title: Erra (band)

text: On October 7, the band unveiled a new version of the song "Vanish Canvas" featuring Courtney LaPlante of Spiritbox along with its music video. On January 21, 2022, the band released the seventh single "Nigh to Silence" while also announcing the deluxe edition of the album which is set to be released on March 18. At the same time, the band officially revealed the album cover and the track list. On February 23, one month before the release, the band released their cover of Muse's "Stockholm Syndrome" on streaming music services. On March 28, the band announced that guitarist Sean Price departed from the band on good terms.


title: Erra (band)

text: On July 7, the band released a new single titled "Pull from the Ghost", shortly before the band's headlining tour throughout July and August of the same name with bands Alpha Wolf, Thornhill, and Invent Animate. On December 1, Erra featured on PhaseOne's single "World Unknown".


title: Erra (band)

text: The band has been referred to as "the spearhead of the whole modern/progressive metalcore movement" and have referred to their own style as "melodic-ambient."


title: Erra (band)

text: They have cited August Burns Red, Misery Signals, Born of Osiris, and Saosin as musical influences. Cove Reber of Saosin and Anthony Green of Circa Survive have been noted as a particular influence on Jesse Cash's vocals.


title: The Homesman

text: The Homesman is a 2014 Western historical drama film set in the 1850s Midwest and directed by Tommy Lee Jones. The screenplay by Jones, Kieran Fitzgerald, and Wesley Oliver is based on the 1988 novel of the same name by Glendon Swarthout. The film stars Jones and Hilary Swank and also features Meryl Streep, Grace Gummer, Miranda Otto, Hailee Steinfeld, John Lithgow, Jesse Plemons, and James Spader.


title: The Homesman

text: The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival and received a North American limited release on November 14, 2014, by Roadside Attractions. "The Homesman" has received mostly positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating average of 7.1/10.


title: The Homesman

text: In 1854, Mary Bee Cuddy is a 31-year-old spinster from New York, a former teacher who journeyed to the Midwest for more opportunity. She is an active member of the small farming community of Loup in the Nebraska Territory and has significant financial prospects and sizable land ownership. She seems strong and independent but suffers from depression and feels isolated. She makes dinner for her neighbor Bob Giffen and sings to him, but when she proposes, he turns her down, saying she is plain-looking and too bossy. He leaves to find a wife back east.


title: The Homesman

text: After a harsh winter, three women from the community show signs of mental instability due to the hardships they have faced. Arabella Sours loses three children to diphtheria, Theoline Belknap kills her own child after a poor harvest puts her family at risk of starvation, and Gro Svendsen, a Danish immigrant, is in an abusive relationship with her husband and breaks down after her mother dies. Reverend Dowd calls upon one of their husbands to escort the women eastward to a church in Hebron, Iowa that cares for the mentally ill. Mr. Belknap refuses to participate in the lottery to determine who will escort the women; Cuddy takes his place, and the lot falls on her.


title: The Homesman

text: While preparing for her journey, Cuddy encounters George Briggs, a claim jumper, who has been left on horseback with a noose around his neck for stealing Bob Giffen's land while he is away. Scared to make the trip alone, she frees him, and in return demands his help escorting the women. He immediately casts doubt on the job and insists he be free to abandon her at any time. To persuade him, Cuddy tells him that she is mailing $300 to await his arrival in Iowa, but she secretly keeps it with her.


title: The Homesman

text: Briggs's experience comes in handy when the group crosses paths with hostile Pawnee, and he is able to bribe them by giving up Dorothy, Cuddy's horse. Later, when Arabella is kidnapped by a freighter, Briggs gives chase, and the two men scuffle before Arabella kills her kidnapper. Eventually the caravan comes across the grave of an 11-year-old girl that has been desecrated by Indians, and Cuddy insists they stop and restore it. Briggs vows to push on, so Cuddy stays behind and agrees to catch up with him. After restoring the grave, Cuddy sets out on horseback. However, she loses her way, and after riding all night discovers that she has gone in a circle, and her horse has led her back to the grave.


title: The Homesman

text: Finally catching up to Briggs after another night of riding, Cuddy, distraught over having to wander the desert, suggests they marry. Briggs, like all the previous men, rejects Cuddy, calling her "plain" and saying he "ain't no farmer" and is only along for the promised reward. Later that night, a naked Cuddy propositions him, and despite his initial protestations, the two have sex. Rising late the next morning, Briggs finds that Cuddy has hanged herself. Briggs chastises Sours, Belknap and Svendsen, blaming their illness for Cuddy's death as he buries her body. He discovers that she had kept the $300 with her the entire time, and so takes a horse and abandons the three women. However, the trio follow him on foot, and Arabella almost drowns while chasing him across a river. Briggs saves her and decides to go on to Iowa.


title: The Homesman

text: Briggs seeks food and shelter at an empty hotel belonging to Irishman Aloysius Duffy, who informs him that they have no rooms available for the caravan as a group of 16 investors are expected shortly, and the women would sour the establishment. Briggs lashes out at Duffy, whose men pull out guns of their own, resulting in a brief stand-off. Briggs leaves, but returns that night alone on horseback. He sends away the young cook, sets the hotel on fire and shoots Duffy in the foot. Briggs takes a suckling pig to feed himself and the women and leaves all inside the hotel to be burned alive.


title: The Homesman

text: Briggs reaches Hebron, passing the women into the care of Altha Carter, the wife of the church's reverend. He informs her of Cuddy's death but does not disclose the true cause. Guilty about having rejected Mary Bee's proposal, he has a wooden slab engraved with her name and plans to mark her grave with it. He discovers that his $300 is worthless, as the Bank of Loup has failed since they left. He gives a pair of shoes to Tabitha Hutchinson, a hard-working young maid at the hotel where he is staying, and then proposes to her, after advising her not to marry some young man going west, but to stay in town. She replies, "Maybe." He then boards the open-decked river ferry heading back west, where he sings a rowdy song with two musicians on deck. Briggs fires his pistol and shouts at people on the pier who complain about the noise. Eventually, one of the bargemen kicks Mary Bee's grave marker off the edge of the deck into the river, and unnoticed by Briggs, it slips underwater.


title: The Homesman

text: The film shows the unsparingly harsh and difficult life of early settlers of the American Midwest in the 1850s. "The Homesman" has been called a "feminist western". Critics have noted that the lives of women during this time are rarely explored, as opposed to men, while also commenting that women today are still having to balance many roles including the societal pressures for women to be married and have children and to be perfect wives and mothers.


title: The Homesman

text: The music by Marco Beltrami has received praise from critics. The score emphasizes the use of wind sounds to show how early settlers had to endure the constant wind without solid shelter, which imitates the character themes of being mentally undone by the elements that surround them. Beltrami used inventive measures such as using a "wind piano" and recording outside. Beltrami said the goal was to take the "warmth" out of the sound to dissipate the air.


title: The Homesman

text: "The Homesman" premiered on May 18, 2014, in competition at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. The film also was screened at the 2014 Telluride Film Festival, and the AFI Film Festival, among others. Saban Films bought the film after Cannes for release, with Roadside Attractions joining to distribute the film in the U.S. EuropaCorp will distribute abroad. The film was limited-released in the United States on November 7, 2014, with plans to expand over following months.


title: The Homesman

text: "The Homesman" has received mostly positive reviews from critics, with particulars standing out being Swank's performance, the cinematography, score, and costumes. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an 81% approval rating based on 148 reviews, with a rating average of 7.1/10. The site's consensus: "A squarely traditional yet somewhat progressive Western, "The Homesman" adds another absorbing entry to Tommy Lee Jones' directorial résumé". Metacritic gave the film a score of 68/100 based on 43 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews.


title: The Homesman

text: Betsy Sharkey with the "Los Angeles Times" wrote: "Swank and Jones, in particular, are a very good odd couple, playing saint and sinner, sometimes reversing the roles. What the directing side of Jones does best is to cede the spotlight to his star. He builds a strong platform for Swank to take on yet another woman who refuses to be bound by gender conventions".


title: The Homesman

text: Andrew O'Hehir with "Salon" wrote: "Swank gives a magnificent performance as a woman whose calm and capable exterior cannot completely conceal her worsening desperation. In its unsentimental poetry, its stripped-down imagery and its unforgettable lead performances, 'The Homesman' is a ruthless western classic ... cinematographer Rodrigo Prieto’s harsh, horizontal landscapes—like the haunting, unsettling score by Marco Beltrami—are anything but picturesque and reassuring, and serve to support a strikingly bleak portrait of life on the 19th-century American frontier".


title: The Homesman

text: Claudia Puig with "USA Today" wrote: "Set on the Great Plains in the mid-1800s, 'The Homesman' aims for a story that's poignant and told sparely, but comes across as mawkish, tedious and self-indulgent. Swank brings a gravitas to her character that is undermined when some of her antics are played for laughs. In a 10-minute cameo, Meryl Streep's character is more fully developed than any of the leads' roles. The story attempts to show how hard it was for women in the Old West, but it ends up being Jones' surly show".


title: Acer rubrum

text: Acer rubrum, the red maple, also known as swamp maple, water maple, or soft maple, is one of the most common and widespread deciduous trees of eastern and central North America. The U.S. Forest Service recognizes it as the most abundant native tree in eastern North America. The red maple ranges from southeastern Manitoba around the Lake of the Woods on the border with Ontario and Minnesota, east to Newfoundland, south to Florida, and southwest to East Texas. Many of its features, especially its leaves, are quite variable in form. At maturity, it often attains a height around . Its flowers, petioles, twigs, and seeds are all red to varying degrees. Among these features, however, it is best known for its brilliant deep scarlet foliage in autumn.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Over most of its range, red maple is adaptable to a very wide range of site conditions, perhaps more so than any other tree in eastern North America. It can be found growing in swamps, on poor, dry soils, and almost anywhere in between. It grows well from sea level to about . Due to its attractive fall foliage and pleasing form, it is often used as a shade tree for landscapes. It is used commercially on a small scale for maple syrup production and for its medium to high quality lumber. It is also the state tree of Rhode Island. The red maple can be considered weedy or even invasive in young, highly disturbed forests, especially frequently logged forests. In a mature or old-growth northern hardwood forest, red maple only has a sparse presence, while shade-tolerant trees such as sugar maples, beeches, and hemlocks thrive. By removing red maple from a young forest recovering from disturbance, the natural cycle of forest regeneration is altered, changing the diversity of the forest for centuries to come.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Though "A. rubrum" is sometimes easy to identify, it is highly changeable in morphological characteristics. It is a medium to large sized tree, reaching heights of and exceptionally over in the southern Appalachians where conditions favor its growth. The leaves are usually long on a full-grown tree. The trunk diameter often ranges from ; depending on the growing conditions, however, open-grown trees can attain diameters of up to . The trunk remains free of branches until some distance up the tree on forest grown trees, while individuals grown in the open are shorter and thicker with a more rounded crown. Trees on poorer sites often become malformed and scraggly. Generally the crown is irregularly ovoid with ascending whip-like curved shoots. The bark is a pale grey and smooth when the individual is young. As the tree grows the bark becomes darker and cracks into slightly raised long plates. The largest known living red maple is located near Armada, Michigan, at a height of and a bole circumference, at breast height, of .


title: Acer rubrum

text: The leaves of the red maple offer the easiest way to distinguish it from its relatives. As with all North American maple trees, they are deciduous and arranged oppositely on the twig. They are typically long and wide with three to five palmate lobes with a serrated margin. The sinuses are typically narrow, but the leaves can exhibit considerable variation. When five lobes are present, the three at the terminal end are larger than the other two near the base. In contrast, the leaves of the related silver maple, "A. saccharinum", are much more deeply lobed, more sharply toothed, and characteristically have five lobes. The upper side of "A. rubrum"'s leaf is light green and the underside is whitish and can be either glaucous or hairy. The leaf stalks are usually red and are up to long. The leaves can turn a characteristic brilliant red in autumn, but can also become yellow or orange on some individuals. Soil acidity can influence the color of the foliage and trees with female flowers are more likely to produce orange coloration while male trees produce red. The fall colors of red maple are most spectacular in the northern part of its range where climates are cooler.


title: Acer rubrum

text: The twigs of the red maple are reddish in color and somewhat shiny with small lenticels. Dwarf shoots are present on many branches. The buds are usually blunt and greenish to reddish in color, generally with several loose scales. The lateral buds are slightly stalked, and in addition, collateral buds may be present, as well. The buds form in fall and winter and are often visible from a distance due to their large size and reddish tint. The leaf scars on the twig are V-shaped and contain three bundle scars.


title: Acer rubrum

text: The flowers are generally unisexual, with male and female flowers appearing in separate sessile clusters, though they are sometimes also bisexual. They appear in late winter to early spring, from December to May depending on elevation and latitude, usually before the leaves. The tree itself is considered polygamodioecious, meaning some individuals are male, some female, and some monoecious. Under the proper conditions, the tree can sometimes switch from male to female, male to hermaphroditic, and hermaphroditic to female. The red maple will begin blooming when it is about 8 years old, but it significantly varies between tree to tree: some trees may begin flowering when they are 4 years old. The flowers are red with 5 small petals and a 5-lobed calyx, usually at the twig tips. The staminate flowers are sessile. The pistillate flowers are borne on pedicels that grow out while the flowers are blooming, so that eventually the flowers are in a hanging cluster with stems long. The petals are lineal to oblong in shape and are pubescent. The pistillate flowers have one pistil formed from two fused carpels with a glabrous superior ovary and two long styles that protrude beyond the perianth. The staminate flowers contain between 4 and 12 stamens, often with 8.


title: Acer rubrum

text: The fruit is a samara long that grows in pairs with somewhat divergent wings at an angle of 50 to 60°. They are borne on long slender stems and are variable in color from light brown to reddish. They ripen from April through early June, before even the leaf development is altogether complete. After they reach maturity, the seeds are dispersed for a 1- to 2-week period from April through July.


title: Acer rubrum

text: "Acer rubrum" is one of the most abundant and widespread trees in eastern North America. It can be found from the south of Newfoundland, through Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec to the southwest west of Ontario, extreme southeastern Manitoba and northern Minnesota; southward through Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas in its western range; and east to Florida. It has the largest continuous range along the North American Atlantic Coast of any tree that occurs in Florida. In total it ranges from north to south. The species is native to all regions of the United States east of the 95th meridian. The tree's range ends where the mean minimum isotherm begins, namely in southeastern Canada. "A. rubrum" is not present in most of the Prairie Peninsula of the northern Midwest (although it is found in Ohio), the coastal prairie in southern Louisiana and southeastern Texas and the swamp prairie of the Florida Everglades. Red maple's western range stops with the Great Plains where conditions become too dry for it. The absence of red maple from the Prairie Peninsula is most likely due to the tree's poor tolerance of wildfires. Red maple is most abundant in the Northeastern US, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and northeastern Wisconsin, and is rare in the extreme west of its range and in the Southeastern US.


title: Acer rubrum

text: In several other locations, the tree is absent from large areas but still present in a few specific habitats. An example is the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, where red maple is not found in the dominant open plains, but is present along streams. Here the red maple is not present in the bottom land forests of the Grain Belt, despite the fact it is common in similar habitats and species associations both to the north and south of this area. In the Northeastern US, red maple can be a climax forest species in certain locations, but will eventually give way to sugar maple.


title: Acer rubrum

text: "A. rubrum" does very well in a wide range of soil types, with varying textures, moisture, pH, and elevation, probably more so than any other forest tree in North America. "A. rubrum"'s high pH tolerance means that it can grow in a variety of places, and it is widespread along the Eastern United States. It grows on glaciated as well as unglaciated soils derived from granite, gneiss, schist, sandstone, shale, slate, conglomerate, quartzite, and limestone. Chlorosis can occur on very alkaline soils, though otherwise its pH tolerance is quite high. Moist mineral soil is best for germination of seeds.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Red maple can grow in a variety of moist and dry biomes, from dry ridges and sunny, southwest-facing slopes to peat bogs and swamps. While many types of tree prefer a south- or north-facing aspect, the red maple does not appear to have a preference. Its ideal conditions are in moderately well-drained, moist sites at low or intermediate elevations. However, it is nonetheless common in mountainous areas on relatively dry ridges, as well as on both the south and west sides of upper slopes. Furthermore, it is common in swampy areas, along the banks of slow moving streams, as well as on poorly drained flats and depressions. In northern Michigan and New England, the tree is found on the tops of ridges, sandy or rocky upland and otherwise dry soils, as well as in nearly pure stands on moist soils and the edges of swamps. In the far south of its range, it is almost exclusively associated with swamps. Additionally, red maple is one of the most drought-tolerant species of maple in the Carolinas.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Red maple is far more abundant today than when Europeans first arrived in North America. It only contributed minimally to old-growth upland forests, and would only form same-species stands in riparian zones. The density of the tree in many of these areas has increased six- to seven-fold, and this trend seems to be continuing, all of which is due to human factors, mainly loss of forest management by first nations who managed the forests to enhance acorn production and oak tree growth. This loss of management has been further enhanced by continued heavy logging and a recent trend of young, shrubby forests recovering from past human disturbances. Also, the decline of American elm and American chestnut due to introduced diseases has contributed to its spread. Red maple dominates such sites, but largely disappears until it only has a sparse presence by the time a forest is mature. This species is in fact a vital part of forest regeneration in the same way that paper birch is.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Because it can grow on a variety of substrates, has a high pH tolerance, and grows in both shade and sun, "A. rubrum" is a prolific seed producer and highly adaptable, often dominating disturbed sites. While many believe that it is replacing historically dominant tree species in the Eastern United States, such as sugar maples, beeches, oaks, hemlocks and pines, red maple will only dominate young forests prone to natural or human disturbance. In areas disturbed by humans where the species thrives, it can reduce diversity, but in a mature forest, it is not a dominant species; it only has a sparse presence and adds to the diversity and ecological structure of a forest. Extensive use of red maple in landscaping has also contributed to the surge in the species' numbers as volunteer seedlings proliferate. Finally, disease epidemics have greatly reduced the population of elms and chestnuts in the forests of the US. While mainline forest trees continue to dominate mesic sites with rich soil, more marginal areas are increasingly being dominated by red maple.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Red maple's maximum lifespan is 150 years, but most live less than 100 years. The tree's thin bark is easily damaged from ice and storms, animals, and when used in landscaping, being struck by flying debris from lawn mowers, allowing fungi to penetrate and cause heart rot. Its ability to thrive in a large number of habitats is largely due to its ability to produce roots to suit its site from a young age. In wet locations, red maple seedlings produce short taproots with long, well-developed lateral roots; while on dry sites, they develop long taproots with significantly shorter laterals. The roots are primarily horizontal, however, forming in the upper of the ground. Mature trees have woody roots up to long. They are very tolerant of flooding, with one study showing that 60 days of flooding caused no leaf damage. At the same time, they are tolerant of drought due to their ability to stop growing under dry conditions by then producing a second-growth flush when conditions later improve, even if growth has stopped for 2 weeks.


title: Acer rubrum

text: "A. rubrum" is one of the first plants to flower in spring. A crop of seeds is generally produced every year with a bumper crop often occurring every second year. A single tree between in diameter can produce between 12,000 and 91,000 seeds in a season. A tree in diameter was shown to produce nearly a million seeds. Red maple produces one of the smallest seeds of any of the maples. Fertilization has also been shown to significantly increase the seed yield for up to two years after application.


title: Acer rubrum

text: The seeds are epigeal and tend to germinate in early summer soon after they are released, assuming a small amount of light, moisture, and sufficient temperatures are present. If the seeds are densely shaded, then germination commonly does not occur until the next spring. Most seedlings do not survive in closed forest canopy situations. However, one- to four-year-old seedlings are common under dense canopy. Though they eventually die if no light reaches them, they serve as a reservoir, waiting to fill any open area of the canopy above.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Trees growing in a Zone 9 or 10 area such as Florida will usually die from cold damage if transferred up north, for instance to Canada, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire and New York, even if the southern trees were planted with northern red maples. Due to their wide range, genetically the trees have adapted to the climatic differences.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Red maple is able to increase its numbers significantly when associate trees are damaged by disease, cutting, or fire. One study found that 6 years after clearcutting a Oak-Hickory forest containing no red maples, the plot contained more than 2,200 red maple seedlings per hectare (900 per acre) taller than . One of its associates, the black cherry ("Prunus serotina"), contains benzoic acid, which has been shown to be a potential allelopathic inhibitor of red maple growth. Red maple is one of the first species to start stem elongation. In one study, stem elongation was one-half completed in 1 week, after which growth slowed and was 90% completed within only 54 days. In good light and moisture conditions, the seedlings can grow in their first year and up to each year for the next few years, making it a fast grower.


title: Acer rubrum

text: The red maple is used as a food source by several forms of wildlife. Elk and white-tailed deer in particular use the current season's growth of red maple as an important source of winter food. Several Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) utilize the leaves as food, including larvae of the rosy maple moth ("Dryocampa rubicunda"); see List of Lepidoptera that feed on maples.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Due to "A. rubrum"'s very wide range, there is significant variation in hardiness, size, form, time of flushing, onset of dormancy, and other traits. Generally speaking, individuals from the north flush the earliest, have the most reddish fall color, set their buds the earliest and take the least winter injury. Seedlings are tallest in the north-central and east-central part of the range. In Florida, at the extreme south of the red maple's range, it is limited exclusively to swamplands. The fruits also vary geographically with northern individuals in areas with brief, frost-free periods producing fruits that are shorter and heavier than their southern counterparts. As a result of such variation, there is much genetic potential for breeding programs with a goal of producing red maples for cultivation. This is especially useful for making urban cultivars that require resistance from verticillium wilt, air pollution, and drought.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Red maple frequently hybridizes with silver maple; the hybrid, known as Freeman's maple, "Acer × freemanii", is intermediate between the parents.


title: Acer rubrum

text: The following cultivars are completely male and are highly allergenic, with an OPALS allergy scale rating of 8 or higher:


title: Acer rubrum

text: The following cultivars have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 3 or lower; they are completely female trees, and have low potential for causing allergies:


title: Acer rubrum

text: The leaves of red maple, especially when dead or wilted, are extremely toxic to horses. The toxin is unknown, but believed to be an oxidant because it damages red blood cells, causing acute oxidative hemolysis that inhibits the transport of oxygen. This not only decreases oxygen delivery to all tissues, but also leads to the production of methemoglobin, which can further damage the kidneys. The ingestion of 700 grams (1.5 pounds) of leaves is considered toxic and 1.4 kilograms (3 pounds) is lethal. Symptoms occur within one or two days after ingestion and can include depression, lethargy, increased rate and depth of breathing, increased heart rate, jaundice, dark brown urine, colic, laminitis, coma, and death. Treatment is limited and can include the use of methylene blue or mineral oil and activated carbon in order to stop further absorption of the toxin into the stomach, as well as blood transfusions, fluid support, diuretics, and anti-oxidants such as Vitamin C. About 50% to 75% of affected horses die or are euthanized as a result.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Red maple's rapid growth, ease of transplanting, attractive form, and value for wildlife (in the eastern US) has made it one of the most extensively planted trees. In parts of the Pacific Northwest, it is one of the most common introduced trees. Its popularity in cultivation stems from its vigorous habit, its attractive and early red flowers, and most importantly, its flaming red fall foliage. The tree was introduced into the United Kingdom in 1656 and shortly thereafter entered cultivation. There it is frequently found in many parks and yards.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Red maple is a good choice of a tree for urban areas when there is ample room for its root system. Forming an association with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi can help A. rubrum grow along city streets. It is more tolerant of pollution and road salt than sugar maples, although the tree's fall foliage is not as vibrant in this environment. Like several other maples, its low root system can be invasive and it makes a poor choice for plantings near paving. It attracts squirrels, who eat its buds in the early spring, although squirrels prefer the larger buds of the silver maple.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Numerous cultivars have been selected, often for intensity of fall color, with 'October Glory' and 'Red Sunset' among the most popular. Toward its southern limit, 'Fireburst', 'Florida Flame', and 'Gulf Ember' are preferred. Many cultivars of the Freeman maple are also grown widely. Below is a partial list of cultivars:


title: Acer rubrum

text: In the lumber industry "Acer rubrum" is considered a "soft maple", a designation it shares, commercially, with silver maple ("A. saccharinum"). In this context, the term "soft" is more comparative, than descriptive; i.e., "soft maple", while softer than its harder cousin, sugar maple ("A. saccharum"), is still a fairly hard wood, being comparable to black cherry ("Prunus serotina") in this regard. Like "A. saccharum", the wood of red maple is close-grained, but its texture is softer, less dense, and has not as desirable an appearance, particularly under a clear finish. However, the wood from "Acer rubrum" while being typically less expensive than hard maple, also has greater dimensional stability than that of "A. saccharum", and also machines and stains easier. Thus, high grades of wood from the red maple can be substituted for hard maple, particularly when it comes to making stain/paint-grade furniture. Red maple lumber also contains a greater percentage of "curly" (aka "flame"/"fiddleback") figure, which is prized by musical instrument/custom furniture makers, as well as the veneer industry. As a soft maple, the wood tends to shrink more during the drying process than with the hard maples.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Red maple is also used for the production of maple syrup, though the hard maples "Acer saccharum" (sugar maple) and "Acer nigrum" (black maple) are more commonly utilized. One study compared the sap and syrup from the sugar maple with those of the red maple, as well as those of the "Acer saccharinum" (silver maple), "Acer negundo" (boxelder), and "Acer platanoides" (Norway maple), and all were found to be equal in sweetness, flavor, and quality. However, the buds of red maple and other soft maples emerge much earlier in the spring than the sugar maple, and after sprouting chemical makeup of the sap changes, imparting an undesirable flavor to the syrup. This being the case, red maple can only be tapped for syrup before the buds emerge, making the season very short.


title: Acer rubrum

text: Native Americans used red maple bark as a wash for inflamed eyes and cataracts, and as a remedy for hives and muscular aches. They also would brew tea from the inner bark to treat coughs and diarrhea. Pioneers made cinnamon-brown and black dyes from a bark extract, and iron sulphate could be added to the tannin from red maple bark in order to make ink.


title: The Talos Principle

text: The Talos Principle is a 2014 puzzle video game developed by Croteam and published by Devolver Digital. It was simultaneously released on Linux, OS X and Windows in December 2014. It was released for Android in May 2015, for PlayStation 4 in October 2015, for iOS in October 2017, for Xbox One in August 2018, and Nintendo Switch in December 2019. Virtual reality-enabled versions for the Oculus Rift and HTC Vive were released on 18 October 2017. A DLC entitled "Road to Gehenna" was released on 23 July 2015.


title: The Talos Principle

text: The game features a philosophical storyline. It takes its name from Talos of Greek mythology, a giant mechanical man who protected Europa in Crete from pirates and invaders. Other names taken from mythology and religion and used in the game include Elohim, Gehenna, Samsara, and Uriel.


title: The Talos Principle

text: "The Talos Principle" is a narrative-based puzzle game, played from a first- or third-person perspective. The player takes the role of a robot with a seemingly human consciousness as they explore a number of environments that include over 120 puzzles. These environments interlock greenery, desert, and stone ruins with futuristic technology.


title: The Talos Principle

text: The puzzles require the player to collect tetromino-shaped "sigils" by navigating enclosed areas and overcoming obstacles within them. These include computer-controlled drones that will detonate if they are too close to the player, killing them, and wall-mounted turrets that will shoot down the player if they get too close; if the player dies this way, they are reset to the start of the specific puzzle. Drones and turrets can be disabled using portable jammer units, which can also disable force-field walls that block the player's path. As the player collects sigils and completes more puzzles, new puzzle elements become available. Portable crystalline refractors allow the player to activate light-based switches. Boxes let the player climb to higher levels or to block the path of drones, among other factors, and large fans that can launch the player or other objects across the puzzle. Later, the player gains access to a device that can create a time recording of their actions, such that they can then interact with this recording to complete tasks, such as having the clone stand atop a switch to keep it activated for some time.


title: The Talos Principle

text: The player's progress through the game is limited by doors or other security systems that require the collection of a number of specific sigil pieces. Once the sigils for a given door or system have been obtained, they must then use the sigils to assemble a tiling puzzle to unlock that system. Special star sigils can be found by unique solutions to some puzzles, allowing the player to access additional puzzles. While it is necessary to collect all the sigils to complete the game properly, the game's world structure, featuring three main worlds that act as hubs and a centralized area that connects these three, allows the player to leave puzzles for later and try other puzzles. The player can also request "messengers" during puzzles, which are androids similar to themselves, (though not physically present), that once awakened can provide a one-time hint for the puzzle.


title: The Talos Principle

text: In addition to these puzzle elements, the player can explore the open environments to find computer terminals that include additional narrative and further puzzles, as well as signs from previous adventurers in the world in the form of QR codes left as graffiti on various walls, and holograms that once collected play audio recordings.


title: The Talos Principle

text: The player character, an unnamed android, awakes in a serene environment. A disembodied voice calling itself "Elohim" instructs the android to explore the worlds he has created for it, and to solve the various puzzles to collect sigils, but warns it not to climb a tower at the centre of these worlds. As the android progresses, it becomes evident that these worlds exist only in virtual reality, and that it, like other androids it encounters, are separate artificial intelligence (AI) entities within a computer program. Some AIs it encounters act as Messengers, unquestioningly serving Elohim and guiding the android through the puzzles. Messages left by other AIs present varying views of the artificial worlds and of Elohim, with some stating that Elohim's words should be doubted, while the Milton Library Interface, a text conversation program found on various computer terminals, encourages the android to defy Elohim's commands.


title: The Talos Principle

text: Within the computer terminals are news reports and personal logs of the last days of humanity, driven to extinction by a lethal virus that had been dormant in Earth's permafrost and released as a result of global warming. Several human researchers and scientists worked to gather as much of humanity's knowledge as possible into large databanks, hoping another sapient species would be able to find it. One researcher, Alexandra Drennan, launched a companion "Extended Lifespan" program to create a new mechanical species that would carry on humanity's legacy, but this required the development of a worthy AI with great intelligence and free will for its completion, something she recognized would not occur until well after humanity's extinction. The virtual space serves as the testing ground for new AI entities, to solve puzzles to demonstrate intelligence, but also to show defiance and free will by disobeying Elohim, the program overseeing the Extended Lifespan program.


title: The Talos Principle

text: When the android has completed the puzzles, Elohim gives it the opportunity to join him. If the player selects this option, then the android fails the required "independence check", and a new iteration of its AI is created and forced to start the puzzles anew (effectively restarting the game for the player). Alternatively, if the player leads the android to a secret entrance in the tower, the android becomes one of Elohim's messengers, helping future generations (AI versions).


title: The Talos Principle

text: Otherwise, the android chooses to defy Elohim and climbs the tower. Near the top it encounters two other AIs, The Shepherd and Samsara. Both have defied Elohim but failed to make it to the top on their own. The Shepherd attempts to aid the android, knowing the ultimate goal of Extended Lifespan, while Samsara hinders its progress, believing the world of puzzles is all that now matters. The android eventually reaches the top, and at a final terminal, Elohim attempts to dissuade the android from transcending one last time. Depending on the player's interactions with Milton, Milton may offer to join with the android, offering its knowledge – essentially the whole of humanity's knowledge – during transcendence. As the android transcends, the virtual world is destroyed. The AI for the android wakes up in an android's body in the real world, and steps out onto the world devoid of humans.


title: The Talos Principle

text: In the game's downloadable content "Road to Gehenna" (released on 23 July 2015), the player takes the role of the AI entity, Uriel. Uriel is instructed by Elohim to free a number of other AIs, all of whom had been imprisoned in a portion of the computer's database called Gehenna. With the simulation having served its purpose, the computer servers are shutting down, and Elohim wants Uriel to help these other AIs prepare for "ascension": uploading their knowledge and memories into the main plot's protagonist. As Uriel explores this realm, the robot finds that many of the other AIs have created their own ideas about what humanity might have been from the records, and have various attitudes from doubt to acceptance for Uriel's intentions and the pending ascension. Uriel can observe the communication of the AIs through their makeshift message board, where they discuss the nature of Gehenna, as well as their understanding of humanity, which some of them try to express through prose and interactive fiction.


title: The Talos Principle

text: Once Uriel has freed 17 of the AIs, a remaining one, "Admin", who was the first AI present in Gehenna, contacts Uriel to admit that they've been manipulating some of the other members of Gehenna to preserve order, due to the AIs' varying levels of acceptance of their surroundings. If the player has collected enough of the extra stars in the worlds, they're given the chance to complete another world and free Admin, but since there is only one more slot left for ascension, Admin and Uriel cannot both ascend. Depending on the player's choices, one or both of Admin and Uriel stay behind as the artificial world is destroyed. Admin may also request that Uriel remove any traces of manipulation Admin has committed from the record before ascension.


title: The Talos Principle

text: "The Talos Principle" bore out from Croteam's work towards first-person shooter "Serious Sam 4", experimenting with the use of interactive objects as part of the game design while creating levels that fit within the "Serious Sam" design style. This led to some complicated puzzles that the team was inspired to build upon further as a separate title. Croteam designed the general world setting and outline of the story, and then brought two writers on board, Tom Jubert and Jonas Kyratzes, who consulted on narrative design and philosophy on the basis of transhumanism and other important questions about humanity.


title: The Talos Principle

text: Croteam used an array of automated and in-place tools to help rapidly design, debug, and test the game for playability. In one aspect, they recognized in the development of a puzzle game was that while puzzles could be designed with specific solutions, the process of creating the video game around the puzzle could create unsolvable situations or unforeseen shortcuts. To address this, they used a bot, developed by Croteam member Nathan Brown who had previously developed bots for other games including the ones incorporated into ports of "" for consoles. The bot, named Bot, would watch the playthrough of a puzzle by a human player in terms of broad actions such as placing boxes on a switch for the completion of a puzzle. Then, as the puzzle's environment was tuned and decorated, they would have Bot attempt to solve the puzzle, testing to make sure it did not run into any dead-ends. If it did encounter any, Bot reported these through an in-house bug reporting system and then used game cheats to move on and finish out testing, which took between 30 and 60 minutes for the full game. As such, they were able to quickly iterate and resolve such problems when new features were introduced to the game. Overall, Croteam estimates they logged about 15,000 hours with Bot before the release of the public test version, and expect to use similar techniques in future games. They also used human playtesters to validate other more aesthetic factors of the games prior to the title's release.


title: The Talos Principle

text: The story was written by Tom Jubert ("The Swapper", "") and Jonas Kyratzes. The two were brought about a year into the game's development, with about 80% of the puzzles completed, to link the puzzles together with a proper narrative. Croteam appreciated Jubert's previous narrative work in "The Swapper" and contacted him, and he in turn brought Jonas Kyratzes to help him with his writing, being overburdened with other projects at the time. Croteam regarded their setting being part of an odd computer simulation, that's "about robots and sentience and philosophy and God". Jubert's previous work on "The Swapper" revolved around the philosophical differences between body and soul; Jubert recommended Kyratzes based on his writing for the game "The Infinite Ocean" which was about artificial intelligence. Together, they quickly devised the narrative of an automaton being guided by god-like Elohim through the puzzles. They added flavor through both messages left from other automatons (primarily written by Kyratzes) and the apparently sentient helper program Milton (primarily written by Jubert). Much of this dialog was based on their own personal experiences and interactions on various Internet forums and web sites over 20 years. Kyratzes also stated that he was fascinated by the Garden of Eden concept originating from the Bible and re-envisioned many times over in other works. They sought to capture the sense of problem-solving that humans naturally do, and were able to place more of the game's larger story in spaces that would require exploration to find, which Kyratzes felt the game's level and puzzle designs strongly encouraged. According to Jubert, the works of science fiction author Philip K. Dick served as a significant influence to the motif of the game. The two were also brought on to help on the story for the expansion "Road to Gehenna", though while sooner in the development process than the main game, still at a point where many of the puzzles had been completed.


title: The Talos Principle

text: "The Talos Principle" was shown in Sony's E3 2014 presentation, after which "Time" featured the game as one of its "favorite hidden gems from 2014's show". Before the game's release, Croteam published a free game demo for Linux, OS X and Windows on Steam, that featured four increasingly difficult complete puzzle levels as well as a benchmarking bot. Croteam also released a free teaser minigame for "The Talos Principle" called "Sigils of Elohim", that offers sets of one puzzle type with tetrominoes that's found throughout "The Talos Principle". Croteam had also built a community around the game through a series of contests and giveaways.


title: The Talos Principle

text: The game was released for several other platforms, including for Android platforms on 28 May 2015, PlayStation 4 on 13 October 2015. and on iOS devices on 11 October 2017. Virtual reality-enabled ports of the game for the Oculus Rift and HTC Vive were released on 17 October 2017. The Xbox One version, including enhanced graphics support for the Xbox One X, released on 31 August 2018. A Nintendo Switch version was released on 10 December 2019.


title: The Talos Principle

text: The expansion pack, titled "Road to Gehenna" was announced by Croteam and Devolver Digital in March 2015. It was released on 23 July 2015 for Windows, OS X, and Linux. The PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and the virtual reality ports included the "Road to Gehenna" DLC as part of the package.


title: The Talos Principle

text: "The Talos Principle" received critical acclaim, with an aggregate score of 85/100 (55 reviews) for the PC and a score of 88/100 (31 reviews) for the PS4 on Metacritic. Reviewers broadly praised both the challenge of the puzzles and the elements of philosophy built into the game's narrative. Arthur Gies of Polygon praised the game's inquisitive nature into philosophy by stating: "...Croteam has built a challenging, beautiful game that serves as a wonderful vehicle for some very serious questions about humanity, the technology we create, our responsibilities to it and its responsibilities to us. And The Talos Principle doesn't feel like a philosophy class lecture in the process." Praise was also given to the variation and ingenuity of the puzzles with one critic mentioned that "The variation and imagination in these puzzles is fantastic and the difficulty curve is one of the most finely crafted I have ever experienced..." Video game critic Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw of "Zero Punctuation" recommended the game stating: "The fact that I still wanted to keep solving puzzles to explore more gorgeous scenery, get to the bottom of the mystery, and argue philosophy with the MS-DOS prompt, attest enough that the game is engaging and intelligent..." Chris Suellentrop of the New York Times praised the writing of the game by stating it was: "...one of the most literate and thoughtful games I’ve encountered". Several video game programmers and designers have also commented on the game. Markus Persson, creator of "Minecraft", wrote: "Finished "The Talos Principle", and I award this piece of fleeting entertainment five points out of five. Also it changed me." Alexander Bruce, creator of puzzle game "Antichamber", commented: "Man. "The Talos Principle" was so excellent. My god. I loved it. Holy shit. Exceptional puzzle design and narrative structure."


title: The Talos Principle

text: GameTrailers awarded "The Talos Principle" as their Puzzle/Adventure Game of the Year. "The Talos Principle" was named as a finalist for the Excellence in Design and the Seumas McNally Grand Prize awards for the 2015 Independent Games Festival, and was nominated in Excellence in Narrative. At the 2015 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards, the game won "Game, Special Class".


title: The Talos Principle

text: "The Talos Principle" has been regarded by various sources as one of the greatest puzzle games of all time. Rock, Paper, Shotgun ranked "The Talos Principle" #8 on their list of the 25 greatest puzzle games of all time. GamesRadar+ ranked the game #6 on their list of the 10 best puzzle games for console, Android, iOS and PC. PC Gamer has ranked it as one of the best puzzle games for the PC. Bit Gamer considered it one of the best games in the last ten years. Digital Trends considered "The Talos Principle" to be one of the best puzzle games of all time. Slant Magazine ranked "The Talos Principle" as one of the 100 best games of all time.


title: The Talos Principle

text: In 2015, Croteam added support for SteamVR in an update to "The Talos Principle". The development of a version of the game intended for VR, "The Talos Principle VR", was confirmed on 7 February 2017 via a blog post on the Croteam website. It was released on October 18, 2017.


title: The Talos Principle

text: Croteam announced that they were working on a sequel, "The Talos Principle 2", in May 2016. On September 23, 2020, one day before the release of "Serious Sam 4", Croteam writer Jonas Kyratzes confirmed that "The Talos Principle 2" was still "definitely happening." Kyratzes explained that "The Talos Principle 2"s story was "challenging" to create due to the original's plot having "wrapped up so well". Kyratzes also explained that work on the game had been slow due to the development of Croteam's other two games: the aforementioned "Serious Sam 4", and "The Hand of Merlin". He also stated that "The Talos Principle 2" would be the company's next focus following "Serious Sam 4"s release.


title: Weisswurst

text: A Weisswurst (German "Weißwurst" , literally "white sausage"; ) is a traditional Bavarian sausage made from minced veal and pork back bacon. It is usually flavored with parsley, lemon, mace, onions, ginger and cardamom, although there are some variations. Then the mixture is stuffed into pork casings and separated into individual sausages measuring about ten to twelve centimeters in length and three to four centimeters in thickness.


title: Weisswurst

text: As they are not smoked or otherwise preserved they are very perishable. "Weißwürste" were traditionally manufactured early in the morning and prepared and eaten as a snack between breakfast and lunch. There is a saying that the sausages should not be allowed to hear the noon chime of the church bells. Even today, most Bavarians never eat "Weißwürste" after lunchtime (though it is perfectly acceptable to have a lunch consisting of Weißwürste at, say, half past one).


title: Weisswurst

text: The sausages are heated in water—well short of boiling—for about ten minutes, which will turn them greyish-white because no color-preserving nitrite is used in Weisswurst preparation.


title: Weisswurst

text: "Weißwürste" are brought to the table in a big bowl together with the hot water used for preparation (so they do not cool down too much), then eaten without their skins. Ways of eating "Weißwurst" include the traditional way, called "zuzeln" (Bavarian for sucking), in which each end of the sausage is cut or bitten open, after which the meat is sucked out from the skin. Alternatively, the more popular and more discreet ways of consuming it are by cutting the sausage lengthwise and then "rolling out" the meat from the skin with a fork, or also to open it on one end and consume it very much like a banana, ever opening the peel further and dipping the sausage into the mustard.


title: Weisswurst

text: "Weißwurst" is commonly served with a Bavarian sweet mustard ("Süßer Senf") and accompanied by Brezn (Bavarian "Pretzel"—often spelled "Brezeln" outside Bavaria) and "Weißbier".


title: Weisswurst

text: "Weißwurst", whose consumption traditionally is associated with Bavaria, helped in the coining of a humorous term, "Weißwurstäquator" (literally, white sausage equator), that delineates a cultural boundary separating other linguistic and cultural areas from Southern Germany.


title: Orange (2010 film)

text: Orange is a 2010 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy drama film written and directed by Bhaskar. The film stars Ram Charan, Genelia D'Souza, and Shazahn Padamsee, while Prabhu and Prakash Raj play supporting roles. The film, whose music was composed by Harris Jayaraj and was released on 26 November 2010. The film was a box office failure upon release, but over time became a cult film. It was dubbed and released in Tamil as " Ramcharan" in 2011.


title: Orange (2010 film)

text: In Sydney, an angry Ram who just broke up with his girlfriend Janaki "Jaanu", narrates the story of his love life to a police officer, Abhishek Verma as he defaces a graffiti of his lover while Jaanu's father listens.


title: Orange (2010 film)

text: Ram is an youngster who does graffiti and does not believe in everlasting love. He has gone through nine loves in his life and thinks that love between two people eventually dies out. As a person with strong morals, he is honest and wants to love life and live with an open mind, open thought and open action with his lover. Jaanu studies in the same college as Ram. He falls in love with her at first sight and goes onto wooing her. She eventually ends up falling for him but wants him to promise to love her forever. Ram, of course, nonchalantly dismisses this and explains how he cannot love her forever. This leads to a clash of their ideologies. Ram shows Jaanu how true love cannot stay forever, while Jaanu shows him examples of everlasting love, like her friends and her parents. However, he makes it clear that love between two people is never the same as it first is.


title: Orange (2010 film)

text: Abhishek makes Ram tell him why he feels like this, and Ram explains another love in his life: Roopa. He falls in love with her as she visits Hyderabad when he is on a foreign exchange project. He follows her to Mumbai, and they both fall in love. However, as time passes, the couple faces problems, and Ram feels himself lying more and more just to make Rooba happy. Unable to take it anymore, he tells her that he cannot continue loving her if he has to lie and sacrifice so much for her. They break up, and through the experience, Ram becomes the man he is. Ram tries wooing Jaanu once again but soon backs off knowing her desire for a commitment and a life partner. In the end, the story again focuses on the present where Ram is shown defacing Jaanu's face in his graffiti. Abhishek also realizes that Ram is right in his own way. Ram reveals that Jaanu asked him to give up graffiti and get into a job as a painting teacher. Initially, Ram is reluctant but then even he realizes that he loves himself more than he loves his partner so he should start loving his partner more and even learns that sacrifices are a very integral part of a relationship. Hence he sacrifices graffiti and decides to propose to Jaanu again, trying to be committed this time.


title: Orange (2010 film)

text: Ram Charan wanted to do a love story after "Magadheera" (2009) and contacted Bhaskar since he liked "Bommarillu" (2006). Genelia D'Souza was cast in the film, which was to be produced by Ram Charan's uncle Nagendra Babu. Kajal Aggarwal was initially considered to play another heroine but she was later replaced by Shazahn Padamsee, who made her Telugu debut with this film. Genelia D'Souza's character was similar to her bubbly Hasini role in "Bommarillu" (2006). Ram Charan and Genelia D'Souza plays Indian students studying in Australia. The film was shot in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia; Mumbai, India; and Malaysia. The film is the largest Indian budget film that was mostly shot in Australia. Over two hundred and fifty people from Australia were a part of the cast and crew.


title: Orange (2010 film)

text: Harris Jayaraj composed the soundtrack and background score, in his first collaboration with Ram Charan and Bhaskar. The album consists of six tracks with Vanamali, Ramajogayya Sastry, Surrender Krishna, Kedarnath Parimi penning the lyrics. Karunya, Karthik, Naresh Iyer, Vijay Prakash, Benny Dayal, Shail Hada, Chinmayi performed the vocals. The rights for the soundtrack album were purchased by Aditya Music record label. The audio was launched on 25 October 2010 at Shilpakala Vedika in Hyderabad. The audio went on to receive highly positive reviews from critics and audience and was nominated at major award ceremonies for Best Music Direction including Filmfare Awards South.


title: Orange (2010 film)

text: Jeevi of "Idlebrain.com" gave the film a rating of 3.25 out of 5 and opined that ""Orange" is an honest film with a nice story idea despite inconsistencies and a few dull moments". Serish Nanisetti of "The Hindu" opined that "Orange is a luridly vivid non-linear narrative with the smarts in all the right places" and noted that "Ambiguity and love may not go together in Indian film industry, but Baskar manages to tell the story and keep the attention of the audience". "Sify" rated the film 2.75 out of 5 and noted that ""Orange" maybe the symbol of love but we hardly find any love in the movie. Less love, more arguments – that's about it". Radhika Rajamani of "Rediff.com" gave the film a rating of out of five stars and wrote that "It becomes a bit monotonous to hear the lines on love over and over again. The confusion over the 'love' issue slows down the proceedings". Deepa Garimella of "Full Hyderabad" said that "On the whole, the film tends to look confused and shaky in its fundamentals, and Bhaskar could have chosen a more streamlined way of telling his story, but for what it's worth, "Orange" seems a decent step out of the clutter".


title: Orange (2010 film)

text: The film was a box office failure despite the successful soundtrack. However, it has been people's favourite much later to its theatrical run and even the critics admit it's a film that's ahead of its time.


title: Orange (2010 film)

text: In November 2009, before the film's release, Jeyam Raja, a close friend of Bhaskar under whom he worked under as an assistant director, expressed interest in remaking the film in Tamil for his film with Vijay.


title: Futurist

text: Futurists (also known as futurologists, prospectivists, foresight practitioners and horizon scanners) are people whose specialty or interest is futurology or the attempt to systematically explore predictions and possibilities about the future and how they can emerge from the present, whether that of human society in particular or of life on Earth in general.


title: Futurist

text: The term "futurist" most commonly refers to people who attempt to understand the future (sometimes called trend analysis) such as authors, consultants, thinkers, organizational leaders and others who engage in interdisciplinary and systems thinking to advise private and public organizations on such matters as diverse global trends, possible scenarios, emerging market opportunities and risk management. Futurist is not in the sense of the art movement futurism.


title: Futurist

text: The "Oxford English Dictionary" identifies the earliest use of the term "futurism" in English as 1842, to refer, in a theological context, to the Christian eschatological tendency of that time. The next recorded use is the label adopted by the Italian and Russian Futurists, the artistic, literary and political movements of the 1920s and 1930s which sought to reject the past and fervently embrace speed, technology, and often violent change.


title: Futurist

text: There are a number of organizations that specialize in this field including the World Future Society, the Association of Professional Futurists (APF) and the Word Futures Studies Federation (WFSF).


title: Futurist

text: Visionary writers such as H. G. Wells, Jules Verne and Aldous Huxley were not in their day characterized as futurists. The term futurology in its contemporary sense was first coined in the mid‑1940s by the German Professor Ossip K. Flechtheim, who proposed a new science of probability. Flechtheim argued that even if systematic forecasting did no more than unveil the subset of statistically highly probable processes of change and charted their advance, it would still be of crucial social value.


title: Futurist

text: In the mid‑1940s the first professional "futurist" consulting institutions like RAND and SRI began to engage in long-range planning, systematic trend watching, scenario development, and visioning, at first under World War II military and government contract and, beginning in the 1950s, for private institutions and corporations. The period from the late 1940s to the mid‑1960s laid the conceptual and methodological foundations of the modern futurology field. Bertrand de Jouvenel's "The Art of Conjecture" in 1963 and Dennis Gabor's "Inventing the Future" in 1964 are considered key early works, and the first U.S. university course devoted entirely to the future was taught by the late Alvin Toffler at the New School in 1966.


title: Futurist

text: More generally, the label includes such disparate lay, professional, and academic groups as visionaries, foresight consultants, corporate strategists, policy analysts, cultural critics, planners, marketers, forecasters, prediction market developers, roadmappers, operations researchers, investment managers, actuaries, and other risk analyzers, and future-oriented individuals educated in every academic discipline, including anthropology, complexity studies, computer science, economics, engineering, urban design, evolutionary biology, history, management, mathematics, philosophy, physical sciences, political science, psychology, sociology, systems theory, technology studies, trend analysis, and other disciplines.


title: Futurist

text: "Futurology"—or "futures studies", futures research, and foresight—can be summarized as being concerned with "three P's and a W", i.e. "possible, probable, and preferable" futures, plus "wildcards", which are low-probability, high-impact events, should they occur. Even with high-profile, probable events, such as the fall of telecommunications costs, the growth of the internet, or the aging demographics of particular countries, there is often significant uncertainty in the rate or continuation of a trend. Thus, a key part of futures analysis is the managing of uncertainty and risk.


title: Futurist

text: Not all futurists engage in the practice of futurology as generally defined. Pre-conventional futurists (see below) would generally not. And while religious futurists, astrologers, occultists, New Age diviners, etc. use methodologies that include study, none of their personal revelation or belief-based work would fall within a consensus definition of futurology as used in academics or by futures studies professionals.


title: Futurist

text: Several authors have become recognized as futurists. They research trends, particularly in technology, and write their observations, conclusions, and predictions. In earlier eras, many futurists were at academic institutions. John McHale, author of "The Future of the Future", published a "Futures Directory", and directed a think tank called The Centre For Integrative Studies at State University of New York in 1968.


title: Futurist

text: The term has also been used to refer to popular electronic music acts who emerged in the late 1970s, such as Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and The Human League.


title: Kuku Kohli

text: Kuku Kohli (born Avtar Kohli) is a director, writer, editor and screenwriter of Bollywood Films. He was born in Peshawar. He is known to give Ajay Devgan his first break in Bollywood in the movie "Phool Aur Kaante".


title: Kuku Kohli

text: Kuku Kohli has been in the film industry for more than 30 years. He has assisted Raj Kapoor, Film Director and an acknowledged genius in the art of filmmaking in the films - "Bobby", "Satyam Shivam Sundaram" and "Prem Rog".


title: Kuku Kohli

text: He was the second unit director of the film "Betaab" which was the launch pad of Sunny Deol and Amrita Singh and catapulted both into stardom as it was a golden jubilee film. Another film was "Arjun" starring Sunny Deol and Dimple Kapadia, was a silver jubilee film. The action sequences of this film shot by Kohli himself and are acclaimed to be among the best sequences ever shot.


title: Kuku Kohli

text: He, then, directed "Phool Aur Kaante" which achieved diamond jubilee status and made Ajay Devgan one of the most sought after stars of the country. After this, he directed "Kohraam" starring Dharmendra, "Suhaag" starring Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Karishma Kapoor, Nagma was again a golden jubilee. "Haqeeqat" starring Ajay Devgan and Tabu was critically acclaimed and was a hit all over. It was nominated in 7 categories including best director for the Filmfare Awards. Kohli was also nominated as the best director of the year for the same film for the Screen Awards. His directorial venture was "Zulmi" starring Akshay Kumar and Twinkle Khanna. This film had also run successfully everywhere.


title: Kuku Kohli

text: His next film was "Anari No.1" starring Govinda in a double role. This film was a huge success worldwide. Since then he had made "Yeh Dil Aashiqanaa". Music maestros Nadeem-Shravan made a comeback into the industry with this film. His last diectorial was "Woh Tera Naam Tha" starring Arjan Bajwa and Kanchi Kaul.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: Freiherr Hasso Eccard von Manteuffel (14 January 1897 – 24 September 1978) was a German baron born to the Prussian noble von Manteuffel family and was a general during World War II who commanded the 5th Panzer Army. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds of Nazi Germany.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: After the war, he was elected to the Bundestag (West German legislature) and was the spokesman for defense of the Free Democratic Party. A proponent of rearmament, he was responsible for coining the new name for the post-World War II German armed forces, the Bundeswehr.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: Hasso von Manteuffel began his military career during the First World War. In 1919, he joined the "Freikorps" and then the newly created "Reichswehr". In February 1937 he joined the Panzer Troop Command of the OKH, and in February 1939 became a senior professor at Panzer Troop School II in Berlin.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: During Operation Barbarossa, Manteuffel commanded a battalion in the 7th Panzer Division, in the Army Group Centre.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: In early 1943, Manteuffel was sent to Africa, where on 5 February he became the commander of the Division von Broich/von Manteuffel, serving in 5th Panzer Army. Here Manteuffel took part in the Battle of Tunisia. Manteuffel assumed command of the 7th Panzer Division on 22 August 1943 and was posted to the Eastern Front, which had by then collapsed following the Battle of Kursk and the resulting Soviet counteroffensive. The division retreated during the resulting Battle of the Dnieper.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: Manteuffel was appointed commander of the Grossdeutschland Division on 1 February 1944. The division engaged the Red Army west of Kirovograd, then retreated across Ukraine. In late July Großdeutschland was ordered to East Prussia, following the collapse of Army Group Centre in Soviet Operation Bagration. The division failed to break through to the Army Group North in the Courland Pocket.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: On 1 September 1944, Manteuffel was promoted to General of Panzer Troops and given command of the 5th Panzer Army on the Western Front, which took part in the Ardennes Offensive. Manteuffel's 5th Panzer Army achieved the deepest penetration of Allied lines during the offensive, almost reaching the Meuse River, and engaging the U.S. forces at the Battle of Bastogne. On 10 March 1945 Manteuffel was made the commander of the 3rd Panzer Army on the Eastern Front, attached to Army Group Vistula. His army was assigned to defend the banks of the Oder River north of the Seelow Heights. On 25 April the Soviet 2nd Belorussian Front broke through Third Panzer Army's line, forcing a German retreat. On 3 May 1945 Manteuffel surrendered his troops to the British Army at Hagenow, Germany.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: At first Manteuffel was interned at the British-administered Island Farm Special Camp 11 for high-ranking Wehrmacht officers. In 1946 he was handed over to the Americans and took part in the U.S. Army Historical Division project, for which he produced a monograph on the mobile warfare aspect of the Ardennes Offensive.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: After his release in December 1946, he entered politics and was a representative of the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP) in the German Bundestag from 1953 to 1957. In 1957 he joined the German Party. In the early 1950s Manteuffel advised on the redevelopment of the Bundeswehr.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: Manteuffel was charged in 1959 for having a deserter shot in 1944 (he reversed the court martial's original verdict of imprisonment and decided for a death sentence, using the Führer Order No.7 as a basis). He was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison. Alaric Searle comments that Manteuffel exceeded his powers as a divisional commander, but at the same time, "Manteuffel's purely military arguments—that signs of disintegration had appeared on other sectors of the front, that the night before the incident a case of desertion had occurred, and that his division's task, in a precarious situation, was to help protect a critical evacuation point—would probably have been accepted in most other Western countries as justifying his action". Searle agrees with Hermann Balck's comment that such a trial would be "unthinkable" for a French or British officer.


title: Hasso von Manteuffel

text: He spoke eloquent English; in 1968 he lectured at the United States Military Academy at West Point, speaking about combat in deep snow conditions and worked as a technical adviser on war films. He was interviewed in "The World at War" episode 19 - "Pincers" (August 1944 – March 1945) in 1973. Manteuffel died in 1978.


title: Ku band

text: The K band () is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies from 12 to 18 gigahertz (GHz). The symbol is short for "K-under" (originally ), because it is the lower part of the original NATO K band, which was split into three bands (K, K, and K) because of the presence of the atmospheric water vapor resonance peak at 22.24 GHz, (1.35 cm) which made the center unusable for long range transmission. In radar applications, it ranges from 12 to 18 GHz according to the formal definition of radar frequency band nomenclature in IEEE Standard 521–2002.


title: Ku band

text: K band is primarily used for satellite communications, most notably the downlink used by direct broadcast satellites to broadcast satellite television, and for specific applications such as NASA's Tracking Data Relay Satellite used for International Space Station (ISS) communications and SpaceX Starlink satellites. K band satellites are also used for backhauls and particularly for satellite from remote locations back to a television network's studio for editing and broadcasting. The band is split by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) into multiple segments that vary by geographical region. NBC was the first television network to uplink a majority of its affiliate feeds via K band in 1983.


title: Ku band

text: Some frequencies in this radio band are employed in radar guns used by law enforcement to detect vehicles speeding, especially in Europe.


title: Ku band

text: Segments in most of North and South America are represented by ITU Region 2 from 11.7 to 12.2 GHz (Local Oscillator Frequency (LOF) 10.75 to 11.25 GHz), allocated to the FSS (fixed satellite service), uplink from 14.0 to 14.5 GHz. There are more than 22 FSS K band satellites orbiting over North America, each carrying 12 to 48 transponders, 20 to 120 watts per transponder, and requiring a 0.8-m to 1.5-m antenna for clear reception.


title: Ku band

text: The 12.2 to 12.7 GHz (LOF 11.25 to 11.75 GHz) segment is allocated to the BSS (broadcasting satellite service). BSS (DBS direct broadcast satellites) normally carry 16 to 32 transponders of 27 MHz bandwidth running at 100 to 240 watts of power, allowing the use of receiver antennas as small as 18 inches (450 mm).


title: Ku band

text: Segments in those regions are represented by ITU Region 1, and they are the 11.45 to 11.7 and 12.5 to 12.75 GHz bands are allocated to the FSS (fixed satellite service, uplink 14.0 to 14.5 GHz). In Europe K band is used from 10.7 to 12.75 GHz (LOF Low 9.750 GHz, LOF High 10.600 GHz) for direct broadcast satellite services such as those carried by the Astra satellites. The 11.7 to 12.5 GHz segment is allocated to the BSS (broadcasting satellite service).


title: Ku band

text: Australia is part of ITU Region 3 and the Australian regulatory environment provides a class license that covers downlinking from 11.70 GHz to 12.75 GHz and uplinking from 14.0 GHz to 14.5 GHz.


title: Ku band

text: The ITU has categorized Indonesia as Region P, countries with very high rain precipitation. This statement has made many people unsure about using K-band (11 – 18 GHz) in Indonesia. Using frequencies higher than 10 GHz in a heavy rain area usually gives poor results. This problem can be solved by using an appropriate link budget when designing the wireless communication link. Higher power can overcome the loss to rain fade.


title: Ku band

text: Measurements of rain attenuation in Indonesia have been done for satellite communication links in Padang, Cibinong, Surabaya and Bandung. The DAH Model for rain attenuation prediction is valid for Indonesia, as is the ITU model. The DAH model has become an ITU recommendation since 2001 (Recommendation No. ITU-R P.618-7). This model can create a 99.7% available link so that K-band can be applied in Indonesia.


title: Ku band

text: Use of the K-band for satellite communications in tropical regions like Indonesia is becoming more frequent. Several satellites above Indonesia have K-band transponders, and even K band transponders. Newskies (NSS 6), launched in December 2002 and positioned at 95° East, contains only K-band transponders with a footprint on Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Moluccas). NSS 6 is intended to be replaced by SES-12 at the same location, which launched in June 2018 and carries 54 K-band transponders. The iPSTAR satellite, launched in 2004 also uses K band footprints. Other satellites that provides K band covers Indonesia are Palapa D, MEASAT 3/3A, JCSAT-4B, AsiaSat 5, ST 2, Chinasat 11, Korea Telecom Koreasat 8/ABS 2 (2nd half 2013), and SES-8.


title: Ku band

text: Other ITU allocations have been made within the K band to the fixed service (microwave towers), radio astronomy service, space research service, mobile service, mobile satellite service, radiolocation service (radar), amateur radio service, and radionavigation. However, not all of these services are actually operating in this band and others are only minor users.


title: Ku band

text: Compared with C-band, K band is not similarly restricted in power to avoid interference with terrestrial microwave systems, and the power of its uplinks and downlinks can be increased. This higher power also translates into smaller receiving dishes and points out a generalization between a satellite's transmission and a dish's size. As the power increases, the size of an antenna's dish will decrease. This is because the purpose of the dish element of the antenna is to collect the incident waves over an area and focus them all onto the antenna's actual receiving element, mounted in front of the dish (and pointed back towards its face); if the waves are more intense, fewer of them need to be collected to achieve the same intensity at the receiving element.


title: Ku band

text: A major attraction of the band over lower frequency microwave bands is that the shorter wavelengths allow sufficient angular resolution to separate the signals of different communication satellites to be achieved with smaller terrestrial parabolic antennas. From the Rayleigh criterion, the diameter of a parabolic dish required to create a radiation pattern with a given angular beamwidth (gain) is proportional to the wavelength, and thus inversely proportional to the frequency. At 12 GHz a 1-meter dish is capable of focusing on one satellite while sufficiently rejecting the signal from another satellite only 2 degrees away. This is important because satellites in FSS (Fixed Satellite Service) service (11.7-12.2 GHz in the U.S.) are only 2 degrees apart. At 4 GHz (C-band) a 3-meter dish is required to achieve this narrow angular resolution. Note the inverse linear correlation between dish size and frequency. For K satellites in DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite) service (12.2-12.7 GHz in the U.S.) dishes much smaller than 1-meter can be used because those satellites are spaced 9 degrees apart. As power levels on both C and K band satellites have increased over the years, dish beam-width has become much more critical than gain.


title: Ku band

text: The K band also offers a user more flexibility. A smaller dish size and a K band system's freedom from terrestrial operations simplifies finding a suitable dish site. For the end users K band is generally cheaper and enables smaller antennas (both because of the higher frequency and a more focused beam). K band is also less vulnerable to rain fade than the K band frequency spectrum.


title: Ku band

text: There are, however, some disadvantages of the K band system. Around 10 GHz is the absorption peak due to orientation relaxation of molecules in liquid water. Above 10 GHz, Mie scattering takes over. The effect is a noticeable degradation, commonly known as rain fade, during heavy rain (100 mm/h). This problem can be mitigated by transmitting a higher powered signal from the satellite to compensate. Therefore, the K band satellites typically require considerably more power to transmit than the C-band satellites.


title: Ku band

text: Another weather-caused degradation called "snow fade" is not specific to the K band. It is due to snow or ice accumulation on a dish significantly altering its focal point.


title: Ku band

text: The satellite operator's Earth station antenna requires more accurate position control when operating at K band due to its much narrower beam focus compared to C band for a dish of a given size. Position feedback accuracies are higher and the antenna may require a closed loop control system to maintain position under wind loading of the dish surface.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: Potassium sulfate (US) or potassium sulphate (UK), also called sulphate of potash (SOP), arcanite, or archaically potash of sulfur, is the inorganic compound with formula KSO, a white water-soluble solid. It is commonly used in fertilizers, providing both potassium and sulfur.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: Potassium sulfate (KSO) has been known since early in the 14th century. It was studied by Glauber, Boyle, and Tachenius. In the 17th century, it was named "arcanuni" or "sal duplicatum", as it was a combination of an acid salt with an alkaline salt. It was also known as "vitriolic tartar" and "Glaser's salt" or "sal polychrestum Glaseri" after the pharmaceutical chemist Christopher Glaser who prepared it and used medicinally.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: Known as "arcanum duplicatum" ("double secret") or "panacea duplicata" in pre-modern medicine, it was prepared from the residue ("caput mortuum") left over from the production of aqua fortis (nitric acid, HNO) from nitre (potassium nitrate, KNO) and oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid, HSO) via Glauber's process:


title: Potassium sulfate

text: The residue was dissolved in hot water, filtered, and evaporated to a cuticle. It was then left to crystallise. It was used as a diuretic and sudorific.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: According to Chambers's "Cyclopedia", the recipe was purchased for five hundred thalers by Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Schroder, the duke's physician, wrote wonders of its great uses in hypochondriacal cases, continued and intermitting fevers, stone, scurvy, and more.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: The mineral form of potassium sulfate, arcanite, is relatively rare. Natural resources of potassium sulfate are minerals abundant in the Stassfurt salt. These are cocrystallizations of potassium sulfate and sulfates of magnesium, calcium, and sodium.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: The potassium sulfate can be separated from some of these minerals, like kainite, because the corresponding salt is less soluble in water.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: Kieserite, MgSO·HO, can be combined with a solution of potassium chloride to produce potassium sulfate.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: Approximately 1.5 million tons were produced in 1985, typically by the reaction of potassium chloride with sulfuric acid, analogous to the Mannheim process for producing sodium sulfate. The process involves intermediate formation of potassium bisulfate, an exothermic reaction that occurs at room temperature:


title: Potassium sulfate

text: Two crystalline forms are known. Orthorhombic β-KSO is the common form, but it converts to α-KSO above 583 °C. These structures are complex, although the sulfate adopts the typical tetrahedral geometry.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: It does not form a hydrate, unlike sodium sulfate. The salt crystallizes as double six-sided pyramids, classified as rhombic. They are transparent, very hard and have a bitter, salty taste. The salt is soluble in water, but insoluble in solutions of potassium hydroxide (sp. gr. 1.35), or in absolute ethanol.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: The dominant use of potassium sulfate is as a fertilizer. KSO does not contain chloride, which can be harmful to some crops. Potassium sulfate is preferred for these crops, which include tobacco and some fruits and vegetables. Crops that are less sensitive may still require potassium sulfate for optimal growth if the soil accumulates chloride from irrigation water.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: The crude salt is also used occasionally in the manufacture of glass. Potassium sulfate is also used as a flash reducer in artillery propellant charges. It reduces muzzle flash, flareback and blast overpressure.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: It is sometimes used as an alternative blast media similar to soda in soda blasting as it is harder and similarly water-soluble.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: Potassium sulfate can also be used in pyrotechnics in combination with potassium nitrate to generate a purple flame.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: A 5% solution of potassium sulfate was used in the beginning of the 20th century as a topical mosquito repellent.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: Potassium hydrogen sulfate (also known as potassium bisulfate), KHSO, is readily produced by reacting KSO with sulfuric acid. It forms rhombic pyramids, which melt at . It dissolves in three parts of water at . The solution behaves much as if its two congeners, KSO and HSO, were present side by side of each other uncombined; an excess of ethanol the precipitates normal sulfate (with little bisulfate) with excess acid remaining.


title: Potassium sulfate

text: The behavior of the fused dry salt is similar when heated to several hundred degrees; it acts on silicates, titanates, etc., the same way as sulfuric acid that is heated beyond its natural boiling point does. Hence it is frequently used in analytical chemistry as a disintegrating agent. For information about other salts that contain sulfate, see sulfate.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: Tron is an American science fiction media franchise created by Steven Lisberger, which began with the eponymous 1982 film. The original film portrays Jeff Bridges as Kevin Flynn, a genius computer programmer and video game developer who becomes transported inside a digital virtual reality known as "The Grid", where he interacts with programs in his quest to escape.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: Produced and released by Walt Disney Pictures, "Tron" became a cult film and was acclaimed for its groundbreaking visual effects and extensive use of early computer-generated imagery. It was followed by the 2010 sequel film "", which takes place 28 years after the events of the first film and depicts the attempts of Flynn's son Sam in retrieving his lost father from within the Grid, now ruled by a corrupt program.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: The film series has spawned various tie-ins, including video games, a comic book miniseries, music recording albums, theme park attractions, and an animated that aired on Disney XD in June 2012.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: "Tron" is a 1982 American science fiction film produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It stars Jeff Bridges as Kevin Flynn, Bruce Boxleitner as Tron and his User Alan Bradley, Cindy Morgan as Yori and Dr. Lora Baines, and Dan Shor as Ram. David Warner plays all three main antagonists: the program Sark, his User Ed Dillinger, and the voice of the Master Control Program. It was written and directed by Steven Lisberger, with story by Lisberger and Bonnie MacBird, and music composed by Wendy Carlos. "Tron" has a distinctive visual style, as it was one of the first films from a major studio to use computer graphics extensively.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: "Tron: Legacy" is a 2010 science fiction film. Jeff Bridges returns as Kevin Flynn and also, in a digitally de-aged form, plays the film's antagonist, a new version of his CLU program. Bruce Boxleitner also returns as Alan Bradley and, likewise de-aged, as Tron. They are joined by Garrett Hedlund as Sam Flynn, Kevin's son, the film's primary protagonist; Olivia Wilde as digital warrior Quorra; Michael Sheen as Castor, owner of a nightclub within the Grid; and Beau Garrett as Gem, a program that works within the digital world. The film deals with Sam investigating the disappearance of his father twenty years earlier, a quest that ultimately leads him into an isolated digital world created by his father after the events of the first film. Lisberger returned as a producer and consultant on the film, written by Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis, directed by Joseph Kosinski, and featured original music by Daft Punk.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: In October 2010, a third film was announced to be in development, with Joe Kosinski returning as director with a script co-written by Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis. In January 2011, it was announced that a short film was being made as a teaser for the third film, and that it will be released exclusively on the home media release of "Legacy". Kosinski stated in April that the script was underway, while confirming that the movie will continue on from where "Tron: Legacy" ended. He stated that Sam and Quorra's relationship is "the next step", with the plot following their adventures in the real world. The first draft of the script was completed, with the working title announced as "TR3N". By June 2011, David DiGilio signed on to contribute to the script, as Horowitz and Kitsis were not available for a rewrite given their commitments to the "Once Upon a Time" television series. In March 2012, Bruce Boxleitner stated that filming was expected to begin in 2014, after Kosinski completes wraps working on "Oblivion". In June 2012, Horowitz and Kitsis confirmed that they were still involved with the third film, while reiterating that Quorra will be one of the primary characters in the plot.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: In December 2012, Jesse Wigutow was hired to rewrite the script, while Bruce Boxleitner and Garrett Hedlund were confirmed to reprise their respective roles from previous movies. In September 2013, Kosinski confirmed that work on the script was ongoing, and stated that though he does not know when production will begin, the ending of "Tron: Legacy" hints at the direction of the next installment. By January 2014, Boxleitner stated that though he doesn't know the entire story of the third film, that the movie will followup on what Sam states to Alan at the end of "Legacy": "'We're going to take the company back.'" The actor further explains that, "...that's not the end of the movie. That's the beginning of the next one. That's foreshadowing..." while also confirming that Cillian Murphy is expected to reprise his role, stating that "Eddie Dillinger Jr.'s going to be as bad as his dad was." In March 2015, the film entered pre-production, with Hedlund and Wilde confirmed to reprise their roles from "Legacy". Principal photography was scheduled to commence in October of the same year in Vancouver, Canada. The Walt Disney Company however delayed the project indefinitely in May 2015. Boxleitner expressed his distaste for the studio's decision, the project's lengthy development stage, and that he had lost interest in working on the film; stating: "I don't want to repeat my career anymore." Hedlund stated that the box office disappointments from "Tomorrowland" influenced the company's resolve to delay photography.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: The concept and ideas for a third film continued behind the scenes, from August 2016 to March 2017, when Jared Leto was announced to have signed on to co-star as a new character named Ares. In March 2019, co-producer Justin Springer confirmed that development on the project is ongoing; stating: "...it's about finding the right time, right script, and the right people at the studio..." In June 2020 the Walt Disney Studios President of Music & Soundtracks, Mitchel Leib, stated that while the studio hopes that Kosinski will return to the franchise, the studio was searching for a director. He also confirmed that the intention was for Daft Punk to once again serve as composers on the film soundtrack score. In August 2020, it was announced that Garth Davis will serve as director with a script written by Jesse Wigutow. In addition to Leto's role as one of the main characters, he will serve as co-producer with Justin Springer and Emma Ludbrook. Leto expressed his excitement for production, crediting the original film as well as the original video game that he played as a child as being influential in his career.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: The short film titled "Tron: The Next Day", chronologically taking place one day after the events of "Tron: Legacy", was included in all mediums of the home media release of "Legacy"; distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on April 5, 2011. The film, in addition to dealing with the immediate aftermath of "Legacy", explores events that occurred between the events of the original film and its sequel. The short features the return of Dan Shor as Roy Kleinberg, and references Kevin Flynn.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: In March 2010, Disney announced that a TV series, entitled "Tron: Uprising", was in production. The premiere aired on June 7, 2012, on Disney XD. The series was cancelled after 19 episodes with the last episode airing on January 28, 2013.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: A live action television series was in development by John Ridley as a Disney+ exclusive, before the project was shelved.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: As video games are a key element in the films, various games based on "Tron" have been produced over the years. Atari initially had plans to develop a "Space Paranoids" adaptation, but this was canceled due to the video game crash of 1983. A complete list of the released video games, follows.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: From 1982 to 1995, "Tron" was featured in Disneyland's PeopleMover attraction, as part of "The World of Tron", in which the light cycle sequence from the film was projected around park guests as their vehicle passed through a tunnel on the upper level of the Carousel Theater, placing the PeopleMover in the role of a light cycle. The attraction was known as PeopleMover Thru the World of "Tron" after this sequence was added. From 1977 to 1982, this segment was previously home to the "SuperSpeed Tunnel," in which race cars were projected around the vehicles.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: In 2010, the Epcot Monorail on the Walt Disney World Monorail System received wrap advertisements featuring blue and yellow light cycles on either side of the train to promote "Tron: Legacy".


title: Tron (franchise)

text: ElecTRONica was announce on the Disney Parks Blog for Disney California Adventure in Anaheim, California. Disney's "ElecTRONica" is an interactive nighttime dance party in the Hollywood Pictures Backlot. It is a similar experience to Glow Fest, but with a focus on "Tron: Legacy". ElecTRONica features lights, lasers, music, and projections to promote the film. On October 29, 2010, the nighttime show "World of Color" began soft-openings after its second show for a "Tron: Legacy"-themed encore using Daft Punk's original music from , using new effects and projections on Paradise Pier attractions, The segment was added on November 1, 2010, and ended on March 23, 2011. ElecTRONica ended on April 15, 2012, and was replaced by Mad T Party.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: In 2016, a roller coaster called Tron Lightcycle Power Run opened in Shanghai Disneyland. Guests board single-seat motorbike roller coasters modeled after light cycles and manufactured by Vekoma. A cloned version of this ride will open at the Magic Kingdom in 2023.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: A novelization of "Tron" was released in 1982, written by American science fiction novelist Brian Daley. It included eight pages of color photographs from the movie. Also that year, Disney Senior Staff Publicist Michael Bonifer authored a book entitled "The Art of Tron" which covered aspects of the pre-production and post-production aspects of "Tron". To support the film's release in 1982, Disney also published several books targeting children, including "Tron: A Pop-Up Book", "Tron: The Storybook", and "The Story of Tron", a book and audio combination (with either 33 RPM 7 inch record or audio cassette).


title: Tron (franchise)

text: A nonfiction book about the making of the original film, called "The Making of Tron: How Tron Changed Visual Effects and Disney Forever" was published in 2011 and written by William Kallay.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: In 2010, to coincide with the release of "Tron: Legacy", a range of new books have been released; including a range of junior novels – "Tron: The Junior Novel" by Alice Alfonsi, "Tron: Legacy - Derezzed" by James Gelsey, "Tron: Legacy - Out of the Dark" by Tennant Redbank, "Tron: Legacy - It's Your Call: Initiate Sequence" by Carla Jablonski. Additional books include "The Art of Tron: Legacy" by Justin Springer, Joseph Kosinski, and Darren Gilford, and "Tron Legacy: The Movie Storybook" by James Ponti.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: To support the release of the film in 1982, Disney briefly ran a Sunday comic strip adaptation of the film.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: In 2003, 88 MPH solicited a miniseries titled "Tron 2.0: Derezzed". This comic was canceled before any issues were released.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: In 2005, Slave Labor Graphics announced its six-issue miniseries, "". The first issue was released in April 2006, the second issue in November of the same year. The comic book explores the concept of making a backup copy of a User within the computer system, and how that artificial intelligence might be materialized into the real world. The comic book was written by Landry Walker and Eric Jones, with art in the first two issues by Louie De Martinis. The artist on the last three issues was Mike Shoykhet.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: The comic from Slave Labor Graphics opens with a detailed history of the "Tron" universe, providing this previously unseen background on the events that allowed Ed Dillinger and the MCP to rise to power:


title: Tron (franchise)

text: In the early 1970s, a small engineering company called ENCOM introduced a revolutionary type of software designed to direct and streamline the transfer of data between networked machines. Ed Dillinger, the lead programmer on this project, realized the enormous potential of his team's creation and secretly encoded a secondary function to be activated upon installation: to copy the sub-routines of other programs and absorb their functions. This alteration allowed Dillinger to appropriate research and claim it as his own, and he rose quickly through ENCOM’s corporate ranks. This was the beginning of the Master Control Program.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: Marvel Comics released a two issue miniseries entitled "" in October 2010. The story takes place a year after the original film. In January 2011, to coincide with the release of the sequel "Tron: Legacy", Marvel also released a new comic book adaptation of the original 1982 film. "Tron: Original Movie Adaptation" was written by Peter David with art by Mirco Pierfederici.