title: 24 (season 4)

text: In the wake of the real-life Abu Ghraib scandal and similar allegations at other U.S. military facilities housing suspected terrorists, commentators accused the show of legitimizing the use of torture in the war on terror. Unlike other "24" seasons which featured them incidentally, torture scenes were crucial to the theme of Season 4 which examined the consequences of Jack Bauer's belief that "the end justifies the means." Despite preventing a nuclear attack, there are several consequence to his actions: Dina Araz is killed in a risky sting operation, Paul Raines dies when Jack forces the only available surgeon to save a suspect, Jack loses the love of Audrey Raines and ultimately has to fake his own death and start a new life. In an interview with Charlie Rose, Kiefer Sutherland commented on the show's use of torture and how it relates to the recent controversies over government-sanctioned torture. "Do I personally believe that the police or any of these other legal agencies that are working for this government should be entitled to interrogate people and do the things that I do on the show? No, I do not."


title: Beatrice Straight

text: Beatrice Whitney Straight (August 2, 1914 – April 7, 2001) was an American theatre, film and television actress and a member of the prominent Whitney family. She was an Academy Award and Tony Award winner as well as an Emmy Award nominee.


title: Beatrice Straight

text: Straight made her Broadway debut in "The Possessed" (1939). Her other Broadway roles included Viola in "Twelfth Night" (1941), Catherine Sloper in "The Heiress" (1947) and Lady Macduff in "Macbeth" (1948). For her role as Elizabeth Proctor in the production of "The Crucible" (1953), she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. For the satirical film "Network" (1976), she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her performance is the shortest ever to win an Academy Award for acting, at five minutes and two seconds of screen time. She also received an Emmy Award nomination for the miniseries "The Dain Curse" (1978). Straight also appeared as Mother Christophe in "The Nun's Story" (1959) and Dr. Martha Lesh in "Poltergeist" (1982).


title: Beatrice Straight

text: Beatrice Whitney Straight was born in Old Westbury, New York, the daughter of Dorothy Payne Whitney of the Whitney family, and Willard Dickerman Straight, an investment banker, diplomat, and career U.S. Army officer. Her maternal grandfather was political leader and financier William Collins Whitney. In 1918, when Straight was four years old, her father died in France of influenza during the great epidemic while serving with the United States Army during World War I. Following her mother's remarriage to British agronomist Leonard K. Elmhirst in 1925, the family moved to Devon, England. It was there that Straight was educated at Dartington Hall and began acting in amateur theater productions. In the 1930s, she attended the Cornish School in Seattle where many of her teachers at Dartington Hall were from and to which both she and her mother became major benefactors.


title: Beatrice Straight

text: Straight returned to the United States and made her Broadway debut in the play "The Possessed" (1939). Most of her theater work was in the classics, including "Twelfth Night" (1941), "Macbeth" (1948) and "The Crucible" (1953), for which she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play.


title: Beatrice Straight

text: From its inception, Straight was a member of the Actors Studio, attending the class conducted three times weekly by founding member Robert Lewis; her classmates included Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift, Jerome Robbins, Sidney Lumet, and about 20 others.


title: Beatrice Straight

text: Straight was active in the early days of television, appearing in anthology series such as "Armstrong Circle Theatre", "Hallmark Hall of Fame", "Kraft Television Theatre", "Studio One", "Suspense", "The United States Steel Hour", "Playhouse 90" and "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", and dramatic series like "Dr. Kildare", "Ben Casey", "The Defenders", "Route 66", "" and "St. Elsewhere". Further television performances include the role of Hippolyta in the "Wonder Woman" series, and Marion Hillyard, the icy, controlling mother of Stephen Collins in "The Promise".


title: Beatrice Straight

text: Straight worked infrequently in film and is perhaps remembered best for her role as a devastated wife confronting husband William Holden's infidelity in "Network" (1976). Despite her character only appearing briefly onscreen, Straight was highly praised for her performance, earning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Another widely seen film appearance was the role of the paranormal investigator Dr. Martha Lesh in the horror film "Poltergeist" (1982).


title: Beatrice Straight

text: On February 22, 1942, Straight married Louis Dolivet, Free French Leader, in Polk County, Iowa. At the time, Dolivet was a speaker at the National Farm Institute and Straight was in the middle of the midwest road show of "Twelfth Night". Her mother Dorothy Elmhirst and stepfather Leonard K. Elmhirst attended the wedding with her brother Michael Straight and his wife Belinda Crompton. Dolivet was in the French Air Force until June 1940 and was the co-editor of "The Free World", a magazine published by the International Free World Association, of which he was secretary general. At the time of the wedding, her elder brother, Whitney Straight, had been missing since August 1941, when his plane was shot down on the French coast.


title: Beatrice Straight

text: Straight obtained a divorce from Dolivet in Reno, Nevada, on May 24, 1949. Together they had one child:


title: Beatrice Straight

text: In 1948, while starring in the Broadway production of "The Heiress", an adaptation of Henry James's "Washington Square", she met Peter Cookson. They married in 1949 and remained married until Cookson's death in 1990. Peter had two children from his previous marriage, Peter W. Cookson Jr. and Jane Coopland (née Cookson). Together, Straight and Cookson had two children:


title: Beatrice Straight

text: In 1952, her 7-year-old son, Willard, from her first marriage, accidentally drowned in a pond on their farm in Armonk while playing in a small rowboat tied to the dock. The boy was found by Cookson. The boy's father, Dolivet, who was living in Paris at the time, was refused a visa and, therefore, unable to fly to the United States to attend the funeral because of his alleged pro-communist activities, which he denied.


title: Beatrice Straight

text: Straight reportedly had Alzheimer's disease in her last years. In 2001, she died from pneumonia in Northridge, Los Angeles, at the age of 86. Her interment was at William Henry Lee Memorial Cemetery in New Marlborough, Massachusetts.


title: Albert Belle

text: Albert Jojuan Belle (born August 25, 1966), known until 1990 as Joey Belle, is an American former Major League Baseball outfielder who played from 1989 to 2000, most notably for the Cleveland Indians. Known for his fierce, competitive temperament and intimidating stature, Belle was one of the leading sluggers of his time, and in 1995 became the only player to ever hit 50 doubles and 50 home runs in a season. He was also the first player to break the $10 million per year compensation contract in Major League Baseball.


title: Albert Belle

text: and Silver Slugger. He retired with a .295 career batting average, and averaged 37 home runs and 120 RBIs per season between 1991 and 2000. He is one of only six players in MLB history to have nine consecutive 100-RBI seasons.


title: Albert Belle

text: Albert and his fraternal twin, Terry, were born on August 25, 1966, in Shreveport, Louisiana, the son of Albert Belle Sr., a high school baseball and football coach, and Carrie Belle, a former math teacher. He attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America. Belle attended Huntington High School in Shreveport, where he was a star baseball and football player, a member of the National Honor Society and vice president of the local Future Business Leaders of America. He graduated sixth in his high school class and made the all-state baseball team twice. In 1984, he was selected to play for the USA in the Junior Olympics, in which the U.S. won a silver medal. He played outfield and pitched, winning one game. After graduation, Belle accepted a baseball scholarship to Louisiana State University.


title: Albert Belle

text: Belle played college baseball at Louisiana State University from 1985 to 1987, where he made 1st team All-SEC in 1986 and 1987 and played in 184 games, with 585 at bats, 194 hits, 30 doubles, 49 home runs, 172 runs batted in, 157 runs, a .670 slugging percentage, and a .332 batting average. In 1986, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Chatham A's and was named a league all-star, then returned to the league in 1987 to play for the Hyannis Mets.


title: Albert Belle

text: However, the stress of being a potential high prospect shifted his personality, turning tense after his sophomore year. In his junior year, he was batting .349 before an incident involving a heckler insulting him with racial epithets at an SEC Tournament game led to a suspension that kept him out of the College World Series.


title: Albert Belle

text: Belle became the fourth player to have eight straight seasons of 30 home runs and 100 RBIs, joining Babe Ruth, Jimmie Foxx and Lou Gehrig (a feat since matched by Albert Pujols, Rafael Palmeiro, Manny Ramirez and Alex Rodriguez). He was an accomplished baserunner, with a career-high 23 steals in 1993, and 17 steals in 1999 despite hip problems. He led the league three times in RBIs, three times in total bases, three times in extra-base hits and twice in slugging. He was a five-time All-Star between 1993 and 1997. He had a powerful throwing arm, and was a gifted pitcher in high school. His range factor by games played was consistently higher than the major league average at that position; nevertheless, he still managed to accrue a -63 "Total Zone Runs" during 12 major league seasons.


title: Albert Belle

text: Belle's career highs in home runs, RBIs, batting average, runs scored and walks occurred in five separate seasons. In 2006, the "Hardball Times" published a statistical comparison of Belle's career statistics with that of 60 of his current and former peers. The article ranked him in career "prime value", behind current Hall of Famer Ralph Kiner and recent inductee Frank Thomas.


title: Albert Belle

text: In 1992, Belle would have become one of only five players in MLB history to hit a home run over the left-field roof of Detroit's Tiger Stadium (joining Harmon Killebrew, Frank Howard, Cecil Fielder and Mark McGwire). However, the ball struck a light tower on top of the roof and caromed back into the stands.


title: Albert Belle

text: In 1994, Belle lost the batting title to New York Yankees outfielder Paul O'Neill, .359 to .357. In 1995, Belle became the first player in major league history to hit 50 home runs and 50 doubles in the same season; the last player before him to reach as many as 40 in both categories had been Willie Stargell in 1973. The achievement was especially impressive because Belle played only 143 games in 1995 due to a season shortened by the previous year's player strike.


title: Albert Belle

text: Belle's reputation and disdain of the media cost him votes for the 1995 MVP Award. He finished second in the voting to the Boston Red Sox' Mo Vaughn even though he led the American League that season in runs scored, home runs, RBIs, slugging percentage and total bases, and outpaced Vaughn head-to-head in every important offensive category except RBIs (both men had 126); both players' teams reached the playoffs. This was in the middle of a three-year streak in which Belle finished 3rd, 2nd and 3rd for the American League MVP. Belle had two other top ten MVP finishes, in 1993 (7th) and 1998 (8th).


title: Albert Belle

text: In the winter of 1996, Belle signed a 5-year, $55 million (equivalent to $ today) deal with the Chicago White Sox as a free agent. This contract made him the highest-paid player in baseball for a brief period and the first player in baseball history to make $10 million in a season. He enjoyed two great seasons in Chicago, including a career-high 27-game hitting streak in May 1997, and came close to another 50/50 season in 1998 with 49 home runs (a White Sox team record that still stands) and 48 doubles. He also drove in 152 runs to break Zeke Bonura's single-season franchise record of 138 in 1936 (to date, the RBI total also remains a White Sox single-season record). Additionally, when Cal Ripken Jr. ended his record consecutive game streak at 2,632 in September 1998 on the last day of the season, it was Belle who took over as the major leagues' active leader in the category (his streak of 392, however, ended the next year due to a perceived lack of hustle viewed by his manager).


title: Albert Belle

text: Belle's contract with the White Sox had an unusual clause allowing him to demand that he would remain one of the three highest-paid players in baseball. In October 1998 he invoked the clause, and when the White Sox declined to give him a raise he immediately became a free agent. He again became the game's highest-paid player, signing a five-year, $65 million ($ today) deal with the Baltimore Orioles. But his career ended just two seasons later when he was forced into retirement at age 34 by degenerative hip osteoarthritis. He was, however, kept on Baltimore's active 40-man roster for the next three years as a condition of the insurance policy which largely reimbursed the Orioles for the remainder of his contract.


title: Albert Belle

text: Belle homered in the final at-bat of his major-league career, at Oriole Park at Camden Yards on October 1, 2000.


title: Albert Belle

text: In 1,539 games over 12 seasons, Belle posted a .295 batting average (1726-for-5853) with 974 runs, 389 doubles, 21 triples, 381 home runs, 1239 RBI, 88 stolen bases, 683 bases on balls, .369 on-base percentage and .564 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .976 fielding percentage playing at left and right field. In 18 postseason games, he hit .230 (14-for-61) with 10 runs, 2 doubles, 6 home runs, 14 RBI, 1 stolen base and 14 walks.


title: Albert Belle

text: In 1990, the Indians sent Belle to the Cleveland Clinic for two months for alcoholism rehabilitation.


title: Albert Belle

text: Belle was suspended in 1994 for using a corked bat, resulting in a seven-game suspension. The incident gained further notoriety for his sending teammate Jason Grimsley through the building's ceiling panel to break into the locked umpires' dressing room to replace his corked bat with a teammate's bat. The revelation of Belle's use of corked bats was later given more emphasis when Cleveland teammate Omar Vizquel wrote in his 2002 autobiography that it would be naive to suggest otherwise, and that "all of Albert's bats were corked."


title: Albert Belle

text: Belle was fined in 1996 for knocking down Brewers infielder Fernando Viña, who had blocked his way between bases.


title: Albert Belle

text: Sports reporters resented Belle's refusal to grant interviews before a game. A profane outburst directed at a group of reporters in his team's dugout, including NBC Sports personality Hannah Storm, was widely reported during the 1995 World Series. He was unrepentant afterward: "The Indians wanted me to issue a statement of regret when the fine was announced, but I told them to take it out. I apologize for nothing."


title: Albert Belle

text: Eventually, Belle routinely refused to speak with the media. "I don't get excited talking about myself", he explained. "Guys such as Sandy Koufax, Joe DiMaggio and Steve Carlton did not interview, and it was no big deal. They were quiet. I am also quiet. I just want to concentrate on baseball. Why does everyone want to hear me talk, anyway?"


title: Albert Belle

text: In his first year of Hall of Fame eligibility (2006), he garnered only 7.7% of the baseball writers' votes, missing election by an extremely wide margin. But his vote total was high enough to keep his name on the ballot for the following year. In 2007, however, he garnered only 19 votes (3.5%).


title: Albert Belle

text: In retirement, Belle had his first encounter with the Cleveland Indians since leaving the club in 1996, during their 2012 spring training in Goodyear, Arizona and was joined by former teammates Kenny Lofton, Sandy Alomar Jr., and Carlos Baerga. In spite of this, Belle declined both to attend the 20th anniversary celebration of the 1995 World Series team in 2015 and the 2016 ceremony when he was inducted into the Indians team Hall of Fame.


title: Albert Belle

text: In October 1995, Belle's house in Euclid, Ohio was egged by teenagers after he turned away trick-or-treaters on Halloween. Belle chased one of the trick-or-treaters in his car. Belle was fined $100 for reckless operation of a vehicle. The guardian of the teenager later sued Belle for $850,000 contending that Belle's car had bumped into the teenager. The lawsuit was settled in 1997.


title: Albert Belle

text: In 2006, Belle was sentenced to 90 days in jail and five years' probation after he admitted to stalking his former girlfriend.


title: Albert Belle

text: On March 25, 2018, Belle was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona and charged with indecent exposure and DUI. All charges were dismissed the following month.


title: Hey Dude

text: Hey Dude is an American Western comedy series that aired from July 14, 1989 to August 30, 1991 with a total of 65 half-hour episodes produced over five seasons. The show was originally broadcast on Nickelodeon.


title: Hey Dude

text: The series, aimed primarily towards a teenage audience, is set on the fictional "Bar None Dude Ranch" near the city of Tucson, Arizona. It portrays the lives of the ranch's owner, his son, a female ranch hand, and four teenage summer employees.


title: Hey Dude

text: Ben Ernst, a divorced, good-natured, somewhat bumbling father from New Jersey, bought the Bar None Dude Ranch seeking escape from his high-pressure job as a New York City accountant. His son, Buddy, is displeased with the change of locale, primarily because he is unable to use his skateboard on the desert sand.


title: Hey Dude

text: For Season 1, the teenage staff consisted of two boys and two girls: Ted, an enterprising troublemaker; Danny, an easy-going Hopi teenager and Ted's best friend; girl-next-door Melody; and Brad, a rich girl from Grosse Pointe, Michigan. Though Brad often wears dressy designer outfits at work, she is a competent horse rider. Her love-hate relationship with Ted is a plot thread during the first half of the series.


title: Hey Dude

text: After David Lascher left the show during Season 3 in 1990, Ted was replaced by Ernst's nephew Jake, an eccentric slacker who likes to play the drums. Not long after, Kyle, a somewhat dim but handsome cowboy type, joined the ranch. When Ted returned to the show, he and Kyle became romantic rivals for Brad. The show's only other featured adult is Lucy, a tough, authoritative ranch hand. She is sometimes viewed as a mother figure and the teens often ask her for advice.


title: Hey Dude

text: Each episode begins with a cold open that usually ends with a pun. After that, the show's logo appears over the end of the cold open. Each character is then introduced as a horseshoe flips, followed again by the show's logo, after which the opening sequence fades out. Each episode ends with an instrumental version of the show's theme song while the credits roll over stills from the episode.


title: Hey Dude

text: David Lascher and Joe Torres were nominated for a 1991 Young Artist Award in the Best Youth Variety or Game Show category for their roles on "Hey Dude".


title: Hey Dude

text: "Hey Dude" was videotaped on location at the Tanque Verde Guest Ranch in Tucson, Arizona. The show was produced by Cinetel Productions. Casting began in 1988 with local auditions held in Tucson. Josh Tygiel, who was cast as protagonist Buddy Ernst, was one of 120 Tucson-area boys who auditioned for the series. Joe Torres was cast as Danny Lightfoot after auditioning in Tucson for the role.


title: Hey Dude

text: While most of the show was technically shot on the property of the Tanque Verde Guest Ranch, the familiar "ranch" that was known to television viewers was actually built from scratch roughly a mile away from the main public areas. This was done so ranch guests would not be bothered by the production and to create buildings with a more "western" look, which was not offered by the relatively modern and luxurious Tanque Verde. The main lodge, boys and girls bunks, guest lodge (which doubled as cast dressing rooms) and the stable were all built specifically for the production.


title: Hey Dude

text: After the show ended production, the buildings were abandoned and several are still standing to this day, albeit in much disrepair. The swimming pool that was frequently used on the show is the main pool for the Tanque Verde Guest Ranch and is still in use by guests. The set is located at , about fifteen miles east of Tucson, Arizona.


title: Hey Dude

text: The series ran for 65 30-minute episodes over two years from 1989 to 1991. Each season take place over the course of one summer in the lives of the ranch's staff, with cast members often recalling pranks and staff members from previous summers.


title: Hey Dude

text: The first season of "Hey Dude" became available for download from the iTunes Store on July 29, 2008. The second season of "Hey Dude" became available for download from the iTunes Store in August 2010. The third season of "Hey Dude" became available for download from the iTunes Store on November 29, 2011 (only containing 12 out of 13 episodes). All five seasons of the series are available for purchase as DVD or streaming episodes through Amazon.com.


title: Hey Dude

text: On April 11, 2011 it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series. They subsequently released the entire series on DVD in Region 1. The fourth season was released on DVD as a Shout Select title, available exclusively through Shout Factory's website and select Amazon.com sellers. The fifth and final season was released on July 16, 2013, also as a Shout Select title.


title: Hey Dude

text: On March 10, 2015, Shout! released "Hey Dude: The Complete Series" on DVD as a Walmart exclusive in full screen format. It is also available through Amazon.com.


title: Hey Dude

text: On March 24, 2021, the series (with the exception of "They're Back" from Season 4) was added to Paramount+.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: "Kids" is a song by American rock band MGMT. It was released as the third and final single from their debut studio album "Oracular Spectacular" (2007) on October 13, 2008. The version of the song that appears on "Oracular Spectacular" is updated from earlier versions that appear on the band's EPs "Time to Pretend" (2005) and "We (Don't) Care" (2004). A track entitled "Kids (Afterschool Dance Megamix)" appears on the album "Climbing to New Lows" (2005). On December 1, 2009, the track was announced as a nominee at the 52nd Grammy Awards in the category Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: The song was the center of a legal dispute with the former President of France, Nicolas Sarkozy, over the "insulting" compensation he offered for his illegal use of the song during a party conference.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: A video made by University of Southern California student Jon Salmon was created in December 2007 as a student assignment and uploaded to YouTube the following month. The video features fellow students Abby Fuller and Rafael Pulido lip-syncing to the song and frequently cuts to various clips from other YouTube videos featuring people dancing. It has since been viewed more than 52 million times on YouTube as of June 2020. MGMT later invited the participants to join them for the official video of "Electric Feel".


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: On June 3, 2009, MGMT released the official music video for "Kids". It was directed by Ray Tintori, who directed MGMT's previous videos for "Time to Pretend" and "Electric Feel." The video was released to the "Oracular Spectacular" version.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: The video follows a toddler menaced by monsters that his inattentive mother (played by Joanna Newsom) cannot see. It begins with a quote ostensibly from Mark Twain, on a background of fire. The quote at the beginning of the video ("Beware that, when fighting monsters, you yourself do not become a monster... for when you gaze long into the abyss. The abyss gazes also into you..") attributed to Mark Twain is actually a quote from Nietzsche's "Beyond Good and Evil". Then, a crudely designed countdown sequence from five to one plays, with a rapid set of fuzzy, low-quality pictures of children in the background. After that, the toddler is seen in his crib, as monsters suddenly appear and show their claws at him. He is then picked up by his mom and she walks out of her house, then down the street, while the child sees humans as bloody monsters. His inattentive mother then places him down and he begins to walk down the street, and then begins to cry and run in fear of the monsters. The toddler smiles as he comes across the band performing the song in futuristic costumes. The toddler gains an MGMT headband before being retrieved to his mother by a faceless policeman, and his mom discards the headband. As the mother drives him home, the toddler sees monsters and a creepy sheepdog outside and in a DVD. The video shifts from live-action to animation, and the van is revealed to be a scab on a naked woman. Various surreal things begin to happen in the animated world. The video ends with the little boy running from a monster and then climbing onto the hand of a giant Andrew VanWyngarden. The boy happily waves his arms at VanWyngarden, but he explodes and the boy spins into darkness.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: The video has been criticized for its treatment of the toddler who appears to be truly frightened throughout the video, although it is stated on the MGMT website, "No children were harmed in the making of this video." Stereogum noted that the video "essentially polarized everyone old enough (but not too old) to know what the internet is." While MTV noted that "They really don’t make videos like this any more … mostly for legal reasons", The band later released a "behind the scenes" video through their official YouTube channel that shows the toddler laughing while interacting with the puppets and actors in monster costumes. The animated sequence was done by Christy Karacas, director of the "Superjail!" TV series, as well as Henry Thurlow and Lizzi Akana. As of February 2022, the music video has received over 149 million views on YouTube. The video was featured on the eighth season premiere of "Beavis and Butt-head", "Werewolves of Highland".


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: The single peaked at number 9 on the US "Billboard" Alternative Songs chart, where "Time to Pretend" had previously peaked at number 23. "NME" named it the number-one song on its list of the Best Singles of 2008. In October 2011, "NME" placed it at number 99 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years". "Rolling Stone" named it number 46 on its list of 100 Best Songs of the 2000s. "Rolling Stone"'s Kevin O'Donnell described the song as, "a noisy New Order-style synth jam."


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: Two months after exiting the UK Top 40, the song was featured in an advertisement for the BBC1 program "Waterloo Road". From this the song gained renewed interest, re-entering the UK Top 40, and on January 16, 2009, the song reached its highest position to date of number 16. "Kids" came in at number 5 on Australia's Triple J Hottest 100 countdown for 2008. In 2013, the song was voted at number 64 on the same station's Hottest 100 from the past 20 years.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: The single received considerable airplay in the U.S., UK, Ireland and Australia before the release date, charting in the UK, Ireland and Australia. In Australia, "Kids" debuted before the release date at number 89, and it peaked at number 30, playing on radio stations like Nova. A Soulwax remix of the song was played heavily on UK radio ahead its official release as well. The song got to the number one spot on VG-lista, the Norwegian chart, based on downloads alone. This made some controversy about how reliable the chart was, as the song had not been playlisted on any major radio stations and it disappeared from the chart the next week.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: "Kids" was selected for the soundtrack for the video game "FIFA 09". The song was also featured in the Quiksilver and Red Bull snowboarding film, "That's It, That's All", and as the final song in Taylor Steele's surf movie "Stranger Than Fiction". Other appearances can be found in episode 6 the BBC's "Survivors", as the trailer song in the documentary "American Teen", a trailer for Channel 4 show "Big Art", the skiing film "Reasons", the 2008 film "American Teen", a trailer for the 2010 film Twelve, in the second episode of "Paris Hilton's British Best Friend", in season 2 episode 19 of "Gossip Girl", "The Grandfather", and the TLC reality series "Jon & Kate Plus 8". The Soulwax remix is a part of the soundtrack of "Forza Horizon 4". Alex Metric remixed the song for eFootball PES 2020.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: The song has also made appearances as background music in the fourth and fifth series of the BBC One British drama "Waterloo Road", on the BBC Three show "The Real Hustle", BBC daytime show "Homes Under the Hammer" and in the Staples Center at X Games XV. It is also featured in the pilot episode of "The Vampire Diaries", played near the end of the 2009 film "Whip It", and in the fifth episode of the third season of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager". In the seventh series of "Shameless", part of the song was briefly played in one of the episodes. Nokia promoted their then-newest phone, the Nokia N8, using a remix of the song.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: Kids is also featured prominently in the bottled water documentary "Tapped"; The song plays during several scenes near its end and over the credits. The song was also used in the trailer for the film "Africa United" and, in Argentina, the movie-channel Volver used the intro to the song for the Advertising Space ("Inicio y fin de espacio publicitario" in Spanish).


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: MGMT was involved in a legal dispute with the former President of France, Nicolas Sarkozy. Sarkozy's UMP party used the song on several occasions, before offering the band a €1 gesture. The band commented, "We believe that access to music benefits both the musicians and the fans, and has undoubtedly helped spread our music around the globe, while also expanding our personal musical collections", and that the reason they felt compelled to sue was because "the fact that the UMP used our song without permission while simultaneously pushing anti-piracy legislation seemed a little wack". Eventually, UMP reached an agreement on a €30,000 (US$38,000) settlement fee.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: An acoustic version of "Kids" was recorded by The Kooks in August 2008, to appear on the next volume of Triple J's cover compilation "Like a Version". Another acoustic version by Australian singer Ben Lee appears on the bonus CD from his 2009 album "The Rebirth of Venus". Cage the Elephant covered the song as a b-side to their 2009 single Back Against the Wall. DJ AM and Travis Barker also used the song on their mix tape album "Fix Your Face Vol.2: Coachella 09". Sebastian Ingrosso sampled the song in his 2009 house song, "Kidsos".


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: The song has been covered live by Weezer (in a medley with "Poker Face" by Lady Gaga), Chiddy Bang, The Moth and the Mirror, Mac Miller, Dr Fox's Old Timey String Band, Jack's Mannequin, Our Lady Peace, Lady Danville, B.o.B, the band VIC , A Modest Proposal, Matt Hires, The Neon Rush, Chris Webby and Cage The Elephant.


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: As well as performing the song live, Chiddy Bang also sampled the song in "Opposite of Adults" from their 2009 mixtape "The Swelly Express".


title: Kids (MGMT song)

text: In 2010, the funeral death-doom band Ankhagram from Russia did a unique cover of the song on their 2010 full-length album, entitled "Where Are You Now".


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: "The Windmills of Your Mind" is a song with music by French composer Michel Legrand and English lyrics written by Americans Alan and Marilyn Bergman. The French lyrics, under the title "", were written by Eddy Marnay.


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2004, "Windmills of Your Mind" was ranked 57 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top songs in American cinema. A cover by Sting was used in the 1999 remake of "The Thomas Crown Affair".


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: In the original 1968 film "The Thomas Crown Affair", the song is heard – sung by Noel Harrison – during opening credits; and, during the film, in a scene in which the character Thomas Crown flies a glider at the glider airport in Salem, New Hampshire: having edited the rough cut for this scene using the Beatles track "Strawberry Fields Forever", producer/director Norman Jewison commissioned an original song be written for the glider scene which would reference the ambivalent feelings of Thomas Crown as he engages in a favorite pastime while experiencing the tension of preparing to commit a major robbery.


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: Alan Bergman: "Michel [Legrand] played us [ie. Alan and Marilyn Bergman] seven or eight melodies. We listened to all of them and decided to wait until the next day to choose one. We three decided on the same one, a long baroque melody... The lyric we wrote was stream-of-consciousness. We felt that the song had to be a mind trip of some kind" – "The [eventual] title was [originally] a line at the end of a section... When we finished we said: 'What do we call this? It's got to have a title. That line is kind of interesting.' So we restructured the song so that the line appeared again at the end. It came out of the body of the song. I think we were thinking, you know when you try to fall asleep at night and you can't turn your brain off and thoughts and memories tumble."


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: Noel Harrison recorded the song after Andy Williams passed on it: according to Harrison: "It was recorded live on a huge sound stage at Paramount, with the accompanying film clips running on a giant screen and Michel blowing kisses to the orchestra." Harrison took issue with the couplet "Like a tunnel that you follow to a tunnel of its own / Down a hollow to a cavern where the sun has never shone", singing the word "shone" British-style with a short vowel sound making the rhyme with "own" imperfect. Marilyn Bergman: "We said 'No, it's shone [long vowel sound].' And he said 'No, it's our language!' And we said: 'Yes, but it's our song.' So reluctantly, he sang shone [long vowel sound] and our rhyme was intact." However, Harrison evidently had the last laugh; in the finally released version he sings "shone" with a short vowel. Harrison's version had a single released in the US in July 1968 soon after the premiere of the film and similarly was released in the British Isles at the time of the film's 7 February 1969 premiere in the UK and Ireland.


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: As a result, it was a current UK release when "The Windmills of Your Mind" received an Academy Award nomination on 24 February 1969: Harrison's single debuted at No. 36 in the UK Top 50 dated 4 March 1969 and had risen to No. 15—abetted by performances by Harrison on the 27 March 1969 broadcast of "Top of the Pops" and also on variety shows hosted by Rolf Harris and Scott Walker—when the song won the Academy Award on 14 April 1969, an endorsement which facilitated the Top Ten entry of Harrison's single on the UK chart dated 22 April 1969 with its chart peak of No. 8 effected two weeks later.


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: "The Windmills of Your Mind" was performed on the Academy Awards ceremony broadcast of 14 April 1969 by José Feliciano; Noel Harrison would recall: "I was invited to sing it at the Academy Awards... but I was making a movie in England at the time, and the producer (who didn't like me) refused to let me go." The film which caused the scheduling conflict has been identified as "Take a Girl Like You" directed by Jonathan Miller.


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: Jerry Wexler, president of Atlantic Records, heard "The Windmills of Your Mind" on the soundtrack of "The Thomas Crown Affair" and championed having Dusty Springfield record the song for her debut Atlantic album "Dusty in Memphis", overcoming the singer's strong resistance; Springfield's friend and subsequent manager Vicki Wickham would allege: "Dusty always said she hated it because she couldn't identify with the words." During the first sessions for the track at American Sound Studio in Memphis, problems with getting the proper chords down arose, and at Springfield's suggestion the song was arranged so the first three verses were sung in a slower tempo than the original film version.


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: In April 1969, the third A-side release from "Dusty in Memphis" was announced as "I Don't Want to Hear It Anymore" with "The Windmills of Your Mind" as the B-side: however, Wexler was prepared to promote "Windmills" as the A-side if it won the Oscar for Best Song, reportedly instructing mailroom clerks at Atlantic Records' New York City headquarters to listen to the Academy Awards broadcast the night of 14 April 1969; hearing "The Windmills" announced as the Best Song winner was the clerks' cue to drive a station wagon loaded with 2500 copies of a double-sided promo single of Springfield's version – identified on the label as "Academy Award Winner" – to the New York City general post office, where the copies of the single were mailed out to key radio stations across the US. Although its Hot 100 debut was not effected until the 5 May 1969 issue of "Billboard" and then with a No. 99 ranking, Springfield's "The Windmills" made a rapid ascent to the Top 40 being ranked at No. 40 on the Hot 100 dated 24 May 1969 only to stall over the subsequent three weeks peaking at No. 31 on the Hot 100 dated 14 June 1969 with only one additional week of Hot 100 tenure, being ranked at No. 45 on the 21 June 1969 chart. On the "Cash Box" chart, the song rose as high as No. 22.


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: Local hit parades indicate that Springfield's "Windmills" had Top Ten impact in only select larger markets: Boston, Southern California, and Miami. The track did reach No. 3 on the Easy Listening chart in "Billboard" a feat matched by Springfield's third subsequent single "Brand New Me" which therefore ties with "The Windmills" as having afforded Springfield her best-ever solo showing on a "Billboard" chart.


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: "The Windmills of Your Mind" was recorded by José Feliciano for his 1969 album "10 to 23", and Feliciano performed the song on the Academy Awards ceremony broadcast of 14 April 1969. The song's original singer, Noel Harrison, would later opine of Feliciano's performance: "A wonderful musician and compelling singer, he made much too free with the beautiful melody in my humble opinion. But that's jazz." It was Feliciano's version of "The Windmills" which became a hit in the Netherlands, reaching No. 11 on the Dutch chart in November 1969. and No. 4 in the Turkish hit parade in April 1970.


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: The lyrics for the French-language rendering of "The Windmills of Your Mind" were written by Eddy Marnay and this version, entitled "Les Moulins de mon cœur", was first recorded in 1968 by Marcel Amont who had a minor French chart hit (peak No. 49).


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: In 1970 Helena Vondráčková, prior to recording "The Windmills of Your Mind" with its original English lyrics for her album "Isle of Helena" (1972), recorded the song as rendered in Czech: "Můžeš zůstat, můžeš jít", and also Japanese: "Kaze no sasayaki". Introduced on the album "Ostrov Heleny Vondráčkové", "Můžeš zůstat, můžeš jít" has become a signature song for Vondráčková: in 2012 when her three CD retrospective "(Nejen) o lásce" was issued, Vondráčková cited "Můžeš zůstat, můžeš jít" as "the song on the [anthology] dearest to [her] heart".


title: The Windmills of Your Mind

text: "The Windmills of Your Mind" has also been rendered as "Cirkels", in Dutch, released as a single by Herman van Veen (1968), reaching the Top 40 in the Netherlands.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus "Amaryllis" and is commonly known as the amaryllis family. The leaves are usually linear, and the flowers are usually bisexual and symmetrical, arranged in umbels on the stem. The petals and sepals are undifferentiated as tepals, which may be fused at the base into a floral tube. Some also display a corona. Allyl sulfide compounds produce the characteristic odour of the onion subfamily (Allioideae).


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The family, which was originally created in 1805, now contains about 1600 species, divided into about 70–75 genera, 17 tribes and three subfamilies, the Agapanthoideae (agapanthus), Allioideae (onions and chives) and Amaryllidoideae (amaryllis, daffodils, snowdrops). Over time, it has seen much reorganisation and at various times was combined with the related Liliaceae. Since 2009, a very broad view has prevailed based on phylogenetics, and including a number of other former families.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The family is found in tropical to subtropical areas of the world and includes many ornamental garden plants and vegetables.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The Amaryllidaceae are mainly terrestrial (rarely aquatic) flowering plants that are herbaceous or succulent geophytes (occasionally epiphytes) that are perennial, with the exception of four species. Most genera grow from bulbs, but a few such as "Agapanthus", "Clivia" and "Scadoxus" develop from rhizomes (underground stems).


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The leaves are simple rather fleshy and two-ranked with parallel veins. Leaf shape may be linear, strap like, oblong, elliptic, lanceolate (lance shaped) or filiform (threadlike). The leaves which are either grouped at the base or arranged alternatively on the stem may be sessile or petiolate and possess a meristem.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The flowers, which are hermaphroditic (bisexual), are actinomorphic (radially symmetrical), rarely zygomorphic, pedicellate or sessile, and are typically arranged in umbels at the apex of leafless flowering stems, or scapes and associated with a filiform (thread like) bract. The perianth (perigonium) consists of six undifferentiated tepals arranged in two whorls of three. The tepals are similar in shape and size, and may be free from each other or fused at the base (connate) to form a floral tube (hypanthium). In some genera, such as Narcissus, this may be surmounted by cup or trumpet shaped projection, the corona (paraperigonium or false corolla). This may be reduced to a mere disc in some species.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The position of the ovary varies by subfamily, the Agapanthoideae and Allioideae have superior ovaries, while the Amaryllidoideae have inferior ovaries. The six stamens are arranged in two whorls of three, occasionally more as in "Gethyllis" (Amaryllidoideae, 9–18).


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Linnaeus described the type genus "Amaryllis", from which the family derives its name, in his "Species Plantarum" in 1753, with nine species, in the "Hexandria monogynia" (i.e. six stamens and one pistil) containing 51 genera in all in his sexual classification scheme. The name "Amaryllis" had been applied to a number of plants over the course of history.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: "Hexandria monogynia" has come to be treated as either liliaceous or amaryllidaceaeous (see Taxonomy of Liliaceae) over time. From 1763, when Michel Adanson conceived of these genera as 'Liliaceae' it was included in this family, placing "Amaryllis" in Section VII, Narcissi. of his scheme, in which the Liliaceae had eight sections.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: With de Jussieu came the formal establishment of organising genera into families ("ordo") in 1789. De Jussieu established the hierarchical system of taxonomy (phylogeny), placing "Amaryllis" and 15 related genera within a division of monocotyledons, a class (III) of "Stamina Perigynia" and 'order' Narcisse, divided into three subfamilies. This system also formally described the Liliaceae, which were a separate order within the "Stamina perigynia" (Lilia). The use of the term "Ordo" (order) at that time was closer to what we now understand as family, rather than order. In creating his scheme, De Jussieu used a modified form of Linnaeus' sexual classification, but with the respective topography of stamens to carpels rather than just their numbers.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The family Amaryllidaceae was formally named as 'Amaryllidées' (Amaryllideae) in 1805, by Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire. In 1810 Brown proposed that a subgroup of Liliaceae be distinguished on the basis of the position of their ovaries (inferior) and be referred to as Amaryllideae and in 1813 de Candolle described Liliacées Juss. and Amaryllidées Brown as two quite separate families. The literature on the organisation of genera into families and higher ranks became available in the English language with Samuel Frederick Gray's "A natural arrangement of British plants" (1821). Gray used a combination of Linnaeus' sexual classification and Jussieu's natural classification to group together a number of families having in common six equal stamens, a single style and a perianth that was simple and petaloid, but did not use formal names for these higher ranks. Within the grouping, he separated families by the characteristics of their fruit and seed. He treated groups of genera with these characteristics as separate families, such as Amaryllideae, Liliaceae, Asphodeleae, and Asparageae.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: John Lindley (1830, 1846) was the other important British taxonomist of the early 19th century. In his first taxonomic work, "An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany" (1830) he partly followed De Jussieu by describing a subclass he called 'Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants' (preserving de Candolle's "Endogenæ phanerogamæ") divided into two tribes, the Petaloidea and Glumaceae. He divided the former, often referred to as petaloid monocots, into 32 orders, including the Amaryllideae. He defined the latter as "Hexapetaloideous bulbous hexandrous monocotyledons, with an inferior ovarium, a six-parted perianthium with equitant sepals, and flat, spongy seeds" and included "Amaryllis", "Phycella", "Nerine", "Vallota", and "Calostemma".


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: By 1846, in his final scheme Lindley had greatly expanded and refined the treatment of the monocots, introducing both an intermediate ranking (Alliances) and tribes within families. Lindley placed the Liliaceae within the Liliales, but saw it as a paraphyletic ("catch-all") family, being all Liliales not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. This kept the Liliaceae separate from the Amaryllidaceae (Narcissales Alliance). Of these Liliaceae was divided into eleven tribes (with 133 genera) and Amaryllidaceae into four tribes (with 68 genera), yet both contained many genera that would eventually segregate to each other's contemporary orders (Liliales and Asparagales respectively). The Liliaceae would be reduced to a small 'core' represented by the tribe Tulipeae (18 genera), while large groups such Scilleae and Asparagae would become part of Asparagales either as part of the Amaryllidaceae or as separate families. While of the four tribes of the Amaryllidaceae, the Amaryllideae and Narcissea would remain as core amaryllids while the Agaveae would be part of Asparagaceae, but the Alstroemeriae would become a family within the Liliales.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Since then, seven of Linnaeus' "Hexandria monogynia" genera have consistently been placed in a common taxonomic unit of amaryllids, based on the inferior position of the ovaries (whether this be as an order, suborder, family, subfamily, tribe or section). Thus, much of what we now consider Amaryllidaceae remained in Liliaceae because the ovary was superior, till 1926 when John Hutchinson transferred them to Amaryllidaceae. This usage of the family entered the English language literature through the work of Samuel Frederick Gray (1821), William Herbert (1837) and John Lindley (1830, 1846). Meanwhile, Lindley had described two Chilean genera which for which he created a new family, Gilliesieae.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The number of known genera within these families continued to grow, and by the time of the Bentham and Hooker classification (1883), the Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllideae) were divided into four tribes, of which only one (Amarylleae) is still included. The Liliaceae were becoming one of the largest families, and Bentham and Hooker divided it into 20 tribes, of which one was the Allieae, which as Allioideae would eventually become part of Amaryllidaceae as two of its three subfamilies. The Allieae included both Agapantheae, the third of the current subfamilies, and Lindley's Gilliesieae as two of its four subtribes. Bentham and Hooker's scheme was the last major classification using the natural approach.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Although Charles Darwin's "Origin of Species" (1859) preceded Bentham and Hooker's publication, the latter project was commenced much earlier and Bentham was initially sceptical of Darwinism. The new phyletic approach changed the way that taxonomists considered plant classification, incorporating evolutionary information into their schemata. The major works in the late 19th and early 20th centuries employing this approach were German, those of Eichler (1875–1886), Engler, Prantl (1886–1924), and Wettstein (1901–1935).


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The Amaryllidaceae were treated similarly in the German-language literature to the manner they had been in English. August Eichler (1886) was the first phyletic taxonomist and positioned the Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae within the Liliiflorae, one of the seven orders of monocotyledons. Liliaceae included both "Allium" and "Ornithogalum" (modern Allioideae). Adolf Engler developed Eichler's ideas much further, into much more elaborate schemes that evolved over time, from his 1888 scheme, contributed by Pax to his 1903 version In the latter, the Liliineae were a suborder of Liliiflorae, including both families Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Within the Liliaceae, the core liliids were segregated in subfamily Lilioideae from the alliaceous subfamily, Allioideae. Allieae, Agapantheae, and Gilliesieae were the three tribes within this subfamily. A somewhat similar approach to Liliiflorae was adopted by Wettstein (without suborders or tribes), and with Alliodeae ("Allium") and Lilioideae ("Ornithogalum") as subfamilies of Liliaceae. Wettstein's Amaryllidaceae contained three subfamilies., including Amaryllidoideae and Agavoideae.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The early 20th century was marked by increasing doubts about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae, and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae. This approach was adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985) and Rahn (1998).


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Another approach was that of John Hutchinson (1926), who performed the first major recircumscription of the family in over a century. He doubted Brown's dictum that the position of the ovary was the distinguishing feature that separated Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae. He treated Amaryllidaceae as bulbous plants with umbellate inflorescences, the latter characteristic being the defining feature: "an umbellate inflorescence subtended by an involucre of one or more spathaceous bracts". His work on this has been upheld by subsequent research and his definition remains valid today. Using this criterion, he removed a number of taxa (Agavaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Alstroemeriaceae) and transferred the Agapantheae, Allieae, and Gilliesieae from Liliaceae to Amaryllidaceae.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Other writers proposed reuniting Amaryllidaceae with Liliaceae. Thorne (1976) and Cronquist (1988) both included Amaryllidaceae within a broad concept of Liliaceae (although Thorne later separated them again, but keep Alliaceae as a third family). Thus 'Alliaceae' were variously included in either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or as a separate entity. This uncertainty of circumscription reflected a wider problem with the petaloid monocots in general. Over the course of time, widely differing views as to the limits of the family have been expressed, so much of the literature dealing with this family requires careful inspection to determine which sense of the Amaryllidaceae the work treats.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The current phylogenetic era of understanding the taxonomic relationships of Amaryllidaceae began with the work of Fay and Chase (1996) who used the plastid gene rubisco "rbcL" to identify the close relationship between "Agapanthus", Alliaceae, and Amaryllidaceae. "Agapanthus" had variously been included in Alliaceae or was placed in a separate family, Agapanthaceae. They relocated "Agapanthus" within Amaryllidaceae as they considered it a sister group to that family. Nevertheless, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification (1998) still considered these three separate families within Asparagales. The close relationship was confirmed in a more detailed study by Meerow (1999) who confirmed the monophyly of Amaryllidaceae, with Agapanthaceae as its sister family and Alliaceae in turn as sister to the Amaryllidaceae/Agapanthaceae clade.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: In its second iteration (2003), the APG proposed simplifying the higher (core) Asparagales by reducing them to two more broadly circumscribed families, and provisionally proposed the name Alliaceae "sensu lato" ("s.l.") to include the three sister families (Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae "sensu stricto", "s.s.", and Amaryllidaceae), since together they form a monophyletic group. In this respect, they were following Hutchinson's system (see above). Under this proposal, the three families became reduced to subfamilies (and by extension the subfamilies of Alliaceae "s.s." being reduced to tribes.) At the same time, they appreciated an argument existed for making Amaryllidaceae "s.l." the formal name of the new and larger family, a position subsequently strongly supported by Meerow and colleagues.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The 2009 version of the APG formally adopted this broad view and the conserved name Amaryllidaceae. To distinguish this broader family from the older, narrower family, it has become customary to refer to Amaryllidaceae "sensu" APG, or as used by APG, Amaryllidaceae "s.l.". as opposed to Amaryllidaceae "s.s.".


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: This phylogenetic tree (cladogram) shows the placement of Amaryllidaceae "s.l." within the order Asparagales.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: As reconstituted by the APG, Amaryllidaceae "s.l." consists of three subfamilies, Agapanthoideae, Allioideae, and Amaryllidoideae, corresponding to the three families that were subsumed into it:


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Of the other two subfamilies, Allioideae was resolved into three subdivisions by the initial phylogenetic studies of Fay and Chase (1996). Since they treated Allioideae as family Alliaceae, these were subfamilies Allioideae, Tulbaghioideae, and Gilliesioideae. When family Alliaceae was reduced to subfamily Allioideae, they were reduced to tribes, namely Allieae, Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae (see Cladogram II).


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Complete resolution of infrafamilial (suprageneric) relationships within subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae "s.s.") has proven more difficult. Fay and Chase's study lacked sufficient resolution for further elucidation of this group. Historically a wide variety of infrafamilial classification systems have been proposed for the Amaryllidaceae. In the latter twentieth century there were at least six schemes, including Hutchinson (1926), Traub (1963), Dahlgren (1985), Müller-Doblies and Müller-Doblies (1996), Hickey and King (1997) and Meerow and Snijman (1998). Hutchinson was an early proponent of the larger Amaryllidaceae, transferring taxa from Liliaceae and had three tribes, Agapantheae, Allieae and Gilliesieae. Traub (who provides a brief history of the family) largely followed Hutchinson, but with four subfamilies (Allioideae, Hemerocalloideae, Ixiolirioideae and Amaryllidoideae), the Amaryllidoideae he then divided further into two "infrafamilies", Amarylloidinae and Pancratioidinae, an arrangement with 23 tribes in total. In Dahlgren's system, a "splitter" who favoured larger numbers of smaller families, he adopted a narrower circumscription than Traub, using only the latter's Amaryllidoideae which he treated as eight tribes. Müller-Doblies described ten tribes (and 19 subtribes). Hickey and King described ten tribes by which the family were divided, such as the Zephyrantheae. Meerow and Snijder considered thirteen tribes, one (Amaryllideae) with two subtribes (For a comparison of these schemes see Meerow et al. 1999, Table I).


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The further application of molecular phylogenetics produced a complex picture that only partially related to the tribal structure considered up to that date, which had been based on morphology alone. RAther Amaryllidaceae resolved along biogeographical lines. A predominantly South African clade identified as Amaryllideae was a sister group to the rest of the family. The two other African tribes were Haemantheae and Cyrtantheae, and an Australasian tribe Calostemmateae was also identified, but a large clade could only be described as Eurasian and American, each of which were monophyletic sister clades to each other. The Eurasian clade was poorly resolved with the exception of Lycorideae (Central and East Asian). The American clade was better resolved identifying both Hippeastreae as a tribe (and Zephyranthinae as a subtribe within it). The American clade also included an Andean clade


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Further investigation of the American clade suggested the presence of two groups, the Andean clade and a further "Hippeastroid" clade, in which Griffineae was sister to the rest of the clade (Hippeastreae). Similarly within the Andean clade Eustephieae appeared as sister to the remaining clade, including Hymenocallideae. A new tribe, Clinantheae was also identified in this group.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The Eurasian clade was also further resolved (for historical treatment, see Table I Meerow "et al." 2006) into four tribes, Pancratieae, Narcisseae, Galantheae and Lycorideae. This positioned Lycorideae as sister to the remaining Mediterranean tribes.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Publication of the third version of the APG classification and acceptance of Amaryllidaceae "s.l." was accompanied by a listing of accepted subfamily and tribal names, since the change in rank from family to subfamily necessitated a revision of other lower ranks, as follows:


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: This circumscription differs from the phylogenetic descriptions of Meerow and colleagues in several respects. Griffineae is recognised as a distinct tribe within the Hippeastroid clade, and Stenomesseae is recognised as polyphyletic with two distinct types based on leaf shape (lorate-leafed and petiolate-leafed). The lorate-leafed species of the type genus of Stenomesseae, "Stemomesson", were transferred to a new tribe, Clinantheae as sister to Hymenocallideae in the Andean clade. The remnants of "Stemomesson" then formed a distinct clade with "Eucharis" (Eucharidae) and Eucharidae renamed as Stenomesseae (see Cladogram III).


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website lists 73 genera and 1,605 species within Amaryllidaceae "s.l.", while The Plant List (2013) gives 80 genera and 2,258 species.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Amaryllidaceae are a cosmopolitan family, whose distribution is pantropical to subtropical, but infrafamilial relationships are related to geographical considerations. The tribe Amaryllideae is primarily South African, and Haemantheae and Cyrtantheae are also African, while the Calostemmateae are Australasian. Other elements are Eurasian and American, including an Andean subclade without necessarily following strictly tribal delimitations. This leads to discussions of, for instance American Amaryllidaceae. The Eurasian clade includes Lycorideae. The American clade includes the Hippeastreae, Eustephieae and Zephyranthinae.


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: The Amaryllidaceae include many ornamental garden plants such as daffodils, snowdrops and snowflake, pot plants such as amaryllis and "Clivia", and vegetables, such as onions, chives, leeks and garlic. A number of tropical lily-like plants are also sold, such as the belladonna lily, Amazon lily, blood lily (Cape tulip), Cornish lily (Nerine), and the Eurasian winter daffodil, "Sternbergia".


title: Amaryllidaceae

text: Their economic importance lies in floriculture for cut flowers and bulbs, and commercial vegetable production.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: Archie (also known as Archie Comics) is an ongoing comic book series featuring the Archie Comics character Archie Andrews. The character first appeared in "Pep Comics" #22 (cover dated December 1941). Archie proved to be popular enough to warrant his own self-titled ongoing comic book series which began publication in the winter of 1942 and ran until June 2015. A second series began publication in July 2015, featuring a reboot of the "Archie" universe with a new character design aesthetic and a more mature story format and scripting, aimed for older, contemporary teenage and young adult readers. The printed comic book format is different from the previous publications.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: Archie first appeared in "Pep Comics" #22 in 1941 and soon became the most popular character for the comic. Due to his popularity, he was given his own series which debuted in winter 1942 titled "Archie Comics". Starting with issue #114, the title was shortened to simply "Archie". The series ended with issue #666 (June 2015) to make way for a new series set in Archie Comics' "New Riverdale".


title: Archie (comic book)

text: A new volume of "Archie" debuted in July 2015 as part of the New Riverdale relaunch. It is written by Mark Waid with art by Fiona Staples. Archie Comics Publisher/CEO Jon Goldwater has said that the new series will harken back to the comic's roots by showcasing more edgy and humorous stories as well as present the origins for the character and his friends as well as how the famous love triangle between Archie, Betty, and Veronica began. Fiona Staples left the series after issue #3 while Annie Wu provided artwork for the fourth issue. Veronica Fish was the guest artist for the fifth and sixth issues before being named the regular artist for the series in February 2016. Fish left the series after issue 10 but continued to provide the regular cover art up to issue 12. Thomas Pitilli and Ryan Jampole provided guest artwork for issues 11 and 12 with Joe Eisma being named the new regular artist starting with issue 13. Pete Woods will take over as series artist beginning with issue #18 in March 2017. Woods provided as the artist until #22 in July 2017. Audrey Mok & Kelly Fitzpatrick provided artwork from #23 onward in August 2017.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: Issue #429 started one of Archie Comics most famous story lines, the "Love Showdown" where Archie gets a love letter in the mail and Betty and Veronica both swear it wasn't from them. The story was continued in Betty #19, Betty and Veronica #82, and concluded with Veronica #39.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: In May 2009, Archie Comics released plans for what they would call "The Archie Story Of The Century" and announced that Archie Andrews would ask Veronica Lodge to marry him in Archie Comics # 600, the first issue of a six-part story arc detailing their engagement, marriage and life together. The publishers of Archie Comics did not expect the response they received from readers and longtime fans telling them they made a mistake in Archie's choice. "The New York Times" later revealed that the whole story would be simply a fantasy and that the first half of the story would show Archie's life with Veronica, and the second half would show his life with Betty.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: This two-issue arc follows Archie Andrews and Valerie Smith falling in love when their two bands go on tour together. This is Archie Comics' first interracial relationship.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: The four issue arc follows a potential future where Archie married Valerie Smith and had a daughter with her named Star. It is similar to the "Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty" arc. Issue #634 details a bunch of potential futures where Archie may have married Cheryl Blossom, Sabrina Spellman or Ethel Muggs.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: Archie and his friends cross paths with the cast of "Glee" thanks to one of Dilton's science experiments gone wrong.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: Features the first appearance of Veronica's cousin, Harper, who is physically disabled and needs to use a wheelchair to get around.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: Early issues of "Archie" have been collected into hardcover 'Archive Editions' by Dark Horse Comics, including original games pages and ads. IDW published archival hardback editions titled "Archie's Americana" which collect key issues from each decade since the 1940s. Similar hardbacks were produced showcasing work by favourite "Archie" creators.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: The first issue focuses on Archie's recent split with Betty Cooper due to the "lipstick incident" that everyone is gossiping about trying to find out what it is. It also sets up the eventual formation of The Archies and the arrival of Veronica Lodge.


title: Archie (comic book)

text: IGN gave the first issue a 9.5 out of 10 calling it "a joy in every sense of the word. It's a book that warms you, each turn of the page providing a welcome blast of character and heart." as well as calling it "one of the best new debuts to hit shelves this year." Comic Book Resources said that "the publisher [Archie Comics] has created their best book in years." and that it "is must-read comics for anyone looking for fun, engaging characters and beautifully drawn, on-trend style." Meanwhile, Den of Geek gave it five stars calling Fiona Staples' art "glorious" while saying that Mark Waid "does an impressive job of creating a Riverdale that feels modern and real."


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: Wayde van Niekerk (, ; born 15 July 1992) is a South African track and field sprinter who competes in the 200 and 400 metres. In the 400 metres, he is the current world and Olympic record holder, having set the record in the Olympic finals. He also holds the world-best time in the 300 metres.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: Van Niekerk was the silver medallist in the 400m at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and took silver in the 4×400 metres relay at the 2013 Summer Universiade. He also represented South Africa at the 2013 and 2015 Athletics World Championships. At the 2015 World Championships, he won the gold medal in the 400 metres. He defended his title two years later, in London, where he also won the silver medal in the 200 metres race.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: In the 2016 Olympic Games men's 400m, Van Niekerk won the gold medal with a world record time of 43.03 seconds (reaction time 0.181 s) at age 24 years and 30 days, beating the time of 43.18 seconds set by Michael Johnson during the 1999 World Championships in Athletics in Seville, Spain.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: In 2016, Van Niekerk became the first sprinter in history to have run the 100 metres in under 10 seconds, 200 metres in under 20 seconds, and 400 metres in under 44 seconds. In 2017, after a 30.81 seconds victory in the seldom-run 300 metres distance, breaking Michael Johnson's world-best time of 30.85 which was set in 2000, Van Niekerk became the only sprinter in history to have run sub-10, sub-20, sub-31 and sub-44 performances at 100m, 200m, 300m and 400m respectively.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: Van Niekerk was born in Kraaifontein, Cape Town, to Wayne van Niekerk and sprinter Odessa Swarts. He was born prematurely and needed a blood transfusion. Van Niekerk attended Bellville Primary and Simonberg Primary until he and his mother moved to Bloemfontein in 2005. There he went to Grey College before going on to study marketing at the University of the Free State.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: He made his international debut at the 2010 World Junior Championships in Athletics, where he placed fourth in the 200m with a personal best time of 21.02 seconds. He also ran in the 4×100 metres relay heats with the national team, alongside Gideon Trotter. His senior breakthrough came at the age of eighteen at the 2011 South African Athletics Championships when he won the 200m title in a new personal best time of 20.57 seconds. He competed in the same event at the 2011 African Junior Athletics Championships, but did not make the final. He ran sparingly in 2012, but began to show a talent for the 400 metres, setting a best time of 46.43 seconds.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: The 2013 season marked Van Niekerk's emergence as a 400m runner. He won the second national title of his career over that distance at the 2013 South African Championships, winning with a sub-46-second time. He won the IAAF Meeting de Dakar before travelling to Europe and placing second to Olympic champion Kirani James at the Golden Spike Ostrava, improving his best time to 45.09 seconds in the process. He entered the 400 metres at the 2013 Summer Universiade and narrowly missed out on the final as the fastest non-qualifier. He managed to reach the podium and receive his first international medal in the 4×400 metres relay as the South African men took the silver. His performances earned him a place in the 400m at the 2013 World Championships, where he did not progress past the heats.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: A national title win in April 2014 saw Van Niekerk top the world rankings with a best of 44.92 seconds - his first sub-45-second run. After a win at the FBK Games in the Netherlands, he ran at the New York Diamond League race and placed second to LaShawn Merritt, and his time of 44.38 seconds was a new South African record, bettering Arnaud Malherbe and Hendrick Mokganyetsi's shared record from March 1999 and September 2000, respectively. A 200m best of 20.19 seconds followed to a fourth-place finish at the Athletissima meet. He entered both sprint events at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and won his first individual senior medal over 400m, placing behind Kirani James with a time of 44.68 seconds -his second-fastest run at that point. He reached the semi-final of the 200m, but did not repeat his success of the longer sprint.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: 2015 proved to be the start of Van Niekerk's status as a sprinting phenom. On July 4, 2015, Van Niekerk lowered his South African record to below 44 seconds with a 43.96 at the Meeting Areva and ranked himself in the all-time top 12, whilst beating Kirani James for the first time. Ten days later, on July 14, 2015, he won a 200m race at the Luzern Spitzen Leichtathletik in 19.94 seconds, his first 200m run under 20 seconds. This also made him the second man in history to have gone under 20 seconds for the 200m, and 44 seconds for the 400m. A month later, Van Niekerk represented South Africa at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics, focusing solely on the 400m. Winning his heat, Van Niekerk managed to beat LaShawn Merritt, with the defending champion taking second. The results repeated in the final, as he won gold in 43.48 seconds, making him the fourth-fastest runner of all time, ahead of Merritt who was running his personal best as the sixth-fastest in 43.65. Kirani James finished third in 43.78 seconds, a season's best.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: On 12 March 2016, Van Niekerk became the 107th athlete to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 metres. That made him the first individual to break 10 seconds for 100 metres, 20 seconds for 200 metres, and 44 seconds for 400 metres. Van Niekerk qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics and was the flag bearer for South Africa.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: Van Niekerk won the gold medal in the 400 metres at the 2016 Summer Olympics with a world record time of 43.03 seconds, breaking Michael Johnson's record time from 1999. Van Niekerk became the only man to have won the Olympic or world 400 metres from lane eight: usually, runners in this lane are at a disadvantage due to the staggered start. Van Niekerk's Olympic win set off a racial debate after a tweet storm when Coloured South Africans celebrated his win by creating a hashtag #ColouredExcellence. In November, he won the Association of National Olympic Committees Best Male Athlete of the Rio 2016 Olympics award.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: On 8 August 2017, Van Niekerk successfully defended his 400 metres world title at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London with a time of 43.98 seconds. Two days later he finished second in the 200m in a time of 20.11 seconds at the World Championships. He became the first South African athlete to land two individual sprint medals at a single meet.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: On 31 October 2017, Van Niekerk participated in a celebrity-funded rugby match that was sponsored by FC soccer. During this match, he made an inverted cut and tore his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). He began treatment immediately after surgery and due to this injury, he was unable to attend any meets during 2018. Van Niekerk had been in intense rehabilitation throughout 2018, to prepare himself for the beginning of the 2019 season and 2020 Tokyo Olympics. On 31 May 2019, it was announced that he would run at the IAAF Diamond League event in London in July, his first major race since his comeback from injury.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: Van Niekerk was coached by Ans Botha, who is known to her athletes as Tannie Ans, Afrikaans for Aunty Ans, until 2021. His manager is Peet van Zyl. In 2021 he moved to the United States to train with the Pure Athletics training group in Florida, coached by Lance Brauman.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: Van Niekerk married Chesney Campbell on 29 October 2017. He is the cousin of South African World Cup-winning rugby union and rugby sevens player Cheslin Kolbe. He first started using his speed while playing rugby in junior school in Cape Town. He and his cousin, Kolbe, were on the same team. More than 12 years later they were both in the South African Olympic Team in Rio, with Kolbe playing in the Sevens.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: Van Niekerk's biological parents are divorced, and he was living with his mother Odessa Swarts and step-father Steven Swarts in Bloemfontein as of 2016.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: He is a Christian, tweeting "Jesus Did It" and "GOD IS POWER" after setting the world record for the 400 metres.


title: Wayde van Niekerk

text: Van Niekerk ran the opening 200 metres in 20.5 seconds and the closing 200 metres in 22.5 seconds, giving a differential of 2.0 seconds. The 100-metre-long-section beginning after the first 100 metres was completed in 9.8 seconds.


title: Merge Mansion

text: Merge Mansion is a mobile game for Android and iOS released in 2020. It is the first game by Metacore. The company is based in Finland, as stated on Merge Mansion's YouTube channel about page. As of August 16, 2021 it has been downloaded over 10 million times. In less than a year it generated $38.6 million. However, the advertisements by Metacore in promotion for the game are what pushed Merge Mansion onto the map. The game was promoted with ads described as "weird", "dramatic", "plot-driven", "interesting", and created for "virality". The official gameplay soundtrack, titled "Merge Mansion (Official Gameplay Soundtrack)", was released on the April 16, 2022. It featured 12 tracks.


title: Merge Mansion

text: "Merge Mansion" is a puzzle game where the player completes tasks as the character Maddie whose grandmother owns the mansion. At first, these are themed around home-improvement, housekeeping, and taking care of Maddie's grandmother.


title: Merge Mansion

text: Merge Mansion's advertising campaigns have received notable attention on the internet from famous YouTube content creators, such as Danny Gonzalez and MatPat. A series of live-action advertisements were created, hiring Kathy Bates as the actor of Grandma Ursula and Grace Rex as the granddaughter Maddie. Bates described the filming experience as "so much fun". The advertisements were created in collaboration with W+K and were directed by Jim Jenkins. All advertising campaigns created have been posted to their YouTube channel, garnering more than 20 million views and 33,000 subscribers in total as of December 11, 2022. It is unknown where the ads were filmed, but the mobile game advertisements were set in Montgomery County in Maryland, USA.


title: Merge Mansion

text: The campaigns have not gone without criticism, however. Many have noted the similarities between the mobile game Lily's Garden's ads and Merge Mansion's. On top of this, it has been criticized that the gameplay is not true to the ads, having a gameplay comparable to Candy Crush. Even so, the game has been commended for having a similar storyline to the ads rather than no connection whatsoever (such as with Homescapes or ). Despite all the criticism, Merge Mansion's campaign online is still going strong, especially on social media site Instagram.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: Dakṣināmnāya Śrī Śāradā Pītham or Śri Śringeri Maṭha (, ; , ) is one amongst the four cardinal pīthams following the Daśanāmi Sampradaya - the "peetham" or "matha" is said to have been established by acharya Śrī Ādi Śaṅkara to preserve and propagate Sanātana Dharma and Advaita Vedānta, the doctrine of non-dualism. Located in Śringerī in Chikmagalur district in Karnataka, India, it is the Southern Āmnāya Pītham amongst the four Chaturāmnāya Pīthams, with the others being the Dvārakā Śāradā Pītham (Gujarat) in the West, Purī Govardhana Pīṭhaṃ (Odisha) in the East and Badri Jyotishpīṭhaṃ (Uttarakhand) in the North. The head of the matha is called Shankarayacharya, the title derives from Adi Shankara.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: Śri Śringerī Mutt, as the Pītham is referred to in common parlance, is situated on the banks of the Tuṅgā River in Śringerī. The Mutt complex consists of shrines on both the northern and southern banks of the river. The three prominent shrines on the northern bank of the Tunga are dedicated to the presiding deity of the Pītham and the divinity of Ātma-vidyā - Śrī Śāradā, Śrī Ādi Śaṅkara, and Jagadguru Śrī Vidyāśankara Tīrtha, the 10th Jagadguru of the Pītham. The southern bank houses the residence of the reigning pontiff, the adhisthānam shrines of the previous pontiffs and the Sadvidyā Sañjīvini Samskrita Mahāpāthashālā.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The Pītham is traditionally headed by an ascetic pontiff belonging to the order of the Jagadguru Śankarāchārya. According to tradition, the first pontiff of the Pītham was Śrī Ādi Śaṅkara's eldest disciple, Śrī Sureshvarāchārya, renowned for his treatises on Vedānta - Mānasollāsa and Naishkarmya-Siddhi. The current pontiff, Śrī Bhārathī Tīrtha Svāmin is the 36th Jagadguru in the since-unbroken spiritual succession of pontiffs.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The Pītham is one of the major Hindu institutions that has historically coordinated Smārta tradition and monastic activities through satellite institutions in South India, preserved Sanskrit literature and pursued Advaita studies. The Pītham runs several vedic schools (pathashalas), maintains libraries and repositories of historic Sanskrit manuscripts. The Śringerī Mutt has been active in preserving Vedas, sponsoring students and recitals, Sanskrit scholarship, and celebrating traditional annual festivals such as Śaṅkara Jayanti and Guru Pūrnima (Vyāsa Pūrnima). The Pītham has branches across India and maintains temples at several locations. It also has a social outreach programme. It has initiated various reforms against orthodoxy in an initiative to become the holy see of a single united Hindu religion with the support of the BJP and the Sangh Parivar.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: Sri Sharada Peetham is located in Sringeri about east of Udupi and northeast from Mangaluru across the Western Ghats, and about west-northwest from the state capital, Bengaluru. Sringeri can be accessed from Bangalore and Mangalore via road.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: According to tradition, Sri Adi Shankaracharya, the principal exponent of Advaita Vedanta, established four pithams (dioceses) in India to preserve and propagate Sanatana Dharma and Advaita Vedanta. These were Sringeri Sri Sharada Peetham (Karnataka) in the South, Dvārakā Śāradā Pītham (Gujarat) in the West, Purī Govardhan Pīṭhaṃ (Odisha) in the East and Badri Jyotishpīṭhaṃ (Uttarakhand) in the North.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: A hagiographic legend states that Sri Adi Shankara, during His travels across India, witnessed a snake unveiling its hood like an umbrella to shield a pregnant frog from the hot sun on the banks of the river Tunga in Sringeri. Deducing that non-violence amongst natural predators was innate to a holy spot, Sri Adi Shankara decided to establish His first Peetham in Sringeri. Sringeri is independently associated with Sage Rishyasringa of Ramayana fame, son of Sage Vibhandaka.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: According to tradition, Shankara also instituted the tradition of appointing a succession of monastic pontifical heads, called the "Jagadgurus," to each of the four monasteries, installing Sri Sureshvaracharya, Sri Hastamalakacharya, Sri Padmapadacharya and Sri Totakacharya as the first Jagadgurus of the Peethams at Sringeri, Dvaraka, Puri and Badri respectively. According to tradition, Sri Adi Shankara installed Sri Sureshwaracharya, believed by tradition to be the same as Maṇḍana Miśra, as the first acharya of the Peetham at Sringeri before resuming his tour to establish the three remaining Peethams at Puri, Dwaraka and Badarinath. The math holds one of the four Mahavaakyas, "Aham-Bramhasmi." The math claims to have a lineage of Jagadgurus, stretching back straight to Sri Adi Shankaracharya himself. The present and 36th Jagadguru acharya of this peetham is Jagadguru Bharathi Teertha Mahaswami. His guru was Jagadguru Sri Abhinava Vidyatirtha Mahaswami. The successor-designate (the 37th Jagadguru acharya) was appointed in 2015, and was given the Yogapatta (monastic name) Sri Vidhushekhara Bharati Mahaswami.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: While tradition attributes the establishment of Sringeri Sharada Peetham to Adi Shankara (8th century), the history of Sringeri Peetham from the time of Adi Shankara to about the 14th century is unknown. This may be because the sources are contradictory about the dates and events, in part because of the loss of records, and also because the pontiffs of the monastery adopted the same name which has created confusion in understanding the surviving records. Yet, it may also be because the peetham was not founded by Shankara, but only centuries later. The early inscriptions that mention Sringeri, all in Nagari script and the regional Kannada language, are donative or commemorative. Though useful in establishing the significance of the matha, they lack details to help establish the early history. According to Hermann Kulke, the early history of Sringeri is unknown and the earliest epigraphical evidence in the region is from the 12th century and belongs to the Jainism tradition. According to Paul Hacker, no mention of the "mathas" can be found before the 14th century CE. Until the 15th century, the timespan of the directors of Sringeri Math are unrealistically long, spanning 60+ and even 105 years. After 1386, the timespans become much shorter. According to Hacker, these mathas were probably established in the 14th century, to propagate Shankara's view of Advaita.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The history of Sringeri Peetha is recorded in the matha's literature as well as in "kadatas" (ledger records and inscriptions of various forms) and "sanads" (charters) from the 14th century onwards.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: A pivotal figure in the history of the matha is Vidyaranya (sometimes referred to as Madhava Vidyaranya or Madhavacharya) who was an ideological support and the intellectual inspiration for the founders of the Vijayanagara Empire. He helped Harihara I and his brother Bukka to build a Hindu army to overthrow the Muslim rule in the Deccan region, and re-establish a powerful Hindu kingdom from Hampi. In his counsel, the Vijayanagara founders lead an expansive conquest of much of the southern Indian peninsula, taking over lands from the Sultanates that had formed after several invasions by the Delhi Sultanate. According to tradition, the monk's efforts were supported by the 10th and 11th pontiff of Sringeri peetham. Vidyaranya later became the 12th acharya of the Sringeri peetham in 1375 CE. Shortly after the start of the Vijayanagara empire in 1336 CE, the rulers began building the Vidyashankara temple at the Sringeri peetham site. This temple was completed in 1338. The Vijayanagara rulers repaired and built numerous more Hindu and Jain temples in and around the Sringeri matha and elsewhere in their empire. This is a period where numerous inscriptions help establish the existence of the Sringeri peetham from the 14th century onwards.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The Vijayanagara rulers Harihara and Bukka gave a "sarvamanya" (tax-exempt) gift of land in and around Sringeri in 1346 CE to the Sringeri matha guru Bharati Tirtha, in a manner common in the Indian tradition for centuries, to help defray the costs of operating the monastery and temples. The grant is evidenced by a stone inscription by the king who reverentially refers to the 10th pontiff of Sringeri matha as a "guru" (counsellor, teacher). This grant became a six-century tradition that ended in the 1960s and 1970s when the Indian central government introduced and enforced a land-reform law that redistributed the land. The Vijayanagara empire gift also began a regional philanthropic tradition of endowments by the wealthy and the elderly population to the Sringeri matha. The "matha" managed the land and therefore operated as a sociopolitical network and land-grant institution for over 600 years beyond its religious role and spiritual scholarship. This relationship between the monastery and the regional population has been guided by a mutual "upcara" (hospitality, appropriate conduct) guideline between the "matha" and the populace. According to Leela Prasad, this "upcara" has been guided by the Hindu Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras texts preserved and interpreted by the "matha", one composed by a range of authors and generally dated to be from the second half of the 1st-millennium BCE through about 400 CE.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: In the late 15th century, the patronage of the Vijayanagara kings shifted to Vaisnavism. Following this loss of patronage, Sringeri matha had to find other means to propagate its former status, and the story of Shankara establishing the four cardinal "mathas" may have originated in the 16th century.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: According to Shastri, following the traditional accounts, the Vijayanagara kings visited the Sringeri monastery many times over some 200 years and left inscriptions praising the monks, revering their knowledge of the Vedas and their scholarship. The monastery also provided the Vijayanagara empire administration with guidance on governance. The descendant rulers of the Vijayanagara empire regularly visited the monastery and made a series of endowments to the Sringeri matha as evidenced by various inscriptions. They also established the "agrahara" of Vidyaranyapuram with a land grant for the Brahmins, and in the 15th century established the earliest version of the Saradamba temple found at the Sringeri peetham site. The tradition of establishing satellite institutions under the supervision of the Sringeri peetham started in the Vijayanagara empire period. For example, Vidyaranya organized a "matha" in Hampi.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: After the defeat of the Vijayanagara empire and the destruction of Hampi by a coalition of Deccan sultanates, the Vijayanagara empire territories faced a political turmoil. The Deccan region was largely divided among five Islamic sultanates. The coastal regions of Karnataka that included the Sringiri matha ultimately came under the control of the Nayakas of Keladi from the Lingayatism tradition, who has previously served as governors for the Vijayanagara emperors. The Keladi dynasty supported the Sringiri peetham for nearly 250 years, from 1499 to 1763, when the Keladi Nayakas rule was ended by Hyder Ali seeking to create a sultanate from Mysore.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The Sringeri matha received gifts and grants from the Keladi Nayakas, as evidenced by ledger records and literature preserved by the monastery. Unlike the copious epigraphical evidence from the Vijayanagara era, few inscriptions from the Keladi era history are available and the history of this period is mostly discernible from the literary records. The lands held by the monastery and the goods meant for its operation were treated by the Nayakas as tax-exempt and not subject to any tariffs. Additionally, the 17th-century records show that the matha received special gifts from the Lingayat rulers on festive occasions such as "acharavicharas" and Diwali. Some of the Nayaka princes studied at a school run by the monastery.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The Sringeri matha was supported by the Maratha rulers when they came to power in the post-Aurangzeb Mughal era. The monastery provided the Marathas with counsel in return as evidenced by over two dozen letters, mostly in the Marathi language and some in Sanskrit using Kannada script. These have been preserved by the monastery. According to the letters and ledger entries, the Maratha rulers delivered gifts and bestowed grants to the monastery between 1738 and 1894. The letters of the Maratha rulers are typically in Marathi, while the replies from the Sringeri pontiff are in Sanskrit. In addition to these records, the monastery literature mention land grants from the Marathas as well as records of the visit by the "jagadguru" (pontiff) to Maratha ruled regions and towns such as Pune and Nasik.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The religio-political significance of the Sringeri monastery was such that both the Marathas and the Muslim ruler Hyder Ali sought "cordial relations" with it. According to Leela Prasad, after the Maratha ruler Raghunatha Rao invited the Sringeri matha's Jagadguru to visit him and the pontiff accepted the invitation, when Hyder Ali – whose hostility to the Marathas had been legendary – heard about the trip, Hyder Ali sent the Jagadguru gifts and an escort consisting of a palanquin, five horses, an elephant and cash for the travel expenses.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: After the third Anglo-Mysore war in 1791 between the armies of the British and Maratha coalition and those of Tipu Sultan, a part of the defeated contingent of the Marathas, that is, the irregular


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: Pindaris returned through Sringeri and looted the monastery temples of its gold and copper, statues, killed some Brahmin priests, and destroyed property. The news reached Tipu Sultan, who sent funds to restore the damage. Tipu Sultan, a Muslim, also sent a letter requesting the Jagadguru to perform penance and Hindu worship for "good showers and crops". Scholars have interpreted this event both as an evidence of Tipu Sultan's religious tolerance and the predatory habits of some contingents in the Maratha army, or alternatively as a strategic political move by Tipu Sultan to request the monastery to perform "superstitious rites" to "conciliate with his Hindu subjects and to discomfort his Maratha enemies", quotes Leela Prasad.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The sacking led to a protest by the pontiff of the Sringeri matha who started a fast to death on the banks of the Tunga river. According to Shastri, after the Maratha Peshwa ruler learned about the Pindari sacking, he took corrective action and sent his contingents to locate the loot, the statues, gold and copper, to return it along with compensation. In the years and decades that followed the Pindari sacking of 1791, the cordial relations and mutual support between the Sringeri monastery and the Maratha rulers returned. However, according to Leela Prasad, the culprits were never brought to book and neither was any compensation given to the temple.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The Sringeri monastery has been a historic politico-religious center at least from the 14th century. Along with the Vijayanagara emperors and the Mysore Muslim rulers such as Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, the colonial British authorities and their Nayak and Wodeyar dynasty appointees considered the monastery to be a strategically important hub for regional politics. Its operations were a target of surveillance, its collection of Hindu texts on Dharma and its counsel given its regional significance were sought by the British authorities.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The Matha is engaged in campaigns to broaden its reach by seeking converts from rival Hindu sects like Srautas, Saiva Siddhanta Adi Saivas, Veera Saiva Aradhyas, Sri Vaishnavas and the Madhva Sampradaya to name a few, thereby becoming a Holy See of Hinduism in the south. These efforts for a single united Indian religion have been supported by Hindu organisations and political parties like the Swadeshi Jagran Manch, an RSS affiliate and the Tamil Nadu unit of the BJP.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: Recently, the math pandits have added Buddha as the ninth Avatara of Vishnu dropping the original eighth avatara Balarama as quoted by Adi Shankara in works like "Prapanchasara". This change in the Sharannavaratrotsava recital is aimed at ending foundational animosities with the arch rival of Astika Vedantism, the Nastika Buddhism. This is seen as a softening of stance, as the Matha's founder Sureśvara, prior his sanyasa initiation was a disciple of the Purva Mimamsa school of Kumarila Bhatta. The primary motive of this school was to decimate Nastika philosophies, primarily Buddhism and secondarily Jainism.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: Also, Go Vegan, a program to promote Vegan culture is telecasted in Sri Sankara TV ending with the blessing cards of the Jagadgurus endorsing the campaign against all the cruel animal products including milk, silk and honey which are used for attire and Abhishekam in the Math. This initiative, dropping the Vyasa's Vedantic Brahma Sutra 3.1.25 is aimed at bringing a foundational compromise for achieving doctrinal unity with Jainism and Buddhism. Further, in a ritualistic compromise with the Nastikas, the Math has also stopped Agamic animal sacrifices in temples in the Ramnad Samsthanam and the Gobichettipalayam Mariamman temple to name a few. This change from orthodoxy has been welcomed by many like the PETA and Hindu organisations, though the cardinal Math of the east, Puri Govardhana Matha sticks to the orthodoxy, allowing animal sacrifices in the Vimala Shakti Peetham inside the Puri Jagannath temple.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: Starting in 2011, the Math has started admitting Dalit students from the formerly lowest Paraya caste for Vedic studies to promote caste eradication in the new world order. Also reportedly, the Shankaracharya has called for the deletion of certain passages from Hindu literature seen as slurs.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The birth place, year and the spot of final Samadhi of Adi Shankaracharya have been identified through dreams of the seers of the math and thereby recognised by the Government of India, though these have not been approved by the other three cardinal Shankaracharya Maths.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The Sringeri matha includes two major temples. One is dedicated to Shiva and is called the Vidya Shankara temple, the other to Saraswati and is called the Sharada Amba temple. The earliest version of the Shiva temple was built in the 14th century, of goddess Saraswati in the 15th century.


title: Sringeri Sharada Peetham

text: The Vidyashankara temple is a fusion of pre-Vijayanagara Hindu temple architecture traditions with Hoysalas and Vijayanagara styles, giving it an unusual appearance. The temple has an apsidal shape with its interior chambers and sanctum set on the square principle while the spire and outer walls use an almost circular plan. The temple is set on a high plinth like the Hoysala temples, with the basement adorned with sculpted animals and balustrades with yalis flanking the steps. The outer walls of the Shiva temple have large sculptured panels at right angles to each other and these show the major gods and goddess of Vedic tradition and post-Vedic Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism, Saurism (Surya) and Ganapatya (Ganesha) traditions of Hinduism. The base of the temple have relief friezes depicting a large variety of stories from Hindu epics and puranas. The sanctum has a linga, the southern side of the sanctum features Brahma-Sarawati, the western side Vishnu-Lakshmi, and the northern side Shiva-Parvati.