title: A. J. Hinch

text: In the 2000–01 offseason, Hinch was traded to the Kansas City Royals with Ángel Berroa as part of a 3-team trade that sent Ben Grieve from the Athletics to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Cory Lidle from the Devil Rays to the Athletics, Roberto Hernández from the Devil Rays to the Royals, and Johnny Damon and Mark Ellis to the Athletics from the Royals.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: Hinch was released by the Royals after the 2002 season. He signed as a minor league free agent with the Cleveland Indians, but was purchased by the Detroit Tigers from the Indians in March 2003. He signed with the Philadelphia Phillies for the 2004 season, splitting the year between the majors and Triple-A. He spent all of 2005 with the Phillies' Triple-A affiliate before retiring. In an eight-season major league career, Hinch had a .219 batting average with 32 home runs and 112 runs batted in in 350 games.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: After the 2005 season, the Arizona Diamondbacks hired Hinch as their manager of minor league operations. Even while playing, he was planning his post-playing career. He went so far as to go to the 2003 general manager's winter meetings to look for future job opportunities and contacts. In July , Baseball America named him one of baseball's "10 to watch" in the next 10 years for his promise as a farm director and future general manager. In August 2006, the Diamondbacks named Hinch director of player development.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: Hinch was named manager of the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 8, 2009, replacing Bob Melvin, despite never having managed or coached a team at any level. At age 34 years and 357 days, Hinch became the youngest person to be named manager of a Major League team since Eric Wedge (34 years, 275 days).


title: A. J. Hinch

text: Hinch was fired from the Diamondbacks on July 1, 2010, following a 31–48 start to the 2010 season. Overall he compiled an 89–123 record in 212 games. His .420 winning percentage ranks as the lowest for a non-interim manager in Diamondbacks history.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: The San Diego Padres hired Hinch as vice president of professional scouting on September 21, 2010. He resigned from the position on August 5, 2014.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: Hinch was named manager of the Houston Astros on September 29, 2014, replacing Bo Porter, who was fired on September 1, 2014. In the 2015 season, Hinch led the Astros to an 86–76 record and a wild card berth. It was Houston's first playoff appearance since 2005. In the Wild Card Game, the Astros defeated the New York Yankees in Yankee Stadium 3–0 to advance to the American League Division Series. In the ALDS, Hinch's Astros took a 2–1 series lead against the Kansas City Royals. The Astros led the Royals 6–2 in Game 4 going into the 8th inning before the Royals came back to win 9–6. The Astros lost game 5 and the series.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: In 2016, Houston began the season 7–17. Although their play improved during the season, the Astros finished 84–78 and did not qualify for the playoffs.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: In 2017, the Astros achieved a club record of 50 wins in 74 games and finished the regular season 101–61, winning their first division title in 16 years and first since joining the American League. The 2017 postseason began at home for the Astros. Hinch guided the team past the Boston Red Sox in four games, with his decision to have Justin Verlander pitch in relief in the deciding Game 4 receiving attention. In the 2017 American League Championship Series, he led the Astros against the New York Yankees in Houston's first championship series appearance in 12 years. After his team won the first two games at home, the Yankees rallied with three wins in New York, with Game 4's loss resulting from the bullpen giving up six combined runs in the 7th and 8th after Hinch took out pitcher Lance McCullers Jr after only six innings. With a pivotal Game 6 in Houston and Justin Verlander on the mound, the Astros won the game 7–1. In Game 7, he chose Charlie Morton (who went five innings) as his starter and McCullers to pitch the final four in relief as the Astros shutout the Yankees 4–0 to clinch their first ever AL pennant and first overall pennant in 12 years to advance to the 2017 World Series, which they won in 7 games. He used the same four pitchers he had used in the ALCS (Dallas Keuchel, Justin Verlander, Lance McCullers and Charlie Morton) for the World Series, though only McCullers and Morton received wins as two relievers (Chris Devenski and Joe Musgrove) also received wins. He led the Astros to their first World Series victory, defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers 4 games to 3. In the final game, Morton pitched the final four innings as the Astros won 5–1 to clinch their first ever title. With the win, Hinch has the most playoff victories as a manager of the Astros, with 14, eclipsing the previous record of 13 by Phil Garner.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: The Astros Lost to the Washington Nationals 4 games to 3 in 2019 World Series. On January 13, 2020, During the offseason, Hinch and Jeff Luhnow, the team's general manager, were suspended one year for violating MLB policies in a sign stealing scandal in 2017. The investigation revealed that Hinch did not approve of the players using a replay monitor to decode signs, and even went as far as to wreck the monitor on at least two occasions. However, he admitted that he did not stop the practice or explicitly let it be known that he disapproved of it. Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred harshly criticized Hinch for not doing more to stop the scheme. According to Manfred, the manager is responsible for "ensuring that the players both understand the rules and adhere to them.” Manfred concluded that there was "no justification for Hinch's failure to act,” since Hinch was the players’ immediate supervisor. If Hinch commits further "material violations" of baseball rules, he will be permanently banned from baseball. Hinch fully expected to be suspended, but believed Manfred would only suspend him for a month at most.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: The year-long suspension was the second-most severe punishment in baseball history meted out to a manager for in-game misconduct. The only longer suspension was for St. Louis Browns manager Jack O'Connor, who was banned for life for trying to throw the 1910 American League batting title to Nap Lajoie by bribing the official scorer to change a hit on error to a hit in the final game of the season. Boston Red Sox manager Alex Cora was also handed a year-long suspension for his role in the scandal, but was sanctioned for his actions as the Astros' bench coach.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: On the same day, Astros owner Jim Crane fired Hinch and Luhnow, saying, "Neither one of them started this but neither one of them did anything about it." Crane said that he was going beyond MLB's sanctions because he had "higher standards for the city and the franchise." Largely on the strength of his final three seasons–all but one of the four 100-win seasons in franchise history at the time of his firing–Hinch ended his tenure as the second winningest manager in Astros history, behind only Bill Virdon. As of the end of the 2019 season, his .594 winning percentage is the highest in franchise history.


title: A. J. Hinch

text: On October 30, 2020, Hinch was named the manager of the Detroit Tigers, agreeing on a multi-year contract.


Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality (HPMOR) is a "Harry Potter" fan fiction by Eliezer Yudkowsky. It adapts the story of "Harry Potter" to explain complex concepts in cognitive science, philosophy, and the scientific method. Yudkowsky published "HPMOR" as a serial from February 28, 2010 to March 14, 2015, totaling 122 chapters and about 660,000 words.


title: Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality

text: Yudkowsky wrote "HPMOR" to promote rationality skills he advocates on his community blog "LessWrong". His reimagining supposes that Harry's aunt Petunia Evans married an Oxford professor and homeschooled Harry in science and rational thinking. As such, Harry "enters the wizarding world armed with Enlightenment ideals and the experimental spirit." The fan fiction spans one year, covering Harry's first year in Hogwarts. "HPMOR" has inspired other works of fan fiction, art, and poetry.


text: In this alternate universe, Lily Potter magically beautified Petunia Evans, letting her abandon Vernon Dursley and marry Oxford professor Michael Verres. They adopt Harry Potter as Harry James Potter-Evans-Verres, with him and Michael unaware of his heritage, and homeschool him in science and rationality. When Harry turns 11, Petunia and Professor McGonagall inform him and Michael about the wizarding world and Harry's defeat of Lord Voldemort. Harry becomes irritated over wizarding society's inconsistencies and backwardness. When boarding the Hogwarts Express, circumstances make Harry befriend Draco Malfoy over Ron Weasley. Harry also befriends Hermione Granger over their scientific inclinations.


text: At Hogwarts, the Sorting Hat sends Hermione to Ravenclaw and Draco to Slytherin. Harry almost goes to Slytherin after a conversation with it, yet ultimately enters Ravenclaw. As school begins, Harry feels patronized by McGonagall and Headmaster Dumbledore, grows close with Professor Quirrell, and tests magic through the scientific method with Draco and Hermione. By testing timeless physics, Harry invents partial Transfiguration, a magical transmutation variant to transform parts of wholes. Quirrell starts a program involving "student armies" with Harry, Draco, and Hermione as first-year generals.


text: After winter break, Quirrell procures a Dementor so students can learn the Patronus charm. Though Hermione and Harry initially fail, Harry recognizes Dementors as shadows of death. Resolving to defeat death, he invents the True Patronus charm and destroys the Dementor. After learning the regular Patronus, Draco discovers Harry can speak Parseltongue. Quirrell reveals himself as a snake Animagus to Harry and makes him help free Bellatrix Black from Azkaban, leaving her in hiding. Dumbledore learns about the prison break but not the participants, leading him to confine Harry to Hogwarts as a precaution.


text: After army battles, bullying incidents, and hearing a phoenix's call, Hermione establishes the organization S.P.H.E.W. to protest misogyny in heroism. Suddenly, she gets accused of Draco's attempted murder. Harry pays his fortune to Lucius Malfoy, Draco's father, to save Hermione from Azkaban, after which Lucius withdraws Draco from Hogwarts. Harry and the staff theorize that Quirrell is David Monroe, a long-missing opponent of Voldemort. Not long after, a mountain troll enters Hogwarts and kills Hermione before Harry manages to kill it. Grieving, Harry vows to resurrect Hermione and steals her body. Harry absolves the Malfoys of guilt in Hermione's murder in exchange for Lucius returning his money, exonerating Hermione, and sending Draco back to Hogwarts.


text: Quirrell starts eating unicorns to stave off death from a supposed "disease." Near the end of the year, he captures Harry, revealing himself as Voldemort's spirit possessing Quirrell and how he framed Hermione, then murdered her with the troll. He threatens to massacre students unless Harry helps him steal the Philosopher's Stone, an artifact for performing true transmutation, as Transfiguration is otherwise temporary. Harry agrees after Voldemort promises to resurrect Hermione, and they manage to coax the Stone from the Mirror of Erised in Hogwarts. When Dumbledore appears and tries to banish Voldemort outside time, Voldemort threatens Harry, forcing Dumbledore to seal himself instead. Voldemort's spirit abandons Quirrell and embodies using the Stone, after which he and Harry resurrect Hermione with the power of the Stone and Harry's True Patronus. Voldemort ritualistically murders Quirrell to give Hermione a Horcrux and the magic of a mountain troll and unicorn, rendering her near-immortal before summoning Lucius and his other Death Eaters. Knowing Harry is prophesied to destroy the world, Voldemort forces Harry into a magical oath never to risk doing so before ordering Harry's murder. Cornered, Harry kills every Death Eater at once with partial Transfiguration, stuns Voldemort, wipes most of his memories, and turns him into a jewel on Harry's ring. Harry claims the Philosopher's Stone and stages a scene to make it appear like "David Monroe" died defeating Voldemort and resurrected Hermione.


text: In the battle's aftermath, Harry receives Dumbledore's letters, learning that Dumbledore has gambled the world on him due to prophecies and arranged for Harry to inherit his positions and assets. With Voldemort defeated, Harry helps a grieving Draco find his missing mother, Narcissa Malfoy, whom Draco believed Dumbledore had murdered. Harry plans with the resurrected Hermione to overhaul wizarding society by destroying Azkaban and using the Philosopher's Stone to grant everyone immortality.


text: According to Yudkowsky, "I'd been reading a lot of "Harry Potter" fan fiction at the time the plot of "HPMOR" spontaneously burped itself into existence inside my mind, so it came out as a "Harry Potter" story. ... There's a large number of potential readers who would enter at least moderately familiar with the "Harry Potter" universe." He states that his work on rationality "informs every shade of how the characters think, both those who are allegedly rational and otherwise". He also used it to assist the launch of the Center for Applied Rationality, which teaches courses based on his work. David Whelan of "Vice" described "HPMOR's" version of Harry Potter as "a miniature Ravenclaw Spock with a taste for deductive reasoning" and said the book "reads like the originals after a lifetime spent playing Nintendo's "Brain Training"."


text: "Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality" is highly popular on FanFiction.net, though it has also caused significant polarization among readers. In 2011, Daniel D. Snyder of "The Atlantic" recorded how "HPMOR" "caused uproar in the fan fiction community, drawing both condemnations and praise" on online message boards "for its blasphemous—or —treatment of the canon." In 2015, David Whelan of "Vice" described "HPMOR" as "the most popular Harry Potter book you've never of" and claimed, "Most people agree that it's brilliantly written, challenging, and—curiously—mind altering."


text: Mainstream reception of "HPMOR" has been uniformly positive; the fan fiction is "Widely considered as one of the best fanfics ever written," according to Rhys McKay of "Who". Hugo Award-winning science fiction author David Brin positively reviewed "HPMOR" for "The Atlantic" in 2010, saying, "It's a terrific series, subtle and dramatic and stimulating… I wish all Potter fans would go here, and try on a bigger, bolder and more challenging tale." In 2014, American politician Ben Wikler lauded "HPMOR" on "The Guardian" as "the #1 fan fiction series of all time," saying it was "told with enormous gusto, and with emotional insight into that kind of mind," and comparing Harry to his friend Aaron Swartz's skeptical attitude. Writing for "The Washington Post", legal scholar William Baude praised "HPMOR" as "one of my favorite books written this millennium" and "the best Harry Potter book ever written, though it is not written by J.K. Rowling." In 2015, Vakasha Sachdev of "Hindustan Times" described "HPMOR" as "a thinking person's story about magic and heroism" and that "the conflict between good and evil is represented as a battle between knowledge and ignorance," eliciting his praise. In 2017, Carol Pinchefsky of "Syfy" called "HPMOR" "something brilliant" and "a platform on which the writer bounces off complex ideas in a way that's accessible and downright fun." In a 2019 interview for "The Sydney Morning Herald", young adult writer Lili Wilkinson said that she adores "HPMOR"; according to her, "It not only explains basically all scientific theory, from economics to astrophysics, but it also includes the greatest scene where Malfoy learns about DNA and has to confront his pureblood bigotry."


text: In July 2018, a crowdfunding campaign for printing a three-volume Russian translation of "HPMOR" was launched on the website Planeta.ru. The goal (approximately ) was reached within the first 30 hours. The campaign ended on the 30th of September with collected (approximately ) and became the highest funded Russian crowdfunding project, although this record was broken the day after. This is the biggest "HPMOR" publication project: the book was published by fans many times, but the book's circulation was lower. According to Mikhail Samin, the founder of the project, "Yudkowsky accepted the idea positively", but the popularity of the campaign surprised him. Yudkowsky wrote an introduction exclusively for the Russian printing. The book was compiled by Lin Lobaryov, the former lead editor of "Mir Fantastiki" magazine. Extra books will be sent to libraries and presented to school Science Olympiad winners.


text: After the success of the crowdfunding project, Russian publishing house Eksmo asked Rowling's agents for permission to publish "HPMOR" in Russia officially, but Rowling has refused use of fanfics of her Wizarding World for commercial purposes.


text: HPMOR has been translated into Czech, Chinese, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Spanish, Swedish and Ukrainian.


title: Raja Gosnell

text: Raja Raymond Gosnell (born December 9, 1958) is an American filmmaker and editor. He is best known for directing comedies including "Never Been Kissed", "Big Momma's House", and "Scooby-Doo". As well as family films including "Home Alone 3" and "Yours, Mine & Ours"


title: Raja Gosnell

text: Gosnell is named after his father's friend Raja Mohideen. He was born in Los Angeles, California on December 9, 1958.


title: Raja Gosnell

text: Gosnell's career started in 1980 when he worked with director Robert Altman as an assistant editor on "Popeye". His first solo credit as an editor was on the film "The Silence". Afterward, Gosnell would serve as editor on a number of films, including "Teen Wolf Too", "Pretty Woman", and "Rookie of the Year".


title: Raja Gosnell

text: He is also known for his collaboration with director Chris Columbus, for whom he edited the films "Home Alone", "", and "Mrs. Doubtfire".


title: Raja Gosnell

text: Gosnell made his directorial debut with "Home Alone 3" after learning writer and producer John Hughes was looking for a director for the project. Afterwards, he went on to direct more theatrical films, including "Never Been Kissed", "Big Momma's House", "Scooby-Doo", "Beverly Hills Chihuahua", and "The Smurfs". While many of his films have been met with poor reception from critics, they have generally been very successful at the box office. In 2021, Gosnell co-directed his son, Bradley, in "Gun and a Hotel Bible" alongside Alicia Joy LeBlanc.


title: Parched

text: Parched is a 2015 Indian drama film written and directed by Leena Yadav and produced by Ajay Devgan under his banner Ajay Devgn FFilms. It premiered at the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival. In India, the film released on 23 September 2016.


title: Parched

text: Parched is the story of four women in a desert village of Gujarat, India. The village and the society are plagued by several social evils, age-old traditions and practices of patriarchy, child marriage, dowry, marital rapes and physical and mental abuse.


title: Parched

text: Rani is a widow struggling to support her old mother-in-law and teenage son, Gulab. Following village customs, Rani marries Gulab off to a child bride by paying a hefty sum to the bride's family. Meanwhile, Gulab is disrespectful, rebellious, and prefers to loiter with a gang of friends, spending time with sex workers. Janki, the child bride, hopes to stop the marriage by chopping off her hair but is still forced into the relation. Lajjo lives in the same village as Rani, and is a close friend and aid in Rani's struggles. Lajjo is in an abusive marriage with an alcoholic husband, Manoj. Having failed to conceive, Lajjo is mocked for being infertile and therefore worthless in the eyes of her husband and society. The fourth woman is Bijli, an erotic dancer in a travelling entertainment company. Bijli acts as an advisor to both Rani and Lajjo.


title: Parched

text: The movie begins with Rani and Lajjo visiting another village to meet Janki and her family. Meanwhile, Gulab and his friends are seen harassing an educated, working woman, until her husband, Kishan (Sumeet Vyas) approaches. While at Janki's house, Rani receives calls on a cell phone given to her by Gulab. The anonymous calls started off as a wrong number but developed into coy flirting.


title: Parched

text: Later, at the Gram Panchayat, the village participates in solving local issues. The first issue is of a girl named Champa who ran away from her husband and tried to return to her parents. The Panchayat forces her to return despite her revelation that her husband's male family members all rape her. Kishan and his wife try intervening but are ridiculed for their progressive opinions.


title: Parched

text: Kishan is a forward thinking local entrepreneur and employs women in the village for craft and handloom jobs. The women reveal at the Panchayat that Kishan has secured a large contract for their handicrafts and so they are prepared to save money for the installation of televisions. The elders reluctantly agree and this angers some men in the village, including Gulab, who resent Kishan for trying to liberate the women.


title: Parched

text: The conservative and patriarchal village men are seen to be constantly visiting Bijli. She has been increasingly turning down offers for sex work which irks her boss, who threatens to replace her with a new younger girl Rekha (Tanya Sachdeva). Gulab's unhappy marriage exacerbates his anger issues and poor attitude towards women. Janki is repeatedly beaten and raped by Gulab.


title: Parched

text: After being threatened by a pimp, Gulab and his friends take out their anger on Kishan. First they destroy his handicraft goods, and later on they violently beat him, prompting Kishan and his wife to leave the village.


title: Parched

text: Frustrated, Bijli picks up Rani, Lajjo and Janki, and visit a local fort. Lajjo realizes that her husband, not her, may be the infertile one. In an experiment, Lajjo has sex with Bijli's lover and becomes pregnant. Bijli returns to the company to find that her dancing spot has been given to Rekha. She resorts to engaging in traumatic rough sex with multiple men in order to make money.


title: Parched

text: Rani discovers that Gulab has stolen her last bit of savings and confronts him. He attacks Janki and then angrily walks away, leaving the women to fend for themselves. The next day, Rani sells her house and pays off her debts. She relieves Janki of her marriage, allowing her to reunite with her childhood sweetheart and continue with her studies.


title: Parched

text: Lajjo informs Manoj of her pregnancy and he begins to beat her, implying that he was aware of his infertility. He accidentally falls onto a fire and is severely burnt, while Lajjo watches. Rani, Lajjo and Bijli finally decide to run away from the village in search for a better life, away from all the misery of customs, traditions and patriarchy.


title: Parched

text: The film failed to have significant box office collections after its release in India. The film grossed () worldwide, including () in India and () in other markets. It was most successful in France, where it grossed $1,072,253, from 160,379 ticket sales, the fourth highest for an Indian film, after "Salaam Bombay", "The Lunchbox", and "Jalsaghar". "Parched" also grossed ($264,058) in Spain.


title: Parched

text: The film received critical acclaim. On review aggregation website "Rotten Tomatoes", Parched has an approval score of 90% on the basis of 21 reviews with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10.


title: Parched

text: Meena Iyer from "The Times of India" rated the film 4.5 out 5 stars, and mentioned that "Parched" "takes you into a disturbing and thought-provoking territory". Anupama Chopra of "Hindustan Times" gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, "The larger narrative of the film is inert and clunky but the spirited female characters will stay with you." Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 saying that, "Leena Yadav's Parched is an irresistible beast of a film. As incendiary as it is entertaining, it goes where Indian cinema rarely does without becoming exploitative - into the erogenous fantasies of long-suppressed village women who are no longer willing to countenance their restrictive veils." Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that, "Radhika Apte, Surveen Chawla and Tannishtha Chatterjee's film is failed by too much violence and unnecessary gloss." "The Hindu" criticized the film saying that, "Parched is an unconvincing indictment of patriarchy that feels staged." and gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5. Suparna Sharma of "Deccan Chronicle" gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 saying that, "Parched feels like it’s unsettled, struggling between wanting to tell a real story, but also keen on concocting a fairytale happy-ending."


title: Parched

text: Rajeev Masand of "News18" gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and called it an "entertaining ride" but also wished that "Yadav didn't tar all the men in the village with the same brush, except for a couple of characters here and there." Aseem Chhabra of "Rediff" praised the acting performances of Tannishtha Chatterjee and Radhika Apte and said gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, "under Yadav's able guidance, Parched genuinely shines." Katie Walsh of "Los Angeles Times" praised the film saying that, "Leena Yadav's "Parched" is a bright jewel of a film, surprisingly funny, fresh and upbeat in the way it takes on the complicated and often dark topic of sexual politics in rural India." Alissa Wilkinson of "Roger Ebert" gave the film a rating of 3 out of 4 saying that, "Parched" is vibrantly alive, full of color and light and movement and music. There is sex in this movie, and there is dancing, and there are vibrant fabrics and foods and fire. It's a dry place, but one ringed with beauty." Justin Lowe of "The Hollywood Reporter" reviewed the film saying that Parched is "Well-intentioned, but wide of the mark." Sweta Kausal of "Hindustan Times" stated that the film is important because it tries to celebrate the long struggle against unjust system of forced patriarchy. Glenn Kenny from "The New York Times" mentioned that "the movie’s plain and unstinting affection for its lead characters gives Parched a frequently buoyant tone."


title: Georgie Glen

text: Georgie Glen is a Scottish actress, known for her film and television work in both dramatic and comedic roles. Among her most popular performances are the running characters of Miss Higgins in the BBC One period drama series "Call The Midwife" from 2018 onwards, and of history teacher Audrey McFall in the BBC One school-based drama series "Waterloo Road" from 2012 to 2015.


title: Georgie Glen

text: Glen is from Helensburgh in Argyll and Bute, Scotland and graduated from Glasgow School of Art with a degree in graphic design. She worked at Thames and Hudson publishers as an assistant book designer for five years before studying at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School for two years. After graduating she worked for a year at Wolsey Theatre in Ipswich, England.


title: Georgie Glen

text: She has featured in the BBC One drama series, "Call the Midwife", "Waterloo Road", "Les Misérables", as Mother Abbess; in 2012, she had appeared in "Les Misérables" the film, as Madame Baptistine. Additional period performances include Hannah More in the 2006 film, "Amazing Grace", John Ruskin's mother in the drama, "Desperate Romantics" about the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, as well as lady-in-waiting to Judi Dench in both "Shakespeare in Love" and "Mrs. Brown".


title: Georgie Glen

text: Other notable performances include a recurring role in "Heartbeat", as Sgt Jennifer Noakes and one of the eponymous "Calendar Girls". Glen has also portrayed various characters in comedies including "Little Britain" and "Harry Enfield and Chums", as well as a guest role in "The Thick of It".


title: Georgie Glen

text: She appeared in Series Four of Netflix drama, "The Crown", in 2020 playing Ruth Roche, Lady Fermoy, the maternal Grandmother of Lady Diana Spencer and lady-in-waiting to the Queen Mother.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: The General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven is an electronic-warfare aircraft designed to replace the EB-66 Destroyer in the United States Air Force. Its crews and maintainers often called it the "Spark-Vark", a play on the F-111's "Aardvark" nickname.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: The USAF contracted with Grumman in 1974 to convert some existing General Dynamics F-111As into electronic warfare/electronic countermeasures (ECM) aircraft. The USAF had considered the Navy / Marine Corps Grumman EA-6B Prowler, but desired a penetrating aircraft with supersonic speed. The EF-111 entered service in 1983 and served until its retirement in 1998.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: In the late 1960s, the U.S. Air Force sought to replace its aging EB-66 and EB-57 electronic warfare aircraft. The Air Force studied the use of Navy EA-6B Prowlers during 1967–1968. However, the Air Force desired a penetrating electronic jamming aircraft with supersonic speed, and, in 1972, decided to modify F-111As into electronic warfare aircraft as a cost-effective option.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: In January 1974, the Air Force awarded electronic warfare study contracts to Grumman and General Dynamics. Grumman was selected as the EF-111 prime contractor in December 1974, then was awarded a contract to modify two F-111As into EF-111 prototypes in January 1975. The first fully equipped model, known then as the "Electric Fox", flew on 10 March 1977. A total of 42 airframes were converted at a total cost of US$1.5 billion. The first EF-111s were deployed in November 1981 to the 388th Tactical Electronic Squadron, Mountain Home AFB, Idaho. The last was delivered in 1985.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: The Raven retained the F-111A's navigation systems, with a revised AN/APQ-160 radar primarily for ground mapping. The primary feature of the Raven, however, was the AN/ALQ-99E jamming system, developed from the Navy's ALQ-99 on the Prowler. The aircraft also utilized the ALR-62 Countermeasures Receiving System (CRS) as a Radar Homing and Warning (RHAW) System, the same system carried by all F-111 fighter/bomber models in the United States and Australia. The ALQ-99E primary electronics were installed in the weapons bay, with transmitters fitted in a long ventral "canoe" radome; the complete installation weighed some . Receivers were installed in a fin-tip pod, or "football", similar to that of the EA-6B. The aircraft's electrical and cooling systems had to be extensively upgraded to support this equipment. The cockpit was also rearranged, with all flight and navigation displays relocated to the pilot's side, and flight controls except throttles being removed from the other seat, where the electronic warfare officer's instrumentation and controls were installed.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: The EF-111 was unarmed. Its speed and acceleration were its main means of self-defense. It was not capable of firing anti-radiation missiles in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) role, which was a tactical limitation. The Raven's engines were upgraded to the more powerful TF30-P-9 of the D-model, with dry and afterburning thrust in 1986. From 1987 to 1994 the "Spark 'Vark" underwent an Avionics Modernization Program (AMP), similar to the Pacer Strike program for the F-model. This added a dual AN/ASN-41 ring laser gyroscope INS, AN/APN-218 Doppler radar, and an updated AN/APQ-146 terrain-following radar. Cockpit displays were upgraded with multi-function displays.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: The EF-111A achieved initial operational capability in 1983. The EF-111A received the official popular name Raven, although in service it acquired the nickname "Spark 'Vark". EF-111s first saw combat use with the 20th Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Upper Heyford during Operation El Dorado Canyon against Libya in 1986, and Operation Just Cause in Panama during late 1989.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: The Raven served in the Gulf War during Operation Desert Storm in 1991. On 17 January 1991, a USAF EF-111 crew of Captain James Denton and Captain Brent Brandon achieved an unofficial kill against an Iraqi Dassault Mirage F1, which they managed to maneuver into the ground, making it the only member of the F-111/FB-111/EF-111 family to achieve an aerial victory over another aircraft.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: On 13 February 1991, EF-111A, AF Ser. No. 66-0023, call sign Ratchet 75, crashed into terrain while maneuvering to evade a perceived threat. killing the pilot, Capt Douglas L. Bradt, and the EWO, Capt Paul R. Eichenlaub. It was the only EF-111A lost during combat, the only loss killing its crew, and one of just three EF-111s lost during the aircraft's service. However, it is disputed whether there was an enemy present at the time, as two F-15Es watched Ratchet 75 make violent evasive maneuvers and crash into the ground, with no hostile aircraft in the area.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: EF-111s were deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy in support of Operation Deliberate Force during the mid-1990s. The Raven also flew missions in Operation Provide Comfort, Operation Northern Watch and Operation Southern Watch.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: The last deployment of the Raven was a detachment of EF-111s stationed at Al Kharj/Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia until April 1998. Shortly afterward, the USAF began withdrawing the final EF-111As from service, and placed them in storage at the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. The last EF-111s were retired on 2 May 1998, at Cannon AFB, New Mexico. These were the final USAF F-111s in service.


title: General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven

text: Of the converted aircraft, three were destroyed in crashes, four are on display, and the other 35 were scrapped.


title: Divya Desam

text: A Divya Desam or Vaishnava Divya Desam is one of the 108 Vishnu and Lakshmi temples that is mentioned in the works of the Alvars, the poet-saints of the Sri Vaishnava tradition.


title: Divya Desam

text: Of the 108 temples, 105 are in India, one is in Nepal, and the last two are believed to outside the earth, in Tirupparkatal and Vaikuntham. In India, they are spread over the states of Tamil Nadu (84), Kerala (11), Andhra Pradesh (2), Gujarat (1), Uttar Pradesh (4), and Uttarakhand (3). Muktinath, Saligramam is the only Divya Desam in Nepal. The Divya Desams are revered by the 12 Alvars in the "Naalayira Divya Prabandham", a collection of 4,000 Tamil verses. The Divya Desams follow either Tenkalai or Vadakalai modes of worship.


title: Divya Desam

text: The word "Alvar" in Tamil, means "the immersed", referring to the their deep devotion of God. "Alvars" are considered to be the twelve poet-saints of Vishnu, who were instrumental in popularising Vaishnavism during the 5th-8th centuries CE. The religious works of these saints in Tamil, their hymns of love and devotion, are compiled as the "Naalayira Divya Prabandham," containing 4000 verses and the 108 temples revered in their songs are classified as "Divya Desams". The saints had different origins and belonged to different varnas. According to tradition, the first three "Alvars" ("mudhal alvargal"), Poigai, Bhuthathalvar, Peyalvar and Andal were said to be born "out of divinity", Tirumalisai was the son of a sage, Thondaradi, Mathurakavi, Periyalvar were of Brahmin birth, Kulasekhara from the Kshatriya community, Nammalvar was from a cultivator family, Tirupanalvar from the "panar" community and Tirumangai was from the "kalvar" community.


title: Divya Desam

text: The "Divya Suri Saritra" by Garuda-Vahana Pandita (11th century CE), "Guruparamparaprabhavam" by Pinbaragiya Perumal Jeeyar, "Periya tiru mudi adaivu" by Anbillai Kandadiappan, "Yatindra Pranava Prabavam" by Pillai Lokam Jeeyar, commentaries on the "Naalayira" "Divya Prabandam", Guru Parampara (lineage of Gurus) texts, temple records and inscriptions give a detailed account of the "Alvars" and their works. According to these texts, the saints are considered to be incarnations of attributes of Vishnu. Poigai is considered to be an incarnation of "Panchajanya" (Krishna's conch), Bhoothath of "Kaumodaki" (Vishnu's mace), Peyalvar of "Nandaka" (Vishnu's sword), Thirumalisai of "Sudarshana Chakra" (Vishnu's discus), Nammalvar of "Vishvaksena" (Vishnu's commander), Madhurakavi of "Vainatheya" (Garuda), Kulasekhara of "Kaustubha" (Vishnu's gemstone), Periyalvar of Garuda (Vishnu's demigod eagle), Andal of Bhudevi (Vishnu's wife, Lakshmi, in her form as Bhudevi), Thondaradippodi of "Vanamalai" (Vishnu's garland), Thiruppaan of "Srivatsa" (An auspicious mark on Vishnu's chest) and Thirumangai of "Sharanga" (Vishnu's bow). The songs of "Prabandham" are sung in several Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu daily and also during festivals.


title: Divya Desam

text: In Hindu texts, these temples are often referred to as "Bhuloka Vaikuntham", which in Tamil means "heavens on earth". Each of the Divya Desam has its own significance related to Sri Vaishnava legend. Almost all of these temples have separate shrines for Vishnu and Lakshmi.


title: Divya Desam

text: The 106 earthly Divya Desam temples are spread over the Indian states of Tamil Nadu (84), Kerala (11), Uttar Pradesh (4), Uttarakhand (3), Andhra Pradesh (2) and Gujarat (1), and the country of Nepal (1) (Muktinath). The last two are believed to be outside earthly realms.


title: County Londonderry

text: Since 1972, the counties in Northern Ireland, including Londonderry, have no longer been used by the state as part of the local administration. Following further reforms in 2015, the area is now governed under three different districts; Derry and Strabane, Causeway Coast and Glens and Mid-Ulster. Despite no longer being used for local government and administrative purposes, it is sometimes used in a cultural context in All-Ireland sporting and cultural events (i.e. Derry GAA).


title: County Londonderry

text: Since 1981, it has become one of four counties in Northern Ireland that has a Catholic majority (55.56% according to the 2001 Census), with 57% of the Catholic population residing within the territory of Derry City Council. The county flower is the purple saxifrage.


title: County Londonderry

text: The place name "Derry" is an anglicisation of the Old Irish "Daire" (Modern Irish "Doire"), meaning "oak-grove" or "oak-wood".


title: County Londonderry

text: As with the city, its name is subject to the Derry/Londonderry name dispute, with the form "Londonderry" generally preferred by unionists and "Derry" by nationalists. Unlike with the city however, there has never been a County Derry. County Londonderry was formed mostly from the old County Coleraine (see below). British authorities use the name "Londonderry", while "Derry" is used by the Republic of Ireland.


title: County Londonderry

text: Mountsandel located near Coleraine in County Londonderry is "perhaps the oldest recorded settlement within Ireland".


title: County Londonderry

text: At an early period, what became the county of Coleraine was inhabited by the O'Cahans, who were tributary to the O'Neills. Towards the close of the reign of Elizabeth I their territory was seized by England, with the purpose of checking the power of the O'Neills, and was made the county of Coleraine, named after the regional capital.


title: County Londonderry

text: A short description of County Coleraine is given in Harris's "Hibernica", and also in Captain Pynnar's "Survey of the Escheated Counties of Ulster, Anno 1618":


title: County Londonderry

text: On 2 March 1613, James I granted a charter to The Honourable The Irish Society to undertake the plantation of a new county. This county was named Londonderry, a combination of London (in reference to the Livery Companies of the Irish Society) and Derry (then name of the city). This charter declared that the "City of Londonderry" and everything contained within the new county:


title: County Londonderry

text: This new county would comprise the then County Coleraine—which consisted of the baronies of Tirkeeran, Coleraine, and Keenaght—and at the behest of The Irish Society the following additional territory was added: all but the south-west corner of the barony of Loughinsholin, then a part of County Tyrone, as it had sufficient wood for construction; the North East Liberties of Coleraine, which was part of County Antrim and the City of Londonderry and its Liberties, which were in County Donegal, so that they could control both banks of the River Foyle and River Bann.


title: County Londonderry

text: The Irish Society was made up of the twelve main livery companies of London, which themselves were composed of various guilds. Whilst The Irish Society as a whole was given possession of the city of Londonderry and Coleraine, the individual companies were each granted an estimated throughout the county. These companies and the sites of their headquarters were:


title: County Londonderry

text: As a result of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, the city was detached from the county for administrative purposes, becoming a separate county borough from 1899. The county town of County Londonderry, and seat of the Londonderry County Council until its abolition in 1973, was therefore moved to the town of Coleraine.


title: County Londonderry

text: The highest point in the county is the summit of Sawel Mountain () on the border with County Tyrone. Sawel is part of the Sperrin Mountains, which dominate the southern part of the county. To the east and west, the land falls into the valleys of the Bann and Foyle rivers respectively; in the south-east, the county touches the shore of Lough Neagh, which is the largest lake in Ireland; the north of the county is distinguished by the steep cliffs, dune systems, and remarkable beaches of the Atlantic coast.


title: County Londonderry

text: The county is home to a number of important buildings and landscapes, including the well-preserved 17th-century city walls of Derry; the National Trust–owned Plantation estate at Springhill; Mussenden Temple on the Atlantic coast; the dikes, artificial coastlines and the bird sanctuaries on the eastern shore of Lough Foyle; and the visitor centre at Bellaghy Bawn, close to the childhood home of Nobel laureate Seamus Heaney. In the centre of the county are the old-growth deciduous forests at Banagher and Ness Wood, where the Burntollet River flows over the highest waterfalls in Northern Ireland.


title: County Londonderry

text: The county was administered by Londonderry County Council from 1899 until the abolition of county councils in Northern Ireland in 1973. They were replaced by district councils. These councils were: Londonderry City Council (renamed Derry City Council in 1984), Limavady Borough Council, and Magherafelt District Council, most of Coleraine Borough Council, and part of Cookstown District Council. After a reduction in the number of councils in Northern Ireland in 2011, County Londonderry is divided into three cross-county councils: Causeway Coast and Glens, Derry and Strabane, and Mid-Ulster District.


title: County Londonderry

text: Translink provides a Northern Ireland Railways service in the county, linking Londonderry railway station to Coleraine railway station (with a branch to on the Coleraine–Portrush railway line) and onwards into County Antrim to Belfast Lanyon Place and Belfast Great Victoria Street on the Belfast-Derry railway line.


title: County Londonderry

text: There is also the Foyle Valley Railway, a museum in Derry with some rolling stock from both the County Donegal Railway and the Londonderry and Lough Swilly Railway, and is located on the site of the former Londonderry Foyle Road railway station. The Londonderry and Lough Swilly Railway continued as a private bus company based in the city but operating predominantly in County Donegal until it closed in 2014. Bus services are now provided by Ulsterbus.


title: County Londonderry

text: Government-funded education up to secondary school level is administered by the Education Authority (EA), sponsored by the Department of Education. The EA is divided into sub-regions:


title: County Londonderry

text: Two major centres of the University of Ulster are in the county, including its headquarters at Coleraine and the Magee Campus in Derry.


title: County Londonderry

text: In Gaelic games, the GAA county of Derry is more or less coterminous with the former administrative county of Londonderry, although teams from the neighbouring counties of Tyrone, Donegal and Antrim have occasionally played in Derry competitions, and vice versa. The Derry teams wear the colours red and white. There are many club teams competing in up to five leagues and three championships. The county team has won one All-Ireland Senior Football Championship (in 1993) and five National League titles. Hurling is also widely played but is not as popular as football. However, the county team is generally regarded as one of the top hurling sides in Ulster and in 2006 won the Nicky Rackard Cup – the third tier hurling competition in Ireland.


title: County Londonderry

text: In association football, the NIFL Premiership, which operates as the top division, has two teams in the county: Coleraine F.C. and Institute F.C., with Limavady United F.C., Moyola Park F.C., Portstewart F.C. and Tobermore United F.C. competing in the NIFL Championship, which operates as levels two and three. Derry City F.C. play in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland after leaving the Northern Ireland structures in 1985, having resigned from the Irish Football League at the height of the Troubles because of not being allowed play their home games at the Brandywell due to security concerns from other clubs.


title: County Londonderry

text: The Northern Ireland Milk Cup was established in 1983 and is regarded as one of the most prestigious youth football tournaments in Europe and the world. The competition is based at Coleraine and involves several other towns and villages in the county – Limavady, Portstewart and Castlerock – and in neighbouring County Antrim – Ballymoney, Portrush, Ballymena and Broughshane. The event, held in the last week of July, has attracted teams from 56 countries around the world including Europe, the US, Africa, the Far East, South America, the Middle East, Australia, Russia, New Zealand and Canada. Some of the biggest teams in the world have entered including Premiership giants Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United, Chelsea, Tottenham Hotspur as well as top European teams such as Feyenoord, F.C. Porto, FC Barcelona, Benfica, Bayern Munich and Dynamo Kiev.


title: County Londonderry

text: In rugby union, the county is represented at senior level by Rainey Old Boys Rugby Club, Magherafelt who compete in the Ulster Senior League and All Ireland Division Three. Limavady R.F.C, City of Derry Rugby Club, Londonderry Y.M.C.A and Coleraine Rugby Club all compete in Ulster Qualifying League One.


title: County Londonderry

text: Cricket is particularly popular in the north-west of Ireland, with 11 of the 20 senior clubs in the North West Cricket Union located in County Londonderry: Limavady, Eglinton, Glendermott, Brigade, Killymallaght, Ardmore, Coleraine, Bonds Glen, Drummond, Creevedonnell and The Nedd.


title: County Londonderry

text: In rowing, Richard Archibald from Coleraine along with his Irish teammates qualified for the Beijing 2008 Olympics by finishing second in the lightweight fours final in Poznań, thus qualifying for the Beijing 2008 Olympics. Another Coleraine rower Alan Campbell is a World Cup gold medallist in the single sculls in 2006.


title: Honda e

text: The Honda e is a battery electric supermini manufactured by Japanese automaker Honda, available in the European and Japanese markets in 2020. It is based on the Urban EV Concept presented at the 2017 International Motor Show Germany in September 2017. The production version was unveiled at the same show in 2019. Unlike the layout of the Urban EV Concept, which was a 3-door hatchback, the production version is available only as a 5-door model. Its name was confirmed by Honda in May 2019. The vehicle is styled with a retro look reminiscent of the first-generation Civic. Honda's stated goal is to solely offer electrified powertrains in all of its mainstream European models by 2022.


title: Honda e

text: The Urban EV Concept, first shown in 2017, was styled by Yuki Terai (exterior) and Fumihiro Yaguchi (interior) to evoke friendly and comforting feelings in prospective owners. Press coverage of the Urban EV Concept's styling called it "an adorable homage to some of Honda's first small cars, such as the diminutive Civic hatchbacks of the 1970s" and compared it to other urban cars originally introduced in the 1970s and early 1980s, including the Volkswagen Golf and Polo, Peugeot 205, Fiat 126 and 127, and the Honda's N600, pointing out similarities to the styling of the concept vehicle's predecessor, the EV-N concept.


title: Honda e

text: The pre-production car (named the Honda e) had its world debut at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2019. Its styling is an evolution of the 2017 Urban EV Concept; Honda equipped the 2019 prototype with flush-mounted door handles and compact rear-view cameras on each side to simplify its profile. To facilitate charging from either side, the charging port is located in the middle of the car's bonnet (hood). The final production version of the e made its world debut at IAA 2019 in September 2019, held in Frankfurt, Germany.


title: Honda e

text: On 10 September 2019, Honda announced prices will start at for the base model with the 100 kW motor (including local government subsidy) in Germany and with a subsidy in the UK. The more powerful "Advance" grade will start at in Germany and in the UK with the uprated 113 kW motor. Delivery is scheduled to begin in summer 2020.


title: Honda e

text: The e project was led by Kohei Hitomi; the exterior styling team was led by Ken Sahara and the interior styling team was led by Akinori Myoui.


title: Honda e

text: According to Hitomi, the e faced significant resistance from within the company; other executives, concerned about the vehicle's range, argued that a larger battery was needed, but the project team insisted on using a smaller battery to complement the vehicle's small size and urban use. The positive feedback from the Urban EV Concept led to the approval of the production car.


title: Honda e

text: It uses a dedicated rear-motor, rear-wheel-drive electric vehicle platform, to facilitate agility and compact proportions for its planned urban market. The water-cooled battery pack is carried within the wheelbase of the car, below the floor to provide a 50/50 weight distribution and a low centre of gravity. Driving the rear wheels eliminates torque steer. Agility is aided by torque vectoring. The rear-drive also enables the front wheels to have a greater steering articulation, resulting in a turning radius (at wheel centre) of approximately , or at the body, i.e. a turning circle of , wider than the turning radius of the famous London black cabs. The platform features MacPherson strut independent suspension for each wheel.


title: Honda e

text: The e features an electric motor at the rear, offering a power output of either ; both variants offer of torque. According to Honda testing, the car can accelerate from in 8.3 seconds. The e offers a 'Sport Mode' to sharpen acceleration response and can be driven in 'Single Pedal Control' mode, where releasing the accelerator will engage the regenerative braking system, slowing the car without using a separate brake pedal. Rumours of a potential higher-performance variant were quashed at the car's debut in Frankfurt.


title: Honda e

text: A 35.5kWh lithium-ion battery pack is claimed to offer a range of around as per Honda internal data. The e is equipped with a CCS Combo 2 connector, enabling both AC charging and DC fast charging. With DC fast charging, the car can be charged to 80% capacity in 30 minutes. Honda has also announced the pending availability of its Power Charger, which allows a charging power of up to 7.4kW (single-phase). Three-phase charging (22kW) is not available. With a 7.4kW charger, the vehicle will charge to 100% capacity in approximately 4 hours.


title: Honda e

text: The instrument panel, which extends the full width of the interior, consists of five screens, including one dedicated instrument display in front of the driver and two large infotainment touchscreen displays flanked by two smaller displays for what Honda calls its Side Camera Mirror System. The dual infotainment displays can independently run separate applications and are swappable; they support both Android Auto and Apple CarPlay. The car is equipped with the Honda Personal Assistant, which uses machine learning to train its voice recognition; voice commands to the car are prefixed with "OK Honda".


title: Honda e

text: Reception, in general, has been positive because of its retro styling and the mix of design and functionality. However, it was criticized for its limited range and high price.


title: Honda e

text: Starting on 20 May 2019, customers in the UK and selected European markets: Germany, France and Norway, could place an order with an £800 (or equivalent) refundable deposit and Honda received over 25,000 expressions of interest across Europe, of which 6,500 came from the UK. By September, Honda received 40,000 expressions of interest.


title: Honda e

text: Reviewing the e Prototype for "Car", Jake Groves wrote that it demonstrated "how electric cars should drive" with a caveat that the test drive took place on a test track in Germany. The "low-ish available range and expected-to-be-lofty price tag" were expected to put the car at a disadvantage compared to entry-level EV rivals such as the Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, Hyundai Kona Electric, and Kia e-Niro. James Attwood, reviewing for "Autocar", wrote the e Prototype has "nimble handling that fits its credentials as a versatile urban runaround — while offering the sort of fun driving response that should keep anyone already won over by the car's style happy."


title: Honda e

text: The Honda e won "Red Dot: Best of the Best 2020" in the automobile category. It was named the overall "German Car of the Year" for 2021, becoming the first Japanese car to win the award. At the 2021 World Car Awards, it won the "World Urban Car of the Year" award.


title: Honda e

text: Honda expects to sell around 1,000 units annually in the Japanese market, and around 10,000 units annually in the European market. The car will not be sold in the US market.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: "Susie Q" is a song by musician Dale Hawkins recorded late in the rockabilly era in 1957. He wrote it with bandmate Robert Chaisson, but when released, Stan Lewis, the owner of Jewel/Paula Records and whose daughter Susan was the inspiration for the song, and Eleanor Broadwater, the wife of Nashville DJ Gene Nobles, were credited as co-writers to give them shares of the royalties.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: Hawkins cut "Susie Q" at the KWKH Radio station in Shreveport, Louisiana. "Susie Q" was a late rockabilly song which captured the spirit of Louisiana and featured guitar work by James Burton, who also worked with Ricky Nelson and later with Elvis Presley, among others.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: Sometime after the recording, the master tape of "Susie Q" was sold to Checker Records in Chicago, which released it as a 45 RPM single in May 1957. The single peaked at numbers 7 and 27 on "Billboard" magazine's Hot R&B Sides and Hot 100 charts, respectively. In Canada, the song reached number 16 in the CHUM Charts.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: Hawkins' original version is also included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll" and in Robert Christgau's "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in "" (1981).


title: Susie Q (song)

text: Creedence Clearwater Revival released a version on their debut album in 1968. The band's only Top 40 hit not written by John Fogerty, it peaked at number 11 for one week in November 1968. This song was their first big hit. The album version clocks in at 8:37. The single is split into parts one and two on its A and B sides, respectively. The jam session during the coda is omitted in part one. Instead, it fades out with the guitar solo right before the coda, which fades in with part two on the B-side. Fogerty plays the main riff from "Smokestack Lightning" after the second verse.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: Fogerty told "Rolling Stone" magazine in 1993 that he recorded "Suzie Q" to get the song played on KMPX, a funky progressive-rock radio station in San Francisco, which is why it was extended to eight minutes.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: The CCR version of the song was first certified Gold by the RIAA on December 13, 1990, for half a million copies shipped, and Platinum on May 10, 2019, for a million copies in sales and streams.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: Ronnie Hawkins, Dale's cousin, released a version of the song in the early 60's with the Hawks, later known as The Band, backing him. King Curtis also played tenor saxophone on the record.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: There is a short cover of "Susie Q" by The Rolling Stones on their US album "12 x 5", which was released in 1964. It also appears on the UK album "The Rolling Stones No. 2" released in January 1965.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: The Trashmen played a live cover of "Susie Q" in 1965 released on the album "Teen Trot: Live At Ellsworth, WI - August 22, 1965". Their vocalist mistakenly attributed the song to The Rolling Stones during stage banter after playing the song.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: Johnny Rivers featured a four-minute version of "Suzie Q" on his live 1965 album "Meanwhile Back at the Whisky à Go Go".


title: Susie Q (song)

text: In 1970, Puerto Rican musician José Feliciano released his version of "Susie Q" as a single which reached number 84 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. His version was rearranged and features several different lyrics.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: The Everly Brothers recorded a medley of "Susie Q" and The Beatles' "Hey Jude" for their 1970 live album "The Everly Brothers Show".


title: Susie Q (song)

text: In 1988, American singer Bobby McFerrin published an all vocal-version of "Susie Q" on his breakthrough album "Simple Pleasures." He re-composed all instrumental parts into backing vocals, all sung by himself, and also sang the main part.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: American singer-songwriter Suzi Quatro released two different versions of the song on the albums "Oh Suzi" and "Unreleased Emotion".


title: Susie Q (song)

text: Blues band Stack Waddy recorded the song in their record for Dandelion Records, the record company of John Peel.


title: Susie Q (song)

text: The American blues-rock group The Chuck Fenech Band covered the song on their 2011 release "Tax Free EP".


title: Kim Woo-jin

text: Kim Woo-jin (; born April 8, 1997), also known mononymously as Woojin (), is a South Korean singer and actor. He was signed to JYP Entertainment and was a member of the boy group Stray Kids from their formation through the eponymous survival show in 2017 until his departure two years later. He signed with 10x Entertainment in his endeavor to launch a solo career. Amidst his transition to a soloist, he faced false accusations of sexual misconduct by anonymous users on social media website Twitter. He denied the allegations and an investigation found various forms of fabrication from the accusers. He released his debut mini-album "The Moment : A Minor" and its lead single "Ready Now" in August 2021.


title: Kim Woo-jin

text: Kim Woo-jin was born on April 8, 1997, in Bucheon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. He graduated from the School of Performing Arts Seoul. He was a trainee under SM Entertainment for one year, where he practiced with fellow apprentices that would go on to debut as part of NCT. On October 11, 2017, Kim was unveiled as a JYP Entertainment trainee. He competed in Mnet's reality survival show "Stray Kids" to become a member of the record label's forthcoming boy group Stray Kids as a vocalist. In midst of the competition, the group made the single "Hellevator" available via digital music stores on November 1. The nine-member lineup was confirmed in the final episode of the reality show and Stray Kids released their pre-debut mini-album "Mixtape" fronted by "Beware" on January 8, 2018. Their official debut mini-album "I Am Not" and its lead single "District 9" were released on March 26, 2018. On October 28, 2019, JYP Entertainment announced Kim's departure from Stray Kids and termination of his exclusive contract, citing personal circumstances.


title: Kim Woo-jin

text: Kim posted to a newly created Instagram account in January 2020 with the phrase "Kim Woo-jin restart". He held a fan meeting in May and signed with the newly formed 10x Entertainment in August as the first artist on the label's roster. Ahead of his solo record, Kim issued the pre-debut digital single "Still Dream" on July 8, 2021. His debut mini-album "The Moment : A Minor" and its lead single "Ready Now" were released on August 8. In November, he provided the song "Because It's You" to the soundtrack of the television drama "Let Me Be Your Knight". He was cast in the web film "3.5th Period" as the "sweet, handsome guy" Lee Han-ik and contributed the track "Timeless" for its soundtrack in December.


title: Kim Woo-jin

text: Kim will embark on his 1st World Tour 2022 "Still Dream", starting with shows in Europe from July to August. Additional concerts in Asia, North America, and South America are planned. He will play the lead role in HBO Max's upcoming romantic fantasy series "Beyond the Closet", becoming the first South Korean actor to be cast in the company's global project. It is scheduled to air in 2023.


title: Kim Woo-jin

text: In September 2020, Kim was accused of sexual harassment by unidentified women on the social media platform Twitter. One accuser alleged that, in spite of refusing his approach, Kim had attempted to touch her and her friend. In another instance, a user asserted to have met Kim at a bar on April 29. She claimed that, after rejecting his verbal and physical advances, he cursed at her. The user uploaded a photo of alcohol bottles between her and a man's torso opposite her who she identified as Kim. She pointed to an Instagram photo from his account in which he wore a matching gray sweatshirt that he had posted on the day the incident allegedly took place. Kim denied the allegations, stating that he "never even met that person" and had "never been to the places that they've mentioned". He filed a suit with the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency against the individuals for defamation.


title: Kim Woo-jin

text: The investigation determined that the liquor in the photo was Glenburgie whisky, which was available in South Korea from the end of 2019 and helped narrow their search due to its limited availability at the time. In a search through Instagram hashtags under the whisky name, they were able to identify the original photo post. It was established that the image was taken from an account that had no association with Kim. Upon obtaining CCTV footage from the bar from that night, it was concluded that the photo, which was taken on August 31, 2020, originated from one of two men at the table, neither of which was Kim. The probe also found that one of the accusers who was an anti-fan spreading disinformation and the person who disseminated the allegations were both Brazilian nationals. In July 2021, 10x Entertainment published a documentary entitled "Finger Killer", which examines the false accusations of sexual harassment made against Kim.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: Operation Tannenbaum ("Fir Tree"), known earlier as Operation Grün ("Green"), was a planned but cancelled invasion of Switzerland and Liechtenstein by the Axis Powers during World War II.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Adolf Hitler made repeated assurances that Germany would respect Swiss neutrality in the event of a military conflict in Europe. In February 1937, he announced to the Swiss Federal Councillor Edmund Schulthess that "at all times, whatever happens, we will respect the inviolability and neutrality of Switzerland", reiterating this promise shortly before the German invasion of Poland. These were, however, purely political manoeuvres intended to guarantee Switzerland's passivity. Nazi Germany planned to end Switzerland's independence after it had defeated its main enemies on the continent.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: In a meeting held with Fascist Italy's leader, Benito Mussolini, and foreign minister, Galeazzo Ciano, in June 1941, Hitler stated his opinion on Switzerland quite plainly:


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: In a later discussion, the German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop directly alluded to the possibility of carving up Switzerland between the two Axis powers:


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: In August 1942, Hitler further described Switzerland as "a pimple on the face of Europe" and as a state that no longer had a right to exist, denouncing the Swiss people as "a misbegotten branch of our "Volk"." From a Nazi viewpoint, Switzerland, as a small, multilingual, decentralized democracy where German-speakers felt more of an affinity with their French-speaking fellow Swiss citizens than towards their German brothers across the border, was the antithesis of the racially homogeneous and collectivised "Führer State". Hitler also believed that the independent Swiss state had come into existence at a time of temporary weakness of the Holy Roman Empire, and now that German power had been re-established after the National Socialist takeover, the independent country of Switzerland had become obsolete.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: Although Hitler despised the democratically-minded German Swiss as the "wayward branch of the German people", he still acknowledged their status as Germans. Furthermore, the openly pan-German political aims of the Nazi party called for the unification of all Germans into a Greater Germany, which included the Swiss people. The first goal of the 25-point National Socialist Program stated that "We [the National Socialist Party] demand the unification of all Germans in the Greater Germany on the basis of the people's right to self-determination."


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: In their maps of Greater Germany, German textbooks included the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Bohemia-Moravia, the German-speaking parts of Switzerland, and western Poland from Danzig (Gdańsk in Polish) to Krakau (Kraków). Ignoring Switzerland's status as a sovereign state, these maps frequently showed its territory as a German "Gau". The author of one of these textbooks, Ewald Banse, explained, "Quite naturally we count you Swiss as offshoots of the German nation, along with the Dutch, the Flemings, the Lorrainers, the Alsatians, the Austrians and the Bohemians ... One day we will group ourselves around a single banner, and whosoever shall wish to separate us, we will exterminate!" Various Nazis were vocal about the German intent to "expand Germany's boundaries to the farthest limits of the old Holy Roman Empire, and even beyond."


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: Though the geopolitician Karl Haushofer was not politically aligned with the Nazis, his ideas offered them ideological support. In his work, he advocated for the partition of Switzerland between its surrounding countries, such that the Romandy ("Welschland") would be awarded to Vichy France, Ticino to Italy, and Northern, Central, and Eastern Switzerland to Germany.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: The Swiss government approved an increase in defence spending, with a first installment of 15 million Swiss francs (out of a total multi-year budget of 100 million francs) to go towards modernisation of the armed forces. With Hitler's renunciation of the Treaty of Versailles in 1935, this spending jumped to 90 million francs. The K31 became the standard-issue infantry rifle in 1933, and was superior to the German Kar98 in ease of use, accuracy, and weight. By the end of World War II, nearly 350,000 would be produced.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: Switzerland has a unique form of generalship. In peacetime, there is no officer with a rank higher than that of "Korpskommandant" (3-star-general). However, in times of war and in 'need', the "Bundesversammlung" elects a "General" to command the army and air force. On 30 August 1939, Henri Guisan was elected "General", with 204 votes out of 227 cast. He immediately began preparations for war.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: When, two days after his election, the "Wehrmacht" invaded Poland and World War II began, Guisan called for a general mobilisation and issued "Operationsbefehl" Nr. 1, the first of what was to become a series of evolving defensive plans. This first plan assigned the existing three army corps to the east, north, and west of Switzerland, with reserves in the centre and south of the country. Guisan reported to the Federal Council on September 7 that by the time Britain declared war on Germany, "our entire army had been in its operational positions for ten minutes." He also had his Chief of the General Staff increase the upper service eligibility age from 48 to 60 years (men of these ages would form the rear-echelon "Landsturm" units), and ordered the formation of an entirely new army corps of 100,000 men.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: Germany started planning the invasion of Switzerland on 25 June 1940, the day that France surrendered. At this point, the German army in France consisted of three groups with two million soldiers in 102 divisions. Recognizing that Switzerland and Liechtenstein were surrounded by Occupied France and the Axis Powers, Guisan issued "Operationsbefehl" Nr. 10, a complete overhaul of existing Swiss defensive plans. In this plan, the Fortress Saint-Maurice, the Gotthard Pass in the south, and the Fortress Sargans in the northeast would serve as the defence line. The Alps would be their fortress. The Swiss 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Army Corps were to stage delaying actions at the border, while all who were able were to retreat to the Alpine refuge known as the "Réduit national". The population centres were, however, all located in the flat plains in the north of the country. They would have to be abandoned to the German forces in order for the rest of the country to survive.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: After the armistice with France, Hitler demanded to see plans for the invasion of Switzerland. Franz Halder, the head of the "Oberkommando des Heeres" (OKH), recalled: "I was constantly hearing of outbursts of Hitler's fury against Switzerland, which, given his mentality, might have led at any minute to military activities for the army." Captain Otto-Wilhelm Kurt von Menges in OKH submitted a draft plan for the invasion. "Generaloberst" Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb's "Heeresgruppe 'C" (HGr. C), led by "Generalleutnant" Wilhelm List and the 12th Army would conduct the attack. Leeb himself personally reconnoitered the terrain, studying the most promising invasion routes and paths of least resistance. Menges noted in his plan that Swiss resistance was unlikely and that a nonviolent "Anschluss" was the most likely result. With "the current political situation in Switzerland," he wrote, "it might accede to ultimatum demands in a peaceful manner, so that after a warlike border crossing a rapid transition to a peaceful invasion must be assured."


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: The German plan continued to undergo revision until October, when the 12th Army submitted its fourth draft, now called Operation Tannenbaum. The original plan had called for 21 German divisions, but that figure was downsized to 11 by the OKH. Halder himself had studied the border areas, and concluded that the "Jura frontier offers no favorable base for an attack. Switzerland rises, in successive waves of forest-covered terrain across the axis of an attack. The crossing points on the river Doubs and the border are few; the Swiss frontier position is strong." He decided on an infantry feint in the Jura in order to draw out the Swiss Army and then cut it off in the rear, as had been done in France. With the 11 German divisions and roughly 15 more Italian divisions prepared to enter from the south, the Axis plans were to invade Switzerland with somewhere between 300,000 and 500,000 men.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: For reasons that are still uncertain, Hitler never ordered the invasion. One theory is that a neutral Switzerland would have been useful to hide Nazi gold and to serve as a refuge for war criminals in case of defeat. This may also explain Germany's continued recognition of Switzerland's neutrality. One simpler explanation is that there would have been little strategic gain in conquering Switzerland, while a drawn-out and costly alpine war might well have ensued. Although the "Wehrmacht" feigned moves against Switzerland in its offensives, it never attempted to invade. After D-Day, Operation Tannenbaum was put on hold.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: Germany's political objective in the expected conquest of Switzerland was to regain the bulk of the "racially suitable" Swiss population for the German people, and aimed at direct annexation into the German Reich of at least its ethnic German parts.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: With this purpose in mind, Heinrich Himmler in September 1941 discussed with his subordinate, Gottlob Berger, the suitability of various people for the position of "Reichskommissar" for the 'reunion' of Switzerland with Germany. This yet-to-be-chosen official would have had the task of facilitating the total amalgamation ("Zusammenwachsen") of the Swiss and German populations. Himmler further attempted to expand the SS into Switzerland, with the formation of the "Germanische SS Schweiz" in 1942.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: A document named "Aktion S", found in the Himmler files, detailed at length the planned process for the establishment of Nazi rule in Switzerland from its initial conquest by the "Wehrmacht" up to its complete consolidation as a German province. It is not known whether this plan was endorsed by any high-level members of the German government.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: After the Second Armistice at Compiègne in June 1940, the Reich Interior Ministry produced a memorandum on the annexation of a strip of eastern France from the mouth of the Somme river to Lake Geneva, intended as a reserve for post-war German colonisation. The planned dissection of Switzerland would have accorded with this new French-German border, annexing the French-speaking region of Romandy into the Reich despite the linguistic difference.


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: Germany's wartime ally Italy, under the rule of Benito Mussolini, desired the Italian-speaking areas of Switzerland as part of its irredentist claims in Europe, particularly the Swiss canton of Ticino. In a tour of the Italian alpine regions, Mussolini announced to his entourage that "the New Europe ... could not have more than four or five large states; the small ones [would] have no further "raison d'être" and [would] have to disappear".


title: Operation Tannenbaum

text: Switzerland's future in an Axis-dominated Europe was further discussed in a 1940 round-table conference between Italian foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, also attended by Hitler. Ciano proposed that in the event of Switzerland's dissolution, it should be divided along the central chain of the Western Alps, since Italy desired the areas to the south of this demarcation line as part of its own war aims. This would have left Italy in control of Ticino, Valais, and Graubünden.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island in Florida, United States. The site and its collection of facilities were originally built as the Apollo program's "Moonport" and later modified for the Space Shuttle program.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Launch Complex 39 consists of three launch sub-complexes or "pads"—39A, 39B, and 39C—a Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), a Crawlerway used by crawler-transporters to carry mobile launcher platforms between the VAB and the pads, Orbiter Processing Facility buildings, a Launch Control Center which contains the firing rooms, a news facility famous for the iconic countdown clock seen in television coverage and photos, and various logistical and operational support buildings.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: SpaceX leases Launch Complex 39A from NASA and has modified the pad to support Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: NASA began modifying Launch Complex 39B in 2007 to accommodate the now defunct Constellation program, and is currently prepared for the Artemis program, which was first launched in November 2022. A pad to be designated 39C, which would have been a copy of pads 39A and 39B, was originally planned for Apollo but never built. A smaller pad, also designated 39C, was constructed from January to June 2015, to accommodate small-lift launch vehicles.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: NASA launches from pads 39A and 39B have been supervised from the NASA Launch Control Center (LCC), located from the launch pads. LC-39 is one of several launch sites that share the radar and tracking services of the Eastern Test Range.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Northern Merritt Island was first developed around 1890 when a few wealthy Harvard University graduates purchased and constructed a three-story mahogany clubhouse, very nearly on the site of Pad 39A. During the 1920s, Peter E. Studebaker Jr., son of the automobile magnate, built a small casino at De Soto Beach north of the Canaveral lighthouse.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: In 1948, the Navy transferred the former Banana River Naval Air Station, located south of Cape Canaveral, to the Air Force for use in testing captured German V-2 rockets. The site's location on the East Florida coast was ideal for this purpose, in that launches would be over the ocean, away from populated areas. This site became the Joint Long Range Proving Ground in 1949 and was renamed Patrick Air Force Base in 1950 and Patrick Space Force Base in 2020. The Air Force annexed part of Cape Canaveral, to the north, in 1951, forming the Air Force Missile Test Center, the future Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS). Missile and rocketry testing and development would take place here through the 1950s.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: After the creation of NASA in 1958, the CCAFS launch pads were used for NASA's civilian uncrewed and crewed launches, including those of Project Mercury and Project Gemini.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: In 1961, President Kennedy proposed to Congress the goal of landing a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Congressional approval led to the launch of the Apollo program, which required a massive expansion of NASA operations, including an expansion of launch operations from the Cape to adjacent Merritt Island to the north and west. NASA began acquisition of land in 1962, taking title to by outright purchase and negotiating with the state of Florida for an additional . On July 1, 1962, the site was named the Launch Operations Center.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The need for a new launch complex was first considered in 1961. At the time, the highest-numbered launch pad at CCAFS was Launch Complex 37. A proposed Launch Complex 38 had been set aside for the future expansion of the Atlas-Centaur program, but ultimately never built. The new complex was thus designated Launch Complex 39.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The method of reaching the Moon had not yet been decided. The two leading alternatives were direct ascent, which launched a single huge rocket; and Earth orbit rendezvous, where two or more launches of smaller rockets would place several parts of the lunar departure spacecraft which would be assembled in orbit. The former would require a huge Nova-class launcher and pads, while the latter would require several rockets to be launched in quick succession. Furthermore, the selection of the actual rockets was still ongoing; NASA was proposing the Nova design while their newly-acquired former Army group in Huntsville Alabama had proposed a series of slightly smaller designs known as Saturn.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: This complicated the design of the launch complex, as it had to encompass two very different possibilities and rockets. Accordingly, early designs from 1961 show two sets of launch pads. The first was a series of three pads for Saturn along Playalinda Beach, with the southernmost near the current Eddy Creek Boat Launch, and the northernmost around Klondike Beach. Far to the south was a similar set of three pads for Nova, the southernmost just south of the Astronaut Beach House and the northern roughly at the location of the current Pad A.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The final selection of lunar orbit rendezvous and the Saturn V led to numerous changes. The Nova pads disappeared, and the three Saturn pads were moved southward. The southernmost was now at the current location of Pad A, while the northernmost was located between Patrol Road, the current boundary road for the LC39 site, and Playlandia Beach Road on the north. At the time, the original three were named from north to south: Pad A through Pad C. The pads were evenly spaced apart to avoid damage in the event of an explosion on a pad.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: In March 1963, plans were formalized to build only two of the three pads; the northernmost was reserved for future expansion. The naming then changed to run south-to-north, such that B and C would be built as B and A respectively and the original 39A, if built, would become 39C. Some consideration for C's construction was made: the Crawlerway initially splits off from A toward B running north-northwest, and then bends north toward B a short distance north at Cochran Cove. Continuing straight would have led to C after a similar northward bend. The original construction of the Crawlerway included an interchange between B and the extension northward for C, which remains intact , and the traffic-light warning system for the Crawlerway has lights for Pad C.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The plans still set aside room for the remaining two pads, now known as D and E. Pad D would have been built due west of Pad C, some distance inland along Patrol Road. Access to D would have branched off westward from the crawlerway at the point where C's crawlerway turned north. Pad E would have continued the line of pads along the coast, north of C near Playalinda Beach, close to the original location of the southernmost pad in the original layout. No diagram of the access to E can be found. Had all of them been built, C, D and E would have formed a triangle.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Months before a launch, the three stages of the Saturn V launch vehicle and the components of the Apollo spacecraft were brought inside the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and assembled, in one of four bays, into a -tall space vehicle on one of three Mobile Launchers (ML). Each Mobile Launcher consisted of a two-story, launcher platform with four hold-down arms and a Launch Umbilical Tower (LUT) topped by a crane used to lift the spacecraft elements into position for assembly. The ML and unfueled vehicle together weighed .


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The umbilical tower contained two elevators and nine retractable swing arms that were extended to the space vehicle—to provide access to each of the three rocket stages and the spacecraft for people, wiring, and plumbing—while the vehicle was on the launch pad and were swung away from the vehicle at launch. Technicians, engineers, and astronauts used the uppermost Spacecraft Access Arm to access the crew cabin. At the end of the arm, the white room provided an environmentally controlled and protected area for astronauts and their equipment before entering the spacecraft.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Early diagrams of the proposed layout also included the Nuclear Assembly Building, NAB, northeast of the VAB. These would be used to prepare the nuclear rocket engines being developed under the NERVA program, before moving them to the VAB for assembly into a rocket stack. This program was cancelled and the NAB was not built.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: When the stack integration was completed, the Mobile Launcher was moved atop one of two crawler-transporters, or Missile Crawler Transporter Facilities, to its pad at a speed of . Each crawler weighed and was capable of keeping the space vehicle and its launcher platform level while negotiating the 5 percent grade to the pad. At the pad, the ML was placed on six steel pedestals, plus four additional extensible columns.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: After the ML was set in place, the crawler-transporter rolled a , Mobile Service Structure (MSS) into place to provide further access for technicians to perform a detailed checkout of the vehicle, and to provide necessary umbilical connections to the pad. The MSS contained three elevators, two self-propelled platforms, and three fixed platforms. It was rolled back to a parking position shortly before launch.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: While the ML was sat on its launch pedestals, one of two flame deflectors was slid on rails into place under it. Having two deflectors allowed for one to be used while the other was being refurbished after a previous launch. Each deflector measured high by wide by long, and weighed . During a launch, it deflected the launch vehicle's rocket exhaust flame into a trench measuring deep by wide by long.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The four-story Launch Control Center (LCC) was located away from Pad A, adjacent to the Vehicle Assembly Building, for safety. The third floor had four firing rooms (corresponding to the four bays in the VAB), each with 470 sets of control and monitoring equipment. The second floor contained telemetry, tracking, instrumentation, and data reduction computing equipment. The LCC was connected to the Mobile Launcher Platforms by a high-speed data link; and during launch a system of 62 closed-circuit television cameras transmitted to 100 monitor screens in the LCC.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Large cryogenic tanks located near the pads stored the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX) for the second and third stages of the Saturn V. The highly explosive nature of these chemicals required numerous safety measures at the launch complex. The pads were located away from each other. Before tanking operations began and during launch, non-essential personnel were excluded from the danger area.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Each pad had a evacuation tube running from the Mobile Launcher platform to a blast-resistant bunker underground, nicknamed Rubber room, equipped with survival supplies for 20 persons for 24 hours and reachable through a high-speed elevator.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: A further Emergency Egress System was installed to allow fast escape of crew or technicians from pad in case of imminent catastrophic failure of the rocket. The system included seven baskets suspended from seven slidewires that extended from the fixed service structure to a landing zone to the west. Each basket could hold up to three people, which slid down the wire reaching up to , eventually reaching a gentle stop by means of a braking system catch net and drag chain which slowed and then halted the baskets.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Connections between the Launch Control Center, Mobile Launcher Platform, and space vehicle were made in the Pad Terminal Connection Room (PTCR), which was a two-story series of rooms located beneath the launch pad on the west side of the flame trench. The "room" was constructed of reinforced concrete and protected by up to of fill dirt.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The first launch from Launch Complex 39 came in 1967 with the first Saturn V launch, which carried the uncrewed Apollo 4 spacecraft. The second uncrewed launch, Apollo 6, also used Pad 39A. With the exception of Apollo 10, which used Pad 39B (due to the "all-up" testing resulting in a 2-month turnaround period), all crewed Apollo-Saturn V launches, commencing with Apollo 8, used Pad 39A.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: A total of thirteen Saturn Vs were launched for Apollo, and the uncrewed launch of the Skylab space station in 1973. The mobile launchers were then modified for the shorter Saturn IB rockets, by adding a "milk-stool" extension platform to the launch pedestal, so that the S-IVB upper stage and Apollo spacecraft swing arms would reach their targets. These were used for three crewed Skylab flights and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, since the Saturn IB pads 34 and 37 at Cape Canaveral SFS had been decommissioned.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The thrust to allow the Space Shuttle to achieve orbit was provided by a combination of the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) and the RS-25 engines. The SRBs used solid propellant, hence their name. The RS-25 engines used a combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX) from the external tank (ET), as the orbiter did not have room for internal fuel tanks. The SRBs arrived in segments via rail car from their manufacturing facility in Utah, the external tank arrived from its manufacturing facility in Louisiana by barge, and the orbiter waited in the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF). The SRBs were first stacked in the VAB, then the External tank was mounted between them, and then, with the help of a massive crane, the orbiter was lowered and connected to the External tank.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The payload to be installed at the launch pad was independently transported in a payload transportation canister and then installed vertically at the Payload Changeout Room. Otherwise, payloads would have already been pre-installed at the Orbiter Processing Facility and transported within the orbiter's cargo bay.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The original structure of the pads was remodeled for the needs of the Space Shuttle, starting with Pad 39A after the last Saturn V launch, and, in 1977, that of Pad 39B after the Apollo–Soyuz in 1975. The first usage of the pad for the Space Shuttle came in 1979, when "Enterprise" was used to check the facilities prior to the first operational launch.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Each pad contained a two-piece access tower system, the Fixed Service Structure (FSS) and the Rotating Service Structure (RSS). The FSS permitted access to the Shuttle via a retractable arm and a "beanie cap" to capture vented LOX from the external tank.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: A Sound Suppression Water System (SSWS) was added to protect the Space Shuttle and its payload from effects of the intense sound wave pressure generated by its engines. An elevated water tank on a tower near each pad stored of water, which was released onto the mobile launcher platform just before engine ignition. The water muffled the intense sound waves produced by the engines. Due to heating of the water, a large quantity of steam and water vapor was produced during launch.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The Gaseous Oxygen Vent Arm positioned a hood, often called the "Beanie Cap", over the top of the external tank (ET) nose cone during fueling. Heated gaseous nitrogen was used there to remove the extremely cold gaseous oxygen that normally vented out of the external tank. This prevented the formation of ice that could fall and damage the shuttle.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The Hydrogen Vent Line Access Arm mated the External Tank's Ground Umbilical Carrier Plate (GUCP) to the launch pad hydrogen vent line. The GUCP provided support for plumbing and cables, called umbilicals, that transferred fluids, gases, and electrical signals between two pieces of equipment. While the External Tank was being fueled, hazardous gas was vented from an internal hydrogen tank, through the GUCP, and out a vent line to a flare stack where it was burned off at a safe distance. Sensors at the GUCP measured gas level. The GUCP was redesigned after leaks created scrubs of STS-127 and were also detected during attempts to launch STS-119 and STS-133. The GUCP released from the ET at launch and fell away with a curtain of water sprayed across it for protection from flames.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: In an emergency, the launch complex used a slidewire escape basket system for quick evacuation. Assisted by members of the closeout team, the crew would leave the orbiter and ride an emergency basket to the ground at speeds reaching up to . From there, the crew took shelter in a bunker. A modified M113 Armored Personnel Carrier could carry injured astronauts away from the complex to safety.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: During the launch of Discovery on STS-124 on May 31, 2008, the pad at LC-39A suffered extensive damage, in particular to the concrete trench used to deflect the SRB's flames. The subsequent investigation found that the damage was the result of carbonation of epoxy and corrosion of steel anchors that held the refractory bricks in the trench in place. The damage had been exacerbated by the fact that hydrochloric acid is an exhaust by-product of the solid rocket boosters.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: After the launch of Skylab in 1973, Pad 39A was reconfigured for the Space Shuttle, with shuttle launches beginning with STS-1 in 1981, flown by the . After Apollo 10, Pad 39B was kept as a backup launch facility in the case of the destruction of 39A, but saw active service during all three Skylab missions, the Apollo–Soyuz test flight, and a contingency Skylab Rescue flight that never became necessary. After the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, 39B was reconfigured similarly to 39A; but due to additional modifications (mainly to allow the facility to service a modified Centaur-G upper stage), along with budgetary restraints, it was not ready until 1986. The first shuttle flight to use it was STS-51-L, which ended with the "Challenger" disaster, after which the first return-to-flight mission, STS-26, was launched from 39B.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Just as for the first 24 shuttle flights, LC-39A supported the final shuttle flights, starting with STS-117 in June 2007 and ending with the retirement of the Shuttle fleet in July 2011. Prior to the SpaceX lease agreement, the pad remained as it was when "Atlantis" launched on the final shuttle mission on July 8, 2011, complete with a mobile launcher platform.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: and the cancellation of Constellation Program in 2010, the future of the Launch Complex 39 pads was uncertain.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: By early 2011, NASA began informal discussions on use of the pads and facilities by private companies to fly missions for the commercial space market, culminating in a 20-year lease agreement with SpaceX for Pad 39A.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: Talks for use of the pad were underway between NASA and Space Florida—the State of Florida's economic development agency—as early as 2011, but no deal materialized by 2012, and NASA then pursued other options for removing the pad from the federal government inventory.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: The last Shuttle launch from pad 39B was the nighttime launch of STS-116 on December 9, 2006. To support the final Shuttle mission to the Hubble Space Telescope STS-125 launched from pad 39A in May 2009, "Endeavour" was placed on 39B if needed to launch the STS-400 rescue mission.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: After the completion of STS-125, 39B was converted to launch the single test flight of the "Constellation Program" Ares I-X on October 28, 2009. This program was later canceled.


title: Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39

text: By early 2013, NASA publicly announced that it would allow commercial launch providers to lease LC-39A, and followed that, in May 2013, with a formal solicitation for proposals for commercial use of the pad.