He has also co-authored a book with the other "Queer Eye" hosts. Rodriguez starred as Geoffrey in the ABC sitcom "Malibu Country" from 2012 to 2013.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez is of Puerto Rican and Italian descent, He performed with gospel choirs from the age of eleven, and studied musical theater at the Boces Cultural Art Center in Syosset, New York (now called Long Island High School for the Arts). He also attended Smithtown Christian School and Smithtown High School (now Smithtown West) where he performed in various plays.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez is a stage actor and singer best known for his roles in the Toronto cast of Broadway stage musical "Rent", as Angel, and the Off-Broadway musical "Zanna, Don't!", as Zanna. He has also acted in several plays, including "Spinning into Butter" at the Lincoln Center. In 2005, he created and performed his own one night stage show, "Jai Rodriguez: xPosed." xPosed told the story of Rodriguez's life and struggle to come out to his religious family, and of his career on stage and in "Queer Eye." His "Queer Eye" co-stars Ted Allen and Carson Kressley appeared as themselves.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In November 1993, at age 14, Rodriguez appeared in one episode of the daytime drama "All My Children". In August 2005, he made a two-day guest appearance on the ABC daytime drama "One Life to Live".


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In November 2005, while "Queer Eye" was on filming hiatus, he joined the cast of "The Producers" on Broadway for three months, playing the role of Carmen Ghia. He played a different role, that of Sabu, in the 2005 "Producers" movie.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In August 2007, Rodriguez filmed a guest starring role in drama series "Nip/Tuck", playing the character of Chaz Darling. The episode (also titled "Chaz Darling") aired in November 2007.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In March 2010, Rodriguez appeared as a newscaster in the music video for "Telephone", with Lady Gaga and Beyoncé.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In February 2011, Rodriguez appeared in an episode of the ABC series "Detroit 1-8-7" titled "Legacy; Drag City", playing a drag queen.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In March 2011, Rodriguez made an appearance in an episode of NBC's "Harry's Law", titled "Send in the Clowns", as a transgender woman fired after an affair with a club owner was exposed.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In November 2011, Rodriguez appeared in an episode of "How I Met Your Mother" called "The Rebound Girl", playing the husband of Barney Stinson's brother. He appeared again in March 2014 in the episode "Gary Blauman".


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez regularly guest performs in "Cookin' With Gas ", a long-running all improv show, at The Groundlings Theatre in Los Angeles.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: As of May 2012, the new ABC sitcom "Malibu Country" was picked up. Rodriguez was a regular cast member, playing record industry executive, Geoffrey.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In November 2014, Rodriguez appears as Diego Diaz in "Kingdom" on DirecTV Audience Network, a physical therapist treating MMA fighter Nate Kulina, played by Nick Jonas.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In 2003, Rodriguez became "Queer Eye" resident "Culture Vulture", functioning as the show's expert on the topic of culture, and the show's success brought him increased exposure. He was a replacement host for the show's originally-cast culture host, but has been part of Queer Eye since the third episode. This show includes five guys, known as the "Fab Five." The roles of the "Fab Five" are a grooming guru, food and wine connoisseur, fashion savant, a designer doctor, and a culture vulture. The purpose of the show is to create a better sense of fashion, function, and culture between all straight men. A very interesting aspect of the show is the chemistry and great casting of the "Fab Five." These actors seem like they have been the best of friends since drama camp began back in time. However, none of the men knew each other before the show started. Since Jai Rodriguez is the youngest guy in the clique by ten years, he is considered to be the unique one. He came into the show after it had already begun. Also, Jai is the only person of color on the show.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In April 2004, Jai hosted "Bravo on With the Show." This was a contest on Bravo in which 50 actors and actresses won a trip to New York City to work with Broadway professionals. This three-day workshop helped these 10 to 17-year-old teens develop their acting skills.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: In May 2007, Rodriguez announced he would be appearing as a regular judge on two new reality shows: MTV's "Shower Power" (an American Idol-type singing contest) and Court TV's "The Jury," (a Judge Judy-type show where cases are decided by a panel of celebrity judges).


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: On November 3, 2007, Rodriguez started co-hosting (with Daisy Fuentes) a new show, "Ultimate Style", on the Style Network. The weekly series covers celebrities, fashion, beauty, home and all things related to style. Also in 2007, Rodriguez hosted one season of travel/style show Styleyes on Sí TV.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez also hosted the Animal Planet reality TV show "Groomer Has It", which premiered April 12, 2008 on Animal Planet. He also appears on "GSN Live" as a sub host.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: As a singer, Rodriguez has performed on stage and as a recording artist. In 2002, he created his own musical cabaret show, titled "Monday Night Twisted Cabaret," which ran at New York gay club xl for a year. Rodriguez continued to perform "Twisted Cabaret" on a sporadic basis between 2004–2006.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez released his first single, "Love Is Good", on the indie record label Arrive at Eleven Productions in March 2003. He then recorded his debut album for Airgo Records. The first single from the album, "Broken", was released on October 4, 2007.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez appeared as one of the celebrity singers on the Fox reality TV show "Celebrity Duets", which premiered August 29. He was eliminated on September 22, 2006.


title: Jai Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez is also a co-author of the New York Times bestselling book, "Queer Eye for the Straight Guy: The Fab Five's Guide to Looking Better, Cooking Better, Dressing Better, Behaving Better, and Living Better" (Published by Clarkson Potter, 2004).


title: Menstrual pad

text: A menstrual pad, or simply a pad, (also known as a sanitary pad, sanitary towel, sanitary napkin or feminine napkin) is an absorbent item worn by women in their underwear when menstruating, bleeding after giving birth, recovering from gynecologic surgery, experiencing a miscarriage or abortion, or in any other situation where it is necessary to absorb a flow of blood from the vagina. A menstrual pad is a type of menstrual hygiene product that is worn externally, unlike tampons and menstrual cups, which are worn inside the vagina. Pads are generally changed by being stripped off the pants and panties, taking out the old pad, sticking the new one on the inside of the panties and pulling them back on. Pads are recommended to be changed every 3–4 hours to avoid certain bacteria that can fester in blood; this time also may differ depending on the kind worn, flow, and the time it is worn.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Menstrual pads are made from a range of materials, differing depending on style, country of origin, and brand. The pads are not the same as incontinence pads, which generally have higher absorbency and are worn by those who have urinary incontinence problems. Although menstrual pads are not made for this use, some use them for this purpose.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Although producers are generally reluctant to reveal the exact composition of their products, the main materials of disposable menstrual pads are usually bleached rayon (cellulose made from wood pulp), cotton and plastics. In addition, fragrance and antibacterial agents can be included. The plastic parts are the backsheet and polymer powder as an additional powerful absorbent (superabsorbent polymers) that turns into a gel when moistened. Procter & Gamble advertise a proprietary material called infinicel as the core of their napkins.


title: Menstrual pad

text: In general, the layering is as follows: "an absorbent core material placed between a flexible liquid-pervious topsheet and a liquid-impervious plastic backsheet that has an adhesive on the outside for attaching the napkin to an undergarment". As is the case with disposable tampons and diapers, recycling is difficult and rarely done due to cost reasons, although proof-of-principle solutions appear to exist. When not dumped in a landfill where the non-biodegradable parts may persist for thousands of years, conventional hygiene products can at best be "thermally recycled" (incinerated).


title: Menstrual pad

text: The shape, absorbency and lengths may vary depending on manufacturer, but usually range from the short slender panty liner to the larger and longer overnight. Long pads are offered for extra protection or for larger women whose undergarments might not be completely protected by regular length pads, and also for overnight use.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Other options are often offered in a manufacturer's line of pads, such as wings or tabs that wrap around the sides of underwear to add additional leak protection and help secure the pad in place. Deodorant is also added to some pads, which is designed to cover menstrual odor with a light fragrance. There are even panty liners specifically designed to be worn with a thong/G-string.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Some women use a washable or reusable cloth menstrual pad. These are made from a number of types of fabric—most often cotton flannel, bamboo, or hemp (which is highly absorbent and not as bulky as cotton). Most styles have wings that secure around the underpants, but some are just held in place (without wings) between the body and the underpants. Some (particularly the older styles) are available in belted styles. Cloth menstrual pads made a comeback around the 1970s, with their popularity increasing in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Reasons women choose to switch to cloth menstrual pads include comfort, savings over time, environmental impact and health reasons.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Washable menstrual pads do not need to be disposed of after use and therefore offer a more economical alternative. Reusable menstrual pads can be found on a number of websites, or are made at home (instructions are available online). They have become a popular alternative because they are allergen- and perfume-free, and can be more comfortable for women who experience irritation from using disposable pads.


title: Menstrual pad

text: There are many styles of cloth menstrual pads available today, ranging from panty liners to overnight pads. Popular styles of cloth menstrual pads include all-in-one, or AIO pads, in which the absorbent layer is sewn inside the pad, "inserts on top" style pads, which have absorbent layers that can be secured on top of the pad as needed, envelope or pocket style pads, which have absorbent layers that can be inserted inside the pad as needed, and a foldable style, in which the pad folds around the absorbent layers. Cloth menstrual pads can also have a waterproof lining, which provides more leak protection but may also be less breathable than those with no lining.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Menstrual pads are worn by women to absorb menstrual discharge, thereby protecting clothing and furnishings. They are usually individually wrapped so they are easier and more discreet to carry in a purse or bag. This wrapper may be used to wrap the soiled pads before disposing of them in appropriate receptacles. Some women prefer to wrap the pads with toilet paper instead of (or as well as) using the wrapper, which, often being made of slick plastic with a small tape tab, may not adequately stick. Menstrual pads of any type should not be flushed down the toilet as they can cause blockages. In developed countries, public toilets almost always include a receptacle in which to place soiled pads. In first aid, they make excellent dressings for heavy bleeding due to their high absorbency if gauze is unavailable or inadequate.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Many women who experience urinary incontinence use menstrual pads to manage bladder leaks. However, since menstrual pads are designed to absorb menstrual flow, they are not as effective in absorbing urinary leaks; incontinence pads are designed for this purpose.


title: Menstrual pad

text: If a woman does not have menstrual pads on hand while menstruating, she might use toilet paper as a temporary substitution.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Through the ages women have used different forms of menstrual protection. Menstrual pads have been mentioned as early as the 10th century, in the "Suda", where Hypatia, who lived in the 4th century AD, was said to have thrown one of her used menstrual rags at an admirer in an attempt to discourage him. Before commercially available menstrual hygiene products, most women used pieces of cloth to absorb their menstrual flow. "On the rag" is a term that originally referred to menstrual rags, but its modern usage is as a menstrual euphemism.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Until disposable menstrual pads were created, cloth or reusable pads were widely used to collect menstrual blood. Women often used a variety of home-made menstrual pads which they crafted from various fabrics, or other absorbent materials, to collect menstrual blood. Even after disposable pads were commercially available, for several years they were too expensive for many women to afford. When they could be afforded, women were allowed to place money in a box so that they would not have to speak to the clerk and take a box of Kotex pads from the counter themselves. It took several years for disposable menstrual pads to become commonplace. However, they are now used nearly exclusively in most of the industrialized world.


title: Menstrual pad

text: The first of the disposable pads were generally in the form of a cotton wool or similar fibrous rectangle covered with an absorbent liner. The liner ends were extended front and back so as to fit through loops in a special girdle or belt worn beneath undergarments. This design was notorious for slipping either forward or back of the intended position.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Disposable menstrual pads grew from a Benjamin Franklin invention created to help stop wounded soldiers from bleeding, but appear to have been first commercially available from around 1880 with Thomas and William Southall's pad. The first commercially available American disposable napkins were Lister's Towels created by Johnson & Johnson in 1888. Disposable pads had their start with nurses using their wood pulp bandages to absorb their menstrual flow, creating a pad that was made from easily obtainable materials and inexpensive enough to throw away after use. Kotex's first advertisement for products made with this wood pulp (cellucotton) appeared in January 1921. Johnson & Johnson introduced "Modess" Sanitary Napkins in 1926, researched by Lillian Gilbreth. Several of the first disposable pad manufacturers were also manufacturers of bandages, which could give an indication of what these products were like.


title: Menstrual pad

text: In 1956, Mary Kenner obtained a patent for an adjustable sanitary belt with an inbuilt, moisture-proof napkin pocket. However, the company that first showed interest in her invention rejected it after they discovered that she was African American.


title: Menstrual pad

text: Later an adhesive strip was placed on the bottom of sanitary pads for attachment to the crotch of the panties, and this became a favoured method with women. The belted sanitary napkin quickly disappeared during the early 1980s.


title: Menstrual pad

text: The ergonomic design and materials used to make pads also changed through the 1980s to today. With earlier materials not being as absorbent and effective, and early pads being up to two centimetres thick, leaks were a major problem. Some variations introduced were quilting of the lining, adding "wings" and reducing the thickness of the pad by utilising products such as sphagnum and polyacrylate superabsorbent gels derived from petroleum. The materials used to manufacture most pads are derived from the petroleum industry and forestry. The absorbent core, made from chlorine bleached wood pulp, could be reduced to make slimmer products with the addition of polyacrylate gels which sucks up the liquid quickly and holds it in a suspension under pressure. The remaining materials are mostly derived from the petroleum industry, the cover stock used is polypropylene non woven, with the leakproof barrier made from polyethylene film.


title: Menstrual pad

text: In developing countries, makeshift pads are still used to collect menstrual blood as they are cheaper. Rags, soil, and mud are also reportedly used for collecting menstrual flow by people who cannot afford the more expensive disposable pads or tampons.


title: Menstrual pad

text: In order to meet the need for achieving an inexpensive solution to reduce unsanitary and unhygienic practices in countries like India, Arunachalam Muruganantham from rural Coimbatore in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, India, developed and patented a machine which could manufacture low-cost sanitary pads for less than a third of the former cost. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation awarded Nairobi-based ZanaAfrica a grant of US$3 million. ZanaAfrica explores creative approaches to menstrual health education for adolescent girls.


title: Menstrual pad

text: In India, the central government is planning to launch a ₹12,000 crore scheme to ensure access to menstrual pads across India, pegged on its popular ₹1/pad under Suvidha brand. The pads are oxo-biodegradable, which means they break down into "tiny pieces in the presence of oxygen and may then slowly biodegrade". The original cost of production of each pad is estimated at Rs 2.50.


title: Sergei Saltykov

text: Count Sergei Vasilievich Saltykov (; c. 1726 – 1765) was a Russian officer (chamberlain) who became the first lover of Empress Catherine the Great after her arrival in Russia.


title: Sergei Saltykov

text: Saltykov was alleged to be the biological father of Catherine II's son, Paul I of Russia, and this was heavily implied in Catherine's memoirs. It was reported that Paul was "almost certainly the child of [Catherine's] lover." However, Paul greatly resembled his official father Peter III of Russia in character and appearance. There was very little in common between the pugnacious, stocky Paul and tall, handsome Sergei Saltykov. In her memoirs, though, Catherine noted the


title: Sergei Saltykov

text: The Saltykovs were an ancient boyar family which rivaled the Romanovs in prominence. Saltykov was also descended from several branches of the Rurikid and Gediminid dynasties through the female line as well as from Tatiana Feodorovna, the sister of the first Romanov tsar Michael I. Tsarina Praskovia, the mother of Empress Anna, also came from this clan, although her branch was only distantly related to the grandfather of Sergei.


title: Sergei Saltykov

text: Sergei's wife Matryona Balk was named after her grandmother Modesta Mons, and was the sister of Anna Mons and Willem Mons. Modesta (better known under her Russian name Matryona) had been publicly whipped in 1718 and exiled to Siberia after Peter the Great had learnt about her brother Willem's affair with his wife Catherine.


title: The Riftwar Cycle

text: The Riftwar Cycle is the name given to the series of books authored or co-authored by Raymond E. Feist that revolve around the fantasy worlds of Midkemia and Kelewan.


title: The Riftwar Cycle

text: The majority of Feist's works are part of The Riftwar Universe, and feature the worlds of Midkemia and Kelewan. Human magicians and other creatures on the two planets are able to create rifts through dimensionless space that can connect planets in different solar systems. The novels and short stories of The Riftwar Universe record the adventures of various people on these worlds.


title: The Riftwar Cycle

text: "Midkemia" was originally created as an alternative to the "Dungeons and Dragons" (D&D) role-playing game. When Feist studied at the University of California, San Diego, he and his friends created a new role-playing game based on their own original world of Midkemia. They called themselves the "Thursday Nighters", because they played the Midkemia role-playing game every Thursday evening. After some time, when the group changed and began meeting on Fridays, they became known as the "Friday Nighters". The original group have since formed a company called Midkemia Press, which has continued publishing campaigns set in that universe.


title: The Riftwar Cycle

text: Feist acknowledges that the Tekumel setting from M. A. R. Barker's "Empire of the Petal Throne" was the source for much of Kelewan. The original D&D campaign which he based his books on had an invasion of the Midkemia world by Tekumel. As a result, much of the background of Kelewan - the Tsurani Empire, the lack of metals and horses, the Cho'ja, the pantheons of 10 major and 10 minor gods - comes from Tekumel. Feist claims to have been unaware of this origin when he wrote "Magician".


title: The Riftwar Cycle

text: Most "Riftwar" novels' stories occur in chronological order following the publishing order, with a few exceptions. The Empire Trilogy starts during "Magician" and concludes after "A Darkness at Sethanon". The Riftwar Legacy occurs between the Riftwar Saga and Krondor's Sons. The Legends of the Riftwar novels occur between "Magician" and "Silverthorn".


title: The Riftwar Cycle

text: Novels are grouped into their respective series, with series ordered by the publishing date of the first novel in the series.


title: The Riftwar Cycle

text: On February 2, 2022, Six Studios, a production company started by Jeff Huang and Carl Choi, announced it would develop the first six books in The Riftwar Saga into a TV series. Hannah Friedman, Jacob Pinion and Nick Bernardone are attached to write.


title: Unitary executive theory

text: The unitary executive theory is a theory of United States constitutional law which holds that the President of the United States possesses the power to control the entire federal executive branch. The doctrine is rooted in Article Two of the United States Constitution, which vests "the executive power" of the United States in the President. Although that general principle is widely accepted, there is disagreement about the strength and scope of the doctrine. It can be said that some favor a "strongly unitary" executive, while others favor a "weakly unitary" executive. The former group argue, for example, that Congress's power to interfere with intra-executive decision-making (such as firing executive branch officials) is limited, and that the President can control policy-making by all executive agencies within the limits set for those agencies by Congress. Still others agree that the Constitution requires a unitary executive, but believe this to be harmful, and propose its abolition by constitutional amendment.


title: Unitary executive theory

text: Plural executives exist in several states where, in contrast to the federal government, executive officers such as lieutenant governor, attorney general, comptroller, secretary of state, and others, are elected independently of the state's governor. The Executive Branch of the Texan state government is a textbook example of this type of executive structure. However, only the State of North Carolina maintains a plural executive whereby the Chief Executive's actions can be curbed by other elected executive officers. The group of North Carolina executive officers is known as the North Carolina Council of State and it wields fair amounts of statutory powers when approving monetary and property transactions by the state government. This type of plural executive, used in Japan, Israel, and Sweden is one in which a collegial body composes the executive branch – however, that collegial body does not comprise multiple members elected in elections, but is rather more akin to the US Cabinet or UK Cabinet in formation and structure.


title: Unitary executive theory

text: The Vesting Clause of Article II provides, "The executive Power [of the United States] shall be vested in a President of the United States of America." Proponents of the unitary executive theory argue that this language, along with the Take Care Clause ("The President shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed ..."), creates a "hierarchical, unified executive department under the direct control of the President."


title: Unitary executive theory

text: The general principle that the President controls the entire executive branch was originally rather innocuous, but extreme forms of the theory have developed. Former White House Counsel John Dean explains: "In its most extreme form, unitary executive theory can mean that neither Congress nor the federal courts can tell the President what to do or how to do it, particularly regarding national security matters."


title: Unitary executive theory

text: According to law professors Lawrence Lessig and Cass Sunstein, "No one denies that in some sense the framers created a unitary executive; the question is in what sense. Let us distinguish between a strong and a weak version." In either its strong or weak form, the theory would limit the power of Congress to divest the President of control of the executive branch. The "strongly unitary" theory posits stricter limits on Congress than the "weakly unitary" theory. During his confirmation hearing to become an Associate Justice on the United States Supreme Court, Samuel Alito seemed to endorse a weaker version of the unitary executive theory.


title: Unitary executive theory

text: Some scholars oppose even the "weakly unitary" theory and favor creating a plural executive, as in the many state governments that separately elect an attorney general. However, those scholars acknowledge that a constitutional amendment would be required to eliminate the federal unitary executive.


title: Unitary executive theory

text: Proponents of a strongly unitary theory argue that the president possesses "all" of the executive power and can therefore control subordinate officers and agencies of the executive branch. This implies that the power of Congress to remove executive agencies or officers from Presidential control is limited. Thus, under the strongly unitary executive theory, independent agencies and counsels are unconstitutional to the extent that they exercise discretionary executive power not controlled by the president.


title: Unitary executive theory

text: The judicial branch implications are that a part of the executive branch cannot sue another part because "the executive cannot sue himself." If the federal courts were to adjudicate disputes between executive agencies, it would violate the doctrine of separation of powers.


title: Unitary executive theory

text: The phrase "unitary executive" was discussed as early as the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, referring mainly to having a single individual fill the office of President, as proposed in the Virginia Plan. The alternative was to have several executives or an executive council, as proposed in the New Jersey Plan and as promoted by Elbridge Gerry, Edmund Randolph, and George Mason.


title: Unitary executive theory

text: At the Pennsylvania ratifying convention in 1787, James Wilson emphasized the advantages of a single chief executive, including greater accountability, vigor, decisiveness, and responsibility:


title: Unitary executive theory

text: [T]he executive authority is one. By this means we obtain very important advantages. We may discover from history, from reason, and from experience, the security which this furnishes. The executive power is better to be trusted when it has no screen. Sir, we have a responsibility in the person of our President; he cannot act improperly, and hide either his negligence or inattention; he cannot roll upon any other person the weight of his criminality; no appointment can take place without his nomination; and he is responsible for every nomination he makes. We secure vigor. We well know what numerous executives are. We know there is neither vigor, decision, nor responsibility, in them. Add to all this, that officer is placed high, and is possessed of power far from being contemptible; yet not a single privilege is annexed to his character; far from being above the laws, he is amenable to them in his private character as a citizen, and in his public character by impeachment.


title: Unitary executive theory

text: In 1788, the letters of the Federal Farmer were published, generally considered among the most astute of Anti-Federalist writings. The pseudonymous Federal Farmer defended the proposed unitary executive, arguing that "a single man seems to be peculiarly well circumstanced to superintend the execution of laws with discernment and decision, with promptitude and uniformity."


title: Unitary executive theory

text: Meanwhile, Federalists such as James Madison were emphasizing an additional advantage of a unitary executive. In Federalist No. 51, he wrote that an undivided executive would strengthen the ability of the executive to resist encroachments by the legislature: "As the weight of the legislative authority requires that it should be thus divided [into branches], the weakness of the executive may require, on the other hand, that it should be fortified."


title: Unitary executive theory

text: Alexander Hamilton later pointed out that the Constitution grants executive power and legislative power in different ways, with the legislative powers of Congress being expressly limited to what is "herein granted," unlike executive powers which are not expressly limited by an enumeration. Hamilton wrote:


title: Unitary executive theory

text: In the article which gives the legislative powers of the government, the expressions are "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a congress of the United States." In that which grants the executive power, the expressions are "The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States." The enumeration ought therefore to be considered, as intended merely to specify the principal articles implied in the definition of executive power. ...