title: Roberta Williams

text: Roberta Williams has personally inspired the characters and artwork of other games. She posed for the cover of the game "Softporn Adventure" by Chuck Benton, published by On-Line Systems. She posed much later with her children as Mother Goose for the cover photograph of "Mixed-Up Mother Goose". She also makes a cameo appearance in "Leisure Suit Larry 3", where Larry interrupts her while "directing" a scene for "King's QuestIV". She was also a source of inspiration for the character of Cameron Howe in the AMC television drama "Halt and Catch Fire". The Williams family donated a collection of design materials to the International Center for the History of Electronic Games.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: In physics, the energy–momentum relation, or relativistic dispersion relation, is the relativistic equation relating total energy (which is also called relativistic energy) to invariant mass (which is also called rest mass) and momentum. It is the extension of mass–energy equivalence for bodies or systems with non-zero momentum. It can be written as the following equation:


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: This equation holds for a body or system, such as one or more particles, with total energy , invariant mass , and momentum of magnitude ; the constant is the speed of light. It assumes the special relativity case of flat spacetime. Total energy is the sum of rest energy and kinetic energy, while invariant mass is mass measured in a center-of-momentum frame.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: For bodies or systems with zero momentum, it simplifies to the mass–energy equation formula_1, where total energy in this case is equal to rest energy (also written as ).


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: The Dirac sea model, which was used to predict the existence of antimatter, is closely related to the energy–momentum relation.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: The energy–momentum relation is consistent with the familiar mass–energy relation in both its interpretations: relates total energy to the (total) relativistic mass (alternatively denoted or ), while relates rest energy to (invariant) rest mass .


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: Unlike either of those equations, the energy–momentum equation () relates the "total" energy to the "rest" mass . All three equations hold true simultaneously.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: The invariant mass (or rest mass) is an invariant for all frames of reference (hence the name), not just in inertial frames in flat spacetime, but also accelerated frames traveling through curved spacetime (see below). However the total energy of the particle and its relativistic momentum are frame-dependent; relative motion between two frames causes the observers in those frames to measure different values of the particle's energy and momentum; one frame measures and , while the other frame measures and , where and , unless there is no relative motion between observers, in which case each observer measures the same energy and momenta. Although we still have, in flat spacetime:


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: The quantities , , , are all related by a Lorentz transformation. The relation allows one to sidestep Lorentz transformations when determining only the magnitudes of the energy and momenta by equating the relations in the different frames. Again in flat spacetime, this translates to;


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: Since does not change from frame to frame, the energy–momentum relation is used in relativistic mechanics and particle physics calculations, as energy and momentum are given in a particle's rest frame (that is, and as an observer moving with the particle would conclude to be) and measured in the lab frame (i.e. and as determined by particle physicists in a lab, and not moving with the particles).


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: In relativistic quantum mechanics, it is the basis for constructing relativistic wave equations, since if the relativistic wave equation describing the particle is consistent with this equation – it is consistent with relativistic mechanics, and is Lorentz invariant. In relativistic quantum field theory, it is applicable to all particles and fields.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: The Energy–momentum relation was first established by Paul Dirac in 1928 under the form formula_4, where "V" is the amount of potential energy.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: is the three dimensional relativistic momentum of the object in the lab frame with magnitude . The relativistic energy and momentum include the Lorentz factor defined by:


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: although rest mass has a more fundamental significance, and will be used primarily over relativistic mass in this article.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: then solving for and substituting into the Lorentz factor one obtains its alternative form in terms of 3-momentum and mass, rather than 3-velocity:


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: followed by more rearrangement it yields (). The elimination of the Lorentz factor also eliminates implicit velocity dependence of the particle in (), as well as any inferences to the "relativistic mass" of a massive particle. This approach is not general as massless particles are not considered. Naively setting would mean that and and no energy–momentum relation could be derived, which is not correct.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: In Minkowski space, energy (divided by ) and momentum are two components of a Minkowski four-vector, namely the four-momentum;


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: The Minkowski inner product of this vector with itself gives the square of the norm of this vector, it is proportional to the square of the rest mass of the body:


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: a Lorentz invariant quantity, and therefore independent of the frame of reference. Using the Minkowski metric with metric signature , the inner product is


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: In general relativity, the 4-momentum is a four-vector defined in a local coordinate frame, although by definition the inner product is similar to that of special relativity,


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: Performing the summations over indices followed by collecting "time-like", "spacetime-like", and "space-like" terms gives:


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: where the factor of 2 arises because the metric is a symmetric tensor, and the convention of Latin indices taking space-like values 1, 2, 3 is used. As each component of the metric has space and time dependence in general; this is significantly more complicated than the formula quoted at the beginning, see metric tensor (general relativity) for more information.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: In particle physics, energy is typically given in units of electron volts (eV), momentum in units of eV·, and mass in units of eV·. In electromagnetism, and because of relativistic invariance, it is useful to have the electric field and the magnetic field in the same unit (Gauss), using the cgs (Gaussian) system of units, where energy is given in units of erg, mass in grams (g), and momentum in g·cm·s.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: Energy may also in theory be expressed in units of grams, though in practice it requires a large amount of energy to be equivalent to masses in this range. For example, the first atomic bomb liberated about 1 gram of heat, and the largest thermonuclear bombs have generated a kilogram or more of heat. Energies of thermonuclear bombs are usually given in tens of kilotons and megatons referring to the energy liberated by exploding that amount of trinitrotoluene (TNT).


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: in the limit that , we have so the momentum has the classical form , then to first order in (i.e. retain the term for and neglect all terms for ) we have


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: where the second term is the classical kinetic energy, and the first is the rest energy of the particle. This approximation is not valid for massless particles, since the expansion required the division of momentum by mass. Incidentally, there are no massless particles in classical mechanics.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: In the case of many particles with relativistic momenta and energy , where (up to the total number of particles) simply labels the particles, as measured in a particular frame, the four-momenta in this frame can be added;


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: where is the invariant mass of the whole system, and is not equal to the sum of the rest masses of the particles unless all particles are at rest (see mass in special relativity for more detail). Substituting and rearranging gives the generalization of ();


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: with the implication from () that the invariant mass is also the centre of momentum (COM) mass–energy, aside from the factor:


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: and this is true for "all" frames since is frame-independent. The energies are those in the COM frame, "not" the lab frame. However, many familiar bound systems have the lab frame as COM frame, since the system itself is not in motion and so the momenta all cancel to zero. An example would be a simple object (where vibrational momenta of atoms cancel) or a container of gas where the container is at rest. In such systems, all the energies of the system are measured as mass. For example the heat in an object on a scale, or the total of kinetic energies in a container of gas on the scale, all are measured by the scale as the mass of the system.


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: Either the energies or momenta of the particles, as measured in some frame, can be eliminated using the energy momentum relation for each particle:


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: allowing to be expressed in terms of the energies and rest masses, or momenta and rest masses. In a particular frame, the squares of sums can be rewritten as sums of squares (and products):


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: Since the invariant mass of the system and the rest masses of each particle are frame-independent, the right hand side is also an invariant (even though the energies and momenta are all measured in a particular frame).


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: where is the angular frequency and is the wavevector with magnitude , equal to the wave number, the energy–momentum relation can be expressed in terms of wave quantities:


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: Since the reduced Planck constant and the speed of light both appear and clutter this equation, this is where natural units are especially helpful. Normalizing them so that , we have:


title: Energy–momentum relation

text: can never exceed . On the contrary, it is always greater than for a tachyon whose energy–momentum equation is


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: Jubilant FoodWorks Limited is an Indian food service company based in Noida, Uttar Pradesh which holds the master franchise for Domino's Pizza in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, for Popeyes in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, and also for Dunkin' Donuts in India. The company also operates two homegrown restaurant brands called Ekdum! and Hong's Kitchen. Jubilant FoodWorks is a part of the Jubilant Bhartia Group, owned by Shyam Sunder Bhartia (husband of Shobhana Bhartia) and Hari Bhartia.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: On the recommendation of a friend who owned other foreign pizza licences, Shyam Sunder Bhartia and Hari Bhartia of the Jubilant Bhartia Group entered into a master franchise partnership with Domino's Pizza. Domino's Pizza India Private Ltd. was incorporated on 16 March 1995, and began operations in 1996. The company opened India's first Domino's Pizza outlet in New Delhi in 1996. The company changed its name to Jubilant FoodWorks Ltd in 2009. It was headed by Ajay Kaul since 2005. Pratik Rashmikant Pota became the CEO from April 2017. Pota announced his resignation in March 2022 and will step down in June.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: On 24 February 2011, Jubilant FoodWorks signed a master franchise agreement with American coffeehouse chain Dunkin' Donuts to operate the brand in India. Jubilant FoodWorks opened India's first Dunkin' Donuts outlet in Connaught Place, New Delhi in April 2012. Jubilant FoodWorks was named "Emerging Food Group of the Year" by "The Economic Times" in 2012. The company launched its first homegrown brand called Hong's Kitchen, offering fast casual Chinese dining, with the first restaurant opening at Eros Mall in Gurugram on 13 March 2019. On 24 March 2021, Jubilant FoodWorks announced that it had entered into a master franchise and development agreement with Restaurant Brands International to operate Popeyes restaurants in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. The company opened India's first Popeyes outlet at Koramangala, Bangalore on 20 January 2022.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: Jubilant FoodWorks suffered a security breach in April 2021 and hackers reportedly obtained 13 terabytes of data including 180 million order details, customer names, phone numbers, email IDs, addresses, payment details, and at least 1 million credit cards. In July 2021, Jubilant pledged to supply free pizza for life to Saikhom Mirabai Chanu, who won the silver medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in Women's 49 kg weightlifting. Following her medal win, Chanu had told the media, "First of all, I will go and have a pizza. It has been a long time since I ate it. I will eat a lot today."


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: On 1 January 2021, Jubilant FoodWorks purchased a 10.76% stake in Barbeque Nation Hospitality Limited for . The company acquired a 35% stake in Mumbai-based food tech startup Thrive for in October 2021.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: On 19 February 2021, the company announced that it would acquire complete ownership of Netherlands-based Fides Food Systems Coöperatief UA for £24.80 million through its subsidiary Jubilant Foodworks Netherlands BV. The acquisition marks Jubilant FoodWorks entry into the Eurasian market. Fides held a 32.81% stake in DP Eurasia NV, which is the master franchisee for Dominos Pizza in Turkey, Russia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Jubilant Foodworks announced that it had acquired an additional 6.98% stake in DP Eurasia (or 10,146,964 ordinary shares at a price of 95 pence per share), taking its total stake in the company to 39.79%. Jubilant announced the completion of the merger of Fides Food Systems Coeratief UA with Jubilant Foodworks Netherlands BV on 2 March 2022, and stated that it now owned 41.32% of DP Eurasia NV.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: The first Domino's Pizza in India opened in New Delhi in 1996. India surpassed the United Kingdom to become Domino's second-largest market in December 2014, behind the United States. Domino's Pizza operates 1,495 stores across 322 Indian cities as on 31 December 2021.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: Domino's began accepting online orders in 2011, and online orders accounted for approximately 18-20% of total sales as of December 2013. On 19 March 2014, the 700th Domino's Pizza outlet was opened at HUDA City Centre metro station in Sector-29, Gurugram, Haryana. The company opened 47 new restaurants between January–March 2014 and 150 outlets in the 2013–2014 financial year. Domino's opened its 1000th outlet at Unity One Mall, Janakpuri, Delhi in January 2016.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: In May 2016, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) reported that Domino's pizza bread was laced with toxins and carcinogens such as potassium bromate and potassium iodate. Potassium bromate is a category 2B carcinogen, meaning it can cause cancer. Potassium bromate was banned in India in June 2016. In 2017, a customer in Delhi claimed to have found live bugs in Domino's Pizza seasoning sachets. A video of the same went viral. This prompted Domino's to stop giving seasoning sachets for some time. When they restarted, they changed the packing from transparent to opaque.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: Jubilant Golden Harvest Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Jubilant FoodWorks, operates Domino's Pizza outlets in Bangladesh. Jubilant Golden Harvest Ltd. was established in early 2019 with Jubilant holding a 51% stake, and Bangladeshi company Golden Harvest Group holding the remaining 49%. The first Domino's Pizza outlet opened in Dhaka in February 2019. In September 2021, Jubilant FoodWorks exercised its first call option to acquire an additional 39% stake in the joint venture taking its ownership to 90%. On 22 March 2022, the company stated that it would exercise its second call option to acquire the remaining 10% stake. Jubilant FoodWorks announced that it had taken complete control of the joint venture in May 2022. The cost of the two call options to acquire the 49% stake was BD. One share in Jubilant Golden Harvest remains with a company nominee in order to comply with Bangladeshi regulations.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: Jubilant FoodWorks Lanka Pvt. Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Jubilant FoodWorks, operates Domino's Pizza outlets in Sri Lanka. The first Domino's outlet opened in Colombo in February 2011. There were 23 Domino's Pizza outlets in Sri Lanka as of December 2017.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: On 24 February 2011, Jubilant FoodWorks signed a master franchise agreement with American coffeehouse chain Dunkin' Donuts to operate the brand in India. Jubilant FoodWorks opened India's first Dunkin' Donuts outlet in Connaught Place, New Delhi in April 2012. Apart from donuts, Munchkins, and coffee, the chain also serves vegetarian and non-vegetarian hot and cold food. Jubilant FoodWorks operates 29 Dunkin' Donuts outlets across 8 Indian cities as of 31 December 2021.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: On 24 March 2021, Jubilant FoodWorks announced that it had entered into a master franchise and development agreement with Restaurant Brands International to operate Popeyes restaurants in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. The company opened India's first Popeyes outlet at Koramangala, Bangalore on 20 January 2022.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: Jubilant FoodWorks launched its first homegrown brand called Hong's Kitchen, offering fast casual Chinese dining, with the first restaurant opening in Gurugram on 13 March 2019.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: Jubilant FoodWorks launched its second homegrown brand called Ekdum!, offering a variety of biryanis from across India in addition to kebabs, curries, breads, desserts and beverages. The first three Ekdum! restaurants were opened in Gurugram, Haryana in December 2020.


title: Jubilant FoodWorks

text: Jubilant FoodWorks launched its first FMCG brand, ChefBoss in August 2020, ChefBoss is the Company’s brand that offers a range of ready-to-cook sauces, gravies and pastes. ChefBoss provides the perfect base so that the home chefs can add their magic and whip up new dishes effortlessly. With ChefBoss, you can try different cuisines anytime at home with ease.'


title: Hail Mary pass

text: A Hail Mary pass is a very long forward pass in American football, typically made in desperation, with an exceptionally small chance of achieving a completion. Due to the difficulty of a completion with this pass, it makes reference to the Catholic "Hail Mary" prayer for strength and help.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: The expression goes back at least to the 1930s, when it was used publicly by Elmer Layden and Jim Crowley, two former members of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish's Four Horsemen. Originally meaning any sort of desperation play, a Hail Mary pass gradually came to denote a long, low-probability pass, typically of the "alley-oop" variety, attempted at the end of a half when a team is too far from the end zone to execute a more conventional play, implying that it would take a miracle for the play to succeed. For more than 40 years, use of the term was largely confined to Notre Dame and other Catholic universities.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: The term became widespread after an NFL playoff game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings on December 28, 1975 (see Cowboys–Vikings rivalry), when Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach said about his game-winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Drew Pearson, "I closed my eyes and said a Hail Mary."


title: Hail Mary pass

text: Crowley often told the story of a game between Notre Dame and Georgia Tech on October 28, 1922, in which the Fighting Irish players said Hail Mary prayers together before scoring each of the touchdowns, before winning the game 13–3. According to Crowley, it was one of the team's linemen, Noble Kizer (a Presbyterian), who suggested praying before the first touchdown, which occurred on a fourth and goal play at the Georgia Tech 6-yard line during the second quarter. Quarterback Harry Stuhldreher, another of the Horsemen, threw a quick pass over the middle to Paul Castner for the score. The ritual was repeated before a third and goal play, again at Georgia Tech's 6-yard line, in the fourth quarter. This time Stuhldreher ran for a touchdown, which sealed the win for Notre Dame. After the game, Kizer exclaimed to Crowley, "Say, that Hail Mary is the best play we've got." Crowley related this story many times in public speeches beginning in the 1930s.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: On November 2, 1935, with 32 seconds left in the so-called "Game of the Century" between Ohio State and Notre Dame, Irish halfback Bill Shakespeare found receiver Wayne Millner for a 19-yard, game-winning touchdown. Notre Dame head coach Elmer Layden, who had played in the 1922 Georgia Tech game, afterwards called it a "Hail Mary" play.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: An early appearance of the term was in an Associated Press story about the upcoming 1941 Orange Bowl between the Mississippi State Bulldogs and the Georgetown Hoyas. The piece appeared in several newspapers including the December 31, 1940, "Daytona Beach Morning Journal" under the headline, "Orange Bowl: [Georgetown] Hoyas Put Faith in 'Hail Mary' Pass". As the article explained, "A 'hail Mary' pass, in the talk of the Washington eleven, is one that is thrown with a prayer because the odds against completion are big." During an NBC broadcast in 1963, Staubach, then a Navy quarterback, described a pass play during his team's victory over Michigan that year as a "Hail Mary play". He scrambled to escape a pass rush, nearly getting sacked 20 yards behind the line of scrimmage before completing a desperation pass for a one-yard gain.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: Arguably the most memorable and replayed Hail Mary pass came on November 23, 1984, in a game now known as "Hail Flutie". Boston College was trailing Miami (FL) 45–41 with six seconds left, when their quarterback Doug Flutie threw a 52-yard touchdown pass to Gerard Phelan, succeeding primarily because Miami's secondary stood on the goal line to keep the receivers in front of them without covering a post route behind them.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: Miami's defense was based on the assumption that the five-foot-nine-inch Flutie could not throw the ball as far as the end zone: instead, Flutie hit Phelan in stride against a flatfooted defense a yard deep in the end zone as time expired. To commemorate the play, a statue of Flutie in his Hail Mary passing pose was unveiled outside Alumni Stadium at Boston College on November 7, 2008.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: The term "Hail Mary" is sometimes used to refer to any last-ditch effort with little chance of success.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: In military uses, General Norman Schwarzkopf described his strategy during the Persian Gulf War to bypass the bulk of Iraqi forces in Kuwait by attacking in a wide left sweep through their rear as a "Hail Mary" plan. This usage, however, did not refer to the plan's chances of success but to the movement of Coalition forces to the left side of the front lines prior to the attack, which reflected the formation for a Hail Mary pass in which all the offensive team's wide receivers line up on one side of the line of scrimmage.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: Various legal actions attempting to overturn Donald Trump's defeat in the 2020 U.S. presidential election, in particular the "Texas v. Pennsylvania" Supreme Court lawsuit, were described as "Hail Marys".


title: Hail Mary pass

text: There are similar usages in other fields, such as a "Hail Mary shot" in photography where a photographer holds the view finder of an SLR camera away from the eyes (so unable to compose the picture), usually high above the head, and takes a shot. This is often used in crowded situations.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: In computer security, a "Hail Mary attack" will throw every exploit it has against a system to see whether any of them work.


title: Hail Mary pass

text: When the Pennsylvania Republican Party sold its headquarters in Harrisburg to the Catholic Church, this was described by The New York Times as "a real-life Hail Mary".


title: Hail Mary pass

text: At the end of the 2022 Xfinity 500 at Martinsville, Ross Chastain's wall-ride move to get the positions he needed to clinch a spot in the Championship 4 was given the name "Hail Melon", combining the name of the football pass play with Chastain's association with watermelons.


title: Christian Okoye

text: Christian Emeka Okoye (; born August 16, 1961) is a Nigerian-American former American football running back for the Kansas City Chiefs from 1987 to 1992. Nicknamed the "Nigerian Nightmare", he is known for his powerful running style and ability to break tackles. His six-season NFL career produced an NFL rushing champion title in 1989, first-team All-Pro honors in 1989, second-team All-Pro honors in 1991, two Pro Bowl appearances in 1989 and 1991, and three playoff appearances. He ended his NFL career due to multiple injuries. He was inducted into the Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame in 2000. He is also notable for not having ever played football until the age of 23, but later leading the NFL in rushing at age 28.


title: Christian Okoye

text: A member of the Igbo ethnic group, Okoye was born in Enugu, Nigeria. He arrived in the US at age 21 and did not play American football until age 23, when he joined the squad at California's Azusa Pacific University. He excelled in track and field, winning seven college titles in the shot put, discus, and hammer throw. The first time he attended an American football game he thought the game was boring.


title: Christian Okoye

text: After the Nigerian government declined Okoye for the Olympics in track and field, he sought other activities and went out for American football. Initially, he did not enjoy the roughness of football and considered quitting but friends convinced him to continue playing. His speed (4.45-seconds in the 40-yard dash) was unusual for someone his size (6'1" and 260 lbs), and this rare combination of talents led to his selection by the Kansas City Chiefs in the second round of the 1987 NFL Draft.


title: Christian Okoye

text: In his rookie year, Okoye rushed for 660 yards on 157 carries. The following year, a thumb injury limited him to nine games, and he finished the season with 473 yards.


title: Christian Okoye

text: In 1989, Okoye had his best NFL season statistics by far, leading the league in both rushing attempts (370) and rushing yards (1,480), becoming the first Chiefs player to lead the NFL in rushing. Though the Chiefs missed the playoffs, Okoye was selected by UPI as the American Football Conference's Offensive Player of the Year and earned entry to the Pro Bowl in Hawaii.


title: Christian Okoye

text: The remainder of Okoye's career was marked by a nagging knee injury, which limited him to 805 yards and a 3.3 yard average per carry in 1990. Though his 1991 performance (1,031 yards and 4.6 yards per carry) earned him his second Pro Bowl appearance, his carries in 1992 were largely limited to goal-line situations. His last carry as a professional football running back was an 8-yard touchdown.


title: Christian Okoye

text: On August 25, 1993, Chiefs placed him on injured reserve before the regular season began due to knee injuries. He underwent surgeries on both knees and was released on an injury settlement that September. He went home to California to continue rehabilitating his knee. He intended to work out for other teams before ultimately retiring. He has stated that he ended his NFL career because he became tired of practice, and that he considered football to be a job.


title: Christian Okoye

text: Okoye retired as the all-time rushing leader of the Chiefs, having amassed 4,897 yards, 1,246 attempts, and 14 games with at least 100 yards rushing, in his six seasons. Those team records have since been surpassed by Priest Holmes. His 40 career rushing touchdowns as a member of the Chiefs trail only Holmes and Marcus Allen. His Chiefs records for carries in a game and rushing attempts in a season were surpassed by Larry Johnson. Okoye was the team MVP in 1989, and was enshrined in the Chiefs Hall of Fame in 2000.


title: Christian Okoye

text: Okoye is well known in video gaming for his appearance in "Tecmo Super Bowl" (1991), in which he's nearly impossible to tackle.


title: Christian Okoye

text: Okoye was an investor in the Golden Baseball League and owned Okoye Health and Fitness, a company that sells nutritional supplements. He appeared as a boxer on the FX Network's "Celebrity Boxing" special. He founded the California Sports Hall of Fame


title: Christian Okoye

text: He appeared on the CBS reality show "Pirate Master" and was voted off by his shipmates on the second episode for his slow speed in the Expedition, receiving no gold. He appeared on "Pros vs Joes" in its third season.


title: Christian Okoye

text: The Christian Okoye Foundation sponsors the Ontario Mills 5K and 10K race, benefiting local after-school athletic programs in the Inland Empire.


title: Christian Okoye

text: As a child in Nigeria, Okoye became good friends with Olympian Innocent Egbunike. When Innocent began attending Azusa, he recommended Okoye on discus ability, to track and field coaches who offered Okoye a scholarship.


title: Christian Okoye

text: Okoye married his college sweetheart Lauren Brown in 1990, and divorced in 1996. They had two children together, Michael Emeka Okoye born July 12, 1990, who died shortly after birth due to neonatal asphyxia, and Tiana Chinwe Okoye born August 26, 1991.


title: Christian Okoye

text: Okoye has given his “blessing” to former UFC Champion Kamaru Usman to use Okoye's trademarked name “The Nigerian Nightmare”.


title: Hélder Costa

text: Hélder Wander Sousa de Azevedo e Costa (born 12 January 1994) is an Angolan professional footballer who plays as a winger for Al Ittihad in Saudi Arabia, on loan from Leeds United. Initially representing Portugal at youth and senior level, in 2021 he opted to represent the Angola national team.


title: Hélder Costa

text: Formed at Benfica, with which he made a single Taça da Liga appearance, Costa spent most of his career abroad, including at Deportivo de La Coruña in La Liga and Monaco in Ligue 1. He also spent several years in England with Wolverhampton Wanderers and Leeds United, winning the EFL Championship with both.


title: Hélder Costa

text: Costa represented Portugal from under-16 all the way through to the senior side, for whom he scored on his only appearance in 2018. In 2021, he scored on his debut for Angola.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 11 August 2012, Costa made his professional debut with Benfica B in a 2012–13 Segunda Liga match against Braga B where he played 72 minutes as a winger.


title: Hélder Costa

text: His first professional goal came on 23 August 2013, in a 3–0 home win over Portimonense, one of eight that season including on 23 November in a 4–3 triumph against Oliveirense in which he was also sent off.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 25 January 2014, Costa debuted with Benfica in a 2013–14 Taça da Liga third round match against Gil Vicente, playing the final 13 minutes of the 1–0 win at the Estádio da Luz as a substitute for Miralem Sulejmani. He played no further part in the tournament, which Benfica went on to win. On 5 November 2014, he scored a hat-trick in the Segunda Liga with Benfica B against Olhanense in a 5–1 home win.


title: Hélder Costa

text: Costa came through the Benfica academy in the same age group as fellow future Portugal internationals Ivan Cavaleiro and Bernardo Silva.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 19 January 2015, Costa was loaned to La Liga's Deportivo de La Coruña until the end of the season. He made six appearances for the Galicians, all from the substitutes' bench.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 10 July 2015, Costa joined Ligue 1 club Monaco on a one-year loan. He was signed alongside Benfica teammates Cavaleiro and Silva. He scored his first goal in a Ligue 1 match on 8 November, opening a 3–1 loss away to Bordeaux. He also provided the assist for Kylian Mbappé's first-ever league goal for Monaco in a 3–1 victory against Troyes on 26 February 2016.


title: Hélder Costa

text: Costa played 28 times and scored 5 goals in all competitions for Monaco during the 2015–16 season, facing competition out wide from the likes of Silva, Thomas Lemar and Mbappé.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 29 July 2016, Costa moved on a season-long loan to EFL Championship club Wolverhampton Wanderers, for whom he made his debut on 6 August as a substitute in a 2–2 draw at Rotherham United. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 EFL Cup win against Cambridge United on 23 August, and his first league goal on 17 September in a 2–0 win against Newcastle United at St James' Park. Costa was also praised for his performance against Premier League side Liverpool in the FA Cup, with Wolves causing a shock 2–1 win at Anfield; Costa assisted on both Wolves goals.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 30 January 2017, Wolves purchased Costa outright for a £13 million transfer fee, at the time the highest-ever transfer fee paid by the club. Following payment, he signed a four-and-a-half-year contract with the club. After scoring 12 goals and eight assists in all competitions in his first season, at the annual end of season awards, he won the 2016–17 Wolves Player of the Season Award, also receiving the Players' Player of the Year Award and winning Goal of the Season for a goal he scored against Cardiff City.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 22 November 2017, Costa scored his first goal of the 2017–18 season in a 4–1 win against Leeds United. He received a winner's medal during the 2017–18 EFL Championship, contributing five goals and six assists in the league over the course of the season.


title: Hélder Costa

text: Costa made his first Premier League appearance on 11 August 2018 in Wolves' opening match of the league season in a 2–2 draw against Everton. On 29 December, in a 3–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur at Wembley Stadium, he scored his first Premier League goal. In total during the 2018–19 season, Costa made 30 appearances for Wolves in all competitions as he helped the side to a seventh-place finish, sufficient for qualification to the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 3 July 2019, Costa joined Championship club Leeds United on loan for the 2019–20 season. As part of the deal, Costa was to join Leeds outright in July 2020 on a four-year contract for an approximate £15 million transfer fee. He was given the number 17 shirt, making him the first player since 2014 to wear it, after the shirt was brought out of retirement. He made his debut on 4 August in Leeds' Championship opening day 3–1 victory against Bristol City, and his first start nine days later in the EFL Cup against Salford City, contributing two assists.


title: Hélder Costa

text: Costa scored his first goal for the club on 27 August in an EFL Cup match against Stoke City, the equaliser that sent the tie to a penalty shootout after a 2–2 draw in normal time, with him also scoring his penalty in the 4–5 defeat.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 7 July 2020, Costa joined Leeds outright on a four-year contract. Days later, Leeds earned promotion to the Premier League as EFL champions. Costa made his Premier League debut for Leeds in the first match of the season against reigning champions Liverpool on 12 September 2020, assisting Mateusz Klich's goal in a 4–3 defeat away from home and scored a brace a week later in Leeds's first home league win of the season, a 4–3 victory over Fulham.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 31 August 2021, Costa joined La Liga side Valencia on loan for the 2021–22 season. In August 2022 Costa joined Saudi Arabian club Al-Ittihad on loan for the duration of the 2022-23 season.


title: Hélder Costa

text: Born in Angola, Costa started his international career in representing Portugal. He played for Portugal at the 2013 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, and although he did not score in the team's run to the semi-finals, he was named in the Team of the Tournament.


title: Hélder Costa

text: Costa received his first call-up to the senior Portugal squad ahead of the UEFA Nations League fixtures in October 2018. He made his senior international debut in a friendly against Scotland at Hampden Park on 14 October, in a 3–1 win in which he scored the opening goal. Portugal won the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League, but Costa was not called up for the final four tournament.


title: Hélder Costa

text: On 16 March 2021, Costa was called up to the Angola squad for matches in 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification against the Gambia and Gabon. He was eligible as he had only played a friendly for Portugal. He made his debut in a 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifier at home to Egypt on 12 November that year, scoring the opening goal of a 2–2 home draw. By doing so, he became the third footballer in history (behind Alfredo Di Stéfano and José Altafini) to score a goal on his debut for two different nations.


title: Hélder Costa

text: Costa can play as a winger on either side of the pitch. He can also play as a forward. He is known for his skill, pace, trickery and creativity.


title: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW Publishing)

text: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is an ongoing American comic book series published by IDW Publishing. Debuting in August 2011, it was the first new comic version of the turtles to debut after the sale of the media franchise to Nickelodeon in October 2009. The initial creative team consisted of "Turtles" co-creator Kevin Eastman (who collaborated on the plot and the page layouts), Tom Waltz (who scripted the series) and artist Dan Duncan.


text: In 2017, issue #73 of the main ongoing series was published, making it the longest running comic in the "Turtles" franchise history; a title that was previously held by the Archie Comics series. In 2019, issue #100 of the comic was published, concluding the eight part "City at War" arc. Starting with issue #101, series writer and artist Sophie Campbell took over as the sole lead writer for the book.


text: Hamato Yoshi is a member of the Foot Clan led by Oroku Saki during Japan's feudal period. After seeing Saki act ruthlessly, Yoshi leaves the Clan and is marked a traitor, and Saki orders Yoshi's entire family to be put to death. Yoshi's wife, Tang Shen, is attacked and severely wounded, and with her last breath she beseeches Yoshi to protect himself and the children. He flees with the boys and remains on the run for several years. Saki, who will later be known as Shredder, eventually finds Yoshi and his children, and murders them all.


text: Yoshi and his sons' spirits are reincarnated in modern times as a gray rat and four green turtles in a research laboratory called "Stock Gen", owned by Baxter Stockman, a scientist who has secretly allied himself with Krang. An intern at Stock Gen, April O'Neil, names the turtles after Renaissance artists: Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael. Members of the Foot Clan break into the facility to steal an alien mutagen. The animals are taken by mistake, and when they and the stolen mutagen get lost in the sewer, they are covered with the spilled mutagen and transformed into enlightened, humanoid beings.


text: Yoshi, now called Splinter, remembers his past life and begins to train the turtles in the art of ninjutsu. Unfortunately, the seemingly trivial event which led to the creation of the Turtles and Splinter is part of an escalating conflict between several powers trying to take control of the Earth:


text: Finding new allies as they go, the Turtles are forced to strive against enemies and save the world from total destruction as this many-fold conflict begins to spin out of control.


text: With a mutagen bomb attack by Hob on the New York populace during Baxter Stockman's inauguration as the city's new mayor, the world's public is made aware of the existence of mutants. A ghetto called Mutant Town is erected in the heart of Manhattan to quarantine them, with Hob and his Mutanimals exercising loose political control over its inhabitants. The Turtles and their friends unite to make Mutant Town both a better place to live in and a hub of tolerance and communication with the outside world, but new conflicts begin to emerge:


text: The series reimagines the origins of the Turtles, as well as other characters such as April O'Neil, Splinter, The Shredder, Casey Jones, and Baxter Stockman. Notably, the series, like the original Mirage version, initially gives all four Turtles red eye masks until issue #5, where Splinter gives Leonardo, Donatello and Michelangelo their well-known blue, purple and orange masks, respectively, with Raphael keeping his signature red.


text: As per "TMNT" tradition, four one-shots (officially a mini-series) were released focusing on each turtle, with issue #4 tying into #9 of the main series. Due to the popularity of the series, IDW announced another four issues, focusing on Master Splinter, Casey Jones, April O'Neil and the Fugitoid. Associate Editor, Bobby Curnow, says that if popularity increases, the Micro-Series will become the IDW equivalent of Mirage's "Tales of the TMNT".


text: In April 2013, a new series of eight one-shots was started, under the title "Villains Micro-series". The first four issues focus on Krang, Baxter Stockman, Old Hob and Alopex; subsequent issues focused on Karai, Hun, Bebop & Rocksteady and Shredder.


text: Between October and December 2018, four issues of a ""Macro-Series"" were published which focused on the Turtles, but featured much longer narrations.


text: The Turtles were included in the IDW crossover event "Infestation 2". They appeared in one panel in the first issue of the main series. Raphael also appeared on the covers for both issues of the main series; as does Donatello on a variant cover of #1.


text: The Turtles were also given their own two-part miniseries. A series of strange occurrences leads the Turtles into long forgotten tunnels, where they are forced to confront the Lovecraftian creature Shub-Niggurath and its cult of warped monstrosities.


text: A 48-page black-and-white annual issue was released in October 2012. Its plot focuses on the loss of a valuable peace offering to the Foot Clan from the Savate Ninja syndicate, which inadvertently becomes a catalyst for a vicious gang war that threatens New York City.


text: A four-part mini-series, titled "Secret History of the Foot Clan", was published from January through March 2013. The series tells the story about the founding of the Foot Clan, and additionally provides clues to the impact the conflict in the past will have on the present.


text: A three-part mini-series, titled "Utrom Empire", was started in January 2014. The series focuses on Krang, Professor Honeycutt and Baxter Stockman, as their struggles against each other put the last of the Utrom race into dire peril, as well as including a story about the last days of the titular Utrom empire.


text: A one-shot, out-of-continuity issue was published in February 2014 as part of the mini-series crossover event "The X-Files: Conspiracy". Guest characters include the Lone Gunmen and the vampire characters from the "X-Files" episode "Bad Blood".


text: This annual edition features apprentice time mistress Renet and the Battle Nexus Tournament from the Mirage Comics volume 4/TMNT 2K3. Originally slated for April 2014, the release was rescheduled to August due to production difficulties. The Turtles are taken from their home by a dimension-hopping Renet and forced to participate in an interdimensional gladiator contest which by the whim of their initiator, Councilman Nieli, has no winners; but the Turtles, the stubborn Renet and some irritated gladiators intend to change this unbearable condition for the better.


text: A special edition commemorating the brand's 30th anniversary. Featuring five short stories, one of them entitled "Ready Set Go!" was previously released in "Hero Comics 2012"; the other four short stories are each set in one of the comic continuities – Mirage, Image, Archie Comics, and IDW – which arose with the franchise.


text: A four-issue mini-series running from June to September 2014. It was a continuation from the story in "TMNT Annual 2014". Some intertemporary after-effect from their trip with Renet displaces the Turtles successively into the age of the dinosaurs, medieval Japan, the age of pirates, and even the future; and in each time period they are forced to make decisions which have shaped – and still might shape – their own fate and that of the world around them.


text: A four-issue mini-series crossover with IDW's "Ghostbusters" comic series, celebrating the 30th anniversaries of both franchises. It began publication in October 2014. The story deals with the Turtles and their friends testing a teleportation device whose plans were provided by Professor Honeycutt. Due to a slight mishap during activation, they end up in the Ghostbusters' reality, along with an immortal, hostile creature once known as Chiyou, who seeks domination over mankind.


text: Another four-issue mini-series dealing with the latest incarnation of the Mighty Mutanimals, published from February to June 2015. Lindsey Baker, Old Hob's human ally and scientific creator of his mutant army, is kidnapped by the security forces of the "Null Group", a genetics firm headed by the fiendish Madame Null, who wishes to conquer the world's economy by creating hybrid mutants. As the Mutanimals fight to get Lindsey back, the team – and especially Hob – are forced to seriously reconsider their conduct as mutant liberators.


text: A story was published as part of the May 2015 Free Comic Book Day. It was a prelude to the "Vengeance" story arc of the main series (#45–50).


text: A four-issue mini-series that started publishing in June 2015. Its plot deals with April O'Neil and Casey Jones investigating the contents of a scroll found in the Foot Clan's archives which points out the resting place of a book dealing with a group of immortal entities called the Pantheon, which includes the Rat King and Kitsune in its ranks. During this journey, Casey and April are also forced to do some soul-searching and exploring of their budding relationship.


text: DC Comics published the six-issue miniseries "Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" (Feb.–July 2016) It is the second intercompany crossover between IDW and DC Comics, after "Star Trek/Green Lantern". The story, out of continuity, deals with the Turtles and their master Splinter, along with Shredder and a good number of his Foot Ninjas, having been interdimensionally displaced by their common enemy Krang; an eviction which landed them in Gotham City in the DC Universe.


text: A weekly five-part miniseries published in June 2016. In this story, Bebop and Rocksteady get their hands on Renet's time scepter and, as the simpletons they are, wreak havoc to all creation as they use the artifact to hop all over time and space, forcing the Turtles and Renet to fix the damage before it becomes irreversible.


text: A spin-off series similar to Mirage's "Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", which started publication on August 31, 2016. It serves as a narrative expansion to the main series with the introduction of crucial sideplots and additional characters. The series ended after 25 issues in August 2018.


text: A story was published as part of the May 2017 Free Comic Book Day. It was a prelude to the "Dimension X" story arc of the main series (#73–75).


text: A one-shot crossover story re-uniting the "Turtles" franchise with Stan Sakai's "Usagi Yojimbo", which also references Usagi's earlier encounters with the Mirage Turtles. Here, the Turtles must join forces with Miyamoto Usagi and the mystic Kakera against Usagi's sinister enemy Jei und Namazu. This issue was published in July 2017.


text: A five-issue limited series which started weekly publication on August 2, 2017. Its plot is a tie-in to the main series' "The Trial of Krang" storyline (issues #73–75), dealing with the Turtles and Professor Honeycutt trying to locate several material witnesses for Krang's trial before Krang's hired assassin, Hakk-R, can get to them first.


text: A free sampler comic reviewing the series from issues #1 to #73 and "Dimension X", which was distributed on October 25, 2017, by selected comic stores for the occasion of issue #75's publication.


text: In July 2017, IDW announced a sequel series to the 2014–2015 "TMNT/Ghostbusters" crossover, scheduled for weekly publication starting November 1, 2017. Setting in upon the conclusion of issue #75, the Turtles are stranded in a spirit dimension where they are beset by the vengeful ghost of their late adversary Darius Dun and must get help from the Ghostbusters in order to ever stand a chance of returning home again.


text: Guest appearances within the story include the Dark Turtles from the 2003 series' "Fast Forward" season, and Shibano and an alternate version of the Punk Frogs from the 1987 "TMNT" cartoon series. Additionally, an action figure assortment named "Ninja Ghostbusters" was issued for sale parallel to the publication of the mini-series; the Ninja Ghostbusters also have a guest appearance within the comic story itself.


text: A six-issue sequel series to "Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" was announced, with the first two issues being planned for release on December 6 and December 20, respectively. The plot deals with Donatello's desire to become a stronger fighter, which drives him into activating an interdimensional doorway to ask Batman for help. Unfortunately, this deed accidentally unleashes Bane on New York City, who loses no time uniting the Foot Clan, which is fractured by internal discord, under his rule. Batman and Robin therefore must travel to the Turtles' reality to aid their mutant friends in bringing down their common foe.


text: Another weekly five-part miniseries starring Bebop and Rocksteady which entered publication in August 2018, as a follow-up to the "Destroy Everything!" storyline. Bebop and Rocksteady engage on a two-man roadtrip across the United States, but new and old enemies, as well as a number of hazards lying on the way – including their inexplicable transformation back into their former human forms – begin to pose a collection of serious obstacles for their plans.


text: "IDW 20/20" is a multiple-issue, 20th-anniversary comic special with plot settings in the main comic franchises published by IDW: "Ghostbusters", "Jem and The Holograms", "My Little Pony", "Star Trek", and "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Each issue features a one-shot story set 20 years in the respective franchise's future; in the case of the Turtles, it entails the aftereffect of a civil war between the Utroms which threatens to destroy Earth once again. The "TMNT" issue was released on January 16, 2019.


text: "Shredder in Hell" is a limited five-issue series picking up on "The Secret History on the Foot Clan", "Villains Micro-Series #8: Shedder", and "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" #50. As the Shredder wanders the afterlife, companions and enemies of old join him on or try to hinder his journey to find redemption from his cruel, ruthless past in life and his forced destiny to become the Dragon's vessel. The mini-series was released for publication in January 2019.


text: The publication of a third and final installment of the successful crossover miniseries was announced on February 15, 2019, for May in the same year. In this series, Krang is presented as the main adversary, and with the most dangerous technology from the DC Universe in his hands, he merges the DC and the "TMNT" universes into an amalgam reality, where Batman was raised by Splinter alongside the Ninja Turtles following his parents' murder. Escaping from Krang after being abducted along the rest of the original Mirage turtles and Pre-Crisis Batman, Mirage Raphael alerts the Batman and Ninja Turtles of this merged world about Krang's meddling with reality. Now, in order to separate the merged world back, the five heroes need to find their old allies, regain their memories of the original universes, and stop Krang and the Laughing Man (Joker with elements of the Shredder).


text: A Free Comic Book Day issue (May 2019) connected to the main story issues #93-#95. A secondary story, Road to War, is also included, and is subsequently updated in "TMNT: Road to 100" (November 2019).


text: A crossover project between the "Power Rangers" and "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" franchises (the second one since "Power Rangers in Space") was announced. The series went into publication on December 4, 2019. The non-canon story (in which the "Power Rangers" universe and the "Ninja Turtles" continuities of the IDW comics and the 1987 series are merged into one reality) deals with the Power Rangers confronting - and later teaming up with - the Turtles while looking for one of their number, Tommy, who has to everyone's surprise joined the Foot Clan.


text: A three-issue miniseries starring the original IDW character Jennika was announced for a 2020 publication in November 2019. In this story, past, present and future collide for Jennika when she is forced to face the ghosts from her former human life and is given a chance to permanently reverse her mutation.


text: Another special annual story was scheduled for publication in June 2020 but delayed until late July due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It deals with the aftermath of The Dragon's defeat during the "City at War" storyline, the Rat King's attempt to find himself a new pawn to carry on his game of eternal intrigue, and an old enemy returning from the dead.


text: A limited five-issue story based on an unused idea by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird for the Mirage comics (hence making it the first IDW title crediting Laird's participation). Originally set for publication in August 2020, it was rescheduled to be released in October. Its plot tells a story set in the future where Michelangelo is the only Ninja Turtle left standing against the Foot Clan following their conquest of New York, and seeks vengeance against their master for his lost family and friends.


text: Due to the popularity of the "Jennika" mini-series, a sequel limited series with six issues was announced in August 2020 for publication in November of the same year. In the first three parts, Jennika is forced to unite with Ivan in order to discover the source of dangerous, monstrous transformations among the people of Mutant Town while the rest of the world is casting a suspicious eye at their transmutated neighbors. The second half of the series sees Jennika getting entangled in the schemes of a mafioso's widow who - through Jennika's friendship with her young son - intends to use her to re-cement her position in her crime family's hierarchy.


text: In March 2021, the upcoming publication of another annual was announced for June of the same year but was published in late July. Its plot concerns the Rat King's path of decision to end his family's "game" of cosmic intrigue and create his own chaos game, to finally emerge as the ultimate "winner".


text: Another annual was published on March 30, 2022. Its plot revolves around Leonardo's doubts about his capability of leading his brothers while they run into and battle a terrifying new enemy.


text: Published on April 13, 2022, this story is an updated re-telling of the very first "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" comic by Mirage Studios, featuring a plot with four faux Ninja Turtles.


text: "Opening Moves" is a two-part miniseries which began publication on July 13, 2022. It serves as a prequel to the "Armageddon Game", an upcoming storyline in which the Rat King prepares to unleash his plan of chaos and total anarchy upon the world. Forewarned by an old friend, Shredder and Kitsune embark on a quest to discover the weaknesses of the Rat King's powerful pawns in order to undermine his intentions.


text: Two interactive miniseries comprising a major story arc which started publication in late September 2022, with Tom Waltz returning as a story writer. "The Armageddon Game's" plot focuses on the fight of Hamato Clan against the Rat King's insidious game of elimination, which will take the Turtles even across dimensional barriers but will leave the city of New York undefended. So new friends and allies must be found, and all they have learned strained up to the utmost limit, to thwart the mad demigod once and for all.


text: In the summer of 2022, a sequel series to the IDW/BOOM! Studios' 2019 crossover "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" was announced for publication in December of the same year. Ryan Parrott is set to return to write the crossover, reuniting with his "Go Go Power Rangers!" collaborator Dan Mora.


text: In Summer of 2022, a five-issue prequel series titled "The Last Ronin: The Lost Years" was announced by Eastman for publication, with the first issue set to release January 2023. The series will chronicle Michelangelo's training leading up to the events of "The Last Ronin", while also showing Casey Marie Jones training her own team of Ninja Turtles. The series will have Waltz and Eastman writing, while Ben Bishop performs art duties.


text: This is a chronological listing of the in-continuity comics in which the timeline of events developed.


text: The IDW series has been compiled into the following collections which feature micros spliced into story in reading order. Initially they were released exclusively in deluxe hardcover format, but as of March 2021, they are confirmed to be planned for release in paperback format starting in November 2021.


title: Sam Perkins

text: Samuel Bruce Perkins (born June 14, 1961) is an American former professional basketball player and executive. Perkins was a three-time college All-American, was a member of the 1982 national champion North Carolina Tar Heels, and won a gold medal with the 1984 United States men's Olympic basketball team. Perkins played professionally in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for 17 seasons.


title: Sam Perkins

text: Born in Brooklyn, New York, Perkins attended Samuel J. Tilden High School. He later attended and graduated from Shaker High School in Latham, New York. He was named large-school player of the year (high school) by the New York State Sportswriters Association in 1980 and was also named to the 35 Greatest Boys McDonald's All Americans team.


title: Sam Perkins

text: Perkins attended college at the University of North Carolina and played basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels from 1980 to 1984. He was named ACC Rookie of the Year in 1981 and starred alongside future NBA Hall of Famers James Worthy and Michael Jordan on the Tar Heels' 1982 NCAA championship team. A three-time All-American, Perkins was the 1984 USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year. Perkins finished his collegiate basketball career as the Tar Heels' all-time leader in rebounds and blocked shots and as the second-highest scorer in team history. He graduated from UNC in 1984. Perkins was a co-captain of the gold medal-winning 1984 United States men's Olympic basketball team. He was named first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference three times in his Tar Heel career.


title: Sam Perkins

text: Chosen by the Dallas Mavericks as the fourth overall pick in the 1984 NBA draft, Perkins went on to play as a power forward and center in the NBA from 1984 to 2001. He was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team in 1985. Perkins played for the Dallas Mavericks, Los Angeles Lakers, Seattle SuperSonics, and Indiana Pacers, respectively. He scored a career-high 45 points on April 12, 1990. Perkins tied an NBA record on January 15, 1997, by making eight three-pointers without a miss. He appeared in three NBA Finals: The 1991 NBA Finals (with the Lakers), the 1996 NBA Finals (with the SuperSonics), and the 2000 NBA Finals (with the Pacers). In game one of the 1991 NBA Finals, Perkins made a game-winning three-point shot to defeat the Chicago Bulls. He was known by the nicknames "Sleepy Sam", "Big Smooth", and "The Big Easy".


title: Sam Perkins

text: In 2002, Perkins was named to the ACC 50th Anniversary men's basketball team as one of the fifty greatest players in Atlantic Coast Conference history.


title: Sam Perkins

text: In 2008, Perkins was named vice president of player relations for the Indiana Pacers. That September, he was inducted into the New York City Basketball Hall of Fame. Perkins held his position with the Pacers until 2010.


title: Sam Perkins

text: In 2011, Perkins traveled to South Sudan as a SportsUnited Sports Envoy for the U.S. Department of State. In this capacity, he worked with Dikembe Mutombo to lead a series of basketball clinics and team-building exercises with 50 youth and 36 coaches. This helped contribute to the State Department's mission to remove barriers and create a world in which individuals with disabilities enjoy dignity and full inclusion in society.


title: Sam Perkins

text: Perkins runs a summer camp for Chapel Hill, North Carolina youth that focuses on developing the basic skills of basketball.


title: Sam Perkins

text: Perkins was raised a Jehovah's Witness. During his professional career, he did not stand for the national anthem due to his faith.


title: Sam Perkins

text: Perkins has the distinction of having the third-most playoff games appeared in without having been on a team that won the NBA Championship. The only players with more playoff appearances and zero rings, as of the 2020 season, are Hall of Famers and longtime Utah Jazz players Karl Malone and John Stockton.


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: Jayne Eastwood (born December 17, 1946), also credited as Jane Easton or Jane Eastwood, is a Canadian actress and comedian. She is best known for her film roles as Anna-Marie Biddlecoff in the comedy film "Finders Keepers" (1984), Judy the Waitress in the Christmas film "The Santa Clause" (1994), Mrs. White in "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" (2002) and its 2016 sequel, Mrs. Borusewicz in "Chicago" (2002), Lucy Decker in the comedy "Welcome to Mooseport" (2004) and Miss Wimsey in the musical film "Hairspray" (2007).


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: She appeared in television roles including Gwen Twining in "King of Kensington" (1978–1980), Bernice in "Material World", Aunt Agatha Flugelschmidt in the PBS Kids children's television series "Noddy" (1998–2000), Jeannie in "Wild Card" (2003), Bridget in "Train 48" (2004–2005), Ronnie Sacks in "This Is Wonderland" (2005–2006), Maxine Bingly in "Billable Hours" (2006–2008), Miss Wispinski in "Little Mosque on the Prairie" (2008–2011) and Gloria Verrano in "Haven" (2013–2015).


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: Her voice roles include Birthday Bear in "The Care Bears Family", Mrs. Rockchewer in "The Neverending Story", Mrs. Kersplatski in "Jojo's Circus", Lady Rataxes in "Babar and the Adventures of Badou" and Momma in "Scaredy Squirrel".


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: Eastwood was born and raised in Hoggs Hollow of York Mills Road, in Toronto, Ontario. Her childhood was spent at a cottage in Muskoka, skiing in Collingwood, Ontario during winter and attending Northern Secondary School. She had attended a short class at the York Mills Collegiate Institute.


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: Eastwood's career was initially a painter. She ventured into acting when a commercial artist and friend of hers had invited her to play a role in a local play, "Suddenly, Last Summer". A teacher, who was in the audience and revealed to be an acting agent, realized her potential.


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: Her very first noticeable acting roles were in various commercials for Sani Flush, "Scope", Facelle Royale, Paris Pat, Toyota, "Wintario", and Molson Golden gang commercials with friends Gilda Radner and Andrea Martin.


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: A veteran character actor who has appeared in films since 1970, Eastwood made an indelible mark on Canadian cinema early as the pregnant Betty in Don Shebib's classic "Goin’ Down the Road". She was one of the original cast members of the Toronto branch of The Second City comedy troupe and was a semiregular on "SCTV". She was in the original Toronto production of "Godspell".


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: In 2005, she joined the cast of "This Is Wonderland", a courtroom comedy drama. In 2007, she played Miss Wimsey in "Hairspray". She is currently working in the Toronto theatrical production, "Women Fully Clothed."


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: She has been a voice actor in "", "Annedroids", "Best Ed", "Bob and Margaret", "", "Half a Pantaloon", "JoJo's Circus", "Monster by Mistake", "Peep and the Big Wide World", and "Babar and the Adventures of Badou". In 2013, she joined the cast of "Haven" as Dr. Gloria Veranno. She appears in seasons four and five.


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: At the 7th Canadian Screen Awards in 2019, Eastwood won the award for Best Supporting Performance in a Digital Program or Series for her appearance in the web series "The Writers' Block". At the 9th Canadian Screen Awards in 2021, she won the award for Best Lead Performance in a Digital Program or Series for "Hey Lady!".


title: Jayne Eastwood

text: Eastwood is the widow of David Flaherty, who was a film and television writer, and brother of SCTV alumnus Joe Flaherty.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: FC Dinamo Tbilisi (, ) is a Georgian professional football club based in Tbilisi, Georgia, that competes in the Erovnuli Liga, the top flight of Georgian football.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Dinamo Tbilisi was one of the most prominent clubs in Soviet football and a major contender in the Soviet Top League almost immediately after it was established in 1936. The club was then part of one of the leading sport societies in the Soviet Union, the All-Union Dynamo sports society which had several other divisions besides football and was sponsored by the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs. Its main claim to European fame was winning the Cup Winners' Cup in 1981, beating FC Carl Zeiss Jena of East Germany 2–1 in the final in Düsseldorf. It remains the only club based in Georgia to have ever lifted a trophy in European competition. Throughout its history, FC Dinamo Tbilisi produced many famous Soviet players: Boris Paichadze, Avtandil Gogoberidze, Shota Iamanidze, Mikheil Meskhi, Slava Metreveli, Murtaz Khurtsilava, Manuchar Machaidze, David Kipiani, Vladimir Gutsaev, Aleksandre Chivadze, Vitaly Daraselia, Ramaz Shengelia, and Tengiz Sulakvelidze. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, it would later produce some of the finest Georgian players such as Temur Ketsbaia, Shota Arveladze, Giorgi Kinkladze, Kakha Kaladze, and Levan Kobiashvili.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Dinamo Tbilisi was one of a handful of teams in the Soviet Top League (along with Dynamo Kyiv and Dynamo Moscow) that were never relegated. Their most famous coach was Nodar Akhalkatsi, who led the team to the Soviet title in 1978, two Soviet Cups (1976 and 1979), and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1981. He was also one of three co-coaches of the Soviet Union national football team during the FIFA World Cup in 1982. FC Dinamo Tbilisi are also 16–time Georgian league champions and 13–time Georgian Cup holders (the current records).


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The history of FC Dinamo Tbilisi began in autumn 1925 when the Dinamo sports society set out to form a football club, at a time when football was gradually becoming one of the most greatest and popular sports in the world.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In 1927, FC Dinamo Tbilisi established a Junior club, "Norchi Dinamoeli" (young Dinamo). The Juniors club provided the senior with many young skillful players, including the first goalkeeper who played for Dinamo in the USSR championship, the first captain Shota Savgulidze, defender Mikhail Minaev, forward Vladimer Berdzenishvili and other famous players.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In the early years, no official championship existed in Georgia, so the teams played friendly games against each other. The first match was played with Azerbaijan team Dinamo Baku on 26 January 1926, with the more experienced Azerbaijan squad winning 1–0. The Dinamo team starred: D. Tsomaia, A. Pochkhua, M. Blankman, I. Fedorov, N. Anikin, A. Gonel, A. Pivovarov, O. Goldobin, A. Galperin, S. Maslenikov, and V. Tsomaia.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Despite their success in the middle years of the 1930s, the Football Federation of the Soviet Union placed FC Dinamo Tbilisi in the first league instead of the Top League. Dinamo continued to show good form against the top teams, winning 9–5 in Tbilisi against probably the best team in the USSR championship, Dynamo Moscow. They later beat Dinamo Leningrad 3–2, winning 5 matches out of 6 plus a draw against Stalinec Moscow. This was enough for Dinamo to qualify for the top league.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The second championship started in autumn 1936. Altogether Dinamo played 1424 matches in the Soviet Union Championship. The first match was against Dynamo Kyiv, finishing 2–2, with goals by Nikolas Somov and Boris Paichadze. The team sheet was: A. Dorokhov, S. Shavgulidze (E. Nikolaishvili), B. Berdzenishvili, N. Anikin, V. Jorbenadze, G. Gagua, I. Panin, M. Berdzenishvili, B. Paichadze, M. Aslamazov, and N. Somov.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The first victory in the USSR championship was in the match against Spartak Moscow on 25 September with Mikheil Berdzenishvili scoring the winning goal. Dinamo finished the season in 3rd place. They challenged for the title, but this faded after the 2–3 loss against Krasnaia Zaria Leningrad. Dinamo also played an unforgettable match in Moscow against Spartak Moscow in the Soviet Cup quarter-final, when Dinamo beat them 6–3. They reached the first edition of the Soviet Cup final, but lost 0–2 to Lokomotiv Moscow. Their first international match was against the Spanish team Baskonia in 1937, which Dinamo lost 0–2.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In the 1930s and 1940s, Dinamo was one of the top Soviet football teams, even though they did not win a title. They were often referred to as the "crownless champions" with the team including S. Shavgulidze, A. Dorokhov, S. Shudra, B. Frolov, M. Berdzenishvili, A. Kiknadze, V. Paniukov, V. Berezhnoi, G. Gagua, V. Jorbenadze, and G. Jejelava.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In the 1950s, the team was led by Avtandil Gogoberidze who spent 17 years with Dinamo. He still holds the record for games played and goals scored for Dinamo, with 341 matches and 127 goals. In the same period, the following players starred for Dinamo: G. Antadze, Vladimer Marghania, N. Dziapshipa, M. Minaev, A. Zazroev, V. Eloshvili, and Avtandil Chkuaseli.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: A prominent place in Dinamo history belongs to Andro Jordania, a coach who is considered as one most important figures in the club's history. His period in charge was seen as "the Renaissance" of Dinamo's traditions, which laid the ground for the major successes connected with his name. The club's Digomi practice ground is named after him.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The first major success came in the 1964 Soviet Top League when Dinamo won the Soviet Top League, with the team unbeaten in the last 15 matches. At the end, Dinamo was tied with Torpedo Moscow so the teams played an additional match in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, which Dinamo won 4–1. Georgian supporters celebrated the victory by naming their team ""Golden Guys"".


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: A popular French magazine, "France Football", wrote: "Dinamo has great players. Their technique, skills, and playing intellect enables us to name them the best Eastern representatives of 'South American Football Traditions'. If Dinamo were able to participate in the UEFA European Cup, we are certain, they would bring the hegemony of Spanish-Italian teams to an end." However, no Soviet team appeared in the European Cup at that time.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The line-up of the winning team in 1964 was: Sergo Kotrikadze, Giorgi Sichinava, Guram Petriashvili, Jemal Zeinklishvili, Guram Tskhovrebov, Vakhtang Rekhviashvili, Shota Iamanidze, Slava Metreveli, Vladimer Barkaia, Mikheil Meskhi, Ilia Datunashvili, and Alexander Apshev. Coach: Gavriil Kachalin.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the quality of the Dinamo team was further enhanced by several skillful players: Mikheil Meskhi, Slava Metreveli, Murtaz Khurtsilava, Revaz Dzodzuashvili, Kakhi Asatiani, Gocha Gavasheli, Guram Petriashvili, Piruz Kanteladze, and the Nodia brothers, Givi and Levan.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Dinamo's first appearance in Europe was in 1972 against Dutch team Twente in the UEFA Cup. Dinamo won the game 3–2, with two goals scored by Givi Nodia and one by David Kipiani. The following players appeared on the field in this historic match: David Gogia, Revaz Dzodzuashvili, Vakhtang Chelidze, Murtaz Khurtsilava, Shota Khinchagashvili, Guram Petriashvili, Manuchar Machaidze, Kakhi Asatiani, Vladimir Gutsaev, Levan Nodia, Givi Nodia, and David Kipiani. In the second match Twente won the game 2–0 and progressed to the next round.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In 1973 Dinamo won their first International tournament. After beating Atlético Madrid and Benfica, the club won the Columbus's Caravela Trophy.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In 1976 Nodar Akhalkatsi was appointed as Dinamo's head coach. It was under his leadership that Dinamo achieved greatest success. The club was referred to as the "Great Team" between 1976 and 1982, characterised by a mobile, fast and technical style of play.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In this period Dinamo won the Soviet Cup for the first time in their history, convincingly defeating Armenian side Ararat Yerevan 3–0 in the final, with goals scored by David Kipiani, Piruz Kanteladze and Revaz Chelebadze. In 1978 the club won the Soviet Top League for a second time. Next year Dinamo won the Soviet Cup again by defeating Russian side Dynamo Moscow in the final. In 1979 the club played its first match in the UEFA European Cup tournament. In the first round Dinamo knocked out English side Liverpool, at the time one of the strongest teams in European football. After losing the first match at Anfield 1–2, Dinamo comfortably beat the opponent 3–0 in Tbilisi and advanced to the next round, where they were eliminated by German champions Hamburg. In the 1970s Dinamo also eliminated famous Italian sides Inter Milan and Napoli in European competitions.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The highlight of Dinamo's history was winning the 1980–81 European Cup Winners' Cup, including knocking out clubs like West Ham United (4–1, 0–1) and Feyenoord Rotterdam (3–0, 0–2), and beating East German side Carl Zeiss Jena 2–1 in the final on 13 May 1981. Vitaly Daraselia and Vladimir Gutsaev scored goals in the final.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Helmut Schön, 1974 FIFA World Cup winning coach said: ""It is to be said directly, Dinamo deserved the victory. This team has top-quality performers.""


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Next year in 1982 as reigning champions Dinamo advanced to the semi-finals in the Cup Winners' Cup tournament, where they were eliminated by Belgian side Standard Liège. In the 1980s numerous skillful players appeared on the team, but for various reasons they were not able to do their best: Grigol Tsaava, Mikheil Meskhi (Junior), Otar Korghalidze, Gia Guruli, Mamuka Pantsulaia, Merab Jordania, Levan Baratashvili and many other talented players.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In 1983 a crisis began. It was hard for the club to go through the first rounds of the Soviet Cup. They also performed poorly in the championship. From 1983 to 1989 the team appeared only once in the UEFA tournaments.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Dinamo Tbilisi played its last game in the Soviet Top League on 27 October 1989 against Dynamo Kyiv. Dinamo played its first and last official matches in the Soviet championship with Dynamo Kyiv, with both matches ending 2–2.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In 1990 the Georgian Football Federation refused to participate in the Soviet Union championship. That meant that no Georgian football clubs would appear in Soviet tournaments. From that moment the more recent history of FC Dinamo Tbilisi began.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: During this time, as a means of distancing from the Soviet past, the club was renamed Iberia Tbilisi. This move was largely opposed by the supporters and by 1992 the club reverted to its initial name.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The club played its first match in the Georgian National championship against Kolkheti Poti on 30 March 1990. Dinamo lost the historic match, 0–1. Ultimately the club recovered from this setback and won the first Georgian National championship. The club also won the next 9 championships.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In 1992 came Dinamo's first double: the team won the league and the Georgian Cup, beating Tskhumi Sokhumi in the final. In 1993 Dinamo played its first international official match representing independent Georgia. Dinamo won the home match against Linfield 2–1, with goals from Shota Arveladze and Gela Inalishvili. The second leg in Belfast ended 1–1. However the club was disqualified for attempting to bribe the referee in the first leg.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Despite continued success in national cups and championships, the club had no success in European club tournaments.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In 1996 Dinamo passed 3 rounds in the UEFA Cup. They beat CS Grevenmacher 4–0, 2–2, Molde FK 2–1, 0–0 and Torpedo Moscow 1–0, 1–1. In the next round the club was unable to overcome Portuguese side Boavista and left the tournament.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Dinamo came very close to advancing in the 1998–99 UEFA Champions League group stages, but were eliminated by Athletic Bilbao on the away goals rule, 2–1, 0–1. The migration of key players to European clubs caused negative results. It became harder and harder for the club to win the Georgian Championship or Georgian Cup.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In the early 2000s, famous Georgian businessman Badri Patarkatsishvili purchased FC Dinamo Tbilisi. In 2003 the club won the Georgian Championship and Georgian Cup.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In 2004 Dinamo, under the leadership of Croatian coach Ivo Šušak, won the CIS Cup in Moscow, beating Latvian side Skonto 3–1 in the final. In the same year, Dinamo successfully made it through the UEFA Cup qualifying rounds, after defeating BATE Borisov (1–0, 3–2), Slavia Prague (2–0, 1–3) and Wisła Kraków (2–1, 3–4) and qualified for the group stage, where their opponents were Newcastle United, Sporting CP, Sochaux and Panionios. Dinamo lost all four games and finished bottom in the group.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In the following season Dinamo were again Georgian champions and they won the Georgian championship again in 2008, when the head coach of Dinamo was Czech Dušan Uhrin.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In January 2011, FC Dinamo Tbilisi was purchased by Georgian businessman Roman Pipia. That year, the club successfully played in the UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds, but they were not able to overcome AEK Athens in the play-off round.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: After a bad performance in the Georgian championship of 2011–12, Dinamo could not qualify for any UEFA competitions for the first time.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The new owner immediately started the modernization of the club starting with the reconstruction of the Digomi training ground. The Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena was reconstructed as well. The pitch surface was changed with a new specially adapted surface for the local climate. Renovated Youths Football Academy also began.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The club were beaten 5–0 by Tottenham Hotspur in the Europa League play-off round in the 1st leg and again 3–0 the following week at White Hart Lane, thus crashing out 8–0 on aggregate.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Construction of the Dinamo stadium started in autumn 1929 although the project was soon suspended. The construction was renewed in 1933 (chief architect – Archil Kurdiani). Finally it finished on 12 October 1935 and envisaged 23 000 spectators.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In 1960–1962 the stadium was reconstructed and the number of spectators increased to 36 000. After reconstruction the stadium was officially opened on 27 July 1962. Dinamo Tbilisi hosted FC Dynamo Leningrad in the Soviet championship and defeated it with minimal score 1–0.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The demand for a new and bigger stadium had increased due to the successful performance of Dinamo Tbilisi. This was the Communist time, when every problem had to be solved by the USSR supreme government body. The leader and the first secretary of Georgian Communist Party Eduard Shevardnadze was able to persuade official Moscow, that Georgia needed a bigger and better stadium for home matches. By the time the stadium was built, it had the third biggest capacity in the Soviet Union. It could fit 78,000 supporters and fulfill every standard and requirement of the Soviet Football Federation as well as the UEFA.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The first official match played after the stadium was built occurred on 29 September 1976. This was the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1/16 final match between Dinamo Tbilisi and Cardiff City. Dinamo won the opening game 3–0.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The next reconstruction of the stadium was held in 2006 (architects-Gia Kurdiani and Archil Kurdiani Junior) and the number of spectators was changed to 54,549. The stadium was opened with the European championship qualifying match. On 6 September 2006 the Georgian national team hosted the French national team and was defeated with the score 3–0. In 2012 the turf of Dinamo Arena was changed. Energy and irrigation systems were also fully rehabilitated. There was new lighting to satisfy demands for high standards. The VIP box was fully changed and fixed according to UEFA standards.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Even though the stadium's maximum capacity was 78,000, Georgian football fans can remember matches with more accommodation. For instance, in 1979 Dinamo was hosting one of the best British teams – Liverpool. The first match was played in England at Anfield, and Liverpool won 2–1. The attendance was 110,000 and their support played an important role in winning. Dinamo beat Liverpool 3–0 and qualified in the next round. In the Soviet Union Dinamo stadium kept the record with an average attendance of 45,000.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The record attendance was repeated in 1995 for Georgia vs Germany. The football clubs Spartak Moscow and Dynamo Kyiv often played their autumn international matches at this stadium.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Hundreds of Georgian, European and even South American stars played in Dinamo stadium. In 1985 the stadium hosted the qualifying stage of the Juniors World Cup. Cláudio Taffarel and Muller played for the Brazilian national team.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: In 1995 the stadium was renamed Boris Paichadze National Stadium after a major Georgian international footballer. It is home to the Georgia national football team.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Holding lit torches, 80,000 fans came in 1981 to congratulate the team on their European Cup Winners Cup triumph.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: The stadium hosted the 2015 UEFA Super Cup match between Barcelona and Sevilla. Barcelona won 5–4 in extra time.


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

text: Dinamo Tbilisi is by far the most successful football club in Georgia, having won the championship 18 times and the cup 13 times. Dinamo also was one of the major football clubs in Soviet football that has never been relegated from the top league, and alongside Ukrainian Dynamo Kyiv was the only club in Soviet era to win European competition.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: Hindu views of homosexuality and LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) issues more generally are diverse, and different Hindu groups have distinct views.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: A number of Hindu texts have portrayed homosexual experience as natural and joyful, the Kamasutra affirms and recognises same-sex relations, and there are several Hindu temples which have carvings that depict both men and women engaging in homosexual acts. There are also numerous Hindu deities that are shown to be gender-fluid and falling into the LGBT spectrum. Same-sex relations and gender variance have been represented within Hinduism from the Vedic times through to the present day, in rituals, law books, religious or narrative mythologies, commentaries, paintings, and even sculptures.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: The Arthashastra argues that some homosexual intercourse are an offence, and encourages chastity (however, this also applies to heterosexual intercourse). The Dharmashastra recognises, albeit reluctantly, the existence of homosexuality, and tries to repress it with fines and penances, without openly condemning it in religious or moral terms. The Manusmriti regards homosexuality as a source of ritual pollution, something to be expiated by Brahmin males through penance and ritual immersion.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: In 2009, the Delhi High Court legalised homosexuality in India, but the Supreme Court of India subsequently overturned the high court's decision. The Supreme Court of India, in a later ruling in 2018, reversed its previous verdict and decriminalised homosexual intercourse and relationships.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: Sexuality is rarely discussed openly in contemporary Hindu society, especially in modern India where homosexuality was illegal until a brief period beginning in 1860, due to colonial British laws. In 2009, The Delhi High Court in a historic judgement decriminalised homosexuality in India; where the court noted that the existing laws violated fundamental rights to personal liberty (Article 21 of the Indian Constitution) and equality (Article 14) and prohibition of discrimination (Article 15). However, the Supreme Court of India re-affirmed the penal code provision and overturned the Delhi High Court decision, effectively re-instating the legal ban on homosexuality in which penalties included life imprisonment until September 6, 2018 when Supreme Court of India decriminalised homosexuality. Furthermore, LGBT people are often subjected to torture, executions and fines by non-government affiliated vigilante groups.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: Hinduism is never known to exclusively ban homosexuality. Hindu nationalist factions have a varied opinion on the legalisation of homosexuality. In the last thirty years, homosexuality has become increasingly visible in the print and audio-visual media, with many out LGBT people, an active LGBT movement, and a large Indian LGBT presence on the Internet. From the 1990s onward, modern gay and lesbian Hindu organizations have surfaced in India's major cities and in 2004, plausible calls were made for the first time to repeal India's laws against homosexuality.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: Deepa Mehta's 1996 film "Fire", which depicts a romantic relationship between two Hindu women, was informally banned for "religious insensitivity" after the screening of the movie was disrupted on the grounds that it denigrated Indian culture, not on the grounds of homophobia per se, a position shared and confirmed by feminist Madhu Kishwar. In addition, Bharatiya Janata Party who were in power in India at the time, refused to ban it. Similar protests occurred in 2004 against the lesbian-themed film "Girlfriend" — even though the portrayal of lesbianism was this time distinctly unsympathetic. Several human-rights groups such as the People's Union for Civil Liberties have asserted that sexual minorities in India face severe discrimination and violence, especially those from rural and lower-caste backgrounds.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: In her book, "Love's Rite", Ruth Vanita examines the phenomenon of same-sex weddings, many by Hindu rites, which have been reported by the Indian press over the last thirty years and with increasing frequency. In the same period, same-sex joint suicides have also been reported. Most of these marriages and suicides are by lower-middle-class female couples from small towns and rural areas across the country; these women have no contact with any LGBT movements. Both cross-sex and same-sex couples, when faced with family opposition, tend to resort to either elopement and marriage or to joint suicide in the hope of reunion in the next life. Vanita examines how Hindu doctrines such as rebirth and the genderlessness of the soul are often interpreted to legitimize socially disapproved relationships, including same-sex ones. In a 2004 survey, most — though not all — swamis said they opposed the concept of a Hindu-sanctified gay marriage. But several Hindu priests have performed same-sex marriages, arguing that love is the result of attachments from previous births and that marriage, as a union of spirit, is transcendental to gender.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: Later, Vanita condenses the ideas in her book into an article, "Same-sex Weddings, Hindu Traditions and Modern India". Here, she summarizes specific cases in which women specifically committed joint-suicides, were married and separated, or successfully married. She points out three different "forces that have helped female couples". These are: the law courts, the media, and some Hindu authorities (such as the swamis mentioned earlier in this article) from her book. When female couples can stay together under the social pressures and get to the courts, the courts generally hold up their decisions, holding to the fact that the women are consenting adults. While this does not necessarily stop the harassment, it does lend the couple further legitimacy under the laws. In addition, the more successful same-sex marriages of women are those in which the women are financially independent. If they have social support from their families and community—for the most part—then they may be able to live in peace together. The media may also play an important role in same-sex marriages. In drawing attention to their marriages, women who do not necessarily know about LGBT rights groups may be contacted and supported by those groups after media attention. However, the flip side of this is that the anti-LGBT groups also may reach out against their marriage.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: Psychoanalyst Sudhir Kakar writes that Hindus are more accepting of "deviance or eccentricity" that are adherents of Western religions, who typically treat sexual variance as "anti-social or psychopathological, requiring 'correction' or 'cure'". Hindus, he argues, believe instead that each individual must fulfill their personal destiny ("svadharma") as they travel the path towards moksha (transcendence).


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: Commenting on the legalisation of homosexuality in India; Anil Bhanot, general secretary of The United Kingdom Hindu Council said: "The point here is that the homosexual nature is part of the natural law of God; it should be accepted for what it is, no more and no less. Hindus are generally conservative but it seems to me that in ancient India, they even celebrated sex as an enjoyable part of procreation, where priests were invited for ceremonies in their home to mark the beginning of the process."


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: A high-ranking member of the influential right-wing Hindu group Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) has publicly stated that he does not believe homosexuality should be illegal, and that the RSS had no official stance on this issue since it was a matter of personal preference. After the Supreme Court of India struck down parts of Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, the RSS stated that while relationships between people of the same gender are unnatural, it is not a criminal act. In its latest position, the RSS has accepted that people from the LGBT community are an integral part of the Indian society.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: Hindu philosophy has the concept of a third sex or third gender (Sansktiy: तृतीय प्रकृति, "tŕtīya-prakŕti" – literally, "third nature"). This category includes a wide range of people with mixed male and female natures such as effeminate males, masculine females, transgender people, transsexual people, intersex people, androgynes, and so on. Many MTF third-genders are not attracted only or at all to men, but are attracted either exclusively to women or are bisexual. Many FTM transgender people are attracted to men. Such persons are not considered fully male or female in traditional Hinduism, being a combination of both. They are mentioned as third sex by nature (birth) and are not expected to behave like cisgender men and women. They often keep their own societies or town quarters, perform specific occupations (such as masseurs, hairdressers, flower-sellers, domestic servants, etc.) and are generally attributed a semi-divine status. Their participation in religious ceremonies, especially as cross-dressing dancers and devotees of certain temple gods/goddesses, is considered auspicious in traditional Hinduism. Some Hindus believe that third-sex people have special powers allowing them to bless or curse others.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: In 2008, the state of Tamil Nadu recognised the "Third Gender"; with its civil supplies department giving in the ration card a provision for a new sex column as 'T', distinct from the usual 'M' and 'F' for males and females respectively. This was the first time that authorities anywhere in India have officially recognised the third gender.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: In the Hindu narrative tradition, stories of gods and mortals changing gender occur. Sometimes they also engage in heterosexual activities as different reincarnated genders. Homosexual and transgender Hindus commonly identify with and worship the various Hindu deities connected with gender diversity such as Ardhanarisvara (the androgynous form of Shiva and his consort Parvati), Aravan (a hero whom the god Krishna married after becoming a woman), Harihara (an incarnation of Shiva and Vishnu combined), Bahuchara Mata (a goddess connected with transsexuality and eunuchism), Gadadhara (an incarnation of Radha in male form), Chandi-Chamunda (twin warrior goddesses), Bhagavati-devi (a Hindu goddess associated with cross-dressing), Gangamma (a goddess connected with cross-dressing and disguises) and the goddess Yellamma. There are also specific festivals connected to the worship of these deities, some of which are famous in India for their cross-dressing devotees. These festivals include the Aravan Festival of Koovagam, the Bahuchara Mata Festivals of Gujarat and the Yellamma Festivals of Karnataka, among others. Deities displaying gender variance include Mohini, the female avatar of the god Vishnu and Vaikuntha Kamalaja, the androgynous form of Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: LGBT interpretations are also drawn in the legends of birth of the deities Ayyappa (a god born from the union of Shiva and Mohini), Bhagiratha (an Indian king born of two female parents) and Kartikeya (where the fire-god Agni "swallows" the semen of Shiva after disturbing his coitus with his consort Parvati). Some homosexual Hindus also worship the gods Mitra and Varuna, who are associated with two lunar phases and same-sex relations in ancient Brahmana texts.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: Gender variance is also observed in heroes in Hindu scriptures. The Hindu epic "Mahabharata" narrates that the hero Arjuna takes a vow to live as a member of the third sex for a year as the result of a curse he is compelled to honor. He thus transforms into Brihannala, a member of the third gender, for a year and becomes a dance teacher to a princess. Another important character, Shikhandi, is born female, but raised as a man and even married to a woman. She becomes male due to the grace of a Yaksha. Shikhandi eventually becomes the reason for the death of the warrior Bhishma, who refuses to fight a "woman." Another character, Bhishma appeases Yudhishtira's curiosity about relative enjoyment of partners during sex by relating the story of King Bhangasvana, who has had a hundred sons is turned into a woman while on a hunt. She returns to her kingdom, relates the story, turns the kingdom over to her children and retires to the forest to be the spouse of a hermit, by whom she has a hundred more sons. Ila, a king from Hindu narratives, is also known for their gender changes.


title: Hinduism and LGBT topics

text: Some versions of the "Krittivasa Ramayana", the most popular Bengali text on the pastimes of Ramachandra (an incarnation of Vishnu), relate a story of two queens who conceived a child together. When the king of the Sun Dynasty, Maharaja Dilipa, died, the demigods become concerned that he did not have a son to continue his line. Shiva, therefore, appeared before the king's two widowed queens and commanded them, "You two make love together and by my blessings, you will bear a beautiful son." The two wives, with great affection for each other, executed Shiva's order until one of them conceived a child. The sage Astavakra accordingly named the child "Bhagiratha" – he who was born from two vulvas. Bhagiratha later became a king and is credited with bringing the river Ganges down to earth through his austerities.