title: Impossible trinity

text: With no capital control, market players will do this "en masse". The trade will involve selling the borrowed currency on the foreign exchange market in order to acquire foreign currency to invest abroad and this tends to cause the price of the nation's currency to drop due to the sudden extra supply. Because the nation has a fixed exchange rate, it must defend its currency and will sell its reserves in order to buy its currency back. However, unless the monetary policy is changed back, the international markets will invariably continue until the government's foreign exchange reserves are exhausted, thereby causing the currency to devalue, thus breaking one of the three goals and also enriching market players at the expense of the government that tried to break the impossible trinity.


title: Impossible trinity

text: A 2022 study of the Classical Gold Standard period found that the behavior of advanced economies to international shocks was consistent with the impossible trilemma.


title: Impossible trinity

text: In the modern world, given the growth of trade in goods and services and the fast pace of financial innovation, it is possible that capital controls can often be evaded. In addition, capital controls introduce numerous distortions. Hence, there are few important countries with an effective system of capital controls, though by early 2010, there has been a movement among economists, policy makers and the International Monetary Fund back in favour of limited use.


title: Impossible trinity

text: Lacking effective control on the free movement of capital, the impossible trinity asserts that a country has to choose between reducing currency volatility and running a stabilising monetary policy: it cannot do both. As stated by Paul Krugman in 1999:


title: Impossible trinity

text: The combination of the three policies, Fixed Exchange Rate, Free Capital Flow, and Independent Monetary Policy, is known to cause financial crisis. The Mexican peso crisis (1994–1995), the 1997 Asian financial crisis (1997–1998), and the Argentinean financial collapse (2001–2002) are often cited as examples.


title: Impossible trinity

text: In particular, the East Asian crisis (1997–1998) is widely known as a large-scale financial crisis caused by the combination of the three policies which violate the impossible trinity. The East Asian countries were taking a "de facto" dollar peg (fixed exchange rate), promoting the free movement of capital (free capital flow) and making independent monetary policy at the same time. First, because of the "de facto" dollar peg, foreign investors could invest in Asian countries without the risk of exchange rate fluctuation. Second, the free flow of capital kept foreign investment uninhibited. Third, the short-term interest rates of Asian countries were higher than the short-term interest rate of the United States from 1990–1999. For these reasons, many foreign investors invested enormous amounts of money in Asian countries and reaped huge profits. While the Asian countries' trade balance was favorable, the investment was pro-cyclical for the countries. But when the Asian countries' trade balance shifted, investors quickly retrieved their money, triggering the Asian crisis. Eventually countries such as Thailand ran out of dollar reserves and were forced to let their currencies float and devalue. Since many short-term debt obligations were denoted in US dollars, debts grew substantially and many businesses had to shut down and declare bankruptcy. The disorderly collapse of fixed exchange rate regimes in Asia was anticipated in Obstfeld and Rogoff, who showed that empirically almost no fixed exchange rate regime had survived five years once the capital account was opened.


title: Tenth grade

text: Tenth grade or grade 10 (called Year Eleven in England and Wales, and sophomore year in the US) is the tenth year of school post-kindergarten or the tenth year after the first introductory year upon entering compulsory schooling. In many parts of the world, the students are 15 or 16 years of age, depending on when their birthday occurs. The variants of 10th grade in various countries are described below.


title: Tenth grade

text: For most Australian states, Year 10 is the fourth year of a student's high school education. However, in the Northern Territory, it is the first year of senior school, which occurs after high school. While in contrast, in most South Australian public schools, it is the third year of high school. For more in depth information on Australia's education system, see: Education in Australia.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Belgium, the 10th grade is called "4e secondaire" in French (Walloon), or "4de middelbaar" in Dutch (Flemish).


title: Tenth grade

text: In Brazil, the tenth grade is the ""primeiro ano do ensino médio"", meaning "first grade of high school". Students tend to be 15–16 years old.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Canada, grade 10 is the 10th year of mandatory schooling. Depending on province, it may be the first (grades 10-12 high school), second (grades 9-12 high school), third (grades 8-12 high school), or fourth year of high school (grades 7-11 high school). In most Canadian high schools, students tend to be 15 – 16 years old.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Denmark the 10th grade may refer to an extra year of primary school. Earlier, 10th grade was mostly for people who had a hard time in primary school and needed an extra year to prepare for high school (or another secondary education of some sort), but nowadays, it is widely popular amongst challenged and gifted students alike and usual attended at a special kind of boarding school called an "Efterskole". 10th can also be attended at a regular school, though. This year is usually taken as a way to get a break from the school system and relax and try something different before moving on to high school.


title: Tenth grade

text: But, more commonly, people attend the "gymnasium" (can be compared to high school) where you go from 10th-12th grade (as such, some people attend 10th grade twice). People don't usually call the steps of the Danish gymnasium for 10th, 11th or 12th grade, but usually refer to them as 1st G, 2nd G, and 3rd G. Here, G is simply the letter "G", and it refers to the three different steps of the education.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Finland tenth grade is usually known as the first year of high School ("Lukio" in Finnish and "Gymnasiet" in Swedish). The tenth grade may also refer to an extra year of primary school ("kymppiluokka" in Finnish which literally translates to "tenth grade"). This extra year of primary school is for those without a post-primary school study position or who need some more time to decide on their future.


title: Tenth grade

text: The tenth year of schooling in France is known as the , so called because it is the second last in secondary education.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Greece, the tenth (10th) grade is called first year of lykeion school or high school or upper secondary school (Proti Lykeiou – Πρώτη Λυκείου), and it is not compulsory to attend.


title: Tenth grade

text: The tenth grade (the tenth school year after ninth grade) is important in India. After the completion of the tenth grade, the student is required to sit for national board exams or state board exams conducted by CBSE, CISCE, International Boards or State Boards, wherein question papers are prepared and answer sheets are checked by a central or state institution to which the school is affiliated. Also the tenth grade is called as "Class 10" and it is also known as SSLC, SSC, HSLC and Matriculation in different regions and states of India. The Grade gains even more importance as in many parts of India for selecting the desired stream in Class XI as every year students get 90-95% above very commonly.


title: Tenth grade

text: Students are required to choose between five and seven subjects including compulsory studying of 2 languages (one of them usually English, and the other can be an Indian regional language or a foreign language), math, science (physics, chemistry, biology and environmental science), social science (history, geography, political science and economics). Most of the students opt for Information Technology (vocational) or Computer Applications (academic) or even a third language as their sixth subject.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Indonesia grade ten is called class X and forms the first year in senior high school. Students aged 15 to 16 attend class X.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Ireland, it is the 4th year of Secondary School or Transition Year or Idirbhliain in Gaelscoileanna. In most secondary schools optional subjects are introduced. Students continue normal classes but also have the opportunity to try new things such as work experience, participation in school stage productions or do other activities or courses such as ECDL or different sports. Students do not sit tests within this year.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Israel, the tenth grade is the first year of high school (pronounced in Hebrew as "Tichon") in most formal places, which lasts three years. In some cities (such as Ramat Gan, Givatayim and Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut), elementary school ends at 9th grade and high school starts at 10th grade.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Israel 10th grade (Sophomore year) students have to choose between classes (Megamot) that split into 2 groups. (classes such as biology, chemistry, acting, engineering, and more...)


title: Tenth grade

text: can choose if they want to take 1 class (Melea) or 2 classes (Muchevet), but they have to take 1 class at least (apart from Maths, English, Hebrew, and History).


title: Tenth grade

text: In Italy, the tenth grade is the second year of the high school (which is called Scuola media superiore or scuola secondaria di secondo grado). High school in Italy lasts five years.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Malaysia, 10th grade is also known as Form 4 in secondary school. The students at this stage are 16 years old, and it is their fourth year in secondary school. This is the year when the students are divided into the Science or Arts Stream (determined from their Form 3 Assessment [Pentaksiran Tingkatan 3] Results)


title: Tenth grade

text: In Mexico, the tenth grade is the beginning of the high school, which lasts only three years. Similar to Israel's education system. Tenth graders are normally aged 15–16.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Nepal grade 10 is the final year of Junior High and are generally aged 15 or 16. Students sit a SEE examination in grade 10, after which they qualify for +2(senior high).


title: Tenth grade

text: In The Netherlands, the 10th grade (based on the level of compulsory secondary education) is the last (VMBO), second to last (HAVO), or fourth out of six (VWO) grades of high school. In all cases it is referred to as "vierde klas" or just "de vierde" (the fourth), because when you have finished elementary school, the grade numbers start over, beginning with one and going to either 4 (VMBO), 5 (HAVO) or 6 (VWO).


title: Tenth grade

text: In New Zealand, "Year 11" is the equivalent of tenth grade, with students aged 15 or 16 during the years. It is the third year of secondary school and the eleventh year of compulsory education. Year 11 is also the first year of the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA), the main national qualification for secondary school students in New Zealand. Students in Year 11 study English (or Te Reo Māori), mathematics, and a minimum of four elective subjects with a science subject highly recommended.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Norway, the tenth grade is the last year of compulsory education and the final year of "Ungdomsskole", equivalent to junior high school. The students enter the tenth grade the year they turn fifteen.


title: Tenth grade

text: Grade ten is the final year of high school in Pakistan; it is an important year level as it here that matriculation examinations occur after which students can qualify for grades eleven and twelve in college. Successful completion of college allows eligibility for entrance into universities and higher education. Exams of class 10th usually held in March by examination boards called Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education. This is called primary schooling in Pakistan.


title: Tenth grade

text: In the Philippines, Grade 10 or Senior Year (), is the last year of Junior High School and the fourth year of High School curriculum. Students enrolled in Grade 10 are usually 15–16 years old. This is where they prepare to enter Senior High School.


title: Tenth grade

text: It was formerly named as "4th Year" or "Year IV" () until it changed to "Grade 10" on June 1, 2015 upon the start of school year 2015-2016 due to the implementation of the K-12 curriculum. It was also the last year of the "High School" () stage, as well as basic compulsory education in the country.


title: Tenth grade

text: There is also the "Citizen Army Training", a basic military education and training program similar to the Reserve Officers' Training Corps for college students. As in conscription and ROTC, the program is not mandatory.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Russia, in the end of ninth grade students have a choice: to progress to the tenth grade in school or go to college. The tenth grade is the beginning of the high school, and it is a pre-exam year, when training to USE is being. Learning is similar with Ninth grade, but priority is given to repeat the material learned in high school (Fifth to Ninth years).


title: Tenth grade

text: In Singapore, 10th grade is equivalent of Secondary 4 level. Students are usually 16 years old and will take either the GCE 'N' Levels or the GCE 'O' Levels at the end of the year.


title: Tenth grade

text: In South Africa, ninth grade marks the end of a student's General Education and Training-phase. Children in South Africa are required to attend school up to the age of fifteen, or completion of the General Education and Training-phase, whichever comes first. Students have the option of continuing secondary school up to twelfth grade, under Further Education and Training. If they elect to do this, in Grade 10 they have to choose 7 subjects including: 2 languages (one at Home Language level and one at Additional language level), Mathematics or Mathematical Literacy, Life Orientation (which is compulsory) and 3 more elective subjects which differ according to the school the student is enrolled at. Upon successful completion of the twelfth grade, students are granted the National Senior Certificate.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Spain, the tenth grade is 4th of E.S.O. (Obligatory Secondary Education, in Spanish "Educación Secundaria Obligatoria").


title: Tenth grade

text: In Sweden, the tenth to twelfth grades are taken at a certain type of school called a 'Gymnasium'. After ninth grade, Swedish children end their compulsory schooling. Therefore, these schools are significantly divided in terms of both abilities and career aims. There are two overall types of programs (courses of study) that students can choose from at their schools. Each one is taught in its own separate place. Job-oriented programs (yrkesförberedande program) and programs that prepare for university college (högskoleförberedande program). There are then several programmes of the two types; for example the natural science program (naturvetenskapsprogrammet), which prepares for university college and focuses on subjects like physics, chemistry, biology and math or the construction programme (bygg och anläggningsprogrammet), which is a programme specialized for jobs in that sector. Other options among college preparatory program are for instance the social science program, specializing in social studies and subjects like civics, sociology, psychology, language and history.


title: Tenth grade

text: For these higher schools students can pick a school that is specialized for the job they wish to take (yrkesförberedande gymnasium). At these schools only classes relevant to the classification of the school are taught, along with language, math and some civics skills. There are widely oriented schools such as General Arts, but also very specific schools, such as Equestrian.


title: Tenth grade

text: Students that do not yet have any specific career aspirations, or wish to go to a school specialized for a profession that requires a gymnasial degree, can choose to move into a general school, which has programmes preparing for college university (högskoleförberedande program). The system there is very similar to the system from seventh grade to ninth grade except that the student has chosen a program which allows the student to focus on an (albeit in a somewhat general way) area of interest. For instance; the economics programme (ekonomiprogrammet) includes courses in business economics, entrepreneurship and other such courses along with general courses that all students going to schools which prepare for university college must take, such as math, language, civics, physical education etc.


title: Tenth grade

text: General education certificates will be awarded if the pupils sit the end of year examinations, called GCSEs. In Year 11, students take their GCSEs. With grades ranging from 9 to 1, and the grade below 1 being U, these exams show proficiency in a range of subjects. Results of at least five 5 grades are considered a pass and many employers require their staff to have at least 5s in GCSE, including English and Maths. GCSEs are taken in May and June. Pupils may then go on to sit 'A' Levels. A new English Baccalaureate has been introduced; this is awarded to students who achieve a 9 to 5 in five subjects: English (literature and language), maths, science (either combined science (2 GCSEs) or three from physics, chemistry, biology and computer science), a humanities subject (history or geography) and a modern or ancient language.


title: Tenth grade

text: In Scotland, tenth grade (the tenth year after entry into compulsory schooling) is called S4 (or fourth year). At the end of S4, students normally sit for examinations in seven or eight National 5 subjects in which they have studied over the previous two years. National 5s and are taken during the months of May and June.


title: Tenth grade

text: It is followed by an optional fifth year (S5) at school or pupils may choose to leave at the end of S4, provided they have reached the age of 16 by 30, September of that year. Those who wish to leave, but will not meet the September deadline, may do so provided that they have either secured an apprenticeship or a placement in a college designed for Christmas Leavers. They are called this because there are two leaving dates in the academic year - the last day in May (summer leaving date), and the last day before the Christmas holidays (winter leaving date). Hence the term "Christmas leavers".


title: Tenth grade

text: In the U.S. curriculum for math, tenth graders are usually taught geometry. Occasionally, trigonometry, precalculus, or higher classes, are offered for students who wish to take Advanced Placement math classes in later years of high school.


title: Tenth grade

text: In the U.S. curriculum for literature, students have already begun to familiarize themselves with notable authors such as Shakespeare, while advanced programs put a major emphasis on literary terms and themes. Generally, students at this grade will be taught world literature. Like other classes, Honors and Advanced Placement versions of this course are available.


title: Tenth grade

text: In the U.S. curriculum for science, tenth graders are usually taught chemistry, biology, or physics. Like other classes, Advanced Placement Chemistry and/or Biology is available.


title: Tenth grade

text: In the U.S. curriculum for social studies, tenth grade students are taught recent world history or American history. In some districts, Advanced Placement coursework, such as geography, European history, Global studies, or United States History.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: Double-A (officially Class AA) is the second-highest level of play in Minor League Baseball in the United States since 1946, below only Triple-A. There are currently 30 teams classified at the Double-A level, one for each team in Major League Baseball, organized into three leagues: the Eastern League, the Southern League, and the Texas League.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: Class AA ("Double-A") was established in 1912, as the new highest classification of Minor League Baseball. Previously, Class A had been the highest level, predating the establishment of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues—the formal name of Minor League Baseball—in 1901. Entering the 1912 season, three leagues were designated as Class AA:


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: Each of these leagues had previously been in Class A. Each remained in Class AA through 1945, then moved into Class AAA ("Triple-A") when it was established in 1946. No other leagues were designated Class AA during 1912–1945, although a Class A1 level (between Class A and Class AA) was established in 1936.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: The contemporary Double-A classification, as the second-highest level in Minor League Baseball, was established in 1946. Entering that season, the three aforementioned leagues in Class AA all moved to the newly established Triple-A, and Class A1 became Double-A with two leagues:


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: The Texas League remained in Double-A for the next 75 years. During this time, there were limited changes to leagues at the Double-A level:


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: Entering the 2020 minor league season (which was not played, due to the COVID-19 pandemic) the Texas League had been in Double-A since 1946, the Eastern League since 1963, and the Southern League since 1964. Prior to the 2021 season, Major League Baseball (MLB) reorganized the minor leagues. At that time, the existing leagues were temporarily renamed: Eastern League as Double-A Northeast, Southern League as Double-A South, and Texas League as Double-A Central. Following MLB's acquisition of the rights to the names of the historical minor leagues, MLB announced on March 16, 2022, that the leagues would revert to their prior names, effective with the 2022 season.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: The Double-A classification usually hosts developing players that have been part of professional baseball for only a couple of years. These players can get to the Double-A level by earning a promotion from any of the lower-level leagues, with Class A-Advanced ("High-A") being immediately below Double-A in the minor league hierarchy.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: The step up to the Double-A level can be one of the hardest promotions for such players because it is the level at which pitchers need to have a good off-speed pitch in their repertoires. In addition, it is the level where fastball-only hitters need to learn how to hit off-speed pitches, or their hopes of advancing to the majors will diminish. Some players may be placed in Double-A to begin their minor league careers, usually veterans from foreign leagues or top prospects out of college. Additionally, major league clubs sometimes send players to their Double-A team to rehabilitate from injuries.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: While Triple-A is the highest level in the minor leagues, players may also advance to the major leagues directly from Double-A. For example, within the Toronto Blue Jays organization, 17 position players were promoted from Double-A directly to MLB during 1978–2018; approximately one player every two seasons. As players at the Double-A level are, generally, still improving their skills, it could be argued that the pure talent level is higher in Double-A than Triple-A, where there may be some stagnation of talent.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: Because players are not moving back and forth from the major leagues at this level, as often happens in Triple-A, the rosters tend to be more stable. Fans of Double-A teams have a longer amount of time to get acquainted with the players, which helps create a better relationship between the team and its fans.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: Prior to the 2021 reorganization of the minor leagues, all three active Double-A leagues played split seasons, with the Eastern League moving to that system in 2019. Teams winning their division in either half of the season qualified for the postseason, with wild card teams filling out the remaining spots in a bracket tournament, usually composed of four teams.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: On June 30, 2021, Minor League Baseball announced that the top two teams in each league (based on full-season winning percentage, and regardless of division) would meet in a best-of-five postseason series to determine league champions.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: Prior to the 2021 reorganization of the minor leagues, each of the active Double-a leagues held its own midseason All-Star Game. From 1991 to 2002, the three combined to hold the Double-A All-Star Game between teams of American League-affiliated All-Stars and National League-affiliated All-Stars.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: After the start of the 2021 minor league season was delayed by a month, team schedules were released without a break for an all-star game.


title: Double-A (baseball)

text: As a part of pace-of-play initiatives implemented in 2015, 20-second pitch clocks entered use at Double-A stadiums in 2015. In 2018, the time was shortened to 15 seconds when no runners are on base. Other significant changes implemented in 2018 included beginning extra innings with a runner on second base and limiting teams to eight mound visits during a nine-inning game. In 2019, the number of mound visits was reduced to seven, and pitchers were required to face a minimum of three consecutive batters, unless the side is retired or the pitcher is injured and unable to continue.


title: Bas Dost

text: Bas Dost (; born 31 May 1989) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a forward for Eredivisie club FC Utrecht.


title: Bas Dost

text: Having begun his career at FC Emmen in the Eerste Divisie, Dost later played in the Eredivisie for Heracles Almelo and SC Heerenveen. In 2012, after being the top scorer in the league with 32 goals in 34 games, he was signed by VfL Wolfsburg. Four years later, having helped his team win the DFB-Pokal he signed for Primeira Liga side Sporting CP. He won the Bola de Prata for top scorer in his first Primeira Liga season, with 34 goals in 31 games. At Sporting, Dost won the Taça de Portugal once and the Taça da Liga twice, totalling 93 goals in 125 games.


title: Bas Dost

text: Dost played for the Netherlands at under-20 and under-21 level. He was called up to the senior side for the first time in August 2012, but did not make his debut until March 2015. He earned 18 caps and scored once for the Dutch national team before retiring from them in 2018.


title: Bas Dost

text: Born in Deventer, Dost's first club was CVV Germanicus in Coevorden, where he spent his youth career. After a few seasons, FC Emmen took Dost into their youth academy. He scored a hat-trick in the derby match against BV Veendam, which Emmen won 3–2.


title: Bas Dost

text: Dost moved to Heracles Almelo in the summer of 2008. With 14 goals, he was the top scoring native player in the 2009–10 Eredivisie.


title: Bas Dost

text: On 18 May 2010, 20-year-old Dost was signed by SC Heerenveen for a transfer fee of around €3.2 million, on a five-year-deal. In his first season, he was the club's top scorer with 13 league goals.


title: Bas Dost

text: On 10 December 2011, Dost scored all five goals in Heerenveen's 5–0 win away to SBV Excelsior, taking his total to 14 goals in 16 Eredivisie games. He finished as the topscorer in the Eredivisie with 32 league goals in 34 matches.


title: Bas Dost

text: Dost joined German club VfL Wolfsburg in June 2012. He made his Bundesliga debut on 25 August 2012, scoring the winner away against VfB Stuttgart. Dost started the 2014–15 season as Wolfsburg's third choice striker and made his European debut in a 4–2 win against FC Krasnodar in the Europa League. In February 2014 Dost scored four goals, away from home against Bayer Leverkusen in a 5–4 win, his first hat-trick for the club in a run of scoring nine goals in 10 Bundesliga matches. Five days later he scored his first goals in a UEFA competition, scoring both in a 2–0 win against Sporting CP in the first knockout round of the Europa League.


title: Bas Dost

text: Wolfsburg reached the final of the 2015 DFB-Pokal final. Dost headed in the final goal from an Ivan Perišić cross as Wolfsburg won 3–1 over Borussia Dortmund at the Olympiastadion.


title: Bas Dost

text: In August 2016, Portuguese club Sporting CP signed Dost for a club record €10 million, potentially rising to €12 million, and a buyout clause of €60 million. He made his debut on 10 September at home to Moreirense F.C., concluding a 3–0 win; thirteen days later he scored for the third successive game, netting twice in a 4–2 victory over G.D. Estoril Praia again at the Estádio José Alvalade.


title: Bas Dost

text: Dost scored all of Sporting's goals on 11 March 2017 as they won 4–1 at C.D. Tondela; two were penalties, of which he later missed another. The league named him Player of the Month for March, with six goals in three games. On 9 April, he scored another hat-trick in a 4–0 home win over Boavista FC, and three weeks later another treble won the game 3–2 at S.C. Braga. He ended the season on 21 May with his fourth hat-trick of the campaign in a 4–1 home win over G.D. Chaves. With 34 league goals in 31 games, he was awarded the Bola de Prata as top scorer.


title: Bas Dost

text: Dost scored another hat-trick against Chaves on 22 October 2017, in a 5–1 home win. On 1 December, he scored the only goal of a win over Lisbon neighbours C.F. Os Belenenses, taking him to 50 goals in 62 games across all competitions for the Lions. He scored another hat-trick on 7 January 2018 in a 5–0 home win over C.S. Marítimo and added another in a 3–0 win over C.D. Aves a week later. On 27 January, he scored two penalties – one to equalise in a 1–1 draw and the other in the penalty shootout – as Sporting won the 2018 Taça da Liga Final against Vitória F.C. at the Estádio Municipal de Braga.


title: Bas Dost

text: In April 2018, Dost ended a run of 45 first time finishes when he took a touch before scoring in a Sporting win against Belenenses. Later, on 15 May, he and several of his teammates, including coaches, were injured following an attack by around 50 supporters of Sporting at the club's training ground after the team finished third in the league and missed out on the UEFA Champions League qualification. Despite the attack, he and the rest of the team agreed to play in the Portuguese Cup final scheduled for the following weekend, losing 2–1 to Aves. Days later, he terminated his contract with Sporting. However, after the dismissal of Bruno de Carvalho as club president, Dost signed an improved contract.


title: Bas Dost

text: Dost was voted the Player of the Month and Striker of the Month for October/November 2018, with three goals in three games. In the 2019 Taça da Liga Final against FC Porto on 26 January, he scored a last-minute penalty to seal a 1–1 draw and send the game to extra time; he scored again in the penalty shootout as his club retained the title. On 25 May in the 2019 Taça de Portugal Final against the same opponents, he scored an extra-time goal and missed in the penalty shootout, but his team still won.


title: Bas Dost

text: On 26 August 2019, Dost returned to the Bundesliga, signing a three-year contract at Eintracht Frankfurt. He arrived to replace departed strikers Luka Jović and Sébastien Haller, on a fee reported as €7 million. He scored on his debut six days later, a 2–1 victory over Fortuna Düsseldorf, having come on at half time for Dejan Joveljić.


title: Bas Dost

text: Dost arrived at a club which had lost Jović, Haller and Ante Rebić in high-profile transfers, but combined well with Portuguese attacking duo André Silva and Gonçalo Paciência during his one full season.


title: Bas Dost

text: On 24 December 2020, Dost agreed to join Belgian First Division A club Club Brugge. He made his debut on 10 January away to Sint-Truidense V.V., scoring the opening goal of a 2–1 win. He ended his first half-season as league champion. His team retained the title in 2021–22, after which his contract expired.


title: Bas Dost

text: On 1 July 2022, FC Utrecht announced the signing of Dost on a one-year contract, as he returned to the Eredivisie after a decade abroad. He made his debut on 6 August, scoring twice to gain an opening 2–2 draw at RKC Waalwijk.


title: Bas Dost

text: In August 2012, he was called up by new manager Louis van Gaal for a friendly match in the King Baudouin Stadium in Brussels against Belgium but did not feature. He returned to the squad in March 2015 after a spell of good form for Wolfsburg, being named in Guus Hiddink's squad for a European qualifier against Turkey, and a friendly against Spain. He made his debut in the first match on 28 March at the Amsterdam ArenA, replacing defensive midfielder Nigel de Jong after 63 minutes as the Netherlands equalised for a 1–1 draw. On 13 November, away to Wales at the Cardiff City Stadium, he headed his first international goal to open a 3–2 win.


title: Bas Dost

text: In April 2018 Dost announced his retirement from international football at the age of 28, saying that he had considered it for some time due to a lack of success with the national team.


title: Bas Dost

text: Dost is in a relationship with Annefleur de Leeuw, a Dutch cyclist who competes for Sporting. Their son was born in July 2018.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: In computer programming, a comment is a programmer-readable explanation or "annotation" in the source code of a computer program. They are added with the purpose of making the source code easier for humans to understand, and are generally ignored by compilers and interpreters. The syntax of comments in various programming languages varies considerably.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Comments are sometimes also processed in various ways to generate documentation external to the source code itself by documentation generators, or used for integration with source code management systems and other kinds of external programming tools.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: The flexibility provided by comments allows for a wide degree of variability, but formal conventions for their use are commonly part of programming style guides.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Comments are generally formatted as either "block comments" (also called "prologue comments" or "stream comments") or "line comments" (also called "inline comments").


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Block comments delimit a region of source code which may span multiple lines or a part of a single line. This region is specified with a "start" delimiter and an "end" delimiter. Some programming languages (such as MATLAB) allow block comments to be recursively nested inside one another, but others (such as Java) do not.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Line comments either start with a comment delimiter and continue until the end of the line, or in some cases, start at a specific column (character line offset) in the source code, and continue until the end of the line.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Some programming languages employ both block and line comments with different comment delimiters. For example, C++ has block comments delimited by codice_1 and codice_2 that can span multiple lines and line comments delimited by codice_3. Other languages support only one type of comment. For example, Ada comments are line comments: they start with codice_4 and continue to the end of the line.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: How best to make use of comments is subject to dispute; different commentators have offered varied and sometimes opposing viewpoints.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Comments can be used as a form of pseudocode to outline intention prior to writing the actual code. In this case it should explain the logic behind the code rather than the code itself.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: If this type of comment is left in, it simplifies the review process by allowing a direct comparison of the code with the intended results. A common logical fallacy is that code that is easy to understand does what it's "supposed" to do.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Comments can be used to summarize code or to explain the programmer's intent. According to this school of thought, restating the code in plain English is considered superfluous; the need to re-explain code may be a sign that it is too complex and should be rewritten, or that the naming is bad.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Comments may also be used to explain why a block of code does not seem to fit conventions or best practices. This is especially true of projects involving very little development time, or in bug fixing. For example:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Sometimes source code contains a novel or noteworthy solution to a specific problem. In such cases, comments may contain an explanation of the methodology. Such explanations may include diagrams and formal mathematical proofs. This may constitute explanation of the code, rather than a clarification of its intent; but others tasked with maintaining the code base may find such explanation crucial. This might especially be true in the case of highly specialized problem domains; or rarely used optimizations, constructs or function-calls.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: For example, a programmer may add a comment to explain why an insertion sort was chosen instead of a quicksort, as the former is, in theory, slower than the latter. This could be written as follows:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Logos, diagrams, and flowcharts consisting of ASCII art constructions can be inserted into source code formatted as a comment. Further, copyright notices can be embedded within source code as comments. Binary data may also be encoded in comments through a process known as binary-to-text encoding, although such practice is uncommon and typically relegated to external resource files.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: The following code fragment is a simple ASCII diagram depicting the process flow for a system administration script contained in a Windows Script File running under Windows Script Host. Although a section marking the code appears as a comment, the diagram itself actually appears in an XML CDATA section, which is technically considered distinct from comments, but can serve similar purposes.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Although this identical diagram could easily have been included as a comment, the example illustrates one instance where a programmer may opt not to use comments as a way of including resources in source code.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: In particular, many software maintainers put submission guidelines in comments to help people who read the source code of that program to send any improvements they make back to the maintainer.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: the name of the creator of the original version of the program file and the date when the first version was created,


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: When an algorithm in some section of the program is based on a description in a book or other reference, comments can be used to give the page number and title of the book or Request for Comments or other reference.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: A common developer practice is to "comment out" a code snippet, meaning to add comment syntax causing that block of code to become a comment, so that it will not be executed in the final program. This may be done to exclude certain pieces of code from the final program, or (more commonly) it can be used to find the source of an error. By systematically commenting out and running parts of the program, the source of an error can be determined, allowing it to be corrected.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Many IDEs allow quick adding or removing such comments with single menu options or key combinations. The programmer has only to mark the part of text they want to (un)comment and choose the appropriate option.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Programming tools sometimes store documentation and metadata in comments. These may include insert positions for automatic header file inclusion, commands to set the file's syntax highlighting mode, or the file's revision number. These functional control comments are also commonly referred to as annotations. Keeping documentation within source code comments is considered as one way to simplify the documentation process, as well as increase the chances that the documentation will be kept up to date with changes in the code.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Examples of documentation generators include the programs Javadoc for use with Java, Ddoc for D, Doxygen for C, C++, Java, IDL, Visual Expert for PL/SQL, Transact-SQL, PowerBuilder and PHPDoc for PHP. Forms of docstring are supported by Python, Lisp, Elixir, and Clojure.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: C#, F# and Visual Basic .NET implement a similar feature called "XML Comments" which are read by IntelliSense from the compiled .NET assembly.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Occasionally syntax elements that were originally intended to be comments are re-purposed to convey additional information to a program, such as "conditional comments".


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Such "hot comments" may be the only practical solution that maintains backward-compatibility, but are widely regarded as a kludge.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: There are cases where the normal comment characters are co-opted to create a special directive for an editor or interpreter.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Somewhat similar is the use of comments in C to communicate to a compiler that a default "fallthrough" in a case statement has been done deliberately:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Inserting such a codice_6 comment for human readers was already a common convention, but in 2017 the gcc compiler began looking for these (or other indications of deliberate intent), and, if not found, emitting: "warning: this statement may fall through".


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Many editors and IDEs will read specially formatted comments. For example, the "modeline" feature of Vim; which would change its handling of tabs while editing a source with this comment included near the top of the file:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Sometimes programmers will add comments as a way to relieve stress by commenting about development tools, competitors, employers, working conditions, or the quality of the code itself. The occurrence of this phenomenon can be easily seen from online resources that track profanity in source code.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: There are various normative views and long-standing opinions regarding the proper use of comments in source code. Some of these are informal and based on personal preference, while others are published or promulgated as formal guidelines for a particular community.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Experts have varying viewpoints on whether, and when, comments are appropriate in source code. Some assert that source code should be written with few comments, on the basis that the source code should be self-explanatory or self-documenting. Others suggest code should be extensively commented (it is not uncommon for over 50% of the non-whitespace characters in source code to be contained within comments).


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: In between these views is the assertion that comments are neither beneficial nor harmful by themselves, and what matters is that they are correct and kept in sync with the source code, and omitted if they are superfluous, excessive, difficult to maintain or otherwise unhelpful.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Depending on the intended audience of the code and other considerations, the level of detail and description may vary considerably.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: For example, the following Java comment would be suitable in an introductory text designed to teach beginning programming:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: This level of detail, however, would not be appropriate in the context of production code, or other situations involving experienced developers. Such rudimentary descriptions are inconsistent with the guideline: "Good comments ... clarify intent." Further, for professional coding environments, the level of detail is ordinarily well defined to meet a specific performance requirement defined by business operations.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: There are many stylistic alternatives available when considering how comments should appear in source code. For larger projects involving a team of developers, comment styles are either agreed upon before a project starts, or evolve as a matter of convention or need as a project grows. Usually programmers prefer styles that are consistent, non-obstructive, easy to modify, and difficult to break.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: The following code fragments in C demonstrate just a tiny example of how comments can vary stylistically, while still conveying the same basic information:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Factors such as personal preference, flexibility of programming tools, and other considerations tend to influence the stylistic variants used in source code. For example, Variation Two might be disfavored among programmers who do not have source code editors that can automate the alignment and visual appearance of text in comments.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Software consultant and technology commentator Allen Holub is one expert who advocates aligning the left edges of comments:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: The use of /* and */ as block comment delimiters was inherited from PL/I into the B programming language, the immediate predecessor of the C programming language.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Line comments generally use an arbitrary delimiter or sequence of tokens to indicate the beginning of a comment, and a newline character to indicate the end of a comment.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Often such a comment has to begin at far left and extend to the whole line. However, in many languages, it is also possible to put a comment "inline" with a command line, to add a comment to it – as in this Perl example:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: If a language allows both line comments and block comments, programming teams may decide upon a convention of using them differently: e.g. line comments only for minor comments, and block comments to describe higher-level abstractions.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Programmers may use informal tags in comments to assist in indexing common issues. They may then be able to be searched for with common programming tools, such as the Unix grep utility or even syntax-highlighted within text editors. These are sometimes referred to as "codetags" or "tokens".


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Typographic conventions to specify comments vary widely. Further, individual programming languages sometimes provide unique variants. For a detailed review, please consult the programming language comparison article.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: In dialects that have the codice_8 ("left") and codice_9 ("right") primitives, comments can often be "inside" or separate statements, in the form of ignored strings:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: In later Microsoft BASICs, including Quick Basic, Q Basic, Visual Basic, Visual Basic .NET, and VB Script; and in descendants such as FreeBASIC and Gambas any text on a line after an ' (apostrophe) character is also treated as a comment.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: This C code fragment demonstrates the use of a prologue comment or "block comment" to describe the purpose of a conditional statement. The comment explains key terms and concepts, and includes a short signature by the programmer who authored the code.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Since C99, it has also been possible to use the // syntax from C++, indicating a single-line comment.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: The exclamation point (!) may be used to mark comments in a Cisco router's configuration mode, however such comments are "not" saved to non-volatile memory (which contains the startup-config), nor are they displayed by the "show run" command.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: It is possible to insert human-readable content that is actually part of the configuration, and may be saved to the NVRAM startup-config via:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: ColdFusion uses comments similar to HTML comments, but instead of two dashes, it uses three. These comments are caught by the ColdFusion engine and not printed to the browser.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: D uses C++-style comments, as well as nestable D-style multiline comments, which start with '/+' and end with '+/'.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: This Fortran IV code fragment demonstrates how comments are used in that language, which is very column-oriented. A letter "C" in column 1 causes the entire line to be treated as a comment.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Note that the columns of a line are otherwise treated as four fields: 1 to 5 is the label field, 6 causes the line to be taken as a continuation of the previous statement; and declarations and statements go in 7 to 72.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: This Fortran code fragment demonstrates how comments are used in that language, with the comments themselves describing the basic formatting rules.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Line comments in Haskell start with '--' (two hyphens) until the end of line, and multiple line comments start with '{-' and end with '-}'.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Haskell also provides a literate programming method of commenting known as "Bird Style". In this all lines starting with > are interpreted as code, everything else is considered a comment. One additional requirement is that you always leave a blank line before and after the code block:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Literate programming can also be done in Haskell, using LaTeX. The code environment can be used instead of the Richard Bird's style:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: In LaTeX style this is equivalent to the above example, the code environment could be defined in the LaTeX preamble. Here is a simple definition:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: This Java code fragment shows a block comment used to describe the codice_10 method. The formatting is consistent with Sun Microsystems Javadoc standards. The comment is designed to be read by the Javadoc processor.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: The Lua programming language uses double-hyphens, codice_4, for single line comments in a similar way to Ada, Eiffel, Haskell, SQL and VHDL languages. Lua also has block comments, which start with codice_4 and run until a closing codice_13


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: In the first example, the codice_16 in the first line starts a long comment, and the two hyphens in the last line


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: are still inside that comment. In the second example, the sequence codice_17 starts an ordinary, single-line


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: comment, so that the first and the last lines become independent comments. In this case, the codice_18 is


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: outside comments. In this case, the last line becomes an independent comment, as it starts with codice_4.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Long comments in Lua can be more complex than these, as you can read in the section called "Long strings" c.f. "Programming in Lua".


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: In [[MATLAB]]'s programming language, the '%' character indicates a single-line comment. Multi line comments are also available via %{ and %} brackets and can be nested, e.g.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: The inline documentation comments use '##' and multi-line block documentation comments are opened with '##[' and closed with ']##'.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: The compiler can generate [[HTML]], [[LaTeX]] and [[JSON]] documentation from the documentation comments.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: In Niklaus Wirth's [[Pascal (programming language)|pascal]] family of languages (including [[Modula-2]] and [[Oberon (programming language)|Oberon]]), comments are opened with '(*' and completed with '*)'.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Instead of a regular block commenting construct, Perl uses [[Plain Old Documentation]], a markup language for [[literate programming]], for instance:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: [[Raku (programming language)|Raku]] (previously called Perl 6) uses the same line comments and POD Documentation comments as regular [[Perl]] (see Perl section above), but adds a configurable block comment type: "multi-line / embedded comments".


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: These start with a hash character, followed by a backtick, and then some opening bracketing character, and end with the matching closing bracketing character. The content can not only span multiple lines, but can also be embedded inline.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Comments in [[PHP]] can be either in C++ style (both inline and block), or use hashes. [[PHPDoc]] is a style adapted from Javadoc and is a common standard for documenting PHP code.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Starting in PHP 8, the # sign can only mean a comment if it's not immediately followed by '['. Otherwise, it will mean a function attribute, which runs until ']':


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Inline comments in [[Python (programming language)|Python]] use the hash (#) character, as in the two examples in this code:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Block comments, as defined in this article, do not technically exist in Python. A bare [[string literal]] represented by a triple-quoted string can be used, but is not ignored by the interpreter in the same way that "#" comment is. In the examples below, the triple double-quoted strings act in this way as comments, but are also treated as [[docstring]]s:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: To create a multiline comment, one must place "=begin" at the start of a line, and then everything until "=end" that starts a line is ignored. Including a space after the equals sign in this case throws a syntax error.


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Alternatively, a comment format syntax identical to the "block comment" style used in the syntax for C and Java is supported by [[Transact-SQL]], [[MySQL]], [[SQLite]], [[PostgreSQL]], and [[Oracle Database|Oracle]].


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Multiline comments start with a forward-slash followed by an asterisk (/*) and end with an asterisk followed by a forward-slash (*/):


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Multiline comments in Swift can be nested inside other multiline comments. You write nested comments by starting a multiline comment block and then starting a second multiline comment within the first block. The second block is then closed, followed by the first block:


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: Comments in [[XML]] (or HTML) are introduced with <!-- and can spread over several lines until the terminator, -->


title: Comment (computer programming)

text: In [[interpreted language]]s the comments are viewable to the end user of the program. In some cases, such as sections of code that are "commented out", this may present a security [[vulnerability (computing)|vulnerability]].


title: Kyle Howard

text: Howard grew up in Loveland, Colorado. He has worked in both film and television. His film career includes "House Arrest" alongside Jamie Lee Curtis, "Skeletons" with Ron Silver, "Orange County" and "The Paper Brigade". His work includes a Coca-Cola commercial with talking ice cubes that are anxious to be bathed in cola.


title: Kyle Howard

text: Howard played Bobby Newman on the TBS original series "My Boys". Howard's previous television work includes "", "Related", "Grosse Pointe", and "Run of the House". He has also guest-starred in "", "Home Improvement", "Chicago Hope", "What I Like About You", "The Drew Carey Show", "Numbers", "8 Simple Rules", "Friends", "Nip/Tuck", "Ghost Whisperer" and "Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23". He played the character Dickey in "Baby Geniuses" in 1999.


title: Kyle Howard

text: Howard starred alongside Milo Ventimiglia and Chris Evans as one of three boys in an all-girls school in "Opposite Sex" on Fox's summer 2000 schedule. The show was canceled after 8 episodes.


title: Kyle Howard

text: In May 2010, NBC announced that Howard would star in the upcoming television series "Perfect Couples". The half-hour romantic comedy was expected to premiere for the 2010–11 television season. However, on July 1, 2010, Deadline.com reported that Kyle Bornheimer had replaced Kyle Howard as Dave because of uncertainty about whether the actor would be available due to TBS' decision to see how the fourth season of "My Boys" performed before it was renewed or canceled. It was canceled two months later.


title: Kyle Howard

text: As of 2011, Howard plays Dr. Paul Van Dyke on "Royal Pains". In 2015, Howard began playing the starring role of Oliver in "Your Family or Mine".


title: Newsy

text: Newsy is an American news network headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, and owned by the E. W. Scripps Company. Its content is available for free on OTT platforms including Pluto TV (which inserts short-form "Newsy Briefs" into commercial breaks on their linear channels), via smart tv app, The Roku Channel, Xumo, Haystack News and Samsung TV Plus, in addition to streaming devices such as Roku, Apple TV and Amazon Fire TV, and is also available for free on over-the-air stations, as of October 2021. Internationally, Newsy was carried in Canada by RiverTV on channel 26.


title: Newsy

text: Newsy was founded in 2008. In its early years, Newsy operated primarily as a syndication business, selling news and original content to major digital journalism brands that included AOL/"Huffington Post", Microsoft and Mashable.


title: Newsy

text: In September 2017, Scripps announced it would take over RLTV's (Retirement Living Television) cable and satellite carriage agreements for approximately 26 million subscribers and reprogram the network with Newsy's lineup of shows.


title: Newsy

text: Newsy has six U.S. offices: Columbia, Missouri (which is part of a co-collaboration with Scripps with Mizzou's Missouri School of Journalism) Chicago; Cincinnati; New York; Denver; and Washington, D.C.


title: Newsy

text: On April 6, 2021, Scripps announced that it would expand Newsy into a free over-the-air network, as well as being available on streaming platforms, starting October 1. The network would be available over-the-air on Scripps-owned Ion Television stations, along with some traditional Scripps stations without an Ion sister station and the former Ion-owned stations transferred to Inyo Broadcast Holdings, along with offering the network to other station groups. It also announced plans to relocate Newsy's national headquarters to Atlanta. The Newsy over-the-air network launched on October 1, 2021, debuting a new logo and graphical identity (created by Elevation) that day as well; the current identity and goal of Newsy is designed to provide "balanced", impartial reporting without political punditry or debates endemic to their cable news competitors.


title: Newsy

text: In advance of the move exclusively to over-the-air distribution, Scripps began to notify traditional cable and satellite providers, along with Internet television providers, at the end of March that it would end distribution of the network via those means on June 30, 2021, ending the nearly 15-year life of the channel space, including its time as RLTV.


title: Newsy

text: On September 29, 2022, Scripps announced that Newsy would be renamed Scripps News on January 1, 2023. The rebranding comes as part of the establishment of a new national news department of the same name at Scripps, combining its Washington bureau with the national bureau of its local station group.


title: Newsy

text: , Newsy has current and pending affiliation agreements with 331 television stations in over 100 television markets encompassing 46 states, covering 86.22% of the United States.


title: Meteorologist

text: A meteorologist is a scientist who studies and works in the field of meteorology aiming to understand or predict Earth's atmospheric phenomena including the weather. Those who study meteorological phenomena are meteorologists in research, while those using mathematical models and knowledge to prepare daily weather forecasts are called "weather forecasters" or "operational meteorologists".


title: Meteorologist

text: Meteorologists work in government agencies, private consulting and research services, industrial enterprises, utilities, radio and television stations, and in education. They are not to be confused with weather presenters, who present the weather forecast in the media and range in training from journalists having just minimal training in meteorology to full fledged meteorologists.


title: Meteorologist

text: Meteorologists study the Earth's atmosphere and its interactions with the Earth's surface, the oceans and the biosphere. Their knowledge of applied mathematics and physics allows them to understand the full range of atmospheric phenomena, from snowflake formation to the Earth's general climate.


title: Meteorologist

text: Meteorologists can also be consultants for private firms in studies for projects involving weather phenomena such as windfarms, tornado protection, etc. They finally can be weather presenters in the media (radio, TV, internet).


title: Meteorologist

text: To become a meteorologist, a person must take at least one undergraduate university degree in meteorology. For researchers, this training continues with higher education, while for forecasters, each country has its own way of training. For example, the Meteorological Service of Canada and UK Met Office have their own training course after the university, while Météo-France takes charge of all the training once the person has passed the entrance examination at the National School of Meteorology after high school. In United States, forecasters are hired by the National Weather Service or private firms after university, and receive on-the-job training, while researchers are hired according to their expertise.


title: Meteorologist

text: In some countries there is a third way for weather presenters, such as in United States, where a graduate in meteorology and communication at the college or university level can be hired by media.


title: Ebionites

text: Ebionites (, "Ebionaioi", derived from Hebrew (or ) "ebyonim", "ebionim", meaning 'the poor' or 'poor ones') as a term refers to a Jewish Christian sect, which viewed poverty as a blessing, that existed during the early centuries of the Common Era. The Ebionites embraced an adoptionist Christology, thus understanding Jesus of Nazareth as a mere man who, by virtue of his righteousness in following the Law of Moses, was chosen by God to be the messianic "prophet like Moses". A majority of the Ebionites rejected as heresies the Orthodox Christian beliefs in Jesus' divinity, virgin birth and substitutionary atonement; and therefore maintained that Jesus was born the natural son of Joseph and Mary, sought to abolish animal sacrifices by prophetic proclamation, and died as a martyr in order to move all Israel to repentance.


title: Ebionites

text: Beyond voluntary poverty, the Ebionites were said to practice religious vegetarianism and ritual bathing. They insisted on the necessity of following the Written Law and Jesus' Sermon on the Mount; used one, some or all of the Jewish–Christian gospels, such as the "Gospel of the Ebionites", as additional scripture to the Hebrew Bible; and revered James the Just as an exemplar of righteousness and the true successor to Jesus (rather than Peter), while rejecting Paul as a false apostle and an apostate from the Law.


title: Ebionites

text: Since historical records by the Ebionites are scarce, fragmentary and disputed, much of what is known or conjectured about them derives from the Church Fathers who saw all Jewish Christians as Ebionites and confused different groups in their polemics whom they labeled heretical "Judaizers". Consequently, very little about the Ebionite sect or sects is known with certainty, and most, if not all, statements about them are speculative. The Church Fathers consider the Ebionites identical with other Jewish Christian sects, such as the Nazarenes.<ref name="Nazarene/Ebionite">; : "Following the devastation of the Jewish War, the Nazarenes took refuge in Pella, a community in exile, where they lay in anxious wait with their fellow Jews. From this point on it is preferable to call them the Ebionites. There was no clear demarcation or formal transition from Nazarene to Ebionite; there was no sudden change of theology or Christology."; : "While the writings of later church fathers speak of Nazarenes and Ebionites as if they were different Jewish Christian groups, they are mistaken in that assessment. The Nazarenes and the Ebionites were one and the same group, but for clarity we will refer to the pre-70 group in Jerusalem as Nazarenes, and the post-70 group in Pella and elsewhere as Ebionites."</ref>


title: Ebionites

text: The hellenized Hebrew term "Ebionite" ("Ebionai") was first applied by Irenaeus in the second century without making mention of Nazarenes (c.180 CE). Origen wrote "for Ebion signifies 'poor' among the Jews, and those Jews who have received Jesus as Christ are called by the name of Ebionites." Tertullian was the first to write against a heresiarch called Ebion; scholars believe he derived this name from a literal reading of "Ebionaioi" as 'followers of Ebion', a derivation now considered mistaken for lack of any more substantial references to such a figure. The term "the poor" (Greek: "ptōkhoí") was still used in its original, more general sense. Modern Hebrew still uses the Biblical Hebrew term "the needy" both in histories of Christianity for "Ebionites" () and for almsgiving to the needy at Purim.


title: Ebionites

text: The earliest reference to a sect that might fit the description of the later Ebionites appears in Justin Martyr's "Dialogue with Trypho" (c. 140). Justin distinguishes between Jewish Christians who observe the Law of Moses but do not require its observance upon others and those who believe the Mosaic Law to be obligatory on all. Irenaeus (c. 180) was probably the first to use the term "Ebionites" to name a sect he labeled heretical "Judaizers" for "stubbornly clinging to the Law". Origen (c. 212) remarks that the name derives from the Hebrew word "evyon", meaning 'poor'. Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310–320 – 403) gives the most complete account in his heresiology called "Panarion", denouncing eighty heretical sects, among them the Ebionites. Epiphanius mostly gives general descriptions of their religious beliefs and includes quotations from their gospels, which have not survived. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the Ebionite movement "may have arisen about the time of the destruction of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem" (70 CE). The tentative dating of the origins of this sect depends on Epiphanius writing three centuries later and relying on information for the Ebionites from the "Book of Elchasai", which may not have had anything to do with the Ebionites.


title: Ebionites

text: Paul talks of his collection for the "poor among the saints" in the Jerusalem church, but this is generally taken as meaning the poorer members of the church rather than a schismatic sect.


title: Ebionites

text: The actual number of sects described as Ebionites is difficult to ascertain, as the contradictory patristic accounts in their attempt to distinguish various sects sometimes confuse them with each other. Other sects mentioned are the Carpocratians, the Cerinthians, the Elcesaites, the fourth century Nazarenes and the Sampsaeans, most of whom were Jewish Christian sects who held gnostic or other views rejected by the Ebionites. Epiphanius, however, mentions that a sect of Ebionites came to embrace some of these views despite keeping their name.


title: Ebionites

text: As the Ebionites are first mentioned as such in the second century, their earlier history and any relation to the first Jerusalem church remains obscure and a matter of contention. There is no evidence linking the origin of the later sect of the Ebionites with the First Jewish-Roman War of 66–70 CE or with the Jerusalem church led by James. Eusebius relates a tradition, probably based on Aristo of Pella, that the early Christians left Jerusalem just prior to the war and fled to Pella, Jordan beyond the Jordan River, but does not connect this with Ebionites. They were led by Simeon of Jerusalem (d. 107) and during the Second Jewish-Roman War of 115–117, they were persecuted by the Jewish followers of Bar Kochba for refusing to recognize his messianic claims. As late as Epiphanius of Salamis (310–403), members of the Ebionite sect resided in Nabatea, and Paneas, Moabitis, and Kochaba in the region of Bashan, near Adraa. From these places, they dispersed and went into Asia (Turkey), Rome and Cyprus.


title: Ebionites

text: According to Harnack, the influence of Elchasaites places some Ebionites in the context of the gnostic movements widespread in Syria and the lands to the east.


title: Ebionites

text: After the end of the First Jewish–Roman War, the importance of the Jerusalem church began to fade. Jewish Christianity became dispersed throughout the Jewish diaspora in the Levant, where it was slowly eclipsed by Gentile Christianity, which then spread throughout the Roman Empire without competition from Jewish Christian sects. Once the Jerusalem church was eliminated during the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135, the Ebionites gradually lost influence and followers. Some modern scholars, such as Hyam Maccoby, argue the decline of the Ebionites was due to marginalization and persecution by both Jews and Christians. Following the defeat of the rebellion and the expulsion of Jews from Judea, Jerusalem became the Gentile city of Aelia Capitolina. Many of the Jewish Christians residing at Pella renounced their Jewish practices at this time and joined to the mainstream Christian church. Those who remained at Pella and continued in obedience to the Law were labeled heretics. In 375, Epiphanius records the settlement of Ebionites on Cyprus, but by the fifth century, Theodoret of Cyrrhus reported that they were no longer present in the region.


title: Ebionites

text: The Ebionites are still attested, if as marginal communities, down to the 7th century. Some modern scholars argue that the Ebionites survived much longer and identify them with a sect encountered by the historian Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad around the year 1000. There is another possible reference to Ebionite communities existing around the 11th century in northwestern Arabia in "Sefer Ha'masaot," the "Book of the Travels" of Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, a rabbi from Spain. These communities were located in two cities, Tayma and "Tilmas", possibly Sa`dah in Yemen. The 12th century Muslim historian Muhammad al-Shahrastani mentions Jews living in nearby Medina and Hejaz who accepted Jesus as a prophetic figure and followed traditional Judaism, rejecting mainstream Christian views. Some scholars argue that they contributed to the development of the Islamic view of Jesus due to exchanges of Ebionite remnants with the first Muslims.


title: Ebionites

text: Most patristic sources portray the Ebionites as Jews who zealously followed the Written Law alone (without the Oral Law), revered Jerusalem as the holiest city and restricted table fellowship only to Gentiles who converted to Judaism.


title: Ebionites

text: Some Church Fathers describe some Ebionites as departing from traditional Jewish principles of faith and practice. For example, Methodius of Olympus stated that the Ebionites believed that the prophets spoke only by their own power and not by the power of the Holy Spirit. Epiphanius of Salamis stated that the Ebionites engaged in excessive ritual bathing, possessed an angelology which claimed that the Christ is an angel of God who was incarnated in Jesus when he was adopted as the son of God during his baptism, denied parts of the Law deemed obsolete or corrupt, opposed animal sacrifice, practiced Jewish vegetarianism and celebrated a commemorative meal annually on or around Passover with unleavened bread and water only, in contrast to the daily Christian Eucharist. The reliability of Epiphanius' account of the Ebionites is questioned by some scholars. Modern scholar Shlomo Pines, for example, argues that the heterodox views and practices he ascribes to some Ebionites originated in Gnostic Christianity rather than Jewish Christianity and are characteristics of the Jewish Elcesaite sect, which Epiphanius mistakenly attributed to the Ebionites.


title: Ebionites

text: While mainstream biblical scholars do suppose some Essene influence on the nascent Jewish Christian church in some organizational, administrative and cultic respects, some scholars go beyond that assumption. Regarding the Ebionites specifically, a number of scholars have different theories on how the Ebionites may have developed from an Essene Jewish messianic sect. Hans-Joachim Schoeps argues that the conversion of some Essenes to Jewish Christianity after the Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE may be the source of some Ebionites adopting Essene views and practices, while some conclude that the Essenes did not become Jewish Christians, but still had an influence on the Ebionites.


title: Ebionites

text: In the "Gospel of the Ebionites", as quoted by Epiphanius, John the Baptist and Jesus are portrayed as vegetarians. Epiphanius states that the Ebionites had amended "locusts" (Greek "akris") to "honey cake" (Greek "ekris"). This emendation is not found in any other New Testament manuscript or translation, though a different vegetarian reading is found in a late Slavonic version of Josephus' "War of the Jews". Pines and other modern scholars propose that the Ebionites were projecting their own vegetarianism onto John the Baptist.


title: Ebionites

text: The strict vegetarianism of the Ebionites may have been a reaction to the cessation of animal sacrifices after the destruction of Jerusalem Temple in 70 CE and a safeguard against the consumption of unclean meat in a pagan environment. James Tabor, however, argues that Ebionite disdain for eating meat and the Temple sacrifice of animals is due to their preference for the ideal pre-Flood diet and what they took to be the original form of worship. In this view, the Ebionites had an interest in reviving the traditions inspired by pre-Sinai revelation, especially the time from Enoch to Noah.


title: Ebionites

text: The Church Fathers agree that some or all of the Ebionites rejected many of the precepts central to proto-orthodox Christianity, such as Jesus' divinity and virgin birth. The Ebionites are described as emphasizing the humanity of Jesus as the biological son of Joseph and Mary, who, by virtue of his righteousness in keeping the Mosaic law perfectly, was adopted as the son of God to fulfill the Hebrew scriptures.


title: Ebionites

text: Origen ("Contra Celsum" 5.61) and Eusebius ("Historia Ecclesiastica" 3.27.3) recognize some variation in the Christology of Ebionite sects; for example, that while all Ebionites denied Jesus' pre-existence, there was a sub-sect which did not deny the virgin birth. Theodoret, while dependent on earlier writers, draws the conclusion that the two sub-sects would have used different gospels. The Ebionites may have used only one, some or all of the Jewish–Christian gospels as additional scripture to the Hebrew Bible. However, Irenaeus reports that they only used a version of the "Gospel of Matthew", which omitted the first two chapters (on the nativity of Jesus) and started with the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist.


title: Ebionites

text: The Ebionites appear to have understood Jesus as the messianic "prophet like Moses" (foretold in Deuteronomy 18:15-19) who has come to proclaim the abolishment of animal sacrifices, rather than substituting himself for them through self-sacrifice. Consequently, Jesus is believed to have died as a martyr in order to move all descendants of the ancient Israelites to repentance by living immediately according to a radical ethic of inward and outward righteousness that will be standard in the Messianic Age.


title: Ebionites

text: Therefore, in order to become righteous, achieve communion with God and be saved from annihilation, the Ebionites insisted that both Jews and Gentile converts must observe all the commandments in the Written Law (except for those concerning animal sacrifice) and in Jesus' Sermon on the Mount with an emphasis on his "Culminations".


title: Ebionites

text: Among modern scholars, Robert Eisenman suggests that the Ebionites revered James the Just, brother of Jesus and leader of the Jerusalem church, as the true successor to Jesus (rather than Peter) and an exemplar of righteousness, and therefore they followed the permanent Nazirite vow that James had taken. One of the popular primary connections of the Ebionites to James is that the "Ascents of James" in the Pseudo-Clementine literature are related to the Ebionites. The other popularly proposed connection is that mentioned by William Whiston in his 1794 edition of Josephus, where he notes that we learn from fragments of Hegesippus that the Ebionites interpreted a prophecy of Isaiah as foretelling the murder of James.


title: Ebionites

text: Scholars, including Eisenman, , Will Durant, Michael Goulder, Gerd Ludemann, John Painter and James Tabor, argue for some form of continuity of the Jerusalem church into the second and third centuries and that the Ebionites regarded James as their leader. Tabor argues that the Ebionites claimed a dynastic apostolic succession for the relatives of Jesus.


title: Ebionites

text: Conservative Christian scholars, such as Richard Bauckham, hold that James and his circle in the early Jerusalem church held a "high Christology" (i.e. Jesus was God incarnate) while the Ebionites held a "low Christology" (i.e. Jesus was a mere man adopted by God). As an alternative to the traditional view of Eusebius that the Jewish Jerusalem church gradually adopted the proto-orthodox Christian theology of the Gentile church, Bauckham and others suggest immediate successors to the Jerusalem church under James and the other relatives of Jesus were the Nazarenes who accepted Paul as an "apostle to the Gentiles", while the Ebionites were a later schismatic sect of the early second century that rejected Paul.


title: Ebionites

text: The Ebionites rejected the Pauline Epistles, and according to Origen they viewed Paul as an "apostate from the law". The Ebionites may have been spiritual and physical descendants of the "super-apostles" — talented and respected Jewish Christian ministers in favour of mandatory circumcision of converts — who sought to undermine Paul in Galatia and Corinth.


title: Ebionites

text: Epiphanius relates that the Ebionites opposed Paul, who they saw as responsible for the idea that Gentile Christians did not have to be circumcised or follow the Law of Moses, and named him an apostate. Epiphanius further relates that some Ebionites alleged that Paul was a Greek who converted to Judaism in order to marry the daughter of a high priest of Israel, but apostatized when she rejected him.


title: Ebionites

text: No writings of the Ebionites have survived outside of a few quotes by others and they are in uncertain form. The "Recognitions of Clement" and the "Clementine Homilies", two third century Christian works, are regarded by general scholarly consensus as largely or entirely Jewish Christian in origin and reflect Jewish Christian beliefs. The exact relationship between the Ebionites and these writings is debated, but Epiphanius's description of some Ebionites in "Panarion" 30 bears a striking similarity to the ideas in the "Recognitions" and "Homilies". Scholar Glenn Alan Koch speculates that Epiphanius likely relied upon a version of the "Homilies" as a source document. Some scholars also speculate that the core of the "Gospel of Barnabas", beneath a polemical medieval Muslim overlay, may have been based upon an Ebionite or gnostic document. The existence and origin of this source continues to be debated by scholars.


title: Ebionites

text: Irenaeus stated that the Ebionites used the "Gospel of Matthew" exclusively. Eusebius of Caesarea wrote that they used only the "Gospel of the Hebrews". From this, the minority view of James R. Edwards and Bodley's Librarian Edward Nicholson claim that there was only one Hebrew gospel in circulation, Matthew's "Gospel of the Hebrews". They also note that the title "Gospel of the Ebionites" was never used by anyone in the early church. Epiphanius contended that the gospel the Ebionites used was written by Matthew and called the "Gospel of the Hebrews". Because Epiphanius said that it was "not wholly complete, but falsified and mutilated", writers such as Walter Richard Cassels and Pierson Parker consider it a different "edition" of Matthew's Hebrew Gospel; however, internal evidence from the quotations in "Panarion" 30.13.4 and 30.13.7 suggest that the text was a gospel harmony originally composed in Greek.


title: Ebionites

text: Mainstream scholarly texts, such as the standard edition of the New Testament apocrypha edited by Wilhelm Schneemelcher, generally refer to the text Jerome cites as used by the Ebionites as the "Gospel of the Ebionites", though this is not a term current in the early church.


title: Ebionites

text: The collection of New Testament apocrypha known as the Clementine literature included three works known in antiquity as the "Circuits of Peter", the "Acts of the Apostles" and a work usually titled the "Ascents of James". They are specifically referenced by Epiphanius in his polemic against the Ebionites. The first-named books are substantially contained in the Homilies of Clement under the title of Clement's "Compendium of Peter's itinerary sermons" and in the "Recognitions" attributed to Clement. They form an early Christian didactic fiction to express Jewish Christian views, such as the primacy of James the Just, brother of Jesus; their connection with the episcopal see of Rome; and their antagonism to Simon Magus, as well as gnostic doctrines. Scholar Robert E. Van Voorst opines of the "Ascents of James" (R 1.33–71), "There is, in fact, no section of the Clementine literature about whose origin in Jewish Christianity one may be more certain". Despite this assertion, he expresses reservations that the material is genuinely Ebionite in origin.


title: Ebionites

text: Symmachus produced a translation of the Hebrew Bible in Koine Greek, which was used by Jerome and is still extant in fragments, and his lost "Hypomnemata", written to counter the canonical "Gospel of Matthew". Although lost, the "Hypomnemata" is probably identical to "De distinctione præceptorum" mentioned by Ebed Jesu (Assemani, "Bibl. Or.", III, 1). The identity of Symmachus as an Ebionite has been questioned in recent scholarship.


title: Ebionites

text: Hippolytus of Rome reported that a Jewish Christian, Alcibiades of Apamea, appeared in Rome teaching from a book which he claimed to be the revelation which a righteous man, Elkesai, had received from an angel, though Hippolytus suspected that Alcibiades was himself the author. Shortly afterwards, Origen recorded a sect, the Elkesaites, with the same beliefs. Epiphanius claimed the Ebionites also used this book as a source for some of their beliefs and practices ("Panarion" 30.17). Epiphanius explains the origin of the name Elkesai to be Aramaic "El Ksai", meaning "hidden power" ("Panarion" 19.2.1). Scholar Petri Luomanen believes the book to have been written originally in Aramaic as a Jewish apocalypse, probably in Babylonia in 116–117.


title: Ebionites

text: The mainstream Christian view of the Ebionites is partly based on interpretation of the polemical views of the Church Fathers, who portrayed them as heretics for rejecting many of the proto-orthodox Christian views of Jesus and allegedly having an improper fixation on the Law of Moses at the expense of the grace of God. In this view, the Ebionites may have been the descendants of a Jewish Christian sect within the early Jerusalem church which broke away from its proto-orthodox theology possibly in reaction to the Council of Jerusalem compromise of 50 CE.


title: Ebionites

text: Islam charges Christianity with having distorted the pure monotheism of the God of Abraham through the doctrines of the Trinity and through the veneration of icons. Paul Addae and Tim Bowes write that the Ebionites were faithful to the original teachings of the historical Jesus and thus shared Islamic views about Jesus' humanity and also rejected classic and objective theories of atonement, though the Islamic view of Jesus may conflict with the view of most Ebionites regarding the virgin birth, with Muslims affirming and Ebionites denying, according to Epiphanius and other church fathers.


title: Ebionites

text: Hans Joachim Schoeps observes that the Christianity which Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, was likely to have encountered on the Arabian peninsula "was not the state religion of Byzantium but a schismatic Christianity characterized by Ebionite and Monophysite views":


title: Ebionites

text: The counter-missionary group Jews for Judaism favorably mentions the historical Ebionites in their literature in order to argue that "Messianic Judaism", as promoted by missionary groups such as Jews for Jesus, is Pauline Christianity misrepresenting itself as Judaism. In 2007, some Messianic commentators expressed concern over a possible existential crisis for the Messianic movement in Israel due to a resurgence of Ebionitism, specifically the problem of Israeli Messianic leaders apostatizing from the belief in the alleged divinity of Jesus.


title: Expo 67

text: The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, commonly known as Expo 67, was a general exhibition from April 27 to October 29, 1967. It was a category One World's Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is considered to be one of the most successful World's Fairs of the 20th century with the most attendees to that date and 62 nations participating. It also set the single-day attendance record for a world's fair, with 569,500 visitors on its third day.


title: Expo 67

text: Expo 67 was Canada's main celebration during its centennial year. The fair had been intended to be held in Moscow, to help the Soviet Union celebrate the Russian Revolution's 50th anniversary; however, for various reasons, the Soviets decided to cancel, and Canada was awarded it in late 1962.


title: Expo 67

text: The project was not well supported in Canada at first. It took the determination of Montreal's mayor, Jean Drapeau, and a new team of managers to guide it past political, physical and temporal hurdles. Defying a computer analysis that said it could not be done, the fair opened on time.


title: Expo 67

text: After Expo 67 ended in October 1967, the site and most of the pavilions continued on as an exhibition called Man and His World, open during the summer months from 1968 until 1984. By that time, most of the buildings—which had not been designed to last beyond the original exhibition—had deteriorated and were dismantled. Today, the islands that hosted the world exhibition are mainly used as parkland and for recreational use, with only a few remaining structures from Expo 67 to show that the event was held there.


title: Expo 67

text: The idea of hosting the 1967 World Exhibition dates back to 1957. "I believe it was Colonel Sevigny who first asked me to do what I could to bring Canada's selection as the site for the international exposition in 1967." Montreal's mayor, Sarto Fournier, backed the proposal, allowing Canada to make a bid to the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE). At the BIE's May 5, 1960 meeting in Paris, Moscow was awarded the fair after five rounds of voting that eliminated Austria's and then Canada's bids. In April 1962, the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair because of financial constraints and security concerns. Montreal's new mayor, Jean Drapeau, lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962, the BIE changed the location of the World Exhibition to Canada, and Expo 67 went on to become the second-best attended BIE-sanctioned world exposition, after the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. (It is now fourth, having been surpassed by Osaka (1970) and Shanghai (2010).)


title: Expo 67

text: Several sites were proposed as the main Expo grounds. One location that was considered was Mount Royal Park, to the north of the downtown core. But it was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, and to enlarge the existing Saint Helen's Island. The choice overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities, and also prevented land speculation.


title: Expo 67

text: Expo 67 did not get off to a smooth start; in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. The main reason for the resignations was Mayor Drapeau's choice of the site on new islands to be created around the existing St. Helen's Island and also that a computer program predicted that the event could not possibly be constructed in time. Another more likely reason for the mass resignations was that on April 22, 1963, the federal Liberal government of Prime Minister Lester Pearson took power. This meant that former Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservative government appointees to the board of directors of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition were likely forced to resign.


title: Expo 67

text: Canadian diplomat Pierre Dupuy was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenu resigned from the post in 1963. One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo. Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was Robert Fletcher Shaw, the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the corporation. He also replaced a Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, Deputy Commissioner General. Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and is widely credited for the total building of the Exhibition. Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. The management group became known as "Les Durs"—the tough guys—and they were in charge of creating, building and managing Expo. "Les Durs" consisted of: Jean-Claude Delorme, Legal Counsel and Secretary of the Corporation; Dale Rediker, Director of Finances; Colonel Edward Churchill, Director of Installations; Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, Director of Operations, dubbed "The Mayor of Expo"; Pierre de Bellefeuille, Director of Exhibitors; and Yves Jasmin, Director of Information, Advertising and Public Relations. To this group the chief architect Édouard Fiset was added. All ten were honoured by the Canadian government as recipients of the Order of Canada, Companions for Dupuy and Shaw, Officers for the others.


title: Expo 67

text: Jasmin wrote a book, in French, "La petite histoire d'Expo 67", about his 45-month experience at Expo and created the Expo 67 Foundation (available on the web site under that name) to commemorate the event for future generations.


title: Expo 67

text: As historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French- and English-speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success—'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'" However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes. Arguably Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the "Two Solitudes."


title: Expo 67

text: In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers—including Alan Jarvis, director of the National Gallery of Canada; novelists Hugh MacLennan and Gabrielle Roy; J. Tuzo Wilson, geophysicist; and Claude Robillard, town planner—met for three days at the Seigneury Club in Montebello, Quebec. The theme, "Man and His World", was based on the 1939 book entitled "Terre des Hommes" (translated as "Wind, Sand and Stars") by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled "Terre des Hommes/Man and His World", she elucidates the theme:


title: Expo 67

text: Construction started on August 13, 1963, with an elaborate ceremony hosted by Mayor Drapeau on barges anchored in the St. Lawrence River. Ceremonially, construction began when Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge "Île Sainte-Hélène", and Quebec premier Jean Lesage spread the fill with a bulldozer. Of the 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands, 10-12% was coming from the Montreal Metro's excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal. The remainder of the fill came from quarries on Montreal and the South Shore, however even with that it was insufficient and so bodies of water on both islands were added (lakes and canals) to reduce the amount of fill required. Expo's initial construction period mainly centered on enlarging Saint Helen's Island, creating the artificial island of Île Notre-Dame and lengthening and enlarging the Mackay Pier which became the Cité du Havre. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964. This gave Colonel Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built and functioning for opening day. To get Expo built in time, Churchill used the then new project management tool known as the critical path method (CPM). On April 28, 1967, opening day, everything was ready, with one exception: Habitat 67, which was then displayed as a work in progress.


title: Expo 67

text: Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new Concorde Bridge built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the Montreal Expo Express, plus a boat pier, cost more than the Saint Lawrence Seaway project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed. With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the exhibition was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23, 1963.


title: Expo 67

text: The was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of "man") are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent "friendship around the world". The logotype is lower-case Optima font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the House of Commons of Canada.


title: Expo 67

text: The official Expo 67 theme song was composed by Stéphane Venne and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend/Un Jour, Un Jour".<ref name="Un Jour/ Hey Friend">


title: Expo 67

text: </ref> Complaints were made about the suitability of the song, as its lyrics mentioned neither Montreal nor Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition with over 2,200 entries from 35 countries.


title: Expo 67

text: However, the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by Bobby Gimby, a veteran commercial jingle writer who composed the popular Centennial tune "Ca-na-da". Gimby earned the name the "Pied Piper of Canada".


title: Expo 67

text: The theme song "Something to Sing About", used for the Canadian pavilion, had been written for a 1963 television special. The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow", which has evolved to become an unofficial theme song for the province.


title: Expo 67

text: Official opening ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27, 1967. The ceremonies were an invitation-only event, held at Place des Nations. Canada's Governor General, Roland Michener, proclaimed the exhibition open after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1,000 reporters covered the event, broadcast in NTSC Colour, live via satellite, to a worldwide audience of over 700 million viewers and listeners.