title: Empire Builder

text: Due to the increasingly severe delays, Amtrak adjusted the route's schedule west of St. Paul on April 15, 2014. Westbound trains left St. Paul later, while eastbound trains left Seattle/Portland approximately three hours earlier. Operating hours for affected stations were also officially adjusted accordingly. The Amtrak announcement also said that the BNSF was working on adding track capacity, and it was anticipated that sometime in 2015 the "Empire Builder" could be returned to its former schedule. In January 2015, it was announced that the train would resume its normal schedule.


title: Empire Builder

text: Even during the worst of the delays, the train has seen frequent patronage from workers in the Bakken fields and their families who board and detrain in Williston. Passengers travel from as far as the Pacific Northwest.


title: Empire Builder

text: In 1970, the construction and filling of Lake Koocanusa necessitated the realignment of 60 miles of track between Stryker, Montana, and Libby, Montana, and the construction of Flathead Tunnel, leading the "Empire Builder" to drop service to Eureka, Montana. The "Empire Builder" also served Troy, Montana, until February 15, 1973.


title: Empire Builder

text: On October 1, 1979, the "Empire Builder" was rerouted to operate over the "North Coast Hiawatha"'s old route between Minneapolis and Fargo, North Dakota. With this alignment change, the "Empire Builder" dropped Willmar, Minnesota; Morris, Minnesota; and Breckenridge, Minnesota, while adding St. Cloud, Minnesota; Staples, Minnesota; and Detroit Lakes, Minnesota.


title: Empire Builder

text: Another alignment change came on October 25, 1981, when the Seattle section was rerouted from the old Northern Pacific (which had also become part of the BN in 1970) to the Burlington Northern Railroad's line through the Cascade Tunnel over Stevens Pass. This change eliminated service to Yakima, Washington, Ellensburg, Washington, and Auburn, Washington. This change also introduced the Portland section, which returned service to the former Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railroad line (which became part of BN in 1970) along the Washington shore of the Columbia River. The route kept Pasco, but added Wishram, Bingen-White Salmon, and Vancouver (all in Washington) to the route. From Vancouver, the Portland section of the "Empire Builder" uses the same route as the "Coast Starlight" and "Cascades" trains to Portland Union Station.


title: Empire Builder

text: It has been proposed that the "Empire Builder" and "Hiawatha Service" trains servicing Glenview, Illinois have their station stop be shifted one station north to the Metra station at North Glenview, to eliminate stops which block traffic on Glenview Road. North Glenview would have to be modified to handle additional traffic, and the move depends on commitments from Glenview, the Illinois General Assembly, and Metra. In Minnesota, the "Empire Builder" returned to Saint Paul Union Depot on May 7, 2014, 43 years after it last served the station the day before the start of Amtrak. Renovation of the 1917 Beaux Arts terminal was undertaken in 2011, continuing through 2013, resulting in a multi-mode terminal used by Jefferson Lines, Greyhound Lines, commuter bus and the Metro Green Line, providing a light rail connection to downtown Minneapolis. The station replaced Midway Station which opened in 1978 after the initial abandonment of Saint Paul Union Depot in 1971 and the demolition of Minneapolis Great Northern Depot in 1978.


title: Empire Builder

text: Like all long-distance trains west of the Mississippi River, the "Empire Builder" uses bilevel Superliner passenger cars. The "Empire Builder" was the first train to be fully equipped with Superliners, with the first run occurring on October 28, 1979. In Summer, 2005 the train was "re-launched" with newly refurbished equipment.


title: Empire Builder

text: A typical "Empire Builder" consist is configured as follows (with the assigned section west of Spokane shown in parentheses):


title: Empire Builder

text: In Spokane, the westbound train is split: the locomotives, baggage car, and first six-passenger cars (including the diner) continue on to Seattle as train 7, while a single P42 locomotive from Spokane is used to take the rearmost five cars (including the lounge/cafe) to Portland as train 27. Eastbound the sections are combined in a reverse fashion, with the Seattle section numbered as train 8 and the Portland section as train 28.


title: Empire Builder

text: During peak travel periods, an additional coach is added to the rear of the train between Chicago and St. Paul. It is left overnight in St. Paul for the next day's return trip to pick up. This car is designated train 807 westbound and train 808 eastbound.


title: Empire Builder

text: When first launched in 1929, the Great Northern provided new heavyweight consists. When the railway received five new streamlined trainsets in 1947, the old heavyweight sets were used to reintroduce the "Oriental Limited". In 1951 the "Empire Builder" was re-equipped with six new streamlined trainsets; the 1947 cars were used to launch the "Western Star", while the "Oriental Limited" was retired. When the GN acquired dome coaches in 1955, the 1951 coaches went to "Western Star", while the 1947 coaches went to the pool of spare and extra-movement cars. Ownership of the cars on the "Empire Builder" was by-and-large split between the Great Northern and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q), though a couple of cars in the original consists were owned by the Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway (SP&S). In this consist, one of the 48-seat "chair" cars and one of the 4-section sleepers were used for the connection to Portland, while the rest of the consist connected to Seattle.


title: Empire Builder

text: The Great Northern coaches eventually found their way into state-subsidized commuter service for the Central Railroad of New Jersey after the Burlington Northern merger and remained until 1987 when NJ Transit retired its last E8A locomotive. Some of these cars remain in New Jersey. Some coaches were acquired from the Union Pacific; these also went to New Jersey. One of the 28 seat coach-dinette cars also remains in New Jersey and is stored near Interstate 78 wearing tattered Amtrak colors.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: The Darkness is a 2016 American supernatural horror film, directed by Greg McLean and co-written by McLean, Shayne Armstrong, and Shane Krause. The film stars Kevin Bacon, Radha Mitchell, David Mazouz, Lucy Fry, Matt Walsh, Jennifer Morrison, Ming-Na Wen and Parker Mack.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: The film is about a family who visits the Grand Canyon and brings home a supernatural force that feeds off their fears and takes over their lives. Filming began in April 2014 in Los Angeles and ended in May the same year.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: Blumhouse Tilt and High Top Releasing released the film on May 13, 2016 (Friday the 13th). It was largely panned by film critics, but grossed $10.9 million against a $4 million budget.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: Peter and Bronny Taylor go on a vacation to the Grand Canyon in Arizona with Stephanie, their bulimic teenage daughter, Mikey, their adolescent autistic son, and another family, the Carters. Mikey discovers a small Kiva cavern, where he finds black rocks with symbols on them. He takes the stones.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: When the Taylors return home, strange things begin to happen. Bronny finds that the kitchen taps keep turning on, and Stephanie sees handprints on a mirror, both of which Mikey blames on “Jenny.” After Stephanie gets home from school, she vomits into a container and puts it under her bed. Bronny catches her, and she and Peter learn that Stephanie has been throwing up for a while. They take her to a hospital for help, leaving Mikey at Bronny's mother's house. Bronny's mother finds Mikey trying to kill her cat, much to Peter’s disbelief.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: At home, Bronny searches online for answers to the strange activity and learns about the Anasazi Indians, who believed that demons were bound to rocks hidden in caves. If the rocks are taken, the demons take the shape of a crow, snake, coyote, wolf, and buffalo. The family has already had encounters with a crow and a snake. The demons connect to young children who are dragged into their world, triggering an event known as 'The Darkness.' The only way they can be banished is if the rocks are returned to where they were found by someone who is not afraid.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: Bronny and Peter later find Mikey covered in black marks from a fire in his room, blood pouring from his mouth. Later that night, Bronny has a nightmare of a wolf. Depressed, she starts drinking. In Mikey's room, the fire-damaged part of the wall is revealed to be a portal. Stephanie is choked by handprints appearing all over her wall and body. In the treehouse, Peter sees a coyote and the shadow of a demon in Stephanie's window. The force stops choking Stephanie as he rushes in. He then breaks down Mikey's bathroom door and finds him with marks all over the walls and ceiling.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: Peter calls a number given to him by his boss. It belongs to a woman named Teresa, who is said to perform spiritual healings. Teresa comes over with her granddaughter, Gloria, who acts as an interpreter. As they cleanse the house, Teresa and Gloria go into Mikey's room and note that this is where the real evil lives. They recite a chant as Mikey tries to enter the portal.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: Peter sees Mikey walking into the portal with the demons. He finds the stones and follows Mikey into the portal but cannot set the stones down due to his fear. He offers to swap places with Mikey, but Mikey ends the event of 'The Darkness' by picking the rocks up and putting them back down, as he is not afraid. The demons are banished, and Peter and Mikey jump out of the portal together. It disappears, and Gloria declares that the house is clean of evil energy.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: On February 25, 2014, Kevin Bacon and Radha Mitchell signed on to star in the film. On March 5, director Greg McLean stated, "The story is based on a true story that was relayed to me first-hand many years ago about an actual haunting." On April 11, David Mazouz was added to the film. On May 6, Ming-Na Wen joined the cast of the film, and on May 7, Lucy Fry was added to the cast to play Stephanie, the Taylor family's daughter. Trian Long-Smith also joined the film on the same day, to play Sammy Levin, the savvy, bright and flirtatious intern working for Peter Taylor’s character. On May 9, Matt Walsh joined the cast of the film, to play Gary Carter. Parker Mack also joined the film. On May 14, Jennifer Morrison was added to the cast to play Joy Carter, Gary's wife and also a mother of a child.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: Principal photography began in April 2014 in Los Angeles, and ended in May 2014. The film was shot with the camera Arri Alexa Plus 4:3, as revealed by cinematographer Toby Oliver.


title: The Darkness (film)

text: "The Darkness" was projected to gross $3–5 million from 1,755 theaters in its opening weekend. The film grossed $206,000 from its Thursday night previews and $2.1 million on its first day. It went on to gross $4.9 million in its opening weekend, finishing 4th at the box office, behind "" ($72.6 million), "The Jungle Book" ($17.1 million), and fellow newcomer "Money Monster" ($14.8 million).


title: The Darkness (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 3%, based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 2.7/10. The site's consensus reads, ""The Darkness" clumsily relies on an assortment of genre tropes, leaving only the decidedly non-frightening ghost of superior horror films in its wake." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 27 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale. It is currently Blumhouse Productions' worst reviewed film to date.


title: Summit

text: A summit is a point on a surface that is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. The topographic terms acme, apex, peak (mountain peak), and zenith are synonymous.


title: Summit

text: The term (mountain top) is generally used only for a mountain peak that is located at some distance from the nearest point of higher elevation. For example, a big, massive rock next to the main summit of a mountain is not considered a summit. Summits near a higher peak, with some prominence or isolation, but not reaching a certain cutoff value for the quantities, are often considered "subsummits" (or "subpeaks") of the higher peak, and are considered part of the same mountain. A pyramidal peak is an exaggerated form produced by ice erosion of a mountain top. Summit may also refer to the highest point along a line, trail, or route.


title: Summit

text: The highest summit in the world is Mount Everest with a height of above sea level. The first official ascent was made by Tenzing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary. They reached the mountain's peak in 1953.


title: Summit

text: Whether a highest point is classified as a summit, a sub peak or a separate mountain is subjective. The International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation's definition of a peak is that it has a prominence of or more; it is a mountain summit if it has a prominence of at least . Otherwise, it's a subpeak.


title: Summit

text: In many parts of the Western United States, the term "summit" can also be used for the highest point along a road, highway, or railroad, more commonly referred to as a "pass". For example, the highest point along Interstate 80 in California is referred to as Donner Summit and the highest point on Interstate 5 is Siskiyou Mountain Summit. This can lead to confusion as to whether a labeled "summit" is a pass or a peak.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Think Like a Man Too is a 2014 American romantic comedy film directed by Tim Story. It is the sequel to the 2012 film "Think Like a Man", based on Steve Harvey's book "Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man". The script was written by David A. Newman and Keith Merryman, with Will Packer returning as producer but now under his Will Packer Productions banner. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Michael Ealy, Meagan Good, Regina Hall, Terrence J, Taraji P. Henson, Romany Malco, Gabrielle Union, Jerry Ferrara, Wendi McLendon-Covey, Gary Owen and Kevin Hart, with Jennifer Lewis and La La Anthony in supporting roles.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: "Think Like a Man Too" was released on June 20, 2014, by Screen Gems. It grossed $70.2 million against a $24 million budget.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Cedric (Kevin Hart) and his friends are all in Las Vegas for the wedding of Michael (Terrence J) and Candace (Regina Hall), with her son Duke (Caleel Harris) and mother (Angela Gibbs) joining them. Zeke (Romany Malco) and Mya (Meagan Good) arrive, with Zeke's womanizing past constantly being brought up by old friends and former flames, including the concierge at the hotel, who throws her drink in his face. Bennett (Gary Owen) and his wife Tish (Wendi McLendon-Covey) are trying to get a spark back in their marriage. Jeremy (Jerry Ferrara) and Kristen (Gabrielle Union) have married and are now trying for a baby. Dominic (Michael Ealy) and Lauren (Taraji P. Henson) are reunited after spending time away from each other, and they make out in the limousine. Finally, Cedric arrives at the hotel in a gaudy sports car, happily getting away from his wife Gail (Wendy Williams).


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Michael's overbearing mother Loretta (Jenifer Lewis) doesn't approve of his engagement to Candace, still thinking no woman is good enough for her son. Loretta even takes over the bachelorette party duties, even though Lauren is the maid of honor. The women have a party for Candace, until Loretta makes up her own party.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Among other problems plaguing the couples include Lauren being called by her boss Lee (Kelsey Grammer), who tells her she is being considered for a COO position in New York, meaning she will be separated from Dominic. Kristen tries to get Jeremy to have sex with her by roleplaying "Game of Thrones" characters, but Jeremy has reservations about becoming a father. Mya is ready to marry Zeke, but Zeke shows hesitation.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: While the ladies have to deal with Loretta, Lauren and Candace conspire to set her up with Candace's Uncle Eddie. Loretta takes the ladies out to dinner, and later plans to take Candace to see Dionne Warwick. Uncle Eddie (Dennis Haysbert) shows up and begins flirting with Loretta. The ladies leave to see Dionne Warwick together. The guys run into Michael's old frat brothers Isaac (Adam Brody) and Terrell (David Walton), who just want to party.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: The ladies gives Tish a makeover. They then go to the club, forcing the guys to either take a Chippendale-type bus, or walk. They choose the latter


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Cedric finds himself in trouble when Gail finds out that he's been using her card to pay for his expenses, running her up to $40,000 in charges. He tries to win it back at the casino, putting it all on his "lucky number" 15. While his back turned, Zeke pulls the chips away to leave only one to spare Cedric the loss. However, the ball does land on 15, and Cedric is angry at Zeke.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: As a last resort, Cedric takes the guys to the club (the same one the ladies are at) for amateur's night, dressing in various costumes to try and win some money. This, however, turns into a disaster when Michael sees Candace getting a lap dance; he charges to attack the dancer, leading to an all-out fight between the guys, the ladies, and the dancers. They are all put in jail for the night.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Realizing that the wedding is in a few hours, they all try to call someone for help, but with no luck: Loretta is busy spending the night with Eddie in her room; Gail is already shacking up with Drake (who appears as himself); Bennett's mother has gone to pick up his kid. Jeremy sees the way he talks to his child, and is influenced to become a father. The guys blame Cedric for getting them into this mess.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Jeremy decides that he's finally committed to being a father, and Kristen reveals she might be pregnant (though she claims to be a week late), bringing the two closer. Zeke apologizes to Mya for everything that's been going on, and finally proposes to her; Mya accepts.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Loretta is unable to find Michael and looks for him in him and Candace's room and tries getting rid of Candace. Michael overhears her and confronts her, declaring that he will marry Candace whether she likes it or not, and that she will no longer be invited to the wedding. Candace disagrees with Michael, saying that he needs to apologize to Loretta, because as a mother herself, she would be heartbroken if her own son did not let her go to his wedding. Loretta apologizes, and the three reconcile.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Cedric packs his bags to leave Vegas; however, with the help of his personal butler, Declan (Jim Piddock), he finds another venue. Candace and Michael are married, and everybody celebrates.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Will Packer produced "Think like a Man Too". Principal photography began in June 2013 in Las Vegas. The first trailer for the film debuted on February 11, 2014, and appeared in theaters with Ealy, Hart and Hall's "About Last Night". Director Tim Story said of the cast says "the trust that he and the cast built last time, combined with their matched work ethic, made continuing the narrative feel like “coming back together with your brothers and sisters.” He also mentioned they had to move out of a suite in the filming and there was a lot of noise.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: For the soundtrack to "Think Like a Man Too", singer Mary J. Blige recorded an entire collection of music from and inspired by the film. Released on June 17, 2014, it includes a remake of Shalamar's hit "A Night to Remember".


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: "Think Like a Man Too" grossed $65.2 million in North America and $5 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $70.2 million, against a budget of $24 million.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: Released in theaters on June 20, 2014, the film opened at #1 at the box office, grossing $29.2 million.


title: Think Like a Man Too

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 23% based on 80 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Think Like a Man Too" reunites its predecessor's talented cast, but fails to take their characters in new or interesting directions." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 38 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. Kelsey Grammer won a razzie for worst supporting actor for his role in this movie and several others.


title: Baise-moi

text: Baise-moi is a 2000 French crime thriller film written and directed by Virginie Despentes and Coralie Trinh Thi and starring Karen Lancaume and Raffaëla Anderson. It is based on the novel by Despentes, first published in 1993. The film received intense media coverage because of its graphic mix of violence and explicit sex scenes. Consequently, it is sometimes considered an example of the "New French Extremity."


title: Baise-moi

text: As a French noun, "un baiser" means "a kiss," but as a verb, "baiser" means "to fuck," so "Baise-moi" () means simply "Fuck me." In some markets the film has been screened as "Rape me," but the French for "rape me" is "viole-moi." In a 2002 interview "Rape Me" was rejected by the directors.


title: Baise-moi

text: In 2000, The Film Censorship Board of Malaysia banned the film outright because of "very high-impact violence and sexual content throughout." Later that same year, the film was banned in Singapore owing to "depictions of sexual violence [that] may cause controversy." In Australia, the film was allowed to be shown at cinemas with an R18+ (adults only) rating. Then in 2002, the film was pulled from cinemas and television and after that, banned outright. The film is still banned there because of its "harmful, explicit sexually violent content," and was re-banned in 2013. However, an edited R18+ version was screened on 23 August 2013 on the World Movies channel of the Australian state broadcaster SBS, as part of the World Movies "Films That Shocked The World" season, and it is currently available via online streaming service Stan.


title: Baise-moi

text: "Baise-moi" tells the story of Nadine and Manu who go on a violent spree against a society in which they feel marginalized. Nadine is a part-time sex worker, and Manu a slacker who does anything—including occasional porn film acting—to get by in her small town in southern France.


title: Baise-moi

text: One day, Manu and her friend, a drug addict, are accosted in the park by three men, who take them to a garage and gang-rape them. While her friend struggles, screams, and fights against the rapists, Manu lies still with a detached look, which troubles the man raping her, who soon gives up. When her friend asks Manu how she could act so detached, she replies that she "can't prevent anyone from penetrating her pussy", so she didn't leave anything precious in there. Manu then returns to her brother's house, and does not tell him what has happened, but noticing bruises on her neck, he realizes. He gets out a gun and asks Manu who was responsible, but when she refuses to tell him, he calls her a "slut" and implies that she actually enjoyed being raped. In response, picking up the discarded pistol, Manu shoots him in the head.


title: Baise-moi

text: Meanwhile, Nadine returns home and has an argument with her roommate, whom she strangles and kills, before leaving with their rent money. Nadine suffers another emotional setback when she meets her best friend, a drug dealer, in another town, but he is shot and killed while out obtaining drugs with a prescription she forged for him.


title: Baise-moi

text: Later that night, having missed the last train, Nadine meets Manu at the railway station. Manu says she has a car, if Nadine will drive for her. They soon realize that they share common feelings of anger and embark on a violent and sexually charged road trip together.


title: Baise-moi

text: In need of money, the girls hold up a shop and also kill a woman at a cash machine. In a stolen car, they are pulled over for a random check by police, whom they kill. Another woman, who was also being checked and saw the murders, flees with them. The women stay over at their new friend's house, whose brother provides the address and details of an architect with whom he has had trouble. The women trick their way into the architect's house and kill him. Finally, after this spree of murder and sexual activity, the two women enter a swingers' club. One of the patrons makes a racist comment to Manu. The women kill most of the patrons there and use a gun to anally penetrate the racist man, finally shooting him. The pair discuss what they have done and agree that it has all been pointless because nothing has changed in them.


title: Baise-moi

text: During their spree, the duo's crimes are reported by the press, and become a point of fascination for the entire country, with some people actually supporting them, and others afraid of them. When Manu enters a roadside tire shop to get some coffee, she is shot by the shop owner, who is then shot by Nadine outside. Nadine takes Manu's body to a forest and burns it, before driving to a beach. With tears in her eyes, Nadine puts the gun to her head, intending to commit suicide, but gets arrested by the police before she can do so.


title: Baise-moi

text: The film was filmed on location between October and December 1999 in Biarritz, Bordeaux, Lyon, and Marseille. It was shot on digital video without artificial lighting. This low budget method of filming divided critics—some said it gave the film an amateurish look. Lou Lumenick, reviewing the film in the "New York Post", went further and said it "looked like hell". Others, such as James Travers writing for filmsdefrance.com, said the filming method added something to the film. Travers wrote "the film's 'rough and ready' feel helps to strengthen its artistic vision and draws out the messages which it is trying to get across, without distracting its audience with overly choreographed 'shock scenes'."


title: Baise-moi

text: The film, co-directed by Coralie Trinh Thi who had previously worked as a pornographic actress, included several unsimulated sex scenes. The two lead roles were also played by porn actresses, while several other porn actors, including Ian Scott as one of the rapists, appeared in supporting roles. Due to this, some sections of the media criticized the film as thinly veiled pornography. "Le Monde", for instance, called it a "sick film". "Time" magazine bucked the trend by saying: "Virginie Despentes and Coralie Trinh Thi's festival sensation is stark, serious and original. And as one of the amoral avengers, Raffaela Anderson has true star quality – part seraph, all slut." The co-directors rejected the pornography charge: Trinh Thi said in an interview with the "Sunday Times" that "This movie is not for masturbation, [thus it] is not porn." Despentes agreed, saying their film "was not erotic".


title: Baise-moi

text: In its home country, the film was initially released with a 16 rating, given by a ministerial commission. The rating caused outrage, particularly amongst members of the right-wing "Promouvoir" religious group, which is strongly associated with the Mouvement National Républicain. Some groups litigated against the classification decision, arguing that the film should be X-rated given its high content of realistic sex and extreme violence, both of which are grounds for X classification in France; the Conseil d'État ruled its classification illegal, removing it from the theater circuit. It was the first film to be banned in France for 28 years. The Conseil later re-classified the film with an X certificate, a category usually reserved for pornographic movies. Minister for Culture Catherine Tasca ended the debate by re-introducing an 18 certificate without the X classification, allowing the film to be re-released in mainstream theatres.


title: Baise-moi

text: In Australia, the film was initially passed for viewing at the highest possible R18 rating in a 6–5 vote by the country's Classification Board in October 2001. However, the Attorney-General invoked his powers under the 1995 Classification Act to have the board's decision reviewed. The Classification Review Board (a separate entity to the Classification Board) ruled in May 2002 that the film contains "explicit, offensive and graphic depictions of sexual violence, assault and violence with an impact that is very high" and "dangerous to the community," resulting in the film being banned with a "Refused Classification" rating. It was later revealed that 50,000 people had seen the film before the ban, but according to Des Clark, director of the Office of Film and Literature Classification, just "one or two" of those had complained about the film. Most complainants, he explained, had not seen the film. An appeal of the review board's verdict failed. Despite an edited screening of the film airing on the pay World Movies channel later the same month, the film was re-banned in August 2013. The film is currently available for screening via the online streaming service Stan since 15 October 2018.


title: Baise-moi

text: In Canada, the film was banned in Ontario, initially because it was deemed too pornographic. The producers asked for a pornographic rating, only for it to be banned because there was too much violence for a pornographic film. A second review in 2001 passed the film with an R rating. In Quebec, the film was considered to be a moderate success for an independent release, taking in approximately $250,000 CAD in the first two months of its run. It did, however, provoke a violent reaction from one Montreal moviegoer, who broke into the projection booth and stole the print, ending the screening.


title: Baise-moi

text: In the United Kingdom, the film was released with an 18 certificate for its 2001 cinema release after the cut of a ten-second scene showing a close-up of a penis entering a vagina during a rape, which the Board ruled eroticized sexual assault. After a further cut of a two-second scene showing a gun being pressed into a man's anus before being fired, the film received an 18 certificate on video in 2002 . Even with these cuts, the film represents a watershed in what content is allowed at the 18 rating—films with the R18 higher rating can only be sold in licensed sex shops. The film was one of the first to show an erect penis, and the first to combine it with scenes of violence. London Underground banned the display of the film's advertising poster because of fears that its title would offend French-speakers using its network. In 2013, the film was passed uncut with the 18 certificate intact.


title: Baise-moi

text: In the United States, the film was marketed under the names "Kiss Me" and "Rape Me" and released without a classification from the Motion Picture Association of America. It screened only at a small number of cinemas (almost all of them in arthouse cinemas in the major cities). The film took just $70,000 in receipts from its American release and there was a marked lack of controversy as compared to other countries.


title: Baise-moi

text: The film also performed quite poorly in Germany. Although it was released in its unedited version, it didn't cause much of a controversy in the media. It received an R18 rating in cinemas in New Zealand, and was banned from video release there, following an injunction filed by the Society for the Promotion of Community Standards. The film was refused classification in Ireland, essentially preventing its screening in mainstream cinemas, although it was shown in arthouse club cinemas which screen unclassified films.


title: Baise-moi

text: Two minutes and 35 seconds of cuts were required before the film received a certificate in Hong Kong. In Finland, the film was rated K18 (Forbidden for under 18). An uncut version was shown in both cinemas and on TV.


title: Baise-moi

text: Although the film's release in Bulgaria was otherwise uncontroversial, a program conducted an experiment in which two 14-year-olds were sent to buy tickets for it. The teenagers successfully made the purchase and even entered the cinema, but left after the opening credits. Rather than discussing the film itself, the program focused on the lack of control cinema owners and staff – as well as the authorities – exercised over minors visiting adult films in the country. The cinema in question later pulled the film off its schedule, following the report's first airing.


title: Baise-moi

text: In Mexico, the film was shown uncut in mainstream theaters, with a "C" (18+) rating, with a warning because of its sexual and violent content, but it did not attract much controversy in the media. It was also aired several times uncut on cable television.


title: Baise-moi

text: "Baise-moi" received generally negative reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 23% "rotten" rating based on 57 reviews, with a weighted average of 4.17/10. The site's consensus states: "Heavy on the sex and violence, "Baise Moi" is not so much a daring as a sloppy piece of work." The film also has a 35/100 rating on Metacritic, based on 22 critics, signifying "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: Mookuthi Amman () is a 2020 Indian Tamil-language fantasy film written and directed by RJ Balaji in his directorial debut. Co-directed by N. J. Saravanan, the film stars Nayanthara and Balaji, with Urvashi, Smruthi Venkat, Madhu Mailankody, Abinaya, Moulee and Ajay Ghosh in supporting roles. It revolves around a news anchor joining forces with the title character to expose a godman as fake. The film was released on Disney+ Hotstar on 14 November 2020, Diwali day.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: Engels Ramasamy, a Nagercoil-based news anchor, lives with his single mother, paternal grandfather and three sisters. Many girls rejected Engels’ marriage proposal because his family is poor and his father abandoned him. One day, the family plans to leave for the Venkateswara Temple, Tirupati for the fourth time, only to cancel it as the youngest sister has got of age. They soon realise that they should go to their family deity Mookuthi Amman's temple to seek good luck. The temple is located in a hilly area called Vellimalai, 13.9 kilometres away from Nagercoil. So they head there but find the temple dilapidated. The family cleans the temple, and as per the custom, they stay for the night. During their sleep, Mookuthi Amman appears in human form at the temple, which Engels witnesses. He soon realises that only he can see her as he is a god-chosen child. She decides to improve the family's life, but in return, Engels must popularise her temple. After he complies, he decides to make his family members' dreams come true with the help of Amman, and both Engels and Amman head back to Nagercoil by bus.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: After reaching home, Engels asks the eldest of the three sisters what she wants. Engels asked her that question because she had made pongal, from milk flowing out of an ant-hill near the temple which Amman liked and the ant-hill made the temple famous. That Pongal later became the prasadam at the temple. A fair was organized after that, with concerts by singer L. R. Eswari. The eldest sister asks for a day-off as she dropped out of school, she has been the house's homemaker and has never enjoyed life like the other family members. Amman also tells him that not all men appreciate what women do for them every day. After that, he guarantees her sister weekly Sunday holidays.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: Bhagavathi Baba, a godman, enters the Mookuthi Amman temple and announces that he will build a town named Panchavanam, which will destroy 148 villages around the temple in Vellimalai. This angers Engels, who has always tried to reveal his scams for the past six years. Amman decides to help Engels expose Baba. The next day, she makes herself visible to Engels' family members. They soon decide to take down Baba together. Once, Engels goes to a meeting with Baba but sees his father as a follower of Baba who lied to his family that he fled him. He narrates the story to his mother. When Amman makes a plan, and according to the plan, Engels' mother and sisters infiltrate Baba's group posing as Baba followers and start taking videos of him behaving badly in front of the other members without him noticing. Engels gets employed at Star Vijay and does a daily show with Baba, in which people phone him and look for solutions to their issues.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: During the first episode, a man phones Baba to convince his father to take his kidney at the hospital, but the man married a girl of another religion and as a result, does not want his kidney. Baba then tells the father that he has done the right thing in not accepting his kidney, thus proving that he is a bigot. Later on, Engels proves to the public that Baba's Panchavanam project is against the laws and that Baba does not even know a line of the Bhagavad Gita.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: The next day, Engels reveals even more dark truths about Baba. Baba then challenges Engels to answer three questions at the groundbreaking ceremony of Panchavanam, and if he answers those questions, he will not launch Panchavanam. After the episode's filming, Baba learns of Engels' family's plans to stop him. Engels immediately tells the others to escape Baba's class. But during the escape, their car runs out of fuel, and Baba's henchmen catch them. Engels calls for Amman, and she kills the henchmen using her powers, allowing the family to reach Panchavanam's groundbreaking ceremony in time. There, Baba reveals that the extraordinary events that made the Mookuthi Amman temple famous were all staged by Engels, even though the events happened miraculously without human intervention. When asked why he staged the events, Mookuthi Amman comes in the form of a woman and arrives at the stage. She exposes him by telling everyone that there is no need for men like Baba to protect God, and everyone should pray to God out of faith and not fear, after which she disappears into dust. After her speech, Baba becomes a public enemy. The next day, Amman spots Engels travelling in a bike and asks him for his final wish before returning to her abode. He replies that he is grateful for what he has, and Amman vanishes into dust. Engels then tells the viewers that God will surely come, because you too are God's chosen child.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: After completing work on "LKG" (2019), RJ Balaji wanted his next film to be something like the Hindi films "OMG – Oh My God!" (2012) and "PK" (2014), "a film with a message in it but very relevant to the time we live in". He initially wanted to remake "PK" in Tamil, but later decided against doing so since the remake rights equalled his entire budget. Keeping the theme of "PK" in mind, which was about "the god that created us versus the god we have created", he wrote an original story which became "Mookuthi Amman". The film is Balaji's directorial debut, while N. J. Saravanan serves as co-director; it was produced by Ishari K. Ganesh under Vels Films International, photographed by Dinesh Krishnan, and edited by R. K. Selva. Stunt Silva served as the action choreographer.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: Balaji initially wanted an established actress like Anushka Shetty or Nayanthara to portray the title character, but did not approach them. He then narrated the story to Shruti Haasan, who liked it and said she would do the role. However, when Nayanthara called Balaji and liked the story he narrated to her, she agreed and was signed on. Balaji wanted Hariharan to portray the antagonist Bhagavathi Baba, but later decided on Ajay Ghosh after watching his performance in a Telugu film and realising "he is too good as a comedian as well". Urvashi was Balaji's first choice to play his mother Paalthangam, and despite scheduling conflicts with another film, agreed to work on this film and allocated dates.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: Principal photography began in November 2019, although Nayanthara joined the sets only in December. Filming wrapped in February 2020. Separate scenes involving actors Gautham Karthik and Manobala were shot but not included in the final cut.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: Balaji described "Mookuthi Amman" as having "all the elements that were there in the devotional films that we grew up watching." He said it would be "a nostalgic trip, but there will also be a takeaway that is relevant, especially in this present times" without satirising the genre. The name of Balaji's character Engels Ramaswamy is derived from two rationalists: Friedrich Engels and E. V. Ramaswamy.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: The music is composed by Girishh G. with lyrics written by Pa. Vijay. The first single "Aadi Kuththu", sung by L. R. Eswari, was released on 2 November 2020. Another single "Bhagavathi Baba", sung by Anthony Daasan, was released on 5 November. The full album was released by Think Music on 7 November 2020. For the Telugu-dubbed version "Ammoru Thalli", the lyrics were written by Rahman.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: "Mookuthi Amman" was scheduled to release in theatres on 8 May 2020, but was then postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In late October 2020, it was announced that the film would be having a direct-to-digital release via Disney+ Hotstar, on the occasion of Diwali, 14 November 2020. The film's digital rights were acquired for ₹20 Crores. The Telugu-dubbed version "Ammoru Thalli" was released on the same day, and premiered on Star Maa on 7 March 2021, and registered an average TRP rating of 6.62. The Tamil version of the film was telecast through Vijay TV on 14 April 2021, and the Malayalam version premiered on Asianet on 18 April 2021.


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: Baradwaj Rangan of "Film Companion South" wrote, "If Balaji wants to write a serious film about us and God, then that's his prerogative. But this film, with its wild shifts in tone, never finds its footing". K. Janani of "India Today" wrote, ""Mookuthi Amman" is a clever and smart Amman film that is relevant in today's times and questions several important issues plaguing the country." Manoj Kumar R of "The Indian Express" wrote, "There is not a single dull moment in "Mookuthi Amman" even when things don't add up in terms of logic or continuity. And it is one of the redeeming qualities of "Mookuthi Amman"."


title: Mookuthi Amman

text: Srivatsan S. of "The Hindu" wrote, "Balaji operates within the limitations – both as an actor and writer – that may have worked in his favour to a certain extent in "LKG" and now, in "Mookuthi Amman"." Nandini Ramnath of "Scroll.in" wrote, "The humour, mostly rumbustious and occasionally sly, is superbly performed by the cast. While Balaji makes a convincing truth-seeker, Urvashi hogs the show as his garrulous and addle-brained mother. Nayanthara is perfect as the glamorous goddess with an enviable wardrobe and jewellery collection and her own special back-light, which bathes her in an irresistible glow."


title: Arizona Territory

text: The Territory of Arizona (also known as Arizona Territory) was a territory of the United States that existed from February 24, 1863, until February 14, 1912, when the remaining extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Arizona. It was created from the western half of the New Mexico Territory during the American Civil War.


title: Arizona Territory

text: Following the expansion of the New Mexico Territory in 1853, as a result of the Gadsden Purchase, several proposals for a division of the territory and the organization of a separate Territory of Arizona in the southern half of the territory were advanced as early as 1856. These proposals arose from concerns about the ability of the territorial government in Santa Fe to effectively administer the newly acquired southern portions of the territory.


title: Arizona Territory

text: The first proposal dates from a conference held in Tucson that convened on August 29, 1856. The conference issued a petition to the U.S. Congress, signed by 256 people, requesting organization of the territory and elected Nathan P. Cook as the territorial delegate to Congress. In January 1857, the bill for the organization of the territory was introduced into the House of Representatives, but the proposal was defeated on the grounds that the population of the proposed territory was yet too small. Later, a similar proposal was defeated in the Senate. The proposal for creation of the territory was controversial in part because of the perception that the New Mexico Territory was under the influence of southern sympathizers who were highly desirous of expanding slavery into the southwest.


title: Arizona Territory

text: In February 1858, the New Mexico territorial legislature adopted a resolution in favor of the creation of the Arizona territory, but with a north–south border along the 109th meridian, with the additional stipulation that all the Indians of New Mexico would be removed to northern Arizona.


title: Arizona Territory

text: In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, a convention of 31 delegates met in Tucson and adopted a constitution for a provisional territorial government of the area south of 34°N. The delegates elected Dr. Lewis S. Owings as provisional governor.


title: Arizona Territory

text: At the outbreak of the Civil War, sentiment in the territory was in favor of the Confederacy. Territorial secession conventions called at Mesilla and Tucson in March 1861 adopted an ordinance of secession, established a provisional Arizona Territory with Owings as its governor, and petitioned the Confederate Congress for admission.


title: Arizona Territory

text: The Confederacy regarded the territory as a valuable route for possible access to the Pacific Ocean, with the specific intention of capturing California. In July 1861, a small Confederate force of Texans under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor assaulted Fort Fillmore at Mesilla in the eastern part of the territory. After the fort was abandoned by the Union garrison, Baylor's force cut off the fleeing Union troops and forced them to surrender. On August 1, 1861, Baylor issued a "Proclamation to the People of the Territory of Arizona", taking possession of the territory for the Confederacy, with Mesilla as the capital and himself as the governor, establishing Confederate Arizona. Baylor's subsequent dismantling of the existing Union forts in the territory left the white settlers at the mercy of the Apache, who quickly gained control of the area and forced many of the white settlers to seek refuge in Tucson.


title: Arizona Territory

text: On August 28, a convention met again in Tucson and declared that the territory formed the previous year was part of the Confederacy. Granville H. Oury was elected as delegate to the Confederate Congress. Oury drafted legislation authorizing the organization of the Confederate Territory of Arizona. The legislation passed on January 13, 1862, and the territory was officially created by proclamation of President Jefferson Davis on February 14.


title: Arizona Territory

text: The following month, in March 1862, the U.S. House of Representatives, now devoid of the southern delegates and controlled by Republicans, passed a bill to create the United States Arizona Territory using the north–south border of the 109th meridian. The use of a north–south border rather than an east–west one had the effect of denying a "de facto" ratification of the Confederate Arizona Territory. The house bill stipulated that Tucson was to be the capital. The final bill passed the Senate in February 1863 without the Tucson-as-capital stipulation, and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on February 24, the date of the official organization of the US Arizona Territory.


title: Arizona Territory

text: The first capital was established in 1864 at Prescott, in the northern Union-controlled area. The capital was moved to Tucson in 1868, and back to Prescott in 1877. The capital was finally moved to Phoenix on February 4, 1889.


title: Arizona Territory

text: The boundaries for the original territory, if they had kept their same size, would have made present-day Las Vegas part of Arizona. In 1867, though, Congress transferred the Arizona Territory's northwestern corner, specifically most of its land west of the Colorado River, to the state of Nevada. This reduced the territory to its current area.


title: T.O.T.S.

text: T.O.T.S. (also known as Tiny Ones Transport Service) is an American computer-animated children's television series. Created by Travis Braun, it is a production of Titmouse, Inc. The show debuted on Disney Junior on June 14, 2019. It focuses on Pip the Penguin and Freddy the Flamingo who tend the infants during their lives at a daycare-like transporting service nursery for infants.


title: T.O.T.S.

text: Pip the Penguin and Freddy the Flamingo are two delivery birds in-training at T.O.T.S. (the Tiny Ones Transport Service). T.O.T.S. is a place where baby animals are nursed before being delivered to their families.


title: T.O.T.S.

text: When a baby is ready for delivery, he/she is placed in a crate having colored edges indicating the gender of the baby: blue (male) or pink (female). When the baby reaches his/her family, Pip and Freddy, as with all delivery birds, would photograph the family with their computer tablet, called a FlyPad, for confirmation.


title: T.O.T.S.

text: Besides delivering infants, Pip and Freddy also learn to solve problems under the guidance of K.C the Koala and Captain Candace Beakman, along with the other delivery storks.


title: T.O.T.S.

text: The show was greenlit by Disney in April 2018. In February 2019, "T.O.T.S." was renewed for a second season ahead of its broadcast premiere; which premiered in the USA on August 7, 2020. The show debuted on Disney Junior and Disney Channel in the United States on June 14, 2019 and on Disney Junior in Canada on June 22. On August 5, 2020, the series was renewed for a third ahead of the second season premiere.


title: David Thorstad

text: David Thorstad (October 15, 1941 – August 1, 2021) was an American political activist who co-founded or ran a number of homosexual rights groups following the Stonewall riots in 1969, including as a former president of New York's Gay Activists Alliance. He later engaged in pedophilia and pederasty activism with the North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA), of which he was a founding member.


title: David Thorstad

text: Thorstad was active in Trotskyist politics for some years. For more than six years, he was a member of the Upper West Side branch of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and a staff writer for its newspaper, "The Militant". He left the SWP in December 1973, citing the organization's lack of enthusiasm for the gay liberation movement and failure to develop a "Marxist materialist analysis" of it. In 1976 he self-published a collection of internal party documents relating to its discussion of the gay liberation movement under the title "Gay Liberation and Socialism: Documents from the Discussions on Gay Liberation Inside the Socialist Workers Party (1970-1973)".


title: David Thorstad

text: In the early 1970s, Thorstad was president of the Gay Activists Alliance, a leading gay liberation group in New York.


title: David Thorstad

text: In June 1973, Thorstad and John Lauritsen published "The Early Homosexual Rights Movement (1864-1935)" in the SWP internal "Discussion Bulletin", attempting to prove that the gay liberation movement had a long and substantial history, particularly in Germany. This 14-page historical survey was expanded the next year into a 92-page book of the same name published by Times Change Press, a New York publishing house specializing in feminist and politically progressive books. The book was translated into Spanish and German.


title: David Thorstad

text: Thorstad described himself as a bisexual pederast and atheist (a "recovered" Pentecostal) who had "never been charged with violating any sex laws".


title: David Thorstad

text: In 1978, he became a co-founder of NAMBLA, and "served as a member of the Steering Committee from some undetermined time until September 1996". He was one of a group of NAMBLA members who were sued in 2000 for the wrongful death of a ten-year-old boy in a long-running court case "Curley v. NAMBLA" in Boston.


title: David Thorstad

text: Thorstad claimed that "pederasty is probably historically the most common form of homosexuality in Western culture, as well as many other cultures", and that "child abuse hysteria is an industry of insanity aimed at homosexuals [which] ... plays on the impression people have always had of homosexuals as being child molesters." He described opposition to NAMBLA as "... [similar] to one waged by 'lesbian feminists who jumped right on the bandwagon' of what he called the anti-gay male/child pornography scare", according to "The Advocate". He also likened being a pederast in the United States to being "a Jew in Nazi Germany" and criticized the mainstream LGBT community for its assimilationist approach towards capitalist and heterocentric society. He said that the label "LGBT" is "the most absurd one of all" and is "far too fixed an identity, eliding the fluidity of sexuality and sexual behavior ... in that sense<nowiki>[,]</nowiki> Kinsey's scale is valid." He also maintained that "assimilationist homosexual groups[,] ... the psychiatric profession and the bourgeois media, such as the "New York Times" ... all nowadays blur distinctions by lumping everything under the rubric 'pedophilia,' an absurdity apparently intended to criminalize love and force very different behaviors into one negative pigeonhole."


title: David Thorstad

text: Summaries of Thorstad's views appear in his essays "Man/Boy Love and the American Gay Movement" and "Homosexuality and the American Left: The Impact of Stonewall".


title: David Thorstad

text: With the turn of the millennium, Thorstad became a critic of the way in which the sexual liberationist goals of gay politics were replaced by the identity politics that came to dominate the movement.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: The C band is a designation by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies ranging from 4.0 to 8.0 gigahertz (GHz). However, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission C band proceeding and auction, designated 3.7–4.2 GHz as C band. The C band is used for many satellite communications transmissions, some Wi-Fi devices, some cordless telephones, as well as some Radar and weather radar systems.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: The communications C band was the first frequency band that was allocated for commercial telecommunications via satellites. The same frequencies were already in use for terrestrial microwave radio relay chains. Nearly all C-band communication satellites use the band of frequencies from 3.7 to 4.2 GHz for their downlinks, and the band of frequencies from 5.925 to 6.425 GHz for their uplinks. Note that by using the band from 3.7 to 4.0 GHz, this C band overlaps somewhat with the IEEE S band for radars.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: The C-band communication satellites typically have 24 radio transponders spaced 20 MHz apart, but with the adjacent transponders on opposite polarizations such that transponders on the "same" polarization are always 40 MHz apart. Of this 40 MHz, each transponder utilizes about 36 MHz. (The unused 4.0 MHz between the pairs of transponders acts as "guard bands" for the likely case of imperfections in the microwave electronics.)


title: C band (IEEE)

text: One use of the C band is for satellite communication, whether for full-time satellite television networks or raw satellite feeds, although subscription programming also exists. This use contrasts with direct-broadcast satellite, which is a completely closed system used to deliver subscription programming to small satellite dishes that are connected with proprietary receiving equipment.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: The satellite communications portion of the C band is highly associated with television receive-only satellite reception systems, commonly called "big dish" systems, since small receiving antennas are not optimal for C band. Typical antenna sizes on C-band-capable systems range from 6 to 12 feet (1.8 to 3.5 meters) on consumer satellite dishes, although larger ones also can be used. For satellite communications, the microwave frequencies of the C band perform better under adverse weather conditions in comparison with the K band (11.2–14.5 GHz), microwave frequencies used by other communication satellites. Rain fade the collective name for the negative effects of adverse weather conditions on transmission is mostly a consequence of precipitation and moisture in the air.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: The C band also includes the 5.8 GHz ISM band between 5.725 and 5.875 GHz, which is used for medical and industrial heating applications and many unlicensed short-range microwave communication systems, such as cordless phones, baby monitors, and keyless entry systems for vehicles. The C-band frequencies of 5.4 GHz band [5.15 to 5.35 GHz, 5.47 to 5.725 GHz, or 5.725 to 5.875 GHz, depending on the region of the world] are used for IEEE 802.11a Wi-Fi wireless computer networks.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: The C-Band Alliance was an industry consortium of four large communications satellite operators in 2018–2020.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: In response to a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking of July 2018 from the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to make the 3.7 to 4.2 GHz spectrum available for next-generation terrestrial fixed and mobile broadband


title: C band (IEEE)

text: services, the C-Band Alliance (CBA) was established in September 2018 by the four satellite operators—Intelsat, SES, Eutelsat and Telesat—that provide the majority of C-band satellite services in the US, including media distribution reaching 100 million US households. The consortium made a proposal to the FCC to act as a facilitator for the clearing and repurposing of a 200 MHz portion of C-band spectrum to accelerate the deployment of next generation 5G services, while protecting incumbent users and their content distribution and data networks in the US from potential interference.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: The C-Band Alliance lobbied for a private sale, but the FCC and some members of Congress wanted an auction. In November 2019, the FCC announced that an auction was planned, which took place in December 2020. Cable operators wanted to be compensated for the loss of 200 MHz, which would not include a guard band of 20 MHz to prevent interference.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: By late 2019, the commercial alliance had weakened. Eutelsat formally pulled out of the consortium in September 2019 over internal disagreements. By February 2020, it became even less of a factor in C-band spectrum reallocation as Intelsat pulled out of the alliance and communicated to the FCC that the C-Band Alliance was dead. Among other claims, Intelsat argued that it was obvious that the FCC was already treating each satellite operator individually and that it therefore made business sense for each company to respond to the FCC from its own commercial perspective.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: One of the major members of the C-Band Alliance, Intelsat, filed for bankruptcy on 14 May 2020, just before the new 5G spectrum auctions were to take place, with over in total debt. Public information showed that the company had been considering bankruptcy protection from at least as early as February 2020.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: Slight variations in the assignments of C-band frequencies have been approved for use in various parts of the world, depending on their locations in the three ITU radio regions. Note that one region includes all of Europe and Africa, plus all of Russia; a second includes all of the Americas, and the third region includes all of Asia outside of Russia, plus Australia and New Zealand. This latter region is the most populous one, since it includes China, India, Pakistan, Japan, and Southeast Asia.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allow amateur radio operations in the frequency range 5.650 to 5.925 GHz, and amateur satellite operations are allowed in the ranges 5.830 to 5.850 GHz for down-links and 5.650 to 5.670 GHz for up-links. This is known as the 5-centimeter band by amateurs and the C band by AMSAT.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: Particle accelerators may be powered by C-band RF sources. The frequencies are then standardized at 5.996 GHz (Europe) or 5.712 GHz (US), which is the second harmonic of S band.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: Several tokamak fusion reactors use high-power C-band RF sources to sustain the toroidal plasma current. Common frequencies include 3.7 GHz (Joint European Torus, WEST (formerly Tore Supra)), 4.6 GHz (Alcator C, Alcator C-Mod, EAST, DIII-D), 5 GHz (KSTAR, ITER) and 8 GHz (Frascati Tokamak Upgrade).


title: C band (IEEE)

text: The band 4.2–4.4 GHz is currently allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service (ARNS) on a primary worldwide basis. RR No. 5.438 notes specifically that this band is reserved exclusively for radar altimeter installed on board aircraft and for the associated transponders on the ground.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: In February 2020, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission adopted rules for the C band at 3.7–4.2 GHz that allocated the lower 280 megahertz of the band, at 3.7–3.98 GHz, for terrestrial wireless use. Existing satellite operators will have to repack their operations into the upper 200 megahertz of the band, from 4.0 to 4.2 GHz, and there is a 20-megahertz guard band at 3.98–4.0 GHz.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: Licenses to use the 3.7–3.98 GHz band were auctioned in December 2020. Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile are main winners of the auction. Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile spent approximately $45 billion, $23 billion, and $9 billion respectively during the auction.


title: C band (IEEE)

text: In December 2021, Boeing and Airbus called on the US government to delay the rollout of new 5G phone service that uses C band due to concern of the interference with some sensitive aircraft instruments, especially radio altimeters operating at 4.2–4.4 GHz. On January 18, 2022, Verizon and AT&T announced that they would delay their C-band 5G rollout near airports in response to those concerns.


title: Sex linkage

text: Sex linked describes the sex-specific patterns of inheritance and presentation when a gene mutation (allele) is present on a sex chromosome (allosome) rather than a non-sex chromosome (autosome). In humans, these are termed X-linked recessive, X-linked dominant and Y-linked. The inheritance and presentation of all three differ depending on the sex of both the parent and the child. This makes them characteristically different from autosomal dominance and recessiveness.


title: Sex linkage

text: There are many more X-linked conditions than Y-linked conditions, since humans have several times as many genes on the X chromosome than the Y chromosome. Only females are able to be carriers for X-linked conditions; males will always be affected by any X-linked condition, since they have no second X chromosome with a healthy copy of the gene. As such, X-linked recessive conditions affect males much more commonly than females.


title: Sex linkage

text: In X-linked recessive inheritance, a son born to a carrier mother and an unaffected father has a 50% chance of being affected, while a daughter has a 50% chance of being a carrier, however a fraction of carriers may display a milder (or even full) form of the condition due to a phenomenon known as skewed X-inactivation, in which the normal process of inactivating half of the female body's X chromosomes preferably targets a certain parent's X chromosome (the father's in this case). If the father is affected, the son will not be affected, as he does not inherit the father's X chromosome, but the daughter will always be a carrier (and may occasionally present with symptoms due to aforementioned skewed X-inactivation).


title: Sex linkage

text: In X-linked dominant inheritance, a son or daughter born to an affected mother and an unaffected father both have a 50% chance of being affected (though a few X-linked dominant conditions are embryonic lethal for the son, making them appear to only occur in females). If the father is affected, the son will always be unaffected, but the daughter will always be affected. A Y-linked condition will only be inherited from father to son and will always affect every generation.


title: Sex linkage

text: The inheritance patterns are different in animals that use sex-determination systems other than XY. In the ZW sex-determination system used by birds, the mammalian pattern is reversed, since the male is the homogametic sex (ZZ) and the female is heterogametic (ZW).


title: Sex linkage

text: In classical genetics, a mating experiment called a reciprocal cross is performed to test if an animal's trait is sex-linked.


title: Sex linkage

text: Each child of a mother affected with an X-linked dominant trait has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation and thus being affected with the disorder. If only the father is affected, 100% of the daughters will be affected, since they inherit their father's X chromosome, and 0% of the sons will be affected, since they inherit their father's Y chromosome.


title: Sex linkage

text: There are fewer X-linked dominant conditions than X-linked recessive, because dominance in X-linkage requires the condition to present in females with only a fraction of the reduction in gene expression of autosomal dominance, since roughly half (or as many as 90% in some cases) of a particular parent's X chromosomes are inactivated in females.


title: Sex linkage

text: Females possessing one X-linked recessive mutation are considered carriers and will generally not manifest clinical symptoms of the disorder, although differences in X chromosome inactivation can lead to varying degrees of clinical expression in carrier females since some cells will express one X allele and some will express the other. All males possessing an X-linked recessive mutation will be affected, since males have only a single X chromosome and therefore have only one copy of X-linked genes. All offspring of a carrier female have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation if the father does not carry the recessive allele. All female children of an affected father will be carriers (assuming the mother is not affected or a carrier), as daughters possess their father's X chromosome. If the mother is not a carrier, no male children of an affected father will be affected, as males only inherit their father's Y chromosome.


title: Sex linkage

text: The incidence of X-linked recessive conditions in females is the square of that in males: for example, if 1 in 20 males in a human population are red–green color blind, then 1 in 400 females in the population are expected to be color-blind (/)*(/).


title: Sex linkage

text: It is important to distinguish between sex-linked characters, which are controlled by genes on sex chromosomes, and two other categories.


title: Sex linkage

text: Sex-influenced or sex-conditioned traits are phenotypes affected by whether they appear in a male or female body. Even in a homozygous dominant or recessive female the condition may not be expressed fully. Example: baldness in humans.


title: Sex linkage

text: These are characters only expressed in one sex. They may be caused by genes on either autosomal or sex chromosomes. Examples: female sterility in "Drosophila"; and many polymorphic characters in insects, especially in relation to mimicry. Closely linked genes on autosomes called "supergenes" are often responsible for the latter.


title: FEV1/FVC ratio

text: The FEV1/FVC ratio, also called Tiffeneau-Pinelli index, is a calculated ratio used in the diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive lung disease. It represents the proportion of a person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of forced expiration (FEV1) to the full, forced vital capacity (FVC). The result of this ratio is expressed as FEV1%.


title: FEV1/FVC ratio

text: Normal values are approximately 75%. Predicted normal values can be calculated online and depend on age, sex, height, and ethnicity as well as the research study that they are based upon.


title: FEV1/FVC ratio

text: A derived value of FEV1% is FEV1% predicted, which is defined as FEV1% of the patient divided by the average FEV1% in the population for any person of similar age, sex, and body composition.


title: FEV1/FVC ratio

text: In obstructive lung disease, the FEV1 is reduced due to an obstruction of air escaping from the lungs. Thus, the FEV1/FVC ratio will be reduced. More specifically, according to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, the diagnosis of COPD is made when the FEV/FVC ratio is less than 0.7 or the FEV is less than 75% of predicted; however, other authoritative bodies have different diagnostic cutoff points. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria also require that values are after bronchodilator medication has been given to make the diagnosis. According to the European Respiratory Society (ERS) criteria, it is "FEV1% predicted" that defines when a patient has COPD—that is, when the patient's FEV1% is less than 88% of the predicted value for men, or less than 89% for women.


title: FEV1/FVC ratio

text: In restrictive lung disease, the FEV1 "and" FVC are equally reduced due to fibrosis or other lung pathology (not obstructive pathology). Thus, the FEV1/FVC ratio should be approximately normal, or even increased due to a decrease in magnitude of FVC as compared to FEV1 (because of the decreased compliance associated with the presence of fibrosis in some pathological conditions).


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Summerlin is a master-planned community in the Las Vegas Valley of Southern Nevada. It lies at the edge of the Spring Mountains and Red Rock Canyon to the west; it is partly within the official city limits of Las Vegas and partly within unincorporated Clark County. This rapidly growing community occupies over 22,500 acres and according to its developers, "has grown to encompass more than 230 parks, more than two dozen public and private schools, 14 houses of worship, nine golf courses, three resort hotels, recreational facilities, retail and entertainment centers, well-established office parks, a medical center, and more."


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: The community is divided into three associations (North, South, and West), which oversee two dozen commercial and residential villages.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: At the time of the 2010 census, Summerlin's population was nearly 100,000, having risen from 59,000 residents in the year 2000. The community was named the "#1 best place to live and play" by "National Geographic Adventure" in 2007 and one of the "Best Places to Live in America" by "Money" magazine in 2014.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Summerlin was named after Jean Amelia Summerlin, the grandmother of billionaire land-developer Howard Hughes. The Howard Hughes Corporation maintains ownership of the master-planned community, along with Downtown Summerlin (the community's premier shopping, dining, and entertainment district) and the Las Vegas Ballpark (home of the Las Vegas Aviators minor league baseball team, which is named in Hughes' honor).


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: In 1952, the film director, aviator, and casino mogul Howard Hughes purchased of land in Southern Nevada, making him the Las Vegas Valley's largest landowner. Despite his initial intentions, he ultimately chose not to relocate his company to Nevada, so the purchased land remained undeveloped and empty for decades. After Hughes died of kidney failure in 1976, the Summa Corporation was organized by his heirs to oversee his vast business empire and land holdings. In 1988, the corporation announced that they would be developing the empty acres of land into a master-planned commercial and residential community. They named the project "Summerlin", after Hughes' paternal grandmother, Jean Amelia Summerlin.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: In preparation for this large-scale development, Summa Corporation made a deal with the Bureau of Land Management, in which they traded 5000 acres of environmentally sensitive land for 3000 acres of land better suited for development. After this environmental concern was addressed, development began. By the end of 1990, the construction of Summerlin's first residential village, park, and school had been completed. In 1994, Summa Corporation rebranded itself as the Howard Hughes Corporation and continued to develop new Summerlin villages.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: New home construction continued to boom through the turn of the century. From 1997 to 2007, Summerlin was consistently ranked as the #1 community in the nation for new home sales. The Great Recession caused a temporary slow-down in construction, but signs of revival became especially apparent in 2014, when Downtown Summerlin opened, bringing 106 acres of shopping, dining, and entertainment to Summerlin residents. Residential development also saw a great revival following the recession, and by 2016, Summerlin was once again one of the top communities in America for new home sales.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Summerlin is still a growing community. As of 2018, over two dozen commercial and residential villages have been constructed, with over 6,000 acres still available for future development.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Summerlin lies partially within an incorporated municipality and partially within an unincorporated area. It is patrolled by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department - Summerlin Area Command (SAC)


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: The area north of Charleston Boulevard is within the city of Las Vegas, while the area south of Charleston Boulevard is located in unincorporated Clark County. As a planned community, Summerlin is managed by three master associations (Summerlin North, Summerlin South, and Summerlin West). Summerlin is further developed into commercial and residential villages. Many individual subdivisions also have their own homeowners associations.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Summerlin has three age-restricted communities for senior citizens (Sun City Summerlin, The Regency, and Siena).


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Summerlin has a hot desert climate typical of the Mojave Desert in which it lies (Köppen climate classification: BWh).


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Due to its relatively higher elevation, Summerlin is often a few degrees cooler than Downtown Las Vegas and the Las Vegas Strip and may receive slightly more precipitation. Clear skies and sunshine are abundant year-around, with 310 days of sunshine per year and low humidity in every season.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Summers tend to be very hot and very dry, with daily highs often exceeding ; temperatures as high as 118 degrees have been observed. The spring and fall seasons are generally sunny, warm, and dry, with daily highs in the 70s and 80s. Winters tend to be cool and windy, with daily highs in the 50s; temperatures seldom drop below freezing, and snowfall is rare, but some rain is common (especially in January and February).


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Bicycle lanes are provided on most major roads in Summerlin, as well as in the adjacent Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Large community parks, which are available for free public use, are located throughout Summerlin. , there are 25 community parks that feature a variety of recreational amenities, which may include: community centers, barbecue areas, walking trails, playgrounds, swimming pools, interactive water features, soccer fields, baseball fields, football fields, basketball courts, tennis courts, volleyball courts, bocce ball and shuffleboard courts, and motorized toy areas. In addition, the parks with community centers typically offer special events, classes, and children's camps.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Most Summerlin neighborhoods also have small pocket parks that contribute to the extensive Summerlin park system.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: As of 2018, the Summerlin Trail System is more than 150 miles long and connects local neighborhoods to various amenities throughout the community. The system includes five types of planned trails: street-side, village, bike, regional, and natural.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Upon completion, the trail system will be more than 200 miles long and will connect to more than 2,000 miles of regional trails, making it one of the most comprehensive and efficient trail systems in the southwestern United States.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: In 2008, Summerlin and the Howard Hughes Corporation received the American Trails Developer Award, which is given to developers in recognition of "quality, well designed multi-use trails systems that are integrated into private developments."


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: The adjacent Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area offers 26 hiking trails (ranging in difficulty from easy to strenuous). The canyon is also suitable for bouldering and rock climbing and has an overnight camp site.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Downtown Summerlin is the community's shopping, dining, and entertainment district. It hosts over 125 shops, bars, and restaurants. It is also home to the Las Vegas Ballpark (home of the Las Vegas Aviators minor league baseball team), and the City National Arena (practice facility for the Vegas Golden Knights NHL franchise and home arena of the UNLV Rebels hockey program).


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Local events are held in Downtown Summerlin throughout the year. Popular events include outdoor fitness classes, wine walks, holiday festivals, and visits from celebrity guest speakers.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: The Summerlin Hospital Medical Center, a private hospital operated by the Valley Health System, provides 485 beds to the local community. It is an accredited Chest Pain Center and Primary Stroke Center. Other notable features include: the Children's Medical Center, the Breast Care Center, the Cancer Center, the Rehab Center, and the Robotic Surgery Center. The Summerlin Hospital is also recognized by the Healthcare Equality Index as a ""Leader in LGBT Healthcare Equality"." Its 40-acre campus is located in The Crossings village of Summerlin North.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: The Southern Hills Hospital Medical Center is located just outside the boundaries of Summerlin South, in the nearby Spring Valley. This private hospital, operated by Sunrise Healthcare System, provides 186 beds to the Summerlin community. It is an accredited Chest Pain Center and Primary Stroke Center, and was named the "Best Hospital in Las Vegas" in 2015, 2016, and 2017.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Public schools in Summerlin belong to the Clark County School District, which serves almost all of Southern Nevada.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: In addition to the above-listed public schools, some Summerlin residents may be zoned for schools located just outside of the Summerlin boundaries (many families in Summerlin South, for example, are zoned for Durango High School in nearby Spring Valley).


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: Higher education within the community of Summerlin is mostly limited to small satellite campuses, including:


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: However, Summerlin is also located within 10 miles of the College of Southern Nevada's main campus (CSN - Charleston), within 20 miles of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), and within 30 miles of Nevada State College (NSC).


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: The city's NHL franchise, the Vegas Golden Knights, practice at City National Arena near Summerlin. The arena also offers skating lessons, hosts youth and adult amateur hockey leagues, and trains competitive figure skaters.


title: Summerlin, Nevada

text: The Las Vegas Aviators (a minor league baseball franchise) play at the Las Vegas Ballpark near Summerlin.


title: Mount Robson

text: Mount Robson is the most prominent mountain in North America's Rocky Mountain range; it is also the highest point in the Canadian Rockies.


title: Mount Robson

text: The mountain is located entirely within Mount Robson Provincial Park of British Columbia, and is part of the Rainbow Range.


title: Mount Robson

text: Mount Robson is the second highest peak entirely in British Columbia, behind Mount Waddington in the Coast Range.


title: Mount Robson

text: The south face of Mount Robson is clearly visible from the Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16), and is commonly photographed along this route.


title: Mount Robson

text: Mount Robson was likely named after Colin Robertson, who worked for both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company at various times in the early 19th century, though there was confusion over the name as many assumed it to have been named for John Robson, an early premier of British Columbia.


title: Mount Robson

text: The Texqakallt, a Secwepemc people and the earliest known inhabitants of the area, call it (striped rock), spelled in Dawson 1891 as , "The Mountain of the Spiral Road".


title: Mount Robson

text: The north face of Mount Robson is heavily glaciated and of ice extends from the summit to the Berg Glacier.


title: Mount Robson

text: There are backcountry campgrounds at each end of the lake and a log shelter on its banks, named Hargreaves Shelter in honor of the Hargreaves family who operated the Mount Robson Ranch across the Fraser River from the mountain and who outfitted most of the early trips into Berg Lake.


title: Mount Robson

text: The Robson Glacier, which fills the cirque and valley between Mount Robson and Mount Resplendent, in the early 1900s fed directly into both Berg lake and Adolphus Lake, straddling the Continental Divide and draining thus to both the Arctic and Pacific oceans via the Smoky and Robson Rivers, respectively.


title: Mount Robson

text: In 1893, 5 years after the expedition of A.P. Coleman to Athabasca Pass and the final settling of the mistaken elevations of Mt. Hooker and Mt. Brown, Mt. Robson was first surveyed by James McEvoy and determined to be the highest peak in the Canadian Rockies.


title: Mount Robson

text: The first documented ascent of Mount Robson, led by the young guide Conrad Kain, at its time the hardest ice face to be climbed on the continent, was achieved during the 1913 annual expedition organized by a large party of Alpine Club of Canada members who made use of the newly completed Grand Trunk Pacific railway to access the area.


title: Mount Robson

text: Prior to 1913, it had been necessary to approach the mountain by pack train from Edmonton or Laggan via Jasper and Lucerne, so only a few intrepid explorers had made previous attempts at exploring the mountain.


title: Mount Robson

text: The most famous early ascensionist was the Reverend George Kinney, a founding member of the Alpine Club, who on his twelfth attempt in August 1909 claimed to have reached the summit with local outfitter Donald "Curly" Phillips.


title: Mount Robson

text: A major controversy over this claim and over the implausible nature of his unlikely and dangerous route dominated the discourse within the Alpine Club elite, and he is now generally presumed to have reached the high summit ridge before being turned back at the final ice dome of the peak. Kinney Lake, below the south face, is named in his honour.


title: Mount Robson

text: The Emperor Face on the northwest side provides the most formidable challenge to elite climbers on the mountain, though the more popular routes are the Kain route and the southeast face.


title: Mount Robson

text: The Kain route follows the first ascent's path up the entire length of the Robson Glacier from its terminus above Robson Pass to the upper northeast face and the summit ridge.


title: Mount Robson

text: Mount Robson has a high failure rate on climbing to the top, with only about 10% of attempts being successful.


title: Mount Robson

text: Although the mountain is under , there is no easy way to the summit and bad weather commonly rebuffs most summit attempts.


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: Tracy Chapman is the debut album by American singer-songwriter Tracy Chapman, released on April 5, 1988, by Elektra Records. The album was recorded at the Powertrax studio in Hollywood, California. In 1987, Chapman was discovered by fellow Tufts University student Brian Koppelman. He offered to show her work to his father, who owned a successful publishing company; however, she did not consider the offer to be serious. After multiple performances, however, Koppelman found a demo tape of her singing her single "Talkin' 'bout a Revolution", which he promoted to radio stations, and she was eventually signed to Elektra Records.


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: In early attempts to produce the first album, many producers turned down Chapman as they did not favor her musical direction. David Kershenbaum, however, decided to produce it as he wanted to record an acoustic music album. It was recorded in Hollywood, California, in eight weeks. Most of the writing is based on political and social causes.


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: "Tracy Chapman" gained critical acclaim from a wide majority of music critics, praising the simplicity, Chapman's vocal ability and her political and social lyrical content. The album received commercial success in most of the countries it was released, making it to the top of the charts in many countries, including Austria, Canada, New Zealand, Switzerland, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. It peaked at No. 1 on the US "Billboard" 200 and was certified six-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), with sales exceeding over six million copies in the United States alone.


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: Three singles were released from the album, with the most commercially successful single being "Fast Car". The song was performed at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute. It rose to the top ten on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and also did well in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and other European countries. "Tracy Chapman" is one of the best-selling albums of all time with sales of over 20 million copies worldwide.


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: In 1987, Chapman was discovered by fellow Tufts University student Brian Koppelman. In an interview he said "I was helping organize a boycott protest against apartheid at school, and [someone] told me there was this great protest singer I should get to play at the rally." He went to see Chapman perform at a coffeehouse called Cappuccino. He said "Tracy walked onstage, and it was like an epiphany. Her presence, her voice, her songs, her sincerity—it all came across." After this, Koppelman told her that his father was at the time a co-owner of SBK Publishing and could help her make a record. She did not consider the offer seriously. Koppelman, however, was very interested in Chapman, so he attended most of her shows. She finally agreed to talk to him, but did not record any demos for him. He later discovered that she had recorded demos at the Tufts radio station WMFO for copyright purposes. Her demo of the song "Talkin' 'bout a Revolution" was taken to radio stations and, after the success, he copied it and took it to his father. According to the interview, "He immediately got the picture and flew up to see her." Her demo led her to a signing with Elektra Records. She said "I have to say that I never thought I would get a contract with a major record label [...] All the time since I was a kid listening to records and the radio, I didn't think there was any indication that record people would find the kind of music that I did marketable. Especially when I was singing songs like 'Talkin' 'bout a Revolution' during the Seventies [...] I didn't see a place for me there."


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: David Kershenbaum said that the album was "made for the right reasons". "There was a set of ideas that we wanted to communicate, and we felt if we were truthful and loyal to those ideas, then people would pick up on the emotion and the lyrical content that was there."


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: Chapman started writing songs when she was immediately signed to Elektra Records. Koppelman started finding producers for the album with the demo tape of her single "Talkin' 'bout a Revolution". However, she was turned down due to the popularity of dance-pop and synthpop at the time. They then found David Kershenbaum, who recalled later: "I'd been looking for something acoustic to do for some time . . . There was a sense in the industry of a slight boredom with everything out there and that people might be willing to listen again to lyrics and to someone who made statements."


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: Chapman's greatest concern during her meetings with Kershenbaum was that the integrity of her songs remain intact, because she wanted to record "real simple". Kershenbaum said, "I wanted to make sure that she was in front, vocally and thematically, and that everything was built around her." Every song that was featured on the result of the studio album was featured on her demo tape, except for "Fast Car", which resulted as one of the last songs recorded on the album. Kershenbaum recalled that the first time she sang and performed it for him, he "loved it the minute I [he] heard it."


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: The album was, in total, recorded in eight weeks at Powertrax, Kershenbaum's Hollywood studio. Interviewed in 2002 by "The Guardian", Kershenbaum stated that a lot of the public wanted "what she had" and said, "And they weren't getting it. She got there at the right moment with stuff that was good." Chapman was also interviewed and talked about the background of the album. She said, "The first record ["Tracy Chapman"] is seen as being more social commentary . . . more political. But I think that's just all about perspective."


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: In an interview with "The Guardian" in 2008, Chapman said: "My first record was almost not my first record." The proposed producer for the studio album was killed in a car accident and the record company called in someone far less experienced to take over.


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: "Tracy Chapman" received acclaim from music critics. According to "Rolling Stone", Chapman "caught everyone's ear in the hair-metal late Eighties" with the album. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic wrote, "Arriving with little fanfare in the spring of 1988, Tracy Chapman's eponymous debut album became one of the key records of the Bush era, providing a touchstone for the entire PC movement while reviving the singer-songwriter tradition." According to Erlewine, "the juxtaposition of contemporary themes and classic production precisely is what makes the album distinctive – it brings the traditions into the present." He highlighted the album as her best album of her whole discography. Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic in his review for "The Village Voice". He found "Fast Car" and "Mountains o' Things" very perceptive and Chapman an innately gifted singer but was disappointed by the presence of "begged questions" and "naive left-folkie truisms" such as "Talkin' 'bout a Revolution" and "Why": "She's too good for such condescension ... Get real, girl."


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: Just two weeks after its release, the album sold one million copies worldwide, becoming a big commercial success. In total, it sold over 20 million copies worldwide and is one of the first albums by a female artist to have more than 10 million copies sold worldwide.


title: Tracy Chapman (album)

text: In 1989, the album was rated No. 10 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Albums of the 80s". In 2003, the album was ranked No. 261 on "Rolling Stone"s list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time", No. 263 in a 2012 revised list, and No. 256 in a 2020 revised list.


title: Neroli

text: Neroli oil is an essential oil produced from the blossom of the bitter orange tree ("Citrus aurantium subsp. amara" or "Bigaradia"). Its scent is sweet, honeyed and somewhat metallic with green and spicy facets. Orange blossom is also extracted from the same blossom and both extracts are extensively used in perfumery. Orange blossom can be described as smelling sweeter, warmer and more floral than neroli. The difference between how neroli and orange blossom smell and why they are referred to with different names, is a result of the process of extraction that is used to obtain the oil from the blooms. Neroli is extracted by steam distillation and orange blossom is extracted via a process of enfleurage (rarely used nowadays due to prohibitive costs) or solvent extraction.


title: Neroli

text: The blossoms are gathered, usually by hand, in late April to early May. The oil is extracted by steam distillation. Tunisia, Morocco, and Egypt are the leading producers of Neroli.


title: Neroli

text: By the end of the 17th century, Anne Marie Orsini, duchess of Bracciano and princess of Nerola, Italy, introduced the essence of bitter orange tree as a fashionable fragrance by using it to perfume her gloves and her bath. Since then, the term "neroli" has been used to describe this essence. Neroli has a refreshing and distinctive, spicy aroma with sweet and flowery notes.


title: Neroli

text: Neroli is one of the most widely used floral oils in perfumery. Like many raw materials, neroli can cause sensitisation due to a high content of aromatic terpenes; e.g., linalool, limonene, farnesol, geraniol and citral. It blends well with any citrus oil, various floral absolutes, and most of the synthetic components available on the market.


title: Neroli

text: It also has a limited use in flavorings. Neroli oil is reportedly one of the ingredients in the closely guarded secret recipe for the Coca-Cola soft drink. It is a flavoring ingredient of open source cola recipes, although some variants consider it as optional, owing to the high cost.


title: Neroli

text: Neroli oil also has strong sedative properties and can can help treat insomnia. It helps soothe and calm the mind.


title: The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture

text: The 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger has had a lasting influence as it remains both a bestseller and a frequently challenged book. Numerous works in popular culture have referenced the novel.


text: Factors contributing to the novel's mystique and impact include its portrayal of protagonist Holden Caulfield; its tone of sincerity; its themes of familial neglect, tension between teens and society, and rebellion; its previous banned status; and Salinger's reclusiveness.


text: On the other hand, there are examples of similarities between the novel and other works that were not intended by their authors, which suggests that the novel is "present, at least spiritually, in ... any story line that involves quirky young people struggling to find their places in a society prone to reward conformity and condemn individuality."


text: While the novel is linked to several murders and murder attempts, it has been claimed that the novel's overall effect on society is "far more positive than negative."


text: The best-known event associated with "The Catcher in the Rye" is arguably Mark David Chapman's murder of John Lennon.


text: Chapman identified with the novel's narrator to the extent that he wanted to change his name to Holden Caulfield. On the night he shot Lennon, Chapman was found with a copy of the book in which he had written "This is my statement" and signed Holden's name. Later, he read a passage from the novel to address the court during his sentencing. Daniel Stashower speculated that Chapman had wanted Lennon's innocence to be preserved by death, inspired by Holden's wish to preserve children's innocence despite Holden's later realization that children should be left alone.


text: After John Hinckley Jr.'s assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan in 1981, police found "The Catcher in the Rye" in his hotel room. Hinckley later admitted to being an admirer of Chapman and studying his attempt on John Lennon. Hinckley's possession of the novel was later dismissed as an influence, as a half dozen various other types of books were also discovered in his possession.


text: Robert John Bardo, who murdered Rebecca Schaeffer, was carrying the book when he visited Schaeffer's apartment in Hollywood on July 18, 1989 and murdered her.


text: Although Salinger had refused a film adaptation, many Hollywood films have based characters on Holden Caulfield. Holden has been identified as "one of the most reproduced characters on film." Furthermore, many such films reference each other.


text: Anthony Caputi, a specialist in dramatic literature at Cornell University, claims that the novel inspires both "variations" and "imitations", comparing it with several coming-of-age films.


text: "The Catcher in the Rye" has had significant cultural influence, and works inspired by the novel have been said to form their own genre. Sarah Graham assessed works influenced by "The Catcher in the Rye" to include the novels "Less than Zero" by Bret Easton Ellis, "The Perks of Being a Wallflower" by Stephen Chbosky, "A Complicated Kindness" by Miriam Toews, "The Bell Jar" by Sylvia Plath, "Ordinary People" by Judith Guest, and the film "Igby Goes Down" by Burr Steers.