title: The Verge

text: On June 11, 2014, "The Verge" launched a new section called "This Is My Next", edited by former editor David Pierce, as a buyer's guide for consumer electronics. By 2022, this section had been retitled simply "Buying Guide".


title: The Verge

text: "The Verge" launched November 1, 2011, along with an announcement of a new parent company: Vox Media. According to the company, the site launched with 4 million unique visitors and 20 million pageviews. At the time of Topolsky's departure, "Engadget" had 14 million unique visitors. Vox Media overall doubled its unique visitors to about 15 million during the last half of 2012. "The Verge" had 12 former Engadget staffers working with Topolsky at the time of launch. In 2013, "The Verge" launched a new science section, "Verge Science", with former "Wired" editor Katie Drummond leading the effort. Patel replaced Topolsky as editor-in-chief in mid-2014. Journalist Walt Mossberg joined "The Verge" editing team after Vox Media acquired "Recode" in 2015. By 2016, the website's advertising had shifted from display advertisements, matched with articles' contents, to partnerships and advertisements adjusted to the user.


title: The Verge

text: Vox Media revamped "The Verge" visual design for its fifth anniversary in November 2016. Its logo featured a modified Penrose triangle, an impossible object. On November 1, "The Verge" launched version 3.0 of its news platform, offering a redesigned website along with the new logo.


title: The Verge

text: In September 2016, "The Verge" fired deputy editor Chris Ziegler after it learned that he had been working for Apple since July. Helen Havlak was promoted to editorial director in mid-2017. In 2017, "The Verge" launched "Guidebook" to host technology product reviews. In May 2018, "Verge Science" launched a YouTube channel, which had more than 638,000 subscribers and 30 million views by January 2019. The channel received more than 5.3 million views in November 2018 alone.


title: The Verge

text: In March 2022, Dieter Bohn announced his resignation from The Verge in his position of Executive Editor, and that he would be moving to a new position at Google.


title: The Verge

text: "The Verge" redesigned its user experience in September 2022 with an edgier logo and more colorful visual design. Its new home page format resembled a Twitter feed, incorporating external conversations from social media and reporting from other publications. The new format will, in part, reduce aggregation reporting.


title: The Verge

text: "The Verge" broadcasts a live weekly podcast, "The Vergecast". The inaugural episode was November 4, 2011. It included a video stream of the hosts. A second weekly podcast was introduced on November 8, 2011. Unlike "The Vergecast", "The Verge Mobile Show" was primarily focused on mobile phones. "The Verge" also launched the weekly podcast "Ctrl-Walt-Delete", hosted by Walt Mossberg, in September 2015. "The Verge" "What's Tech" podcast was named among iTunes's best of 2015. The podcast "Why'd You Push That Button?", launched in 2017 and co-hosted by Ashley Carman and Kaitlyn Tiffany, received a Podcast Award in the "This Week in Tech Technology Category" in 2018.


title: The Verge

text: On August 6, 2011, in an interview with the firm Edelman, "The Verge" co-founder Marty Moe announced it was launching "The Verge Show", a web television series. After its launch, the show was named "On The Verge". The first episode was recorded on Monday, November 14, 2011, with guest Matias Duarte. The show is a technology news entertainment show, and its format is similar to that of a late-night talk show, but it is broadcast over the Internet, not on television. The show's first episode was released on November 15, 2011.


title: The Verge

text: Ten episodes of "On The Verge" were broadcast, with the most recent episode going out on November 10, 2012. On May 24, 2013, it was announced that the show would return under a new weekly format, alongside a new logo and theme tune.


title: The Verge

text: On May 8, 2013, editor-in-chief Topolsky announced Verge Video, a website that contains the video backlog from "The Verge".


title: The Verge

text: "Circuit Breaker", a gadget blog, launched in 2016, has amassed nearly one million Facebook followers and debuted a live show on Twitter in October 2017. The blog's videos average more than 465,000 views, and Jake Kastrenakes serves as editor-in-chief, as of 2017. Also in 2016, USA Network and "The Verge" partnered on "Mr. Robot Digital After Show", a digital aftershow for the television series "Mr. Robot". In December, Twitter and Vox Media announced a live streaming partnership for "The Verge" programs covering the Consumer Electronics Show.


title: The Verge

text: The series "Next Level", hosted and produced by Lauren Goode, debuted in 2017 and was recognized in the "Technology" category at the 47th annual San Francisco / Northern California Emmy Awards (2018). In August 2017, "The Verge" launched the web series "Space Craft", hosted by science reporter Loren Grush.


title: The Verge

text: In September 2018, "The Verge" published the article "How to Build a Custom PC for Editing, Gaming or Coding" and uploaded a video to YouTube entitled "How we Built a $2000 Custom Gaming PC", which was criticized for containing errors on almost every step presented by the video's reporter, Stefan Etienne, such as PSU being installed in the wrong direction preventing its cooling fan from functioning properly, improperly installing the AIO cooler, forgetting a screw on the CPU heatsink, and naming LEDs as a main reason to buy RAM. After initially disabling comments, "The Verge" removed the video though reuploads exist.


title: The Verge

text: In February 2019, lawyers from "The Verge" parent company Vox Media filed a DMCA takedown notice, requesting that YouTube remove videos critical of "The Verge"s video, alleging copyright infringement. YouTube took down two of the videos, uploaded by YouTube channels BitWit and ReviewTechUSA, while applying a copyright "strike" to these two channels. YouTube later reinstated the two videos and retracted the copyright "strikes" after a request from "Verge" editor Nilay Patel, although Patel acknowledged that he agreed with the legal argument that led to their removal.


title: The Verge

text: Timothy B. Lee of "Ars Technica" described this controversy as an example of the Streisand effect, saying that while law regarding fair use is unclear regarding this type of situation, "the one legal precedent ... suggests ... that this kind of video is solidly within the bounds of copyright's fair use doctrine."


title: The Verge

text: Shortly after the PC build guide was released, people began to troll and harass Etienne on his social media accounts by creating jokes related to the build. The trolling and harassment continued up until September 2021, when YouTube channel Linus Tech Tips released a collaboration video with Etienne, where he builds a PC with the correct steps and tools. The video received positive reception and ended the PC build controversy.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The social determinants of health (SDOH) are the economic and social conditions that influence individual and group differences in health status. They are the health promoting factors found in one's living and working conditions (such as the distribution of income, wealth, influence, and power), rather than individual risk factors (such as behavioral risk factors or genetics) that influence the risk for a disease, or vulnerability to disease or injury. The distributions of social determinants are often shaped by public policies that reflect prevailing political ideologies of the area.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The World Health Organization says that "the social determinants can be more important than health care or lifestyle choices in influencing health." and "This unequal distribution of health-damaging experiences is not in any sense a 'natural' phenomenon but is the result of a toxic combination of poor social policies, unfair economic arrangements [where the already well-off and healthy become even richer and the poor who are already more likely to be ill become even poorer], and bad politics."


title: Social determinants of health

text: Issues of particular focus are social determinants of mental health, social determinants of health in poverty and social determinants of obesity.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Starting in the early 2000s, the World Health Organization facilitated the academic and political work on social determinants in a way that provided a deep understanding of health disparities in a global perspective.


title: Social determinants of health

text: In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) Europe suggested that the social determinants of health included: the social gradient, stress, early life, social exclusion, work, unemployment, social support, addiction, food, and transportation.


title: Social determinants of health

text: In 2008, the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health published a report entitled "Closing the Gap in a Generation", which aimed to understand, from a social justice perspective, how health inequity could be remedied, and what actions could combat factors that exacerbated injustices. The work of the commission was based on development goals, and thus, connected SDH (social determinants of health) discourse to economic growth and bridging gaps in the healthcare system. This report identified two broad areas of social determinants of health that needed to be addressed. The first area was daily living conditions, which included healthy physical environments, fair employment, and decent work, social protection across the lifespan, and access to health care. The second major area was distribution of power, money, and resources, including equity in health programs, public financing of action on the social determinants, economic inequalities, resource depletion, healthy working conditions, gender equity, political empowerment, and a balance of power and prosperity of nations.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) established by the Obama administration in the United States, embodied the ideas put in place by the WHO by bridging the gap between community-based health and healthcare as a medical treatment, meaning that a larger consideration of social determinants of health was emerging in the policy. The ACA established community change through initiatives like providing Community Transformation Grants to community organizations, which opened up further debates and talks about increased integration of policies to create change on a larger scale.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The 2011 World Conference on Social Determinants of Health, in which 125 delegations participated, created the Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health. With a series of affirmations and announcements, the Declaration aimed to communicate that the social conditions in which an individual exists were key to understanding health disparities that individual may face, and it called for new policies across the world to fight health disparities, along with global collaborations.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines social determinants of health as "life-enhancing resources, such as food supply, housing, economic and social relationships, transportation, education, and health care, whose distribution across populations effectively determines length and quality of life." These include access to care and resources such as food, insurance coverage, income, housing, and transportation.


title: Social determinants of health

text: According to a report by the Center for Migration Studies of New York, the different social determinants of health are strongly correlated. People living in an area with one identified determinant also tend to be affected by other determinants. Social determinants of health influence health-promoting behaviors, and health equity among the population is not possible without equitable distribution of social determinants among groups.


title: Social determinants of health

text: A commonly used model that illustrate the relationship between biological, individual, community, and societal determinants is Whitehead and Dahlgren's model originally presented in 1991 and has been adapted by the CDC. Additionally, within the United States, the Healthy People 2030 is an objective-driven framework which can guide public health practitioners and healthcare providers on how to address social determinants of health at the community level.


title: Social determinants of health

text: In Canada, these social determinants of health have gained wide usage: Income and income distribution; Education; Unemployment and job security; Employment and working conditions; Early childhood development; Food insecurity; Housing; Social exclusion/inclusion; Social safety network; Health services; Aboriginal status; Gender; Race; Disability.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The list of social determinants of health can be much longer. A recently published article identified several other social determinants . Unfortunately, there is no agreed taxonomy or criteria as to what should be considered a social determinant of health. In the literature, a subjective assessment—whether social factors impacting health are avoidable through structural changes in policy and practice—seems to be the dominant way of identifying a social determinant of health.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Steven H. Woolf, MD of the Virginia Commonwealth University Center on Human Needs states, "The degree to which social conditions affect health is illustrated by the association between education and mortality rates." Reports in 2005 revealed the mortality rate was 206.3 per 100,000 for adults aged 25 to 64 years with little education beyond high school, but was twice as great (477.6 per 100,000) for those with only a high school education and three times as great (650.4 per 100,000) for those less educated. Based on the data collected, the social conditions such as education, income, and race were dependent on one another, but these social conditions also apply to independent health influences.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Marmot and Bell of the University College London found that in wealthy countries, income and mortality are correlated as a marker of relative position within society, and this relative position is related to social conditions that are important for health including good early childhood development, access to high quality education, rewarding work with some degree of autonomy, decent housing, and a clean and safe living environment. The social condition of autonomy, control, and empowerment turns are important influences on health and disease, and individuals who lack social participation and control over their lives are at a greater risk for heart disease and mental illness.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Early childhood development can be promoted or disrupted as a result of the social and environmental factors effecting the mother, while the child is still in the womb. Janet Currie's research finds that women in New York City receiving assistance from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), in comparison to their previous or future childbirth, are 5.6% less likely to give birth to a child who is underweight, an indication that a child will have better short term, and long term physical, and cognitive development.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Several other social determinants are related to health outcomes and public policy, and are easily understood by the public to impact health. They tend to cluster together – for example, those living in poverty experience a number of negative health determinants.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Even in the wealthiest countries, there are health inequalities between the rich and the poor. Researchers Labonte and Schrecker from the Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine at the University of Ottawa emphasize that globalization is key to understanding the social determinants of health, and as Bushra (2011) posits, the impacts of globalization are unequal. Globalization has caused an uneven distribution of wealth and power both within and across national borders, and where and in what situation a person is born has an enormous impact on their health outcomes. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development found significant differences among developed nations in health status indicators such as life expectancy, infant mortality, incidence of disease, and death from injuries. Migrants and their family members also experience significant negatives health impacts.


title: Social determinants of health

text: These inequalities may exist in the context of the health care system, or in broader social approaches. According to the WHO's Commission on Social Determinants of Health, access to health care is essential for equitable health, and it argued that health care should be a common good rather than a market commodity. However, there is substantial variation in health care systems and coverage from country to country. The commission also calls for government action on such things as access to clean water and safe, equitable working conditions, and it notes that dangerous working conditions exist even in some wealthy countries. In the Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health, several key areas of action were identified to address inequalities, including promotion of participatory policy-making processes, strengthening global governance and collaboration, and encouraging developed countries to reach a target of 0.7% of gross national product (GNP) for official development assistance.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The UK "Black" and "The Health Divide" reports considered two primary mechanisms for understanding how social determinants influence health: cultural/behavioral and materialist/structuralist The cultural/behavioral explanation is that individuals' behavioral choices (e.g., tobacco and alcohol use, diet, physical activity, etc.) were responsible for their development and deaths from a variety of diseases. However, both the "Black" and "Health Divide" reports found that behavioral choices are determined by one's material conditions of life, and these behavioral risk factors account for a relatively small proportion of variation in the incidence and death from various diseases.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The materialist/structuralist explanation emphasizes the people's material living conditions. These conditions include availability of resources to access the amenities of life, working conditions, and quality of available food and housing among others. Within this view, three frameworks have been developed to explain how social determinants influence health. These frameworks are: (a) materialist; (b) neo-materialist; and (c) psychosocial comparison. The materialist view explains how living conditions – and the social determinants of health that constitute these living conditions – shape health. The neo-materialist explanation extends the materialist analysis by asking how these living conditions occur. The psychosocial comparison explanation considers whether people compare themselves to others and how these comparisons affect health and wellbeing.


title: Social determinants of health

text: A nation's wealth is a strong indicator of the health of its population. Within nations, however, individual socio-economic position is a powerful predictor of health. Material conditions of life determine health by influencing the quality of individual development, family life and interaction, and community environments. Material conditions of life lead to differing likelihood of physical (infections, malnutrition, chronic disease, and injuries), developmental (delayed or impaired cognitive, personality, and social development), educational (learning disabilities, poor learning, early school leaving), and social (socialization, preparation for work, and family life) problems. Material conditions of life also lead to differences in psychosocial stress. When the fight-or-flight reaction is chronically elicited in response to constant threats to income, housing, and food availability, the immune system is weakened, insulin resistance is increased, and lipid and clotting disorders appear more frequently. The effects of chronic fight-or-flight is described in the allostatic load model


title: Social determinants of health

text: The materialist approach offers insight into the sources of health inequalities among individuals and nations. Adoption of health-threatening behaviors is also influenced by material deprivation and stress. Environments influence whether individuals take up tobacco, use alcohol, consume poor diets, and have low levels of physical activity. Tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and carbohydrate-dense diets are also used to cope with difficult circumstances. The materialist approach seeks to understand how these social determinants occur.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The neo-materialist approach is concerned with how nations, regions, and cities differ on how economic and other resources are distributed among the population. This distribution of resources can vary widely from country to country. The neo-materialist view focuses on both the social determinants of health and the societal factors that determine the distribution of these social determinants, and especially emphasizes how resources are distributed among members of a society.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The social comparison approach holds that the social determinants of health play their role through citizens' interpretations of their standings in the social hierarchy. There are two mechanisms by which this occurs. At the individual level, the perception and experience of one's status in unequal societies lead to stress and poor health. Feelings of shame, worthlessness, and envy can lead to harmful effects upon neuro-endocrine, autonomic and metabolic, and immune systems. Comparisons to those of a higher social class can also lead to attempts to alleviate such feelings by overspending, taking on additional employment that threaten health, and adopting health-threatening coping behaviors such as overeating and using alcohol and tobacco. At the communal level, widening and strengthening of hierarchy weakens social cohesion, which is a determinant of health. The social comparison approach directs attention to the psychosocial effects of public policies that weaken the social determinants of health. However, these effects may be secondary to how societies distribute material resources and provide security to its citizens, which are described in the materialist and neo-materialist approaches.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Life-course approaches emphasize the accumulated effects of experience across the life span in understanding the maintenance of health and the onset of disease. The economic and social conditions – the social determinants of health – under which individuals live their lives have a cumulative effect upon the probability of developing any number of diseases, including heart disease and stroke. Studies into the childhood and adulthood antecedents of adult-onset diabetes show that adverse economic and social conditions across the life span predispose individuals to this disorder.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Hertzman outlines three health effects that have relevance for a life-course perspective. Latent effects are biological or developmental early life experiences that influence health later in life. Low birth weight, for instance, is a reliable predictor of incidence of cardiovascular disease and adult-onset diabetes in later life. Nutritional deprivation during childhood has lasting health effects as well.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Pathway effects are experiences that set individuals onto trajectories that influence health, well-being, and competence over the life course. As one example, children who enter school with delayed vocabulary are set upon a path that leads to lower educational expectations, poor employment prospects, and greater likelihood of illness and disease across the lifespan. Deprivation associated with poor-quality neighborhoods, schools, and housing sets children off on paths that are not conducive to health and well-being.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Cumulative effects are the accumulation of advantage or disadvantage over time that manifests itself in poor health, in particular between women and men. These involve the combination of latent and pathways effects. Adopting a life-course perspective directs attention to how social determinants of health operate at every level of development – in utero, infancy, early childhood, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood – to both immediately influence health and influence it in the future.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Stress is hypothesized to be a major influence in the social determinants of health. There is a relationship between experience of chronic stress and negative health outcomes. This relationship is explained through both direct and indirect effects of chronic stress on health outcomes.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The direct relationship between stress and health outcomes is the effect of stress on human physiology. The long term stress hormone, cortisol, is believed to be the key driver in this relationship. Chronic stress has been found to be significantly associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, slower wound healing, increased susceptibility to infections, and poorer responses to vaccines. Meta-analysis of healing studies has found that there is a robust relationship between elevated stress levels and slower healing for many different acute and chronic conditions However, it is also important to note that certain factors, such as coping styles and social support, can mitigate the relationship between chronic stress and health outcomes.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Stress can also be seen to have an indirect effect on health status. One way this happens is due to the strain on the psychological resources of the stressed individual. Chronic stress is common in those of a low socio-economic status, who are having to balance worries about financial security, how they will feed their families, housing status, and many other concerns. Therefore, individuals with these kinds of worries may lack the emotional resources to adopt positive health behaviors. Chronically stressed individuals may therefore be less likely to prioritize their health.


title: Social determinants of health

text: In addition to this, the way that an individual responds to stress can influence their health status. Often, individuals responding to chronic stress will develop potentially positive or negative coping behaviors. People who cope with stress through positive behaviors such as exercise or social connections may not be as affected by the relationship between stress and health, whereas those with a coping style more prone to over-consumption (i.e. emotional eating, drinking, smoking or drug use) are more likely to be see negative health effects of stress. Vape shops are also found more in low socioeconomic status areas. The owners target these areas in particular to gain profit. Since people with low-income status are not highly educated, they are more prone to make poor health behavior choices. Socioeconomic status also has a huge impact in lives of people of color. According to Kids Count Data Center, Children in Poverty 2014, in the United States 39% of African American children and adolescents, and 33% of Latino children and adolescents are living in poverty (Kids Count Data Center, Children in Poverty 2014). The stress these racial groups with low socioeconomic status face, is higher than the same race group from a high-income community. According to the research done on socioeconomic disparities in vape shop density and proximity to public schools, the researchers found that vape shops were located a lot more in the areas with schools where African-Americans/Latinos/Hispanic students were in higher population than the areas with schools where White population was more.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The detrimental effects of stress on health outcomes are hypothesized to partly explain why countries that have high levels of income inequality have poorer health outcomes compared to more equal countries. Wilkinson and Picket hypothesized in their book that the stressors associated with low social status are amplified in societies where others are clearly far better off.


title: Social determinants of health

text: A landmark study conducted by the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization found that exposure to long working hours, operating through psychosocial stress, is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Reducing the health gap requires that governments build systems that allow a healthy standard of living for every resident.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Three common interventions for improving social determinant outcomes as identified by the WHO are education, social security and urban development. However, evaluation of interventions has been difficult due to the nature of the interventions, their impact and the fact that the interventions strongly affect children's health outcomes.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The Commission on Social Determinants of Health made recommendations in 2005 for action to promote health equity based on three principles: "improve the circumstances in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age; tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money, and resources, the structural drivers of conditions of daily life, globally, nationally, and locally; and measure the problem, evaluate action, and expand the knowledge base." These recommendations would involve providing resources such as quality education, decent housing, access to affordable health care, access to healthy food, and safe places to exercise for everyone despite gaps in affluence. Expansion of knowledge of the social determinants of health, including among healthcare workers, can improve the quality and standard of care for people who are marginalized, poor or living in developing nations by preventing early death and disability while working to improve quality of life.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Many economic studies have been conducted to measure the effectiveness and value of social determinant interventions but are unable to accurately reflect effects on public health due to the multi-faceted nature of the topic. While neither cost-effectiveness nor cost-utility analysis is able to be used on social determinant interventions, cost-benefit analysis is able to better capture the effects of an intervention on multiple sectors of the economy. For example, tobacco interventions have shown to decrease tobacco use, but also prolong lifespans, increasing lifetime healthcare costs and is therefore marked as a failed intervention by cost-effectiveness, but not cost-benefit. Another issue with research in this area is that most of the current scientific papers focus on rich, developed countries, and there is a lack of research in developing countries.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Policy changes that affect children also present the challenge that it takes a significant amount of time to gather this type of data. In addition, policies to reduce child poverty are particularly important, as elevated stress hormones in children interfere with the development of brain circuitry and connections, causing long term chemical damage. In most wealthy countries, the relative child poverty rate is 10 percent or less; in the United States, it is 21.9 percent. The lowest poverty rates are more common in smaller well-developed and high-spending welfare states like Sweden and Finland, with about 5 or 6 percent. Middle-level rates are found in major European countries where unemployment compensation is more generous and social policies provide more generous support to single mothers and working women (through paid family leave, for example), and where social assistance minimums are high. For instance, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium and Germany have poverty rates that are in the 7 to 8 percent range.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Connecting patients with the necessary social services during their visits to hospitals or medical clinics is an important factor in preventing patients from experiencing decreased health outcomes as a result of social or environmental factors.


title: Social determinants of health

text: A clinical study done by researchers at the University of California San Francisco, indicated that connecting patients with the resources to utilize and contact social services during clinical visits, significantly decreased families social needs and significantly improved children's overall health.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health embraces a transparent, participatory model of policy development that, among other things, addresses the social determinants of health leading to persistent health inequalities for indigenous peoples. In 2017, citing the need for accountability for the pledges made by countries in the Rio Political Declaration on Social Determinants of Health, the World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund called for the monitoring of intersectoral interventions on the social determinants of health that improve health equity.


title: Social determinants of health

text: The United States Department of Health and Human Services includes social determinants in its model of population health, and one of its missions is to strengthen policies which are backed by the best available evidence and knowledge in the field


title: Social determinants of health

text: Social determinants of health do not exist in a vacuum. Their quality and availability to the population are usually a result of public policy decisions made by governing authorities. For example, early life is shaped by availability of sufficient material resources that assure adequate educational opportunities, food, and housing among others. Much of this has to do with the employment security and the quality of working conditions and wages. The availability of quality, regulated childcare is an especially important policy option in support of early life. These are not issues that usually come under individual control but rather they are socially constructed conditions which require institutional responses. A policy-oriented approach places such findings within a broader policy context. In this context, Health in All Policies has seen as a response to incorporate health and health equity into all public policies as means to foster synergy between sectors and ultimately promote health.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Yet it is not uncommon to see governmental and other authorities individualize these issues. Governments may view early life as being primarily about parental behaviors towards their children. They then focus upon promoting better parenting, assist in having parents read to their children, or urge schools to foster exercise among children rather than raising the amount of financial or housing resources available to families. Indeed, for every social determinant of health, an individualized manifestation of each is available. There is little evidence to suggest the efficacy of such approaches in improving the health status of those most vulnerable to illness in the absence of efforts to modify their adverse living conditions.


title: Social determinants of health

text: A team of the Cochrane Collaboration conducted the first comprehensive systematic review of the health impact of unconditional cash transfers, as an increasingly common up-stream, structural social determinant of health. The review of 21 studies, including 16 randomized controlled trials, found that unconditional cash transfers may not improve health services use. However, they lead to a large, clinically meaningful reduction in the likelihood of being sick by an estimated 27%. Unconditional cash transfers may also improve food security and dietary diversity. Children in recipient families are more likely to attend school, and the cash transfers may increase money spent on health care.


title: Social determinants of health

text: One of the recommendations by the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health is expanding knowledge – particularly to health care workers.


title: Social determinants of health

text: Although not addressed by the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, sexual orientation and gender identity are increasingly recognized as social determinants of health.


title: Social determinants of health

text: With all the different health inequities and differences in quality of care addressed in social determinants of health, the American Hospital Association created the Value Initiative project which helps make healthcare more affordable to people of all types. It does this four different ways:


title: Social determinants of health

text: This initiative educates the public and makes sure there is transparency in pricing of hospital bills, making sure patients are not billed more than they should be. It also addresses the cost drivers in the healthcare system, and urges for legislators to take action to make healthcare affordable and to prioritize health over profit. This organization asks congress to control the rising costs of pharmaceuticals by encouraging competition between manufacturers, and improving transparency in drug pricing. In this value initiative, they have started the Affordability Advocacy Agenda (AAA) which improves the ongoing policy and advocacy activities. With the Covid-19 pandemic health care spending increased and there was a rise in hospitalizations and therefore a rise in demand for health care providers. The price for care has increased and there aren't enough workers to meet the demand for care. The AAA and congress are working together to provide relief from the pandemic in order to make healthcare more affordable to all.


title: Social determinants of health

text: As of January 1, 2022 there are regulations placed for healthcare providers about no surprise billing. This is the "No Surprises Act" of division BB of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 and this rule was made by the Biden-Harris administration. Patients should not be billed more than they expected to pay, it is often noticed with emergency services and this rule will stop patients from getting worried about any bills out of their budget, and they will be able to get the proper care they need for their health with peace of mind. The act was passed by congress at the end of 2020 and offers protection against insured Americans getting surprise bills from out-of-network providers They struggled to find an amount that an insurer should pay to the out-of-network provider, but eventually found an amount and the law is now in effect as of January 2022. When it comes to out-of-network providers, patients often rely on these services in an emergency and then get stuck with the bill afterwards. Air Ambulance bills are a big problem for consumers, not just because they are out of network and cost a lot, but also for their lack of billing transparency. Since the Airline Deregulation Act, which allows air ambulance to make their own prices, federal solutions to this increasing cost of emergency care is needed. A possible solution is to allow air ambulance services to be administered and financed in a way that combines competitive bidding and public utility regulation.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: In optics, a Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI) or etalon is an optical cavity made from two parallel reflecting surfaces (i.e.: thin mirrors). Optical waves can pass through the optical cavity only when they are in resonance with it. It is named after Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot, who developed the instrument in 1899. "Etalon" is from the French "étalon", meaning "measuring gauge" or "standard".


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Etalons are widely used in telecommunications, lasers and spectroscopy to control and measure the wavelengths of light. Recent advances in fabrication technique allow the creation of very precise tunable Fabry–Pérot interferometers. The device is technically an interferometer when the distance between the two surfaces (and with it the resonance length) can be changed, and an etalon when the distance is fixed (however, the two terms are often used interchangeably).


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The heart of the Fabry–Pérot interferometer is a pair of partially reflective glass optical flats spaced micrometers to centimeters apart, with the reflective surfaces facing each other. (Alternatively, a Fabry–Pérot "etalon" uses a single plate with two parallel reflecting surfaces.) The flats in an interferometer are often made in a wedge shape to prevent the rear surfaces from producing interference fringes; the rear surfaces often also have an anti-reflective coating.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: In a typical system, illumination is provided by a diffuse source set at the focal plane of a collimating lens. A focusing lens after the pair of flats would produce an inverted image of the source if the flats were not present; all light emitted from a point on the source is focused to a single point in the system's image plane. In the accompanying illustration, only one ray emitted from point A on the source is traced. As the ray passes through the paired flats, it is multiply reflected to produce multiple transmitted rays which are collected by the focusing lens and brought to point A' on the screen. The complete interference pattern takes the appearance of a set of concentric rings. The sharpness of the rings depends on the reflectivity of the flats. If the reflectivity is high, resulting in a high Q factor, monochromatic light produces a set of narrow bright rings against a dark background. A Fabry–Pérot interferometer with high Q is said to have high "finesse".


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Telecommunications networks employing wavelength division multiplexing have add-drop multiplexers with banks of miniature tuned fused silica or diamond etalons. These are small iridescent cubes about 2 mm on a side, mounted in small high-precision racks. The materials are chosen to maintain stable mirror-to-mirror distances, and to keep stable frequencies even when the temperature varies. Diamond is preferred because it has greater heat conduction and still has a low coefficient of expansion. In 2005, some telecommunications equipment companies began using solid etalons that are themselves optical fibers. This eliminates most mounting, alignment and cooling difficulties.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Dichroic filters are made by depositing a series of etalonic layers on an optical surface by vapor deposition. These optical filters usually have more exact reflective and pass bands than absorptive filters. When properly designed, they run cooler than absorptive filters because they can reflect unwanted wavelengths. Dichroic filters are widely used in optical equipment such as light sources, cameras, astronomical equipment, and laser systems.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Optical wavemeters and some optical spectrum analyzers use Fabry–Pérot interferometers with different free spectral ranges to determine the wavelength of light with great precision.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Laser resonators are often described as Fabry–Pérot resonators, although for many types of laser the reflectivity of one mirror is close to 100%, making it more similar to a Gires–Tournois interferometer. Semiconductor diode lasers sometimes use a true Fabry–Pérot geometry, due to the difficulty of coating the end facets of the chip. Quantum cascade lasers often employ Fabry–Pérot cavities to sustain lasing without the need for any facet coatings, due to the high gain of the active region.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Etalons are often placed inside the laser resonator when constructing single-mode lasers. Without an etalon, a laser will generally produce light over a wavelength range corresponding to a number of cavity modes, which are similar to Fabry–Pérot modes. Inserting an etalon into the laser cavity, with well-chosen finesse and free-spectral range, can suppress all cavity modes except for one, thus changing the operation of the laser from multi-mode to single-mode.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Fabry–Pérot etalons can be used to prolong the interaction length in laser absorption spectrometry, particularly cavity ring-down, techniques.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: A Fabry–Pérot etalon can be used to make a spectrometer capable of observing the Zeeman effect, where the spectral lines are far too close together to distinguish with a normal spectrometer.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: In astronomy an etalon is used to select a single atomic transition for imaging. The most common is the H-alpha line of the sun. The Ca-K line from the sun is also commonly imaged using etalons.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The methane sensor for Mars (MSM) aboard India's Mangalyaan is an example of a Fabry–Pérot instrument. It was the first Fabry–Pérot instrument in space when Mangalyaan launched. As it did not distinguish radiation absorbed by methane from radiation absorbed by carbon dioxide and other gases, it was later called an albedo mapper.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: In gravitational wave detection, a Fabry–Pérot cavity is used to "store" photons for almost a millisecond while they bounce up and down between the mirrors. This increases the time a gravitational wave can interact with the light, which results in a better sensitivity at low frequencies. This principle is used by detectors such as LIGO and Virgo, which consist of a Michelson interferometer with a Fabry–Pérot cavity with a length of several kilometers in both arms. Smaller cavities, usually called "mode cleaners", are used for spatial filtering and frequency stabilization of the main laser.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The spectral response of a Fabry–Pérot resonator is based on interference between the light launched into it and the light circulating in the resonator. Constructive interference occurs if the two beams are in phase, leading to resonant enhancement of light inside the resonator. If the two beams are out of phase, only a small portion of the launched light is stored inside the resonator. The stored, transmitted, and reflected light is spectrally modified compared to the incident light.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Assume a two-mirror Fabry–Pérot resonator of geometrical length formula_1, homogeneously filled with a medium of refractive index formula_2. Light is launched into the resonator under normal incidence. The round-trip time formula_3 of light travelling in the resonator with speed formula_4, where formula_5 is the speed of light in vacuum, and the free spectral range formula_6 are given by


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The electric-field and intensity reflectivities formula_8 and formula_9, respectively, at mirror formula_10 are


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: If there are no other resonator losses, the decay of light intensity per round trip is quantified by the outcoupling decay-rate constant formula_12


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: With formula_16 quantifying the single-pass phase shift that light exhibits when propagating from one mirror to the other, the round-trip phase shift at frequency formula_17 accumulates to


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Resonances occur at frequencies at which light exhibits constructive interference after one round trip. Each resonator mode with its mode index formula_19, where formula_19 is an integer number in the interval [formula_21, ..., −1, 0, 1, ..., formula_22], is associated with a resonance frequency formula_23 and wavenumber formula_24,


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Two modes with opposite values formula_26 and formula_27 of modal index and wavenumber, respectively, physically representing opposite propagation directions, occur at the same absolute value formula_28 of frequency.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The decaying electric field at frequency formula_23 is represented by a damped harmonic oscillation with an initial amplitude of formula_30 and a decay-time constant of formula_31. In phasor notation, it can be expressed as


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Fourier transformation of the electric field in time provides the electric field per unit frequency interval,


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: whose frequency integral is unity. Introducing the full width at half maximum (FWHM) linewidth formula_35 of the Lorentzian spectral line shape, we obtain


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: expressed in terms of either the half-width-at-half-maximum (HWHM) linewidth formula_37 or the FWHM linewidth formula_35. Calibrated to a peak height of unity, we obtain the Lorentzian lines:


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: When repeating the above Fourier transformation for all the modes with mode index formula_19 in the resonator, one obtains the full mode spectrum of the resonator.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Since the linewidth formula_35 and the free spectral range formula_6 are independent of frequency, whereas in wavelength space the linewidth cannot be properly defined and the free spectral range depends on wavelength, and since the resonance frequencies formula_23 scale proportional to frequency, the spectral response of a Fabry–Pérot resonator is naturally analyzed and displayed in frequency space.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The response of the Fabry–Pérot resonator to an electric field incident upon mirror 1 is described by several Airy distributions (named after the mathematician and astronomer George Biddell Airy) that quantify the light intensity in forward or backward propagation direction at different positions inside or outside the resonator with respect to either the launched or incident light intensity. The response of the Fabry–Pérot resonator is most easily derived by use of the circulating-field approach. This approach assumes a steady state and relates the various electric fields to each other (see figure "Electric fields in a Fabry–Pérot resonator").


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The generic Airy distribution, which considers solely the physical processes exhibited by light inside the resonator, then derives as the intensity circulating in the resonator relative to the intensity launched,


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: formula_48 represents the spectrally dependent internal resonance enhancement which the resonator provides to the light launched into it (see figure "Resonance enhancement in a Fabry–Pérot resonator"). At the resonance frequencies formula_23, where formula_50 equals zero, the internal resonance enhancement factor is


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Once the internal resonance enhancement, the generic Airy distribution, is established, all other Airy distributions can be deduced by simple scaling factors. Since the intensity launched into the resonator equals the transmitted fraction of the intensity incident upon mirror 1,


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: and the intensities transmitted through mirror 2, reflected at mirror 2, and transmitted through mirror 1 are the transmitted and reflected/transmitted fractions of the intensity circulating inside the resonator,


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: respectively, the other Airy distributions formula_54 with respect to launched intensity formula_55 and formula_56 with respect to incident intensity formula_57 are


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The index "emit" denotes Airy distributions that consider the sum of intensities emitted on both sides of the resonator.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The back-transmitted intensity formula_59 cannot be measured, because also the initially back-reflected light adds to the backward-propagating signal. The measurable case of the intensity resulting from the interference of both backward-propagating electric fields results in the Airy distribution


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: It can be easily shown that in a Fabry–Pérot resonator, despite the occurrence of constructive and destructive interference, energy is conserved at all frequencies:


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The external resonance enhancement factor (see figure "Resonance enhancement in a Fabry–Pérot resonator") is


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: At the resonance frequencies formula_23, where formula_50 equals zero, the external resonance enhancement factor is


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Usually light is transmitted through a Fabry–Pérot resonator. Therefore, an often applied Airy distribution is


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: It describes the fraction formula_67 of the intensity formula_57 of a light source incident upon mirror 1 that is transmitted through mirror 2 (see figure "Airy distribution formula_69"). Its peak value at the resonance frequencies formula_23 is


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: For formula_72 the peak value equals unity, i.e., all light incident upon the resonator is transmitted; consequently, no light is reflected, formula_73, as a result of destructive interference between the fields formula_74 and formula_75.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: formula_69 has been derived in the circulating-field approach by considering an additional phase shift of formula_77 during each transmission through a mirror,


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Alternatively, formula_69 can be obtained via the round-trip-decay approach by tracing the infinite number of round trips that the incident electric field formula_81 exhibits after entering the resonator and accumulating the electric field formula_82 transmitted in all round trips. The field transmitted after the first propagation and the smaller and smaller fields transmitted after each consecutive propagation through the resonator are


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: results in the same formula_85 as above, therefore the same Airy distribution formula_69 derives. However, this approach is physically misleading, because it assumes that interference takes place between the outcoupled beams after mirror 2, outside the resonator, rather than the launched and circulating beams after mirror 1, inside the resonator. Since it is interference that modifies the spectral contents, the spectral intensity distribution inside the resonator would be the same as the incident spectral intensity distribution, and no resonance enhancement would occur inside the resonator.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Physically, the Airy distribution is the sum of mode profiles of the longitudinal resonator modes. Starting from the electric field formula_87 circulating inside the resonator, one considers the exponential decay in time of this field through both mirrors of the resonator, Fourier transforms it to frequency space to obtain the normalized spectral line shapes formula_88, divides it by the round-trip time formula_3 to account for how the total circulating electric-field intensity is longitudinally distributed in the resonator and coupled out per unit time, resulting in the emitted mode profiles,


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The same simple scaling factors that provide the relations between the individual Airy distributions also provide the relations among formula_93 and the other mode profiles:


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The Taylor criterion of spectral resolution proposes that two spectral lines can be resolved if the individual lines cross at half intensity. When launching light into the Fabry–Pérot resonator, by measuring the Airy distribution, one can derive the total loss of the Fabry–Pérot resonator via recalculating the Lorentzian linewidth formula_35, displayed (blue line) relative to the free spectral range in the figure "Lorentzian linewidth and finesse versus Airy linewidth and finesse of a Fabry–Pérot resonator".


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The underlying Lorentzian lines can be resolved as long as the Taylor criterion is obeyed (see figure "The physical meaning of the Lorentzian finesse"). Consequently, one can define the Lorentzian finesse of a Fabry–Pérot resonator:


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: It is displayed as the blue line in the figure "The physical meaning of the Lorentzian finesse". The Lorentzian finesse formula_99 has a fundamental physical meaning: it describes how well the Lorentzian lines underlying the Airy distribution can be resolved when measuring the Airy distribution. At the point where


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: equivalent to formula_101, the Taylor criterion for the spectral resolution of a single Airy distribution is reached. Under this point, formula_102, two spectral lines cannot be distinguished. For equal mirror reflectivities, this point occurs when formula_103. Therefore, the linewidth of the Lorentzian lines underlying the Airy distribution of a Fabry–Pérot resonator can be resolved by measuring the Airy distribution, hence its resonator losses can be spectroscopically determined, until this point.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: When the Fabry–Pérot resonator is used as a scanning interferometer, i.e., at varying resonator length (or angle of incidence), one can spectroscopically distinguish spectral lines at different frequencies within one free spectral range. Several Airy distributions formula_104, each one created by an individual spectral line, must be resolved. Therefore, the Airy distribution becomes the underlying fundamental function and the measurement delivers a sum of Airy distributions. The parameters that properly quantify this situation are the Airy linewidth formula_105 and the Airy finesse formula_106. The FWHM linewidth formula_107 of the Airy distribution formula_104 is


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The Airy linewidth formula_105 is displayed as the green curve in the figure "Lorentzian linewidth and finesse versus Airy linewidth and finesse of a Fabry–Pérot resonator".


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The concept of defining the linewidth of the Airy peaks as FWHM breaks down at formula_111 (solid red line in the figure "Airy distribution formula_112"), because at this point the Airy linewidth instantaneously jumps to an infinite value for formula_113 function. For lower reflectivity values of formula_114, the FWHM linewidth of the Airy peaks is undefined. The limiting case occurs at


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: For equal mirror reflectivities, this point is reached when formula_116 (solid red line in the figure "Airy distribution formula_112").


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The finesse of the Airy distribution of a Fabry–Pérot resonator, which is displayed as the green curve in the figure "Lorentzian linewidth and finesse versus Airy linewidth and finesse of a Fabry–Pérot resonator" in direct comparison with the Lorentzian finesse formula_99, is defined as


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: When scanning the length of the Fabry–Pérot resonator (or the angle of incident light), the Airy finesse quantifies the maximum number of Airy distributions created by light at individual frequencies formula_120 within the free spectral range of the Fabry–Pérot resonator, whose adjacent peaks can be unambiguously distinguished spectroscopically, i.e., they do not overlap at their FWHM (see figure "The physical meaning of the Airy finesse"). This definition of the Airy finesse is consistent with the Taylor criterion of the resolution of a spectrometer. Since the concept of the FWHM linewidth breaks down at formula_121, consequently the Airy finesse is defined only until formula_122, see the figure "Lorentzian linewidth and finesse versus Airy linewidth and finesse of a Fabry–Pérot resonator".


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Often the unnecessary approximation formula_123 is made when deriving from formula_112 the Airy linewidth formula_105. In contrast to the exact solution above, it leads to


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: This approximation of the Airy linewidth, displayed as the red curve in the figure "Lorentzian linewidth and finesse versus Airy linewidth and finesse of a Fabry–Pérot resonator", deviates from the correct curve at low reflectivities and incorrectly does not break down when formula_127. This approximation is then typically also used to calculate the Airy finesse.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The more general case of a Fabry–Pérot resonator with frequency-dependent mirror reflectivities can be treated with the same equations as above, except that the photon decay time formula_128 and linewidth formula_129 now become local functions of frequency. Whereas the photon decay time is still a well-defined quantity, the linewidth loses its meaning, because it resembles a spectral bandwidth, whose value now changes within that very bandwidth. Also in this case each Airy distribution is the sum of all underlying mode profiles which can be strongly distorted. An example of the Airy distribution formula_112 and a few of the underlying mode profiles formula_131 is given in the figure "Example of a Fabry–Pérot resonator with frequency-dependent mirror reflectivity".


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Intrinsic propagation losses inside the resonator can be quantified by an intensity-loss coefficient formula_132 per unit length or, equivalently, by the intrinsic round-trip loss


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: where formula_137 is the light speed in cavity. The generic Airy distribution or internal resonance enhancement factor formula_48 is then derived as above by including the propagation losses via the amplitude-loss coefficient formula_139:


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The other Airy distributions can then be derived as above by additionally taking into account the propagation losses. Particularly, the transfer function with loss becomes


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The varying transmission function of an etalon is caused by interference between the multiple reflections of light between the two reflecting surfaces. Constructive interference occurs if the transmitted beams are in phase, and this corresponds to a high-transmission peak of the etalon. If the transmitted beams are out-of-phase, destructive interference occurs and this corresponds to a transmission minimum. Whether the multiply reflected beams are in phase or not depends on the wavelength (λ) of the light (in vacuum), the angle the light travels through the etalon (θ), the thickness of the etalon ("ℓ") and the refractive index of the material between the reflecting surfaces ("n").


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The phase difference between each successive transmitted pair (i.e. T and T in the diagram) is given by


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Maximum transmission (formula_146) occurs when the optical path length difference (formula_147) between each transmitted beam is an integer multiple of the wavelength. In the absence of absorption, the reflectance of the etalon "R" is the complement of the transmittance, such that formula_148. The maximum reflectivity is given by


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The wavelength separation between adjacent transmission peaks is called the free spectral range (FSR) of the etalon, Δλ, and is given by:


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: where λ is the central wavelength of the nearest transmission peak and formula_151 is the group refractive index. The FSR is related to the full-width half-maximum, δλ, of any one transmission band by a quantity known as the "finesse":


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Etalons with high finesse show sharper transmission peaks with lower minimum transmission coefficients. In the oblique incidence case, the finesse will depend on the polarization state of the beam, since the value of "R", given by the Fresnel equations, is generally different for p and s polarizations.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Two beams are shown in the diagram at the right, one of which (T) is transmitted through the etalon, and the other of which (T) is reflected twice before being transmitted. At each reflection, the amplitude is reduced by formula_155, while at each transmission through an interface the amplitude is reduced by formula_156. Assuming no absorption, conservation of energy requires "T" + "R" = 1. In the derivation below, "n" is the index of refraction inside the etalon, and "n" is that outside the etalon. It is presumed that "n" > "n". The incident amplitude at point a is taken to be one, and phasors are used to represent the amplitude of the radiation. The transmitted amplitude at point b will then be


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: where formula_158 is the wavenumber inside the etalon, and λ is the vacuum wavelength. At point c the transmitted amplitude will be


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The total amplitude of both beams will be the sum of the amplitudes of the two beams measured along a line perpendicular to the direction of the beam. The amplitude "t" at point b can therefore be added to "t" retarded in phase by an amount formula_160, where formula_161 is the wavenumber outside of the etalon. Thus


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: To within a constant multiplicative phase factor, the amplitude of the "m"th transmitted beam can be written as


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The series is a geometric series, whose sum can be expressed analytically. The amplitude can be rewritten as


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The intensity of the beam will be just "t" times its complex conjugate. Since the incident beam was assumed to have an intensity of one, this will also give the transmission function:


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: For an asymmetrical cavity, that is, one with two different mirrors, the general form of the transmission function is


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: A Fabry–Pérot interferometer differs from a Fabry–Pérot etalon in the fact that the distance "ℓ" between the plates can be tuned in order to change the wavelengths at which transmission peaks occur in the interferometer. Due to the angle dependence of the transmission, the peaks can also be shifted by rotating the etalon with respect to the beam.


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: Another expression for the transmission function was already derived in the description in frequency space as the infinite sum of all longitudinal mode profiles. Defining formula_172 the above expression may be written as


title: Fabry–Pérot interferometer

text: The second term is proportional to a wrapped Lorentzian distribution so that the transmission function may be written as a series of Lorentzian functions:


title: Şehzade Cihangir

text: Şehzade Cihangir (; 9 December 1531 – 27 November 1553) was an Ottoman prince, the sixth and youngest child of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and his wife Hurrem Sultan.


title: Şehzade Cihangir

text: Cihangir was born on 9 December 1531 in Constantinople during the reign of his father, Suleiman the Magnificent. His mother was Hurrem Sultan, an Orthodox priest's daughter, who was the current Sultan's concubine at the time. In 1533 or 1534, his mother, Hurrem, was freed and became Suleiman's legal wife. He had four elder brothers, Şehzade Mehmed, Şehzade Abdullah, who died at the age of three years, Şehzade Selim (future Selim II), and Şehzade Bayezid, and an elder sister Mihrimah Sultan. He was educated together with his older brothers under supervision of his


title: Şehzade Cihangir

text: In 1539, Cihangir and his elder brother Bayezid were circumcised, and their sister Mihrimah was married to Rüstem Pasha. The collective festivities lasted fifteen days. In March 1547 Cihangir and his mother travelled to Manisa, visiting his elder Selim, who had been transferred there after Mehmed's death in 1543, and spent a month there. In 1548, he accompanied his father to the second Iran expedition.


title: Şehzade Cihangir

text: Cihangir had health problems, and was a hunchback. He did not receive a provincial governorate because his infirmity was seen as a disqualification for rulership and perhaps also because of his need for medical treatment. In one of her letters to the sultan while he was on military campaign, his mother wrote of the success of an operation performed on the child's shoulder. As the youngest child in the family and as a result of his disability, Cihangir was loved and treated exclusively.


title: Şehzade Cihangir

text: Cihangir was his father's constant companion. His father had acknowledged the probability of his elder half-brother Şehzade Mustafa's success. However, Cihangir ventured that his physical deformity would allow him to escape the princely fate of fratricide, to which his father responded, "My son, Mustafa will become the sultan and will deprive you all of your lives."


title: Şehzade Cihangir

text: In the third Iran expedition, Cihangir together with his father departed from Istanbul and reached the plains of Ereğli. Şehzade Mustafa, also arrived with his troops from Konya, where he was strangled by their father's guards on 6 October 1553. Since Cihangir died in Aleppo not long after this incident on 27 November 1553. it became a popularized theory that he had died as a result of shock and grief caused by his brother's execution. One source even tried to claim that he committed suicide on hearing the news. However, this has largely been dismissed as inaccurate due to the lack of supporting evidence of any closeness between the two half-brothers. Rather it is now understood that Cihangir's passing came as a direct result of the chronic health problems he was documented as having throughout his life.


title: Şehzade Cihangir

text: After his death, his body was taken to Istanbul where he was buried alongside his older brother Şehzade Mehmed in the Şehzade Mosque. The Istanbul neighborhood of Cihangir was named after Şehzade Cihangir when his father had Mimar Sinan build a wooden mosque there in 1559 to commemorate his death. The area, which overlooks the Bosphorous, was one of Cihangir's favorite places. The neighborhood's name comes from this mosque.


title: Bif Naked

text: Beth Torbert is a Canadian singer best known by her stage name Bif Naked. Between 1996 and 2016, she was among the top 150 selling Canadian artists in Canada.


title: Bif Naked

text: Bif Naked was born in New Delhi, India, to teenage parents attending private school. She was subsequently adopted by American missionaries. She spent part of her childhood in Lexington, Kentucky, where her father was a professor at the University of Kentucky. She went to Kelsey Elementary School in The Pas, Manitoba, for a couple of years. After living for a time in Dauphin, Manitoba, her family eventually settled in Winnipeg. She graduated from John Taylor Collegiate and studied theatre at the University of Winnipeg. After University, she began pursuing a career as a stand-up comic.


title: Bif Naked

text: After spending several years singing with several underground bands, Bif Naked independently released a self-titled solo album, "Bif Naked", in 1994, and "I Bificus" in 1998. In 1999 she toured across Canada.


title: Bif Naked

text: Another solo album, "Purge" was released in 2001. She also released a spoken word album called "Okenspay Ordway: Things I Forgot To Tell Mommy". In 2005, after narrowing it down from over fifty songs, she released "Superbeautifulmonster", which featured thirteen tracks. "The Promise", which was recorded while Bif was undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer, was released in 2009 and was dedicated to her fans. The album featured tracks mixed by Juno Award winner Mike Fraser. In 2011, after doing acoustic sets on tour, Bif released an acoustic record on Her Royal Majesty's Records late-2013, featuring acoustic versions of her past songs as well as four previously unreleased tracks. The album is entitled "BIF NAKED FOREVER: Acoustic Hits and Other Delights". Bif has also been involved on a side project, "Jakkarta".


title: Bif Naked

text: Prior to her solo career, Torbert played with punk bands Gorilla Gorilla and Chrome Dog. She has toured Europe, the United States, and Canada as a headlining act, and has performed on bills with: Snoop Dogg, Billy Idol, Dido, Devin Townsend, Sarah McLachlan, Sheryl Crow, Chrissie Hynde, Foo Fighters, The Cult, Prodigy, Smashing Pumpkins, Ministry, Green Day, and many more.


title: Bif Naked

text: Bif's music has been featured in and on soundtracks for shows including "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Charmed", "Moonlight", "", "Ready To Rumble", "The West Wing" and "Celebrity Deathmatch". She recorded a rendition of the Christmas classic, "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" for MTV's "Total Request Live" CD "" in 1999 and was also featured on the "Ready to Rumble" soundtrack with a cover of Twisted Sister's "We're Not Gonna Take It". (which was additionally used as David Arquette's entrance theme while he was on WCW Monday Nitro). The song "Dawn", taken from "Purge", was featured in the film "American Psycho 2", starring Mila Kunis and William Shatner.


title: Bif Naked

text: She made a guest appearance in the song "Fucker", on Strapping Young Lad's album "The New Black" in 2006. Bif Naked has also made guest appearances with artists such as SNFU on the songs "One Last Loveshove" and "You Make Me Thick". She also appeared on the Dead Celebrity Status album "Blood Music" on the track titled "In This Day and Age". In 2011, she recorded a duet with Vancouver-based yogi and Nettwerk recording artist Will Blunderfield for the international version of his album "Hallelujah".


title: Bif Naked

text: Bif Naked has also appeared in music videos for other artists including: The Offspring's "The Kids Aren't Alright", "Believe Me" and "Silver" by Moist and Liveonrelease's "Get with It." In 2009, she appeared in the video for Simple Plan's "Save You" near the end along with other people (such as Sharon Osbourne and René Angélil) who have survived or have been treated for cancer.


title: Bif Naked

text: Aside from her music career, Bif has also pursued acting. In 1990, she appeared in the film "Archangel", where she was credited as "Bif Torbert," playing a Russian soldier. In 1997, she played a liquor store manager in "The Boys Club". She appeared in the television series "Once a Thief" in 1998, playing Nastassja Momomame. In 2000, she voiced the character Alison in the "Daria" movie, "Is It Fall Yet?", playing a bisexual art camp attendee who attempts to seduce Jane Lane. She appeared in the Canadian indie films "Lunch with Charles" (2001) and "Crossing" (2005), the latter of which she recorded the song "My Greatest Masterpiece" for. She has done hosting work for the CBC Television series "ZeD" (becoming their first host in 2002), and for Bodog, hosting "Bodog Fight" in 2006 as well as a reality series chronicling the days leading up to her marriage with Vancouver Sun sports writer, Ian Walker, in 2007 called "Bif Naked Bride". She voiced the character Zoe Payne in the "SSX" video game series and "Sled Storm". In 2003, she made a cameo appearance in the zombie horror film "The House of the Dead". That same year, she appeared as a judge of a fictitious reality show in the TV series "Cold Squad". In 2006, she guest starred on an episode of "The L Word," playing a character named Cynthia. In addition, Bif Naked has appeared as herself in "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "" and "The Chris Isaak Show". Bif Naked also narrated the TV series "That's Art?!" (2012).


title: Bif Naked

text: She is heavily tattooed, getting her first tattoo (an Egyptian Eye of Horus) when she was sixteen years old. Her tattoos include: a symbol of the Tao, Japanese writing, Buddhist poetry and images (such as the Bodhisattva), and Hindu imagery; she has stated on MTV that her favorite tattoo, on her left arm, reads "Survivor." Bif identifies as straight-edge. She is also a comic cartoonist


title: Bif Naked

text: Her first marriage, which lasted six months, was to her drummer. She then married former "Vancouver Sun" sports writer Ian Walker in 2007; they divorced in 2011.


title: Bif Naked

text: In January 2008, she announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer, and underwent a lumpectomy and chemotherapy.


title: Bif Naked

text: Bif Naked spoke at the University of the Fraser Valley for International Women's Day on March 8, 2013, at the Abbotsford campus; it was announced she would be awarded an honorary doctorate from the university in June 2013.


title: Bif Naked

text: In 2015, she became engaged to Steve Allen, a friend of her former bandmate Jacen Ekstrom. They married on July 30, 2016.


title: Fatal Fury

text: The original "Fatal Fury" is known for the two-plane system. Characters fight from two different planes. By stepping between the planes, attacks can be dodged with ease. Later games have dropped the two-plane system, replacing it with a complex system of dodging, including simple half second dodges into the background and a three plane system. Characters have moves that can attack across the two planes, attack both planes at once, or otherwise attack dodge characters.


title: Fatal Fury

text: Later "Fatal Fury" games have experimented with various mechanical changes. "Ring-outs" allow a character to lose the round if the character is thrown into the edges of the fighting backdrop; single-plane backdrops, where dodging is eliminated altogether, causing moves that send opponents to the opposite plane to do collateral damage. The "Deadly Rave" is a super combo used by several characters, where after execution, a player had to press a preset series of buttons with exact timing for the entire combo to execute. The "Just Defend" is a type of protected block in which players regained lost life, did not wear down the player's guard crush meter and removed all block stuns making combo interruptions smoother.


title: Fatal Fury

text: "Fatal Fury" and its sister series, "Art of Fighting", are set in the same fictional universe. "Art of Fighting" took place several years prior to the first "Fatal Fury" (this is established in "Art of Fighting 2", which features a younger long-haired Geese Howard as the game's secret final boss and the true mastermind behind the events of the first "Art of Fighting"). The two series are set primarily in the same fictional city of "South Town".


title: Fatal Fury

text: "Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition" likewise features the cast from the series that are featured in "The King of Fighters" ("KOF") series, with many of the more popular characters from "Fatal Fury" and "Art of Fighting" games transferred to "The King of Fighters" as they were introduced. The "KOF" series ignores the continuity established in the "Fatal Fury/Art of Fighting" games. This was done so that the characters from both series could be featured in the "KOF" games without having to age them.


title: Fatal Fury

text: As with most fighting games, the "Fatal Fury" series has an extensive cast of characters that increased with each installment. The three main heroes from the original game, Terry Bogard, Andy Bogard and Joe Higashi, appeared in each installment, along with female ninja Mai Shiranui. Some characters made appearances outside the series, particularly in "The King of Fighters" series and in "Art of Fighting 2" (where a young Geese Howard appears as a hidden opponent). Likewise, characters from outside the series have appeared in the "Fatal Fury" games. Ryo Sakazaki from the "Art of Fighting" series makes an appearance in a hidden "dream match" in "Fatal Fury Special", while his older self from "Buriki One" appears in "Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition". "Garou: Mark of the Wolves" is the only "Fatal Fury" game not to feature any returning character with the exception of Terry Bogard himself, who was completely redesigned for the game.


title: Fatal Fury

text: The "Fatal Fury" series chronicles the rise of "Lone Wolf" Terry Bogard (hence the Japanese title, which translates to "Legend of the Hungry Wolf"), and the simultaneous fall of the criminal empire of Geese Howard. Like many other SNK titles of the time, the first installment takes place in a fictitious American city called South Town. Brimming with violence and corruption, South Town forms the ideal backdrop for the annual "The King of Fighters" fighting tournament, organized by notorious crime lord Geese Howard. No fighter has ever managed to beat his right-hand man and appointed champion, Billy Kane, until Terry arrives.


title: Fatal Fury

text: The second installment of the series features Geese's half-brother, Wolfgang Krauser, who internationalizes the formerly local tournament in a bid to take on the world's strongest combatants. The tournament disappears from the storyline by the third game, having spun off into its own series. Instead, the third installment centers around Terry Bogard's attempts to stop Geese from obtaining an ancient scroll that would give him the powers of a lost and dangerous martial art form.


title: Fatal Fury

text: After the third game, the series was renamed to "Real Bout Fatal Fury". In its first installment, the final and decisive battle is set between Terry and Geese. The King of Fighters tournament appears in this game. The second installment, which is named "Real Bout Fatal Fury Special", features Wolfgang's return.


title: Fatal Fury

text: "Garou: Mark of the Wolves" takes place a generation later. It focuses on Rock Howard, Terry's protégé and son of Geese, who makes a shocking discovery about his past when he enters the tournament.


title: Fatal Fury

text: Series producers Takashi Nishiyama ("Fatal Fury"~"Real Bout Fatal Fury 2") and Hiroshi Matsumoto (since "Fatal Fury 3"), were the planners of the original "Street Fighter" (where they were credited as Piston Takashi and Finish Hiroshi). Matsumoto is also the creator of the "Art of Fighting" series.


title: Fatal Fury

text: The "Fatal Fury" series inspired a trilogy of animated productions produced by NAS with SNK, featuring character designs by Masami Ōbari. The first is a television special that aired in 1992 on Fuji TV titled "" ("Battle Fighters Garou Densetsu"), which adapts the plot of the . It was followed in 1993 by another television special "" ("Battle Fighters Garou Densetsu 2") based on the second game, which also aired on Fuji TV. A theatrically released film followed in 1994, titled "" ("Garou Densetsu: The Motion Picture"), which features an original plot and new characters. The first two TV specials were released on a single laserdisc and later on DVD.


title: Fatal Fury

text: VIZ Communications picked up the license for the trilogy and produced English dubbed versions of each of them, releasing them straight to VHS, and later on DVD. They were later released subtitled, with the first two "Fatal Fury" specials released in one video titled "Fatal Fury One-Two Punch". The subbed version of "Fatal Fury 2" features a scene involving a rematch between Joe Higashi and Big Bear (Raiden) that was cut from the dubbed version. The English DVD release of the TV specials, "Fatal Fury: Double Impact", features this scene. If chosen to be viewed with the English dub, it would temporarily go onto Japanese with English subtitles during this scene.


title: Fatal Fury

text: Many soundtracks, manga comics, other books, video tapes, and drama CDs have been released in Japan for the series as a whole and for each of its individual entries.


title: Fatal Fury

text: The fan film "Fatal Fury: Mark of the Wolves" was released on YouTube on February 10, 2021 starring Josh Mabie as Rock Howard (also as the director and of action design) and Christian Howard as Terry Bogard (also as the producer); these two also served as the writers and for co-fight choreography.


title: Fatal Fury

text: Characters from "Fatal Fury" have gone on to make guest appearances in other fighting games such as "", "Tekken 7", "Fighting EX Layer" and "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate".


title: Xvid

text: Xvid (formerly "XviD") is a video codec library following the MPEG-4 video coding standard, specifically MPEG-4 Part 2 Advanced Simple Profile (ASP). It uses ASP features such as b-frames, global and quarter pixel motion compensation, lumi masking, trellis quantization, and H.263, MPEG and custom quantization matrices.


title: Xvid

text: Xvid is a primary competitor of the DivX Pro Codec. In contrast with the DivX codec, which is proprietary software developed by DivX, Inc., Xvid is free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License. This also means that unlike the DivX codec, which is only available for a limited number of platforms, Xvid can be used on all platforms and operating systems for which the source code can be compiled.


title: Xvid

text: In January 2001, DivXNetworks founded "OpenDivX" as part of Project Mayo which was intended to be a home for open source multimedia projects. OpenDivX was an open-source MPEG-4 video codec based on a stripped-down version of the MoMuSys reference MPEG-4 encoder. The source code, however, was placed under a restrictive license and only members of the DivX Advanced Research Centre (DARC) had write access to the project's CVS. In early 2001, DARC member Sparky wrote an improved version of the encoding core called encore2. This was updated several times before, in April, it was removed from CVS without warning. The explanation given by Sparky was ""We (our bosses) decided that we are not ready to have it in public yet.""


title: Xvid

text: In July 2001, developers started complaining about a lack of activity in the project; the last CVS commit was several months old, bugfixes were being ignored, and promised documentation had not been written. Soon after, DARC released a beta version of their closed-source commercial DivX 4 codec, which was based on encore2, saying that ""what the community really wants is a Winamp, not a Linux."" It was after this that a fork of OpenDivX was created, using the latest version of encore2 that was downloaded before it was removed. Since then, all the OpenDivX code has been replaced and Xvid has been published under the GNU General Public License.


title: Xvid

text: As an implementation of MPEG-4 Part 2, Xvid uses many patented technologies. For this reason, Xvid 0.9.x versions were not licensed in countries where these software patents are recognized. With the 1.0.x releases, a GNU GPL v2 license is used with no explicit geographical restriction. However, the legal usage of Xvid may still be restricted by local laws.


title: Xvid

text: In July 2002, Sigma Designs released an MPEG-4 video codec called the REALmagic MPEG-4 Video Codec. Before long, people testing this new codec found that it contained considerable portions of Xvid code. Sigma Designs was contacted and confirmed that a programmer had based REALmagic on Xvid, but assured that all GPL code would be replaced to avoid copyright infringement. When Sigma Designs released the supposedly rewritten REALmagic codec, the Xvid developers immediately disassembled it and concluded that it still contained Xvid code, only rearranged in an attempt to disguise its presence. The Xvid developers decided to stop work and go public to force Sigma Designs to respect the terms of the GPL. After articles were published in Slashdot and The Inquirer, in August 2002 Sigma Designs agreed to publish their source code.


title: Xvid

text: Xvid is not a video format; it is a program for compressing to and decompressing from (hence the name "codec") the MPEG-4 ASP format. Since Xvid uses MPEG-4 Advanced Simple Profile (ASP) compression, video encoded with Xvid is MPEG-4 ASP video (not "Xvid video"), and can therefore theoretically be decoded with all ASP-compliant decoders. This includes a large number of media players and decoders based on libavcodec (such as MPlayer, VLC, ffdshow or Perian). , xvid.com carries binaries for using the codec. However, early versions of the codec had a bug that prevented XviD-encoded files from being decoded with DivX, even when they were encoded using the DivX fourcc.


title: Xvid

text: Xvid encoded files can be written to a CD or DVD and played in some (but not all) DivX compatible DVD players and media players. However, Xvid can optionally encode video with advanced MPEG-4 features that most DivX Certified set-top players do not support. Files encoded with global motion compensation, Qpel, MPEG quantization, multiple B-frames or files that exceed the Video buffering verifier limitations may not play back properly on DivX Certified hardware devices.


title: Xvid

text: For example, Xvid specifies three warp points for its implementation of global motion compensation as opposed to the single warp point implementation of DivX. Enabling some of the more advanced encoding features can compromise player compatibility. Some issues exist with the custom quantization matrices used in tools such as AutoGK that automate encoding with Xvid. This can (depending on the decoder chipset of the set-top player in question) produce videos that have unstable playback and artifacts. However, most recent model DivX compatible DVD players have improved support for custom quantization matrices.


title: Cricket 22

text: Cricket 22 is a 2021 cricket video game developed by Big Ant Studios and published by Nacon. It is the official video game of the 2021–22 Ashes series of cricket matches, and the sequel to the 2019 game "Cricket 19". It released on the 2 December 2021 as a curtain-raiser prior to the start of the 2021–22 Ashes series which were held in Australia in December 2021. The Nintendo Switch version of the game was expected to be released in January 2022 and was later confirmed for 28 April 2022. This is the second Big Ant Studios game to be released for the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S, the first being Tennis World Tour 2.


title: Cricket 22

text: Cricket 22 introduces a revamped bowling and fielding controls utilizing an arcade style of gameplay with the new after-touch system that allows the player to control the ball's direction after it is bowled. A new "Direct-Hit" system was also implemented for fielding where adding in a cinematic angle to catches and having control over the speed of the ball when thrown to the stumps. It also features a new tutorial system as well for newcomers.


title: Cricket 22

text: Big Ant unveiled Nets Challenge facility for the users as part of the pre-ordering plans which went into full swing from late October 2021. For the first time ever in the series an all-female commentary team for all women's cricket matches was introduced with a bid to ensure gender equality. Furthermore, a new commentary team was introduced with the likes of Michael Atherton, David Gower, Mel Jones, Alison Mitchell and Ian Healy for the video game.


title: Cricket 22

text: The game features the inclusion of both men's and women's editions of the Big Bash league for the very first time. In addition, the game also introduced newcomers Caribbean Premier League and The Hundred. The licensing of the game has also been extended and expanded to other geographical territories including New Zealand, West Indies and Ireland in addition to Australia and England as real names and real images of the players of respective countries can be used.


title: Cricket 22

text: The video game cover featured Australian women's cricket captain Meg Lanning and men's captain Pat Cummins who replaced his predecessor Tim Paine who was initially set to appear before resigning the captaincy over a sexting scandal, which caused the game to be delayed by a week. In the UK, Joe Root and Heather Knight feature on the video game cover.


title: Cricket 22

text: The title has received media coverage for measures designed to "annoy" players of pirated versions of the game into purchasing it legitimately. Big Ant Studios CEO Ross Symons stated that the implementation of the measures, which include turning the screen white during gameplay, had seen sales of the game on Steam go up by 300%.


title: You Rock My World

text: "You Rock My World" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson from his tenth and final studio album, "Invincible" (2001). It was released as the lead single from the album on August 22, 2001, by Epic Records.


title: You Rock My World

text: "You Rock My World" peaked at number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and was Jackson's last top-ten song in the United States until "Love Never Felt So Good", which featured Justin Timberlake and peaked at number 9 in 2014. The chart position of "You Rock My World"' was attained solely on airplay alone, as no commercial single was initially issued in the United States. The track reached number one in France, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, and Spain. It also peaked within the top ten in Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 44th Grammy Awards.


title: You Rock My World

text: As part of promotion for "You Rock My World", a music video was released. The video, which is thirteen-and-a-half minutes long, was directed by Paul Hunter and features Chris Tucker and Marlon Brando. In the video, Jackson and Tucker portray men who are trying to gain a woman's affection. The video has been compared to Jackson's previous videos "Smooth Criminal" and "The Way You Make Me Feel".


title: You Rock My World

text: "You Rock My World" was performed only twice by Jackson: at Madison Square Garden in New York City at concerts on September 7 and 10, 2001, to celebrate Jackson's career as a solo artist. Footage of the performance was shown in the two-hour CBS television special entitled "".


title: You Rock My World

text: "You Rock My World" was recorded by Michael Jackson for his studio album, "Invincible" (2001). The song was co-written and composed by Michael Jackson with Darkchild and produced by Jackson and Jerkins. "You Rock My World" was officially released as the lead single from the album in mid-August 2001, by Epic Records. Prior to the single's official release it had been leaked to two New York radio stations on Friday, August 17. Immediately after the songs radio airplay the radio stations had received "a herd of [radio] callers asking for more." "You Rock My World" was first played on WTJM at 6 p.m., with WKTU airing the song 45 minutes later. Both stations had played the single every two hours until around 6 p.m. Saturday, when Jackson's record label, Epic Records, called the program director for both stations, Frankie Blue, who was also a friend of Jackson, and asked him to stop. Blue later recalled, "They informed me of the dangers of playing a song too early." He refused to say how the song came into his possession.


title: You Rock My World

text: "You Rock My World" is credited as being an uptempo post-disco and R&B song with vocal harmonies. The song is played in the time signature of common time in the key E minor, with Jackson's vocal range spanning from the tonal nodes of D to G. "You Rock My World" has a moderate tempo of 95 beats per minute. The chord progression in the song is Em7–Am7–D–Em7. The song's composition has been compared to Jackson's previous material with Quincy Jones from the 1970s and 1980s as well as the disco-theme from Jackson's 1979 single "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". Chris Tucker voices the vocal introduction of the song, while all the instruments heard on the track were played by Jackson and Rodney Jerkins. Lyrically, the song's lyrics are about being in love, as well as the effect that it can have, as evident in the opening line: "My life will never be the same, 'cause, girl, you came and changed the way I walk, the way I talk; I cannot explain".


title: You Rock My World

text: Praise was mainly directed at the song's composition, while dissatisfaction towards the song was expressed by critics because they felt that the track was not Jackson's best material. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic listed "You Rock My World" as being a highlight for the "Invincible" album. Reviewer Andrew Hamilton, also of AllMusic, stated that, "If anybody other than Michael Jackson had released 'You Rock My World' with the tons of publicity and promotion it was accorded, it would have slam dunked the charts and been a multiple award winner. It sold well and got play everywhere, but too many critics panned the song and the album it came from as not being good enough for an artist on Jackson's level." Hamilton commented that people should "give Michael credit" because he was able to maintain a respectable career as a recording artist over the years of his later career.


title: You Rock My World

text: James Hunter of "Rolling Stone" praised the song's vocal rhythms as being "finely sculpted" and "exquisite". He noted that the song shows similarities to Jackson's previous material with Quincy Jones. Mark Beaumont, a writer for "NME", described the song as being a "disco classic". Catherine Halaby of "Yale Daily News" stated that the song "showcases the best of 'classic Michael'", and described the song as being "funky, catchy, upbeat, not too creepy". "You Rock My World" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 44th Grammy Awards, but it lost the award to James Taylor's "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight". It was Jackson's first Grammy nomination since 1997, for his single "Earth Song", and his first nomination in that category since 1995.