title: Kirby Star Allies

text: The idea for the downloadable content was to help give attention to past "Kirby" games, and the series as a whole. The developers, rather than focus on an existing narrative, wanted to create a new experience for the characters. Kumazaki noted how if they were to rather focus on an intricate story, it would ruin the fun of the adventure. When discussing the lack of other popular characters from the franchise, he said that there were certain characters he wanted to appear, such as Galacta Knight from "Kirby Super Star Ultra". They created a development rule, where they would only select one character from each game to represent the main series.


title: Kirby Star Allies

text: "Kirby Star Allies" received a "mixed or average" rating according to video game review aggregator Metacritic, based on 83 critic reviews. The game was nominated for "Family Game of the Year" at the D.I.C.E. Awards.


title: Kirby Star Allies

text: The game was praised for its visual appearance and strategic elements. Mitch Vogel from "Nintendo Life" called the visuals "top notch", but yearned for a more distinctive design. "Destructoid" reviewer Chris Carter praised the "gorgeous rendered backgrounds", and stated how recruiting enemies to your team "goes beyond an adorable gimmick." "EGM" appreciated the friend concept, and said it kept puzzles and game elements fresh throughout gameplay. Brendan Graeber from "IGN" liked the layer of strategy and the concept of re-arranging the friends for different puzzle solutions. He stated how puzzles were intriguing and unique, as they always had the player re-arranging their team. Critics also appreciated the accompanying soundtrack, calling it catchy and praising its gradual change. Peter Brown from "GameSpot" praised the visuals, and called the aesthetic "perfectly executed". He liked how the soundtrack would "ample motivation and entertainment", and enjoyed the gimmick of teaming up with enemies.


title: Kirby Star Allies

text: Critics complained of a lack of difficulty, which they felt induced a sense of being uninvolved. "Polygon" reviewer Jeremy Parrish called the game predictable and familiar, and wrote how the game "plays things incredibly safe", compared to recent titles such as "". Kyle Hilliard from "Game Informer" summarized his review by noting that the game was forgettable, and how the difficulty made him feel as if he was barely playing the game at all.


title: Kirby Star Allies

text: At the release of the game's final post-launch content, some critics reevaluated the game, finding that the additional content resulted in an improved experience. Stephen Totilo of "Kotaku" commented that, while the main game was "a cakewalk", the additional "Heroes in Another Dimension" mode was "a head-scratcher and a reflex-tester", stating that "Star Allies" was "one of the most-improved Nintendo games on the Switch roster." Another review, by Sean Anthony of "Gaming Trend", also praised the creative level design and difficulty of the new game mode, and additionally complimented the added "Soul Melter EX" difficulty level, concluding that ""Kirby Star Allies" is finally a complete game."


title: Kirby Star Allies

text: Upon the game's launch, "Kirby Star Allies" became the fastest selling Kirby game in the United Kingdom. The game sold 222,031 copies within its first week on sale in Japan, which placed it at number one on the all format sales chart. By the end of March, it had sold over a million copies. As of March 2019, "Kirby Star Allies" has sold 2.56 million copies. The 2022 CESA Games White Papers revealed that "Kirby Star Allies" has sold 3.98 million copies, as of December 31, 2021.


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: Mean Machine is a 2001 British sports comedy film directed by Barry Skolnick and starring former footballer Vinnie Jones. The film is an adaptation of the 1974 American film "The Longest Yard", featuring association football rather than American football.


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: Danny "The Mean Machine" Meehan (Vinnie Jones) is a retired footballer and former captain of England, who was banned from football for life for fixing an unspecified match they played against Germany. In the present day, after a long drinking session, he drives recklessly to a local bar, where he is pursued by police. Inside the bar, when asked to take a breathalyser test, he attacks two police officers and is arrested; he is later convicted and sentenced to three years in Longmarsh prison.


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: Once inside, his status as a celebrity immediately puts him at odds with the guards, who brutally beat him soon after arrival. The prison governor, then pulls strings to ensure Meehan serves his sentence in Longmarsh, as the head coach of the prison wardens' football team. However, Meehan declines, and instead trains a team of other convicts, to play against the wardens.


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: Meehan is met with an unwelcome reception from his cellmates, Raj, Jerome and Trojan. Outside, Danny meets and befriends an elderly convict, Doc, who teaches him how to survive in prison. While cleaning the yards with Doc, Meehan is introduced to Sykes, a gangster and one of the most respected inmates in the prison. Sykes also shows aggression towards Meehan, revealing he lost a large amount of money betting on the England game he had fixed. Later in the prison cafeteria, Meehan makes another ally, meeting the prison's fast-talking contraband dealer "Massive".


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: Danny and Massive begin the recruitment process for his team, but struggle, as many of the inmates are reluctant to join due to both Sykes' influence over the prison and their hatred for Meehan as a cheat. As Danny tries and fails to form a team, Massive is playing football in a prison hallway, when a racist guard approaches him and assaults him as the other inmates watch in horror. Meehan lunges at the guard and protects Massive from further beating, earning the respect of many of the other inmates. His team includes a violent maximum-security inmate named "The Monk". Meanwhile, the warden gets himself into trouble with "Barry the Bookie," an unlicensed bookmaker who was recommended to him by Sykes. After being threatened on the phone by Barry, the warden decides to try to make back the money he owes by betting on the prison guards' team.


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: A psychotic inmate named Nitro accuses him of being a snitch, Danny gets ambushed in the showers threatened, but refuses to tell, earning the trust of both Sykes' men and Sykes himself. To win lost money back, Sykes bribes Meehan all is forgiven if his team wins. Angry that his plan to have Danny killed failed, Nitro, a bomb expert, offers to have Meehan killed in exchange for a transfer to a lower security prison which one of the guards, Ratchett agrees to. Nitro crafts a bomb in his cell and places it in Danny's locker. Danny and the rest of the team are going over tactics in one of the cells, when Doc arrives at the cell and is killed by the bomb. Nitro is subsequently sent to another facility, but not to the minimum-security prison he was promised but to a mental health facility.


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: The match commences shortly after Doc's death. At half time, the inmates' team is winning 1–0, and the morale is high until the governor attempts to blackmail Meehan, accusing him of accessory to Doc's murder and threatening to sentence him to 20 years unless he throws the match. At first he puts his own interests before that of the team's, deliberately playing poorly and faking injury to be taken off the pitch. As the final moments of the game tick down, he redeems himself, bravely using a square-ball to fellow inmate 'Billy the Limpet' to win the game for the cons. Afterward, the Captain of the Guards, Burton, refuses to co-operate with the governor's attempts to get revenge on Danny, instead congratulating him on the win. The governor's vehicle explodes, and Sykes informs him that he, and Barry the Bookie, will retaliate if he tries anything. A victorious Danny and Massive walk triumphantly across the pitch.


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: The film included actors who had formerly played professional football, including three players who were teammates with the film's star, Vinnie Jones, at different times in their careers. Charlie Hartfield (prisoners' team in the film) played with Jones for Sheffield United, while Paul Fishenden and Brian Gayle (guards' team in the film) played with Jones for Wimbledon. Nevin Saroya (prisoners' team) was once a Brentford youth team player and Perry Digweed (guard's team), played as a goalkeeper primarily for Brighton & Hove Albion, although in the film, he is a defender. Ryan Giggs, then playing for Manchester United and the Wales national football team, appears briefly (at minute 77:00) as a warden.


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: Producer Matthew Vaughan, while looking for a film vehicle to highlight ex-soccer star Vinnie Jones, came across director Robert Aldrich's 1974 American football comedy "The Longest Yard". Jones, who was known for rough play and off-field rowdiness, seemed a natural for the lead role.


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: "Mean Machine" was filmed from April to June 2001. Most of the prison scenes were filmed at HM Prison Oxford, and the match was filmed at The Warren, the former home ground of Yeading. The Warren is located in Hayes.


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: "Mean Machine" was released in United Kingdom cinemas on 28 December 2001 and according to the box office database website Box Office Mojo, grossed $2,288,365 during its opening weekend with a total domestic gross of $6,288,153 (as of 27 January 2002). The film was released in the United States on 22 February 2002 with total a gross of $92,770. Total foreign gross (excluding the United States) was $929,283 (as of 23 February 2003).


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: Metacritic gave the film a score of 45%, indicating "mixed or average reviews". A major criticism of the film was that it was unintentionally funny and led to "prison cliches".


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: Jamie Russell of the BBC wrote, "[I]t keeps its tongue welded firmly in its cheek. The scriptwriters have enough sense to replay every funny moment from the original, while also adding a couple of innovations of their own. The final soccer game is definitely the high point of the proceedings, if only because it lets the star do what he does best - play some very dirty football."


title: Mean Machine (film)

text: While A.O. Scott of the New York Times wrote, "Reviewing <nowiki>"</nowiki>The Longest Yard<nowiki>"</nowiki> in The New York Times 28 years ago, Nora Sayre objected to its clumsiness and violence, but admitted to being entertained by the football sequences. Watching this remake, I had the opposite response: the story was moderately engaging and moved swiftly, but the long soccer match at the end bored me silly. Perhaps this is just American chauvinism, or perhaps that kind of football is inherently less cinematic than ours. It's certainly no less brutal."


title: Curve

text: In mathematics, a curve (also called a curved line in older texts) is an object similar to a line, but that does not have to be straight.


title: Curve

text: Intuitively, a curve may be thought of as the trace left by a moving point. This is the definition that appeared more than 2000 years ago in Euclid's "Elements": "The [curved] line is […] the first species of quantity, which has only one dimension, namely length, without any width nor depth, and is nothing else than the flow or run of the point which […] will leave from its imaginary moving some vestige in length, exempt of any width."


title: Curve

text: This definition of a curve has been formalized in modern mathematics as: "A curve is the image of an interval to a topological space by a continuous function". In some contexts, the function that defines the curve is called a "parametrization", and the curve is a parametric curve. In this article, these curves are sometimes called "topological curves" to distinguish them from more constrained curves such as differentiable curves. This definition encompasses most curves that are studied in mathematics; notable exceptions are level curves (which are unions of curves and isolated points), and algebraic curves (see below). Level curves and algebraic curves are sometimes called implicit curves, since they are generally defined by implicit equations.


title: Curve

text: Nevertheless, the class of topological curves is very broad, and contains some curves that do not look as one may expect for a curve, or even cannot be drawn. This is the case of space-filling curves and fractal curves. For ensuring more regularity, the function that defines a curve is often supposed to be differentiable, and the curve is then said to be a differentiable curve.


title: Curve

text: A plane algebraic curve is the zero set of a polynomial in two indeterminates. More generally, an algebraic curve is the zero set of a finite set of polynomials, which satisfies the further condition of being an algebraic variety of dimension one. If the coefficients of the polynomials belong to a field , the curve is said to be "defined over" . In the common case of a real algebraic curve, where is the field of real numbers, an algebraic curve is a finite union of topological curves. When complex zeros are considered, one has a "complex algebraic curve", which, from the topological point of view, is not a curve, but a surface, and is often called a Riemann surface. Although not being curves in the common sense, algebraic curves defined over other fields have been widely studied. In particular, algebraic curves over a finite field are widely used in modern cryptography.


title: Curve

text: Interest in curves began long before they were the subject of mathematical study. This can be seen in numerous examples of their decorative use in art and on everyday objects dating back to prehistoric


title: Curve

text: times. Curves, or at least their graphical representations, are simple to create, for example with a stick on the sand on a beach.


title: Curve

text: Historically, the term was used in place of the more modern term . Hence the terms and were used to distinguish what are today called lines from curved lines. For example, in Book I of Euclid's Elements, a line is defined as a "breadthless length" (Def. 2), while a line is defined as "a line that lies evenly with the points on itself" (Def. 4). Euclid's idea of a line is perhaps clarified by the statement "The extremities of a line are points," (Def. 3). Later commentators further classified lines according to various schemes. For example:


title: Curve

text: The Greek geometers had studied many other kinds of curves. One reason was their interest in solving geometrical problems that could not be solved using standard compass and straightedge construction.


title: Curve

text: A fundamental advance in the theory of curves was the introduction of analytic geometry by René Descartes in the seventeenth century. This enabled a curve to be described using an equation rather than an elaborate geometrical construction. This not only allowed new curves to be defined and studied, but it enabled a formal distinction to be made between algebraic curves that can be defined using polynomial equations, and transcendental curves that cannot. Previously, curves had been described as "geometrical" or "mechanical" according to how they were, or supposedly could be, generated.


title: Curve

text: Newton also worked on an early example in the calculus of variations. Solutions to variational problems, such as the brachistochrone and tautochrone questions, introduced properties of curves in new ways (in this case, the cycloid). The catenary gets its name as the solution to the problem of a hanging chain, the sort of question that became routinely accessible by means of differential calculus.


title: Curve

text: In the eighteenth century came the beginnings of the theory of plane algebraic curves, in general. Newton had studied the cubic curves, in the general description of the real points into 'ovals'. The statement of Bézout's theorem showed a number of aspects which were not directly accessible to the geometry of the time, to do with singular points and complex solutions.


title: Curve

text: Since the nineteenth century, curve theory is viewed as the special case of dimension one of the theory of manifolds and algebraic varieties. Nevertheless, many questions remain specific to curves, such as space-filling curves, Jordan curve theorem and Hilbert's sixteenth problem.


title: Curve

text: A topological curve can be specified by a continuous function formula_1 from an interval of the real numbers into a topological space . Properly speaking, the "curve" is the image of formula_2 However, in some contexts, formula_3 itself is called a curve, especially when the image does not look like what is generally called a curve and does not characterize sufficiently formula_2


title: Curve

text: For example, the image of the Peano curve or, more generally, a space-filling curve completely fills a square, and therefore does not give any information on how formula_3 is defined.


title: Curve

text: A curve formula_3 is closed or is a loop if formula_7 and formula_8. A closed curve is thus the image of a continuous mapping of a circle.


title: Curve

text: If the domain of a topological curve is a closed and bounded interval formula_7, the curve is called a "path", also known as "topological arc" (or just ).


title: Curve

text: A curve is simple if it is the image of an interval or a circle by an injective continuous function. In other words, if a curve is defined by a continuous function formula_3 with an interval as a domain, the curve is simple if and only if any two different points of the interval have different images, except, possibly, if the points are the endpoints of the interval. Intuitively, a simple curve is a curve that "does not cross itself and has no missing points" (a continuous non-self-intersecting curve).


title: Curve

text: A plane simple closed curve is also called a Jordan curve. It is also defined as a non-self-intersecting continuous loop in the plane. The Jordan curve theorem states that the set complement in a plane of a Jordan curve consists of two connected components (that is the curve divides the plane in two non-intersecting regions that are both connected).


title: Curve

text: A "plane curve" is a curve for which formula_11 is the Euclidean plane—these are the examples first encountered—or in some cases the projective plane. A ' is a curve for which formula_11 is at least three-dimensional; a ' is a space curve which lies in no plane. These definitions of plane, space and skew curves apply also to real algebraic curves, although the above definition of a curve does not apply (a real algebraic curve may be disconnected).


title: Curve

text: The definition of a curve includes figures that can hardly be called curves in common usage. For example, the image of a simple curve can cover a square in the plane (space-filling curve) and thus have a positive area. Fractal curves can have properties that are strange for the common sense. For example, a fractal curve can have a Hausdorff dimension bigger than one (see Koch snowflake) and even a positive area. An example is the dragon curve, which has many other unusual properties.


title: Curve

text: Roughly speaking a is a curve that is defined as being locally the image of an injective differentiable function formula_1 from an interval of the real numbers into a differentiable manifold , often formula_14


title: Curve

text: More precisely, a differentiable curve is a subset of where every point of has a neighborhood such that formula_15 is diffeomorphic to an interval of the real numbers. In other words, a differentiable curve is a differentiable manifold of dimension one.


title: Curve

text: If formula_16 is the formula_17-dimensional Euclidean space, and if formula_18 is an injective and continuously differentiable function, then the length of formula_19 is defined as the quantity


title: Curve

text: In particular, the length formula_22 of the graph of a continuously differentiable function formula_23 defined on a closed interval formula_24 is


title: Curve

text: More generally, if formula_26 is a metric space with metric formula_27, then we can define the length of a curve formula_28 by


title: Curve

text: A rectifiable curve is a curve with finite length. A curve formula_28 is called (or unit-speed or parametrized by arc length) if for any formula_34 such that formula_35, we have


title: Curve

text: If formula_28 is a Lipschitz-continuous function, then it is automatically rectifiable. Moreover, in this case, one can define the speed (or metric derivative) of formula_19 at formula_39 as


title: Curve

text: While the first examples of curves that are met are mostly plane curves (that is, in everyday words, "curved lines" in "two-dimensional space"), there are obvious examples such as the helix which exist naturally in three dimensions. The needs of geometry, and also for example classical mechanics are to have a notion of curve in space of any number of dimensions. In general relativity, a world line is a curve in spacetime.


title: Curve

text: If formula_11 is a differentiable manifold, then we can define the notion of "differentiable curve" in formula_11. This general idea is enough to cover many of the applications of curves in mathematics. From a local point of view one can take formula_11 to be Euclidean space. On the other hand, it is useful to be more general, in that (for example) it is possible to define the tangent vectors to formula_11 by means of this notion of curve.


title: Curve

text: This is a basic notion. There are less and more restricted ideas, too. If formula_11 is a formula_50 manifold (i.e., a manifold whose charts are formula_51 times continuously differentiable), then a formula_50 curve in formula_11 is such a curve which is only assumed to be formula_50 (i.e. formula_51 times continuously differentiable). If formula_11 is an analytic manifold (i.e. infinitely differentiable and charts are expressible as power series), and formula_3 is an analytic map, then formula_3 is said to be an "analytic curve".


title: Curve

text: A differentiable curve is said to be if its derivative never vanishes. (In words, a regular curve never slows to a stop or backtracks on itself.) Two formula_50 differentiable curves


title: Curve

text: for all formula_67. The map formula_68 is called a "reparametrization" of formula_69; and this makes an equivalence relation on the set of all formula_50 differentiable curves in formula_11. A formula_50 "arc" is an equivalence class of formula_50 curves under the relation of reparametrization.


title: Curve

text: Algebraic curves are the curves considered in algebraic geometry. A plane algebraic curve is the set of the points of coordinates such that , where is a polynomial in two variables defined over some field . One says that the curve is "defined over" . Algebraic geometry normally considers not only points with coordinates in but all the points with coordinates in an algebraically closed field .


title: Curve

text: If "C" is a curve defined by a polynomial "f" with coefficients in "F", the curve is said to be defined over "F".


title: Curve

text: In the case of a curve defined over the real numbers, one normally considers points with complex coordinates. In this case, a point with real coordinates is a "real point", and the set of all real points is the "real part" of the curve. It is therefore only the real part of an algebraic curve that can be a topological curve (this is not always the case, as the real part of an algebraic curve may be disconnected and contain isolated points). The whole curve, that is the set of its complex point is, from the topological point of view a surface. In particular, the nonsingular complex projective algebraic curves are called Riemann surfaces.


title: Curve

text: The points of a curve with coordinates in a field are said to be rational over and can be denoted . When is the field of the rational numbers, one simply talks of "rational points". For example, Fermat's Last Theorem may be restated as: "For" , "every rational point of the Fermat curve of degree has a zero coordinate".


title: Curve

text: Algebraic curves can also be space curves, or curves in a space of higher dimension, say . They are defined as algebraic varieties of dimension one. They may be obtained as the common solutions of at least polynomial equations in variables. If polynomials are sufficient to define a curve in a space of dimension , the curve is said to be a complete intersection. By eliminating variables (by any tool of elimination theory), an algebraic curve may be projected onto a plane algebraic curve, which however may introduce new singularities such as cusps or double points.


title: Curve

text: A plane curve may also be completed to a curve in the projective plane: if a curve is defined by a polynomial of total degree , then simplifies to a homogeneous polynomial of degree . The values of such that are the homogeneous coordinates of the points of the completion of the curve in the projective plane and the points of the initial curve are those such that is not zero. An example is the Fermat curve , which has an affine form . A similar process of homogenization may be defined for curves in higher dimensional spaces.


title: Curve

text: Except for lines, the simplest examples of algebraic curves are the conics, which are nonsingular curves of degree two and genus zero. Elliptic curves, which are nonsingular curves of genus one, are studied in number theory, and have important applications to cryptography.


title: Cecil Price

text: Cecil Ray Price (April 15, 1938 – May 6, 2001) was accused of the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in 1964. At the time of the murders, he was 26 years old and a deputy sheriff in Neshoba County, Mississippi. He was a member of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.


title: Cecil Price

text: Although he was never charged with the murders, Price was convicted in October 1967 of violating the civil rights of the three victims. He was sentenced to a six-year prison term and served four and a half years at the Sandstone Federal Penitentiary in Minnesota. Following his release from prison he returned to Philadelphia, Mississippi, and worked a variety of jobs. Cecil Price died following a fall from a piece of equipment at his job on May 6, 2001.


title: Cecil Price

text: On the afternoon of June 21, 1964, Price stopped a blue Ford station wagon on Mississippi Highway 19 for allegedly speeding inside the Philadelphia city limits. Inside the station wagon were three civil rights workers James Chaney, who was driving, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner.


title: Cecil Price

text: Price arrested the three workers, allegedly on suspicion of having been involved in a church arson, and locked them in the county jail.


title: Cecil Price

text: During this time, he denied their requests for a phone call and instructed that anyone who called looking for them should be told that the three men were not there. Some time that same afternoon, Price reportedly met with fellow Klansmen to work out the details of the planned evening release and executions.


title: Cecil Price

text: Price released the three following Chaney's payment of the speeding fine and followed them in his patrol car. At 10:25, Price sped to catch up with the station wagon before it crossed the border into the relative safety of Lauderdale County.


title: Cecil Price

text: Price ordered the three out of their car and into his. He then drove them to a deserted area on Rock Cut Road while being followed by two cars filled with other Klansmen. He then turned them over to fellow Klansmen who committed the beating of Chaney and subsequent murder of the three men. Price returned to Philadelphia and resumed his duties as deputy while the bodies were being buried in an earthen dam that was under construction.


title: Cecil Price

text: Following a lead, the bodies of the three missing men were located at the dam site on August 4, 1964. Price was invited by FBI Inspector Joseph Sullivan to assist in the recovery efforts of the bodies. Sullivan suspected Price of being involved and wished to observe his reactions. FBI agent John Proctor stated that "Price picked up a shovel and dug right in, and gave no indication whatsoever that any of it bothered him."


title: Cecil Price

text: Price helped escort the three bodies to the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, where the autopsies were performed.


title: Cecil Price

text: Following the discovery of the bodies, the state of Mississippi refused to bring murder charges against anyone. In January 1965, however, Price and seventeen others were indicted with conspiring in a Ku Klux Klan plot to murder three young civil rights workers. The indictments were dismissed by District Court, but the decision was later reversed on appeal and the charges reinstated.


title: Cecil Price

text: The trial of Price and the other defendants began on October 7, 1967, as "United States v. Cecil Price, et al." During this time, Price declared himself a candidate for sheriff and he lost the election to Hop Barnette, one of his co-defendants. On October 21, 1967, Price was found guilty at trial of conspiracy and sentenced by Judge Cox to a six-year prison term. He served four and a half years at the Sandstone Federal Penitentiary in Minnesota.


title: Cecil Price

text: Following his release in 1974, Price returned to Philadelphia where he worked a variety of jobs. He was employed at times as a surveyor, as a truck driver for an oil company, and as a watchmaker in a jewelry shop. He was never charged with the murders of the three men.


title: Cecil Price

text: Later in life, Price refused to speak publicly about the events of 1964 to 1967. During an interview for "The New York Times Magazine" in 1977, he stated that "he enjoyed watching the television show "Roots"" and that "[w]e've got to accept this is the way things are going to be and that's it." Price also told an African American pastor that he had repented of his previous actions. He helped a black man, Marcus Dupree, a friend of his son Cecil Jr., get a commercial driver's license, allowing Dupree to establish a career after his retirement from the National Football League. Price died on May 6, 2001, three days after falling from a lift in an equipment rental store where he was working in Philadelphia, Mississippi. He died in the same hospital in Jackson where, thirty-seven years earlier, he had helped transport the bodies of the three slain civil rights workers for autopsies. At the time of Price's death, Mississippi attorney general Mike Moore and Neshoba County prosecutor Ken Turner were considering bringing state murder charges against some of the surviving defendants in the 1967 federal trial. Attorney General Moore saw Price's death as harmful to the ongoing investigation: "If he had been a defendant, he would have been a principal defendant. If he had been a witness, he would have been our best witness. Either way, his death is a tragic blow to our case."


title: Cecil Price

text: The first fictionalized version of Cecil Price appeared in the 1975 CBS 2-part TV drama, "". In this version, Ned Beatty portrayed Sayville Deputy Ollie Thompson.


title: Cecil Price

text: In the 1988 movie "Mississippi Burning", the character of Deputy Clinton Pell is a fictionalized version of Cecil Price. The Pell character was portrayed by Brad Dourif with the part of Pell's wife played by Frances McDormand.


title: Cecil Price

text: In the 1990 TV movie "Murder in Mississippi", Deputy Winter – the third fictionalized version of Cecil Price – was portrayed by Royce D. Applegate.


title: Cecil Price

text: Archival footage of Price appears in the "30 for 30" documentary "The Best that Never Was", which chronicles the life of National Football League player Marcus Dupree. The film begins with a brief mention of Price's involvement in the 1964 murders, then explains Price's role in assisting Dupree after his retirement from the NFL.


title: The Machine Stops

text: "The Machine Stops" is a science fiction short story (12,300 words) by E. M. Forster. After initial publication in "The Oxford and Cambridge Review" (November 1909), the story was republished in Forster's "The Eternal Moment and Other Stories" in 1928. After being voted one of the best novellas up to 1965, it was included that same year in the populist anthology "Modern Short Stories". In 1973 it was also included in "The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two".


title: The Machine Stops

text: The story, set in a world where humanity lives underground and relies on a giant machine to provide its needs, predicted technologies similar to instant messaging and the Internet.


title: The Machine Stops

text: The story describes a world in which most of the human population has lost the ability to live on the surface of the Earth. Each individual now lives in isolation below ground in a standard room, with all bodily and spiritual needs met by the omnipotent, global Machine. Travel is permitted, but is unpopular and rarely necessary. Communication is made via a kind of instant messaging/video conferencing machine with which people conduct their only activity: the sharing of ideas and what passes for knowledge.


title: The Machine Stops

text: The two main characters, Vashti and her son Kuno, live on opposite sides of the world. Vashti is content with her life, which, like most inhabitants of the world, she spends producing and endlessly discussing secondhand 'ideas'. Her son Kuno, however, is a sensualist and a rebel. He persuades a reluctant Vashti to endure the journey (and the resultant unwelcome personal interaction) to his room. There, he tells her of his disenchantment with the sanitised, mechanical world.


title: The Machine Stops

text: He confides to her that he has visited the surface of the Earth without permission and that he saw other humans living outside the world of the Machine. However, the Machine recaptures him, and he is threatened with 'Homelessness': expulsion from the underground environment and presumed death. Vashti, however, dismisses her son's concerns as dangerous madness and returns to her part of the world.


title: The Machine Stops

text: As time passes, and Vashti continues the routine of her daily life, there are two important developments. First, individuals are no longer permitted access to the respirators which are needed to visit the earth's surface. Most welcome this development, as they are sceptical and fearful of first-hand experience and of those who desire it. Secondly, "Technopoly", a kind of religion, is established, in which the Machine is the object of worship. People forget that humans created the Machine, and treat it as a mystical entity whose needs supersede their own.


title: The Machine Stops

text: Those who do not accept the deity of the Machine are viewed as 'unmechanical' and threatened with Homelessness. The Mending Apparatus – the system charged with repairing defects that appear in the Machine proper – has also failed by this time, but concerns about this are dismissed in the context of the supposed omnipotence of the Machine itself.


title: The Machine Stops

text: During this time, Kuno is transferred to a room near Vashti's. He comes to believe that the Machine is breaking down, and tells her cryptically "The Machine stops." Vashti continues with her life, but eventually defects begin to appear in the Machine. At first, humans accept the deteriorations as the whim of the Machine, to which they are now wholly subservient, but the situation continues to deteriorate as the knowledge of how to repair the Machine has been lost.


title: The Machine Stops

text: Finally, the Machine collapses, bringing 'civilisation' down with it. Kuno comes to Vashti's ruined room. Before they both perish, they realise that humanity and its connection to the natural world are what truly matters, and that it will fall to the surface-dwellers who still exist to rebuild the human race and to prevent the mistake of the Machine from being repeated.


title: The Machine Stops

text: In the preface to his "Collected Short Stories" (1947), Forster wrote that "'The Machine Stops' is a reaction to one of the earlier heavens of H. G. Wells." In "The Time Machine", Wells had pictured the childlike Eloi living the life of leisure of Greek gods whilst the working Morlocks lived underground and kept their whole idyllic existence going. In contrast to Wells' political commentary, Forster points to the technology itself as the ultimate controlling force.


title: The Machine Stops

text: The "Fantasy Book Review" calls "The Machine Stops" "dystopic and quite brilliant," noting, "In such a short novel "The Machine Stops" holds more horror than any number of gothic ghost stories. Everybody should read it, and consider how far we may go ourselves down the road of technological ‘advancement’ and forget what it truly means to be alive;" rating the story as 10 out of 10.


title: The Machine Stops

text: As well as Forster predicting globalisation, the Internet, video conferencing and other aspects of 21st-century reality, Will Gompertz, writing on the BBC website on 30 May 2020, observed, "'The Machine Stops' is not simply prescient; it is a jaw-droppingly, gob-smackingly, breathtakingly accurate literary description of lockdown life in 2020."


title: The Machine Stops

text: In 2021, "Wired" magazine<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Randy Alfred wrote, "__1909: __ E.M. Forster publishes 'The Machine Stops,' a chilling tale of a futuristic information-oriented society that grinds to a bloody halt, literally. Some aspects of the story no longer seem so distant in the future." Alfred went on to note that a lecturer in the story provides, "a chilling premonition of the George W. Bush administration's derogation of 'the reality-based community'".


title: SpongeBob SquarePants: The Cosmic Shake

text: SpongeBob SquarePants: The Cosmic Shake is an upcoming platform game developed by Purple Lamp Studios and published by THQ Nordic. It is based on the Nickelodeon animated series "SpongeBob SquarePants" and is scheduled for release on January 31, 2023, on Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants: The Cosmic Shake

text: "The Cosmic Shake" is a 3D platformer. As SpongeBob, the player navigates through several distinctly themed worlds, known as <nowiki>"</nowiki>Wishworlds" within the game, with the aid of Patrick, who has been transformed into a balloon.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants: The Cosmic Shake

text: "The Cosmic Shake" is being developed by Purple Lamp Studios, who had previously developed the title "" (2020). Conceptualized as a spiritual sequel to "Rehydrated", the project was greenlit following the commercial success of that game. While "Battle for Bikini Bottom" had three playable characters, SpongeBob, Patrick and Sandy, each with one or more special abilities, Purple Lamp decided to have only one playable character in SpongeBob, who has multiple special abilities in "The Cosmic Shake". Unlockable costumes have been made a core focus of the game.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants: The Cosmic Shake

text: THQ Nordic first announced the game in September 2021, as a part of its tenth-anniversary showcase. THQ Nordic unveiled a new trailer featuring gameplay at the end of their games showcase in August 2022. A playable demo of the game was presented at Gamescom 2022. Later in September, during a Nintendo Direct presentation, it was revealed that the game would release in 2023.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants: The Cosmic Shake

text: The game is scheduled for release on January 31, 2023, on Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. A limited physical edition, the "BFF Edition", will be available on all platforms, and includes a SpongeBob statue, an inflatable Patrick, an amulet with necklace, miniature bouncing balls, placemats, "Costume Pack" DLC, and a special box.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock (; ; , ) is a town and administrative centre in the Inverclyde council area in Scotland and a former burgh within the historic county of Renfrewshire, located in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. It forms part of a contiguous urban area with Gourock to the west and Port Glasgow to the east.


title: Greenock

text: The 2011 UK Census showed that Greenock had a population of 44,248, a decrease from the 46,861 recorded in the 2001 UK Census. It lies on the south bank of the Clyde at the "Tail of the Bank" where the River Clyde deepens into the Firth of Clyde.


title: Greenock

text: Place-name scholar William J. Watson wrote that "Greenock is well known in Gaelic as Grianáig, dative of grianág, a sunny knoll". The Scottish Gaelic place-name "Grianaig" is relatively common, with another (Greenock) near Callander in Menteith (formerly in Perthshire) and yet another at Muirkirk in Kyle, now in East Ayrshire. R. M. Smith in (1921) described the alternative derivation from Common Brittonic *"Graenag", a "gravelly" or "sandy place", as more appropriate, accurately describing the original foreshore. Johnston (1934) notes that "some Gaels call the seaport Ghónait", and that a possible derivation may be "greannach", meaning "rough, gravelly".


title: Greenock

text: The name of the town has had various spellings over time. It was printed in early Acts of Parliament as "Grinok", "Greenhok", "Grinock", "Greenhoke", "Greinnock", and later as "Greinok". Old Presbyterial records used "Grenok", a common spelling until it was changed to Greenock around 1700.


title: Greenock

text: The spelling "Greenoak" was found in two factory accounts dating back to 1717, and a legend developed of a green oak tree at the edge of the Clyde at William Street being used by fishermen to tie up their boats. No reliable source has been found referencing green oaks, however, and so this has been generally dismissed as imaginative Anglophone folk etymology. Nonetheless the image has frequently been used as an emblem or logo, carved on public buildings, used on banners and badges, and was once emblazoned on the local Co-operative Society emblem. It reappeared in 1992 as the new shopping centre's name: "The Oak Mall", which uses a green tree as its logo. The name is also recalled in a local song ("The Green Oak Tree"). Significantly, no green oak appears on the former burgh coat of arms which features the three chalices of the Shaw Stewarts, a sailing ship in full sail and two herring above the motto "God Speed Greenock".


title: Greenock

text: Hugh de Grenock was created a Scottish Baron in 1296, and the seat of the feudal barony of Greenock was apparently what became Easter Greenock Castle. Around 1400 his successor Malcolm Galbraith died with no sons, and his estate was divided between his two daughters to become two baronies: the eldest inherited Easter Greenock and married a Crawfurd, while Wester Greenock went to the younger daughter who married Schaw of Sauchie. Around 1540 the adjoining barony of Finnart was passed to the Schaw family, extending their holdings westward to the boundary of Gourock, and in 1542 Sir John Schaw founded Wester Greenock castle.


title: Greenock

text: The Scottish Reformation of 1560 closed the chapels in the parish, and as the parish church was some distant at Inverkip over a difficult route which was impassable in winter, in 1589 John Schaw obtained a charter from King James VI to build a kirk for the "poor people upon his lands who were all fishers and of a reasonable number". Later known as the Old Kirk or the Old West Kirk, it was constructed on the west bank of the West Burn estuary and is reputed to have been the first Protestant church built in Scotland after the Reformation.


title: Greenock

text: The Schaw, later Shaw and Shaw-Stewart, family retained a leading role in Greenock over the following centuries. In 1670, Sir John Shaw obtained a charter from King Charles II, combining the lands of Finnart and the barony of Wester Greenock, to create the barony of Greenock.


title: Greenock

text: The coast of Greenock formed a broad bay with three smaller indentations: the Bay of Quick was known as a safe anchorage as far back as 1164. To its east, a sandy bay ran eastwards from the Old Kirk and the West Burn as far as Wester Greenock castle. The fishing village of Greenock developed along this bay, and around 1635 Sir John Schaw had a jetty built into the bay which became known as Sir John's Bay. In that year he obtained a Charter raising Greenock to a Burgh of Barony with rights to a weekly market. Further east, Saint Laurence Bay curved round past the Crawfurd Barony of Easter Greenock to Garvel (or Gravel) Point. When a pier (or dyke) was built making the bay an important harbour, the fishing village of Cartsdyke gained the alternative name of Crawfurdsdyke. In 1642 it was made into the Burgh of Barony of Crawfurdsdyke, and part of the ill-fated Darien Scheme set out from this pier in 1697. Its town was named Cartsburn.


title: Greenock

text: The fishing trade grew prosperous, with barrels of salted herring exported widely, and shipping trade developed. As seagoing ships could not go further up the River Clyde, the Glasgow merchants including the Tobacco Lords wanted harbour access but were in disputes with Greenock over harbour dues and warehouses. They tried to buy the Garvel estate for a harbour when Easter Greenock lands were put up for sale to meet debts, but were outbid by Sir John Schaw who then got a Crown Charter of 1670 uniting Easter and Wester Greenock into the Burgh Barony of Greenock. A separate Barony of Cartsburn was created, the first baron being Thomas Craufurd. In 1668 the City of Glasgow got the lease of of land upriver close to Newark Castle, and construction promptly started on Newport Glasgow harbour which by 1710 had the principal Clyde custom house.


title: Greenock

text: In 1696 and 1700 Schaw and residents of the town made unsuccessful bids to the Scottish Parliament for grants for a Greenock harbour, then when the Act of Union 1707 opened up trade to the Americas associated with the Atlantic slave trade, they raised their own funds. The work was completed in 1710, with quays extended out into Sir John's Bay to enclose the harbour. In 1711 the shipbuilding industry was founded when Scotts leased ground between the harbour and the West Burn to build fishing boats. Greenock rapidly became a major port and shipbuilding centre, and though tobacco imported from the colonies was taken to Glasgow by pack horse, the more bulky imports of sugar were processed locally. From 1774 the dredging of the River Clyde increasingly allowed ships to take merchandise directly to Glasgow, but merchants continued to use Greenock harbour. The American Revolutionary War temporarily interrupted trade, and the gun battery of Fort Beauclerc near the West Burn was extended to guard against the threat of privateers, but the emphasis shifted to wider markets including imports of rum and sugar from the Caribbean, wines from Spain, and fish from North America. A whaling business operated for about 40 years. In 1868, in what became a "cause celebre", seven young Greenock males stowed away on a cargo ship bound for Quebec. Treated with what was, even for the times, exceptional brutality, they were forcibly disembarked in Newfoundland; by the time they were returned to Scotland, three of them had died. The Captain and mate of the cargo ship were tried in a blaze of publicity at the Sheriff's Court and served short prison terms.


title: Greenock

text: In 1714 Greenock became a custom house port as a branch of Port Glasgow, and for a period this operated from rooms leased in Greenock. Receipts rose rapidly with the expansion of colonial trade, and in 1778 the custom house moved to newly-built premises at the West Quay of the harbour.


title: Greenock

text: By 1791 a new pier was constructed at the East Quay. In 1812 Europe's first steamboat service was introduced by with frequent sailings between Glasgow, Greenock and Helensburgh, and as trade built up the pier became known as Steamboat Quay.


title: Greenock

text: The custom house needed larger premises and in May 1817 the foundation stone was laid at the quay for a Custom House building designed by William Burn, which was completed in 1818. Its gracious neoclassical architecture features a Grecian Doric portico looking out over the quay, which was renamed Custom House Quay. In 1828 the Custom House was praised as "a grand National Structure" in "the highest style of elegance". By then there were scheduled steamboat sailings to Belfast, Derry, Liverpool, Inverness, Campbeltown, the Hebrides and "all the principal places in the Highlands".


title: Greenock

text: The Custom House underwent extensive refurbishment which was completed in 1989 and, until closure of the building in 2010, housed a customs and excise museum which was open to the public. In June 2008 HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) announced that the building would close in 2011 as part of a rationalisation project with any jobs being transferred to offices in Glasgow, and despite a campaign to oppose these plans, the building closed in August 2010.


title: Greenock

text: Riverside Inverclyde arranged further refurbishment works, and in 2013 announced that space had already been let to companies including PG Paper Company Ltd and Toshiba which had planning permission to form meeting rooms and an executive office in the building. Greenock Telegraph estimated that £4.1 million has been spent over 5-year period for the renovation works.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock became a centre of industry, with water power being used to process imported goods. In 1827 Loch Thom was constructed as a reservoir with "The Cut" aqueduct, bringing water to two lines of falls for water mills to power a paper mill, cotton and woollen mills, sugar refineries and shipbuilding


title: Greenock

text: Greenock Central railway station at Cathcart Street opened in 1841, for the first time providing a fast route from Glasgow to the coast linking up with Clyde steamer services. The provision of this new line meant there was no need to take the steamer all the way down river from Glasgow. In 1869 the Caledonian Railway was bypassed by the rival Greenock and Ayrshire Railway which opened a station on the waterfront at its Albert Harbour station (later renamed Princes Pier), served by a tunnel under Greenock's west end. To regain custom, the Caledonian Railway extended (what is now known as the Inverclyde Line) the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway west to Gourock; this line was built to run inland through deep cuttings and tunnels, with a tunnel under the whole length of Newton Street crossing under the other railway tunnel to emerge near Fort Matilda railway station. Spoil from the cuttings and tunnels was used to build an embankment out from the shore to a long timber wharf at Gourock railway station, providing space for railway sidings. The railway bought Wester Greenock castle and its extension, the Mansion House, and demolished them before constructing the tunnel immediately west of Greenock Central station, running under the castle grounds which now form Well Park.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock's increasing importance and wealth was manifested in the construction of the Greenock Municipal Buildings, whose Victoria Tower, completed in 1886, stands tall.


title: Greenock

text: Further evidence of this wealth can be seen in the large villas of Greenock's west end, one time home to the ship owners, industrialists and investors. The area is fronted by the mile long (1.6 km) sweep of the Esplanade with its views across the Clyde to Kilcreggan which almost convinces the visitor that no heavy industry could have been anywhere nearby.


title: Greenock

text: The War of 1812 reawakened fears of American raids against Britain's ports. Earlier gun batteries had been dismantled and in 1813 ground was granted for a battery at Whitefarland Point. Fort Matilda was completed in 1818 and was sporadically modified over the century. The land to the west of this was common ground for inhabitants of the town, but in 1907 the Admiralty compulsorily purchased part of this land for a torpedo factory. The remaining space was handed over to Greenock Corporation in 1914 as a public park.


title: Greenock

text: The "Clyde Torpedo Factory" opened in 1910, with 700 workers transferred from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich. The site was tasked with designing and testing of torpedoes, the testing taking place in Loch Long. During the Second World War the site switched entirely to manufacturing torpedoes. The original gun battery site was occupied by the "Navy Buildings", the main offices, just to the east of the torpedo factory buildings.


title: Greenock

text: Following WW2, in 1947, the site became fully committed to R&D as the Torpedo Experimental Establishment (TEE). TEE was closed in 1959, when all torpedo research, development and design were concentrated at the newly formed Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment (AUWE), Portland.


title: Greenock

text: A church which became known as the Old West Kirk had been established in Greenock in 1591 under the patronage of John Schaw, the first built in Scotland since the Reformation. It was extended over the years, at an early stage the Schaw aisle provided pews for the Laird of the Barony, built as a gallery to the east of the nave of the church. Opposite it, above the front entrance, is the Crawfurdsburn or Choir Gallery. At the south end of the nave, the Sailor's Loft gallery was built in 1698 and features a 19th-century model frigate, which replaced earlier models. At the north end, the Farmer's Gallery is above the main seating area. A tower was added in the mid 19th century.


title: Greenock

text: In 1926, to make way for expansion of the Harland & Wolff shipyard (the present-day location of Container Way), the Old West Kirk was relocated to a new site on the Esplanade where it still stands. The shipbuilders provided the Pirrie Hall to the south of the site: this was opened in February 1925, just after the old church closed for work to commence, and was used during the works to accommodate services, enabling the congregation to see progress on the rebuilt kirk. It then came into use as the church hall.


title: Greenock

text: The church is notable for stained glass by artists such as Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Sir Edward Burne-Jones. The Church has a website.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock suffered badly during the Second World War and its anchorage at the Tail of the Bank became the base for the Home Fleet as well as the main assembly point for Atlantic convoys. On 30 April 1940 the French Vauquelin class destroyer "Maillé Brézé" blew up off Greenock with heavy loss of life following an accident involving two of her own torpedoes. Although this disaster occurred before the Free French Naval Forces were established, many people tend to regard the Cross of Lorraine on Lyle Hill as a memorial to the loss of the "Maillé Brézé" as well as to the later losses of the Free French Naval Forces which sailed from the town. On the nights of 6 May and 7 May 1941 around 300 Luftwaffe aircraft attacked the town in the Greenock Blitz.


title: Greenock

text: On 10 October 1940, RAF Greenock was created as a maintenance base for RAF flying boats. The base was hit on 7 May 1941 during the Greenock Blitz.


title: Greenock

text: A large building housing a drapery business constructed on Cowan's property at the corner of the Municipal Buildings was badly damaged and was demolished, leaving the blank brick corner area still known as "Cowan's Corner". This was later landscaped and used as a garden.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock thrived in the post-war years but as the heavy industries declined in the 1970s and 1980s unemployment became a major problem, and it has only been in the last ten years with reinvestment and the redevelopment of large sections of the town that the local economy has started to revive. Tourism has appeared as an unexpected bonus with the development of the Clydeport container port as Ocean Terminal, a passenger terminal for cruise ships touring the Atlantic. Students who do not travel further afield for study often attend the Greenock campus of West College (formerly known as James Watt College of Further and Higher Education).


title: Greenock

text: Greenock reached its population peak in 1921 (81,123) and was once the sixth largest town in Scotland.


title: Greenock

text: Until 1974, Greenock was a parliamentary burgh in its own right. It was merged with Port Glasgow to form Greenock and Port Glasgow constituency. In 1997, it became Greenock and Inverclyde. After the redistribution of Scottish seats, it was merged into an enlarged "Inverclyde" constituency – the first time in political history that Greenock has not been named in a parliamentary seat. "Greenock and Inverclyde" remains a Scottish Parliament constituency.


title: Greenock

text: The Highlanders academy was built in 1837, partly by subscription, and partly by grant from government, on a site given by the late Sir Michael Shaw Stewart.


title: Greenock

text: The Greenock Infirmary, later the Royal Infirmary, was established in 1809, when a building was erected at an expense of £1815, on a site of land given by Sir John Shaw Stewart.


title: Greenock

text: The Inverclyde Royal Hospital is located in Greenock serving the population of Inverclyde, Largs, the Isle of Bute and the Cowal Peninsula.


title: Greenock

text: Langhill Clinic situated behind Inverclyde Royal Hospital is now the main psychiatric hospital with an IPCU unit and Day hospital alongside the main psychiatric ward.


title: Greenock

text: Arran View, Bogston, Bow Farm, Braeside, Branchton, Bridgend, Broomhill, Cartsburn, Cornhaddock, Fancy Farm, Fort Matilda, Gibshill, Greenock West, Grieve Hill, Hole Farm, Larkfield, Lyle Hill, Lynedoch, Overton, Pennyfern, Strone, Strone Farm and Whinhill. Spango Valley is located to the west of the town.


title: Greenock

text: Historically, the town relied on shipbuilding, sugar refining and wool manufacturing for employment, but none of these industries are today part of Greenock's economy. More recently the town relied heavily on electronics manufacture. However, this has given way mostly to: call centre business, insurance, banking and shipping export.


title: Greenock

text: The Fleming and Reid merino wool mill employed 500 people – mostly women and produced wool garments spun and woven at the mill. This mill was at the corner of Drumfrochar Road and Mill Road.


title: Greenock

text: As of October 2012 Greenock has an unemployment rate of 5.3%, above the Scottish average of 3.9% (figure is for the Scottish Parliament constituency and includes Gourock, Inverkip, Port Glasgow and Wemyss Bay).


title: Greenock

text: In the early 17th century, the first pier was built in Greenock. Shipbuilding was already an important employer by this time. The first proper harbour was constructed in 1710 and the first well-known shipbuilders, Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, was established the following year. It gained numerous contracts with the Royal Navy from 1806, building ships such as "Glasgow".


title: Greenock

text: In 1967 Scott's was merged with Lithgows (founded 1874, later the largest privately owned yard in the world) the same year becoming Scott Lithgow, which was later nationalised as part of British Shipbuilders in 1977. From 1800 to 1980 many thousands of people worked to design, build and repair ships. The reduction in shipbuilding in the 1970s and 1980s meant that none of these companies are still trading.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock Shipbuilders included: Scotts, Browns, William Lithgows, Fergusons, Head the Boat Builder (lifeboats). Other marine engineering related companies included engine-makers – Kincaids, Scotts, Rankin and Blackmore (which included the Eagle Foundry) – ship repair (Lamonts) and Hasties for steering gear. Yacht builders included Adams and McLean (at Cardwell Bay). Other yards included Cartsburn, Cartsdyke, and Klondyke – all of which closed during the 1970s and 1980s due to competition from South Korea and Japan.


title: Greenock

text: Part of the site of the "Scott's" yard, is now an EE call centre, and the Kingston Yard was redeveloped for housing. Shipbuilding is now continued at Ferguson Marine Engineering in nearby Port Glasgow, after Ferguson Shipbuilders was taken over by Jim McColl and began modernisation.


title: Greenock

text: The Inchgreen Drydock was opened in 1964 as one of the largest in the world at 305 m long and 48 m wide. It was used to re-fit the "RMS Queen Elizabeth", and to fit-out the "QE2". In 1966 it came under the nationalised Clydeport, which was privatised in 1982 and in 2003 was sold to Peel Ports of The Peel Group. They subsequently operated the drydock as part of their Cammell Laird shipbuilding subsidiary. Peel Ports put the drydock on the market for a lease in 2014, and Jim McColl opened discussions on leasing the dock to expand Fergusons' shipbuilding, but nothing came of the negotiations. On 1 May 2017, Clydeport stated that the drydock cranes are to be demolished. In November 2021 it was announced that the dock had been leased to Atlas Decommissioning as a site for breaking up marine vessels.


title: Greenock

text: Freight traffic is handled at the container cranes of Greenock's "Ocean Terminal", at "Prince's Pier" which was constructed for the Glasgow and South Western Railway. The same terminal is a regular port of call for cruise liners visiting the west of Scotland.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock was a regular port of call for Cunard Line and Canadian Pacific in the 1950s and 1960s. Ships on the Montreal to Liverpool transit would anchor at the Tail of the Bank off Greenock in the Firth of Clyde and steam paddlewheel ferries would service the liners. Cunard operated: the RMS Ivernia (1954), RMS Saxonia (1955), RMS Carinthia (1956) and RMS Sylvania (1957). These four ships were built at John Brown & Company shipyards, typically 22,000 tons, twin screw, 600 passengers. CP operated the Empress of Britain (1956), Empress of Canada and Empress of England.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock's Great Harbour is one of the three main ports providing marine services support to the Royal Navy, in dual site operation with Faslane at HMNB Clyde on the Gare Loch. 240 staff of the former Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service were transferred to Serco Denholm under a 15-year £1bn PFI contract awarded in December 2007. This facility means that "Admiralty" boats and tugs are a common sight on the Clyde.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock's attractive esplanade provides a gently curving riverside walk just over a mile (1.6 km) long extending to the west from "Ocean Terminal" to the "Royal West of Scotland Amateur Boat Club" sailing, kayaking and rowing facilities, which originated as a rowing club built against the east wall of Fort Matilda in 1866, and was granted its present title in 1885. The present clubhouse dates from 1878, and was subsequently extended.


title: Greenock

text: Fort Matilda was adapted for various purposes, eventually becoming the "Navy Buildings" which housed a main Her Majesty's Coastguard centre until it closed in December 2012, as well as a Royal Naval Reserve establishment, HMS Dalriada. The buildings have now been demolished, as a site for blocks of flats off Eldon Street.


title: Greenock

text: Sugar refining began in Greenock in 1765. John Walker began a sugar refinery in Greenock in 1850 followed by the prominent local cooper and shipowner Abram Lyle who, with four partners, purchased the "Glebe Sugar Refinery" in 1865. Another 12 refineries were active at one point. The most successful of these was Tate & Lyle. It was formed from a merger in 1921 between Abram Lyle, who had expanded into Plaistow, and Henry Tate, who had set up a sugar refinery in Liverpool and had expanded into London.


title: Greenock

text: The James Watt Dock, opened in 1886, provided shipping and shipbuilding facilities including a large warehouse (known as the Sugar Shed) which was used for both imported raw sugar, and refined sugar ready for delivery.


title: Greenock

text: By the end of the 19th century, around 400 ships a year were transporting sugar from Caribbean holdings to Greenock for processing. There were 14 sugar refineries, including The Westburn, Walkers, The Glebe, Lochore and Ferguson and Dempster, plus a sugar beet factory on Ingleston Street. Tobacco from the Americas also arrived here.


title: Greenock

text: When Tate and Lyle finally closed its Greenock refinery in 1997 it brought to an end the town's 150-year-old connections with sugar manufacture. A newly built sugar warehouse continued shipping operations at Greenock's "Ocean Terminal". The former sugar warehouse at the James Watt Dock was by then scheduled as a category A listed building as a fine example of early industrial architecture, with an unusual feature of a colonnade of cast iron columns forming a sheltered unloading area next to the quayside. This building has since lain empty, with various schemes being proposed for conversion and restoration. The photographs show the building still intact in February 2006, but a fire on the evening of 12 June 2006 caused severe damage to much of the building before being brought under control in the early hours of 13 June. The local council confirmed that parts of the building will have to be taken down to ensure public safety, but promised an investigation and emphasised the importance of this world heritage building.


title: Greenock

text: In 2007, approval was given to proposals for a major regeneration project. As of 2018, the building and adjacent area of the dock accommodated a marina.


title: Greenock

text: Since IBM arrived in the town in 1951, electronics and light manufacturing have, until recently, been the mainstay of local employment. Texas Instruments (Formerly National Semiconductor) ran a silicon wafer manufacturing plant in the town from 1970 to 2019.


title: Greenock

text: However, with manufacturing moving to Eastern Europe and Asia, work has shifted to the service sector, especially call centres. EE and IBM both have major call centre operations in Greenock, while the Royal Bank of Scotland Mortgage Centre processes Mortgage applications from throughout the UK & Ireland.


title: Greenock

text: IBM closed their entire factory in Greenock which is in the process of being demolished. Sanmina, another electronics company, took over much of the IBM installation but moved 370 jobs to Hungary in 2006. The Sanmina plant, which consisted of the former IBM AMDC (Automated Materials Distribution Centre) and Modules buildings 1 to 5, has since ceased operation and was demolished in 2009. The Spango Valley site was rebranded as "Valley Park" in late 2009.


title: Greenock

text: Lenovo has also re-located away from Greenock, and the plant is now at 10% of the 1999/2000 capacity.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock's main shopping thoroughfare was Hamilton Street, which connected West Blackhall Street in the west to Clyde Square in the east. In 1975 it disappeared, along with several other central streets, as the area was pedestrianised as Hamilton Way. In 1992 it was covered and enclosed as an 85-unit centre by Covell Matthews for then-clients Ossory Road Estates as "The Oak Mall" (in administration as of 21 November 2013). It has since been supplanted as Inverclyde's main shopping area by the retail park at Port Glasgow. Occupants of the mall now include Boots, Argos, The Body Shop, Clarks and New Look. Marks and Spencer was in its original building (of 1936) which was simply built round during the first phase of pedestrianisation, where it remained until the store moved to a new unit at Port Glasgow. In its place, is a collection of separate small markets. Tesco and Morrisons also have a presence in the town. A small retail estate is opposite the "Waterfront" swimming pool and leisure centre. Elsewhere, small groups of shops in most of the areas of the town provide for day-to-day needs. The town contains one diplomatic mission, an Italian consulate.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock is Scotland's best served town in terms of railway stations. It boasts eight: Bogston, Cartsdyke, Greenock Central, Greenock West, Fort Matilda, Whinhill, Drumfrochar and Branchton. A ninth station, located at the former IBM complex, is currently mothballed pending redevelopment of the site. Only Glasgow has a much greater number of stations and Edinburgh possesses only two more. Greenock has a railway tunnel at in length. Located directly under Newton Street in the town, the tunnel allowed for the extension of the railway to Gourock.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock is served by a number of local bus routes covering the majority of Greenock, Gourock and Port Glasgow. Long-distance services travel regularly to Glasgow, Largs and Dunoon. The majority of routes are run by McGill's Bus Services. The Largs to Glasgow corridor is served by two services, the 901, 906, which provide a bus along this route every 15 minutes for most of the day. The 531 service also offers travel from Greenock to Glasgow, serving the Slaemuir area of Port Glasgow before connecting with the X7 Service and continuing through Bridge of Weir, Houston and Linwood, then joining the motorway to Braehead before heading into Glasgow City Centre.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock is located at the end of the A8 road/M8 motorway which begins in Edinburgh. It is also the northern terminus of Euroroute E05 which heads south through England, France and Spain, ending at the Spanish port and container terminal of Algeciras.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock is home to the world's first Burns Club, The Mother Club, which was founded in 1801 by merchants born in Ayrshire, some of whom had known Robert Burns. They held the first Burns Supper on what they thought was his birthday on 29 January 1802, but in 1803 discovered from the Ayr parish records that the correct date was 25 January 1759.


title: Greenock

text: The Victorian landscape artist John Atkinson Grimshaw depicted a somewhat idealised Greenock in several of his paintings.


title: Greenock

text: The Mclean Museum is the largest museum in the Inverclyde area, featuring exhibitions on James Watt and a collection of Ancient Egyptian artefacts.


title: Greenock

text: The Greenock Arts Guild's "Beacon Arts Centre" (replacing the former "Arts Guild Theatre") opened in 2013 in a new building at Greenock's Custom House Quay. It provides a 500-seat theatre that hosts a regular programme of plays, concerts, musical events, comedians and other events and a Studio Theatre, as well as a multifunction Gallery Suite providing rehearsal and meeting rooms which combine for event or performance space and a café / bistro, both with views over the Clyde.


title: Greenock

text: The 1974 BBC Scotland adaptation of the "Para Handy" novels, entitled "The Vital Spark", was filmed in Greenock. In 2012, Greenock became the setting for the BBC television drama "Waterloo Road", after the series was relocated from Rochdale, Greater Manchester. The series was shot at Greenock Academy, a former secondary school in the west of the town.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock has featured as the backdrop to several films: the television films "Just a Boys' Game" (1979), "Down Where the Buffalo Go" (1988) and "Down Among the Big Boys" (1993) and the cinema films "Sweet Sixteen" (2002), "Dear Frankie" (2004) and "Badla" (2019). An early Danny Boyle film "Leaving" (1988) was shot here. In "Rob Roy", which is set in the mid-eighteenth century, Greenock is referred to as "the port to new world".


title: Greenock

text: Greenock is one of the settings for Alan Sharp's 1965 novel "A Green Tree in Gedde". It is fictionalised as 'Gantock' by Robin Jenkins in his 1979 novel "Fergus Lamont" (The Gantocks are a rocky shoal in the Firth of Clyde nearby, just off Dunoon). Alasdair Gray's 1984 novel "1982, Janine" is set in a Greenock hotel room. Matthew Fitt's cyberpunk novel "But'n'Ben A-Go-Go" features a submerged Greenock after the effects of global warming. Greenock has featured in the poetry of W.S. Graham (evoking his childhood) and Douglas Dunn.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock features in Charles Nodier's 1832 romantic fairy-tale novel "La fée aux miettes" as the original home and final destination of the eponymous "Crumb Fairy," who, at the beginning of the story is trapped in France. In "Promenade from Dieppe to the Mountains of Scotland", his account of a 50-day journey to Scotland in 1821, Nodier described Greenock as “one of the ornaments of Renfrewshire” ("la charmante ville de Greenok [sic], un des ornements de Renfrew").


title: Greenock

text: The novel "The Greenock Murders" by Kieran James (2021) is set in Greenock, especially the Cartsdyke area of town around Grosvenor Road, and the pubs of Gourock including the Kempock bar and Monteith's (now closed).


title: Greenock

text: The town has a daily evening newspaper, "The Greenock Telegraph", dating from 1857. Inverclyde FM on line is a community Internet radio station run by volunteers. An internet-based TV station – Inverclyde TV – is run by Creative Industries students at Greenock's West College Scotland.


title: Greenock

text: The most famous Greenockian is the engineer James Watt. He is remembered in several placenames in the town, in the library instituted in his memory, and by the original Watt Memorial School (later College) building on the site of his birthplace in William Street, which incorporates a commemorative statue. The Finnart Campus of the local college was until 2014 known as the James Watt College. Wetherspoons opened the James Watt pub after the building was converted from its previous use as the General Post Office.


title: Greenock

text: The Lady Octavia park and sports centre are named after Lady Octavia Grosvenor, wife of the local MP Sir Michael Shaw-Stewart, who died in 1921.


title: Greenock

text: John McGeoch, one of the most influential rock guitarists of the last decades, was born in Greenock in 1955; he spent his childhood with his family in the city before moving in his teens. "Mojo" magazine listed McGeoch as one of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".


title: Greenock

text: Other Greenockians include the composers Hamish MacCunn and William Wallace, violinist Henri Temianka, mathematician William Spence, poets Denis Devlin, W. S. Graham and Jean Adam, merchant Matthew Algie, actors Richard Wilson, David Ashton, Martin Compston and Stella Gonet, artists William Scott and Alison Watt, playwrights Bill Bryden, Neil Paterson and Peter McDougall, comedian Charles 'Chic' Murray, opera singer Hugh Enes Blackmore, broadcaster Jimmy Mack, American football player Lawrence Tynes, children's theatre performer Ruairidh Forde, PGA Pro golfer Colin Robinson, Antarctic explorer Henry Robertson 'Birdie' Bowers and portrait painter Leonard Boden.


title: Greenock

text: Two Greenockians, Alexander Bruce and Theophilus S. Marshall, were involved in the drafting of the laws for Australian Rules Football.


title: Greenock

text: Pirate William Kidd claimed on death row that he was born in Greenock, but subsequent evidence has shown that he was born either in Belfast or Dundee.


title: Greenock

text: Robert Burns' lover Mary Campbell (Highland Mary) and her father sailed from Campbeltown to visit her brother in Greenock early in October 1786. Her brother fell ill with typhus, which she caught while nursing him. She died of typhus on 20 or 21 October 1786, and was buried in the Old West Kirk graveyard. In 1842 increasing interest in their romance led to a monument being erected by public subscription to mark the grave. In 1920 when the church site was needed to expand Harland and Wolff's shipyard, the monument was moved to its present site in Greenock Cemetery, with her remains being transferred to a casket and re-interred with due ceremony. The church itself was moved and rebuilt in its current location at the west end of the Esplanade in 1926.


title: Greenock

text: The novelist John Galt, who founded Guelph, Ontario in 1827, lived in the town and based some of his work, most notably "Annals of the Parish" (1821), on Greenock and surrounding towns. He is buried in the Inverkip Street Cemetery. The mother of American comedian and writer Jay Leno, Catherine Muir, was born in Greenock and emigrated to the US as a child. The American actress Julianne Moore is the daughter of the late Anne Love, a former psychiatric social worker who emigrated from Greenock. The Rev William C. Hewitt (minister at Westburn Parish Church in Greenock), Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 2009–2010, is the first serving minister at a church in Greenock to be appointed. Reverend Elizabeth Kinniburgh, born in Greencock in 1929, was one of the first women to become ordained as a minister for the Church of Scotland in 1970.


title: Greenock

text: Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, the Libyan intelligence officer convicted of the Lockerbie Bombing, was incarcerated at Greenock Prison from 2005 until his release on 20 August 2009.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock Morton F.C. are the local senior football team who currently play in the Scottish Championship. Founded in 1874 as Morton F.C., they play their home matches at Cappielow. At lower levels of the game, Greenock Juniors F.C. play in the West of Scotland Football League.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock hosts a rugby union team, Greenock Wanderers RFC, founded in 1873. It is one of the oldest clubs in Scotland.


title: Greenock

text: The town was also the host of the first official international women's football match played in Britain. The game, between Scotland and England, resulted in a 3-2 win for England.


title: Greenock

text: Leisure facilities in Greenock are primarily provided by Inverclyde Leisure. There are several sports facilities in the town and surrounding area managed by Inverclyde Leisure:


title: Greenock

text: Greenock's climate is temperate maritime having mainly cool summers and mild winters. The coastal location means that the heat capacity of seawater helps keep winter temperatures higher than locations just a few miles inland.


title: Greenock

text: Although there has been recent debate the moderating influence of the North Atlantic Drift, a warm oceanic current that is the eastern extension of the Gulf Stream, means that Greenock's average temperature is approximately one degree Celsius greater than eastern Scottish coastal towns on the same latitude (55.94 degrees north); whilst in winter, Greenock is considerably warmer than continental locations at the same latitude, such as Moscow.


title: Greenock

text: Anecdotally Greenock has a reputation for receiving higher than average rainfall (the song "The Green Oak Tree" comments on this). Whilst the rainfall is indeed higher than the average recorded at Scottish weather stations, the greatest rainfall in Scotland occurs on the west (ocean) facing mountain slopes of Lochaber, near Fort William in the Highlands.


title: Greenock

text: Greenock's latitude means long hours of daylight in midsummer with the opposite true in midwinter. On the summer solstice, usually observed on the 21 June, the sun rises at 04:31 and sets at 22:07. On the winter solstice, usually 21 December, the sun rises at 08:46 and sets at 15:44.


title: Bulbul

text: The bulbuls are members of a family, Pycnonotidae, of medium-sized passerine songbirds, which also includes greenbuls, brownbuls, leafloves, and bristlebills. The family is distributed across most of Africa and into the Middle East, tropical Asia to Indonesia, and north as far as Japan. A few insular species occur on the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. There are 160 species in 32 genera. While different species are found in a wide range of habitats, the African species are predominantly found in rainforest, whereas Asian bulbuls are predominantly found in more open areas.


title: Bulbul

text: The family Pycnonotidae was introduced by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840 as a subfamily Pycnonotinae of the thrush family Turdidae.


title: Bulbul

text: The Arabic word "bulbul" (بلبل) is sometimes used to refer to the "nightingale" as well as the bulbul, but the English word "bulbul" refers to the birds discussed in this article.


title: Bulbul

text: A few species that were previously considered to be members of the Pycnonotidae have been moved to other families. Several Malagasy species that were formerly placed in the genus "Phyllastrephus" are now placed in the family Bernieridae. In addition, the genus "Nicator" containing three African species is now placed in a separate family Nicatoridae.


title: Bulbul

text: A study published in 2007 by Ulf Johansson and colleagues using three nuclear markers found that the genus "Andropadus" was non-monophyletic. In the subsequent revision, species were moved to three resurrected genera: "Arizelocichla", "Stelgidillas" and "Eurillas". Only the sombre greenbul ("Andropadus importunus"), was retained in "Andropadus". A study by Subir Shakya and Frederick Shelden published in 2017 found that species in the large genus " Pycnonotus" formed several deeply divergent clades. The genus was split and six genera were resurrected to accommodate these clades.


title: Bulbul

text: The family forms two main clades. One clade contains species that are only found in Africa; many of these have greenbul in the common name. The second clade contains mostly Asian species but includes a few species that are found in Africa.


title: Bulbul

text: Bulbuls are short-necked slender passerines. The tails are long and the wings short and rounded. In almost all species the bill is slightly elongated and slightly hooked at the end. They vary in length from 13 cm and for the tiny greenbul to 29 cm and in the straw-headed bulbul. Overall the sexes are alike, although the females tend to be slightly smaller. In a few species the differences are so great that they have been described as functionally different species. The soft plumage of some species is colorful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throat or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Species with dull coloured eyes often sport contrasting eyerings. Some have very distinct crests. Bulbuls are highly vocal, with the calls of most species being described as nasal or gravelly. One author described the song of the brown-eared bulbul as "one of the most unattractive noises made by any bird".


title: Bulbul

text: The bulbuls are generally monogamous. One unusual exception is the yellow-whiskered greenbul which at least over part of its range appears to be polygamous and engage in a lekking system. Some species also have alloparenting arrangements, where non-breeders, usually the young from earlier clutches, help raise the young of a dominant breeding pair. Up to five speckled eggs are laid in open tree nests and incubated by the female. Incubation usually lasts between 11 and 14 days, and chicks fledge after 12–16 days.


title: Bulbul

text: Bulbuls eat a wide range of foods, ranging from fruit to seeds, nectar, small insects and other arthropods and even small vertebrates. The majority of species are frugivorous and supplement their diet with some insects, although there is a significant minority of specialists, particularly in Africa. Open country species in particular are generalists. Bulbuls in the genus "Criniger" and bristlebills in the genus "Bleda" will join mixed-species feeding flocks.


title: Bulbul

text: The red-whiskered bulbuls and red-vented bulbuls have been captured for the pet trade in great numbers and have been widely introduced to tropical and subtropical areas, for example, southern Florida, Fiji, Australia and Hawaii. Some species are regarded as crop pests, particularly in orchards.


title: Bulbul

text: In general, bulbuls and greenbuls are resistant to human pressures on the environment and are tolerant of disturbed habitat. Around 13 species are considered threatened by human activities, mostly specialised forest species that are threatened by habitat loss.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: Cupressus sempervirens, the Mediterranean cypress (also known as Italian cypress, Tuscan cypress, Persian cypress, or pencil pine), is a species of cypress native to the eastern Mediterranean region, in northeast Libya, southern Albania, southern and coastal Bulgaria, southern coastal Croatia and Slovenia, southern Montenegro, southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, southwestern North Macedonia, southern Greece, southern Turkey, Cyprus, northern Egypt, western Syria, Lebanon, Malta, Italy, southern France, Spain, Palestine, Israel, western Jordan, South Caucasus, and also a disjunct population in Iran.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: "Cupressus sempervirens" is a medium-sized coniferous evergreen tree to 35 m (115 ft) tall, with a conic crown with level branches and variably loosely hanging branchlets. It is very long-lived, with some trees reported to be over 1,000 years old.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: The foliage grows in dense sprays, dark green in colour. The leaves are scale-like, 2–5 mm long, and produced on rounded (not flattened) shoots. The seed cones are ovoid or oblong, 25–40 mm long, with 10-14 scales, green at first, maturing brown about 20–24 months after pollination. The male cones are 3–5 mm long, and release pollen in late winter. It is moderately susceptible to cypress canker, caused by the fungus "Seiridium cardinale", and can suffer extensive dieback where this disease is common. The species name "sempervirens" comes from the Latin for 'evergreen'.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: It is also known as "the churchyard cypress," from being often found standing (as if sentinels) surrounding a graveyard.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: Mediterranean cypress has been widely cultivated as an ornamental tree for millennia away from its native range, mainly throughout the whole Mediterranean region, and in other areas with similar hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters, including California, southwest South Africa and southern Australia. It can also be grown successfully in areas with cooler, moister summers, such as the British Isles, New Zealand and the Pacific Northwest (coastal Oregon, Washington and British Columbia). It is also planted in Florida and parts of the coastal southern United States as an ornamental tree. In some areas, particularly the United States, it is known as "Italian" or "Tuscan cypress". Commonly seen throughout New Mexico, the Mediterranean cypress is also known as the "drama tree" because of its tendency to bend with even the slightest of breezes.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: The vast majority of the trees in cultivation are selected cultivars with a crown, with erect branches forming a narrow to very narrow crown often less than a tenth as wide as the tree is tall. The dark green "exclamation mark" shape of these trees is a highly characteristic signature of Mediterranean town and village landscapes. Formerly, the species was sometimes separated into two varieties, the wild "C. sempervirens" var. "sempervirens" (syn. var. "horizontalis"), and the fastigiate "C. s." var. "pyramidalis" (syn. var. "fastigiata", var. "stricta"), but the latter is now only distinguished as a Cultivar Group, with no botanical significance.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: It is also known for its very durable, scented wood, used most famously for the doors of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, Rome. Cypress used to be used in distilleries as staves to hold mash ferments to make alcohol before the invention of stainless steel.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: In cosmetics it is used as astringent, firming, anti-seborrheic, anti-dandruff, anti-aging and as fragrance. It is also the traditional wood used for Italian harpsichords.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: Iranians considered cypress to be a relic of Zoroaster, and they believed that Vishtaspa ordered to plant this cypress after converting to Zoroaster.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: In ancient Iran, at Yalda night, a tree called Yalda tree was decorated, which was generally made of cypress and pine trees. It is said that the decoration of cypress and pine in Christmas was adapted from ancient Iran, because the Iranians looked at these two trees, especially the cypress, as a symbol of resistance against darkness and cold, and they stood in front of the cypress on the first day of January. And they vowed to be strong and stable until the next year and plant another cedar sapling.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: Also, according to Iranian beliefs, greens at the beginning of the year are a sign of blessing throughout that year, and based on this belief, the custom of planting greens at the beginning of the year and at the same time as Nowruz celebration gradually replaced the Cypress tree.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: Cypress, "Cupressus sempervirens", was the first choice for Iranian gardens. In all of the famous Persian Gardens, such as Fin Garden, Shazdeh Garden, Dowlat-Abad, and others, this tree plays a central role in their design. The oldest living cypress is the Sarv-e-Abarkooh in Iran's Yazd Province. Its age is estimated to be approximately 4,000 years.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: In classical antiquity, the cypress was a symbol of mourning and in the modern era it remains the principal cemetery tree in both the Muslim world and Europe. In the classical tradition, the cypress was associated with death and the underworld because it failed to regenerate when cut back too severely. Athenian households in mourning were garlanded with boughs of cypress. Cypress was used to fumigate the air during cremations. It was among the plants that were suitable for making wreaths to adorn statues of Pluto, the classical ruler of the underworld.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: The poet Ovid, who wrote during the reign of Augustus, records the best-known myth that explains the association of the cypress with grief. The handsome boy Cyparissus, a favorite of Apollo, accidentally killed a beloved tame stag. His grief and remorse were so inconsolable that he asked to weep forever. He was transformed into "cupressus sempervirens", with the tree's sap as his tears. In another version of the story, it was the woodland god Silvanus who was the divine companion of Cyparissus and who accidentally killed the stag. When the boy was consumed by grief, Silvanus turned him into a tree, and thereafter carried a branch of cypress as a symbol of mourning.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: In Greek mythology, besides Cyparissus, the cypress is also associated with Artemis and Hecate, a goddess of magic, crossroads and the underworld. Ancient Roman funerary rites used it extensively.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: The most famous Muslim cemetery in Turkey where "C. sempervirens" is used widely is Istanbul Karacaahmet Cemetery. In Istanbul Turkish the tree is referred to as "mezarlık servisi" (cemetery tree); its common name in Turkish and the name used in Turkish forestry is "kara selvi" (black cypress). Cypresses are mentioned extensively in the "Shahnameh", the great Iranian epic poem by Ferdowsi.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: In Jewish tradition, the cypress was held to be the wood used to build Noah's Ark and The Temple, and is mentioned as an idiom or metaphor in biblical passages, either referencing the tree's shape as an example of uprightness or its evergreen nature as an example of eternal beauty or health. It is popular in modern Israeli cemeteries, with contemporary explanation being that its shape resembles a candle and its being an evergreen symbolized the immortality of the soul.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: In popular culture the Italian cypress is often stereotypically associated with vacation destinations to the Mediterranean region; Italy in particular. The tree has been seen on travel posters for decades.


title: Cupressus sempervirens

text: In July 2012, a forest fire, lasting five days, devastated 20,000 hectares of forest in the Valencian village of Andilla. However, amid the charred landscape, a group of 946 cypress trees about 22 years old was virtually unharmed, and only 12 cypresses were burned. Andilla cypresses were planted by the CypFire European project studying various aspects of the cypresses, including fire resistance.


title: All the Right Reasons

text: All the Right Reasons is the fifth studio album by Canadian rock band Nickelback, released on October 4, 2005, on Roadrunner Records. It is the band's first album with former 3 Doors Down drummer Daniel Adair, who replaced Ryan Vikedal in January 2005. The album topped the Canadian Albums Chart and the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart and has sold 11 million copies worldwide. It is Nickelback's best-selling album to date, according to certifications from the CRIA, the RIAA, the BPI, and the ARIA. Seven singles were released from the album. The album re-entered the Finland Albums Chart in 2010, setting a new peak position at number 21.


title: All the Right Reasons

text: "All the Right Reasons" was certified diamond by the RIAA in March 2017 and had sold 7.96 million copies in the US as of December 2015, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time in the US. In Canada, "All the Right Reasons" was certified 7× Platinum by the CRIA in March 2010.


title: All the Right Reasons

text: The album received mixed to negative reviews, currently holding a score of 41 based on nine critics on Metacritic. However, "Entertainment Weekly" explained the album's success this way: "What if Nickelback's decision to let the music speak for itself is, ironically, their biggest selling point of all?" Kelefa Sanneh of "The New York Times" criticized the lyrical content of the album, referring to it as "another brash but sullen CD with more of the worst rock lyrics ever recorded."


title: All the Right Reasons

text: The album was the third straight No. 1 album for the band in their native Canada. It sold more than 60,000 copies in its first week, topping their previous number 1 albums "Silver Side Up" and "The Long Road" (selling 43,000 and 45,000 copies). The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 323,350 copies in its first week in the United States. In the United States the album to date has sold over 8 million copies and was found again inside the top 10 of the "Billboard" 200 in its 99th, 100th, 101st, and 102nd weeks on the chart. The album had never been below number 30 on the "Billboard" 200 in 110 weeks, making Nickelback the first act to have an album in the top thirty of the "Billboard" 200 for its first 100 weeks since Shania Twain's 1997 album "Come On Over" stayed in the top thirty for 123 consecutive weeks following its release.


title: All the Right Reasons

text: In addition, the album has spawned five top-twenty Hot 100 singles in the U.S.: "Photograph", "Savin' Me", "Far Away", "If Everyone Cared", and "Rockstar", making it one of only a handful of rock albums to ever produce five or more top-twenty U.S. hits. "Photograph", "Far Away", and "Rockstar" were all top ten singles on the Hot 100, making Nickelback the first rock band of the 2000s (decade) to have three top-ten hits from the same album.


title: All the Right Reasons

text: In the UK, the album opened its chart run at number 13 before quickly leaving the top 75 with no top 20 singles, with "Savin' Me" being their first to miss the top 75 altogether. While being the band's smallest-selling UK album since "Curb", it experienced, in early 2008, a resurrection due to the single "Rockstar" becoming Nickelback's highest-charting single ever in the UK. The album has now outpeaked its previous peak of number 13, reaching number 2 and has since been certified Platinum.


title: All the Right Reasons

text: "All the Right Reasons: Special edition" was released on July 10, 2007. It is a two-disc set and includes a Nickelback wallpaper, as well as three live tracks and a remixed version of "Photograph" as bonus tracks. The bonus DVD includes four videos, a behind-the-scenes tour diary, and interviews.


title: Albert Bierstadt

text: Albert Bierstadt (January 7, 1830 – February 18, 1902) was a German-American painter best known for his lavish, sweeping landscapes of the American West. He joined several journeys of the Westward Expansion to paint the scenes. He was not the first artist to record the sites, but he was the foremost painter of them for the remainder of the 19th century.


title: Albert Bierstadt

text: Bierstadt was born in Prussia, but his family moved to the United States when he was one year old. He returned to study painting for several years in Düsseldorf. He became part of the second generation of the Hudson River School in New York, an informal group of like-minded painters who started painting along the Hudson River. Their style was based on carefully detailed paintings with romantic, almost glowing lighting, sometimes called "luminism". Bierstadt was an important interpreter of the western landscape, and he is also grouped with the Rocky Mountain School.


title: Albert Bierstadt

text: Bierstadt was born in Solingen, Rhine Province, Prussia on January 7, 1830. He was the son of Christina M. (Tillmans) and Henry Bierstadt, a cooper. His older brothers were prominent stereo view photographers Edward Bierstadt and Charles Bierstadt. Albert was just a year old when his family immigrated to New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1831. He made clever crayon sketches in his youth and developed a taste for art.


title: Albert Bierstadt

text: In 1851, Bierstadt began to paint in oils. He returned to Germany in 1853 and studied painting for several years in Düsseldorf with members of its informal school of painting. After returning to New Bedford in 1857, he taught drawing and painting briefly before devoting himself full-time to painting.


title: Albert Bierstadt

text: In 1858, Bierstadt exhibited a large painting of a Swiss landscape at the National Academy of Design, which gained him positive critical reception and honorary membership in the Academy. Bierstadt began painting scenes in New England and upstate New York, including in the Hudson River Valley. He was part of a group of artists known as the Hudson River School.