title: Quotient group

text: If "formula_14" is a subgroup in a finite group "formula_3", and the order of "formula_14" is one half of the order of "formula_3", then "formula_14" is guaranteed to be a normal subgroup, so "formula_241" exists and is isomorphic to formula_242. This result can also be stated as "any subgroup of index 2 is normal", and in this form it applies also to infinite groups. Furthermore, if formula_243 is the smallest prime number dividing the order of a finite group, "formula_3", then if "formula_241" has order "formula_243", "formula_14" must be a normal subgroup of "formula_3".


title: Quotient group

text: Given "formula_3" and a normal subgroup "formula_4", then "formula_3" is a group extension of "formula_2" by "formula_4". One could ask whether this extension is trivial or split; in other words, one could ask whether "formula_3" is a direct product or semidirect product of "formula_4" and "formula_2". This is a special case of the extension problem. An example where the extension is not split is as follows: Let formula_257, and formula_258, which is isomorphic to formula_189. Then "formula_2" is also isomorphic to formula_189. But formula_189 has only the trivial automorphism, so the only semi-direct product of "formula_4" and "formula_2" is the direct product. Since formula_265 is different from formula_266, we conclude that "formula_3" is not a semi-direct product of "formula_4" and "formula_2".


title: Quotient group

text: If "formula_3" is a Lie group and "formula_4" is a normal and closed (in the topological rather than the algebraic sense of the word) Lie subgroup of "formula_3", the quotient is also a Lie group. In this case, the original group "formula_3" has the structure of a fiber bundle (specifically, a principal "formula_4"-bundle), with base space and fiber "formula_4". The dimension of equals formula_276.


title: Quotient group

text: Note that the condition that "formula_4" is closed is necessary. Indeed, if "formula_4" is not closed then the quotient space is not a T1-space (since there is a coset in the quotient which cannot be separated from the identity by an open set), and thus not a Hausdorff space.


title: Quotient group

text: For a non-normal Lie subgroup "formula_4", the space formula_2 of left cosets is not a group, but simply a differentiable manifold on which "formula_3" acts. The result is known as a homogeneous space.


title: Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles

text: The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles is an episode in the ministry of Jesus that appears in all three Synoptic Gospels: Matthew 10:1–4, Mark 3:13–19 and Luke 6:12–16. It relates the initial selection of the Twelve Apostles among the disciples of Jesus.


title: Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles

text: One of those days Jesus went out to a mountainside to pray, and spent the night praying to God. When morning came, he called his disciples to him and chose twelve of them, whom he also designated apostles: Simon (whom he named Peter), his brother Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James son of Alphaeus, Simon who was called the Zealot, Judas son of James, and Judas Iscariot, who became a traitor.


title: Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles

text: Jesus called his twelve disciples to him and gave them authority to drive out impure spirits and to heal every disease and sickness. These are the names of the twelve apostles: first, Simon (who is called Peter) and his brother Andrew; James son of Zebedee, and his brother John; Philip and Bartholomew; Thomas and Matthew the tax collector; James son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus; Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him.


title: Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles

text: Jesus went up on a mountainside and called to him those he wanted, and they came to him. He appointed twelve that they might be with him and that he might send them out to preach and to have authority to drive out demons. These are the twelve he appointed: Simon (to whom he gave the name Peter), James son of Zebedee and his brother John (to them he gave the name Boanerges, which means “sons of thunder”), Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot, who eventually betrayed him.


title: Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles

text: In the Gospel of Matthew, this episode takes place shortly before the miracle of the man with a withered hand. In the Gospel of Mark and Gospel of Luke it appears shortly after that miracle.


title: Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles

text: This commissioning of the apostles takes place before the crucifixion of Jesus, while the Great Commission in takes place after his resurrection.


title: Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles

text: The German theologian Friedrich Justus Knecht (d. 1921) reflects on the question, "why did our Lord Jesus Christ choose for this stupendous office twelve ignorant men, of a low station in life, and of no importance in the eyes of the world?" He answers, "it was to show to the whole world that the maintenance and spread of the Church and her doctrine were not due to human wisdom and learning, but solely to His grace and protection. 'The foolish things of the world hath God chosen that He may confound the wise; and the weak things of the world hath God chosen that He may confound the strong; and the base things of the world, and the things that are contemptible, hath God chosen; and things that are not, that He might bring to nought things that are: that no flesh should glory in His sight' (i Cor. i, 27. 28. 29)."


title: Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles

text: St. Jerome comments on this passage saying, "A kind and merciful Lord and Master does not envy His servants and disciples a share in His powers. As Himself had cured every sickness and disease, He imparted the same power to His Apostles. But there is a wide difference between having and imparting, between giving and receiving. Whatever He does He does with the power of a master, whatever they do it is with confession of their own weakness, as they speak, In the name of Jesus rise and walk. (Acts 3:6.) A catalogue of the names of the Apostles is given, that all false Apostles might be excluded. The names of the twelve Apostles are these; First, Simon who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother. To arrange them in order according to their merit is His alone who searches the secrets of all hearts. But Simon is placed first, having the surname of Peter given to distinguish him from the other Simon surnamed Chananæus, from the village of Chana in Galilee where the Lord turned the water into wine."


title: 2022 League of Ireland Premier Division

text: The 2022 League of Ireland Premier Division, known as the SSE Airtricity League Premier Division for sponsorship reasons, is the 38th season of the League of Ireland Premier Division, the top Irish league for association football clubs since its establishment in 1985. Shamrock Rovers were the defending champions, having won their ninteenth Premier Division title the previous season. They retained the title on 24 October as a result of Derry City drawing 0-0 away to Sligo Rovers.


title: 2022 League of Ireland Premier Division

text: Ten teams compete in the league – the top eight teams from the previous season and the two teams promoted from the First Division. The promoted teams were Shelbourne and UCD, after respective top flight absences of one and three years.


title: 2022 League of Ireland Premier Division

text: They replaced Longford Town (relegated after just one year back in the top flight), and Waterford (relegated via play-off after four years back in the top flight).


title: 2022 League of Ireland Premier Division

text: The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological evolvements, any postponed matches are not included in the round at which they were originally scheduled but added to the full round they were played immediately afterward.


title: Rivermaya

text: Rivermaya is a Filipino alternative rock band. Formed in 1994, it is one of the several bands who spearheaded the 1990s Philippine alternative rock explosion.


title: Rivermaya

text: Rivermaya is currently composed of original members Mark Escueta and Nathan Azarcon, together with longest serving guitarist Mike Elgar. Notable former original members include chief songwriter Rico Blanco and vocalist Bamboo Mañalac, who later formed the band Bamboo and later went on his solo career.


title: Rivermaya

text: The band's predecessor consisted of Jesse Gonzales on vocals, Kenneth Ilagan on guitars, Nathan Azarcon on bass guitar, Rome Velayo on drums, and Rico Blanco on keyboards and backing vocals whom Azarcon recommended to the management after hearing him play his portable piano rendition of Metallica's "Seek & Destroy" during the audition process. They were managed by Lizza Nakpil and director Chito S. Roño who had the intention of molding the group into a rock show band. The group was then called Xaga.


title: Rivermaya

text: In the process of grueling practice sessions, Azarcon's schoolmate Francisco "Bamboo" Mañalac replaced Gonzales who was asked to leave the band; Azarcon's childhood friend Mark Escueta replaced Velayo who left due to undisclosed reasons, and Ilagan, who later left the band due to personal reasons, was replaced with Perfecto "Perf" de Castro who owned the rehearsal studio where the band used to jam. With Bamboo as frontman, the band members disbanded Xaga and formed the band Rivermaya, a name initially suggested by de Castro. They started putting together original songs like "Ulan" ["Rain"], "214", and "Awit ng Kabataan" ["Song of the Youth"] (mostly composed by Rico Blanco) in demo form for prospective recording companies.


title: Rivermaya

text: By November 1994, the band had released its first album, the self-titled "Rivermaya", and its first single was "Ulan"; followed by "214". Both songs were critically acclaimed.


title: Rivermaya

text: Citing artistic differences with the management, Perf de Castro was adamant in leaving the group in late 1995 and returned to his project band "The Blues Trio", a band later renamed "Axis" until its final inception as "Triaxis." The band continued as a quartet and Rico Blanco became the full-time guitarist while Nathan Azarcon's friend J-John Valencia filled in as session additional guitar player on live shows.


title: Rivermaya

text: The band's second album "Trip", released in 1996, contains the singles "Kisapmata" ["Blink of an Eye"], "Himala" ["Miracle"], "Flowers", "Princess of Disguise" and "Panahon Na Naman" ["It's Time Once Again"]. Whilce Portacio, co-creator of the X-Men's "Bishop" and co-founder of Image Comics, illustrated the album art for "Trip."


title: Rivermaya

text: On January 31, 1997, the band released its third album, "Atomic Bomb", with the single "Hinahanap-hanap Kita" ["Always Wanting to See You"]. The album gained positive responses from listeners and received heavy airplay from radio stations. In October 1998, Rivermaya also released the "Rivermaya Remixed" album, put together with the help of DJ Toti Dalmacion of Groove Nation.


title: Rivermaya

text: The band then embarked on a US and Canada tour in 1998. Despite the band's successful tour, It was also at this time that Bamboo Mañalac decided to stay in the U.S. with his family. His last show with the band was on October 10, 1998, in Oakland, CA. (he eventually went on to form his eponymous band in 2003).


title: Rivermaya

text: Rivermaya decided to forge on, with Rico Blanco taking on lead vocals and released their fourth album, "It's Not Easy Being Green" on January 15, 1999, containing the singles "Nerbyoso" ["Nervous"], "Shattered Like", and "Rodeo". the album hits Gold barely a month after the album was released.


title: Rivermaya

text: On January 22, 2000, the band performed at the Nescafe's Open Up concert in Baguio City with Mike Hanopol. On June 30, 2000 the band performed at Channel [V] Philippines Concert for Peace at the University of the Philippines (UP) Sunken Garden.


title: Rivermaya

text: On August 30, 2000, The band released its fifth studio album, aptly called "Free". entirely for free on the Internet as well as on CDs distributed at their gigs. "Free" went on to be named "Album of the Year" at the NU Rock Awards and Rico Blanco winning Producer of the Year for producing the album and Teeth's "I was a Teenage Tree" album.


title: Rivermaya

text: In April 2001, Nathan Azarcon departed from the group to focus on other musical interests (later revealed he got kicked out due to unruly off-screen behavior), leaving Rico Blanco and Mark Escueta as remaining members. Japs Sergio (from Daydream Cycle) filled in on Azarcon's position in gigs. They were later signed with Viva Records and released an EP "Alab ng Puso" ["Fire of the Heart"] on June 2001, an original soundtrack for the film "Buhay Kamao" which starred Robin Padilla. The EP also featured a remix by Raimund Marasigan's "Squid 9". By Summer of 2001, J-John Valencia (who had been a session guitarist for the band since 1996) has left the band. By May 2001, the lineup was changed as they recruited familiar local guitar heroes, Victor "Kakoy" Legaspi (from blues band Mr. Crayon) and Mike Elgar (from 7 Foot Junior), with Sergio officially absorbed in the band as well. They later began writing songs recording for their 6th studio album. The new line-up made its first performance at NU Pocket Concerts in Alabang Town Center on June 2, 2001. It would allow Rico Blanco to handle vocal duties full-time during live shows.


title: Rivermaya

text: By August 2001, the band had finished recording for their 6th studio album, "Tuloy ang Ligaya", which was released on October 15, 2001 ['The Fun Continues'] and released singles including "Umaaraw, Umuulan" ["Sometimes It Shines, Sometimes It Rains"] and "Wag Na Init Ulo, Baby" ["Don't Be Mad Anymore, Baby"]. Their music videos won the Favorite Group Video in the MTV Pilipinas Music Award in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The video for "Wag Na Init Ulo, Baby" won a special award for Highest Jump in the same event in 2003.


title: Rivermaya

text: On December 8, 2001, the band also performed at the Fort (also known as Bonifacio Global City) to celebrate Pulp Magazine 2nd Anniversary also dubbed as "The Freakshow".


title: Rivermaya

text: On August 3, 2002, the band opened for the English New Wave Band The Lotus Eaters on their Concert at Rockwell Club Tent, Makati City.


title: Rivermaya

text: On October 10, 2003, they released their 7th studio album "Between the Stars and the Waves" containing the singles "A Love to Share", "Balisong" ["Butterfly Knife"], "Sunday Driving", "Table for Two", "241", and "Atat" ["Eager"]. A Special Edition of the album were released in December 2004 featuring 2 new songs "Liwanag Sa Dilim" and the acoustic version of the song.


title: Rivermaya

text: The band were nominated in the MTV Asia Awards 2004 for Favorite Artist Philippines, which was won by Parokya ni Edgar.


title: Rivermaya

text: In mid 2004, Legaspi resigned from the band for undisclosed reasons. He then later performed as a session player with other musicians such as Julianne Tarroja, and Peryodiko, among others, thus, the band became a four-piece line-up once again and has been that ever since. In July of that same year, the band released a jingle for and became the endorser of Greenwich Pizza; the limited physical CD featuring their jingle was available in every outlet of the pizza chain.


title: Rivermaya

text: The band found a variety of partners who commissioned such works as "Liwanag sa Dilim" ["Light In The Dark"], "Posible" ["Possible"] (Southeast Asian Games' Athletes Anthem), released on November 7, 2005, "Makaasa Ka" (from Globe), released on July 16, 2005, and "You'll Be Safe Here".


title: Rivermaya

text: "You'll Be Safe Here", originally created as the theme for the ABS-CBN TV series "Spirits" was released as an EP by Warner Music Philippines and became the song that MTV Asia selected for performance at the 2006 Asia Awards. Kelly Rowland of Destiny's Child introduced the group, and they were backed up by Thailand’s Royal Symphony Orchestra during their live performance. It was the first time that a Filipino band was invited to perform in the event.


title: Rivermaya

text: An album of compiled works, also titled "You'll Be Safe Here", was distributed in Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.


title: Rivermaya

text: Rivermaya embarked on a series of Asian tours, including at Thailand's Pattaya Music Fest (2005, 2008, 2009) as well as Singapore's Mosaic Festival (run by The Esplanade); and Bangkok's Fat Fest as well as in Indonesia's MTV Staying Alive show.


title: Rivermaya

text: In the Philippines, on December 13, 2005, the band released a compilation album called "Greatest Hits 2006" album. The album hit gold award at February 2006, followed by an album dedicated to its music heroes: "Isang Ugat, Isang Dugo" ['One Root, One Blood'] released on October 10, 2006. At the end of March 2007, Rivermaya scored again another first for the Philippines as their videos, "You'll Be Safe Here" and the recent video remake "Balisong" were chosen as the first Asian artists to have full-length music videos featured on the Star World Channel.


title: Rivermaya

text: Also during this time, Rivermaya has been often referred to as "Banda ng Bayan" [The Band of the Nation], a nickname they share with Parokya ni Edgar.


title: Rivermaya

text: On May 24, 2007, Rico Blanco officially announced his departure from the group citing personal reasons. His last performance with the band was on May 4, 2007, at the Metro Bar. Despite the rumors that the band would eventually disband, both Rivermaya and its management denied the rumors as a result.


title: Rivermaya

text: After Rico Blanco left, Rivermaya released a new single, "Sayang" ["Such a Waste"], penned and sung by Japs Sergio and described by the band as "an open letter to the fans", the single premiered on June 22, 2007. In addition, Studio 23 announced the selection of Rivermaya to create the new theme song for the station. The new song is titled "Sumigaw" ["Shout"] and marks the release of a second single in two months for the band, accelerating Rivermaya's pace for new songs rapidly (in previous years, the band had managed to release only a single every 12 months).


title: Rivermaya

text: On August 11, 2007, during a mini press conference held at Mogwai Bar and Café in Cubao's Marikina Shoe Expo, Rivermaya released its all-new 5-song "Bagong Liwanag" ['New Light'] EP, which hit stores nationwide starting August 15. This 5-song EP is released on the band's own label, Revolver Music, and licensed to Warner Music Philippines.


title: Rivermaya

text: On August 24–25, 2007, The band held a two day audition for a new vocalist. The auditions was televised on Studio 23, which was titled "Bagong Liwanag". Aside from the band members, main judges are Rivermaya manager Lizza Nakpil, The Dawn guitarist Francis Reyes, and Razorback bassist Louie Talan. On October 24, 2007, then-18-year-old Jayson Fernandez (usually spelled as ""Jason"") was announced as the winner and new member of Rivermaya.


title: Rivermaya

text: On December 7, 2007, the band opened for the American alternative rock band Vertical Horizon in their concert at the Araneta Coliseum.


title: Rivermaya

text: On January 21, 2008, Rivermaya released the album entitled "Buhay" ['Life'] with the carrier single "Sugal ng Kapalaran" ["Gamble of Fate"] penned by Sergio with both Fernandez and Sergio doing the vocals, while Elgar and Escueta do backing vocals. During this time, the band parted ways with manager-director Chito Roño and Lizza Nakpil.


title: Rivermaya

text: On May 30, 2008, the band opened for the American pop rock band The Click Five in their concert at the Araneta Coliseum.


title: Rivermaya

text: Rivermaya has played in Singapore at the Marina Bay New Year Countdown on December 31, 2008, while in September 2009, the group is the first Filipino band invited to perform on 3 different stages at the 2009 Formula 1 Singapore Grand Prix. and in the same month and year, the band released the album "Closest Thing to Heaven" with the track "Dangal" ["Dignity"] as the carrier single.


title: Rivermaya

text: On January 9, 2010, the band opened for Ne Yo in his concert at SM Mall of Asia Concert Ground. Also, the band announced a nationwide album tour.


title: Rivermaya

text: After allegedly discovering several acts of misappropriation of funds involving the bands' royalties and talent fees, then Rivermaya band members announced that the band had parted ways with their longtime manager Lizza G. Nakpil on October 29, 2008. She was charged with the crime of estafa, sued for damages, and the court issued a Writ of Preliminary Injunction forbidding further contact with Rivermaya. Also in October 2008, longtime member Mark Escueta filed his own application at the Intellectual Property Office (IPO), solely in his name for Rivermaya but was rejected by the IPO. In August 2009, a decision of the IPO confirmed that the "Rivermaya" name ownership of the trademark belongs to Nakpil. However, in October of the same year, Escueta was granted with a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) issued by the Regional Trial Court of Lucena City. The TRO prevents Nakpil from claiming sole ownership of the "Rivermaya" band name while the case and appeal issued by both parties are still being studied by the court, thus allowing Escueta to continue using the band name regardless of the IPO decision as there was no Entry of Judgment/Execution that has been issued. On November 15, 2012, the Bureau of Legal Affairs of the Intellectual Property Office posted a notice of order stating that Nakpil had come to an agreement with the band members to withdraw her pending application for registration of the name Rivermaya and not to hinder the application of the aforementioned name filed by Escueta.


title: Rivermaya

text: On February 22, 2011, Rivermaya's official Facebook page announced that they would release their music video titled "Remenis" ["Reminisce"] and the music video was released on February 28 on Myx Channel. On August 28, 2011, Jayson Fernandez left Rivermaya after 4 years with the group citing musical differences as the primary reason. Paolo Valenciano (son of Gary Valenciano) of Salamin, Pochoy Labog of Malay and Dicta License, and Vinci Montaner of Parokya ni Edgar are among the notable personalities who simultaneously filled in as temporary lead vocalists for some occasional gigs weeks after Fernandez's departure. After taking a brief hiatus, in November 2012, Japs Sergio posted on his official Facebook page that he left Rivermaya, in order to pursue his new band, Peso Movement.


title: Rivermaya

text: In 2012, on a gig at Hard Rock Cafe, the band formally introduce their new members, Ryan Peralta who was the band's regular session player and Norby David of the band Overtone.


title: Rivermaya

text: On February 2013, the band released the single "Pilipinas, Kailan Ka Magigising". to promote their upcoming album.


title: Rivermaya

text: On March 19, 2013, Rivermaya released the album "Panatang Makabanda" ['Vow of a Band Passionate']. and a repackaged edition was released on January 15, 2015.


title: Rivermaya

text: On May 8, 2013, the band opened for the American rock band Aerosmith in their Concert at SM Mall of Asia Arena.


title: Rivermaya

text: On 2014, the band collaborated with Khomeini Bansuan on the song "Kapayapaan" which was used as a theme song for the Movie "Magnum. 357". which is an official entry to the 2014 Metro Manila Film Festival.


title: Rivermaya

text: On January 9, 2016, members from the original classic line-up consisting of Perf de Castro, Nathan Azarcon, Mark Escueta and Rico Blanco were re-united at 19 East, Muntinlupa after an invitation from de Castro following his gig. It was also Escueta's 40th birthday. The gig, which they dubbed as a "secret mini semi-reunion", was composed of Rico Blanco on keyboards, de Castro on guitars, Azarcon on bass guitar and Escueta on drums. Blanco and de Castro simultaneously switch over lead vocals all throughout the performance while Azarcon and Escueta provided backing vocals. Bamboo Mañalac was invited as well however it was reported that he was out of the country on that date. Mike Elgar and Ryan Peralta are reportedly present backstage watching the original members perform.


title: Rivermaya

text: On February 12, 2016, the band released the music video for their fifth and final single "Tayo" on Facebook and later uploaded on YouTube on March 9, 2016. On March 6, 2016, bassist and vocalist Norby David posted a statement on Facebook that he quit the band primarily claiming it was ultimately a lack of communication as the reason for his departure. Days after his departure, former members Japs Sergio and Nathan Azarcon took over bass duties in live shows. Later on, Azarcon have permanently replaced David and returned full-time to the band after 15 years.


title: Rivermaya

text: In mid-2016, the band began recording for their upcoming 13th studio at Tower of Doom Studios in Diliman, Quezon City with former member Japs Sergio co-producing the album. On May 22, 2017, the band signed with ABS-CBN-owned record label Star Music and later announced that it will release its 13th studio album, "Sa Kabila ng Lahat". The first single, "Manila" was released on June 14, 2017. On September 7, 2017, the band released a lyric video of their second single, "8 to 5". The album was released on September 15 on all digital platforms nationwide and an album tour was also announced.


title: Rivermaya

text: On February 10, 2018 the band performed on the Playback Music Festival at Circuit Grounds, Makati. Also on the same year, the band was chosen to represent the Philippines to perform in the 16th Soundrenaline Music Festival, one of the biggest music festival on Indonesia. In late 2018, Peralta voluntarily left the band in good terms prompting Escueta to switch back to playing drums.


title: Rivermaya

text: On May 15, 2019, Rivermaya was honored as the newest MYX Magna Award 2019 for contributing OPM Rock band history and they're the 3rd OPM Rock Band honored and won as MYX Magna Award after Eraserheads in 2012 & Parokya Ni Edgar in 2014.


title: Rivermaya

text: On May 7, 2022, the band release a lyric video of their new single "Casino", their first single since 2018, followed by a Music Video released on May 12, 2022.


title: Kenshi (video game)

text: Kenshi is a role-playing video game developed and published by Lo-Fi Games for Windows. The game focuses on providing sandbox gameplay features that give the player freedom to do what they want in its world instead of focusing on a linear story. "Kenshi" development was primarily led by a single person over the course of twelve years, and it was released on December 6, 2018.


title: Kenshi (video game)

text: "Kenshi" takes place in a post-post-apocalyptic setting and allows characters to be a thief, a trader, or a myriad of other options. The game has received mostly positive reviews from critics, who have commented on its depth and difficulty.


title: Kenshi (video game)

text: "Kenshi" is an open world role-playing video game with real-time strategy elements that has no linear narrative. It takes place in a post-apocalyptic fantasy setting, where it is incredibly difficult for life to survive. The player starts out with no skills and struggles to survive in the early stages of the game. Skills are leveled up through doing actions, such as leveling up thievery by stealing items, and the player can recruit other units to grow their squad. The player can recruit characters from numerous different factions and species to join their squad, and can eventually build a town themselves. As part of the damage system, limbs can be severed or damaged individually as well. Kenshi has many non-player locations, of sizes ranging from a single building to large cities. The game includes a world states system which creates reactions to deaths of notable people. These reactions to power vacuums can result in new locations spawning or in towns being taken over by new factions. Zones in Kenshi are not just aesthetic, as they have specific qualities, such as soil types, terrain, and resource availability. These factors come into play when players are constructing outposts. Weather is a constant concern whether or not the player decides to construct an outpost, with some types (such as acid rain) causing ill effects.


title: Kenshi (video game)

text: Kenshi was primarily developed by a single person, Chris Hunt, who began development around 2006–2008. Hunt worked as a part-time security guard in order to make ends meet for the first few years of the game's development. After five or so years of working his security job, Hunt was able to leave his part-time job and work on the game full-time after finding initial success with the game. He worked by himself on the project until 2013, when he was able to hire a small team that works with him on the project. Hunt has described the world as "sword-punk", and was specifically inspired by stories of wandering rōnin and the idea of a survivor travelling a wasteland.


title: Kenshi (video game)

text: Hunt has described his impetus for creating the game as his dislike of the "hand-holding" that other RPGs have when starting out. On his general mantra for designing the game, Hunt stated that he considered himself as the player's enemy. The game's playable area is , which was done to place dangerous and challenging areas in between rewards that players might seek out. Hunt wanted different areas of the map to have different themes or factions that would make them feel unique, such as one that treats female characters differently than males.


title: Kenshi (video game)

text: "Kenshi" received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregator Metacritic. "PC Gamer" Robert Zak praised the game's giant size and scope, but noted that the game could get "grindy" and that the game's UI "can get cumbersome as your group's numbers grow." "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" noted the game's depth and compared "Kenshi" positively to "Dwarf Fortress".


title: Atz Kilcher

text: Attila Kuno "Atz" Kilcher (born September 2, 1947) is the oldest son of Yule F. Kilcher and Ruth Weber. He is one of the stars on the Discovery show , which focuses on the Kilcher homestead established 80 years ago outside of Homer, Alaska on Kachemak Bay.


title: Atz Kilcher

text: Atz Kilcher was born September 2, 1947. He is the 4th of 8 siblings and oldest son. His siblings include his brother, Otto, who co-stars on the Discovery Channel TV show, and 6 sisters: Wurtilla Hepp, Fay Graham, Catkin Kilcher Burton, Stellavera Kilcher, Mossy Kilcher and Sunrise Sjoeberg.


title: Atz Kilcher

text: Because the local elementary school was beyond walking distance for the children, the Kilcher siblings were homeschooled by their mother, Ruth, until they reached their teens. In high school, Atz was an athlete, competing in skiing, basketball, wrestling, and cross country.


title: Atz Kilcher

text: He was drafted in 1967 for the Vietnam War where he spent just under two years in the Army. He returned home and married Lenedra Carroll, and the couple had three children. His oldest, Shane, works on the homestead along with his youngest son, Atz Lee. His daughter, Jewel, is a Grammy-nominated folk singer.


title: Atz Kilcher

text: Atz Kilcher published his story-filled memoir in 2018, titled "Son of a Midnight Land: A Memoir in Stories." He documents his life growing up on his family's homestead, his role in the Vietnam War, and his life as a social worker. He also describes the hardships he faced with the ever present angry moods of his father, Yule Kilcher. The memoirist reflects on what he learned from working with his father and how that shaped him into who he is today.


title: Atz Kilcher

text: The Kilcher Homestead was established when his father Yule Kilcher moved to Alaska in 1940 and was given 160 acres of federal land to homestead. His mother Ruth and the children helped work the homestead while Yule traveled for months at a time to Juneau as a state Senator. Over time, the homestead grew to over 600 acres of land.


title: Atz Kilcher

text: In the 1990s, Yule established the Kilcher Family Trust, which would prevent the homestead from being divided between his children, and would ensure that it remained intact for future generations of Kilchers to work the land he so loved. The homestead is owned by all 8 Kilcher siblings.


title: Atz Kilcher

text: The family offers tours of the homestead, where an original cabin has been turned into a museum. There, old tools are displayed which were used for farming. As one of the siblings gives a tour, they offer first hand stories of growing up on their homestead.


title: Atz Kilcher

text: Atz Kilcher is a known celebrity in the state of Alaska. He writes and sings his own songs about his life experiences. He is also known for his yodeling. He and his daughter, Jewel Kilcher, in her early life, travelled the state of Alaska performing his songs and yodeling together.


title: Atz Kilcher

text: Discovery Channel started producing the TV Series "." The show is in its 10th season and features Atz, his brother Otto, and other family members from the Kilcher clan.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: "Riptide" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Vance Joy. It was first released as a track on his debut EP "God Loves You When You're Dancing" (2013), serving as its second single, and is also featured on his debut studio album "Dream Your Life Away" (2014). The song was written by Joy, who also produced it with drummer Edwin White. The upbeat song has been lyrically described as a "coming of age love story" and is known for its metaphors and pop culture references.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: The song received positive reviews from music critics, who praised its lyrics, vocals and production and drew comparisons to singer-songwriters Paul Kelly and Jeff Buckley. "Riptide" would go on to have commercial success in Australia, peaking at number six on the ARIA singles chart and subsequently being named the number one song in radio station Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2013. The following year, "Riptide" also peaked at number ten in the United Kingdom and entered "Billboard"s Alternative Songs chart, peaking at number 1. By May 2015, it was the second longest charting single still in the US "Billboard" Hot 100, appearing on that list for 43 weeks (at number 42 from its peak of number 30).


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: In May 2015, it was announced that "Riptide" had become the longest-charting song in ARIA Chart history, having remained in the top 100 for 107 weeks and counting. It surpassed the previous record of 106 weeks, held by "Poker Face" by Lady Gaga. In January 2016, the week count was at 120.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: As of January 2018, the single has worldwide sales over 6,000,000. That month, as part of Triple M's "Ozzest 100", the 'most Australian' songs of all time, "Riptide" was ranked number 94.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: The song's first few chords and opening two lines were originally written at Joy's Glen Iris, Melbourne, home in 2008—the same song title was used, but he initially shelved the song. Years after his experience in university and a VFL career, Joy started doing open mic gigs in Melbourne, Australia, which eventually led to a legitimate music career.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: When recording the song in 2012, a year before the EP came out, Joy was writing a song that reminded him of the shelved "Riptide" draft from 2008—he then combined the 2008 effort with his current project at the time. A rough version of the song was uploaded on his personal Facebook account. Although the singer uploaded "...just the first verse and chorus," the encouraging response from Joy's friends and family encouraged him to persist with his music. Joy initially recorded and produced the song with drummer Edwin White in just one afternoon at Red Door Studios, in the Melbourne suburb of Brunswick. Additional production was subsequently completed by John Castle. In an interview, Joy said the title of the song came from a motel of the same name he used to go to with his family when he was a child.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: "Riptide" is an indie folkfolk-pop and Alternative Rock song composed in the key of C♯ major with a tempo of 100 beats per minute.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: "Riptide" made its first chart appearance at 75 on the ARIA Singles Chart on 29 April 2013, later making its top 50 debut at 41 on 23 June. The song became a top 10 hit when charting at 10 on 28 July, peaking at number 7. For the remainder of the year, "Riptide" remained at the top 40 until on 2 February 2014, the song charted to a new peak of 6 from 35 in response to the song placed on the top of the Hottest 100 of 2013.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: The song holds the record for the most weeks in the top 100 of the ARIA Singles Chart (120 consecutive weeks), breaking the records previously held by Lady Gaga's "Poker Face" (106 weeks) and The Black Eyed Peas' "I Gotta Feeling" (105 weeks), both of which were in non-consecutive runs. Worldwide, the single has sold over 1 million copies.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: A music video to accompany the release of "Riptide" was first released onto YouTube on 2 April 2013, at a total length of three minutes and twenty-five seconds. The video, directed by Dimitri Basil and co-directed by Laura Gorun, artistically depicts the song word for word. It was nominated for Best Video at the ARIA Music Awards of 2013.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: Hannah Gilchrist of the Red Magazine says "...it feels like you should be sitting on a California beach drinking a bottle of beer while your friends frolic in the waves – no surprise it's inspired by the tracks of the 70s."


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: The song is featured in the 2014 film "The Inbetweeners 2", the TV series "Stalker" episode 8, and in episodes of "Grey's Anatomy", "Hawaii Five-0", "Neighbours" and "Home and Away".


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: Vance Joy performed "Riptide" at the ARIA Music Awards of 2013 in Star Event Centre. Quentin Alexander performed "Riptide" on the season 14 finale of "American Idol" on 13 May 2015.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: On 17 June 2013, Joy announced the Riptide Tour, his second as a solo artist. Before that, Joy was the opening act, between May and June, for the American singer Lissie's tour of the United States, on 27 July he appeared at the Splendour in the Grass in New South Wales and on 7 August he presented at the Edmonton Folk Music Festival in Canada. The tour began on 14 August 2013 in Adelaide, Australia at the Jive Bar and continued until 26 October 2013 in Paris, France. The following month and due to demand, Joy added more dates to his tour. During this period, he also opened for the Australian singer Bernard Fanning's Departures Tour on some dates and opened for Tom Odell on some dates during his tour in the United States.


title: Riptide (Vance Joy song)

text: This set list is from the show on 12 October 2013, in Manchester. It is not intended to represent all concerts for the tour.


title: Curly Sue

text: Curly Sue is a 1991 American comedy drama film written, produced, and directed by John Hughes, and starring James Belushi, Kelly Lynch, and Alisan Porter. It tells the story of a homeless con artist and his young companion who gain shelter with a rich divorce lawyer. This was the last film Hughes wrote and directed himself before his death in 2009. The film received generally negative reviews from critics.


title: Curly Sue

text: Bill Dancer and his young companion Curly Sue are the archetypal homeless folks with hearts of gold. Their scams are aimed not at turning a profit, but at getting enough to eat. One night, while sleeping at a shelter, Sue's tin ring, which was left to her by her late mother, is stolen and pawned by a drifter.


title: Curly Sue

text: After moving from Detroit to Chicago, the duo succeed in conning a rich divorce lawyer named Grey Ellison into believing she backed her Mercedes into Bill, in hopes of a free meal. When Grey accidentally collides with Bill for real the following night, she insists on putting the two up for the night, even over the objections of her snotty fiancé Walker McCormick. After a confrontation with Bill exposing the truth of the con, Bill admits the truth and tells Grey it's time for him and Sue to be moving on. Thinking Bill has been abusing Sue by using her in his cons and scams, Grey demands that Sue stays with her when Bill leaves, but this only angers Bill, who tells Grey he will not leave Sue. He tells Grey that after all the years he looked after her, if he gave up Sue now, people would make fun of her for being on welfare. He tells Grey he cares about Sue genuinely, and that his cons are his only means to provide for her. Grey lets them stay for as long as they need when she understands the precarious position the homeless pair are in.


title: Curly Sue

text: One night, Bill tells Grey he is not Sue's father, and how he met Sue's mother one night in Florida. He also tells Grey after Sue's mother died, Bill raised her himself, growing to love her like his own. Thus, when they lost their home and money, Bill could not find it in his heart to put Sue in an orphanage, so he took her with him. However, when it becomes apparent that Sue is completely unable to read or write (despite spelling a difficult word earlier), Grey begins to push even harder for Bill to leave Sue with her.


title: Curly Sue

text: Eventually, Bill realizes this is where Sue belongsin a home, cared for by someone who can give her the advantages his homeless, nomadic existence lacks. Walker eventually, out of spite, turns them in and Sue gets put into welfare, while Bill is arrested because of never actually having had custody of the child. While in jail, Bill encounters the drifter who stole Sue's ring, and forces him to reveal what he did with it. After this happens, Grey arrives to get Bill out of jail, and has also gotten Sue out of welfare.


title: Curly Sue

text: After learning that the drifter took the ring to a pawn shop and sold it, Bill, now knowing where it is, goes there and buys it back after his release. Sue and Grey return to their apartment, and discover the ring, which Sue takes as a sign that Bill has decided the time has come for the two to part ways, leaving her with Grey. However, the ring is accompanied by a note saying he is in the living room. Sue is happy to find Bill, realizing the ring was actually a sign that he is going to give up his old lifestyle so he can stay with Sue and pursue a romance with Grey.


title: Curly Sue

text: The pair legally adopt Sue, and Grey and Bill are subsequently married. The film ends with Grey and Bill dropping Sue off on her first day of school.


title: Curly Sue

text: The film debuted at No. 2 at the box office with a gross of $4,974,958 on 1,634 screens. The following weekend it increased its weekend gross by seven percent to $5.3million from the same number of screens and remained in second place. In its third weekend it continued on the same number of screens and managed to move into first place, taking more in its third week than in its first or second. Its final gross in the U.S. and Canada was $33,691,313.


title: Curly Sue

text: Warner Home Video released it on DVD on June 1, 2004, with commentary and an introduction by Porter on special features.


title: Curly Sue

text: The film received mostly negative reviews from critics. Leonard Maltin gave it one and a half stars out of four in his "Movie Guide", and called it "A John Hughes formula movie where the formula doesn't work". "Halliwell's Film Guide" calls it "Gruesomely sentimental and manipulative". Nigel Andrews of the "Financial Times" declared, "John Hughes here graduates from the most successful comedy in film history to scripting and directing a large piece of non-biodegradable tosh." Roger Ebert gave the film three stars, complimenting "the quiet humor and the warmth of the actors." He said the movie is "not great and it's not deep, but it sure does have a heart."


title: Curly Sue

text: On Rotten Tomatoes", Curly Sue" holds a 13% rating based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7/10. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B+" on scale of A+ to F.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin is a polypeptide antibiotic. It is a mixture of related cyclic peptides produced by "Bacillus licheniformis" bacteria, that was first isolated from the variety "Tracy I" (ATCC 10716) in 1945. These peptides disrupt Gram-positive bacteria by interfering with cell wall and peptidoglycan synthesis.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin is primarily used as a topical preparation, as it can cause kidney damage when used internally. It is generally safe when used topically, but in rare cases may cause hypersensitivity, allergic or anaphylactic reactions, especially in patient allergic to neomycin.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin is used in human medicine as a polypeptide antibiotic and is "approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in chickens and turkeys," though use in animals contributes to antibiotic resistance.


title: Bacitracin

text: As bacitracin zinc salt, in combination with other topical antibiotics (usually polymyxin B and neomycin) as an ointment ("triple antibiotic ointment," with the brand name Neosporin), it is used for topical treatment of a variety of localized skin and eye infections, as well as for the prevention of wound infections. A non-ointment form of ophthalmic solution is also available for eye infections.


title: Bacitracin

text: Although allergic cross-reaction with sulfa drugs has been occasionally reported, bacitracin-containing topical preparations remain a possible alternative to silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) for burn patients with a sulfa allergy.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin can also be bought in pure form for those with allergies to the usual polymyxin B and neomycin components of the combination product.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin is also commonly used as an aftercare antibiotic on tattoos and circumcision. It is preferred over combination products such as Neosporin because of its fewer ingredients, which lowers chances of an allergic reaction.


title: Bacitracin

text: In infants, bacitracin is rarely administered intramuscularly for the treatment of staphylococcal pneumonia and empyema when due to organisms shown susceptible to bacitracin. This use is extremely limited, since bacitracin is nephrotoxic and its concentration in the blood must be followed closely.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin can be used to distinguish "Streptococcus pyogenes" from other streptococci, with "S. pyogenes" being sensitive to bacitracin and others resistant. In this case bacitracin is used to distinguish "S. pyogenes" from other "β-hemolytic streptococci".


title: Bacitracin

text: It is also commonly used to distinguish "Haemophilus influenzae" colonies amongst respiratory flora; since "H. influenzae" is intrinsically resistant to bacitracin, colonies form within the zone of inhibition.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. It targets Gram-positive organisms, especially those that cause skin infections. The following represents susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin interferes with the dephosphorylation of C-isoprenyl pyrophosphate, and a related molecule known as bactoprenol pyrophosphate; both of these lipids function as membrane carrier molecules that transport the building-blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane.


title: Bacitracin

text: Some have claimed that bacitracin is a protein disulfide isomerase inhibitor, but this is disputed by "in vitro" studies.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin was isolated by Balbina Johnson, a bacteriologist at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Its name derives from the fact that a compound produced by a microbe in young Margaret Treacy's (1936–1994) leg injury showed antibacterial activity. The surname was misspelled and the name shortened to the more common spelling "Tracy."


title: Bacitracin

text: "One strain isolated from tissue debrided from a compound fracture of the tibia was particularly active. We named this growth-antagonistic strain for the patient, "Tracy I." When cell-free filtrates of broth cultures of this bacillus proved to possess strong antibiotic activity and to be non-toxic, further study seemed warranted. We have called this active principle "Bacitracin."


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin is synthesised via nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), which means that ribosomes are not directly involved in its synthesis. The three-enzyme operon is called BacABC, not to be confused with BacABCDE of bacilycin synthesis.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin is commercially manufactured by growing the bacteria "Bacillus subtilis var Tracy I" in a container of liquid growth medium. Over time, the bacteria synthesizes the antibiotic and secretes the antibiotic into the medium. The antibiotic is then extracted from the medium using chemical processes.


title: Bacitracin

text: Bacitracin is composed of a mixture of related compounds with varying degrees of antibacterial activity. Notable fractions include bacitracin A, A1, B, B1, B2, C, D, E, F, G, and X. Bacitracin A has been found to have the most antibacterial activity. Bacitracin B1 and B2 have similar potencies and are approximately 90% as active as bacitracin A. Other bacitracin components including F and X do not appear to be extensively studied.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Dramatic structure (also known as dramaturgical structure) is the structure of a dramatic work such as a book, play, or film. There are different kinds of dramatic structures worldwide which have been hypothesized by critics, writers and scholars alike over time. This article covers the range of dramatic structures from around the world. How the acts are structured, what the center of the story is supposed to be about widely varies by region and time period.


title: Dramatic structure

text: A story structure commonly found in West Africa told by Griot storytellers, who tell their stories orally. Famous stories from this tradition include Anansi folktales. This storytelling type had influence on later African American, Creole, and Caribbean African diaspora stories.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Robleto is a story form that originates from Nicaragua. It’s named after Robert Robleto, though the structure is much older than him and discovered by Cheryl Diermyer, an outsider, in 2010


title: Dramatic structure

text: Harawi is an ancient traditional genre of Andean music and also indigenous lyric poetry. Harawi was widespread in the Inca Empire and now is especially common in countries that were part of it, mainly: Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia. Typically, harawi is a moody, soulful slow and melodic song or tune played on the quena (flute). The words of harawi speak of love (often unrequited), plight of ordinary peasant, privations of orphans, etc. Melodies are mainly in minor pentatonic scale.


title: Dramatic structure

text: This is a story type that starts with a dream. It was invented in the Ming Dynasty and exported to Korea. The structure deals mainly with a character either reflecting on their life or telling another dead character about their life. It often reflects regret from the characters about their life choices and helps them to either move on or accept their reality. It was never imported into Japan because Japan had an anti-Chinese sentiment in the Tokugawa era starting in the 1600s and the collapse of the Ming empire was in 1618.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Dream record or Dream diaries (夢記 ゆめのき) is separate from the Dream record above and was started by Buddhist monks in 13th-century Japan, who recorded their dreams in diaries. These dreams were often recorded, shared and viewed.


title: Dramatic structure

text: This dramatic structure started out as a Chinese poetry style called qǐ chéng zhuǎn hé (起承转合) and then was exported to Korea as gi seung jeon gyeol (Hangul: 기승전결; Hanja: 起承轉結) and Japan as kishōtenketsu (起承転結). Each country has adapted their own take on the original structure.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The eight-legged essay () was a style of essay in imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing dynasties in China. The eight-legged essay was needed for those test takers in these civil service tests to show their merits for government service, often focusing on Confucian thought and knowledge of the Four Books and Five Classics, in relation to governmental ideals. Test takers could not write in innovative or creative ways, but needed to conform to the standards of the eight-legged essay. Various skills were examined, including the ability to write coherently and to display basic logic. In certain times, the candidates were expected to spontaneously compose poetry upon a set theme, whose value was also sometimes questioned, or eliminated as part of the test material. This was a major argument in favor of the eight-legged essay, arguing that it were better to eliminate creative art in favor of prosaic literacy. In the history of Chinese literature, the eight-legged essay is often said to have caused China's "cultural stagnation and economic backwardness" in the 19th century.


title: Dramatic structure

text: is a concept of modulation and movement applied in a wide variety of traditional Japanese arts. Roughly translated to "beginning, break, rapid", it essentially means that all actions or efforts should begin slowly, speed up, and then end swiftly. This concept is applied to elements of the Japanese tea ceremony, to kendō and other martial arts, to dramatic structure in the traditional theatre, and to the traditional collaborative linked verse forms renga and renku (haikai no renga).


title: Dramatic structure

text: The concept originated in "gagaku" court music, specifically in the ways in which elements of the music could be distinguished and described. Though eventually incorporated into a number of disciplines, it was most famously adapted, and thoroughly analysed and discussed by the great Noh playwright Zeami, who viewed it as a universal concept applying to the patterns of movement of all things.


title: Dramatic structure

text: A Palestinian form of literature which includes 1001 Arabian Nights. This structure also includes are many religious works, including the Torah, Bible, and Quran.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Karagöz (literally "Blackeye" in Turkish) and Hacivat (shortened in time from "Hacı İvaz" meaning "İvaz the Pilgrim", and also sometimes written as Hacivad) are the lead characters of the traditional Turkish shadow play, popularized during the Ottoman period and then spread to most nation states of the Ottoman Empire. It is most prominent in Turkey, Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Adjara (autonomous republic of Georgia). In Greece, Karagöz is known by his local name Karagiozis; in Bosnia and Herzegovina, he is known by his local name Karađoz.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Ta'zieh or Ta'zïye or Ta'zīya or Tazīa or Ta'ziyeh (, , ) means comfort, condolence or expression of grief. It comes from roots "aza" (عزو and عزى) which means mourning.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Depending on the region, time, occasion, religion, etc. the word can signify different cultural meanings and practices:


title: Dramatic structure

text: Ta'zieh, primarily known from the Persian tradition, is a shi'ite Muslim ritual that reenacts the death of Hussein (the Islamic prophet Muhammad's grandson) and his male children and companions in a brutal massacre on the plains of Karbala, Iraq in the year 680 AD. His death was the result of a power struggle in the decision of control of the Muslim community (called the caliph) after the death of Muhammad.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Many scholars have analyzed dramatic structure, beginning with Aristotle in his "Poetics" (c. 335 BCE).


title: Dramatic structure

text: In his "Poetics", a theory about tragedies, the Greek philosopher Aristotle put forth the idea the play should imitate a single whole action and does not skip around (Such as flashbacks and the like). "A whole is what has a beginning and middle and end. A beginning is that which is not a necessary consequent of anything else but after which something else exists or happens as a natural result. An end on the contrary is that which is inevitably or, as a rule, the natural result of something else but from which nothing else follows; a middle follows something else and something follows from it. Well constructed plots must not therefore begin and end at random, but must embody the formulae we have stated." (1450b27). He split the play into two acts: δέσις (desis) and λύσις (lysis) which roughly translates to binding and unbinding, though contemporary translation is "complication" and "dénouement". He mainly used Sophocles to make his argument about the proper dramatic structure of a play.


title: Dramatic structure

text: He argues that for a proper tragedy the plot should be simple: a man moving from prosperity to tragedy and not the reverse. It should excite pity or fear, to shock the viewer. He also states that the man needs to be well-known to the audience. The tragedy should come about because of a flaw in the character.


title: Dramatic structure

text: He ranked the order of importance of the play to be: Chorus, Events, Diction, Character, Spectacle. And that all plays should be able to be performed from memory, long and easy to understand. He was against character-centric plots stating “The Unity of a Plot does not consist, as some suppose, in its having one man as its subject.” He was against episodic plots. He held that discovery should be the high point of the play and that the action should teach a moral that is reinforced by pity, fear and suffering. The spectacle, not the characters themselves would give rise to the emotions. The stage should also be split into “Prologue, Episode, Exode, and a choral portion, distinguished into Parode and Stasimon...“


title: Dramatic structure

text: Unlike later, he held that the morality was the center of the play and what made it great. Unlike popular belief, he did not come up with the three act structure popularly known.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Said to be innovated by Euripides for his play Cyclops, it wasn't wildly popular until the late 19th century with the rise of film. Alice Guy-Blaché made a comment about it in the documentary "", where she commented that many of the films of the time required a quick punchline at the end.


title: Dramatic structure

text: It is still used today, but fell out of popular favor for films around the late 1930s to 1940s, when the runtime for an average film became longer. (See Kenneth Rowe and Lajos Egri.)


title: Dramatic structure

text: The Roman drama critic Horace advocated a 5-act structure in his "Ars Poetica": "Neue minor neu sit quinto productior actu fabula" (lines 189–190) ("A play should not be shorter or longer than five acts"). He also argued for a Chorus, "The Chorus should play an actor’s part, energetically," and the center of the play should be morality as Aristotle did.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The fourth-century Roman grammarian Aelius Donatus in his criticism of Terence's plays Adelphoe and Hecyra in the book Aeli Donati qvod fertvr Commentvm Terenti: Accendvnt Evgravphi Volume 2 and in his review of Terence's Play Andria in P. Terentii Afri comoediae sex used the terms prologue (prologus), protasis, epitasis and catastropha. He often uses the original Greek letters, but does not define these as specific acts, but as parts of the play as having different emotional qualities.


title: Dramatic structure

text: For example for Terence's play Adelphoe he comments, "in hac prologus aliquanto lenior inducitur; magis etiam in se purgando quam in aduersariis laedendis est occupatus. πρότασις turbulenta est, ἐπίτασις clamosa, καταστροφή lenior. quarum partium rationem diligentius in principio proposuimus, cum de comoedia quaedam diceremus." which roughly translates to, "In this the prologue is somewhat milder; he is more engaged in clearing himself than in injuring his opponents. Protasis is turbulent. The epitasis is loud and gentler catastropha."


title: Dramatic structure

text: He further adds that Hecyra, "in hac prologus est et multiplex et rhectoricus nimis, propterea quod saepe exclusa haec comoedia diligentissima defensione indigebat. atque in hac πρότασις turbulenta est, ἐπίτασις mollior, lenis καταστροφή." which roughly translate to, "In this the prologue is both multiple and overly rhetorical, because oftentimes this comedy is excluded because it needs a very careful defense. And in this the protasis is turbulent, the milder the epithasis, the softer the catastropha."


title: Dramatic structure

text: However, he also argues that Latins have a five act chorus, which distinguishes Latins from Greeks, "hoc etiam ut cetera huiusmodi poemata quinque actus habaeat necesse est choris diusos a Graecis poetis." which roughly translates to, "In order to have other poems of this kind, it is necessary to have five acts of choruses, distinguished from the Greek poets." making it fairly clear that though he used the Greek for these divisions of play, he did not think of them as part of the overall act structure.


title: Dramatic structure

text: First developed in Spain in 1554, the term was not coined until 1810. A picaresque novel is written in first person, with a character who is of low social status, and there is little to no plot or character development, but told with realism. Satire is often deployed. A famous example is Miguel de Cervantes' "Don Quixote".


title: Dramatic structure

text: William Shakespeare did not invent the five-act structure. The five-act structure was made by Freytag, in which he used Shakespeare as an example. There are no writings from Shakespeare on how he intended his plays to be. There is some thought that people imposed the act structure after his death. During his lifetime, the four-act structure was also popular and used in plays such as Fortunae Ludibrium sive Bellisarius. Freytag made claims in his book that Shakespeare should have used his 5 act structure, but it did not exist at the time period of Shakespeare.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The term was coined in the 1819 by Karl Morgenstern, but the birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of "Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship" by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1795–96, or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland's "Geschichte des Agathon" of 1767.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The plot requires a young or innocent protagonist who goes on to learn about the world, and learns how to enter it. The central goal is maturity of the protagonist which may be done through discovery, conflict or other means.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The German playwright and novelist Gustav Freytag wrote "Die Technik des Dramas", a definitive study of the five-act dramatic structure, in which he laid out what has come to be known as Freytag's pyramid. Under Freytag's pyramid, the plot of a story consists of five parts:


title: Dramatic structure

text: A drama is then divided into five parts, or acts, which some refer to as a : introduction, rise, climax, return or fall, and catastrophe. Freytag extends the five parts with three moments or crises: the exciting force, the tragic force, and the force of the final suspense. The exciting force leads to the rise, the tragic force leads to the return or fall, and the force of the final suspense leads to the catastrophe. Freytag considers the exciting force to be necessary but the tragic force and the force of the final suspense are optional. Together, they make the eight component parts of the drama.


title: Dramatic structure

text: In making his argument, he attempts to retcon much of the Greeks and Shakespeare by making opinions of what they meant, but didn't actually say.


title: Dramatic structure

text: He argued for tension created through contrasting emotions, but didn't actively argue for conflict. He argued that character comes first in plays. He also sets up the groundwork for what would later in history be called the inciting incident.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Overall, Freytag argued the center of a play is emotionality and the best way to get that emotionality is to put contrasting emotions back to back. He laid some of the foundations for centering the hero, unlike Aristotle. He is popularly attributed to have stated conflict at the center of his plays, but he argues actively against continuing conflict.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The setting is fixed in a particular place and time, the mood is set, and characters are introduced. A backstory may be alluded to. Introduction can be conveyed through dialogues, flashbacks, characters' asides, background details, in-universe media, or the narrator telling a back-story.


title: Dramatic structure

text: An exciting force begins immediately after the exposition (introduction), building the rise in one or several stages toward the point of greatest interest. These events are generally the most important parts of the story since the entire plot depends on them to set up the climax and ultimately the satisfactory resolution of the story itself.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The climax is the turning point, which changes the protagonist's fate. If things were going well for the protagonist, the plot will turn against them, often revealing the protagonist's hidden weaknesses. If the story is a comedy, the opposite state of affairs will ensue, with things going from bad to good for the protagonist, often requiring the protagonist to draw on hidden inner strengths.


title: Dramatic structure

text: During the Return, the hostility of the counter-party beats upon the soul of the hero. Freytag lays out two rules for this stage: the number of characters be limited as much as possible, and the number of scenes through which the hero falls should be fewer than in the rise. The return or fall may contain a moment of final suspense: Although the catastrophe must be foreshadowed so as not to appear as a non sequitur, there could be for the doomed hero a prospect of relief, where the final outcome is in doubt.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The catastrophe ("Katastrophe" in the original), is when the hero meets his logical destruction. Freytag warns the writer not to spare the life of the hero. Despite dénouement being attested as first appearing in 1752, it was not used to refer to dramatic structure until the 19th century and not specifically used by Freytag for this section of the act structure.


title: Dramatic structure

text: In 1905, Selden Lincoln Whitcomb published "The Study of a Novel", and suggested that graphical representation of a novel was possible. "The general epistolary structure may be partially represented by a graphic design." For which he posts a proposed design for Miss. Burney Evelina on page 21.


title: Dramatic structure

text: He expounds this idea on Page 39 with "The Line of Emotion" where he proposes how one feels about emotion can be drawn graphically. However, he makes a careful distinction between author, character and reader. "The fact that the author presents a character moved by fear does not necessarily mean that the author or the reader experiences that emotion. Nor does a mere discussion of emotion, whether by the author or a character such as one should notice in the study of subject-matter, belong to the line of emotion." He argued that this line of emotion should be calculated for the reader. He draws a diagram for Silas Marner Chapter XIII to illustrate his point.


title: Dramatic structure

text: He does not prescribe a certain formula for the structure, but instead introduces various kinds of vocabulary for various points along the emotional line.


title: Dramatic structure

text: His work was then used in Joseph Berg Esenwein to describe short stories for the line of emotion, though his name is misspelled in Esenwein's work. His diagram specifically for Silas Marner was plagiarized later by Kenneth Rowe, though he drew other diagrams for other novels and forms, such as Pride and Prejudice on page 58, the Epistolary Form p 21, Simple narratives p 56, and so on.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Joseph Berg Esenwein in 1909 published, "Writing the short-story; a practical handbook on the rise, structure, writing, and sale of the modern short-story." In it he outlines the following plot elements and ties it to a drawing, following Whitcomb's prescriptions: Incident, emotion, crisis, suspense, climax, dénouement, conclusion. He does not make an accompanying diagram with any of these elements, but does argue that the line of emotion is important to stories on page 198. He also lists types of plots on page 76 as: Surprise, Problem, Mystery, Mood or Emotion or Sentiment, Contrast and Symbolism. He does not argue one to be superior to the other. He cautions multiple times in his text that his prescriptions are only for short stories such as pages 30–32.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Chapter X, Part 5. Climax he defines here as, "the apex of interest and emotion; it is the point of the story." when quoting "Short Story Writing 1898, Charles Raymond Barrett, p 171" but further expounds here as, "rise of interest and in power to its highest point." He argues the highest point is always along emotional lines on page 187 stating, "The big thing--at once the basic and the climacteric thing--in the short story is human interest, and there can be no sustained human interest without emotion. The whole creation is a field for its display, and since fiction assumes to be a microcosm, fiction, short and long must deal intimately with emotion, from its gentler to its extreme manifestations."


title: Dramatic structure

text: The definitions he used would later influence the vocabulary for the Hollywood Formula. Early Hollywood films were short. For example "In Old California" published in 1910 is 17 minutes long.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Clayton Hamilton, in "A Manual of The Art of Fiction" (1918), stated that a proper plot outline is, "A plot, therefore, in its general aspects, may be figured as a complication followed by an explication, a tying followed by an untying, or (to say the same thing in French words which are perhaps more connotative) a nouement followed by a dénouement."


title: Dramatic structure

text: He does not state the center of stories is conflict, but rather on page 3 that, "The purpose of fiction is to embody certain truths of human life in a series of imagined facts." and centers on the debate of the time between romanticism and realism.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The complication is what Lajos Egri later called the premise and it was later pushed to be part of the inciting incident. The explication was put first and then explained to be the introduction in the contemporary vocabulary. The dénouement would be split later into falling action and conclusion.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Sprung originally from Christianity, it is often an account of a person's life that was first secularized by Jean Jacques Rousseau and then popularized in 1919 with the magazine "True Story". The confessions don't really have to be valid, though an account of someone's life needs to be included. Such confessions magazines were chiefly aimed at an audience of working-class women. Their formula has been characterized as "sin-suffer-repent": The heroine violates standards of behavior, suffers as a consequence, learns her lesson, and resolves to live in light of it, not embittered by her pain.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The aim of Lubbock is to give a shape or a formula to books, because he states: "We hear the phrase on all sides, an unending argument is waged over it. One critic condemns a novel as 'shapeless,' meaning that its shape is objectionable; another retorts that if the novel has other fine qualities, its shape is unimportant; and the two will continue their controversy till an onlooker, pardonably bewildered, may begin to suppose that "form" in fiction is something to be put in or left out of a novel according to the taste of the author. But though the discussion is indeed confusingly worded at times, it is clear that there is agreement on this article at least—that a book is a thing to which a shape is ascribable, good or bad."


title: Dramatic structure

text: He also argued for "Death of the Author" somewhat in his work, "The reader of a novel—by which I mean the critical reader—is himself a novelist; he is the maker of a book which may or may not please his taste when it is finished, but of a book for which he must take his own share of the responsibility. The author does his part, but he cannot transfer his book like a bubble into the brain of the critic; he cannot make sure that the critic will possess his work. The reader must therefore become, for his part, a novelist, never permitting himself to suppose that the creation of the book is solely the affair of the author."


title: Dramatic structure

text: He is the first to make a concentrated effort at looking at conflict as the center of "drama" and therefore stories, "What is the story? There is first of all a succession of phases in the lives of certain generations; youth that passes out into maturity, fortunes that meet and clash and re-form, hopes that flourish and wane and reappear in other lives, age that sinks and hands on the torch to youth again—such is the substance of the drama. The book, I take it, begins to grow out of the thought of the processional march of the generations, always changing, always renewed; its figures are sought and chosen for the clarity with which the drama is embodied in them." He directly mentions conflict when referring to the plot of "War and Peace" with analyzing "Madame Bovary" and so on.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The book was wildly, popular, but Virginia Woolf privately wrote of the work that, "This is my prime discovery so far; & the fact that I've been so long finding it, proves, I think, how false Percy Lubbock's doctrine is--that you can do this sort of thing consciously." in November 1923. She went back and forth on the work throughout her life.


title: Dramatic structure

text: In 1939, Kenneth Thorpe Rowe published "Write That Play" in which he outlined what he thought of his ideal play structure. He did not cite any sources, though there looks to be some influence from Freytag's Pyramid.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The parts are: introduction, attack, rising action, crisis, falling action, resolution, conclusion. The attack would be relabeled the "inciting incident" later and the crisis would be relabeled "climax" and the conclusion as the "dénouement" by Syd Field. The resolution as a turning point was also taken out. The center of the play should be, according to him, conflict as this will excite the most emotion.


title: Dramatic structure

text: He acknowledges other people have used climax, but does not cite who, but objects to the term "climax" because, "Climax is misleading because it might with equal fitness be applied to the resolution. Climax applied to the turning point suggests increasing tension up to that point, and relaxation following it. What actually happens is that the tension continues to increase in a well con-structured play from the turning point to the resolution, but is given a new direction and impetus at the turning point."


title: Dramatic structure

text: Despite this being his ideal shape for a play, he suggests that this can be modified to include more complications on the Rising action or the Falling action. He further suggests that the play structure doesn't need a conclusion. However, if there is a conclusion, he suggests making it shorter than the Introduction and it can either be flat or acute in angle.


title: Dramatic structure

text: This story structure, as suggested, had a strong influence on Arthur Miller ("All My Sons", "Death of a Salesman").


title: Dramatic structure

text: In his book "The Art of Dramatic Writing", published 1946, Lajos Egri argued for more look inside of character's minds and that character generates conflict, which generates events. He cites Moses Louis Malevinsky's "The Science of Playwriting" and "The Theory of Theater" by Clayton Hamilton. Unlike previous works he cites from, he emphasized the importance of premise to a play.


title: Dramatic structure

text: He is also far more interested in looking at character creating conflict and events, than events shaping characters. He states this by arguing for different kinds of conflict: Static, jump and rise. These in turn can also be an attack or counterattack. He argues that Rising conflict is the best at revealing character.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Syd Field in 1979 published Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting. He outlined that the structure of the play should be:


title: Dramatic structure

text: Act I contains the setup. It is approximately the first quarter of a screenplay, and reveals the main character, premise, and situation of the story.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Act II contains the confrontation. It lasts for the next two quarters of the screenplay, and clearly defines the main goal of the protagonist.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Act III contains the resolution. This is the final quarter of the screenplay. This answers the question as to whether or not the main character succeeded in his or her goal.


title: Dramatic structure

text: He outlined in the 2005 edition of his book Foundations of a Screenplay, that he wanted to give a more set structure to the work that Lajos Egri had laid out.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his 1960 essay "The Theatre of the Absurd", which begins by focusing on the playwrights Samuel Beckett, Arthur Adamov, and Eugène Ionesco. Esslin says that their plays have a common denominator — the "absurd", a word that Esslin defines with a quotation from Ionesco: "absurd is that which has not purpose, or goal, or objective." The French philosopher Albert Camus, in his 1942 essay "Myth of Sisyphus", describes the human situation as meaningless and absurd.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Plot-wise it often undercuts the conflict in the story and mocks the human condition. It often lacks any formal plot structure. Often nothing really gets resolved.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Television multiple-episode story arcs were not popular in the U.S. until 1981, with the introduction of Hill Street Blues. Prior to that, episodes could be shifted in order without audience confusion. Multiple-episode story arcs took off in the 1990s, with many of the popular television shows employing them. , , Boy Meets World, and all had story arcs.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The Canadian literary critic and theorist Northrop Frye analyzes the narratives of the Bible in terms of two dramatic structures: (1) a U-shaped pattern, which is the shape of a comedy, and (2) an inverted U-shaped pattern, which is the shape of a tragedy.


title: Dramatic structure

text: "This U-shaped pattern . . . recurs in literature as the standard shape of comedy, where a series of misfortunes and misunderstandings brings the action to a threateningly low point, after which some fortunate twist in the plot sends the conclusion up to a happy ending." A U-shaped plot begins at the top of the U with a state of equilibrium, a state of prosperity or happiness, which is disrupted by disequilibrium or disaster. At the bottom of the U, the direction is reversed by a fortunate twist, divine deliverance, an awakening of the protagonist to his or her tragic circumstances, or some other action or event that results in an upward turn of the plot. Aristotle referred to the reversal of direction as peripeteia or peripety, which depends frequently on a recognition or discovery by the protagonist. Aristotle called this discovery an anagnorisis—a change from "ignorance to knowledge" involving "matters which bear on prosperity or adversity". The protagonist recognizes something of great importance that was previously hidden or unrecognized. The reversal occurs at the bottom of the U and moves the plot upward to a new stable condition marked by prosperity, success, or happiness. At the top of the U, equilibrium is restored.


title: Dramatic structure

text: A classic example of a U-shaped plot in the Bible is the Parable of the Prodigal Son in Luke 15:11–24. The parable opens at the top of the U with a stable condition but turns downward after the son asks the father for his inheritance and sets out for a "distant country" (Luke 15:13). Disaster strikes: the son squanders his inheritance and famine in the land increases his dissolution (Luke 15:13–16). This is the bottom of the U. A recognition scene (Luke 15:17) and a peripety move the plot upward to its dénouement, a new stable condition at the top of the U.


title: Dramatic structure

text: The inverted U begins with the protagonist's rise to a position of prominence and well-being. At the top of the inverted U, the character enjoys good fortune and well-being. But a crisis or a turning point occurs, which marks the reversal of the protagonist's fortunes and begins the descent to disaster. Sometimes a recognition scene occurs where the protagonist sees something of great importance that was previously unrecognized. The final state is disaster and adversity, the bottom of the inverted U.


title: Dramatic structure

text: Contemporary dramas increasingly use the fall to increase the relative height of the climax and dramatic impact (melodrama). The protagonist reaches up but falls and succumbs to doubts, fears, and limitations. The negative climax occurs when the protagonist has an epiphany and encounters the greatest fear possible or loses something important, giving the protagonist the courage to take on another obstacle. This confrontation becomes the classic climax.


title: Dramatic structure

text: In her 2019 book "Meander, Spiral, Explode: Design and Pattern in Narrative" novelist and writing teacher Jane Alison criticized the conflict-climax-resolution structure of narrative as "masculo-sexual," and instead argues that narratives should form around various types patterns, for example found in nature.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: "The Brown Paper Bag Test" is a term in African-American oral history used to describe a colorist discriminatory practice within the African-American community in the 20th century, in which an individual's skin tone is compared to the color of a brown paper bag. This test can be traced back to the time of slavery where slave masters kept the lighter-skinned slaves inside. The test was allegedly used to determine what privileges an individual could have; only those with a skin color that matched or was lighter than a brown paper bag were allowed admission or membership privileges. The test was believed by many to be used in the 20th century by many African-American social institutions such as sororities, fraternities, social clubs, and churches.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: The term is also used in reference to larger issues of class and social stratification and colorism within the African-American population. People were barred from having access to several public spaces and resources because of their darker complexion.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: The test was used at the entrance to social functions wherein a brown paper bag was stuck at the door and anyone who was darker than the bag was denied entry.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: Privilege has long been associated with skin tone in the African-American community, dating back to the era of slavery. Mixed-race children of white fathers were sometimes given privileges ranging from more desirable work, apprenticeships or formal education, to allocation of property or even freedom from enslavement. African Americans "contributed to colorism because they have benefited from the privilege of having a skin color closer to that of whites and have embraced the notion that privilege comes with having light skin in America". Lighter-skinned people were afforded certain social and economic advantages over darker-skinned people, even while suffering discrimination. According to Gordon, "light-skinned blacks formed exclusive clubs" after slavery was abolished in the United States. Some clubs were called "Blue Vein Societies", suggesting that if an individual's skin was light enough to show the blue cast of veins, they had more European ancestry (and, therefore, higher social standing). Such discrimination was resented by African Americans with darker complexions. According to Henry Louis Gates Jr., in his book "The Future of the Race" (1996), the practice of the brown paper bag test may have originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, where there was a substantial third class of free people of color dating from the French colonial era. The test was related to ideas of beauty, in which some people believed that lighter skin and more European features, in general, were more attractive.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: From 1900 until about 1950, "paper bag parties" are said to have taken place in neighborhoods of major American cities with a high concentration of African Americans. Many churches, fraternities, and nightclubs used the "brown paper bag" principle as a test for entrance. People at these organizations would take a brown paper bag and hold it against a person's skin. If a person was lighter than the bag, they were admitted.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: There is, too, a curious color dynamic that persists in our culture. In fact, New Orleans invented the brown paper bag party — usually at a gathering in a home — where anyone darker than the bag attached to the door was denied entrance. The brown bag criterion survives as a metaphor for how the black cultural elite quite literally establishes caste along color lines within black life. On my many trips to New Orleans, whether to lecture at one of its universities or colleges, to preach from one of its pulpits, or to speak at an empowerment seminar during the annual Essence Music Festival, I have observed color politics at work among black folk. The cruel color code has to be defeated by our love for one another. —Michael Eric Dyson, excerpt from "Come Hell or High Water".


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: The Brown Paper Bag Test was heavily documented and normalized with historically black fraternities and sororities (especially among sororities) and historically black social clubs founded before 1960, whose members selected others who resembled themselves, generally those reflecting partial European ancestry. Some privileged multi-racial people of color who came from families freed before the American Civil War attempted to distinguish themselves from the mass of freedmen after the war, who appeared to be mostly of African descent and from less privileged families. New York City's infamous Cotton Club required black female entertainers to pass the Brown Paper Bag Test to be hired and perform for its mostly wealthy white male clientele.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: It is rumored a few private historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) used color tests as a way to critique candidates for admission. For instance, Audrey Elisa Kerr refers to colleges requiring applicants to send personal photos. Kerr mentioned how this practice took place at a popular private HBCU, Howard University. Dr. Arnold relayed to Kerr a story concerning young women at Howard. Dr. Arnold had heard colorism was a factor when it came to admission to Howard. However, archive pictures of private HBCUs (namely Howard) that formerly required personal photos for admission have dark-skinned black students and faculty easily found in respectable numbers.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: The offspring of African men and white women were often born into freedom because of their mothers' legal status of slave vs. free, regardless of color. A law established in Virginia and other colonies in the 17th century dictated that the legal status of these children would be determined by that of their mothers, rather than by their fathers, in opposition to the established precedent of common law. These free descendants became well-established, with descendants moving to frontier regions of Virginia, North Carolina and west as areas opened up. Some prominent Americans were descendants of these early free families, for instance, Ralph Bunche, who served as ambassador to the United Nations.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: As early as the 18th century, travelers remarked on the variety of color and features seen in slaves in Virginia, as European ancestry was obvious. Light-skinned slaves, some of whom were descendants of masters and their sons, were sometimes given domestic jobs inside the master's house, including as companions or maids to his legal children. Some of them were educated, or at least allowed to learn to read. Occasionally the master may have arranged for an apprenticeship for a mixed-race son and freed him upon its completion, especially in the first two decades after the American Revolution, when numerous slaves were freed in the Upper South. In this region, from the Revolution to 1810, the percentage of people of color who were free increased from 1 to more than 10 percent. By 1810, 75% of blacks in Delaware were free.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: Newly imported Africans and African Americans with less visible European ancestry were used in hard field labor, and abuse was more frequent in the fields. As tensions concerning slave uprisings rose in the 19th century, slave states imposed more restrictions, including prohibitions on educating slaves and on slaves' movements. These slaves could be punished for trying to learn to read and write.


title: Brown Paper Bag Test

text: In Louisiana especially, Creoles of color had long comprised a third class during the years of slavery. They had achieved a high level of literacy and sophistication under the French and Spanish rule, becoming educated, taking the names of white fathers or lovers, and often receiving property from the white men involved with their families. Many became artisans, property owners, and sometimes slaveholders themselves. Unlike in the Upper South, where free African Americans varied widely in appearance, free people of color in New Orleans and the Deep South tended to be light-skinned due to generations of intermarriage with people of European ancestry. After the United States negotiated the Louisiana Purchase, more Americans settled in New Orleans, bringing with them their binary approach to society, in which each person was classified only as black or white. They began to curtail the privileges of Creoles of color.


title: Competitive eating

text: Competitive eating, or speed eating, is an activity in which participants compete against each other to eat large quantities of food, usually in a short time period. Contests are typically eight to ten minutes long, although some competitions can last up to thirty minutes, with the person consuming the most food being declared the winner. Competitive eating is most popular in the United States, Canada, and Japan, where organized professional eating contests often offer prizes, including cash.


title: Competitive eating

text: The first recorded pie eating contest took place in Toronto in 1878. It was organised as a charity fundraising event and won by Albert Piddington. It is not known how many pies were consumed. The prize was a “Handsomely Bound Book”. Following this, eating contestsparticularly those involving piebecame popular across Canada and the United States, traditionally at county fairs.


title: Competitive eating

text: There are some notable examples of early eating contestants, such as Joe McCarthy, who consumed 31 pies in a competition held at Charles Tanby's Saloon in 1897. Frank Dotzler is also noteworthy after consuming “275 oysters, 8 & 1/8th pounds of steak, 12 rolls, and 3 large pies, all washed down with 11 cups of coffee” at an event organised by the Manhattan Fat Men's Club in 1909.


title: Competitive eating

text: The recent surge in the popularity of competitive eating is due in large part to the development of the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, an annual holiday tradition that has been held on July 4 every year since 1916 at Coney Island. While the origins are debated, it is believed to have begun as a result of four immigrants who tried to eat as many hot dogs as possible to show off their patriotism. In 2010, however, promoter Mortimer Matz admitted to having fabricated the legend of the 1916 start date with a man named Max Rosey in the early 1970s as part of a publicity stunt. The legend grew over the years, to the point where "The New York Times" and other publications were known to have repeatedly listed 1916 as the inaugural year, although no evidence of the contest exists. As Coney Island is often linked with recreational activities of the summer season, several early contests were held on other holidays associated with summer besides Independence Day; Memorial Day contests were scheduled for 1972, 1975, and 1978, and a second 1972 event was held on Labor Day.


title: Competitive eating

text: The organisation of Major League Eating (MLE) in 1997 was also a key development in the increasing popularity. The organisation is responsible for between 70 and 80 eating contests per year across North America, most notably Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, which has aired on ESPN since 2003.


title: Competitive eating

text: The most successful male competitor is Joey Chestnut, who has won a total fifteen times since 2007. He is the current champion as of 2022. Chestnut also holds the record for most hot dogs consumed in the contest, with 76 in 2021. The second most successful is Takeru Kobayashi, who won six consecutive titles from 2001 to 2006. Both men hold multiple world records relating to eating, with Kobayashi holding 5, and Chestnut 14. Bob Shoudt "Notorious B.O.B." won the largest prize ever in a professional eating contest in the 2017 Philadelphia Wing Bowl - $50,000 in prizes (Hyundai Santa Fe, $10,000, ring and medallion).


title: Competitive eating

text: In 2011, Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest introduced a female only tournament. The most successful competitor in this contest is Miki Sudo, with seven consecutive wins since 2014. She is the reigning female champion as of 2020 and also holds the record for most hot dogs eaten by a female contestant, with 48.5. She currently holds 3 world records.


title: Competitive eating

text: The type of food used in contests varies greatly, with each contest typically only using one type of food (e.g. a hot dog eating contest). Foods used in professional eating contests include hamburgers, hot dogs, pies, pancakes, chicken wings, asparagus, stinging nettles, pizza, ribs, whole turkeys, among many other types of food. Foods can reflect local cultures, such as vegan hot dogs in Austin, Texas.


title: Competitive eating

text: Competitive eating contests often adhere to an 8, 10, 12, or 15 minute time limit. Most contests are presided over by a master of ceremonies, whose job is to announce the competitors prior to the contest and keep the audience engaged throughout the contest with enthusiastic play-by-play commentary and amusing anecdotes. A countdown from 10 usually takes place at the end of the contest, with all eating coming to an end with the expiration of time.


title: Competitive eating

text: Many professional contests also employ a series of judges, whose role is to enforce the contest rules and warn eaters about infractions. Judges will also be called upon to count or weigh each competitor's food and certify the results of the contest prior to the winner being announced.


title: Competitive eating

text: Many eaters will attempt to put as much food in their mouths as possible during the final seconds of a contest, a practice known by professionals as "chipmunking". If chipmunking is allowed in a contest, eaters are given a reasonable amount of time (typically less than two minutes) to swallow the food or risk a deduction from their final totals.


title: Competitive eating

text: In many contests, eaters are allowed to dunk foods in water or other liquids in order to soften the food and make it easier to chew and swallow. Dunking typically takes place with foods involving a bun or other doughy parts. Professional contests often enforce a limit on the number of times competitors are allowed to dunk food.


title: Competitive eating

text: Competitors are required to maintain a relatively clean eating surface throughout the contest. Excess debris after the contest results in a deduction from the eater's final totals.


title: Competitive eating

text: If, at any point during or immediately after the contest, a competitor regurgitates any food, he or she will be disqualified. Vomiting, also known as a "reversal", or, as ESPN and the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest call it, a "reversal of fortune", includes obvious signs of vomiting as well as any small amounts of food that may fall from the mouth deemed by judges to have come from the stomach. Small amounts of food already in the mouth prior to swallowing are excluded from this rule.


title: Competitive eating

text: Many professional competitive eaters undergo rigorous personal training in order to increase their stomach capacity and eating speed with various foods. Stomach elasticity is usually considered the key to eating success, and competitors commonly train by drinking large amounts of water over a short time to stretch out the stomach. Others combine the consumption of water with large quantities of low calorie foods such as vegetables or salads. Some eaters chew large amounts of gum in order to build jaw strength. Perhaps paradoxically, maintaining a low body fat percentage is thought to be helpful in competitive eating; this is known as the belt of fat theory.