title: Chery

text: Chery has been the top Chinese auto exporter since 2003, and many of its exports may be in the form of knock-down kits destined for overseas assembly. The fact that, prior to 2012, it lacked a joint venture with an established western automaker may explain its export focus; a 2009 report by the US Congressional Research Service asserted that such joint ventures, commonplace in the Chinese auto industry, restrained overseas sales.


title: Chery

text: Making its first export to Syria in 2001, as of 2010 Chery was the top exporter among Chinese automakers, a title it held since 2003. Many of these exports may be in the form of knock-down kits. One of Chery's strategic goals is to expand in developing countries first and then in developed countries.


title: Chery

text: Selling in several other continents besides, Chery dealerships exist in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Iran, Serbia, Macedonia, Turkey and Italy through the DR Motor Company. Other notable nations where Chery models are on offer as of 2016 include Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa. In Ukraine, Chery models are sold by UkrAVTO Corp, and partner firms operate sales outlets in other markets as well. In some nations, companies Chery cooperates with build models in their own small factories.


title: Chery

text: Some Chery models have received good marks for safety, however. In 2009, the A3 received a five-star safety rating in the Chinese new-car-safety tests, C-NCAP, becoming the first indigenous car to achieve such a high-test rating. The Chery Riich G3 has also been awarded a five-star rating.


title: Chery

text: In June 2003 American company General Motors sued Chery accusing it of copying the first generation Daewoo Matiz (developed by a GM subsidiary, GM Daewoo) in its design for the Chery QQ. General Motors also claimed a disguised Matiz was used in a crash test in place of the Chery car.


title: Chery

text: GM executives claimed design duplication with many parts interchangeable between the QQ and the Matiz, and GM China Group stated the two vehicles, "shared remarkably identical body structure, exterior design, interior design and key components."


title: Chery

text: While some Chery cars are not copies, such as the Pininfarina-designed A3, the QQ may not be the sole Chery model that wears famous-name designs; the Chery Tiggo is criticized for resembling the second generation Toyota RAV4. Other model using the Matiz technology found in the QQ include the closely related QQ6. The Eastar and its derivatives (V4, B12, and B22) have also been considered to be copies of the Daewoo Magnus.


title: Chery

text: After mediation attempts failed, then-GM Daewoo (now known as GM Korea) brought a case against Chery in a Shanghai court, but by 2005 jurisdiction had been moved to the Beijing No.1 Intermediate People's Court.


title: Chery

text: Around that time Chinese state officials, including a vice-minister of commerce and a vice-director of the State Intellectual Property Office, publicly supported Chery. The Chinese have claimed that GM didn't properly patent their technology. In late 2005 the lawsuit was settled.


title: Chery

text: An American entrepreneur with past experience importing developing country autos to the U.S., Malcolm Bricklin, sued Chery in 2008 for contracting a different company after previously contracting Bricklin.


title: Leith

text: Leith (; ) is a port area in the north of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, founded at the mouth of the Water of Leith. In 2021, it was ranked by "Time Out" as one of the top five neighbourhoods to live in the world.


title: Leith

text: The earliest surviving historical references are in the royal charter authorising the construction of Holyrood Abbey in 1128 in which it is termed "Inverlet" (Inverleith). After centuries of control by Edinburgh, Leith was made a separate burgh in 1833 only to be merged into Edinburgh in 1920.


title: Leith

text: Leith is located on the southern coast of the Firth of Forth and lies within the City of Edinburgh Council area; since 2007 it has formed one of 17 multi-member wards of the city.


title: Leith

text: The earliest evidence of settlement in Leith comes from several archaeological digs undertaken in The Shore area in the late 20th century. Amongst the finds were medieval wharf edges from the 12th century. This date fits with the earliest documentary evidence of settlement in Leith, the foundation charter of Holyrood Abbey.


title: Leith

text: Mary of Guelders, the bride of James II, arrived on 18 May 1449 and rested in the Convent of St Anthony. Prominent Leith merchants and shipowners included James Makysone, who supplied tapestry to James IV in 1498 for his new lodging at Stirling Castle and 1503 imported a timber keel from France for building one of the king's ships.


title: Leith

text: The town was burnt by the Earl of Hertford (on the orders of Henry VIII) in retaliation for the rejection of the Treaty of Greenwich by the Parliament of Scotland in 1543. Mary of Guise ruled Scotland from Leith in 1560 as Regent while her daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots remained in France. Mary of Guise moved the Scottish Court to Leith, to a site that is now Parliament Street, off Coalhill. According to the 18th-century historian William Maitland, her palace was situated on Rotten Row, now Water Street. Artifacts from the demolished residence are held by the National Museum of Scotland, and her sculptured coat of arms, dated 1560, can be seen in South Leith Parish Church. When the large French garrison stationed in Leith was attacked by Scottish Protestant lords, reinforced by troops and artillery sent from England, Mary of Guise was forced to shut herself in Edinburgh Castle. In June 1560, Mary of Guise died, and the Siege of Leith ended with the departure of the French troops in accordance with the Treaty of Leith, also known as the Treaty of Edinburgh.


title: Leith

text: Two mounds on Leith Links, known as "Giant's Brae" and "Lady Fyfe's Brae", identified as Somerset's Battery and Pelham's Battery respectively, are believed to be artillery mounds created for the siege in April 1560 and are listed as scheduled monuments, but may be natural hillocks. The best documented day of the siege was 7 May 1560, when the English and Scots charged the walls of Leith with ladders that turned out to be too short. John Knox records the delight of Mary of Guise at the failure of the attack, and English sources report 1000 casualties.


title: Leith

text: Late in 1561, Mary, Queen of Scots, arrived in Leith and, finding no welcoming party to receive her, made a brief stop at the "house of Andro Lamb ... beit the space of ane hour", before being collected and escorted by coach to Holyrood Palace, to begin her ill-fated six-year-long reign.


title: Leith

text: After the abdication of Mary Queen of Scots in 1567, during the ensuing civil war, troops fighting for James VI of Scotland against his mother's supporters in Edinburgh Castle based themselves in Leith from 1571 to 1573, a period called the "Wars between Leith and Edinburgh". In January 1581 The Shore was the scene of a mock combat, involving an assault on the Pope's Castel Sant'Angelo built on boats, for the marriage of Elizabeth Stuart, 2nd Countess of Moray and James Stewart for the entertainment of guests including James VI. In 1590, James's wife, Anne of Denmark, was lodged in the King's Wark when she arrived.


title: Leith

text: In 1622 there was conflict between privateer "Dunkirker ships" flying the Spanish flag and ships from the Dutch Republic. King James allowed a Dunkirker to lie at Leith Roads in June 1622, and soldiers from the ship were able to come ashore at Leith. Three Dutch ships, commanded by Willem de Zoete, Lord of Hautain, Admiral of Zeeland, arrived and attacked the Dunkirker through the night. The fighting stopped in the morning when the tide beached the ships. The Scottish authorities requested the fighting stop. The ships were allowed into Leith harbour where artillery from Edinburgh Castle was placed to ensure order.


title: Leith

text: Leith suffered during the 1645 plague outbreak, with over 50% of the population in the southern district dying. Archaeological excavations in 2016 at St Mary's RC Primary School, by Wardell Armstrong, as part of a planning condition found, a mass grave of 81 bodies from the 1645 plague. The archaeologists surmised that there was extreme fear of dying from this plague, likely Pneumonic, as many of the bodies were hastily buried in their clothes and still had money and other personal items on them, indicating that people did not want to touch the bodies, even to remove money.


title: Leith

text: In 1650, Leith was a prospective battleground when the Army of the Covenant, led by General David Leslie, threw up an earthen rampart between Calton Hill and Leith to defend the northern approach to Edinburgh against Oliver Cromwell's forces. This rampart became the line of one of Edinburgh's longest streets, Leith Walk. After Cromwell's victory at the Battle of Dunbar in 1650 and subsequent occupation of Scotland, a fort known as "Leith Citadel" was erected in 1656 to regulate the port traffic. All that remains of the fort today is a vaulted trance in Dock Street which was its main entrance. New industry in Leith included the Leith Sugar House, founded in 1677.


title: Leith

text: During the American War of Independence the Scot, John Paul Jones, who, with John Barry, is credited as founder of the US Navy, set sail on 14 August 1779 as commodore of a squadron of seven ships with the intention of destroying British commerce in the North Sea. He intended to capture the port of Leith and hold it for ransom, but his plan was thwarted when a gale on 16 September kept him at the mouth of the Firth of Forth. The scare he caused led to the hasty erection of Leith Fort, with a battery of nine guns, designed by James Craig, the architect of Edinburgh's New Town, and built in 1780. A Georgian terrace to the north-east served as officers' quarters, and was known as "London Row" because, being brick-built, it looked more like a London terrace than any in Edinburgh. The fort was in active use until 1955, latterly serving for National Service training. Most of the barracks were demolished to build a Council housing scheme centred on Fort House and enclosed by the old fort walls. The Council development was an award-winning scheme in its day (1955), but the building was demolished in January 2013 and the site has been redeveloped with new low-density housing, again award-winning. A pair of the old fort's gatehouses survive at the southern entrance to the scheme.


title: Leith

text: From the twelfth century South Leith was part of the parish of Restalrig and had no church of its own. After the Scottish Reformation the principal parish kirk for Leith was South Leith Parish Church, originally constructed in 1483. In June 1811 a census gave the population of South Leith as 15,938; North Leith 4,875. With a procession and ceremony, the foundation stone of the new church for the parish of North Leith was laid on 11 April 1814.


title: Leith

text: Leith was the port of entry for the visit of King George IV to Scotland, and "The Old Ship Hotel and King's Landing" was then given its new name, to mark the King's arrival by ship's boat at Leith "Shore" for this event, and this Monarch was welcomed by the High Constabulary of the Port of Leith (Leith High Constables). A painting of the occasion hung in Leith Town Hall, now Leith Police station.


title: Leith

text: On 20 May 1806, there was a procession of the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, Baillies, and Council, along with a numerous company of ladies and gentleman, for the opening of the first new Wet Dock, the first of its kind in Scotland. The Fife packet called "The Buccleuch" was the first to enter the dock, with the civic dignitaries on board, amid discharges of artillery from the Fort and His Majesty's warships in Leith Roads. The foundation stone for the second (middle) wet dock was laid on 14 March 1811, which was completed and opened with due ceremony in 1817 by Lord Provost Arbuthnot. The same year the Trinity House in Kirkgate was erected in Grecian architectural style at an expense of £2500.


title: Leith

text: In 1809, the Tally Toor, a martello tower was constructed to defend the entrance of the harbour during the Napoleonic Wars. It is now a scheduled monument within the port.


title: Leith

text: Historically Leith was governed by the Town Council of Edinburgh, with separately organised baillies appointed by various bodies without contact with each other. The result became very unsatisfactory, and half of Leith was provided with no municipal government whatever or any local magistrates. An 1827 Act of Parliament arranged for municipal government and administration of justice in the town, providing watching, paving, cleansing, and lighting, with Edinburgh Council responding to the views of Leith townspeople. In 1833 the Burgh Reform Act made Leith a Parliamentary Burgh, which jointly with Portobello and Musselburgh was represented by one Member of Parliament (MP). On 1 November 1833, Leith became a separate Municipal Burgh, with its own provost, magistrates, and council, and was no longer run by bailies. Historically the Lord Provost of Edinburgh was virtue officii Admiral of the Firth of Forth, the Provost of Leith was Admiral of the port, and his four bailies were admirals-depute.


title: Leith

text: Emperor Nicholas II of Russia arrived by sea at Leith with his family and suite on Tuesday 22 September 1896. Scottish anarchist Thomas Hastie Bell managed to get in his face to criticise him.


title: Leith

text: Continued growth meant that Leith and Edinburgh formed a contiguous urban area. Leith was merged with Edinburgh on 1 November 1920 despite a plebiscite in which the people of Leith voted 26,810 to 4,340 against the merger. The population of Leith at the time of the merger was 80,000 representing 20% of the population in around 5% of the city area, reflecting the town's high density. It was Scotland's sixth largest town at the time of the merger.


title: Leith

text: Until 1923 there was no through tram service between Leith and Edinburgh; at the boundary in Leith Walk it was necessary to change from a Leith tram (electrically powered) to an Edinburgh tram (cable hauled) until the electrification of the Edinburgh Corporation Tramways in the early 1920s.The docks at Leith underwent severe decline in the post-Second World War period, with the area gaining a reputation for roughness and prostitution, with an official 'tolerance zone' until 2001. In recent years, Leith has undergone significant regeneration and is now a busy port with visits from cruise liners and the home of the Royal Yacht Britannia, the Ocean Terminal shopping centre, and administrative offices for several departments of the Scottish Government. The council and government's 'Leith Project' provided a further economic boost. The shore area of Leith, once unattractive, is now a centre for a range of new pubs and restaurants in charming surroundings. On 6 November 2003, Leith was the location for the MTV Europe Music Awards, with a temporary venue being built next to Ocean Terminal.


title: Leith

text: After decades of industrial decline, deindustrialisation, slum clearance and resultant depopulation in the post-war era, Leith gradually began to enjoy an upturn in fortunes in the late 1980s. Several old industrial sites were developed with modest, affordable housing, while small industrial business units were constructed at Swanfield, Bonnington, Seafield and off Lindsay Road. The Shore developed a clutch of upmarket restaurants, including the first of the chain of Malmaison hotels in a conversion of a seamen's mission, whilst the once industrially-polluted and desolate banks of the Water of Leith were cleaned up and a public walkway opened.


title: Leith

text: Leith's gradual revival was also helped by the decision of the then Scottish Office to site their new offices in Leith Docks (just north of the old infilled East Dock). The site was chosen as part of a design-and-build competition against other sites at Haymarket and Marionville. It was completed in 1994. The hoped for influx of well-paid civil service jobs failed to have much local impact as most commute to the office, and only a small percentage venture beyond the confines of the office during lunchtimes. It did further foster Leith's growing reputation as a white-collar, small business location. Further large-scale service and tourist development followed, including Ocean Terminal and the permanently moored Royal Yacht Britannia. An extension to the new Edinburgh Tramway system, connecting Ocean Terminal and the Scottish Executive building area by the new Edinburgh Trams by the "Port of Leith" is now being constructed (2021) with completion due in early 2023. This will connect with Newhaven and eventually form a loop back to central Edinburgh. This new direct link to the city centre will provide a rapid and convenient route which it is hoped will be used by tourists as well as regular commuters.


title: Leith

text: In 2004 the owner of the docks, Forth Ports, announced plans to eventually close the port and carry out a major redevelopment of the area. The planned development, which was given supplementary planning guidance by The City of Edinburgh Council in 2004, was a small town with up to 17,000 new homes.


title: Leith

text: Until its amalgamation with Edinburgh in 1920, the southern-most town border was the middle of Pilrig Street.


title: Leith

text: Expansion in the Georgian era gave rise to streets such as Queen Charlotte Street, named after Charlotte, the consort of George III.


title: Leith

text: Historically, due its Catholic connections (and French garrison), Leith was one of the last towns to have Catholic sympathies pre-Reformation. Although the preceptory (small monastery) of St Anthony's was destroyed soon after 1560 the other churches were quickly adapted to Protestant use. There was also an Episcopalian meeting house near Kapple's Wynd (later renamed Cables Wynd) from 1688, somewhat inexplicably called the John Knox Church. The church was active from 1688 and was last used by a visit of John Wesley but the huge crowd he drew was too large to fit.


title: Leith

text: Leith still has several notable historic churches, including North Leith Parish Church and South Leith Parish Church (both of the Church of Scotland), and the Roman Catholic St Mary's Star of the Sea. The area has Sikh and Hindu temples, a Shia imambargah, a Sunni mosque and community centre, a Pentecostal centre and a Ukrainian Greek Catholic church. It also has a former Norwegian church, which is home now to the Leith School of Art.


title: Leith

text: A regular stage coach service ran between Bernard Street and Edinburgh's Old Town from the mid-18th century. By 1863 this had become a horse-drawn omnibus running every 5 minutes from 9am to 10pm. This was put on tracks sometime around 1880 effectively then becoming a horse-drawn tram. Leith was the first town in Scotland to electrify its tram system (1905). Leith Corporation Tramways were merged into Edinburgh Corporation Tramways as part of the 1920 merger of the two burgh councils. Tram services ran until 1956 and were then replaced by buses due to the contemporary perception of their greater flexibility.


title: Leith

text: In the mid-nineteenth century the railways came. Leith had one horse-drawn line pre-dating steam-trains, bringing coal from Dalkeith to a station at the north end of Constitution Street, to serve the glassworks there. This dated from the late 18th century. Steam trains arrived in the 1840s, being some of the earliest lines in Britain. When the railways were at their height, Leith had four passenger stations and many goods stations. However, in the 1960s, the Beeching report recommended the closure of almost all of Leith's railway infrastructure. Today, only one freight line that connects to the dock remains in use.


title: Leith

text: Although there are no longer any passenger rail services serving Leith, two station buildings partially remain:


title: Leith

text: The SS "Sirius" (built in Leith) beat the SS "Great Western" by one day in being the first steamship to cross the Atlantic but, as a much smaller ship, was eclipsed by the press coverage given to the larger ship. Leith offered ferry services to many European ports, including Hamburg and Oslo.


title: Leith

text: Today, Leith is served by various bus services provided by Lothian Buses. A tram service was due to serve Leith in 2011 by Edinburgh Trams. However, due to construction and funding issues, the section of the line towards Leith was postponed and is now due to open in spring 2023.


title: Leith

text: Leith has a long history of pioneering social advances, some of which were the first of their kind in Scotland:


title: Leith

text: All boys were educated for free from 1555 onwards. This was paid for by the local trade guilds. All girls were educated from 1820, a long time after the boys, but a very early example of free education for females (only required by law from 1876). A free hospital service was provided from 1777, paid for by a local tax, with beds sponsored by local shops. Leith had electric street lighting from 1890 and electric trams from 1905 (only Blackpool was earlier in the UK). The first public sewer in Scotland was built in Bernard Street in 1780; this flowed into the Water of Leith.


title: Leith

text: Leith is also home to The Queen's former floating Royal residence, the Royal Yacht Britannia, now a five-star visitor attraction and evening events venue permanently berthed at the Ocean Terminal shopping centre.


title: Leith

text: Leith is home to Leith Academy, one of the oldest schools in Scotland, and to the Leith School of Art, which along with Glasgow School of Art is one of only two independent art schools in Scotland.


title: Leith

text: From 1855 until 1987, Leith Nautical College provided training for Merchant Navy seafarers in Scotland.


title: Leith

text: Festivals occur throughout the year, including Leith Festival, Leith Late festival, PLU Parents Like Us and the Edinburgh Mela on Leith Links, part of the Edinburgh Festival since 2010. The Leith Gala, now known as Leith Festival Gala Day is an annual event that has taken place since 1907; it was originally a charity event to raise sponsorship for local hospital beds before the National Health came into place. It has developed into the community-based Leith Festival.


title: Leith

text: Leith houses a notable number of cultural arts studios and small independent businesses, including the Leith Theatre on Ferry Road, Leith School of Art in North Junction Street, WASP Studios by The Shore and Out of the Blue in the former Dalmeny Street drill hall.


title: Leith

text: Leith FM (later renamed Castle FM) started as a week-long RSL station during the late 1990s, linked to Leith Festival. A few years of annual 28-day broadcasts later, the station bid for and won a permanent community radio licence and broadcast for several years on 98.8 FM and online. In December 2013, Leith Dockers Club locked the station out of its rented premises, due to the "substantial" debt it was owed by the station, and the future of the station is currently in doubt.


title: Leith

text: Irvine Welsh had his Channel 4 drama "Wedding Belles" (2007) filmed in Henderson Street. Welsh's novel "Trainspotting" and its prequel, "Skagboys" concern a group of drug users living in the Leith area in the 1980s.


title: Leith

text: The BBC drama "Guilt" is set in Leith, with filming locations including the Eastern Cemetery. The show is written by Neil Forsyth, a former Leith resident and stars Mark Bonnar and Jamie Sives both of whom attended Leith Academy.


title: Leith

text: The BBC Radio 4 drama series McLevy features stories loosely based upon the historical figure James McLevy who operated in Leith crime hotspots amongst other locations in Edinburgh.


title: Leith

text: Leith Athletic Football Club have been part of Leith's sporting culture since their foundation in 1887 until closure in 1955. Reformed in 1996 they amalgamated with Edinburgh Athletic in 2008 and achieved promotion to the East of Scotland Premier Division in 2011. They host home games at Peffermill 3G.


title: Leith

text: Leith is significant in the historical development of the rules of golf, as the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers played there before moving to Musselburgh Links and later Muirfield. The official rules of golf, initially formulated at Leith in 1744, were later adopted by the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews. The only difference introduced with those rules (which remain the rules of golf) was the omission of one rule to do with hazards such as trenches.


title: Leith

text: From at least 1600 until 1816, Leith Races were held on Leith Sands, an area immediately north of the present Links and now built over. They were long regarded as one of Scotland's most important horse race meetings before racing moved to Musselburgh permanently from 1816 onwards.


Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory is a stealth game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and Ubisoft Milan and released in March 2005 for the Xbox, PlayStation 2 (PS2), GameCube and Microsoft Windows. Handheld versions for the Nintendo DS, mobile, and N-Gage were also released. A Game Boy Advance port was planned but later cancelled.


title: Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory

text: "Chaos Theory" is the third game in the "Splinter Cell" series endorsed by novelist Tom Clancy. As with previous entries in the franchise, "Chaos Theory" follows the activities of Sam Fisher, an agent working for a covert-ops branch within the NSA called "Third Echelon". The game has a significantly darker tone than its predecessors, featuring more combat and the option for Fisher to kill people he interrogates instead of merely knocking them out. As a result, it was the first "Splinter Cell" game to receive an M-rating by the ESRB, an assessment which has since been applied to all subsequent releases in the series. Actor Michael Ironside reprised his role as Fisher. Don Jordan returned from the original game to voice Third Echelon director Irving Lambert, and Claudia Besso returned as the hacker and analyst Anna Grímsdóttir, having both been replaced by Dennis Haysbert and Adriana Anderson, respectively, in "".


text: "Chaos Theory" was a commercial success, selling 2.5 million units across all platforms within a month of its release. The Xbox and PC versions of the game received critical acclaim; the GameCube and PlayStation 2 iterations were also released to generally positive reviews. "Official Xbox Magazine" named it the Xbox "Game of the Year" (2005) for its strong gameplay and lifelike graphics. It is considered one of the greatest video games ever made. A remastered HD edition was bundled with the first two games of the series as part of the "Splinter Cell Trilogy" for the PlayStation 3, released on December 20, 2010. Another port titled "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell 3D" was released for the Nintendo 3DS on March 25, 2011.


text: The game features significant changes and improvements to the series' basic gameplay. "Chaos Theory" is also the first game in the "Splinter Cell" series to use ragdoll physics.


text: "Chaos Theory" features refined stealth mechanics. In addition to the standard light bar, the game also features an aural monitor that measures Sam's noise, along with the ambient noise of the environment. It is important for Sam to make less noise than his surroundings; otherwise, the enemy guards will hear him.


text: The AI detection has been altered as well. After Sam left an area in former titles, the game would sweep the previous area for all unconscious or dead bodies in a well-lit spot. If any were found, an alarm would be triggered. In "Chaos Theory", the bodies must be discovered by a patrolling guard or security camera to trigger an alarm. This enables players to leave bodies lying out in the open, and, as long as the player has eliminated all NPCs and disabled all cameras, no alarms will be triggered.


text: Being spotted by enemies will still trigger alarms, and alarms will still cause enemies to become more alert and combat-ready (such as causing them to wear ballistic vests and helmets). However, triggering too many alarms will no longer cause the game to end automatically. Even killing civilians or friendly soldiers may not cause Fisher to fail the mission, although doing so will at least cause Fisher to be severely chastised by his superior and cost him significantly his mission score, as well as cancelling some mission objectives, such as tapping phone lines and locating covert listening devices.


text: "Chaos Theory" adds a combat knife to Sam's close-quarters combat abilities. Sam can use the knife in multiple ways, such as threatening an enemy during an interrogation, killing an enemy in close-quarters combat, or piercing gas tanks on generators to aid in his stealth operations. Also, it no longer matters what direction Sam attacks from when using melee attacks, nor does it matter if enemies are aware of his presence, as opposed to earlier entries in the series where he had to attack from behind or on the side and the enemy could not be alerted to him in order to take them down in one hit. Sam also can use lethal or non-lethal force when ending an interrogation and with his close-range attacks. As an expansion on Sam's ability to shoot while hanging upside down (introduced in "Pandora Tomorrow"), he can now choke down or break the neck of enemies below him. He can also pull people over railings while hanging off a ledge and throw bodies off cliffs or over railings, even onto other guards. However, the ability to shoot around corners has been removed, but this is balanced by being able to switch the side of Sam's body the gun is on while in a firing position.


text: Fisher can choose from one of three different equipment "kits." There is Redding's recommended kit, an assault kit and a stealth kit. Redding's Recommendation gives Sam an even balance between ammunition and non-lethal weaponry. Assault provides more ammunition at the expense of non-lethal weapons, while the Stealth kit contains more non-lethal weaponry at the expense of brute force, lethal weaponry, and spare magazines. On missions where an objective is to cause no fatalities, the player cannot choose the Assault option.


text: The 5-7 SC Pistol returns, though the laser pointer featured in "Pandora Tomorrow" is replaced with a new feature: the OCP (Optically Channeled Potentiator). When fired at certain electronics, the OCP can disable them for a limited time. Fisher can disable lights, security cameras, and more. If the device cannot be disabled, it will temporarily malfunction, such as causing the blue screen of death when attacking computer towers. When Fisher successfully disables the electronic device he aimed at, a green light appears on the pistol; if he misses, a red light appears. In both cases, Fisher must wait for the OCP to recharge and become ready for use again.


text: The SC-20K returns with many new attachments, such as a foregrip that reduces recoil and increases accuracy, a launcher that fires non-lethal weaponry, an under-barrel shotgun attachment for close quarters firing, and a prototype 20mm sniper attachment for long-range combat. The SC-20K now uses a reflex sight that zooms to 1.5x magnification, while the sniper scope allows from 1.5x to 3.5x magnification.


text: A large variety of non-lethal weaponry can be fired from the SC-20K launcher, such as the Sticky Camera, the Sticky Shocker, the Airfoil Round, and the Gas Grenade. The Sticky Camera will reveal an image of the area in which it was shot. It can also make a clicking sound that will attract enemies and emit a CS gas that will render any enemies in the immediate area unconscious. In contrast to former titles, Sam can now use multiple cameras simultaneously. He can switch back to any Sticky Camera that has not been destroyed by using the CS gas attack or due to enemy fire. The Sticky Shocker will shock and incapacitate its target when fired. If shot into a body of water, the shocker will incapacitate all targets in the water. The Airfoil Round is a hollow metal ring that will knock out the target. It is still possible for an unconscious enemy to die if shot, dropped from a considerable height or dropped into water, no matter how shallow.


text: Fisher also has multiple types of grenades. There is a gas grenade, which emits a cloud of CS gas that knocks enemies unconscious, a smoke grenade, which provides Fisher with a cloud of smoke to hide in, the flashbang, which will temporarily blind and deafen any enemy near it, and the fragmentation grenade, which will kill any enemy within its blast radius, and send objects flying in all directions.


text: "Chaos Theory" features competitive and cooperative multiplayer. The cooperative mode expands play by allowing two agents to play through a unique seven-mission story mode that parallels the single-player campaign. It is playable via system link or over Xbox Live. The cooperative campaign follows the story of two "Splinter Cells" in training, merely known as "Agent One" and "Agent Two". Their training is interrupted when a world crisis occurs that requires the Shadownet division of the NSA to deploy additional resources, even including agents not adequately trained. The missions become a trial by fire for the two new agents. Though players can operate alone, the level design is such that it encourages teamwork. Ubisoft eventually developed two additional levels for download for the PC and Xbox versions. The Nuclear Plant and UN Headquarters missions are meant to end the story for the cooperative component.


text: In Splinter Cell Chaos Theory VS mode, two additional gameplay modes have been added to the game. New game modes include disk hunt, which consists of spies grabbing disks placed throughout the level, then returning the disks to their extraction point. The other game mode is deathmatch, which consists of killing players on the opposite team-spies or mercenaries.


text: The Spy vs. Mercenary game mode returns from "Pandora Tomorrow" with many improvements. These include new gadgets for both teams, cooperative moves for the spy team, and improved close-quarters combat for the mercenaries. Spies are armed with non-lethal weaponry and rely on stealth, skill, and gadgets. Spies can only kill mercenaries by breaking their necks, dropping on them, and hanging from a ledge and pulling them down. The spies' gadgets also do not generally affect other spies. Mercenaries are the heavily armed enemies of the SHADOWNET spies.


text: In June 2007, tensions are running high between China, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan due to Japan's formation of an Information Self Defense Force (I-SDF). Considering this to be a violation of Article 9 of the post-World War II Constitution and blaming the I-SDF for information warfare attacks against their countries, Chinese and North Korean forces establish a blockade in the Yellow Sea against Japanese shipping. As Japan is an ally of the United States and, by extension, the NSA's Third Echelon, the US Navy dispatches an advanced warship, the USS "Clarence E. Walsh" (CG-80), to the Yellow Sea, with hopes that China and North Korea will back down.


text: Sam Fisher is dispatched to a lighthouse on the Talara, Peru coastline, to locate Bruce Morgenholt, an American computer programmer who has been captured by a Peruvian separatist group led by Salvadoran revolutionary Hugo Lacerda. Morgenholt was working on deciphering the "Masse Kernels", highly advanced weaponized algorithms developed by Phillip Masse, whom Fisher had assassinated in 2005. Fisher is tasked with ensuring the Kernels do not fall into the wrong hands. He arrives too late to prevent Morgenholt's death and the release of the Masse Kernels. Fisher boards Lacerda's ship and assassinates him. Unknown parties use the algorithms to blackout Japan and the Eastern Seaboard. Admiral Otomo of the I-SDF warns Third Echelon that North Korea and China are likely responsible.


text: Following a lead discovered in Panama, Fisher travels to New York to investigate Abrahim Zherkezhi, a man who worked with Morgenholt. He finds that Displace International, a US-based private military corporation owned by his old friend Douglas Shetland, is protecting Zherkezhi. Fisher breaks into the Displace offices and learns of Milan Nedich, a Bosnian arms supplier and war criminal, who has relocated Zherkezhi to Hokkaido. There, Fisher meets with Shetland, who claims that Nedich is clean. Fisher infiltrates the hideout that Zherkezhi is being held in, kills Nedich, and witnesses Shetland murdering Zherkezhi. Shetland escapes and goes underground.


text: The US show of force backfires when the "Clarence E. Walsh" is sunk by a North Korean anti-ship missile on July 4, 2007, bringing North Korea, South Korea, and the United States to the brink of war. Since North Korea claims the missile was launched unintentionally, Fisher is sent to the missile battery that fired it to determine the cause. Fisher discovers that North Korea was telling the truth, but the country suddenly launches a full-scale invasion of South Korea. Fisher heads to Seoul and learns that Displace International orchestrated the war. Displace used the Masse Kernels gained from Zherkezhi to hijack North Korea's missile systems and sink the "Clarence E. Walsh" to draw the United States into a war from which Shetland could profit. Third Echelon sends Fisher to a bathhouse in Tokyo to spy on a meeting between Shetland and his unknown accomplices, who turn out to be the I-SDF. At the meeting, the I-SDF betrays Shetland, and a firefight breaks out between Shetland's soldiers and I-SDF troops; amidst the chaos, Fisher pursues Shetland to the roof. After a standoff in which Shetland tests their friendship against fealty to the US, Fisher kills Shetland.


text: Following Shetland's death, and having acquired a copy of the Masse Kernels from him, Otomo attempts to return Japan to Imperial rule; he blackmails Japanese government officials and senior JSDF officers by threatening to use the algorithms to launch a North Korean nuclear missile against a Japanese city. As China would support North Korea, and the United States would support Japan, the incident would likely spark World War III. Although Otomo's loyalist I-SDF soldiers manage to repel attacking JSDF soldiers, Fisher infiltrates the lowest levels of the I-SDF headquarters and stops Otomo's plans. Otomo attempts to commit seppuku, but Fisher saves his life and captures him. Otomo stands trial at the United Nations and takes full responsibility for the entire Korean crisis, returning stability to the region.


text: The graphics in "Chaos Theory" feature several improvements, including the addition of normal mapping, HDR lighting, and parallax mapping. The game had a development budget of $10 million and a marketing budget of $10 million.


text: A Limited Collector's Edition was available for PC, PS2, Xbox, and GameCube. Each version is packaged in a collectible tin, and the PC, PS2, and Xbox versions include the following bonus features on an extra disc:


text: The PC version also contains the version 1.3 patch for the original "Splinter Cell" to add the Kola Cell, Vselka Infiltration, and Vselka Submarine missions that were initially only available as downloads on Xbox Live. The initial release contained a corrupt patch that would not install and had to be requested separately from Ubisoft, after which they would send a CD-R with the patch. The bonus disc can also be obtained with the GameCube version by contacting Ubisoft.com via e-mail. The Xbox version also contains the XBL missions on disc 2, which can be installed on the PC version of the original "Splinter Cell".


text: Chaos Theory – The Soundtrack to Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory is the fifth album by Brazilian electronic music artist Amon Tobin. It was released on January 25, 2005, by Ninja Tune. Seminal composer Jesper Kyd was also hired to score the game's cinematics.


text: The album consists of a collection of songs Tobin wrote for the game. Ubisoft was so pleased with Tobin's work that they decided to release the album several months ahead of the actual game. In-game music sequences are similar but not identical to the official soundtrack, as most in-game music is produced by layering different sequences together. This album showcased the beginning of Tobin's shift from collecting samples from vinyl records to recording his samples.


text: For the recording of "Chaos Theory – Splinter Cell 3 Soundtrack", Tobin hired a live band whose members ranged from Mexican composer Nacho Mendez to Japanese flutist Eiji Miyake. In the CD's liner notes, Tobin noted that "it was a real special session" to have Mendez, Eiji, and the Modugno brothers working on the album. Tobin would more fully explore the use of his samples by using field recordings in the following 2007 album, "Foley Room".


text: "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory" was a commercial success, selling 2.5 million copies by the end of March 2005.


text: The Xbox and PC versions of "Chaos Theory" received "universal acclaim", and the PlayStation 2, N-Gage, and GameCube versions received "favorable" reviews, while the 3DS and DS versions received "mixed" reviews, all according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. A 2013 "IGN" review described "Chaos Theory" as a "peak" in the series. Shawn Elliott of 1UP.com gave the Xbox version an A and said that it "isn't the cruel, ball-busting taskmaster of Splinter Cells past—the exacting details don't matter so long as the duties get done, and it's a better game because of it." Rob Semsey of TeamXbox gave the game 9.8 out of 10 and said, "The formula has been tweaked to an almost perfect mix of story and engrossing gameplay that still requires more use of brain over brawn... The presentation is off the charts with mesmerizing visuals and audio production, both of which have a major impact on how you play." "Edge" gave the game a score of eight out of ten and said it was "the game that the original "Splinter Cell" was meant to deliver: a tight play experience within a trusty framework, one more of enjoyment than irritation, and a game that's no longer exclusively for fans of repeated reloading." In Japan, "Famitsu" gave the Xbox version a score of three eights and one seven, bringing it to a total of 31 out of 40; for the PS2 version, the same magazine gave it two eights, one seven, and one six, bringing it to a total of 29 out of 40.


text: Avery Score of GameSpot gave the mobile version a score of 8.6 out of 10 and called it "a terrific game in its own right, even if it doesn't stray far from the established formula." Likewise, Levi Buchanan of IGN gave the same version a score of 8.8 out of 10 and said it was "definitely not a one-touch game. It's complex, but Gameloft's control scheme and pacing compensate for the limited input of a handset. Gameloft rarely stumbles with their offerings, and Chaos Theory is no exception. When it pops up on your deck, download it. Your may get that familiar feeling, but that's certainly oodles better than that rot-gut anger you feel after downloading a stinker."


text: Non-video-game publications gave the game some favourable reviews. "Maxim" gave the game a perfect ten and stated: "No longer is there just one way to solve a treacherous night mission before the enemy picks up your audio signature: stealth will pay off just as well as good old-fashioned ultraviolence." "The Sydney Morning Herald" gave the Xbox, PC and PS2 versions all five stars and called it "Visually spectacular and hugely rewarding." However, the same newspaper also gave the DS version half of that score (two-and-a-half stars) and said that the frustration "is compounded by the choppy, stuttering frame rate of the 3D visuals, making the already convoluted controls feel twice as sluggish. Even the menu screens seem slow to respond - a sure sign that the DS is being pushed beyond its capabilities." "The New York Times" gave the game a favourable review and stated that "Perhaps Sam is just getting older, perfecting his skills while losing some feistiness. His games are following the same path, with increasingly sophisticated, deep gameplay but a little less flair." Jim Schaefer of "Detroit Free Press" gave the Xbox version three stars out of four, stating, "I'll reserve a four-star rating for the next time this series takes big leaps. In this latest edition, there's nothing so new that you'll stop and say, 'Whoa.' But "Chaos Theory" is true to the things that make "Splinter Cell" games so good."


text: Because this game depicts a war between North Korea and South Korea, it was banned in South Korea until 2007.


text: "Chaos Theory" was a finalist for "PC Gamer US"s "Best Action Game 2005" and "Best Multiplayer Game 2005" awards, which ultimately went to "F.E.A.R." and "Battlefield 2", respectively.


title: Sam Jaffe

text: Shalom "Sam" Jaffe (March 10, 1891 – March 24, 1984) was an American actor, teacher, musician, and engineer. In 1951, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in "The Asphalt Jungle" (1950) and appeared in other classic films such as "The Day the Earth Stood Still" (1951) and "Ben-Hur" (1959). He is also remembered for other outstanding performances such as the title role in "Gunga Din" (1939) and the High Lama in "Lost Horizon" (1937).


title: Sam Jaffe

text: Jaffe was born to Russian Jewish parents Heida (Ada) and Barnett Jaffe at 97 Orchard Street (current location of the Lower East Side Tenement Museum) in New York City, New York. He grew up bilingual in Russian and English (as evidenced in his part in "Stage Door Canteen" (1943)). His mother was a Yiddish actress in Odessa, Ukraine, prior to moving to the United States; his father was a jeweller. He was the youngest of four children; his siblings were Abraham, Sophie, and Annie. As a child, he appeared in Yiddish theatre productions with his mother, who after moving to the United States became a prominent actress and vaudeville star. He graduated from Townsend Harris High School and studied engineering at City College of New York, graduating in 1912. He later attended Columbia University for graduate studies. He also worked for several years as a teacher, and then dean, of mathematics at the Bronx Cultural Institute, a college preparatory school, before returning to acting in 1915.


title: Sam Jaffe

text: As a young man, he lived in Greenwich Village in the same apartment building as a young John Huston. The two men became good friends and remained so for life. Jaffe was later to star in two of Huston's films: "The Asphalt Jungle" and "The Barbarian and the Geisha". Jaffe's closest friends included Zero Mostel, Edward G. Robinson, Ray Bradbury, and Igor Stravinsky. In 1923 he appeared in the Broadway premiere of "God of Vengeance (Got fun Nekome)" by Sholem Asch, as Reb Ali. The production became notorious after the cast, producer, and theatre owner were indicted and found guilty on charges of indecency in May 1923. Jaffe began to work in film in 1934, rising to prominence with his very first role as the mad Tsar Peter III in "The Scarlet Empress". In 1938, Jaffe was forty-seven years old when he played the title role of "bhisti" (waterbearer) "Gunga Din".


title: Sam Jaffe

text: Jaffe was blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studio bosses during the 1950s, supposedly for being a communist sympathizer. Despite this, he was hired first by Robert Wise for "The Day the Earth Stood Still" and then by director William Wyler for his role in the 1959 Academy Award-winning version of "Ben-Hur".


title: Sam Jaffe

text: Jaffe co-starred in the ABC television series, "Ben Casey" as Dr. David Zorba from 1961 to 1965 alongside Vince Edwards. He also made many guest-starring roles on other series, including "Batman" as Mr. Zoltan Zorba, and the Western "Alias Smith and Jones". In 1975, he co-starred as a retired doctor who is murdered by Janet Leigh in the "Columbo" episode "Forgotten Lady". He also appeared with an all-star cast in the TV pilot film of Rod Serling's "Night Gallery" and as Emperor Norton in one episode of "Bonanza".


title: Sam Jaffe

text: Jaffe was married to American operatic soprano and musical comedy star Lillian Taiz from 1926 until her death from cancer in 1941.


title: Sam Jaffe

text: In 1956, he married actress Bettye Ackerman, 33 years his junior, with whom he later co-starred in "Ben Casey". She died on November 1, 2006. He had no children from either marriage.


title: Sam Jaffe

text: A Democrat, Jaffe supported the campaign of Adlai Stevenson II during the 1952 presidential election.


title: Sam Jaffe

text: Jaffe died of cancer in Beverly Hills, California two weeks after his 93rd birthday. He was cremated at the Pasadena Crematory in Altadena, California, and his ashes were given to his surviving wife, Bettye, and, upon her death in 2006, buried with her at Williston Cemetery in Williston, South Carolina.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: Mark Brnovich (born 1966) is an American attorney and politician who has served as the 26th Attorney General of Arizona since 2015. A member of the Republican Party, he was an unsuccessful candidate for its nomination in the 2022 U.S. Senate election in Arizona. He is married to Susan Brnovich, a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: Brnovich was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1966. His parents were Serbs who had immigrated from former Yugoslavia, his father from Montenegro, and his mother from Split, Croatia. He has said that his mother emigrated to the United States to escape communism. Brnovich and his family moved to Arizona when he was young. They attend a local Serbian Orthodox parish in Phoenix.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: Brnovich received a bachelor's degree in political science from Arizona State University and a Juris Doctor from the University of San Diego School of Law. While at Arizona State, Brnovich was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: Brnovich served as a Command Staff Judge Advocate with the Army National Guard. He has worked as the Director of the Center for Constitutional Government at the Goldwater Institute, as Assistant U.S. Attorney for the District of Arizona, as a prosecutor with the Maricopa County Attorney's Office, and as Assistant Attorney General of Arizona. From 2005 to 2007, Brnovich was a lobbyist for the Corrections Corporation of America.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: He was appointed the director of the Arizona Department of Gaming in 2009. He served in the role through 2013, when he resigned to run for Attorney General of Arizona in the 2014 election. He defeated incumbent Tom Horne in the August Republican Party primary election and Felecia Rotellini in the general election. He was inaugurated on January 5, 2015.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In August 2016, the Arizona Attorney General's office took action in the Maricopa County Superior Court and filed to intervene in over 1,000 lawsuits initiated by an advocacy group that flooded courts with duplicative disability access lawsuits targeting mostly small businesses. By intervening, the Attorney General's office made itself a part of the cases and argued that the plaintiffs' group, Advocates for Individuals with Disabilities, exceeded its legal authority and was not allowed to collect fees on these types of lawsuits.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In September 2016, a judge agreed to allow the Attorney General's office to intervene and consolidated the cases while also preventing Advocates for Individuals with Disabilities from filing new lawsuits. In December 2016, the office filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuits and a judge granted the request in February 2017, dismissing over 1,000 of the lawsuits. After the ruling, Brnovich said "Arizona is not going to tolerate serial litigators who try to shake down small hardworking businesses by exploiting the disability community."


title: Mark Brnovich

text: As attorney general, Brnovich undertook efforts in the area of consumer protection and advocacy, including the opioid epidemic. Notable consumer settlements included a $4.65 million settlement in 2017 with Theranos, Inc. to resolve an Arizona Consumer Fraud Act case over allegations that the company's advertisements misrepresented the accuracy and reliability of more than 1.5 million blood tests sold between 2013 and 2016. Under the settlement, the 76,000 Arizonans who received a blood test over that time period received a full refund (averaging $60.92) and Theranos was also banned from owning, operating, or directing a lab in Arizona for two years.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2018, the state announced that a consumer fraud settlement had been reached with General Motors ("GM") that would pay an additional $6.28 million in payments to Arizona consumers as part of claims related to GM's installation of faulty ignition switches. The settlement impacted 33,000 Arizonans who purchased certain cars between 2009 and 2014. According to Brnovich, Arizona was the first state to obtain restitution directly for consumers as part of a settlement with GM related to faulty ignition switch claims. GM previously settled claims with 49 other states, but Arizona filed their own lawsuit focusing on consumer restitution. Under that lawsuit, Arizona would have received $2 million and the money would not have gone to consumers.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2018, Brnovich announced that Volkswagen had agreed to settle a consumer fraud lawsuit with the State of Arizona for $40 million over its diesel emissions scandal. The settlement directed $10.5 million to Arizona consumers who had purchased certain Volkswagen, Audi, and Porsche vehicles for restitution, $20 million to the state's budget to help fund K-12 education, and the remaining money for consumer protection and enforcement purposes. Arizona was the only state to obtain additional restitution on behalf of consumers as a result of state enforcement actions.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In October 2020, Brnovich announced a $71 million settlement with Ticketmaster that provided refunds to consumers who purchased tickets to live events in Arizona that were cancelled, postponed, or rescheduled due to COVID-19. The settlement covered 650 Arizona events and allowed consumers to receive a full refund if their event was impacted by COVID-19 and they purchased their tickets before March 14, 2020.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: Arizona has not carried out an execution between 2014 and 2022. In a 2019 letter to Governor Doug Ducey, Brnovich called for a resumption of executions in Arizona, writing, "Those who commit the ultimate crime deserve the ultimate punishment." In 2021, Brnovich announced that the state would seek warrants of execution for two death row inmates that had exhausted their appeals. Both inmates were successfully executed at the Florence State Prison. In 2021, Brnovich petitioned the U.S. Supreme Court to reverse decisions of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in two death penalty cases.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: Shortly after taking office, Brnovich sued the Barack Obama administration for its Clean Power Plan, a carbon emission reduction initiative intended to reduce climate change.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2016, Brnovich challenged a decision by the Environmental Protection Agency to impose a more restrictive National Ambient Air Quality Standard (from 75 parts per billion to 70 parts per billion) to improve air quality.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2017, Brnovich filed an "amicus" brief in support of ExxonMobil after the company was issued a subpoena by the Attorney General of New York in an investigation into whether the company had misled investors about the risks posed by climate change. Brnovich's brief defended ExxonMobil and claimed that there was no scientific consensus on climate change.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2021, Brnovich joined 11 other states in suing the Biden administration for calculating a social cost caused by climate change (rather than just market costs).


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2018, "The Washington Post" reported that Brnovich was investigating Google for its alleged practice of recording users' tracking data even after a user opted out of the location tracking function. The investigation was reportedly launched following a 2018 Associated Press article titled "Google tracks your movements, like it or not," which detailed how users are led to believe Google provided users the ability to actually disable their location history. Google told users that "with Location History off, the places you go are no longer stored." The Associated Press reported that this statement was false and that even with location history turned off, Google continues to collect location information through other settings and uses that information to sell ads.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In May 2020, the Arizona Attorney General's Office sued Google, alleging consumer fraud in connection with alleged user privacy violations. The state alleges that Google violated Arizona consumer protection laws by creating Android operating systems that deceived "opt-out" users into believing their personal data is being protected and thereby enriched its advertising revenue.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: Brnovich opposes the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and has signed on to lawsuits seeking to invalidate the law. Brnovich has argued that the ACA is "deceptive, ineffective and eventually unconstitutional."


title: Mark Brnovich

text: Brnovich filed a lawsuit against the Joe Biden administration after the administration halted construction of a wall on the Mexico–United States barrier. Brnovich argued that the border wall was needed because of the adverse environmental impact that migrants might have.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: On September 8, 2017, Brnovich sued the Arizona Board of Regents, saying the entity in charge of setting tuition for Arizona universities had "dramatically and unconstitutionally" increased tuition and fees over the last 15 years. In the lawsuit, Brnovich said the Board of Regents had "abandoned its duty to serve as a check on the university presidents" by allowing an "unprecedented series of lockstep tuition hikes" that violates the state's constitutional mandate requiring tuition for in-state students at college to be "as nearly free as possible."


title: Mark Brnovich

text: The constitutionality challenge included an additional charge against the Board of Regents for continuing to provide in-state tuition for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipient students. A state Court of Appeals previously ruled in June 2017 that DACA students don't have "lawful immigration status" and therefore don't qualify for in-state tuition because of a 2006 voter-approved measure that prohibits in-state tuition and financial aid for undocumented college students. On April 9, 2018, the Arizona Supreme Court ruled in a 7–0 decision that state colleges and universities could no longer provide in-state tuition to individuals who were covered under DACA. That same day, the Arizona Board of Regents announced that they would no longer be providing in-state tuition for DACA students in upcoming semesters.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2019, Brnovich sued Arizona State University (ASU) and the Arizona Board of Regents (ABOR) over a real estate deal that he alleged was illegal because it violated the Arizona Constitution's Gift Clause. Brnovich alleged that a hotel project in downtown Tempe was improperly given a tax exemption for the hotel because it was being built on tax-exempt university property. Representatives from ABOR and ASU defended the practice, saying they collect a payment from the hotel in lieu of taxes and that extra money helps the school general revenue. The Arizona Tax Court dismissed Brnovich's suit as time-barred in 2021, and the dismissal was upheld by the Arizona Court of Appeals in 2021. In 2021, a Maricopa County Superior Court judge ruled that Brnovich had to pay almost $1 million of legal fees to the Arizona Board of Regents.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2015, Brnovich backed a Louisiana "amicus" brief before the Supreme Court which argued that states should be allowed to prohibit same-sex marriage.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: After the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that prohibitions on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional, Brnovich instructed Arizona's child safety agency that only married heterosexual couples should be allowed to adopt children. Arizona Governor Doug Ducey disagreed with Brnovich's legal advice and instructed the department to overturn the policy. Brnovich did not challenge Ducey's order.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2016, Brnovich announced that Arizona would join ten other states in a Texas lawsuit against the Barack Obama administration which had directed public schools to allow students to use bathrooms and showers based on their gender identity (even if that is different from the student's biological sex) or risk losing Title IX funding. A U.S. District judge later ordered an injunction against the policy, preventing it from going into effect while on appeal. President Trump rescinded the policy in February 2017, thereby ending the litigation.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2017 and 2018, Brnovich defended the right of businesses to refuse to serve same-sex couples when the act would otherwise infringe upon a business owner's religious beliefs. In one case, "Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado", the Supreme Court of the United States ultimately ruled 7-2 in favor of a religious baker who refused to bake a cake for a same-sex couple, finding the Colorado Civil Rights Commission violated the bake shop owner's free exercise of religion. In the other case, "Brush & Nib v. City of Phoenix", the Arizona Supreme Court found the City of Phoenix's Human Relations Ordinance could not be used to force or punish a business owner to create art (in this case custom calligraphy wedding invitations) that violates a person’s "sincere religious beliefs."


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2019, Brnovich supported efforts to repeal a 1991 Arizona law that prohibited "promotion of a homosexual lifestyle" in public schools, after the law was challenged as unconstitutional.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In November 2015, Brnovich filed a special action with the Arizona Supreme Court to remove Republican Susan Bitter Smith from her position on the Arizona Corporation Commission over allegations that she had violated state conflict-of-interest laws because of her work in the private sector involving cable companies that are overseen by the office she was elected to. Smith denied wrongdoing. Her subsequent resignation in January 2016 rendered Brnovich's lawsuit moot.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In 2018, Arizona enacted legislation making it the first U.S. state to implement a regulatory fintech (financial technology) sandbox. The fintech sandbox is administered by the Arizona Attorney General's Office and was authored and championed by Brnovich, who promoted the initiative as a way to advance fintech start-ups and reduce regulatory hurdles to fintech. In total, ten businesses participated in the initiative.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: Brnovich personally argued against the map drawn by Arizona's Independent Redistricting Commission before the Supreme Court of the United States on December 8, 2015, in the "Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission" case, arguing that the independent redistricting commission violated the "one person, one vote" principle when some redrawn districts included more residents than others, a process that resulted in a map favorable to Democrats.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: After the 2020 election, Arizona's Republican-led Senate hired a cybersecurity firm with no election experience to audit over two million ballots from Maricopa County. In May 2021, the U.S. Department of Justice raised concerns regarding the audit, asking the President of the Arizona Senate to explain what steps were being taken to make sure the audit wasn't violating federal laws, including prohibiting voter intimidation and requiring the preservation of ballots. Brnovich later responded to the Department of Justice and warned the federal government to not intervene in Arizona's audit.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In March 2021, Brnovich personally argued on behalf of Arizona in "Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee", where he asked the Supreme Court to uphold Arizona election laws that restricted ballot harvesting and threw out votes that were cast in the wrong precinct. Brnovich argued that these laws were needed to "safeguard election integrity" and that the Arizona laws are “commonplace election administration provisions used by Arizona and dozens of other states”. The Supreme Court ruled in a 6 to 3 decision in favor of the Arizona state voting laws.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: From 2017 to 2018, Brnovich was the Chairman of the Conference of Western Attorneys General, a non-partisan organization of Attorneys General. Brnovich chose to focus his Chair's Initiative on cyber security and data privacy.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: From 2017 to 2018, Brnovich was appointed to Protecting America's Seniors: Attorneys General United Against Elder Abuse, a bipartisan group of state attorneys general The initiative was established to focus on strengthening efforts nationwide to combat elder abuse.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In December 2017, Brnovich was recognized by the "Arizona Capitol Times" as a "Leader of the Year" in the category of Public Safety. The "Capitol Times" stated: "It's his non-political work in the area of law enforcement and consumer protection and advocacy that is earning Brnovich a lot of praise. In addition to going after fraudsters and scammers, Brnovich has zeroed in on the opioid epidemic, busting suspected opioid rings and in a bold move, charging a major manufacturer of the drug of deceptive practices designed to reap profits at patients' expense."


title: Mark Brnovich

text: Brnovich worked with Representative Shawnna Bolick to draft a bill allowing human and sex trafficking victims to take civil action against their perpetrators. The bill was signed into law in March 2021.


title: Mark Brnovich

text: In June 2021, Brnovich launched a campaign for the Republican primary for the United States Senate in the 2022 election. Considered a front-runner in the primary, Brnovich was criticized by former President Donald Trump for not seeking to overturn the Arizona election results from the 2020 U.S. presidential election, which Trump lost to Joe Biden. After almost a year of holding a solid polling lead, in May 2022, Brnovich was surpassed in the polls by self-funded candidate Jim Lamon. On June 2, 2022, Trump endorsed Republican candidate Blake Masters in the primary. On August 2, Masters won the Republican primary.


title: The Privilege

text: The Privilege () is a 2022 German film directed by Felix Fuchssteiner and Katharina Schöne, written by Felix Fuchssteiner, Sebastian Niemann, Katharina Schöde and Eckhard Vollmar and starring Max Schimmelpfennig, Lise Risom Olsen and Caroline Hartig. It was released by Netflix on February 9, 2022.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: , also known as Conan, The Boy in Future, is a Japanese post-apocalyptic science fiction anime series. It is an adaptation of American science-fiction writer Alexander Key's 1970 novel "The Incredible Tide". It was broadcast for twenty-six episodes on NHK General TV between April and October 1978


title: Future Boy Conan

text: A spin-off series, Future Boy Conan II: Taiga Adventure aired for twenty-four episodes on TBS from October 1999 to April 2000.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: The story begins in July 2008, during a time when mankind is faced with the threat of extinction. A devastating war fought with ultra-magnetic weapons far greater than anything seen earlier brings about a post-apocalyptic world, resulting in several earthquakes and tsunamis. The Earth is thrown off its axis, its crust rocked by massive movements, and the continents are torn completely apart and sink deep below the sea.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: An attempt by a group of people to flee to outer space failed, with their spaceships being forced back to earth and crashing on a small desert and dry island. Although initially desperate, the survivors discover that the crash landing has opened a freshwater well, and gradually life returns to the island. The crew members of the spaceship gradually settle on what they call 'Remnand Island' and they lead a simple and happy life as an extended family. A new baby, Conan, is also eventually born within the community.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: Year after year the older survivors die off in their isolation and unaware of the sort of humanity beyond the small island, until the only people left are Conan and his adoptive grandfather. One day Conan finds on the beach a young girl named Lana, the first stranger and person of his own age whom he had ever known. Lana was raised on another surviving island called High Harbor, where a simple society has re-developed in close contact with the nature. She has ended up on Conan's island while trying to escape from abduction by the crew of the Barracuda, a sailing ship from the leftover of the old world, Industria. Industria is in desperate need of energy, having barely managed to continue its highly industrialized economy through careful husbandry of a backup nuclear reactor, and devolving into a caste-based dystopia. The main resource of highly concentrated orbital-based solar power has become unavailable after the disappearance of Lana's grandfather, Dr. Rao, who has absconded after the war in order to avoid further military usage of his research: a power that could rebuild the world, but was also the weapon bringing humanity on the brink of apocalypse during the last conflict.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: Soon another crew from Industria manages to locate Lana. In the altercation, Conan's grandfather is killed and the boy is initially abandoned alone on the now-desert island. He decides to take his chances with the unknown ocean on a simple raft, in order to try and save his new friend Lana. In his journey he first meets another young boy, Jimmy, who grew up in semi-feral status on yet another island, where the Barracuda makes regular trips in order to acquire plastic rubbish to be converted back into oil at the Industria facilities. The rubbish is mined by the impoverished and still war-traumatized local population, in exchange for simple trinkets, alcoholic beverages and surrogate cigarettes.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: Conan and Jimmy soon begin to socialize and also decide to raid the ship, respectively to save Lana and to steal its goods. The attempt fails and they are punished and forced into labor by the captain. The group is eventually brought to Industria and separated and reunited again various times, as the situation on that island further degenerates due to further natural disasters and the deteriorating social fabric, turning more and more into a dictatorship under the Director. Over the course of the story, he is the only irredeemable figure, devoid of any scruples and ever greedy for power at any cost. All the other characters, including the minor ones, develop significantly in response to events and in particular after being exposed to the selfless example of Conan. A pure love story also develops with Lana. After multiple separations and various challenges, the group eventually locates Dr. Rao, restores access to solar power just in time to salvage another ship and evacuate Industria just before another cataclysmic earthquake, and finally destroys the super-weapon which the Director was trying to deploy in order to maintain his hegemony over High Harbour and all the other remaining lands. As the last legacy of the society responsible for the apocalypse dies off, nature continues its recovery process, new families are founded, and the younger, still innocent but now more mature Lana and Conan set sail to build a new world that keeps only the positive aspects of the past.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: Spanning a total of 26 episodes, the series was produced by Nippon Animation and featured the directorial debut of Hayao Miyazaki, who also contributed to character designs and storyboards. Other future prominent anime creators like Isao Takahata (storyboards, directing) and Yoshiyuki Tomino (storyboards) also worked on the series.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: Nippon Animation originally presented NHK with several proposals. At first a different story was favored, but eventually, "The Incredible Tide" novel was chosen.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: There was a preparation time of three months for the layout. Six months passed between the start of the key animation work and the airing of the first episode. Although a stock of eight episodes was already produced by that time, the show still went behind schedule. According to Miyazaki it "took [them] from ten days to two weeks to produce a single episode" and that if "NHK hadn't inserted a special program in there as a padding, it probably would have turned into a real wreck of a series. If we hadn't been working for NHK, we never could have pulled "Conan" off."


title: Future Boy Conan

text: In a 1983 interview with Yōkō Tomizawa from "Animage", Miyazaki stated that he only worked on the show under the condition that he was allowed to change the story. He disliked the pessimistic world view of the original story, feeling it was a reflection of Alexander Key's own fears and insecurities. He wanted a story aimed at children to be more optimistic, stating "[e]ven if someone's lost all hope for the future, I think it is incredibly stupid to go around stressing this to children. Emphasize it to adults if you have to, but there's no need to do so to children. It would be better to simply not say anything at all."


title: Future Boy Conan

text: Miyazaki further made an effort to distance himself from the notion of High Harbor representing North America and Industria representing the Soviet Union. In order to do this, he even considered making the setting more Japanese. For example, in his version of the story, the people of High Harbor would grow rice instead of wheat and eat using chopsticks. But this "would have led to all sorts of other problems", so he eventually dropped the idea.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: One scene of Jimsy smoking cigarettes was removed by NHK before the airing of the episode. Miyazaki admitted that he put "way too much of [his] own feelings into episode eight", specifically the underwater "kiss" scene. He had grown fonder of Lana by episode 5 and 6 and "realized that [the show] incorporated the exact same story line of a manga [he] had created back in [his] student days" to the point where even the shots were arranged in the same way.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: "Future Boy Conan" first aired across Japan on the NHK TV network between April 4 and October 31, 1978. It has been regularly broadcast across Japan on the anime satellite television network Animax, who have also later translated and dubbed the series into English for broadcast across its respective English-language networks in Southeast Asia and South Asia, under the title "Conan, The Boy in Future".


title: Future Boy Conan

text: A compilation film of the series was released in theaters on September 15, 1979, and shown together with "Yakyū-kyō no Uta: Kita no Ōkami, Minami no Tora" film.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: A compilation film of the last three episodes of the series, "Future Boy Conan: The Big Giant Robot's Resurrection" was released in theaters on March 11, 1984, and shown together with "Witch Era". It was released the same day as "Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind".


title: Future Boy Conan

text: On July 8, 2021, GKIDS licensed the TV series with a new English dub and a 4K restoration. GKIDS released a four-disc Blu-Ray set of the complete series on November 16, 2021, alongside a digital release. On September 28, 2021, Anime Limited announced they got the license for the series for the UK. Anime Limited released the show in a two part collector's edition set with Part 1 released on June 27 and Part 2 on July 25, 2022 on Blu-Ray and 4K UHD, making it the first 4K release of the series anywhere in the world.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: A video game version of the series by Telenet Japan was released in 1992 on NEC's PC Engine console. The game was released on the Super CD-ROM² format and was only available in Japan. On October 20, 1995, another game titled "Conan, The Boy in Future: Digital Library" (未来少年コナンノデジタルライブラリー), was exclusively released on the 3DO, and was developed by Bandai Visual and published by Emotion Digital Software. The game also is exclusive in Japan, and is extremely rare. Two clips of the Intersound, Inc pilot English dub appeared in the game. Another video game adaptation of the series was released for the PlayStation 2 home console on August 25, 2005, only in Japan.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: In 2005, a pachinko game titled "Future Boy Conan" was released. In January 2011, NewGin announced another pachinko game titled . A pachislot game titled "Future Boy Conan" was also released the same year.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: In a 1983 interview with Yōko Yomizawa, Hayao Miyazaki acknowledged that ratings for the show had not been very good, noting that episode twenty-five had received the highest rating at 14 percent.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: In her 1999 book "Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation", Helen McCarthy identifies "Conan" as a "seminal" work and recognizes themes and story elements in this production which Miyazaki would continue to explore throughout his career. McCarthy also notes continuity in the development of the characters and their plight throughout Miyazaki's work. She sees Lana and Conan as precedents for his later heroines and characters, and mentions, among others, Sheeta's rescue by Pazu, from Miyazaki's 1986 animated feature film "Castle in the Sky", as an example. In 2013, anime director Kenji Kamiyama, most known for the "" series, cited the series among the 15 best anime of all time.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: "Future Boy Conan" appears, renamed and redrawn to avoid copyright issues, in the anime series "Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!", in which it is the foundation of the main character's love of anime, central to the story.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: The show was very popular in the Arab world and still is today. The dubbing was performed by Arab Audio and Video Center, which was based in Kuwait. The cast included a number of Kuwaiti TV stars such as Jassim Al-Nabhan, Ali Al-Mufidi and others. Conan's name was changed to Adnan, Lana's was changed to Leena, and Jimsy's was changed to Abbsi so that they could have names similar to Arabic names. Unlike most Arabic dubs of anime, "Future Boy Conan" has retained most of its plot details without any altering.


title: Future Boy Conan

text: is a spin-off centered around a boy named Taiga and his adventure in the world of magical artifacts known as OOPArts. The central OOPArt, known as , is a giant living statue, and it is on its path to bring forth doom to the world as it collects other OOPArts and becomes more powerful.


title: Woke Up This Morning

text: "Woke Up This Morning" is a song by British band Alabama 3 from their 1997 album "Exile on Coldharbour Lane." The song is best known as the opening theme music for the American television series "The Sopranos", which used a shortened version of the "Chosen One Mix" of the song.


title: Woke Up This Morning

text: Described as "a propulsive hip-hop song complete with Howlin' Wolf samples and a swelling gospel choir", the song has been cited as a paradigmatic example of a "great theme song", which "generates anticipation, immediately puts the viewer in a focused frame of mind, and creates the kind of sonic familiarity that breeds audience loyalty." Alabama 3 frontman Rob Spragg wrote the song after hearing about the 1996 Sara Thornton murder case, who stabbed her husband after claiming to be the victim two years of his abuse, mistreatment and neglect. The song is co-written with Piers Marsh, Simon Edwards, and Jake Black.


title: Woke Up This Morning

text: "We started with a Howlin' Wolf loop, but a lot of blues lyrics are quite misogynist," Spragg explained. "So I turned it round to be about a woman who's had enough and gets a gun – it's quite ironic that it's become a New Jersey gangster anthem."


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: Ashling Murphy was a 23-year-old Irish primary school teacher and traditional Irish musician. On the afternoon of 12 January 2022, she was attacked and killed while jogging along the Grand Canal just outside Tullamore, County Offaly. The killing prompted fresh debate about violence against women, and vigils for Murphy were held throughout Ireland and the world. A 31-year-old Slovak man, Jozef Puška, was arrested on 18 January, and was charged with her murder the following day.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: Murphy was born in Blue Ball near Tullamore and grew up with two siblings, a brother and sister. She gained a primary teaching qualification from Mary Immaculate College in Limerick, and taught in a national school in Durrow, County Offaly from March 2021. A fiddler, she had been a featured musician at the Tullamore Tradfest traditional music festival.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: Murphy was jogging along the Grand Canal in Tullamore shortly after she finished work at 3 pm. She was attacked at around 4 pm on Fiona's Way, a canal walkway just outside the town in Cappincur, named after missing woman Fiona Pender. Murphy sustained serious injuries consistent with a violent assault and was confirmed to have died from strangulation. Two women, who were jogging on the opposite bank, saw Murphy being assaulted and ran to the nearest house to phone the Gardaí.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: Gardaí believe that when the attacker confronted Murphy, she fought back in a desperate attempt to save her life by using her keys.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: Gardaí announced that they were only looking for one person in relation to the attack, and that they believed that the perpetrator was not known to Murphy.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: The Gardaí initially detained a 40-year-old man based on the partial descriptions given by witnesses. They released him the next day after eliminating him from their enquiries. The man spoke to the "Irish Independent" on 15 January, recounting his experience being interrogated by Gardaí and the online threats he had received since the arrest and his subsequent release.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: A Falcon Storm mountain bike was recovered from the crime scene and linked to Murphy's killing. There were reports that another woman was followed by a man on a bike in Tullamore two hours before Murphy was killed. CCTV footage of the bike on the day of the attack were recovered.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: DNA evidence of the alleged perpetrator was recovered from Murphy's body, with Gardaí saying "she fought for her life". On 17 January, Gardaí said "significant progress" was being made, as they issued a renewed appeal for information and asked people to come forward if they noticed a man dressed in a black tracksuit and black runners.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: On 3 March, two months after the killing, Gardaí in Dublin arrested a man and a woman in their 60s on suspicion of withholding information; they were released without charge.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: On 14 January, Gardaí identified another person of interest. The suspect had presented himself to Tallaght Hospital in Dublin with unexplained injuries, which prompted healthcare workers to contact Gardaí. Gardaí carried out a background check, which led to searches of properties in County Offaly and one in Dublin. Two cars were also seized. One was a taxi, which was believed to have transported the suspect to hospital. Gardaí also carried out searches of the Grand Canal where Murphy was killed.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: On 18 January, the day of Murphy's funeral, the suspect was discharged from hospital and arrested on suspicion of her murder. The next day, the suspect was charged with murder and identified as 31-year-old Jozef Puška, a Slovak national. That evening, he was brought before a special sitting of Tullamore District Court. He was heckled by a large crowd who had gathered outside the courthouse, and several of Murphy's family stood in court with framed pictures of her. Puška was remanded in custody at Cloverhill Prison to appear again at Clover Hill District Court on 26 January. Gardaí had arrested a second man earlier in the day and interviewed him in relation to withholding evidence, but he was released without charge.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: On 26 January, Puška was further remanded in custody to appear again on 9 February. He was subsequently remanded in custody again until 9 March. On 9 March, the Director of Public Prosecutions formally directed Puška to face trial in the Central Criminal Court. On 25 April, the Central Criminal Court set a date of 6 June 2023 for the trial of Puška. Puška's lawyer is Padraig Langsch of Padraig Langsch & Co. Solicitors in Dublin.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: Taoiseach Micheál Martin declared that there was no place in Irish society for violence, particularly violence against women, which cannot and will not be tolerated. Minister for Justice, Helen McEntee described the circumstances of Murphy's death as "every woman and family's worst nightmare". Women's Aid Ireland demanded a policy of zero tolerance of violence by men against women, publishing statistics it compiled on the unlawful deaths of women in Ireland since 1996.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: Towns, villages and communities across the island of Ireland and the world gathered to pay tribute to the memory of Murphy in the days after her death, with up to 100 vigils taking place in Tullamore, Dublin, Limerick, Cork, Galway, Derry, Tyrone and Armagh as well as in Melbourne, Edinburgh, London, New York, Toronto and Vancouver. President Michael D. Higgins paid tribute to Murphy's short but brilliant and generous life. Micheál Martin attended a vigil organised by the National Women's Council of Ireland outside Dáil Éireann in Dublin, where a minute's silence was held at 4:30 pm, close to the time Murphy was attacked. Campaigners led calls for an end to violence against women.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: In response to the killing, Minister for Justice, Helen McEntee, said new laws to include stalking as a specific criminal offence would be published before Easter, with the laws to make it clear that stalking includes watching or following a victim, even where the victim is not aware of it, and making sure it covers all forms of modern communication. On 20 April, McEntee brought a memo to Cabinet on new legislation which would make stalking and non-fatal strangulation standalone offences, carrying a maximum prison sentence of 10 years.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: On 19 January, one week after the killing, over 100 people carrying photographs and flowers attended a vigil at the site where Murphy was killed.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: Murphy's funeral took place on 18 January 2022, at St Brigid's Church, Mountbolus, in rural County Offaly. It was attended by Taoiseach Micheál Martin, President Michael D. Higgins and Minister for Justice Helen McEntee. Schools and colleges around the country observed a minute's silence at 11 am in her memory.


title: Killing of Ashling Murphy

text: Mourners at the funeral mass for Murphy were told that her family and boyfriend had been robbed of their most precious gift. She was buried in Lowertown Cemetery, Mountbolus.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (born 1952) is an Indian-born British and American structural biologist who shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath, "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome".


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: Since 1999, he has worked as a group leader at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) on the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, UK and is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. He served as President of the Royal Society from 2015 to 2020.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: Ramakrishnan was born in a Tamil family of Chidambaram in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, India to C. V. Ramakrishnan and Rajalakshmi Ramakrishnan on 1 April 1952. Both his parents were scientists, and his father was head of the Department of Biochemistry at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. At the time of his birth, Ramakrishnan's father was away from India doing postdoctoral research with David E. Green at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the US.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: His mother obtained a PhD in psychology from McGill University in 1959. completing it in only 18 months, and was mentored by Donald O. Hebb. Lalita Ramakrishnan, his younger sister, is professor of immunology and infectious diseases at the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: Ramakrishnan moved to Vadodara (previously also known as Baroda) in Gujarat at the age of three, where he had his schooling at Convent of Jesus and Mary, except for spending 1960–61 in Adelaide, Australia. Following his pre-science at the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, he did his undergraduate studies in the same university on a National Science Talent Scholarship, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics in 1971. At the time, the physics course at Baroda was new, and based in part on the "Berkeley Physics Course" and "The Feynman Lectures on Physics".


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: Immediately after graduation he moved to the US, where he obtained his Doctor of Philosophy degree in physics from Ohio University in 1976 for research into the ferroelectric phase transition of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) supervised by Tomoyasu Tanaka. Then he spent two years studying biology as a graduate student at the University of California, San Diego while making a transition from theoretical physics to biology.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: Ramakrishnan began work on ribosomes as a postdoctoral fellow with Peter Moore at Yale University. After his post-doctoral fellowship, he initially could not find a faculty position even though he had applied to about 50 universities in the United States.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: He continued to work on ribosomes from 1983 to 1995 as a staff scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In 1995 he moved to the University of Utah as a Professor of Biochemistry, and in 1999, he moved to his current position at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, where he had also been a sabbatical visitor during 1991-92 on a Guggenheim Fellowship.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: In 1999, Ramakrishnan's laboratory published a 5.5 angstrom resolution structure of the 30S subunit. The following year, his laboratory determined the complete molecular structure of the 30S subunit of the ribosome and its complexes with several antibiotics. This was followed by studies that provided structural insights into the mechanism that ensures the fidelity of protein biosynthesis. In 2007, his laboratory determined the atomic structure of the whole ribosome in complex with its tRNA and mRNA ligands. Since 2013, he has used cryo-EM to work primarily on eukaryotic and mitochondrial translation. Ramakrishnan is also known for his past work on histone and chromatin structure.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: Ramakrishnan's term as president of the Royal Society was dominated by Brexit and, in his final year, the COVID-19 pandemic and its response. In an interview in July 2018, he said that Britain's decision to leave the European Union was hurting Britain's reputation as a good place to work in science, commenting "It's very hard for the science community to see any advantages in Brexit. They are pretty blunt about that." He saw advantages to both the UK and the EU for Britain to continue to be engaged in Galileo and Euratom, which, unlike the European Medicines Agency, are not EU agencies.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: Ramakrishnan argued that a no deal Brexit would harm science. Ramakrishnan wrote, "A deal on science is in the best interests of Europe as a whole and should not be sacrificed as collateral damage over disagreements on other issues. If we are going to successfully tackle global problems like climate change, human disease and food security, we can't do so in isolation. There is no scenario where trashing our relationships with our closest scientific collaborators in the EU gets us closer to these goals."


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: Ramakrishnan was elected a Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in 2002, a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2003, and a Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 2004. In 2007, Ramakrishnan was awarded the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine and the Datta Lectureship and Medal of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS). In 2008, he won the Heatley Medal of the British Biochemical Society. Since 2008, he is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge and a foreign Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy. In 2010 he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 2010, and has received honorary degrees from the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, University of Utah and University of Cambridge. He is also an Honorary Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford. In 2020 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Also in 2020, he became a board member of The British Library.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: In 2009, Ramakrishnan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada Yonath. He received India's second highest civilian honor, the Padma Vibhushan, in 2010. Ramakrishnan was knighted in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to Molecular Biology, but does not generally use the title "Sir". In the same year, he was awarded the Sir Hans Krebs Medal by the FEBS. In 2014, he was awarded the XLVI by the Fundación Conchita Rábago (Spain). In 2017, Ramakrishnan received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. Ramakrishnan was included as one of 25 Greatest Global Living Indians by NDTV Channel, India on 14 December 2013. His certificate of election to the Royal Society reads:


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: While he prefers not to use titles and post-nominals, Ramakrishnan is entitled to use the title of "Sir" and OM and FRS in Commonwealth countries.


title: Venki Ramakrishnan

text: Ramakrishnan married Vera Rosenberry, an author and illustrator of children's books, in 1975. His stepdaughter, Tanya Kapka, is a doctor in Oregon, and his son, Raman Ramakrishnan, is a cellist based in New York.


title: Digital photography

text: Digital photography uses cameras containing arrays of electronic photodetectors interfaced to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to produce images focused by a lens, as opposed to an exposure on photographic film. The digitized image is stored as a computer file ready for further digital processing, viewing, electronic publishing, or digital printing.


title: Digital photography

text: Digital photography spans a wide range of applications with a long history. In the space industry, where much of the technology originated, it pertains to highly customized, embedded systems combined with sophisticated remote telemetry.


title: Digital photography

text: Any electronic image sensor can be digitized; this was achieved in 1951. The modern era in digital photography is dominated by the semiconductor industry, which evolved later. An early semiconductor milestone was the advent of the charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor, first demonstrated in April 1970; the field has advanced rapidly and continuously ever since, paced by concurrent advances in photolithographic fabrication. A persistent challenge in semiconductor fabrication is that chips much larger than 1 cm are expensive to produce without defects, confining large image sensor formats compatible with traditional 35 mm optics to professional and prosumer markets.


title: Digital photography

text: As a product category at retail, apart from the enthusiast digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) category, most digital cameras now come with an electronic viewfinder, which approximates the final photograph in real time, which can also review and adjust (or delete) a captured photograph within seconds, making this a form of instant photography, as compared to most photochemical cameras from the preceding era.


title: Digital photography

text: Moreover, the onboard computational resources are usually able to perform aperture adjustment and focus adjustment (via inbuilt servomotors) as well as setting the exposure level automatically, so these technical burdens are removed from the photographer unless the photographer feels competent to intercede—and the camera offers traditional controls. As electronic devices by nature, most digital cameras are instant, mechanized, and automatic in some or all functions. Digital cameras may choose to emulate traditional manual controls (rings, dials, sprung levers, and buttons) or it may instead provide a touchscreen interface for all functions; most camera phones fall into the latter category.


title: Digital photography

text: In the creative space, digital photos are often combined with other digital images obtained from scanography and other methods that are often used in digital art or media art.


title: Digital photography

text: Until the advent of such technology, photographs were made by exposing light-sensitive photographic film and paper, which was processed in liquid chemical solutions to develop and stabilize the image. Digital photographs are typically created solely by computer-based photoelectric and mechanical techniques, without wet bath chemical processing.