title: Joseph Warren

text: The streets of Detroit, Michigan, were redesigned after the 1806 fire, based on the Pierre L'Enfant Plan for Washington, D.C.; Warren Avenue in Detroit is named after Joseph Warren.


title: Joseph Warren

text: Warren was a Scottish Freemason. He was a member of Lodge St Andrews, No.81, (Boston, Massachusetts) which held a Charter from the Grand Lodge of Scotland. The Lodge continues to meet in Boston under the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. The date he joined the Lodge is not known but was during the period after the inauguration of the Lodge on St Andrew's Day, 30 November 1756 and 15 May 1769 when he is recorded in the Grand Lodge of Scotland's membership register as being the Master of the Lodge. Paul Revere and William Palfrey are also recorded, in the same entry, with Revere being named as Secretary of the Lodge. Warren was appointed Grand Master of all Scottish Freemasonry in the 13 colonies by the Grand Lodge of Scotland.


title: Joseph Warren

text: He was appointed Grand Master of the newly established Provincial Grand Lodge of Massachusetts in that same year. (Upon his death, Joseph Webb became Acting Grand Master.)


title: Joseph Warren

text: The Grand Lodge of Massachusetts has an award in his name for Masons who have served the fraternity, the country, or humanity with distinction. It is the second-highest honor conferred by the Grand Lodge, only surpassed by the Henry Price medal. The Henry Price medal is usually awarded to those who served with distinction in the Grand Lodge, while the Joseph Warren medal may be conferred upon any Mason within the Grand jurisdiction.


title: Joseph Warren

text: Walter Coy portrayed Dr. Warren in the 1957 film "Johnny Tremain". Warren also appeared in episodes 5 and 9 of the 2002 animated television show "Liberty's Kids".


title: Joseph Warren

text: Dr. Warren is featured in the song "Wildfire" by the band Mandolin Orange on their 2016 album "Blindfaller".


title: Fumigation

text: Fumigation is a method of pest control or the removal of harmful micro-organisms by completely filling an area with gaseous pesticides—or fumigants—to suffocate or poison the pests within. It is used to control pests in buildings (structural fumigation), soil, grain, and produce. Fumigation is also used during the processing of goods for import or export to prevent the transfer of exotic organisms. Structural fumigation targets pests inside buildings (usually residences), including pests that inhabit the physical structure itself, such as woodborers and drywood termites. Commodity fumigation, on the other hand, is also to be conducted inside a physical structure, such as a storage unit, but it aims to eliminate pests from infesting physical goods, usually food products, by killing pests within the container which will house them. Each fumigation lasts for a certain duration. This is because after spraying the pesticides, or fumigants, only the pests around are eradicated.


title: Fumigation

text: Fumigation generally involves the following phases: first, humans are evacuated from the area intended for fumigation and the area covered to create a sealed environment. Next, the fumigant is released into the space to be fumigated. The space is held for a set period while the fumigant gas percolates through the space and acts on/kills any infestation in the area. Finally, the space is ventilated so that the poisonous gases are allowed to escape from the space, rendering it safe for humans to enter. If successful, the fumigated area is now safe and pest free.


title: Fumigation

text: Structural fumigation techniques differ from building to building. In a residential setting, a "rubber" tent or tents, typically made of plastic/pvc coated canvas material, may be placed over the entire house while the pesticides are being released into the vacant residence. This process is called tent fumigation, or "tenting". The sealed tent concentrates the poisonous gases and prevents them from escaping into the neighborhood. The process can take up to a week depending on the fumigant used, which is in turn dependent on the temperature and the pest.


title: Fumigation

text: Fumigation of hospital rooms with high concentrations of toxic chemicals has been proposed to reduce microbial agents on hospital surfaces and to control surgical site infections. Formaldehyde fumigation has long been an accepted method for areas where microbiological cleanliness is required. Fumigation with formaldehyde vapor is the recognized and most commonly used method because it is a cost-effective procedure. However, alternative methods are sought due to safety and efficacy concerns. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide is a dry gaseous method that has been used as a reliable alternative for aseptic processing isolators, and more recently, for room/facility decontamination. Hydrogen peroxide and silver in solution and diluted in water is a non-toxic and low cost agent. For example, to fumigate a 1000ft (~28.32 m) area, a 20% solution (200mL of solution in 1000mL demineralized water) would be sprayed via fogger for 30 minutes. Fogging may be done at a rate of up to 130mL/minute and the contact time should be at least one hour.


title: Fumigation

text: Fumigation is a hazardous operation. Generally it is a legal requirement that the operator who carries out the fumigation operation holds official certification to perform the fumigation, as the chemicals used are toxic to most forms of life, including humans.


title: Fumigation

text: Post operation ventilation of the area is a critical safety aspect of fumigation. It is important to distinguish between the pack or source of the fumigant gas and the environment which has been fumigated. While the fumigant pack may be safe and spent, the space will still hold the fumigant gas until it has been ventilated.


title: Lost (season 3)

text: The third season of the American serial drama television series "Lost" commenced airing in the United States and Canada on October 4, 2006, and concluded on May 23, 2007. The third season continues the stories of a group of over 40 people who have been stranded on a remote island in the South Pacific, after their airplane crashed 68 days prior to the beginning of the season. In the "Lost" universe, the season takes place from November 28 to December 21, 2004. The producers have stated that as the first season is about introducing the survivors and the second season is about the hatch, the third season is about the Others, a group of mysterious island inhabitants.


title: Lost (season 3)

text: In response to fan complaints about scheduling in the previous seasons, ABC decided to air the episodes without reruns, albeit in two separate blocks. In the United States, the first block consisted of six episodes aired on Wednesdays at 9:00 pm and after a twelve-week break, the season continued with the remaining 16 episodes at 10:00 pm. In addition, three clip-shows recapped previous events on the show. "Lost: A Tale of Survival" aired a week before the season premiere, "Lost Survivor Guide" aired before the seventh episode and "Lost: The Answers" aired before the season finale. Buena Vista Home Entertainment released the season under the title "Lost: The Complete Third Season – The Unexplored Experience" on December 11, 2007, in Region 1 on DVD and Blu-ray Disc.


title: Lost (season 3)

text: The season was produced by Touchstone Television (now ABC Studios), Bad Robot Productions and Grass Skirt Productions and was aired on the American Broadcasting Company network in the United States of America. The executive producers for the third season were co-creator J. J. Abrams, co-creator Damon Lindelof, Bryan Burk, Jack Bender, Jeff Pinkner and Carlton Cuse. The staff writers were Lindelof, Cuse, Pinkner, co-executive producers Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz, co-executive producer Drew Goddard, supervising producer Elizabeth Sarnoff, story editor Christina M. Kim and executive story editor Brian K. Vaughan. The regular directors were Bender, supervising producer Stephen Williams, Paul Edwards and Eric Laneuville. Lindelof and Cuse served as the show runners.


title: Lost (season 3)

text: The season featured 16 major roles with star billing, making it the second largest ensemble cast of the 2006–2007 television season, behind ABC's "Desperate Housewives". Characters are briefly summarized and credited in alphabetical order.


title: Lost (season 3)

text: The third season featured numerous recurring guest stars. M. C. Gainey plays the Other Tom. Tania Raymonde plays Alex, while Mira Furlan plays her mother Danielle Rousseau, who meets Alex for the first time since she was born. Andrew Divoff acts as the eye-patched Other Mikhail Bakunin and Nestor Carbonell acts as the ageless Other Richard Alpert. Marsha Thomason plays Naomi Dorrit, who arrives on the Island. Blake Bashoff plays Alex's boyfriend Karl. Michael Bowen portrays the vengeful Other Pickett and William Mapother portrays the late Other, Ethan Rom. Sonya Walger plays Desmond's off-island girlfriend Penny Widmore. L. Scott Caldwell and Sam Anderson briefly return as Flight 815 married couple Rose Henderson and Bernard Nadler as does Kimberley Joseph as kidnapped 815 flight attendant Cindy.


title: Lost (season 3)

text: Special guest stars are actors and actresses who were once given star billing, but due to a character's death or escape from the island, now appear on occasion. First season main cast member Ian Somerhalder reprised his role in hallucinations and flashbacks as Boone Carlyle, as did his stepsister Shannon Rutherford, played by Maggie Grace. Malcolm David Kelley returned for a single scene as ten-year-old Walt Lloyd.


title: Lost (season 3)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 71% with an average score of 7.9 out of 10 based on 12 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Lost" asks its audience to suspend their disbelief in ways that can be extremely trying for the grounded sci-fi show, but its character-driven plot holds season three together."


title: Lost (season 3)

text: The first block of episodes was criticized for raising too many mysteries and not providing enough answers. Complaints were also made about the limited screen-time for many of the main characters in the first block. Locke, played by Terry O'Quinn, who had tied for the highest second-season episode count, appeared in only 14 of the 23 episodes in the third season – only two more than guest star M.C. Gainey, who played Tom. Reaction to two new characters, Nikki and Paulo, was generally negative, with Lindelof even acknowledging that the couple was "universally despised" by fans. The decision to split the season and the American timeslot switch after the hiatus were also criticized. Cuse acknowledged that "No one was happy with the six-episode run."


title: Lost (season 3)

text: The second block of episodes was critically acclaimed however, with the crew dealing with problems from the first block. More answers were written into the show and Nikki and Paulo were killed off. It was also announced that the series would end three seasons after the third season, which Cuse hoped would tell the audience that the writers knew where the story was going.


title: Lost (season 3)

text: The third season was nominated for six Primetime Emmy Awards. It was nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series (Jack Bender for "Through the Looking Glass), Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series (Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse for "Through the Looking Glass"), Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Michael Emerson), Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series, and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series. Terry O'Quinn won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.


title: Lost (season 3)

text: "Flashes Before Your Eyes", written by Damon Lindelof and Drew Goddard, was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award in the "Episodic Drama" category. The producers were nominated for a Producers Guild Award in the "TV Drama" category. "Lost" stunt team was nominated for the season's only Screen Actors Guild Award. "Lost" third season also received a Television Critics Association nomination in the drama category. The season also received two Directors Guild Award nominations, Eric Laneuville for "The Brig" and Jack Bender for "Through the Looking Glass".


title: Lost (season 3)

text: The season averaged 13.74 million American viewers per episode, ranking 17th in viewership and ninth in the key adults 18–49 demographic. The first block had an average close to four million more viewers than the second block, with the 14th episode meeting a ratings low for the series, with 11.52 million viewers. However, "Lost" was the most recorded program of 2007.


title: Lost (season 3)

text: The number in the "No. in series" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "Featured character(s)" refers to the character(s), whose back story is featured in the episode's flashbacks. "U.S. viewers (million)" refers to the number of viewers in the United States in millions who watched the episode as it was aired.


title: Matt Iseman

text: Matt Iseman (born January 22, 1971) is an American comedian, actor, and television host, who began his career as a physician. He is best known for his role as play-by-play announcer and host of "American Ninja Warrior". He was the winner of "The New Celebrity Apprentice" in 2017, the show's only season.


title: Matt Iseman

text: Iseman was born in Denver, Colorado. The son of a pulmonologist, Iseman was raised in Denver and followed his father into a medical career, earning a B.A. with honors from Princeton University and an M.D. from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Iseman is of Ashkenazi Jewish, Irish, Danish, and English descent. He did his internship and residency in internal medicine at the University of Colorado Hospital in his hometown of Denver, and later relocated to the Los Angeles area.


title: Matt Iseman

text: Iseman began doing stand-up comedy, with a routine based partly on his experiences as a doctor. He worked with the improvisational comedy troupe The Groundlings, and in 2002 became a full-time professional comedian. In addition to comedy club work, Iseman's medical background has led to performing for medical and health-related organizations. He has performed at USO shows in Afghanistan, South Korea, Bosnia, and Hungary.


title: Matt Iseman

text: He cites Brian Regan as a comedy inspiration. Iseman's comedy outside of humor about medicine and medical profession is mainly observational, and he generally avoids off-color material.


title: Matt Iseman

text: Iseman has hosted the game shows "Scream Play" on E! and "Casino Night" on GSN. He appears as a regular cast member on the home makeover show "Clean House" and its companion outtakes show, "Clean House Comes Clean", both on the Style Network. Additionally, he has hosted 13 out of 14 seasons of "American Ninja Warrior" on the channel G4, and then on the NBC network. The only season he did not host was season 1. Iseman began working with "American Ninja Warrior" in 2010. He uses his athleticism and work as a comedian to add his style to the show with Akbar Gbaja-Biamila (former NFL player), and Zuri Hall (sideline correspondent).


title: Matt Iseman

text: He also has worked episodically in television shows including "The Drew Carey Show", "NCIS", and "General Hospital." He has appeared on the syndicated "MAD TV", Comedy Central's "Premium Blend", Fox's "The Best Damn Sports Show Period", and Fox News Channel's "Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld". He was the narrator of "Dumbest Stuff On Wheels" on SPEED. As of May 4, 2010, Iseman is the host of "Sports Soup", a spin-off of E!'s "The Soup", on Versus.


title: Matt Iseman

text: Iseman won the 15th overall season and first run of "The New Celebrity Apprentice" and appeared as one of the contestants in the third episode of "RuPaul's Secret Celebrity Drag Race" to raise funds for the Arthritis Foundation.


title: Matt Iseman

text: Iseman was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis in 2002, at age 31. His disease is being treated successfully.


title: Matt Iseman

text: Iseman is a cancer survivor. In 2018, he wrote on his Instagram account that he had part of a kidney removed due to cancer more than 10 years earlier.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The Defense of Sihang Warehouse () took place from October 26 to November 1, 1937, and marked the beginning of the end of the three-month Battle of Shanghai in the opening phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Defenders of the warehouse held out against numerous waves of Japanese forces and covered Chinese forces retreating west during the Battle of Shanghai.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The successful defense of the warehouse provided a morale-lifting consolation to the Chinese army and people in the demoralizing aftermath of the Japanese invasion of Shanghai. The warehouse's location just across the Suzhou Creek from the foreign concessions in Shanghai meant the battle took place in full view of the western powers.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: It was across from the foreign concessions in Shanghai, and the Japanese did not dare to call naval artillery strikes on the area, since a stray shot might land in the concessions and provoke an incident with the Europeans and Americans, whom the Japanese wanted to keep out of the war. Moreover, the Japanese dared not use mustard gas here as they did elsewhere in Shanghai, in full view of the foreign powers. This proximity drew the attention, if only briefly, of the international community to Chiang Kai-shek's bid for worldwide support against Japanese aggression.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: In Chinese, the 452 defenders are known as the Eight Hundred Heroes, because commander Xie Jinyuan, not wanting to reveal their true strength to the Japanese, provided an exaggerated number to girl guide Yang Huimin to announce to the public.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Using the Marco Polo Bridge Incident as a pretext, the Japanese Imperial Army launched an invasion of China on 7 July 1937. As the Imperial Japanese Army swept down from the north, fighting between Chinese and Japanese forces started in Shanghai on 13 August. Despite having logistical problems, inferior training, and a lack of air and artillery support, the Chinese held on to Shanghai City, much of it reduced to ruins.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: However, the Japanese did not attack the foreign concessions in the city and remained on peaceable terms with the foreign powers, though tensions were high. They did not occupy the concessions until four years later, following Japan's decision to go to war against the Allies.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: By 26 October 1937, Chinese resistance in the district of Zhabei was faltering. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek wanted to withdraw all forces in the area to defend the rural western regions of Shanghai, and ordered Gu Zhutong, acting commander of the 3rd Military Region, to leave the 88th Division behind to buy time and canvass international support by showing the other nations of the Nine Powers (which were to convene on 6 November) China's determination to resist the Japanese war of aggression.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Gu was personally attached to the 88th and unwilling to leave the division behind, as he used to be the commanding officer of the 2nd Division, which became the 88th after reorganisation. He telegraphed the 88th's divisional commander Sun Yuanliang, who vehemently opposed this plan and sent his chief of staff Zhang Boting (張柏亭) to Gu's Headquarters, about 20 km from the frontlines, to argue against it.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Neither Gu, Sun nor Zhang were about to disobey Chiang's orders, but Sun (via Zhang) suggested to Gu that the number of troops left to cover the withdrawal would not matter for such a show of determination. In his words, "How many people we sacrifice would not make a difference; it would achieve the same purpose." He proposed that a single regiment from the division be left behind to defend one or two fortified positions, and Gu approved this plan. Zhang returned to the 88th's divisional headquarters at Sihang Warehouse. There, Sun decided that even a regiment would be a terrible waste of lives and decided on a single over-strength battalion instead. Xie Jinyuan (謝晉元), a relatively new commander in the 88th Division, volunteered to lead the battalion.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: At 10 p.m. on 26 October, the 524th Regiment, based at the Shanghai North Railway Station, received orders to withdraw to the divisional headquarters at Sihang Warehouse. 1st Battalion commander Yang Ruifu was distraught at having to abandon a position he had held for more than two months, but agreed to do so after being shown Sun's orders for the 1st Battalion to defend Sihang Warehouse.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The warehouse, also known as the "Chinese Mint Godown" by those from the concessions, is a six-story concrete building situated in Zhabei District north of Suzhou Creek, at the north-western edge of New Lese Bridge (now North Tibet Road Bridge). Built jointly by four banks—hence the name Sihang (literally meaning, "Four Banks")—in 1931, it sits on a plot of land, with an area of 20,700 square metres (222,800 sq ft), 64 metres (210 ft) wide by 54 metres (177 ft) long, and 25 metres (82 ft) high, making it one of the tallest buildings in the area. The warehouse, used as the divisional headquarters of the 88th Division prior to this battle, was stocked with food, first aid equipment, shells and ammunition.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Initially containing around 800 men, the 1st was technically an over-strength battalion, but casualties suffered over the course of the Battle of Shanghai reduced its actual strength just prior to the battle to 452 men (some sources give 423), including officers. Because of the confusion of the general retreat, some units may have failed to make it to the warehouse, which caused a further reduction in strength, down to only 414 men present at the beginning of the battle. Two months of intense fighting had also whittled down the original German-trained troops, and after five rounds of reinforcements, the majority of soldiers and officers in the battalion were garrison troops from the surrounding provinces.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Most of the men were from the 1st Battalion, 5th Regiment of the Hubei Provincial Garrison. Hubei did not want to send its best troops to Shanghai, as these had trained over a decade to fight against the Chinese Communists. Thus, many of the soldiers sent as reinforcements to Shanghai were green recruits, with the latest batch recruited after the outbreak of war on 7 July. Official communications referred to the defenders as the 524th Regiment to mislead the Japanese as to their actual strength, even though only the 1st Battalion took part in this battle, and other elements of the regiment continued to be active well into 1939. Eventually the 1st Battalion came to be equated with the 524th Regiment, even within official documents of the period.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The regiment was assigned used equipment from the front-line troops of the 88th, and was well equipped considering the shoddy equipment that most Chinese forces had. Photos and records show that soldiers were each issued a rifle, likely a Hanyang 88 or Chiang Kai-shek rifle, 300 rounds of 8 mm Mauser, two crates of grenades, a German-made M1935 helmet, a gas mask, and food pouch. There was a total of 27 light machine guns, mostly Czech ZB vz.26, approximately one for each squad. The four water-cooled Type 24 Maxim guns were the only heavy weapons available to the battalion—a mortar platoon assigned to them was never mentioned by participants of the battle, and was therefore unlikely to have joined the battle.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The Japanese 3rd Division had suffered heavy losses at the hands of the Chinese 88th Division, whom they called the "Hated Enemy of Zhabei". However, their organization, officer corps and command structure were mostly intact, and Japanese forces enjoyed air and naval superiority, as well as access to armoured vehicles, such as Type 94 tankettes. Japanese infantry used the Arisaka Type 38 Rifle, Type 11 and Type 96 light machine guns, Nambu type 14 pistol, Type 92 heavy machine gun, Type 97 grenade, Type 89 grenade discharger, and Type 93 flamethrower.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The various companies of the battalion were spread out across the front lines that night. Yang Ruifu sent the 1st Company to Sihang Warehouse and personally led the 2nd Company. The 3rd Company, Machine Gun Company and part of the 1st Company could not be contacted. What initially seemed a disastrous start to the defense was averted at nine in the morning, when these companies turned up at the warehouse, having heard the orders through word of mouth from other forces that had retreated from Zhabei. That these men essentially volunteered for this suicidal mission was later noted by Chiang Kai-shek as exemplary soldierly conduct.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: In early morning, news circulated throughout Shanghai that there were still Chinese forces defending Zhabei at Sihang Warehouse. This piqued the interest of Girl Guide Yang Huimin (楊惠敏), who later played a large part in this battle. At around 4 a.m. she walked to the British guard post at the Chinese end of New Lese Bridge, where she noticed a British soldier throwing a pack of cigarettes into the warehouse.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Yang asked the soldier what he was doing, and he answered that there were Chinese soldiers inside. She wrote a message and asked the British soldier to stuff it in a pack of cigarettes and throw it over. After a while a message was thrown back saying that the soldiers in the warehouse wanted food, ammunition and lubricant for their firearms. She left the bridge and pleaded with the head of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, who initially did not believe her story, much to her frustration.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Xie deployed the 1st Company on the right side of the warehouse along Tibet Road, the 3rd Company on the left across from the Bank of Communications building, and the 2nd Company on the other sides. Two heavy machine guns were installed on the roof, and the other machine guns were spread out to each company. Xie noted that the fortifications built by the Nationalist Army before the war in preparation against a European attack from the foreign concessions could be used by the Japanese against the warehouse. Consequently, he ordered these fortifications to be rigged with explosives in case the Japanese tried to occupy them.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Makeshift defenses were constructed from sandbags and the sacks of corn, beans, and other merchandise stocked within the warehouse. The electric lights in the warehouse were destroyed, and some of the immediate surrounding buildings were razed to clear a killing field.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: By 7 a.m. the Japanese 3rd Division had moved to the Shanghai North Railway Station, and by 1 p.m. they had reached the general vicinity of the warehouse. Around ten Japanese soldiers tried to secure the rigged fortifications and were promptly killed. At 2 p.m. a group of Chinese reconnaissance troops, led by platoon leader Yin Qiucheng (尹求成), exchanged fire with around fifty Japanese soldiers. A short while after, a Japanese company attacked the warehouse from the west, and 3rd Company commander Shi Meihao was shot in the face but continued to command the defense until he was shot again in the leg. About seventy Japanese soldiers had taken cover in a blind spot at the south-west of the warehouse, and some Chinese troops climbed on the roof and threw grenades down at the Japanese. They reported seven Japanese killed and about twenty wounded. Having failed their first assault, the Japanese set fire to the north-west section of the warehouse, which stored fuel and wood. It was put out by 5 p.m. In their wake the Japanese looted and burned Zhabei.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: At 9 p.m. Yang Ruifu concluded that there would be no more Japanese attacks for the day, and ordered meals to be prepared and fortifications repaired. Two defenders were killed and four wounded on this day.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The defenders rushed to construct fortifications during the night; nobody was given any sleep. In the morning Xie contacted the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce, whose telephone number was provided by Yang Huimin.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The location of the warehouse, which has been chosen mainly for its sturdy structure and availability (already a divisional headquarters), turned out to be a fortunate one for the defenders. It was across from the foreign concessions in Shanghai, and the Japanese did not dare to call naval artillery strikes on the area, since a stray shot might land in the concessions and provoke an incident with the Europeans and Americans, whom the Japanese wanted to keep out of the war. Moreover, the Japanese dared not use mustard gas here as they did elsewhere in Shanghai, in full view of the foreign powers.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: At 7 a.m. a flight of Japanese bombers circled the warehouse but did not drop any bombs, for fear of hitting the concessions. They were driven away from the warehouse by anti-aircraft fire. At 8 a.m. Xie gave a pep talk to the defenders and inspected the defenses constructed by the soldiers. While on the roof, he noticed a group of Japanese soldiers along the Suzhou River, which according to Yang Ruifu's memoirs was some 1 km (1,100 yd) away. Xie grabbed a rifle and shot; one of them promptly fell.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: It started to drizzle around 3 p.m., and the fire and screen of smoke around the warehouse were gradually extinguished. The Japanese launched another major attack concentrated in the west, occupying the Bank of Communications building, and deployed cannon to the north of the warehouse. The cannon were unable to heavily damage the thick walls of the warehouse, and Japanese troops in the bank building were easily suppressed by the defenders on the roof of the warehouse, who had a higher vantage point. After two hours the Japanese gave up the attack, but managed to cut electricity and water to the warehouse.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Some time in the day, a small group of Chinese soldiers led by the 524th's executive officer Shangguan Zhibiao and battalion field surgeon Tang Pinzi (湯聘梓) arrived and joined the battle.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Meanwhile, the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce was overjoyed at the news of Chinese defenders left in Zhabei, and news of this spread quickly through radio. Crowds gathered on the southern bank of the Suzhou River in the rain, cheering the defenders on. More than ten truckloads of aid were donated by Shanghai's citizens. At night the trucks drove near the warehouse, and the defenders constructed a sandbag wall to the trucks, and then dragged the supplies into the warehouse. The unloading of supplies took four hours, during which time three soldiers were killed by Japanese fire. The defenders received food, fruits, clothing, utensils and letters from the citizens. A couple of journalists arrived at the scene, but the commanding officers were busy, and the journalists ended up only meeting Lei Xiong, the Machine Gun Company commander.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Xie arranged with the British officers in the concessions, via the Chamber of Commerce, to transport around ten heavily wounded soldiers from the battle. The British agreed, and the wounded were carried off under the cover of darkness.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The same night, the Chamber of Commerce decided to send the soldiers a flag of the Republic of China. Regiment-sized Chinese units did not carry army or national flags during the war, so when Yang Huimin delivered the flag to the warehouse, Xie had to personally accept the flag as the highest-ranking officer present. Yang Huimin asked for the soldiers' plans, to which the answer "Defend to the death!" was given. Yang Huimin, moved, asked for a list of all the soldiers' names to announce to the entire country.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: As doing so would inform the Japanese of their real strength, Xie did not want to release this information. However, he did not want to disappoint Yang Huimin either. Instead, he asked someone to write down around 800 names from the original roster of the 524th Regiment, and this fake name list was given to her. According to Yang Ruifu, the wounded soldiers sent out earlier that night were also ordered to say 800 if questioned about their strength. Thus the story of the ""800 Heroes"" spread.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: In the early morning of 29 October, residents of Shanghai found a 4-metre-wide (13 ft) flag of the Republic of China flying atop Sihang warehouse. Yang Huimin had only brought the flag, and the defenders did not have a flag pole in the warehouse. Therefore, the flag was hoisted on a makeshift pole made of two bamboo culms tied together. Only a small group of soldiers attended the flag-raising ceremony.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The crowd gathered across the river, reportedly thirty thousand strong, was jubilant, shouting "Long live the Republic of China!" (), while the Japanese were furious and sent aircraft to attack the flag. Because of heavy anti-aircraft fire and fear of hitting the foreign concessions, the planes soon left without destroying the flag. Meanwhile, two days of fighting had damaged or destroyed many field fortifications around the warehouse, and the warehouse itself was also damaged.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: At noon the Japanese mounted their largest offensive thus far. Attacking from all directions with cannon fire and tankettes, they pushed the 3rd Company out of their defensive line at the base of the warehouse and forced the 3rd into the warehouse itself. The west side of the warehouse originally lacked windows, but the Japanese attacks conveniently opened up firing holes for the defenders. A group of Japanese soldiers tried to scale the walls to the second floor with ladders, and Xie just happened to be at the window they appeared from. He grabbed the first Japanese soldier's rifle, choked him with the other hand, pushed him off, and finally shot another Japanese soldier on the ladder before pushing the ladder off.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: A private, traumatized by the battle, jumped off the building strapped with grenades, killing about 20 Japanese soldiers in exchange for his own life. Chen Shusheng, a 21-year old Platoon2 Section4 2IC is now recognized as sacrificing his life to ensure that the Japanese would not be successful in planting explosives to breach the West Wall. The fighting lasted until dark, with Japanese waves now frequently supported by armoured vehicles and artillery fire. Finally, after all else had failed, they used an excavator and tried to dig a tunnel towards the warehouse. During this day's battle, Chinese citizens across the river helped the soldiers by writing on large posters, warning of the Japanese army's movements.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The Japanese launched a new wave of attack at 7 a.m. on the 30th. There were fewer infantry assaults at the warehouse this time; the Japanese attack was mainly concentrated artillery fire. Because of the sturdy construction and the abundance of sandbags and materials with which to fortify and mend the warehouse, the defenders simply repaired the warehouse while the Japanese tried to destroy it. Artillery fire was so rapid, recalled Yang Ruifu, that there was approximately one shell every second. When night approached, the Japanese deployed several floodlights to illuminate the warehouse for their artillery to strike at. The battle on the 30th lasted the whole day, with the defenders destroying and damaging several armoured cars.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The foreigners in the concessions in Shanghai did not want the site of combat to be so close to them. With that consideration in mind, and faced with pressure from the Japanese, they agreed to try to convince the Chinese to cease resisting. On the 29th the foreigners submitted a petition to the National Government to stop the fighting "for humanitarian concerns". To Chiang, the battle was already won as most of the Chinese forces in Shanghai had successfully been redeployed to defend more favourable positions, and the defense of the warehouse now had the attention of the western world, so he gave the go-ahead for the regiment to retreat on 31 October. A meeting was arranged with the British general Telfer-Smollett through the commandant of Shanghai Auxiliary Police (上海警備), Yang Hu (楊虎), and it was decided the 524th would retreat to the foreign concessions and then rejoin the rest of the 88th Division, which had been fighting in west Shanghai. The Japanese commander Matsui Iwane also agreed and promised to let the defenders retreat, but later reneged on the deal. Xie, on the other hand, wanted to remain in the warehouse and fight to the last man. Zhang Boting finally convinced Xie to retreat.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: At midnight, 1 November, Xie led 376 men in small groups toward the British concession across New Lese Bridge. Ten defenders had died during the battle, and another 27 were too heavily wounded to be moved. Consequently, these men agreed to stay behind to man the machine guns and cover the retreat of the remaining forces. During the crossing, about ten soldiers were wounded by Japanese machine gun and artillery fire. By 2 a.m. the retreat was complete.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: After the retreat the remaining soldiers set forth to regroup with the rest of the 88th Division. However, British troops seized all their weapons and placed the soldiers under arrest. The reason was that the Japanese threatened to invade the concessions if the soldiers were allowed to leave the area. They were herded into the Italian area of the concessions and fenced off.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Chiang Kai-shek promoted every defender by a rank and awarded Xie Jinyuan and Yang Ruifu the "Order of Blue Sky and White Sun".


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: After their incarceration, citizens of Shanghai would often visit the troops, giving them performances and entertainment. The officers opened classes for the soldiers, teaching foreign languages, mathematics, and even Christian theology. Chen Wangdao, the Chinese translator of the Communist Manifesto, also visited the camp from time to time. The soldiers spent their day doing military drills and kept their fighting spirit high. Their practice of singing the National Anthem of the Republic of China every day was continuously disrupted by the foreign authorities, until it was violently put down by White Russian mercenaries.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Faced with defeat in the Battle of Shanghai and the loss of a third of the National Revolutionary Army's best-trained troops, the failed but morale-boosting defense of Shanghai proved to the Chinese people and foreign powers alike that China was actively resisting the Japanese. The media capitalized on the defense of the warehouse and lauded the "Eight Hundred Heroes", embellished from the original 414, as national heroes, and a patriotic song was also composed to encourage the people to resist Japanese aggression. However, the foreign aid that Chiang tried to canvass for did not arrive; none of the European powers delivered anything more than verbal condemnation of Japan. Only Germany and the Soviet Union provided substantial aid to China before the outbreak of war in Europe, and Germany withdrew its advisors in 1938 because of Japanese pressure.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Within the "Lost Battalion Barracks", the Heroes languished for more than three years. The Japanese had offered to free the soldiers, but only if they disarmed and left Shanghai as refugees. Xie did not agree to these terms, and after refusing numerous offers from Wang Jingwei's collaborationist government, Xie Jinyuan was assassinated on 24 April 1941 at 5 a.m. by Sergeant He Dingcheng and three others of his own troops, who were bought over by Wang Jingwei's government. He died at 6 a.m. More than 100,000 people turned up for his funeral, and he was posthumously made a brigadier general of the National Revolutionary Army.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japanese forces occupied the foreign concessions and captured the soldiers. They were shipped off to Hangzhou and Xiaolingwei to do hard labour. Part of the group sent to Xiaolingwei escaped, and some rejoined the Chinese forces. Thirty-six officers and soldiers were sent to Papua New Guinea to do hard labour, and in 1945 when the war went against Japan, they overpowered their captors and took them prisoner instead.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: When the Chinese Civil War broke out, many returned to civilian occupations. Later, many officers and some former soldiers, including Girl Guide Yang Huimin, left for Taiwan with the Kuomintang government.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: Xie Jinyuan's body was interred in a small garden along Singapore Road (now Yao Road) where his bunk used to be. In 1947 the Shanghai city government renamed "Jiaoyuan Park" (where the soldiers lived) as Jinyuan Park, and renamed an elementary school in the vicinity 12th District Jinyuan National Elementary School. The road to the west of the warehouse was renamed Jinyuan Road.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: On 16 April 1983, Xie's grave was moved to the Wanguo Public Mausoleum (), among other Chinese patriots buried there. In the same year, the barracks area was rebuilt and named Jinyuan Alley. In March 1986 the city council of Xie's hometown, Jiaoling, Guangdong, set up a monument in his honour, and his alma mater "Jiankeng Elementary School" was renamed Jinyuan Elementary School.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The renovated Sihang Warehouse (including an additional level and a new wing) is still standing, and part of it is now a repository of documents, photos and journals from the Battle of Shanghai. Most of the warehouse is still what it was meant to be—a furniture warehouse—and there is even a bowling alley on the third floor.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: In 2005, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Chinese victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War, as well as the Allied victory in World War II, China Telecom released a set of themed telephone cards. One card featured Sihang Warehouse and Xie Jinyuan.


title: Defense of Sihang Warehouse

text: The story of the Eight Hundred Heroes has been made into the movies "800 Heroes" (1938), "Eight Hundred Heroes" (1977), and "The Eight Hundred" (2020).


title: Command pattern

text: In object-oriented programming, the command pattern is a behavioral design pattern in which an object is used to encapsulate all information needed to perform an action or trigger an event at a later time. This information includes the method name, the object that owns the method and values for the method parameters.


title: Command pattern

text: Four terms always associated with the command pattern are "command", "receiver", "invoker" and "client". A "command" object knows about "receiver" and invokes a method of the receiver. Values for parameters of the receiver method are stored in the command. The receiver object to execute these methods is also stored in the command object by aggregation. The "receiver" then does the work when the codice_1 method in "command" is called. An "invoker" object knows how to execute a command, and optionally does bookkeeping about the command execution. The invoker does not know anything about a concrete command, it knows only about the command "interface". Invoker object(s), command objects and receiver objects are held by a "client" object, the "client" decides which receiver objects it assigns to the command objects, and which commands it assigns to the invoker. The client decides which commands to execute at which points. To execute a command, it passes the command object to the invoker object.


title: Command pattern

text: Using command objects makes it easier to construct general components that need to delegate, sequence or execute method calls at a time of their choosing without the need to know the class of the method or the method parameters. Using an invoker object allows bookkeeping about command executions to be conveniently performed, as well as implementing different modes for commands, which are managed by the invoker object, without the need for the client to be aware of the existence of bookkeeping or modes.


title: Command pattern

text: The central ideas of this design pattern closely mirror the semantics of first-class functions and higher-order functions in functional programming languages. Specifically, the invoker object is a higher-order function of which the command object is a first-class argument.


title: Command pattern

text: design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known "GoF design patterns" that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.


title: Command pattern

text: Implementing (hard-wiring) a request directly into a class is inflexible because it couples the class to a particular request at compile-time, which makes it impossible to specify a request at run-time.


title: Command pattern

text: This enables one to configure a class with a command object that is used to perform a request. The class is no longer coupled to a particular request and has no knowledge (is independent) of how the request is carried out.


title: Command pattern

text: Instead, codice_2 refers to the codice_4 interface to perform a request (codice_5), which makes the codice_2 independent of how the request is performed.


title: Command pattern

text: The codice_7 class implements the codice_4 interface by performing an action on a receiver (codice_9).


title: Command pattern

text: The terminology used to describe command pattern implementations is not consistent and can therefore be confusing.


title: Command pattern

text: This is the result of ambiguity, the use of synonyms, and implementations that may obscure the original pattern by going well beyond it.


title: Command pattern

text: Consider a "simple" switch. In this example we configure the Switch with two commands: to turn the light on and to turn the light off.


title: Command pattern

text: A benefit of this particular implementation of the command pattern is that the switch can be used with any device, not just a light. The Switch in the following C# implementation turns a light on and off, but the Switch's constructor is able to accept any subclasses of Command for its two parameters. For example, you could configure the Switch to start an engine.


title: Command pattern

text: The first published mention of using a Command class to implement interactive systems seems to be a 1985 article by Henry Lieberman. The first published description of a (multiple-level) undo-redo mechanism, using a Command class with "execute" and "undo" methods, and a history list, appears to be the first (1988) edition of Bertrand Meyer's book Object-oriented Software Construction, section 12.2.


title: Sri M

text: Sri M (born Mumtaz Ali Khan) is an Indian Yogi, spiritual guide, social reformer and educationist. He is an initiate of the Nath sub tradition of Hinduism and is the disciple of Sri Maheshwarnath Babaji, who was a disciple of Mahavatar Babaji. Sri M, also known as Sri Madhukarnath Ji, lives in Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India. Sri M received the Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian award, in 2020.


title: Sri M

text: Mumtaz Ali Khan was born on 6 November 1949 to an affluent Muslim family in Trivandrum, Kerala. In his autobiography, "Apprenticed to a Himalayan Master," Sri M describes meeting his guru Maheshwarnath Babaji in the garden of Sri M's home in Trivandrum: a distinguished, youthful-looking stranger with matted hair, standing near a jackfruit tree. After a brief conversation, the stranger disappeared. This was a turning point in nine-year-old Sri M's life, and he later said about the meeting:


title: Sri M

text: After this awakening, Sri M made contact with a number of South Indian saints who included Bhagawan Nityananda of Ganeshpuri, Yogi Gopala Saami, Kaladi Mastan, Swami Abhedananda, Chempazhanti Swami, Swami Tapasyananda and Mai Ma.


title: Sri M

text: According to his autobiography, Sri M left his home at age nineteen to find his master in the Himalayas. Exhausted by the search, he met Sri Maheshwarnath Babaji—the same person he had met when he was nine—at the Vyasa Gufa (cave) near Badrinath. Sri M lived with Maheshwarnath for three-and-a-half years and learned many things. Initiated into the Nath tradition, his Kundalini energy was awakened. Sri M and Maheshwarnath traveled to a mutt in Tholing, Tibet. His desire to meet Grand Master Mahavatar Babaji was fulfilled on Nilkantha Hill with the help of Maheshwarnath. Sri M claimed that Mahavatar Babaji was his master in a previous life, and Maheshwarnath reportedly had the power to materialize and de-materialize in any form on earth or beyond.


title: Sri M

text: After spending three years in the Himalayas as a wandering yogi with his master, Sri M said that he was asked by his master to go back and prepare for his life mission. He returned from the Himalayas and traveled throughout India, meeting gurus such as Neem Karoli Baba, Lakshman Joo and J. Krishnamurti. Sri M spent substantial time in the Ramakrishna Mission and the Krishnamurti Foundation. While associated with the foundation he met his future wife, Sunanda Sanadi; they have two adult children.


title: Sri M

text: Sri M heads the Satsang Foundation, which runs two schools in Andhra Pradesh: the Peepal Grove School and the Satsang Vidyalaya. The Peepal Grove School, a boarding school, was inaugurated by former President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in 2006. Satsang Vidyalaya is a free school for children in the Madanapalle area, where Sri M lives. The foundation began Bharat Yoga Vidya Kendra, a training programme for yoga teachers, in 2020. He writes in "Speaking Tree", a spiritual forum run by "The Times of India". A documentary film, "The Modern Mystic: Sri M of Madnapalle", was directed by Raja Choudhury in 2011.


title: Sri M

text: In 2015, Sri M undertook a "Walk of Hope": a "padayatra" from Kanyakumari to Kashmir. The walk began on 12 January, the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda (who had undertaken a similar journey over a century earlier). With a group of fellow travelers, Sri M walked through 11 Indian states and considered the Walk of Hope an exercise to restore the country's spirituality. The "padayatra" ended in Srinagar, Kashmir, on 29 April 2016.


title: Sri M

text: Sri M published "The Journey Continues", the second part of his autobiography, in 2017. It exceeds the earlier book in apparently-miraculous incidents; in the introduction, he wrote that his readers might think that he "had finally gone bonkers". Sri M detailed a number of his previous lives over a period of 2,000 years, during which he (or she; in several lives, he was a woman) was associated with Indian saints.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event is an American professional wrestling television program that is produced by WWE (known at the time of launch as the World Wrestling Federation). Premiering in 1985, it originally aired on NBC in the United States as 29 occasional replacements for "Saturday Night Live" until 1991, then twice on Fox in 1992. It was revived in 2006 for five NBC episodes before ending in 2008. In Canada, it also aired on Citytv and Global Television Network in order to meet simultaneous substitution rights.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: At the time of the original airing, it was a rare example of professional wrestling being broadcast on an over-the-air commercial television network after the 1950s. It coincided with and contributed to the apogee of the "second golden age" of professional wrestling in the United States. In a time when weekly programming consisted primarily of established stars dominating enhancement talent, "Saturday Night's Main Event" was made up almost entirely of star vs. star bouts, including title matches and specialty matches such as steel cage matches, handicap matches, etc.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: All episodes of "Saturday Night's Main Event" are available for streaming on Peacock in the United States and the WWE Network elsewhere, with some episodes slightly altered from their original broadcasts. On these platforms, the May 1985 to January 1988 episodes do not have the original opening and closing theme songs. Additionally, sponsored segments that aired as part of the original broadcasts, such as the "Mountain Dew Slam of the Night", have been removed.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: In April 2022, WWE revived the "Saturday Night's Main Event" title for house shows held on Saturday nights.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: "Saturday Night's Main Event" debuted on May 11, 1985, in the late-night time slot normally assigned to reruns of the NBC sketch comedy "Saturday Night Live". Then-SNL executive producer Dick Ebersol had made a deal with WWF owner Vince McMahon to produce the show, after Ebersol had seen the high ratings that two WWF specials drew on MTV in 1984–85: The Brawl to End It All and The War to Settle the Score. Although the show aired infrequently, it did, starting in 1986, settle into a predictable pattern of airdates: New Year's weekend, an episode in late February/early March, an episode in late April/early May, an episode in late September/early October, and Thanksgiving weekend. 1989 and 1990 both offered episodes in July promoted as "Summertime Bonus Editions."


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: "Saturday Night's Main Event" was a tremendous rating success for NBC during its heyday, most notably on the March 14, 1987, show, which drew an 11.6 rating, which to this day remains the highest rating any show has ever done in that time slot. That show was headlined by a battle royal involving Hulk Hogan and André the Giant, who were slated to face each other at WrestleMania III. As Hogan rarely wrestled on the WWF syndicated and cable television shows, "Saturday Night's Main Event" was the program on free television where most viewers were able to see him in action. The success of "Saturday Night's Main Event" led to several Friday night prime time specials, known as "The Main Event". The first of these, on February 5, 1988, included a WrestleMania III rematch between Hogan and André and drew 33 million viewers and a 15.2 rating, which is still the highest-rated television show in American professional wrestling history.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: While ratings remained strong through 1990, they began to fall shortly thereafter. NBC, who had just acquired the rights to broadcast NBA games nationwide, now started to lose interest in wrestling, and "Saturday Night's Main Event" was dropped. Its final NBC airing occurred on April 27, 1991. Fox picked up the show in 1992, but it was only shown twice on that network; on February 8, 1992, and the final "Saturday Night's Main Event" of the original run was broadcast on November 14, 1992.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: For much of its history, "Saturday Night's Main Event" was hosted by McMahon and Jesse "The Body" Ventura with the occasional use of Bobby Heenan in 1986 and 1987. In 1990, Roddy Piper replaced Ventura as McMahon's broadcast partner when Ventura left the WWF. On the two episodes that aired on Fox, Heenan served as McMahon's partner. From 1985 to 1988, the opening theme song for the NBC version was "Obsession" by Animotion with the closing theme being "Take Me Home" by Phil Collins, and also the beginning of "Take On Me" by a-ha was used for show bumpers. Steve Winwood's "Higher Love" was also used as a closing theme. In February 1988, the songs were replaced with an original WWF-created instrumental theme. The new instrumental theme was originally used as the theme of the 1987 WWF Slammy Awards. A different opening theme song was used for the February 1992 episode.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Selected episodes were also shown in the UK on ITV in its weekly Saturday lunchtime World Of Sports slot, mainly thanks to the popularity of the British Bulldogs.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: When WWE's flagship show, "Raw", returned to the USA Network in 2005, "Saturday Night's Main Event" was revived in 2006 as a "special series" to air on occasion on NBC as part of a deal between WWE and NBCUniversal. The Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brand rosters appeared on the show.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: "Saturday Night's Main Event" returned to NBC on March 18, 2006, in a prime-time slot. The first episode aired on a 1-hour time delay, the second episode aired live, with the three remaining episodes airing at a later date. Since 2009, "Saturday Night's Main Event" was replaced instead with "WrestleMania: The World Television Premiere".


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event I took place May 10, 1985, from Uniondale, New York, in Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, and aired May 11, 1985. The event aired on NBC and drew an 8.8 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event II took place on October 3, 1985, from East Rutherford, New Jersey, at the Brendan Byrne Arena, and aired on October 5, 1985. The event aired on NBC and drew an 8.3 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event III took place on October 31, 1985, from Hershey, Pennsylvania, at the Hersheypark Arena, and aired on November 2, 1985. The event aired on NBC and drew a 6.3 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event IV took place on December 19, 1985, from Tampa, Florida, at the USF Sun Dome, and aired on January 4, 1986. The event aired on NBC and drew a 10.4 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event V took place on February 15, 1986, from Phoenix, Arizona, at the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum, and aired on March 1, 1986. The event aired on NBC and drew a 10.0 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Events during three of the matches – The Dream Team vs. The British Bulldogs for the WWF Tag Team Championship; Hulk Hogan vs. The Magnificent Muraco for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship; and Mr. T vs. "Battling" Bob Orton in a boxing match – helped set up three of the four major matches at WrestleMania 2.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event VI took place on May 1, 1986, from Providence, Rhode Island, at the Providence Civic Center, and aired on May 3, 1986. The show aired on NBC and drew a 9.3 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Jake Roberts sneak-attacked Ricky Steamboat and took him out with his finisher, the DDT, on the arena's concrete floor prior to the match starting, helping set up a feud that continued through the summer and early fall of 1986.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event VII took place on September 13, 1986, from Richfield, Ohio, at the Coliseum at Richfield, and aired on October 4, 1986. The event aired on NBC and drew a 9.4 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event VIII took place on November 15, 1986, from Los Angeles, California, at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena, and aired on November 29, 1986. The event aired on NBC and drew a 9.7 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event IX took place on December 14, 1986, from Hartford, Connecticut, at the Hartford Civic Center, and aired on January 3, 1987. The event aired on NBC and drew a 10.6 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: The steel cage match between Hulk Hogan and Paul Orndorff was initially declared a draw when both wrestlers escaped the cage at approximately the same time and two referees – Joey Marella and Danny Davis, the latter playing up his crooked referee gimmick – disputing the finish. When footage from the escape spot was deemed "inconclusive," the match was re-started and continued to Hogan gaining a decisive win over Orndorff.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event X took place on February 21, 1987, from Detroit, Michigan, at the Joe Louis Arena, and aired on March 14, 1987. The event aired on NBC and drew an 11.6 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XI took place on April 28, 1987, from Notre Dame, Indiana, at the Edmund P. Joyce Center, and aired May 2, 1987. The event aired on NBC and drew a 9.5 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: While a match featuring Hulk Hogan was not included in the show, a pre-taped interview with comments regarding WrestleMania III and a possible future rematch was included. A separate interview with Andre the Giant and Bobby Heenan, also reflecting on WrestleMania III, also aired.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XII took place on September 23, 1987, from Hershey, Pennsylvania, at the Hersheypark Arena, and aired October 3, 1987. The event aired on NBC and drew a 9.7 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: As the result of events during the Randy Savage vs. The Honky Tonk Man match – a beatdown of Savage by Honky and The Hart Foundation, and Hulk Hogan running in to save Savage – The Mega Powers alliance of Hogan, Savage and Miss Elizabeth was formed.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XIII took place on November 11, 1987, from Seattle, Washington, at the Seattle Center Coliseum, and aired November 28, 1987 on NBC.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Andre the Giant accompanied King Kong Bundy and Bobby Heenan to the ring for Bundy's match vs. Hulk Hogan. Midway through the match, Andre was ejected from ringside for attempting to interfere in the match; as he returned to the locker room, he shoved a WWF cameraman to the floor.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XIV took place on December 7, 1987, from Landover, Maryland, at the Capital Centre, and aired on January 2, 1988 on NBC.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: During the Hulk Hogan-King Kong Bundy match, referee Jack Krueger was accidentally caught and knocked out by Bundy in an attempt to avalanche Hogan; the match was briefly interrupted as a new referee, Dave Hebner, took Krueger's place. Following the match, Andre the Giant sneak-attacked Hogan and choked him to the brink of unconsciousness, fighting off several wrestlers who came to aid Hogan; this served as one of the build-ups to the Hogan-Andre match on "The Main Event", which aired February 5, 1988.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XV took place on March 7, 1988, from Nashville, Tennessee, at the Nashville Municipal Auditorium, and aired on March 12, 1988. Although there were 10,000 in attendance, it was reportedly a heavily papered event. The event aired on NBC and drew a 10.0 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: During the tapings, Don Muraco vs Butch Reed was taped but aired on "Prime Time Wrestling" on April 11, 1988.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: The match between Hulk Hogan and Harley Race saw Race lay Hogan across a table outside the ring and attempted to hit a diving headbutt from the ring apron, but Hogan moved out of the way and Race crashed through the table, suffering a legitimate injury that would eventually force him into retirement in 1991.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: After the Ted DiBiase and André the Giant match, Hogan appeared at ringside to clear the ring of DiBiase and Virgil after they began a post-match beatdown of Randy "Macho Man" Savage.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: The match between The Islanders (Haku and Tama) and The Killer Bees (Jim Brunzell and B. Brian Blair) was a two-out-of-three-falls match, however only the first fall was televised.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XVI took place on April 22, 1988, from Springfield, Massachusetts, at the Springfield Civic Center, and aired April 30, 1988 on NBC. This was the first "Saturday Night's Main Event" to not feature Hulk Hogan in any of the televised matches or interviews, as he had taken a leave of absence around this time to begin filming "No Holds Barred".


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XVII took place on October 25, 1988, from Baltimore, Maryland, at the Baltimore Arena, and aired October 29, 1988. The event aired on NBC and drew an 8.7 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XVIII took place on November 16, 1988, from Sacramento, California, at the ARCO Arena, and aired November 26, 1988. The event aired on NBC and drew a 9.4 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XIX took place on December 7, 1988, from Tampa, Florida, at the USF Sun Dome, and aired January 7, 1989 on NBC.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Events during and after the Hulk Hogan-Akeem match – Randy Savage declining to make the save and run off Akeem and Big Boss Man while they were beating down Hogan, but Savage immediately running to ringside when the heels were threatening to beat up Miss Elizabeth, and then Savage questioning Elizabeth as she tended to a beaten Hogan – helped foreshadow the later heel turn by Savage at "The Main Event II" in February.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: George Steinbrenner was shown in the front row during this event, and Bobby "The Brain" Heenan at one point remarked about the guy he managed in the ring at the time to Steinbrenner "I've got a ring full of Winfields".


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XX took place on February 16, 1989, from Hershey, Pennsylvania, at the Hersheypark Arena, and aired March 11, 1989. The event aired on NBC and drew a 10.0 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: During the event, Mean Gene Okerlund conducted a special interview with Miss Elizabeth to publicly announce whose corner she will be in at WrestleMania V.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXI took place on April 25, 1989, from Des Moines, Iowa, at the Veterans Memorial Auditorium, and aired May 27, 1989 on NBC.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: During the steel cage match between Hulk Hogan and Big Boss Man, Hogan superplexed Boss Man from over the top of the cage to the mat, briefly knocking both wrestlers out. Prior to the match, Tommy Lister Jr., in-character as his "No Holds Barred" movie role of Zeus (the movie's villain), came to ringside and stood in front of the cage entrance, beating down Hogan after daring him to "move me!"


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXII took place on July 18, 1989, from Worcester, Massachusetts, at the Worcester Centrum, and aired July 29, 1989 on NBC.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: During the Randy Savage-Brutus Beefcake match, Zeus appeared at ringside and interfered on Savage's behalf. Hulk Hogan came to aid Beefcake but was unable to hurt Zeus. The events of this match was one of the pieces to help set up the main event of SummerSlam.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXIII took place September 21, 1989, from Cincinnati, Ohio, at the Riverfront Coliseum, and aired October 14, 1989. The show was attended by 14,000 people, of which 12,000 were paid. The event aired on NBC and drew a 9.5 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXIV took place October 31, 1989, from Topeka, Kansas, at the Sunflower State Expocentre, and aired November 25, 1989. The event aired on NBC and drew an 8.7 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXV took place January 3, 1990, from Chattanooga, Tennessee, at the UTC Arena, and aired January 27, 1990. The event aired on NBC and drew an 11.1 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXVI took place on April 23, 1990, from Austin, Texas, at the Frank Erwin Center, and aired April 28, 1990 on NBC.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXVII took place July 16, 1990, from Omaha, Nebraska, at the Omaha Civic Auditorium, and aired July 28, 1990. The event aired on NBC and drew a 7.2 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXVIII took place September 18, 1990, from Toledo, Ohio, at the Toledo Sports Arena, and aired October 13, 1990 on NBC.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: During the match between Randy Savage and Dusty Rhodes, Ted DiBiase attacked Dusty's son Dustin Rhodes.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXIX took place April 15, 1991, from Omaha, Nebraska, at the Omaha Civic Auditorium, and aired April 27, 1991. The event drew 9,400 people of which 7,000 were paid. The event aired on NBC and drew a 7.7 rating. Following this event, "Saturday Night's Main Event" aired two episodes on FOX in 1992, the series then ended until returning to NBC for 5 additional specials beginning in 2006 with Saturday Night's Main Event XXXII.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXX took place on January 27, 1992, from Lubbock, Texas, at the Lubbock Municipal Coliseum, and aired February 8, 1992. The event was the first "Saturday Night's Main Event" to air on Fox and drew an 8.2 rating and 14.3 million viewers.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Prematch stipulation of the Roddy Piper and The Mountie match for the WWF Intercontinental Championship, stated Bret Hart would face the winner at WrestleMania VIII.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: The Legion of Doom (Road Warrior Hawk and Road Warrior Animal) were originally scheduled to take on The Beverly Brothers (Blake Beverly and Beau Beverly), however The Legion of Doom were replaced by Sgt. Slaughter and Jim Duggan.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Following the match between Randy Savage and Jake Roberts, the telecast ended with Miss Elizabeth coming to the ring and celebrating with Savage. A week later during "Superstars", it was revealed that Roberts prepared to hit Miss Elizabeth with a steel chair as soon as she stepped backstage, only for The Undertaker to prevent the attack and allow Savage to hit Roberts with a chair of his own.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXXI took place October 27, 1992, from Terre Haute, Indiana, at the Hulman Center, and aired November 14, 1992. The event aired on Fox and drew a 6.1 rating and 10.6 million viewers. This event was the second and final "Saturday Night's Main Event" to air on FOX, and the final "Saturday Night's Main Event" for almost 14 years, until the series returned in 2006 with Saturday Night's Main Event XXXII.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXXII took place on March 18, 2006, from Detroit, Michigan, at the Cobo Arena. The event aired on a 1-hour tape delay on NBC in the United States and Citytv in Canada with the former network drawing a 3.1 rating. This marked the first "Saturday Night's Main Event" since 1992 when Saturday Night's Main Event XXXI aired on FOX, and the first on NBC since Saturday Night's Main Event XXIX in 1991.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Mickie James and Trish Stratus fought over the WWE Women's Championship at New Year's Revolution, with Stratus retaining. In the months that followed, James' obsession with Stratus grew to the point that she confessed to Stratus that she was in love with her. James made an attempt to kiss Stratus at "Saturday Night's Main Event XXXII", after the duo defeated Candice Michelle and Victoria. After she was rebuffed, James attacked Stratus and later vowed to destroy her.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXXIII took place July 15, 2006, from Dallas, Texas, at the American Airlines Center. The event drew 17,343 people, of which 14,500 were paid. The event aired live on NBC, and drew a 2.6 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Jim Ross and Jerry Lawler are the commentators for Raw, Michael Cole and John Layfield are the commentators for SmackDown, and Joey Styles and Tazz are the commentators for ECW. Justin Roberts was the ring announcer.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXXIV took place on May 28, 2007, from Toronto, Ontario, Canada at the Air Canada Centre, and aired June 2, 2007. The event drew 16,176 of which 14,000 were paid. The event aired on NBC and drew a 2.2 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Michael Cole and Jerry Lawler are the commentators. Ashley Massaro, Kristal Marshall, Torrie Wilson, Candice Michelle and Michelle McCool are the various guest ring announcers.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXXV took place on August 13, 2007, from New York City at Madison Square Garden, and aired August 18, 2007. The event drew 16,827 of which 13,500 were paid. The event aired on NBC and drew a 2.5 rating.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Saturday Night's Main Event XXXVI took place on July 28, 2008, from Washington, D.C., at the Verizon Center, and aired August 2, 2008. The event aired on NBC as a 1-hour special, and drew a 1.4 rating. The event drew 14,722 of which 12,000 were paid.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: Jim Ross and Jerry Lawler are the commentators. CM Punk was the guest commentator for the first televised match.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: During the original run, Coliseum Video released two cassettes of "Saturday Night's Main Event": Saturday Night's Main Event's Greatest Hits which contained six matches from 1985 to 1987 and More Saturday Night's Main Event containing nine matches from 1988 to 1989.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: In 1992, the WWF released through Columbia House, "Best of Saturday Night's Main Event (Collector's Edition)" comprising five matches from 1988 to 1990.


title: Saturday Night's Main Event

text: On February 10, 2009, the WWE released a three-disc DVD set on the history of "Saturday Night's Main Event". The set includes more than 30 full matches and several non-wrestling segments. Among these are highlights of Uncle Elmer's wedding, Hulk Hogan's "Real American" music video, and Mr. Perfect smashing Hogan's WWF World Heavyweight Championship belt. The first match in the program's history, a six-man tag team match pitting the U.S. Express (Mike Rotundo and Barry Windham) teaming with Ricky Steamboat defeating the team of WWF Tag Team Champions Nikolai Volkoff and The Iron Sheik and their partner George "The Animal" Steele, is included as an extra. Also, two other notable matches are included, both from the program's spinoff The Main Event. The first is a February 1988 rematch from WrestleMania III pitting Hogan against André the Giant, the second a Mega Powers' (Hogan and Randy Savage) bout against the Twin Towers (The Big Boss Man and Akeem) from February 1989. Both had direct implications on each year's WrestleMania: the Hogan-Andre match led to the WWF title being vacated until WrestleMania IV while the Mega Powers-Twin Towers match led to the breakup of the Mega Powers and Hogan eventually defeating Randy Savage to win the WWF title at WrestleMania V.


title: Stan Twitter

text: Stan Twitter is a community of Twitter users that post opinions related to celebrities, music, TV shows, movies, and social media. The community has been noted for its particular shared terminology but also for incidents of harassment and bullying. Usually, Stan Twitter revolves around discussing actors, singers, rappers, athletes, and politicians.


title: Stan Twitter

text: The origin of the term "stan" is often credited to the 2000 song "Stan", about an obsessed fan, by American rapper Eminem featuring British singer Dido. The word itself was added to the "Oxford English Dictionary" in 2017. The term was originally a noun, but over time evolved and began to be used as a verb as well.


title: Stan Twitter

text: Stan Twitter has been noted by "The Atlantic" as one of the "tribes" of Twitter. "Polygon" has described Stan Twitter as "an overarching collection of various fandoms", and additionally as a community that "[signifies] individuals congregated around certain, specific interests ranging from queer identity to K-pop groups, and added that "Stan Twitter is essentially synonymous with fandom twitter." "The Daily Dot" wrote that "Stan Twitter is essentially a community of Extremely Online like-minded individuals who discuss their various fandoms and what they 'stan'." Stan Twitter has also been noted for its common overlap with LGBTQ+ Twitter communities. "The Guardian" noted, for example, that "Gay male culture has always coalesced around female pop stars, from Judy Garland to Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande."


title: Stan Twitter

text: Mat Whitehead of "HuffPost" described stans as "volcanic", and added that they are "organised, ... dedicated and—at times—completely unhinged." Whitehead went on to describe stans of recording artists, writing "stans aren't just superfans, they're a community of like-minded souls coming together, unified under the banner of wanting to see their chosen celebrity flourish. Friendships are made, bonding over a shared love of an artist, their work, their achievements."


title: Stan Twitter

text: Stan Twitter has been noted for its extremely fanatic culture and behavior. "Vanity Fair" highlighted American pop singers Ariana Grande, Taylor Swift, and Korean groups like BTS as artists who have ""extremely" fanatic fanbases". "Vanity Fair" also credited those fanbases and "stan culture and its associated engines" with helping propel the popularity of music videos for those artists. Stan Twitter has also been highlighted for commonly sharing memes within respective communities and utilizing a particular vernacular and terminology. Online stan accounts are frequently run by impassioned teenagers, and they can "take on a corporate monotone on par with many singers' own junket." An artist's fanbase is often attached to a nickname used in the media, and in some cases given by the artists themselves.


title: Stan Twitter

text: Some outlets have also touched on stans being "toxic" in their fanaticism. The subculture has been noted by the BBC for displaying a trend of "toxic fandom" which includes fans joining to bully or harass others in the name of an artist. "Entertainment Weekly" cited Jordan Miller as stating "[Stans] will eat their own"; Miller runs BreatheHeavy.com, "a pop music website that for many years was the premier Britney Spears fansite." El Hunt of "NME" wrote "most of the time, stanning is harmless. It's old-fashioned fandom for the internet age. But often, stanning manifests as a kind of blind, unquestioning devotion – the kind of thing that leads the BTS Army to talk about their idols like they're gods on earth who can't be criticised," and added that "at its worst, [stanning] can lead to threatening behaviour, mob-handed bullying and it can even turn on the object of affection."


title: Stan Twitter

text: A common activity that those in the Stan Twitter community engage in is sharing memes with each other and onto their Twitter accounts. "Polygon" wrote about how those in Stan Twitter share memes with the belief that the memes have an insular quality to them. One meme, "Stan Twitter, do you know this song?" was noted by media outlets as particularly popular among Stan Twitter, being able to intersect more specific communities. "Polygon" described that the meme "seems very silly at first glance," as it is "expressed through an overly obnoxious all-caps exclamation, [and] pairs the sentence with theme songs from early '90s TV shows, random YouTube videos, anime tracks, "High School Musical" remixes and random one hit wonders." "Polygon" further noted that the meme was "designed around nostalgia-baiting people who love to bring up beloved childhood memories.


title: Stan Twitter

text: The terminology used by the Stan Twitter community has also been the subject of discussion. Much of the community's slang originated in African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), with various sources writing about how many Stan Twitter users have appropriated AAVE terms. The terms "tea" and "wig" have been attributed to African-American LGBTQ communities; the term "wig" particularly has been attributed to the drag community, specifically from the phrase "wig snatched" used by the black LGBTQ ballroom culture of the 1980s. "The Daily Dot" and "Billboard" cited American singer Katy Perry's usage of the term on "American Idol" as helping propel its popularity online. The popular Internet meme of Kermit the Frog sipping tea has also been frequently paired with the "tea" term.


title: Stan Twitter

text: The term "stan" itself is used as both a noun and verb with many variants, including "[I or we] stan", which is a phrase used for one to express a liking of, as well as praise or support of, any person or artistic work. Aside from the term "stan" itself, common words and phrases used in the community include: "cancelled", "keysmash", "fancam," "moots," "tea," "tw","" "cw","" "oomf", "naur", "wig", and "skinny legend."


title: Stan Twitter

text: A key component of the Stan Twitter culture is its contrast with Local Twitter; individuals deemed part of Local Twitter are colloquially referred to as simply "locals". "The Verge" likened "local" to past terms such as "square" and "normie". The publication wrote that "much like being basic, but online, 'local Twitter' describes someone who loves decidedly, even painfully mainstream things." "The Atlantic" described Local Twitter as a group of "mostly white, well-adjusted suburban teens who share stale platitudes of the kind that some Internet users might call 'basic'." Local Twitter is also sometimes referred to as Bare Minimum Twitter. "Polygon" defined Local Twitter as the "general population of Twitter—people not congregated around specific interests or in defined communities." In the context of Stan Twitter terminology, "local" is similar to a pejorative term. "Stans" are noted to view "locals" as a group that cause memes and jokes to lose their humor."


title: Stan Twitter

text: The culture of Stan Twitter has been noted by media outlets and celebrities as "toxic". "Huffington Post" noted that singer Alessia Cara lamented over the "toxicity" of Stan Twitter; she was quoted, "This whole world of stan culture, while it's amazing and great and connective a lot of the time, it can be very hurtful."


title: Stan Twitter

text: There have been several instances of celebrities deactivating or taking a break from using their social media accounts due to harassment directed at them from stans. In 2016, Normani of Fifth Harmony briefly quit using Twitter due to racial abuse from Camila Cabello stans. In 2017, American rapper Cupcakke also opted to stop using Twitter because she received death threats from BTS stans, after she made a sexual comment about member Jungkook. Millie Bobby Brown, an actress most notable for her role in "Stranger Things", also deactivated her Twitter account due to a meme popular in the Stan Twitter community. The meme falsely attributed violent and homophobic language and behavior to Brown. Critics of the meme expressed that the meme bullied Brown.


title: Stan Twitter

text: Aside from deactivating their accounts, artists have also addressed their fans, requesting them to not go after those perceived to be critical or detrimental to the artist. In a light-hearted post, pop singer Bebe Rexha mentioned her father's critical take on her more "risqué scenes" in her "Last Hurrah" music video. Some of her stans posted "mean" comments about her father in response, which resulted her in stating, "Don't say mean things about my dad, please."


title: Stan Twitter

text: NBC affiliate WMAQ-TV in Chicago was the target of an online campaign by BTS and Shinee stans, using the hashtag #NBCChicagoApologize, in December 2017 after mistakenly running a video of BTS, from their appearance on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" in November, while reporting on the death of Shinee's founding member JongHyun. The station apologized for the mistake on the morning newscast and on the station's social media accounts the next day.


title: Stan Twitter

text: A similar incident happened with the Australian Nine Network program "20 to One" when on June 19, 2019, the presenters cracked several jokes at the band's expense, including comparing their popularity to the explosion of a North Korean nuclear bomb. BTS stans demanded an apology from the presenters, causing them to trend the hashtag #ChannelNineApologize, for which Nine issued an apology the next day saying "We apologize to any who may have been offended by last night's episode."


title: Stan Twitter

text: "Newsweek" and "The Inquisitr" covered a 2018 incident involving the Barbz (a name for stans of Nicki Minaj) sending hate mail and death threats to blogger Wanna Thompson after Thompson suggested Minaj release more mature music. Thompson described the messages, stating "You have these stans camped out on Twitter and [Instagram] with someone else's face in their [profile picture] hurling insults because they can." Minaj replied to the situation, citing "Pills n Potions", "Bed of Lies", and "All Things Go" as examples of mature music in her discography.


title: Stan Twitter

text: In June 2019, Nicole Curran, the wife of Golden State Warriors owner Joe Lacob, was the target of online harassment and death threats by Beyoncé stans. This was the result of a video which showed her leaning past Beyoncé to speak to Jay-Z during a Warriors game. In an Instagram post, Beyoncé's publicist addressed the incident and stated, "I also want to speak here to the beautiful BeyHiVE. I know your love runs deep but that love has to be given to every human. It will bring no joy to the person you love so much if you spew hate in her name."


title: Stan Twitter

text: In October 2019, the now-defunct pop punk band Yellowcard were the target of social media backlash from Juice Wrld stans using the hashtag #FuckYellowcard after former members of the group sued the rapper for $15 million, claiming that his hit song "Lucid Dreams" copied the melody of their song "Holly Wood Died". Most of the backlash had been from the band extending "a deadline for defendants to respond to the lawsuits" into February 2020 following Juice Wrld's death in December 2019.


title: Stan Twitter

text: In the wake of April 2020 reports of North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un having potentially died, many Twitter users were noted by media outlets as stanning his sister and speculated successor Kim Yo-jong. Some users were also noted to post fancams of Kim Yo-jung. While some users defended their post as jokes, media outlets and other users criticized the stanning of Kim, even if done in jest.


title: Stan Twitter

text: In 2020, Stan Twitter, in particular K-pop fan accounts, received media attention over its involvement in American politics. During the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, some Nicki Minaj fans expressed support for Bernie Sanders using the hashtag #Barbz4Bernie. During the George Floyd protests, many hashtags opposed to the Black Lives Matter movement, including "#AllLivesMatter," "#WhiteLivesMatter," "#WhiteoutWednesday", and "#BlueLivesMatter", were flooded with images and videos of K-pop artists to drown out those using them. Similarly, when the Dallas Police Department asked people on Twitter to submit videos of protesters, its iWatch Dallas app was instead flooded with fancams. Though "The Verge" noted that despite these K-pop fandoms showing support for Black Lives Matter, many Black K-Pop fans continue to face racism online. K-pop stans and TikTok users also took credit for falsely requesting tickets to President Trump's Tulsa rally on June 20, 2020, leading to a disappointing turnout. US Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez commented on the event, tweeting "KPop allies, we see and appreciate your contributions in the fight for justice too." "The New York Times" noted that "the recent turn toward political activism in the United States also follows a concerted effort by K-pop fans in recent years to make positive change en masse, in part as a reaction to the groups' reputations as superficial, silly and even menacing mobs".


title: Stan Twitter

text: During the 2022 Philippine presidential election season, K-Pop stans had started voter education campaigns to empower their fellow fans, organized food pantries to help others in need and created posts, groups, hashtags and fanpages supporting then-Vice President Leni Robredo, detracting any hashtag that would smear her reputation as a presidential candidate.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station (station code: NZM) is a railway station in South Delhi, India. It is under the administrative control of the Delhi Division of the Northern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It is one of the five main stations in Delhi and handles nearly 250 trains daily The station was named after the Sufi saint, Hazrat Nizamuddin. Hazrat Nizamuddin station was upgraded to help relieve congestion at New Delhi railway station and is recommended for first time travellers, particularly those bound for Agra as it much quieter and easier to navigate.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: The station is very close to Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station on the Pink Line of Delhi Metro.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station is managed by Northern Railway zone of Indian Railways. It is adjacent to Delhi's two important arteries, the Ring Road and Mathura Road, and Sarai Kale Khan ISBT.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station connects all the major cities and was developed to ease congestion on which is located approximately to the north. It originates and terminates Rajdhani Express trains going towards Bengaluru, Chennai, Secunderabad, Madgaon, Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: Following passenger friendly facilities has been developed by the Indian Railways at the Railway station,as part of its redevelopment and beautification drive:


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: 1.Platforms numbers 2 and 3 have vacuum dewatered flooring which are slip resistant and easier to clean as it enables surplus water from the concrete to be removed easily and immediately.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: 2.For maintaining hygiene and avoiding littering of papers and plastic several dustbins have been kept which helped in proper cleaning and sanitation inside the premises. There are separate dustbins for dry and wet waste helping in the segregation of biodegradable and non biodegradable disposal of wastage.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: 3.Lifts and escalators have been installed on all platforms for continuous connectivity with the entry and exit points of the Railway station.This has helped in easy and free movements of passengers.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: 4.Around 300 new steel benches have been installed around platforms, waiting halls, retiring rooms, and near the ticket counters for the convenience of passengers especially physically handicapped senior citizens and ladies.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: 5.There are 2 main RO drinking water systems which are fully functional with a capacity of 3000 litres of water per hour and operating 24/7 for the convenience of passengers. In addition to these, there are RO drinking taps which have been installed at various parts of station for the convenience of passengers. There are around six water vending machines at entry, exit and various parts of platforms providing clean drinking water to the passengers at economical cost.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: 6.Station building has been newly painted with texture paint and the prefabricated shelters for the passengers with new colour scheme as part of Indian Railways' beautification initiative. The boundary walls of the station along the approach road has been beautified with traditional mural paintings.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: 7.Train information boards have been made digital displaying the arrival and departure of trains along with their name, number, platform number and timings. These have been installed at entry, exit and various places in platform.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: 8.For booking complaints on cleaning and sanitation a helpline number '138' has been started at the station. The number has been displayed across all waiting halls and platforms so that the passenger can call and book complaints anytime on cleaning and sanitation.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: 9.To keep the platforms cooler and illuminated continuously, a polycarbonate sheet(green coloured sheet)has been installed on platforms' roof.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: 10. Marshalls are deployed across all platforms for constant vigil and security at the station in addition to regulation of passenger traffic. In addition, Delhi police officials are deployed at the station entry and exit points for the safety of passengers. CCTV cameras are installed across all platforms and near station offices to monitor the passengers and is constantly monitored from Director's office.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: In addition to the above facilities, for the convenience of travellers a premium parking has been developed in front of the station building. For proper regulation of incoming and outgoing vehicles, dedicated lanes have been developed for autos, taxis, Ola and Uber and pick up and drop lanes in the circulating area. As part of landscaping and greenery, green patches have also been developed around the circulating area. The entry and exit road have been decorated with fountains.


title: Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station

text: Indian Railways intends to save ₹41,000 crore in energy consumption and generate 1000 megawatts (MW) from solar power. Out of 1000 MW to be produced under solar power; 500 MW will be produced from rooftop solar. In order to meet the target Northern Railways has selected Vivaan Solar, a Gwalior based company to install 0.6 MW of rooftop solar project at the railway station in 2016. The solar power project to be set up under Public Private Partnership is to be executed under design, build, finance, operate and transfer (DBFOT) basis. The company will also be responsible for maintaining the plant for a period of 25 years.


title: Emma Laird

text: Emma Laird (born 8 September 1998) is a British actress who played roles in short films "From Life" (2018) and "In Conversation With a Goddess" (2019). She played Iris, a main role, in the 2021 Paramount+ streaming series "Mayor of Kingstown". Additionally, Laird has been listed as one of the "10 Brits to Watch" in 2021 by "Variety".


title: Emma Laird

text: Laird began her career with roles in short films "From Life" and "In Conversation With a Goddess". In April 2021, she was cast in a leading role in Paramount+ series "Mayor of Kingstown" as Iris, "a dancer who uses her charms to her benefit, until those charms are used against her". She has also been offered roles in Amazon Prime Video's "The Boys" and "The Peripheral" and Netflix's "The School for Good and Evil". "The Hollywood Reporter" described her handling of concurrent offers as "li[ghting] up the town's buzz meter". In October 2021, "Variety" included Laird in their annual list of "10 Brits to Watch".


title: Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor

text: A series of events led to the attack on Pearl Harbor. War between Japan and the United States was a possibility for which each nation's military forces planned for after World War I. The expansion of American territories in the Pacific had been a threat to Japan since the 1890s, though the real tension did not begin until the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931.


text: Japan's fear of being colonized and the government's expansionist policies led to its own imperialism in Asia and Pacific in order to join the Great Powers, which only consisted of western nations. The Japanese government saw the need to be a colonial power to be modern, therefore, Western. In addition, further resentment was fanned in Japan by the rejection of the Japanese Racial Equality Proposal in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles as well as a series of racist laws which enforced segregation and barred Asian people (including Japanese) from citizenship, land ownership and immigration to the U.S..


text: Over the 1930s, Japan expanded slowly into China, leading to the Second Sino-Japanese war in 1937. In 1940 Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to embargo all imports into China, including war supplies purchased from the U.S. This move prompted the United States to embargo all oil exports, leading the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) to estimate it had less than two years of bunker oil remaining and to support the existing plans to seize oil resources in the Dutch East Indies. Planning had been underway for some time on an attack on the "Southern Resource Area" to add it to the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Japan envisioned in the Pacific.