title: Solar water heating

text: A "drainback system" is an active indirect system where the HTF (usually pure water) circulates through the collector, driven by a pump. The collector piping is not pressurized and includes an open drainback reservoir that is contained in conditioned or semi-conditioned space. The HTF remains in the drainback reservoir unless the pump is operating and returns there (emptying the collector) when the pump is switched off. The collector system, including piping, must drain via gravity into the drainback tank. Drainback systems are not subject to freezing or overheating. The pump operates only when appropriate for heat collection, but not to protect the HTF, increasing efficiency and reducing pumping costs.


title: Solar water heating

text: Plans for solar water heating systems are available on the Internet. DIY SWH systems are usually cheaper than commercial ones, and they are used both in the developed and developing world.


title: Solar water heating

text: Solar thermal collectors capture and retain heat from the sun and use it to heat a liquid. Two important physical principles govern the technology of solar thermal collectors:


title: Solar water heating

text: Flat plate collectors are an extension of the idea to place a collector in an 'oven'-like box with glass directly facing the Sun. Most flat plate collectors have two horizontal pipes at the top and bottom, called headers, and many smaller vertical pipes connecting them, called risers. The risers are welded (or similarly connected) to thin absorber fins. Heat-transfer fluid (water or water/antifreeze mix) is pumped from the hot water storage tank or heat exchanger into the collectors' bottom header, and it travels up the risers, collecting heat from the absorber fins, and then exits the collector out of the top header. Serpentine flat plate collectors differ slightly from this "harp" design, and instead use a single pipe that travels up and down the collector. However, since they cannot be properly drained of water, serpentine flat plate collectors cannot be used in drainback systems.


title: Solar water heating

text: The type of glass used in flat plate collectors is almost always low-iron, tempered glass. Such glass can withstand significant hail without breaking, which is one of the reasons that flat-plate collectors are considered the most durable collector type.


title: Solar water heating

text: Unglazed or formed collectors are similar to flat-plate collectors, except they are not thermally insulated nor physically protected by a glass panel. Consequently, these types of collectors are much less efficient when water temperature exceeds ambient air temperatures. For pool heating applications, the water to be heated is often colder than the ambient roof temperature, at which point the lack of thermal insulation allows additional heat to be drawn from the surrounding environment.


title: Solar water heating

text: Evacuated tube collectors (ETC) are a way to reduce the heat loss, inherent in flat plates. Since heat loss due to convection cannot cross a vacuum, it forms an efficient isolation mechanism to keep heat inside the collector pipes. Since two flat glass sheets are generally not strong enough to withstand a vacuum, the vacuum is created between two concentric tubes. Typically, the water piping in an ETC is therefore surrounded by two concentric tubes of glass separated by a vacuum that admits heat from the sun (to heat the pipe) but that limits heat loss. The inner tube is coated with a thermal absorber. Vacuum life varies from collector to collector, from 5 years to 15 years.


title: Solar water heating

text: Flat plate collectors are generally more efficient than ETC in full sunshine conditions. However, the energy output of flat plate collectors is reduced slightly more than ETCs in cloudy or extremely cold conditions. Most ETCs are made out of annealed glass, which is susceptible to hail, failing given roughly golf ball -sized particles. ETCs made from "coke glass," which has a green tint, are stronger and less likely to lose their vacuum, but efficiency is slightly reduced due to reduced transparency. ETCs can gather energy from the sun all day long at low angles due to their tubular shape.


title: Solar water heating

text: One way to power an active system is via a photovoltaic (PV) panel. To ensure proper pump performance and longevity, the (DC) pump and PV panel must be suitably matched. Although a PV-powered pump does not operate at night, the controller must ensure that the pump does not operate when the sun is out but the collector water is not hot enough.


title: Solar water heating

text: A bubble pump (also known as geyser pump) is suitable for flat panel as well as vacuum tube systems. In a bubble pump system, the closed HTF circuit is under reduced pressure, which causes the liquid to boil at low temperature as the sun heats it. The steam bubbles form a geyser, causing an upward flow. The bubbles are separated from the hot fluid and condensed at the highest point in the circuit, after which the fluid flows downward toward the heat exchanger caused by the difference in fluid levels. The HTF typically arrives at the heat exchanger at 70 °C and returns to the circulating pump at 50 °C. Pumping typically starts at about 50 °C and increases as the sun rises until equilibrium is reached.


title: Solar water heating

text: A "differential controller" senses temperature differences between water leaving the solar collector and the water in the storage tank near the heat exchanger. The controller starts the pump when the water in the collector is sufficiently about 8–10 °C warmer than the water in the tank, and stops it when the temperature difference reaches 3–5 °C. This ensures that stored water always gains heat when the pump operates and prevents the pump from excessive cycling on and off. (In direct systems the pump can be triggered with a difference around 4 °C because they have no heat exchanger.)


title: Solar water heating

text: The simplest collector is a water-filled metal tank in a sunny place. The sun heats the tank. This was how the first systems worked. This setup would be inefficient due to the equilibrium effect: as soon as heating of the tank and water begins, the heat gained is lost to the environment and this continues until the water in the tank reaches ambient temperature. The challenge is to limit the heat loss.


title: Solar water heating

text: ICS or batch collectors reduce heat loss by thermally insulating the tank. This is achieved by encasing the tank in a glass-topped box that allows heat from the sun to reach the water tank. The other walls of the box are thermally insulated, reducing convection and radiation. The box can also have a reflective surface on the inside. This reflects heat lost from the tank back towards the tank. In a simple way one could consider an ICS solar water heater as a water tank that has been enclosed in a type of 'oven' that retains heat from the sun as well as heat of the water in the tank. Using a box does not eliminate heat loss from the tank to the environment, but it largely reduces this loss.


title: Solar water heating

text: Standard ICS collectors have a characteristic that strongly limits the efficiency of the collector: a small surface-to-volume ratio. Since the amount of heat that a tank can absorb from the sun is largely dependent on the surface of the tank directly exposed to the sun, it follows that the surface size defines the degree to which the water can be heated by the sun. Cylindrical objects such as the tank in an ICS collector have an inherently small surface-to-volume ratio. Collectors attempt to increase this ratio for efficient warming of the water. Variations on this basic design include collectors that combine smaller water containers and evacuated glass tube technology, a type of ICS system known as an Evacuated Tube Batch (ETB) collector.


title: Solar water heating

text: ETSCs can be more useful than other solar collectors during winter season. ETCs can be used for heating and cooling purposes in industries like pharmaceutical and drug, paper, leather and textile and also for residential houses, hospitals, nursing home, hotels, swimming pool etc.


title: Solar water heating

text: An ETC can operate at a range of temperatures from medium to high for solar hot water, swimming pool, air conditioning and solar cooker.


title: Solar water heating

text: ETCs higher operational temperature range (up to ) makes them suitable for industrial applications such as steam generation, heat engine and solar drying.


title: Solar water heating

text: Pool covering systems, whether solid sheets or floating disks, act as insulation and reduce heat loss. Much heat loss occurs through evaporation, and using a cover slows evaporation.


title: Solar water heating

text: STCs for nonpotable pool water use are often made of plastic. Pool water is mildly corrosive due to chlorine. Water is circulated through the panels using the existing pool filter or supplemental pump. In mild environments, unglazed plastic collectors are more efficient as a direct system. In cold or windy environments evacuated tubes or flat plates in an indirect configuration are used in conjunction with a heat exchanger. This reduces corrosion. A fairly simple differential temperature controller is used to direct the water to the panels or heat exchanger either by turning a valve or operating the pump. Once the pool water has reached the required temperature, a diverter valve is used to return water directly to the pool without heating. Many systems are configured as drainback systems where the water drains into the pool when the water pump is switched off.


title: Solar water heating

text: The collector panels are usually mounted on a nearby roof, or ground-mounted on a tilted rack. Due to the low temperature difference between the air and the water, the panels are often formed collectors or unglazed flat plate collectors. A simple rule-of-thumb for the required panel area needed is 50% of the pool's surface area. This is for areas where pools are used in the summer season only. Adding solar collectors to a conventional outdoor pool, in a cold climate, can typically extend the pool's comfortable usage by months and more if an insulating pool cover is used. When sized at 100% coverage most solar hot water systems are capable of heating a pool anywhere from as little as 4 °C for a wind-exposed pool, to as much as 10 °C for a wind-sheltered pool covered consistently with a solar pool blanket.


title: Solar water heating

text: An active solar energy system analysis program may be used to optimize the solar pool heating system before it is built.


title: Solar water heating

text: The amount of heat delivered by a solar water heating system depends primarily on the amount of heat delivered by the sun at a particular place (insolation). In the tropics insolation can be relatively high, e.g. 7 kWh/m per day, versus e.g., 3.2 kWh/m per day in temperate areas. Even at the same latitude average insolation can vary a great deal from location to location due to differences in local weather patterns and the amount of overcast. Calculators are available for estimating insolation at a site.


title: Solar water heating

text: Below is a table that gives a rough indication of the specifications and energy that could be expected from a solar water heating system involving some 2 m of absorber area of the collector, demonstrating two evacuated tube and three flat plate solar water heating systems. Certification information or figures calculated from those data are used. The bottom two rows give estimates for daily energy production (kWh/day) for a tropical and a temperate scenario. These estimates are for heating water to 50 °C above ambient temperature.


title: Solar water heating

text: With most solar water heating systems, the energy output scales linearly with the collector surface area.


title: Solar water heating

text: The figures are fairly similar between the above collectors, yielding some 4 kWh/day in a temperate climate and some 8 kWh/day in a tropical climate when using a collector with a 2 m absorber. In the temperate scenario this is sufficient to heat 200 litres of water by some 17 °C. In the tropical scenario the equivalent heating would be by some 33 °C. Many thermosiphon systems have comparable energy output to equivalent active systems. The efficiency of evacuated tube collectors is somewhat lower than for flat plate collectors because the absorbers are narrower than the tubes and the tubes have space between them, resulting in a significantly larger percentage of inactive overall collector area. Some methods of comparison calculate the efficiency of evacuated tube collectors based on the actual absorber area and not on the space occupied as has been done in the above table. Efficiency is reduced at higher temperatures.


title: Solar water heating

text: In sunny, warm locations, where freeze protection is not necessary, an ICS (batch type) solar water heater can be cost effective.


title: Solar water heating

text: This increases "initial" costs, but not life-cycle costs. The biggest single consideration is therefore the large initial financial outlay of solar water heating systems. Offsetting this expense can take years.


title: Solar water heating

text: At higher latitudes, solar heaters may be less effective due to lower insolation, possibly requiring larger and/or dual-heating systems. In some countries government incentives can be significant.


title: Solar water heating

text: Payback times can vary greatly due to regional sun, extra cost due to frost protection needs of collectors, household hot water use etc. For instance in central and southern Florida the payback period could easily be 7 years or less rather than the 12.6 years indicated on the chart for the United States.


title: Solar water heating

text: The payback period is shorter given greater insolation. However, even in temperate areas, solar water heating is cost effective. The payback period for photovoltaic systems has historically been much longer. Costs and payback period are shorter if no complementary/backup system is required. thus extending the payback period of such a system.


title: Solar water heating

text: The Toronto Solar Neighbourhoods Initiative offers subsidies for the purchase of solar water heating units.


title: Solar water heating

text: The source of electricity in an active SWH system determines the extent to which a system contributes to atmospheric carbon during operation. Active solar thermal systems that use mains electricity to pump the fluid through the panels are called 'low carbon solar'. In most systems the pumping reduces the energy savings by about 8% and the carbon savings of the solar by about 20%. However, low power pumps operate with 1-20W. Assuming a solar collector panel delivering 4 kWh/day and a pump running intermittently from mains electricity for a total of 6 hours during a 12-hour sunny day, the potentially negative effect of such a pump can be reduced to about 3% of the heat produced.


title: Solar water heating

text: However, PV-powered active solar thermal systems typically use a 5–30 W PV panel and a small, low power diaphragm pump or centrifugal pump to circulate the water. This reduces the operational carbon and energy footprint.


title: Solar water heating

text: Alternative non-electrical pumping systems may employ thermal expansion and phase changes of liquids and gases.


title: Solar water heating

text: Recognised standards can be used to deliver robust and quantitative life cycle assessments (LCA). LCA considers the financial and environmental costs of acquisition of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, using, servicing and disposal of the equipment. Elements include:


title: Solar water heating

text: In terms of energy consumption, some 60% goes into the tank, with 30% towards the collector (thermosiphon flat plate in this case). In Italy, some 11 giga-joules of electricity are used in producing SWH equipment, with about 35% goes toward the tank, with another 35% towards the collector. The main energy-related impact is emissions. The energy used in manufacturing is recovered within the first 2–3 years of use (in southern Europe).


title: Solar water heating

text: By contrast the energy payback time in the UK is reported as only 2 years. This figure was for a direct system, retrofitted to an existing water store, PV pumped, freeze tolerant and of 2.8 sqm aperture. For comparison, a PV installation took around 5 years to reach energy payback, according to the same comparative study.


title: Solar water heating

text: In terms of CO emissions, a large fraction of the emissions saved is dependent on the degree to which gas or electricity is used to supplement the sun. Using the Eco-indicator 99 points system as a yardstick (i.e. the yearly environmental load of an average European inhabitant) in Greece, a purely gas-driven system may have fewer emissions than a solar system. This calculation assumes that the solar system produces about half of the hot water requirements of a household. But because methane (CH) emissions from the natural gas fuel cycle dwarf the greenhouse impact of CO, the net greenhouse emissions (COe) from gas-driven systems are vastly greater than for solar heaters, especially if supplemental electricity is also from carbon-free generation.


title: Solar water heating

text: A test system in Italy produced about 700 kg of CO, considering all the components of manufacture, use and disposal. Maintenance was identified as an emissions-costly activity when the heat transfer fluid (glycol-based) was replaced. However, the emissions cost was recovered within about two years of use of the equipment.


title: Solar water heating

text: In Australia, life cycle emissions were also recovered. The tested SWH system had about 20% of the impact of an electrical water heater and half that of a gas water heater.


title: Solar water heating

text: Analysing their lower impact retrofit freeze-tolerant solar water heating system, Allen "et al." (qv) reported a production CO impact of 337 kg, which is around half the environmental impact reported in the Ardente "et al." (qv) study.


title: Solar water heating

text: All relevant participants of the Large-scale Renewable Energy Target and Small-scale Renewable Energy Scheme must comply with the above Acts.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Protests in Myanmar, known locally as the Spring Revolution (, ), began in early 2021 in opposition to the coup d'état on 1February, staged by Min Aung Hlaing, the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces, the Tatmadaw. , at least 2000 protesters have been killed, 14,000 currently arrested and 700,000 displaced by the junta.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Protesters mostly employed peaceful and nonviolent forms of protest, which include acts of civil disobedience, labour strikes, a military boycott campaign, a pot-banging movement, a red ribbon campaign, public protests, and formal recognition of the election results by elected representatives. The colour red, which is associated with the National League for Democracy (NLD), has been donned by many protesters. "Kamba Ma Kyay Buu", a song that was first popularised as the anthem of the 8888 Uprising, has been revitalised by the civil disobedience movement as a protest song. The three-finger salute has been widely adopted by protesters as a protest symbol.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In response to the growing protest movement, the military leaders of the coup enacted a number of countermeasures. These include internet and social media blackouts, a media blackout, pursuit of arrests and criminal sentences against protesters, the spread of disinformation, political overtures to competing political parties to participate in the self-appointed State Administration Council (to replace the elected government body), deployment of pro-military protesters and instigators, and the violent use of force to suppress protests.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The 2021 Myanmar coup d'état began on the morning of 1February 2021 when democratically elected members of Myanmar's ruling party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), were deposed by the TatmadawMyanmar's militarywhich vested power in a stratocracy, the State Administration Council. The Tatmadaw declared a year-long state of emergency and declared power had been vested in Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Min Aung Hlaing. The coup d'état occurred the day before the Parliament of Myanmar was due to swear in the members elected at the November 2020 general election, thereby preventing this from occurring. President Win Myint and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi were detained, along with ministers and their deputies and members of Parliament.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The coup took place amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Myanmar was struggling with one of the most severe outbreaks in Southeast Asia, owing to its poor health infrastructure and ongoing internal conflict. The country had begun its COVID-19 vaccination deployment a few days before the coup. The country's economy had also been greatly affected by the pandemic, shrinking by 5% during 2020.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Representatives elected in the November 2020 elections have not officially recognised the legitimacy of the coup d'état. On 4February 2021, around seventy MP-elects from the NLD took an oath of office in Naypyidaw, pledging to abide by the people's mandate, and serve as lawmakers for a five-year term. The following day, 300 elected legislators formed a committee to conduct parliamentary affairs, the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (CRPH). The committee held its first session on Zoom.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 6 February 2021, several political parties, including the Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (SNLD), the Democratic Party for a New Society (DPNS), the Karen National Party, and Asho Chin National Party, announced they had rejected the military's offer to participate in the State Administration Council. The Karenni National Progressive Party has publicly denounced the military coup and the coup's detrimental effect on controlling the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing peace talks, and called for the NLD and Armed Forces to compromise, in order to resolve the country's political stalemate.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 7 February, the parliamentary committee condemned the military coup as a "criminal act" and dismissed Min Aung Hlaing's military cabinet as being illegitimate. The committee cited the military with violating Chapter6 of Myanmar's penal code in overthrowing the civilian government. CRPH has advised UN diplomats and the international community to contact the committee to discuss official government business.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 14 February, the Karen National Union issued a statement announcing its public support for the ongoing protests, and characterised the military's seizure of power as a step toward military dictatorship, contrary to the vision of national reconciliation.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 15 February, the Committee for Shan State Unity, a coalition of Shan ethnic armed groups and political parties that includes the Restoration Council of Shan State, the Shan State Progress Party, the Shan National League for Democracy, and the Shan Nationalities Democratic Party, and the Sin Kyawt Militia, publicly opposed the coup, announcing its support of the ongoing protests, and calling for the abolition of the 2008 constitution and restoration of civilian-led government.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 2 February 2021, healthcare workers and civil servants across the country, including in the national capital, Naypyidaw, launched a national civil disobedience movement (), in opposition to the coup d'état. A Facebook campaign group dubbed the "Civil Disobedience Movement" has attracted more than 230,000 followers, since its initial launch on 2February 2021. Min Ko Naing, an 8888 Uprising leader, has urged the public to adopt a "no recognition, no participation" stance to the military regime. One expert on the government's civil service system estimated that the country had about one million civil servants and that about three-quarters of them had walked off their jobs.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Healthcare workers from dozens of state-run hospitals and institutions initiated a labour strike starting 3February 2021. As of 3February 2021, healthcare workers in more than 110 hospitals and healthcare agencies have participated in the movement. Six of the thirteen-member Mandalay City Development Committee, including vice-mayor Ye Mon, resigned on 3February 2021, in protest against the coup d'état. Labor strike participants have faced intimidation and threats from superiors. By 9February, COVID vaccination had been suspended, the country's testing system had collapsed and most hospitals in Myanmar had shut down.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The labour strikes have quickly spread to other sectors. Seven teacher organisations, including the 100,000-strong Myanmar Teachers' Federation, have pledged to join the labour strike. Staff in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, formerly led by Aung San Suu Kyi, have also joined the strike. On 4February 2021, in Naypyidaw, civil servants employed at the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation staged a protest. On 5February 2021, three hundred copper miners at the Kyisintaung copper mines joined the strike campaign. Miner Sithu Tun stated that the strike would continue until the "elected leaders receive[d] their power back".


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: By 5 February 2021, the civil service strike included administrative, medical, and educational sector staff and students at "91 government hospitals, 18 universities and colleges and 12 government departments in 79 townships". Nan Nwe, a member of the psychology department at Yangon University stated, "As we teach students to question and understand justice, we can't accept this injustice. Our stand is not political. We only stand up for the justice."


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 8 February, news emerged that state-run newspapers "Kyemon" and the "Global New Light of Myanmar" intended to halt publications to protest the coup. On 8February, all of workers from Myanmar railways participated in the movement and so, the railway transportation is completely stopped. On 8February, Kanbawza Bank temporarily closed its branches due to staffing shortages resulting from KBZ staff participating in the civil disobedience campaign. Other banks were also impacted by staff participation in the ongoing campaign. On 9February, staff from the Central Bank of Myanmar joined the movement.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 9 February, the impact of Civil Disobedience Movement activities led the Ministry of Health and Sports to publish a public plea in the state-run "New Light of Myanmar" requesting healthcare workers to return to work. On 10 February, Myanmar's largest trade union, the Confederation of Trade Unions of Myanmar (CTUM), announced plans to pursue prosecution for workplace officials who retaliate against employees joining the civil disobedience movement. On 11 February, Min Aung Hlaing urged civil servants to put aside their feelings and return to work. On 16 February, a Ministry of Information spokesperson warned civil servants participating in the movement, warning that authorities would not wait long for their return to work.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: A number of industry lobbying groups, including the Myanmar Mobile Industry Association and the Myanmar Cosmetics Association, have suspended cooperation with government agencies following the coup.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: From 25 February, truck drivers also began a strike against the coup by refusing to transport goods from the docks at Yangon’s four main ports. Joint secretary of the Myanmar Container Trucking Association said he estimates that about 90% of the 4,000 city's drivers are on strike, and have promised to deliver only essential food, medicine and fabrics for factories.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 3 February 2021, a domestic boycott movement called the "Stop Buying Junta Business" campaign emerged, calling for the boycott of products and services linked to the Myanmar military. Among the targeted goods and services in the Burmese military's significant business portfolio include Mytel, a national telecoms carrier, Myanmar Beer, Mandalay Beer, and Dagon Beer, several coffee and tea brands, 7th Sense Creation, which was co-founded by Min Aung Hlaing's daughter, and bus lines.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In response to the boycott, 71 engineers working for Mytel in Sagaing Region resigned in protest. Some retail outlets have begun pulling Myanmar Beer from stores.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 5 February, Kirin Company ended its joint venture with the military-owned Myanma Economic Holdings Limited (MEHL). The joint venture, Myanmar Brewery, produces several brands of beer, including Myanmar Beer, and has an 80% market share in the country. Kirin's stake had been valued at US $1.7billion. On 8February, Lim Kaling, co-founder of Razer Inc., announced he was divesting his stake in a joint venture with a Singaporean tobacco company that owns a 49% stake in Virginia Tobacco, a local tobacco manufacturer that is majority-owned by MEHL. Virginia Tobacco produces two popular local cigarette brands, Red Ruby and Premium Gold.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Since the onset of the coup d'état, residents in urban centers such as Yangon have staged cacerolazos, striking pots and pans in unison every evening as a symbolic act to drive away evil, as a method of expressing their opposition to the coup d'état. On 5February 2021, thirty people in Mandalay were charged under section 47 of the Police Act for banging pots and kitchenware.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 3 February 2021, healthcare workers in Myanmar launched the red ribbon campaign (ဖဲကြိုးနီလှုပ်ရှားမှု). The color red is associated with the National League for Democracy (NLD), the incumbent political party that won the 2020 elections. Ni Ni Khin Zaw, a popular Burmese singer and medical school graduate, publicly endorsed the campaign. Civil servants and workers across Myanmar, including union-level ministries, have adopted the red ribbon as a symbol of opposition to the military regime. On 5February 2021, copper miners at Kyinsintaung mines unable to join the labour strike joined the red ribbon campaign. On 6February 2021, factory garment workers in Thaketa Industrial Zone joined the red ribbon campaign.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Burmese celebrities and politicians, including Paing Takhon and Daung, have publicly supported civil resistance efforts, posing with the three-finger salute in social media posts. Celebrities and social media influencers, such Sai Sai Kham Leng and Nay Chi Oo, who were silent or were slow to support the ongoing popular protests lost sizeable online followings. On 7February, Nay Soe Maung, son-in-law of Myanmar's former dictator Than Shwe, posted a Facebook photo demonstrating support for the protests.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Burmese netizens have popularised trending hashtags like #SayNototheCoup, #RespectOurVotes, #HearTheVoiceofMyanmar, #SaveMyanmar, and #CivilDisobedience. Within a day after the coup d'état, the #SaveMyanmar hashtag had been used by over 325,000 Facebook users. Social media users had also changed their profile pictures to black to show their sorrow or red in support of the NLD, often with a portrait of Suu Kyi. Burmese netizens have also ridiculed Min Aung Hlaing's short stature online, and some pro-democracy netizens have joined the Milk Tea Alliance, an online democratic solidarity movement in Asia.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 17 February 2021, many cars mysteriously broke down in busy streets of Yangon in a staged demonstration, in a creative attempt to block security forces and police to pass through the traffic and to thwart the government workers from going to work. The movement continued on 18 February 2021 with many broken-down cars joined by some moving at a very slow speed to block traffic.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On February 1, 2022, to mark the one year anniversary of the military takeover, Myanmar people took part in a 'silent strike' by staying home, closing down shops and halt all outdoor activities, resulting in streets in many main towns and cities were nearly deserted. The junta have warned participants would be charged with violating terrorism and incitement law.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Military lobbyist Han Nyein Oo posted on his Telegram channel about shop owners who have notified on social media that the store would be closed on the day on which the silent strike would be conducted and called for their arrest. More than 200 people were detained by the military council after the post.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 4 February 2021, telecom operators and internet service providers across Myanmar were ordered to block Facebook until 7February 2021, to ensure the "country's stability". Myanma Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), a state-owned carrier, also blocked Facebook Messenger, Instagram and WhatsApp services, while Telenor Myanmar blocked only Facebook. Facebook had been used to organise the civil disobedience campaign's labour strikes and the emerging boycott movement. Facebook is used by half of Myanmar's population. Following the Facebook ban, Burmese users had begun flocking to Twitter. The following day, the government extended the social media access ban to include Instagram and Twitter.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Following the Facebook ban, demand for VPN services surged in the country. According to a UK-based digital privacy and security research group, demand for VPN surged by more than 7000%. The free to use proxy service Psiphon, used to circumvent censorship, has seen its user base surge from 5,000 daily users before the 1February coup d'état to more than 1.6 million users with an average of 14 million daily connections as of 15 February 2021.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 19 February 2021, most ISPs, Mytel being one of the exceptions, began blocking Wikipedia and other related websites.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On the morning of 6 February 2021, the military authorities initiated an internet outage nationwide. That same day, Facebook urged authorities to unblock social media services. Facebook also removed the Burmese government's ability to submit content removal requests. Internet access was partially restored the following day, although social media platforms remained blocked. On 14 February 2021, Telenor announced it was no longer permitted to publicly disclose the directives received from military authorities on internet disruptions. Starting on 15 February 2021, the military authorities initiated an internet outage nationwide again from 1:00 to 9:00a.m. daily.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Additional internet shutdowns were also reported on 22 and 26 February 2021 in some locations. Mytel, partly shared by the military, was seemingly not affected by the shutdowns.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 1 April 2021, the military council commanded to the wifi internet service providers to cut wireless broadband internet, with fixed-line connections which are disconnected from 1AM to 9AM being the only avenue left to access the internet.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Law enforcement authorities have acted swiftly in quelling opposition to the coup. As of 7February 2021, 152 people were under detention in relation to the coup d'état.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The military regime has begun initiating criminal proceedings against detainees. On 3February 2021, Thawbita, a Buddhist monk was sentenced to two years in prison under Section 66(d) of the Telecommunications Law, for defamation of the military. On 4February 2021, three university students, Zu Zu Zan, Aung Myo Ko, and Htoo Khant Thaw, were charged under Section 19 of the Peaceful Assembly and Peaceful Procession Law for protesting in Mandalay. On 5February 2021, Maung Gyi, the chair of the United Nationalities Democratic Party, was arrested, charged and sentenced to two years under Penal Code Section 505(b) for staging a protest in Hpa-an Township, Kayin State. Cho Yu Mon, a school principal, was also arrested and charged under Penal Code Section 505(b) for taking part in a "red ribbon" campaign at her school in Hpa-an. NLD leader Win Htein was charged under Section 124(a) of Myanmar's legal code for sedition.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 6 February, Sean Turnell, the Australian economic policy advisor to the NLD-led civilian government and a Macquarie University professor, was detained, becoming the first known foreign national to be arrested in relation to the coup.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 8 February 2021, authorities re-arrested Nang Khin Htwe Myint, Kayin State's chief minister, and Myint Naing, Sagaing Region's chief minister. Nang Khin Htwe Myint had published remarks online urging solidarity between soldiers and the people, pointing out that the army was funded by taxes and state funds, while Myint Naing had posted a speech calling on the public to continue protesting. On 9February, at least a hundred demonstrators were arrested in Mandalay, including mayor Ye Lwin.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 13 February 2021, authorities have charged and issued arrest warrants under Article 505(b) of the law for seven high-profile individuals, namely Min Ko Naing, Kyaw Min Yu, Mg Mg Aye, Pencilo, Lynn Lynn, Insein Aung Soe, and Myo Yan Naung Thein, for allegedly defaming the state and threatening "public tranquility" through their social media posts.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 17 February 2021, authorities issued arrest warrants for several celebrities, namely Lu Min, Pyay Ti Oo, Ko Pauk, Na Gyi, Anegga, and Wyne, for encouraging civil servants to join the ongoing civil disobedience movement. More than 1,700 people had been arrested as of 4March. On 2 April 2021, eleven individuals were arrested in Yangon after answering questions from a CNN television crew which had received permission to report in Myanmar, with three of these individuals still held .


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 3 March 2021, Associated Press journalist Thein Zaw and five other media workers were charged over their coverage of the protests, with a potential maximum penalty of three years imprisonment. On 24 March 2021, Thein Zaw was released from Insein Prison near Yangon, with all charges dropped.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 15 April 2021, security forces arrested Wai Moe Naing, one of the most prominent leaders of the protests, near the town of Monywa.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 9 May 2021, the junta returned the body of poet and dissenter Khet Thi, who they said had died in detention. Many of his internal organs had been removed.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The military has made overtures to competing political parties in the aftermath of the coup d'état. On 2February 2021, it formed the State Administration Council, as Myanmar's interim governing body. The Council's membership included several civilian politicians, including Mahn Nyein Maung, a former member of the Karen National Union, Thein Nyunt, and Khin Maung Swe, co-founders of the National Democratic Force, a splinter group from the NLD. On 3February 2021, five additional civilian members were added to the Council, including Aye Nu Sein, vice-chair of the Arakan National Party. On 6February, the Mon Unity Party had announced it had accepted the military's offer to join the Council.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 8 February 2021, authorities began imposing martial law across several municipalities until further notice. Martial law effectively institutes a nightly curfew from 8:00pm to 4:00am, bans gathering of more than five individuals, public speaking, rallies, and protests. Municipalities covered by martial law include seven townships in Mandalay, and a township in Ayeyarwady Region. Martial law has since been expanded to include several urban townships in Yangon, Shwebo, Monywa, Sagaing, Kalay in Sagaing Region, Bago, and Pharsong in Kayah State, where significant protests had emerged. Martial law has since been expanded to include ninety townships in thirty cities, including all the townships that comprise Yangon.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 14 February 2021, the military regime suspended security and privacy protections enshrined in Myanmar's constitution until the state of emergency is lifted. The newly passed law enables the Commander-in-Chief to temporarily restrict or suspend the fundamental rights of citizens, including arrests and searches without court-issued warrants, and detentions without court approval. The State Administration Council also enacted Law 3/2021, which requires all residents to register overnight guests outside of their official household with their respective township or ward administrators. The military era law had previously been repealed by the NLD-led government.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: According to the AAPP, as of 20January 2022, 1,488 protesters have been killed. The junta's indiscriminate use of force has resulted in the deaths of at least 44 children, including a 7-year-old girl who was shot in her home and reports of hundreds of children and young people detained.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 8 February 2021, police began using rubber bullets, water cannons and tear gas, to disperse protesters at mass rallies. The military leader Min Aung Hlaing ordered a clampdown and suppression of demonstrations as protesters nationwide embarked on a strike. On 9February two protesters in Naypyidaw were admitted to a local hospital in critical condition, for gunshot wounds. One of these was Mya Thwe Thwe Khine, a twenty-year-old woman, whose death in a hospital on 19 February, became emblematic for the cause of the protesters. In late April, police sources began to claim that the increased violence from apparently among their ranks had actually been the work of military personnel and paramilitary thugs in police uniform, as well as of "trigger-happy new police recruits".


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 20 February 2021, two protesters were killed and at least two dozen more were injured in Mandalay by the police and military in a violent crackdown. These people were residents of Maha Aung Myay Township guarding government shipyard workers involved in the civil disobedience movement from the police, who were forcing them back to work. In addition to firing live rounds, the police and military personnel also threw rocks, arrested, and used water cannons on civilians, in addition to severely beating many. Despite international reactions to this incident, the military junta warned protesters that they were willing to continue using such lethal force, and instead claimed that it was the protesters who were "inciting the people [...] to a confrontation path". In spite of these threats, huge crowds gathered on 22 February, with some protesters saying that the recent killings had made them more determined to continue protesting.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 25 February, reports showed that police opened fire and used flash bang grenades into a group of residents in Tamwe township protesting the military appointment to replace an administrator in one ward.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The intensity of the interventions by authorities increased at the beginning of March, with reports of at least 18 fatalities on 28 February according to reports of Human Rights Groups, and an additional 38 on 3March, with UN special envoy Christine Schraner Burgener describing the day "as the bloodiest since the coup happened". Warnings of possible further sanctions were reportedly met with indifference.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 4 March 2021, 19-year-old Kyal Sin was shot in the head during an anti-coup rally, in which security forces fired live rounds to disperse the demonstration.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: One incident of violence against emergency services personnel was recorded by CCTV and shared on social media, in which an ambulance in the North Okkakapa Township, Yangon was stopped at gunpoint by armed police, and the three volunteer medics were forced out of their vehicles and repeatedly hit in the head with rifle butts and kicked by six police officers, followed by the officers shooting out the windows of the ambulance. The three medics were then detained and sent to the Insein Prison, known for its inhumane conditions.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 30 March 2021, numerous airstrikes against protesters in Kayin State were reported. On 9 April, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners and Myanmar Now reported that security forces had killed more than 80 protesters in Bago by firing rifle grenades at them.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On the same day, a man was shot dead by security forces in Mandalay, becoming the first casualty of the post-ASEAN summit consensus.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 1 June, the Tatmadaw launched airstrikes on many towns in Sagaing and Kachin State against People's Defence Force resistance group.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The violent use of force by military forces in Mya Thwe Thwe Khaing's death on 9February sparked national outrage, with celebrities and public figures such as Thandar Hlaing criticising her treatment. Nyi Nyi Tun, the chair of the Myanmar Motion Picture Organisation, stated "We cannot witness any more Mya Thwe Thwe Khaings" and urged the public to join the civil disobedience movement. On 11 February, Mya's sister, Mya Thado Nwe, publicly addressed media outlets, and urged the public to "uproot the military dictatorship" for the sake of future generations.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 17 February, a long billboard depicting Mya's shooting was unfurled off of a pedestrian bridge in Downtown Yangon.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 1 March, the CRPH designated the State Administration Council as a terrorist group in response to the violent crackdown on anti-coup protesters on 28 February.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Vasipake Sayadaw, an influential monk and astrologer who having a close relationship with Senior General Min Aung Hlaing. He has been accused of providing the coup leader with his astrological advice for the takeover. He was reportedly blamed for advising the senior general to tell security forces to shoot protesters in the head. Most of the people killed over the last month were hit in their heads.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The Shwekyin Nikāya, Burma's second largest Buddhist monastic order, has also urged Min Aung Hlaing to immediately cease the assaults on unarmed civilians and to refrain from engaging in theft and property destruction. Its leading monks reminded the general to be a good Buddhist, which entailed keeping to the Five Precepts required for at least a human rebirth. In March 2021, the State Saṅghamahānāyaka Committee issued a draft statement calling on the SAC to end the violence against protesters, itself vowing to halt its administrative activities in solidarity. On 14 March, it was reported that Bhaddanta Kumārabhivaṁsa (), the committee's head, had consequently been detained. Other members as well of the Burmese monastic community have spoken out against the violence and in general opposition to the coup.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 14 February, the military deployed armoured trucks and vehicles in the regional capitals of Yangon, Sittwe, and Myitkyina. Soldiers were also deployed on city streets to aid police, including members of the 77th Light Infantry Division. In Yangon, soldiers were deployed to stand behind riot police.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 7 March, state-run media and human rights groups confirmed the occupation of public hospitals, universities and temple compounds by security forces. Public hospitals had been staffed by medical personnel after initially being vacated over the Civil Disobedience Movement, "in response to escalating violence against peaceful protestors" according to not-for-profit human rights NGO Physicians for Human Rights. Hospitals confirmed to be occupied include the Yangon General Hospital and Gandhi Hospital.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In the lead-up to the coup, pro-military protesters had begun rallying in an attempt to de-legitimise the results of the 2020 elections. Wai Wai Nu of the Women's Peace Network noted the potential for violent attacks on pro-democracy protesters by pro-military protesters.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 30 December, approximately 400 pro-military protesters and nationalists demonstrated in front of Yangon City Hall, in violation of COVID-19 guidelines. On 14 January, about a thousand protesters gathered in Mandalay's Pyawbwe Township to dispute election results, waving military flags.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 2 February 2021, the day after the coup, pro-military protesters and nationalist groups such as the Yeomanry Development Party (YDP) and Patriotic Myanmar Monks Network rallied in Yangon. On 8February, a group of pro-military protesters rallied at Sule Pagoda.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 9 February, a group of pro-military instigators arrived at a protest site in Yangon in 15 unmarked vehicles, seeking to provoke violence. Many brandished large wooden clubs, and were otherwise indistinguishable from pro-democracy protesters. On 18 February, monks who are members of the Patriotic Young Monks Union, an ultranationalist group, were seen vandalizing cars that were staged in a "broken down cars" campaign.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 25 February, pro-military supporters marched through central Yangon and openly attacked bystanders, residents and anti-coup protestors using sharp objects, knives, heavy sticks and slingshots, wounding four people seriously in the head and the other eight in other parts of the body. Attacks were also directed against members of the press and cars.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 9 February, a 36-page draft cybersecurity law was circulated to Myanmar's mobile operators and telecoms licence holders for industry feedback. The draft bill would make internet providers accountable for preventing or removing content that "cause[s] hatred, destroy unity and tranquility". A coalition of 150 civil service organisations publicly denounced the bill for violating the fundamental rights to freedom of expression, data protection, privacy, and other democratic norms in the digital space. They also criticised granting state authorities the ability to ban unfavorable content, restrict ISPs, and intercept data. On 15 February, Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry urged authorities not to rush into enacting the law, noting that the law could negatively impact Myanmar's digital growth and hinder foreign investments.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 11 February, hundreds of protesters gathered at the Embassy of China in Yangon, based on online rumours that China had brought in telecommunications equipment and IT experts to Myanmar via recent flights. The Chinese embassy published a statement from the China Enterprises Chamber of Commerce in Myanmar which claimed that recent cargo flights had transported only goods like seafood, and denied allegations of helping Myanmar build an internet firewall.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Since the coup on 1 February 2021, authorities have blocked popular news channels, including free-to-air channels like the Democratic Voice of Burma and Mizzima TV, as well as foreign news channels, including CNN from the United States, NHK from Japan, and the BBC from the United Kingdom. On 7February, the regime also blocked "The New York Times", "The Wall Street Journal", "The Economist" and two wire services, the Associated Press and Reuters. A Myanmar Press Council representative has expressed concern over the future of freedom of the press in the country, the public's right to access information, and the future of Myanmar's nascent news organisations. Satellite dishes have been banned in certain regions from early March to prevent access to foreign media.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Domestic privately owned radio and TV stations have been suspended, with only entertainment permitted to be broadcast.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Several journalists and reporters have been attacked while reporting at pro-military demonstrations, and others including Associated Press journalist Thein Zaw have been arrested and charged under a public order law with a maximum penalty of three years in prison, punishing anyone who "causes fear among the public, knowingly spreads false news, or agitates directly or indirectly for a criminal offense against a government employee", with the penalty having been increased by the junta from two years in February; on 24 March 2021, Thein Zaw was released from Insein Prison near Yangon, with all charges dropped.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 9 March 2021, five independent media outlets Mizzima, Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), Khit Thit Media, Myanmar Now and 7Day News were shut down after their licences were revoked by the military; the previous day, Myanmar Now was raided by police, with computers, parts of their data server, and equipment seized.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 2 April 2021, eleven individuals were arrested in Yangon for answering questions by a CNN television crew which had received permission to report in Myanmar.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Unsubstantiated rumours of Suu Kyi's release had circulated, which was falsely attributed to and denied by Radio Free Asia; this rumour is reported to have been shared by the military-run Myawaddy TV, and triggered street celebrations and fireworks. An imposter website mimicking Radio Free Asia was set up, posting false articles "about COVID-19, the Muslim Rohingya community, as well as slurs against leader Aung San Suu Kyi and her ruling National League for Democracy".


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Additionally, the military hired Ari Ben-Menashea lobbyist who formerly worked for Robert Mugabe, but also other military juntas and presidential candidates in countries including Venezuela, Tunisia and Kyrgyzstanin an attempt to rebrand itself, claiming that the coup was launched "to prevent the civilian-led government from drifting further into China's orbit".


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: To counter the spread of misinformation, in February Facebook issued a blanket ban on all pages relating to Myanmar's military, as well as state media network Myanmar Radio and Television (MRTV). On 5March, YouTube announced it would remove five military-run YouTube channels and several videos "in accordance with our community guidelines and applicable laws". TikTok announced it had removed content which had received "tens of thousands of views" of uniformed men threatening to harm protesters.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 3 April 2021, police arrested popular actor Ye Deight under section 505 (a) of the penal code. On 6 April, military authorities issued arrest warrants against dozens of celebrities, models and influencers, and a popular comedian was arrested in Yangon, according to "Mizzima News". One of the wanted journalists is Sithu Aung Myint, who wrote from his Facebook page that "he was proud" to be on the wanted list.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 8 April, troops arrested popular actor, model and actor Paing Takhon for openly opposing the military government and expressing support for the protesters. He was arrested at his home in Yangon after eight military trucks arrived to their residence. The arrests were conducted without resistance, according to Takhon's mother, due to Takhon being in poor health. Other 120 celebrities were also issued arrest warrants.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 19 April 2021, Reporters Without Borders reported at least 19 journalists, actors, singers, and social media personalities were on a wanted list of "those spreading news to affect state stability", with names, Facebook account details, profile photos, and addresses of the individuals present. The same day at 8:00 PM, prominent beauty blogger Win Min Than was also arrested at the BH Hotel in Taunggyi a fews hours after the military council announced that she had been charged.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 13 May 2021, Min Nyo of the Democratic Voice of Burma was sentenced to three years in prison for his coverage of the protests. His employer and family allege he was "brutally beaten" by police and denied family visits. He had been arrested on 3 March. He became the first journalist to be sentenced under the junta.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In May 2021, three journalists and two activists who escaped from Myanmar were arrested in Thailand for illegally entering the country. If found guilty, they could be deported back to Myanmar, where they allege, their lives may be in danger. On 16 May 2021, Thai Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha promised UN special envoy Christine Schraner Burgener that the Thai government will not force those fleeing violence to return to Myanmar.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In the lead-up to the coup, pro-military protesters had begun rallying in an attempt to de-legitimise the results of the 2020 elections. On 2 February the first protest was made against the coup and four arrests were made on 4 February when thirty citizens protested against the coup d'état, in front of the University of Medicine in Mandalay.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Within a week public protests had grown in size and spread to other cities across the country. The largest protests in Yangon attracted at least 150,000 protesters, gathering at the Hledan junction and around Sule Pagoda in Downtown Yangon. Protesters defied martial law, and continued to organise larger public protests across the country. Police began a crackdown of protests, firing live and rubber bullets, and using water cannons to disperse the crowds causing serious injuries in some cases. Conversely some rallies were held in support of the State Administration Council.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: By mid February there were reports of fatalities among civilians, notably the death of Mya Thwe Thwe Khine at a hospital, ten days after having been shot in the head. On 8 March 2021, approximately two hundred protestors were besieged in Sanchaung, Yangon, as stun grenades and live ammunition were used by security forces, prompting calls from the United Nations and British Embassy in Myanmar asking security forces to withdraw.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 14 March, there were arson attacks on Chinese-run factories in the industrial district of Hlaing Tha Yar, Yangon. State media attributed it to protesters, while others said security forces lit the fires, but no group claimed responsibility. Security forces killed 38 protestors that day.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The most violent day of the protests came on 27 March, the annual Armed Forces Day holiday. At least 114 civilians were reported to have been killed, the highest death toll of any individual day.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Protests continue in April and May, young protesters held "lightning strike" flash marches against the military in the districts of Yangon.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 6 June, thousands of protesters took to the streets in Yangon and across Myanmar, calling for a "spring revolution". Security forces cracked down on protesters in Hsipaw, killing at least two people.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 19 June, protests divided the country between those celebrating Suu Kyi's 76th birthday and pro-military protesters across the country. The name of pro-Suu Kyi protests was chosen as "Flower Protests" due to the use of flowers on her clothing by Suu Kyi.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 8 August, protests took place across Myanmar against the junta on the anniversary of the 1988 uprising. Many protesters chanted "The old debt from 88, we must get it all in 2021".


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 2 December 2021, the "Human Rights Watch" reported that Myanmar security forces deliberately kettled protesters and used lethal force during anti-junta protests in Yangon’s Hlaingthaya Township on 14 March 2021. Soldiers and police killed at least 65 protesters and bystanders while firing on trapped protesters and on those trying to assist the wounded.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 5 December 2021, five people were killed and at least 15 arrested after Myanmar security forces in a car, rammed into an anti-coup protest in Yangon.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In February 2022, "The Guardian" newspaper reported about a series of poems written both by Rohingya and other Myanmar authors, expressing their suffering and opposition to atrocities committed by the country's military.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: Armed insurgencies by the People's Defence Force of the National Unity Government have erupted throughout Myanmar in response to the military government's crackdown on anti-coup protests.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: During his remarks on 7 February 2021, Pope Francis urged authorities to serve the common good, promote social justice and national stability, and expressed his solidarity with the people of Myanmar. On 17 March, Pope Francis praised Catholic nun, Sister Ann Rosa Nu Tawng, who knelt before security forces in the city of Myitkyina and persuaded them not to shoot protesters. Francis again urged for a peace and concluded his speech saying, "[E]ven I kneel on the streets of Myanmar and say, 'stop the violence.'" On 16 May, Pope Francis referred again about the conflict and said that "the people of Myanmar must not despair in the face of evil or allow themselves to be divided" and denounced the coup. On 20 June, Francis appealed to the military leaders to allow and to reach the displaced, hungry people and those who have fled the conflict. Francis expressed his support for the Burmese Catholic bishops asking for humanitarian corridors for those who have had to leave their homes since the coup.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 16 February 2021, during a parliamentary address, Singaporean foreign minister Vivian Balakrishnan expressed alarm regarding violent clashes at protests, arrests of civil servants, internet blackouts and troop deployments and armoured vehicles in city streets, and urged authorities to exercise "utmost restraint". UK prime minister Boris Johnson condemned the coup, tweeting "We stand with the people of Myanmar and will ensure those responsible for this coup are held to account," while the US denounced the death of protesters in Myanmar, where the State Department spokesman Ned Price stated that the country condemned the use of force against demonstrators. The European Union and Canada released a statement saying, "We support the people of Myanmar in their quest for democracy, freedom, peace and prosperity. The world is watching".


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The use of deadly force against protesters also drew condemnations from the French foreign ministry and the UN, who described such incidents as unacceptable and urged the military to immediately cease such violence. On 21 February, Facebook also announced the suspension of the military's main page, saying that "the army had breached its standards prohibiting the incitement of violence." On 25 February, all accounts of Tatmadaw and its related media entities were banned from Facebook and Instagram, citing the "exceptionally severe human rights abuses" and a future risk of "military-initiated violence".


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 19 April 2021, the European Union expanded sanctions to 35 individuals and the state-owned firms Myanmar Economic Corporation and Myanmar Economic Holding Limited, with sanctions including asset freezes and travel bans.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 9 February, reports of injured protesters prompted Ola Almgren, the UN Resident Coordinator and Humanitarian Coordinator in Myanmar to issue a statement condemning the authority's violent use of force. On 10 February, Thomas Andrews, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar, mentioned her on Twitter and urged solidarity with the protests. On 11 February, UN Women expressed its condolences to Mya's family and called "on the military and police to refrain from using disproportionate force against demonstrators".


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 14 February, UN Secretary General António Guterres issued a statement expressing deep concern about the situation in Myanmar, highlighting "the increasing use of force and the reported deployment of additional armoured vehicles to major cities". He urged Myanmar's military and police to fully respect the right of peaceful assembly and ensure that demonstrators are not subjected to reprisals. He also called reports of violence, intimidation and harassment by security personnel "unacceptable".


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 9 April, Myanmar's UN envoy Kyaw Moe Tun furtherly condemned the junta and called for international intervention and the imposition of a "no-fly zone". He also regretted the alleged "lack of adequate and strong action by the international community, especially the UN Security Council."


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 13 April 2021, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet warned of possible crimes against humanity and said it seemed to be heading towards a massive conflict like the one ravaging Syria. Bachelet stated that "[I] fear the situation in Myanmar is heading towards a full-blown conflict. States must not allow the deadly mistakes of the past in Syria and elsewhere to be repeated."


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The United Nations General Assembly said on 17 May 2021 that Liechtenstein had introduced a measure to resolution calling for 'an immediate suspension' of the transfer of weapons to the military junta of Myanmar. The draft is supported by the European Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. The sole Asian country to co-sponsor this move is South Korea. It also demands the military to "end the state of emergency" and immediately stop "all violence against peaceful demonstrators". It also calls for the immediate and unconditional release of President Win Myint, State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and everyone who has been 'arbitrarily detained, charged or arrested' since the 1 February coup. The draft also urges to implement the five point consensus reaches at the last ASEAN summit and is expected to be treated in person at the UN on 18 May 2021. The next day, it was announced that the treatment of the draft had been indefinitely postponed due to lack of support.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 27 July 2021, U.N. Special Rapporteur Tom Andrews urged the U.N. Security Council and member states to advance a "COVID Ceasefire" in Myanmar. At the time of his report, over 600 healthcare professionals were eluding outstanding arrest warrants and 67 had already been detained in the midst of soaring COVID-19 infections and deaths throughout the country.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 16 April, ASEAN (of which Myanmar is a member) announced an ASEAN Leaders Meeting where Min Aung Hlaing would address the ongoing situation for the first time since taking power. The bloc is divided by countries pushing for action (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore) and other countries with more neutral or supportive stances such as Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. On 18 April, the NUG asked to be invited to the meeting and called on ASEAN member states to not recognize the junta government. A deputy for foreign affairs of the NUG said that ASEAN should negotiate with the NUG, as it "is supported by the people and has complete legitimacy." Members of the NUG were reported to have been in contact with ASEAN leaders, but were not formally invited to the meeting.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 24 April, Min Aung Hlaing attended the special ASEAN Leaders Meeting in Jakarta along with other member states' heads of government and foreign ministers, where he was urged to stop violent crackdowns on protesters. ASEAN released a statement that it had agreed to a "five-point consensus" with Min Aung Hlaing on the cessation of violence in Myanmar, constructive dialogue among all parties concerned, and the appointment of a special envoy by ASEAN to facilitate the dialogue process. Demonstrations against him, the coup and asking for restoration of democracy gathered in the streets near the ASEAN Secretariat, where the meeting was held. There have been calls to either suspend or expel Myanmar from ASEAN, though ASEAN member states are prohibited by the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) from interfering in the internal affairs of other members. Later on the same day, a consensus was announced by group chair Brunei where five points were to be met: ending violence, a constructive dialogue among all parties, a special ASEAN envoy to facilitate the dialogue, acceptance of aid and a visit by the envoy to Myanmar. There was no mention, however, of political prisoners. Burmese state media also reported that the country would closely cooperate with various issues, including "the political transition in Myanmar, and the process that will be implemented in the future". The consensus was strongly criticized by pro-democracy activists who vowed to continue their protests. Khin Sandar of the General Strikes Collaboration Committee vowed to continue protests, saying that ASEAN and the UN merely speak as outsiders whose declarations do not reflect the situation on the ground. Outcry over the TAC-guided consensus was also reported on social media.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In May 2021, the Philippines welcomed the United Nations Security Council support to facilitate a peaceful ending to the crisis in the country. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of that country called for the release of all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint. Previously, the Security Council had welcomed the ASEAN consensus on the situation in Myanmar.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 4 February, the Federal Reserve blocked the transfer of $1billion held in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, after an attempt to transfer the funds in the name of the Central Bank of Myanmar. On 10 February, U.S. President Joe Biden said the United States was "taking steps to prevent the generals from improperly having access to the one billion dollars in Burmese government funds", signing an executive order to freeze assets and sanction military leaders involved in the coup, and stated "as protests grow, violence against those asserting their democratic rights is unacceptable, and we’re going to keep calling it out. The people of Burma are making their voices heard. And the world is watching."


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 5 March, due to protest deaths, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced sanctions and export controls against Myanmar's ministry of defence, ministry of home affairs, and the two state-owned firms Myanmar Economic Corporation and Myanmar Economic Holding Limited, in order "to constrain the Burmese military regime's access to U.S. goods and technology". Blinken called for the "restoration of democracy in Burma".


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 29 March, the United States announced they would suspend all trade engagement under a 2013 trade and investment agreement. A day later on 30 March, the Department of State ordered the departure of non-emergency employees from Myanmar.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 1 April, the British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab condemned the coup again and announced economic sanctions on Burmese conglomerate Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC) over funding of the military and association with military officials. Raab further stated that the junta had "sunk to a new low with the wanton killing of innocent civilians, including children". Later, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken welcomed the United Kingdom's move. On 7 April, Myanmar's ambassador to the United Kingdom Kyaw Zwar Minn was locked out of the London embassy after criticizing Myanmar's ruling authorities.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 19 July, aid from UNHCR arrived at Mindat as a response to the refugee crisis. However, military restrictions diverted many of these resources away from the civilians who needed them.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: A group of Burmese expatriates and hundreds of Thai pro-democracy activists including Parit Chiwarak and Panusaya Sithijirawattanakul protested the coup at the Burmese embassy at Sathon Nuea Road in Bangkok, Thailand on 1 February, shortly after the coup. Some protesters reportedly gave the three-finger salute, the symbol which was used during the protests which called for democracy in Thailand. The protest ended with a police crackdown; two protestors were injured and hospitalised, and two others were arrested.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: On 1 February, Burmese citizens in Tokyo, Japan gathered in front of the United Nations University to protest against the coup. On 26 May 2021, Tokyo planned to allow two Myanmar diplomats to stay longer because they publicly announced their participation in the anti-coup movements and their visas were set to expire on 15 July 2021. On 18 June 2021, Myanma soccer player Pyae Lyan Aung told a Japanese Immigration Services Agency (ISA) officer that he decided to stay in Osaka, Japan after he gave the three-finger salute during a soccer match which was held in Japan last month.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In South Korea on 6 February, Burmese citizens rallied in front of the Myanmar embassy to protest against the coup, and they held more rallies four times a week from 6 February until 1 March.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: The Singapore Police Force has issued warnings to foreigners who are planning to participate in anti-coup protests in Singapore. On 14 February 2021, SPF officers arrested three foreigners for protesting at the outskirts of the Myanmar embassy without permits to participate in public assemblies. The Public Security Police Force of Macau has warned Myanmar residents that they are not allowed to conduct anti-coup protests because Article 27 of the Macao Basic Law only allows Macanese residents to protest.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In the United States on 3 February, more than 150 Burmese Americans protested in front of the Embassy of Myanmar in Washington, D.C. On 6March 2021, protesters in Tennessee, United States, gathered at the Tennessee State Capitol in Nashville and then, they held a march in order to encourage leaders in the U.S. and Tennessee to impose sanctions on the Burmese military. Protests were held in other cities with sizeable Burmese populations, such as on 27 February in the Dallas suburb of Lewisville.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In Australia on 1 March, some Burmese Australians protested near the Parliament House in Perth to seek justice and urge the Australian government to support the protesters in Myanmar. On 6March, protesters in Sydney gathered in solidarity with protesters in Myanmar.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: In Malaysia, Hein Htet Aung, who plays for second-division Malaysia Premier League club Selangor FC II, flashed the three-finger salute in a match against PDRM FC on early March. He was banned from playing a game against Perak FC II. On 31 March, some Malaysians associated with Milk Tea Alliance gathered outside the embassy to condemn violence against protesters.


title: 2021–2022 Myanmar protests

text: According to Kyaw Moe Tun, Myanma ambassador to the UN, eleven other Myanma diplomats stationed in the US, Switzerland, Canada, France, Germany, Israel and Japan are planning to seek temporary protected status as they refuse to move back to Myanmar.


title: Armistice

text: An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the Latin "arma", meaning "arms" (as in weapons) and "-stitium", meaning "a stopping".


title: Armistice

text: The United Nations Security Council often imposes, or tries to impose, cease-fire resolutions on parties in modern conflicts. Armistices are always negotiated between the parties themselves and are thus generally seen as more binding than non-mandatory UN cease-fire resolutions in modern international law.


title: Armistice

text: An armistice is a "modus vivendi" and is not the same as a peace treaty, which may take months or even years to agree on. The 1953 Korean War Armistice Agreement is a major example of an armistice which has not been followed by a peace treaty. An armistice is also different from a truce or ceasefire, which refer to a temporary cessation of hostilities for an agreed limited time or within a limited area. A truce may be needed in order to negotiate an armistice.


title: Armistice

text: Under international law, an armistice is a legal agreement (often in a document) that ends fighting between the "belligerent parties" of a war or conflict. At the Hague Convention of 1899, three treaties were agreed and three declarations made. The "Convention with respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land" stated, "If [the armistice's] duration is not fixed," the parties may resume fighting (Article 36) as they choose but with proper notifications. That is in comparison to a "fixed duration" armistice in which the parties may renew fighting only at the end of the particular fixed duration. When the belligerent parties say in effect that "this armistice completely ends the fighting" without any end date for the armistice, the duration of the armistice is fixed in the sense that no resumption of the fighting is allowed at any time. For example, the Korean Armistice Agreement calls for a "ceasefire and armistice" and has the "objective of establishing an armistice which will ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved."


title: Armistice

text: Armistice Day (which coincides with Remembrance Day and Veterans Day, public holidays) is commemorated every year on 11 November to mark the Armistice of 11 November 1918 signed between the Allies of World War I and the German Empire at Compiègne, France, for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front of World War I, which took effect at eleven o'clock in the morning, the "eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month" of 1918.


title: Armistice

text: Most countries changed the name of the holiday after World War II to honor veterans of that and subsequent conflicts. Most member states of the Commonwealth of Nations adopted the name Remembrance Day, and the United States chose Veterans Day.


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia Niela Davis (born 11 January 1981) is an English singer, songwriter and television presenter. She has released three studio albums, each of which has reached the Top 40 in the UK, which collectively have spawned eight UK top-ten singles. In addition, Jamelia has won four MOBO Awards, a Q Award and has received nine BRIT Award nominations.


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia's professional music career began in 1999, when she released her debut single, "So High", followed by a more successful single, "I Do". She then released her debut full-length studio album, "Drama", in June 2000. Jamelia went on to release further successful singles, including "Superstar" which charted at number three on the UK Singles Chart and number one in Australia, where it became platinum certified. She went on to further release another two studio albums, "Thank You" (2003) and "Walk with Me" (2006), before leaving Parlophone following a dispute with executives over the release of "No More", the third offering from "Walk with Me".


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia's ten-year-successful career span has led her to becoming a judge on shows such as "Move Like Michael Jackson" in 2009. Her filmography also includes her own TV documentaries, including "Jamelia: Whose Hair Is It Anyway" (2008), her own edition of the popular Channel 4 show, "The House That Made Me" and in 2011, her own BBC Three documentary, "Jamelia: Shame About Single Mums". In 2010 she signed a new record deal with All Around the World Productions. She was a panellist on the ITV magazine show "Loose Women" from 2013 until 2016.


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia was born in Handsworth, Birmingham, to single mother Paulette Davis. Both her parents are Jamaican; her father is from Spanish Town and her mother is from Westmoreland. She grew up in nearby Hockley and attended a local primary school, Brookfields Primary School and then later attended the CTC Kingshurst Academy, formerly known as the City Technology College.


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia was signed to Capitol Records at 15 after record producers heard recordings of her self-written a cappella songs that she had made on a karaoke machine. In late 1999, Jamelia recorded the single "So High", a collaboration with fellow R&B vocalist Rosita Lynch. The single failed to chart in both the UK and mainland Europe, and did not appear on any of Jamelia's subsequent albums. Following the poor sales of the single, Jamelia left Capitol Records, but was quickly signed up with record company Parlophone, a branch of EMI.


title: Jamelia

text: Taking some time to record her debut studio album, "Drama" (2000), Jamelia returned to the music scene in 1999 with the single "I Do", which became her first commercially successful single in the UK and mainland Europe, making the UK Top 40 and holding Top 20 positions in France and Sweden. The single's mediocre chart success, however, led to the delay of the release of "Money". Jamelia's third single, "Money" (featuring rapper Beenie Man and co-written by UK "The X Factor" finalist Daniel De Bourg), was released in February 2000. The single was the singer's breakthrough in the UK, peaking at number five and spending nine weeks in the UK Top 75; it later won a MOBO Award for Best Video in 2000. Despite the success of "Money", "Drama" did not make a major chart impression in the UK, where it peaked at number 39. The third single from the album, "Call Me", reached number 11, and the fourth single, "Boy Next Door", peaked at number 42. Recognition for the singer's early success came in late 2000 and 2001 at the BRIT Awards. Jamelia was nominated for Best British Newcomer, Best British Video and Best British Female.


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia recorded her second studio album, "Thank You", in 2002 and early 2003 following the birth of her daughter Teja in 2001. The first single lifted from "Thank You" was the R&B-influenced "Bout", on which she collaborated with American rap star Rah Digga; it debuted at number 37 in the UK. The second single, the much poppier "Superstar", became Jamelia's highest peaking at the time when it peaked at number three, and earned the spot of the 26th best-selling of 2003 in the UK. It remains Jamelia's only single to receive a BPI certification. Parent album "Thank You", released shortly after "Superstar", was widely expected to replicate the single's success, but entered the UK chart at number 65. Subsequently, a number of record producers worked with Jamelia on a re-release of the album that featured new artwork and track listing, including two new songs: her collaboration with Coldplay's Chris Martin and DJ K Staveley, "See It in a Boy's Eyes", and "DJ".


title: Jamelia

text: Promoting the re-release, title track "Thank You" was issued shortly before. Known to be Jamelia's favourite of her releases, the song became her highest-charting single to date in the UK, where it peaked at number two and received the 2004 MOBO Award for Best Single and a BRIT Award nomination in the same category. The fourth single "See it in a Boy's Eyes" was released in mid-2004 and became Jamelia's third consecutive top five hit, winning a MOBO Award for Best Video and a Q Award for Best Single. The success of "Thank You" resulted in five BRIT Award nominations for Jamelia in 2004 and 2005 for Best British Female, Best British Single, Best Female Solo Act, and Best British Urban Act. The album became the 36th best-selling of 2004 and was certified double platinum by the BPI in recognition of 600,000 copies shipped to retailers. Jamelia also contributed a cover version of Kool and the Gang's "Straight Ahead" for their remix/covers album "The Hits: Reloaded".


title: Jamelia

text: In mid-2004, Jamelia collaborated with Italian singer Tiziano Ferro on "Universal Prayer" for the 2004 Olympic Games soundtrack. It became her first Number 1 single in Italy and Spain and was added to non-UK editions of "Thank You". In late 2004, Jamelia was asked to contribute to the Band Aid 20 charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?", on which she sang with Will Young. The single topped the UK Singles Chart and was certified platinum. Around the same time, Jamelia released the lead single from the soundtrack of the film "", a cover of Sam Brown's 1988 single "Stop!"; it was released as double A-side in the UK with the aforementioned "DJ", and peaked at number nine.


title: Jamelia

text: On 9 November 2006, Jamelia joined Feeder on stage for the encore of Feeder's WAR Child gig at 'The Coronet' in London. They performed a cover of REM's "Everybody Hurts" as well as "Beware of the Dog".


title: Jamelia

text: Following the birth of her second daughter, Tiani, in 2005, Jamelia began recording her third album, "Walk with Me". Its lead single, "Something About You", was released in late 2006 and described as "less R&B, more experimental", with Popjustice hailing it as "an incredible pop single". The single became Jamelia's first to enter the charts solely on download sales alone, debuting at number 28, rising to number nine almost a month later following the physical release. "Walk with Me" was released shortly after and drew critical praise, with many critics claiming that it marked a significant turn in the singer's career as she moved from R&B to pop/rock.


title: Jamelia

text: The album did not emulate the chart success of "Thank You", managing to début only at number 20 on the UK Albums Chart. The second single, "Beware of the Dog", features a sample from Depeche Mode's 1989 song "Personal Jesus" and was heavily praised as being Jamelia's best single to date, with BBC Radio 1's "Chart Blog" stating that it "might just be one of the best pop songs ever made" and "the best pop song of the year", receiving a five-star rating. The single became the second consecutive Top 10 effort from the singer's third album, reaching number 10 in the UK. The final single to be released from the album was "No More", which samples The Stranglers' 1981 single "Golden Brown". It made the A-list on BBC Radio 2, but failed to garner much sales success, debuting at number 43.


title: Jamelia

text: "Walk with Me" became Jamelia's second album to receive a BPI certification. After four months of release, it sold more than 100,000 copies and was awarded a Gold disk. However, despite producing two Top 10 singles and garnering mostly positive reviews, "Walk With Me" had disappointing sales compared to her second album, "Thank You", which went on to become certified double platinum.


title: Jamelia

text: In an interview with Digital Spy in December 2009, Jamelia said that she wasn't surprised that the album did not sell well. "I probably wasn't in the right frame of mind with "Walk With Me"... I love all the songs individually, but I don't feel it flows very well as an album, which makes it harder to relate to. It sold well over 100,000 copies – but I want double-platinum every time!"


title: Jamelia

text: In late 2007, the singer released a singles collection titled "Superstar - The Hits". The compilation album features 11 of her 14 releases, omitting the 1999 single "So High", "Drama" singles "I Do" and "Boy Next Door" and the non-UK 2004 release "Universal Prayer". The collection, which only managed to début at number 55 on the UK Album Charts, was criticised for its hastiness, brevity and lack of new tracks or artwork. This proved to be her final album for Parlophone, which she left weeks after the collection's release amid rumours that the sales performance of "Walk With Me" had been a factor in the decision of the artist and label to part ways, and to release the singles collection.


title: Jamelia

text: In an interview with entertainment website Digital Spy in December 2009, Jamelia commented on being a rumoured replacement for Keisha Buchanan, in the girl-group Sugababes and spoke about work with her ongoing album, which was going "absolutely amazing". She stated that she was working with producers who have previously worked with Lady Gaga and Beyoncé, and that the album returned her sound to 2004's "Thank You". She also vowed to come back with a "really exciting" album. On 26 July 2010, Jamelia signed a record deal with an unknown label live on video streaming website Ustream.tv. Ultimately, nothing was released


title: Jamelia

text: In February 2013, Jamelia appeared in an episode of the BBC drama series "Death in Paradise", portraying a singer. In 2014, Jamelia modelled a new swimwear range for Boux Avenue.


title: Jamelia

text: In August 2013, Jamelia was part of a house band on every episode of the BBC One panel show "I Love My Country". On 27 November 2013, Jamelia joined the panel of the ITV chat show "Loose Women". As of 16 August 2016, she had made 162 appearances. However, she was axed from the show following new contracts being drawn up on 17 August 2016, and did not return for series 21.


title: Jamelia

text: In May 2014, she appeared in a TV advertisement for Boux Avenue and sang a cover version of "I Only Want to Be with You", with the chorus changed to "I only want to be with Boux".


title: Jamelia

text: In 2015, Jamelia took part in "" on ITV. In 2015, Jamelia participated on thirteenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing". She was partnered with professional dancer Tristan MacManus. The pair survived four dance-offs, but lost their fifth dance off in week 9, being voted out by 3 out of 4 judges against Peter Andre and Janette Manrara.


title: Jamelia

text: In 2016, she returned to acting to appear in an episode of the BBC soap opera "Doctors" as Helena Wales. Following her appearance, she stated that she wants to return to "Doctors".


title: Jamelia

text: In February 2020, Jamelia appeared on the BBC Two game show "Richard Osman's House of Games", as one of the contestants, alongside Gareth Malone, Paul Martin and Susan Calman.


title: Jamelia

text: In spring 2004, Jamelia was signed by the agency ICM. A week later she was signed as the face and legs of Pretty Polly in a high-profile advertising campaign and shortly afterwards was featured in a poster campaign for Reebok. Since pursuing work in modelling, Jamelia has also endorsed Listerine "Softmint Sensation", Jaguar Cars and BMW, was the brand ambassador for the maternity wear line "Seraphine", has appeared in print advertising for Oxfam and on the front cover of magazines such as "Cosmopolitan", "Company", "Elle" and "Harpers & Queen".


title: Jamelia

text: In January 2007, Jamelia launched a new fragrance as part of a campaign to increase awareness of HIV and AIDS. Proceeds from the sale of every bottle of The Body Shop's "Rougeberry" were donated to "MTV's Staying Alive Foundation". On 4 March 2007, Jamelia appeared on an episode of "Top Gear", where Richard Hammond drove her to Earl's Court Exhibition Centre for a Brit Awards show in his homemade stretch limousine. On 27 May 2007, Jamelia had signed a £100,000 contract to launch a new range of products for Boots. On 31 July 2007, Jamelia, Erin O'Connor and Helena Christensen, had teamed up with hairdressing/hair product company Toni & Guy to promote "Model.Me" – a hair product created for women with ethnic hair. Jamelia said, "I think it's about time that there was a haircare range specifically designed for ethnic hair available on every high street."


title: Jamelia

text: On 18 September 2007, Jamelia co-hosted the MOBO Awards with Shaggy and on 20 September, she was on the catwalk in Naomi Campbell's "Fashion for Relief" event at the Natural History Museum in London. Jamelia appeared on ITV's "Saturday Night Divas" to mark the end of Breast Cancer Awareness Month. She shared the stage with Jennifer Lopez, Girls Aloud, Celine Dion and Alicia Keys, amongst others and performed a cover version of Outkast's hit single "Hey Ya!". On 1 December 2007, Jamelia was invited to perform on stage for Nelson Mandela's World Aids Day concert. She performed the hit singles "Something About You", "See It in a Boy's Eyes" and "Superstar". On 19 December 2007, she played "Cinderella" in Channel 4's "The Paul O'Grady Show's" Christmas Pantomime.


title: Jamelia

text: In January 2008, Jamelia signed a book publishing deal with Orion. Her autobiography, "Stronger" has yet to be published. In February 2008, Jamelia announced in a podcast on her personal website that she had "completed her first official acting role". It was also mentioned that she had landed a TV presenting job. In July 2008 she appeared in a documentary about the international Hair extensions trade "Jamelia: Whose Hair is it Anyway?" for BBC Three travelling to India and Russia with Tatiana Karelina and guest presented a week of episodes of "Big Brother's Big Mouth" for E4.


title: Jamelia

text: On 7 September 2008, Jamelia guest presented an episode of "Something for the Weekend" with Tim Lovejoy. A more recent project is "The Really Good School Dinner". Jamelia is supporting the initiative which will see children and young people in England pledging to have a school meal and make a donation to provide some of the world's poorest children with a nutritious meal.


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia starred in an episode of Gordon Ramsay's "The F Word", where she and Gordon took part in a cook off competition. She was a guest judge for BBC's "Let's Dance for Comic Relief", and she has appeared on the Disney channel show "Under Cover Coach", in which she coached a girl called Amy in singing. Jamelia presents "The National Lottery" some Wednesday evenings, which she has been doing since April 2008. Jamelia featured in a Channel 4 documentary series, produced by Nutopia, in 2010, called "The House That Made Me", which took her back to her childhood home, and reintroduced her to the people she had known in her youth.


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia has walked the catwalk every year since 2007 for her UK model counterpart, Naomi Campbell, and her Fashion for Relief show. Jamelia is also active in working with ActionAid, Princes Trust and the Food Aid branch of the UN, the World Food programme which has seen her visit Kenya, Uganda and India. In 2008, Jamelia earned the role of appearing alongside Helena Christensen and Erin O'Conor, fronting her own ethnic haircare range 'Model Me', in conjunction with 'Toni and Guy', and was stocked nationwide in Boots stores. 2009 saw Jamelia take on various TV roles including authoring her own documentary for BBC Three on ethical hair extensions, which saw her travel to Russia and India. Plus she was one of the judges on BBC Three's "Move Like Michael Jackson". Jamelia has met Nelson Mandela and performed for him for both his 46664 concert in Johannesburg and his 90th birthday celebrations in Hyde Park. In 2012, she took part in the "Preston Passion" to mark Preston's 2012 Guild. The "Preston Passion" was a retelling of the Easter story and involved singing, dancing and three dramas, where she sang a cover version of "You Got the Love". She has been a frequent guest on the satirical music panel show "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" and was a celebrity contestant on "Vernon Kay's Gameshow Marathon".


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia revealed that she grew up without her father, due to the fact he was often in and out of prison, and he later rejected her invitation to her wedding.


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia has three daughters. Her first was born in 2001, from a relationship with music manager Terry Wallen, who Jamelia claims was abusive and inspired her song "Thank You". In August 2007, Jamelia split from boyfriend Darren Byfield; the couple have a daughter (born 21 October 2005). They were reconciled a couple of months later, and in October 2007 announced their engagement. On 15 June 2008, it was reported the couple had married on the previous day in West Sussex. On 3 November 2009, it was announced that they were filing for divorce. In August 2022, Jamelia announced she was expecting her fourth child.


title: Jamelia

text: In 2018, Jamelia blamed TV projects being "taken away" from her on the coverage of her stepbrother, Tafarwa Beckford, who was convicted of a gang-related murder.


title: Jamelia

text: Jamelia has also been the opening act for artists such as Destiny's Child, Justin Timberlake and Usher as well as her own sold-out tour.


title: Andrew Loog Oldham

text: Andrew Loog Oldham (born 29 January 1944) is an English record producer, talent manager, impresario and author. He was manager and producer of the Rolling Stones from 1963 to 1967, and was noted for his flamboyant style.