title: Press Play (film)

text: Her next click sends her to the time she showed Harrison her art. She warns him to stay away from the cliffs. This time, after returning, she learns Harrison died from electrocution after stepping on a downed power line. She presses play again and now appears at the party hosted at Lost & Found where they talked about their future, but her time is cut short. Her actions altered their timeline to where Lost & Found burned down with Harrison inside and the mixtape is no longer in her possession. She visits a depressed Cooper, gets the mixtape from this timeline, and tells Cooper about its powers. Cooper mentions the possibility that she is not supposed to save him but she tries anyway. Harrison still died, this time in a car accident with his dad. Once again, Laura presses play. She appears at her art exhibition. She tells Harrison to break up with her and go to medical school. In the present, she tries calling him but the call goes straight to voicemail. She immediately presses play again and appears in their last important moment: the day they finished the mural. She confronts him for not breaking up but Harrison says he would rather risk staying with her than leaving and dying anyway.


title: Press Play (film)

text: In the present, Laura forces herself to accept the fact she cannot be with Harrison. While at Chloe's, she discovers an additional song on the B-side of the cassette. The song sends her back in time to the moment they were going to meet for the first time. She decides to save his life by not stepping inside Lost & Found. In the present, a cheerful Chloe invites Laura to Christmas dinner. Chloe is married to her soulmate as the changes to the timeline have been reverted. Harrison arrives and introduces himself to Laura.


title: Press Play (film)

text: "Press Play" is a romantic drama directed by Greg Björkman that incorporates music into its story. It is written by Björkman and James Bachelor from a story by Josh Boone. On October 7, 2019, CJ Entertainment announced it would produce the film starring Clara Rugaard, Lewis Pullman, Danny Glover, and Lyrica Okano. In a statement, Boone said "music has always been my magic carpet ride into the past. This story sprung from that idea — music as time travel." Björkman said "music can be such an integral part of one's life. What better way to travel back in time than through the soundtrack of your youth." Filming began that same month in Hawaii. By May 2020, the film was in post-production with music supervisor Season Kent and editor Patrick J. Don Vito. It is Björkman's feature film directorial debut.


title: Press Play (film)

text: In November 2021, The Avenue acquired the distribution rights. The film was released in the United States in theaters and on digital on June 24, 2022.


title: Press Play (film)

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 65% of 17 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.90/10.


title: Mark Mancina

text: Mark Mancina is an American film composer. A veteran of Hans Zimmer's Media Ventures, Mancina has scored over sixty films and television series including "Speed", "Bad Boys", "Twister", "Tarzan", "Training Day", "Brother Bear", "Criminal Minds", "Blood+," and "Moana".


title: Mark Mancina

text: He has made several collaborations with The Walt Disney Company, and has won two Grammy Awards, and was nominated for an Annie Award for "Brother Bear". For his work on the Disney Theatrical Productions adaptation of "The Lion King", he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Original Score in a Musical.


title: Mark Mancina

text: Mancina has worked primarily as a composer for Hollywood soundtracks, such as his collaboration with Trevor Rabin on the soundtrack for "Con Air". He arranged many of the songs behind Disney's "The Lion King" (while Hans Zimmer wrote the orchestral score with Nick Glennie-Smith and Lebo M. for the African chants) including the Broadway musical. He composed the score for the thriller "Twister" (1996) and the action films "Speed" (1994) and "Bad Boys" (1995). Mancina co-wrote several songs for Hanna-Barbera's 1990 animated film "".


title: Mark Mancina

text: Mancina collaborated with John Van Tongeren to write the theme to the 1995 revival of "The Outer Limits". They both scored ten episodes for the first season of the show. He collaborated with Phil Collins on two Disney animated feature films, "Tarzan" (for which soundtrack he and Collins received a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album) and "Brother Bear". Mancina wrote and composed the arrangement of "When You Wish Upon a Star" from 2006 to 2022 for the previous Disney logo and was co-arranged with and orchestrated by David Metzger. Furthermore, he composed the music of the Disneynature logo.


title: Mark Mancina

text: Mancina composed the music for the 2005–06 anime television series "Blood+", which had music produced by Hans Zimmer. Additionally in television, he composed score for "Criminal Minds" and "Soldier Of Fortune, Inc".


title: Mark Mancina

text: Mancina has contributed to a number of progressive rock projects. He toured with Trevor Rabin in support of "Can't Look Away" and went on to produce tracks on the Yes album "Union" in 1991. He worked with Emerson, Lake & Palmer, as he coproduced their 1992 album, "Black Moon", and he also wrote one song "Burning Bridges" on this record.


title: Mark Mancina

text: With playwright Glen Berger, Mancina has written a musical based on the film "August Rush", for which he had written the score. Mancina and Berger cowrote the lyrics for the musical, with Mancina writing the music and Berger writing the book. Under the direction of John Doyle, it received its world premiere at the Paramount Theatre in Aurora, Illinois in May 2019.


title: Mark Mancina

text: Although he did not participate in the 2020 film "Bad Boys for Life", his original theme for "Bad Boys" is used heavily throughout the film as well as the end credits.


title: Mark Mancina

text: He resides in Carmel, California, with his wife and daughter. Trained as a classical guitarist, he is an avid guitar player and rare instrument collector.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals was the final tournament of the 2018–19 edition of the UEFA Nations League, the inaugural season of the international football competition involving the men's national teams of the 55 member associations of UEFA. The tournament was held in Portugal from 5 to 9 June 2019, and was contested by the four group winners of Nations League A. The tournament consisted of two semi-finals, a third place play-off, and final to determine the inaugural champions of the UEFA Nations League.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: Portugal won the final 1–0 against the Netherlands to become the inaugural champions of the UEFA Nations League.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The Nations League Finals took place in June 2019 and was contested by the four group winners of League A. The four teams were each drawn into a five-team group (rather than a six-team group) for the UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying group stage, thereby leaving the June 2019 window available for the Nations League Finals.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The competition was played in a knockout format, consisting of two semi-finals, a third place play-off, and a final. The semi-final pairings, along with the administrative home teams for the third place play-off and final, were determined by means of an open draw on 3 December 2018.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The tournament took place over five days, with the first semi-final (which featured the host team) on 5 June, the second semi-final on 6 June, and the third place play-off and final on 9 June. The winners of the final were crowned as the inaugural champions of the UEFA Nations League.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The Nations League Finals were played in single-leg knockout matches. If the scores were level at the end of normal time, 30 minutes of extra time were played, where each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution. If the score was still level, the winner was determined by a penalty shoot-out. All matches in the tournament utilised the goal-line technology system. On 3 December, UEFA confirmed that the video assistant referee (VAR) system would be used for the Nations League Finals.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: Portugal was confirmed as the host country by the UEFA Executive Committee during their meeting on 3 December 2018 in Dublin, Republic of Ireland. Only League A teams could bid for the Nations League Finals, and only one of the four participants was selected as hosts. The Nations League Finals was held in two stadiums, each with a seating capacity of at least 30,000. Ideally, the stadiums would have been located in the same host city or up to approximately apart.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: On 9 March 2018, UEFA announced that Italy, Poland, and Portugal expressed interest in bidding prior to the deadline. The deadline to submit their dossiers was 31 August 2018. As all three associations formed Group A3, the group winner was in line to be appointed as the host, provided that the associations submitted bids that met UEFA's requirements. Poland were relegated from Group A3 on 14 October 2018, leaving Italy and Portugal as potential hosts. On 17 November 2018, Portugal won Group A3 and advanced to the Finals, thereby automatically winning hosting rights, which were confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee on 3 December 2018, the same day as the Nations League Finals draw.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: In their bid dossier, the Portuguese Football Federation proposed Estádio do Dragão in Porto and Estádio D. Afonso Henriques in Guimarães as the venues.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The draw took place on 3 December 2018, 14:30 CET (13:30 local time), at the Shelbourne Hotel in Dublin, Republic of Ireland. No seeding was applied in the draw. The first two balls drawn were allocated as the administrative home teams for each semi-final pairing, with the next two balls drawn allocated as their opponents. For scheduling purposes, the semi-final pairing involving the host team was considered to be semi-final 1. The administrative home team for both the third place play-off and final were then jointly drawn between semi-final 1 and 2.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: Each national team had to submit a squad of 23 players, three of whom had to be goalkeepers, at least ten days before the opening match of the tournament. If a player became injured or ill severely enough to prevent his participation in the tournament before his team's first match, he was replaced by another player.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The Team of the Tournament was selected by UEFA's technical observers, and includes at least one player from each of the four participants.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The Player of the Tournament award was given to Bernardo Silva, who was chosen by UEFA's technical observers.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The SOCAR Young Player of the Tournament award was open to players born on or after 1 January 1996. The award was given to Frenkie de Jong, as chosen by UEFA's technical observers.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The "Alipay Top Scorer Trophy", given to the top scorer in the Nations League Finals, was awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo, who scored a hat-trick in the semi-final against Switzerland. The ranking was determined using the following criteria: 1) goals in Nations League Finals, 2) assists in Nations League Finals, 3) fewest minutes played in Nations League Finals, 4) goals in league phase 5) fewest yellow and red cards in Nations League Finals, 6) fewest yellow and red cards in league phase.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The SOCAR Goal of the Tournament was decided by online voting. A total four goals were in the shortlist, chosen by UEFA's technical observers, from two players: Cristiano Ronaldo (all three goals against Switzerland) and Matthijs de Ligt (against England). Ronaldo won the award for his second goal against Switzerland.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: A player was automatically suspended for the next match for receiving a red card, which could be extended for serious offences. Yellow card suspensions did not apply in the Nations League Finals.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: The prize money to be distributed was announced in October 2018. In addition to the €2.25 million solidarity fee for participating in the Nations League, the four participants received an additional €2.25 million for winning their groups and qualifying for the Nations League Finals.


title: 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals

text: This meant that the maximum amount of solidarity and bonus fees for the UEFA Nations League winners was €10.5 million.


title: Gigi Rice

text: Rice graduated from The Ohio State University, with a bachelor of fine arts in musical theatre. Following her graduation, Rice served as an apprentice at Burt Reynolds's Maltz Jupiter Theatre in Jupiter, Florida. While there, she appeared in "Mame", directed by Charles Nelson Reilly, and "I'm Not Rappaport", directed by Burt Reynolds.


title: Gigi Rice

text: On television, Rice portrayed Lavonne Overton on "Delta", Karen Larsen on "Do Over", Samantha Glick on "Harry and the Hendersons", Carlie Watkins on "The John Larroquette Show", and Charlotte Lerner on "Significant Others".


title: Paula Fox

text: Paula Fox (April 22, 1923 – March 1, 2017) was an American author of novels for adults and children and of two memoirs. For her contributions as a children's writer she won the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1978, the highest international recognition for a creator of children's books. She also won several awards for particular children's books including the 1974 Newbery Medal for her novel "The Slave Dancer"; a 1983 National Book Award in category Children's Fiction (paperback) for "A Place Apart"; and the 2008 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis for "A Portrait of Ivan" (1969) in its German-language edition "Ein Bild von Ivan".


title: Paula Fox

text: In 2011, she was inducted into the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. The NYSW Hall of Fame is a project of the Empire State Center for the Book. Her adult novels went out of print in 1992. In the mid nineties she enjoyed a revival as her adult fiction was championed by a new generation of American writers.


title: Paula Fox

text: Paula Fox was born in New York City on April 22, 1923. Her mother, Elsie De Sola, was Cuban and a screenwriter. Her father, Paul Hervey Fox, wrote screenplays and taught English. After he divorced Elsie, he had 3 sons and a daughter with his second wife, Mary.


title: Paula Fox

text: Elsie De Sola Fox rejected her daughter Paula at birth and she and Paul left her in a foundling home. Her maternal grandmother, Candelaria de Sola, temporarily visiting New York City, rescued her and she was moved around Florida, Cuba and the US. Unable at the time to provide a home herself, Candelaria gave the infant to Reverend Elwood Corning and his bedridden mother in Balmville, New York.


title: Paula Fox

text: Corning treated Fox kindly and taught her important lessons. When she first visited her parents at age five, her mother treated her like a prisoner of war. As she wrote in her memoir "Borrowed Finery", the reunion was so traumatic that "I sensed that if she could have hidden the act she would have killed me."


title: Paula Fox

text: In 1944, Fox was living in the household of famed acting coach Stella Adler and became friendly with Marlon Brando, another of Adler's students who was living there. She became pregnant and gave the child, Linda Carroll, up for adoption. There have been persistent rumors that Brando was in fact Carroll's father, although neither Brando nor Fox ever commented on the matter. Carroll, who became an author and psychotherapist, is the mother of musician Courtney Love. Visual artist Frances Bean Cobain is Fox's great-granddaughter.


title: Paula Fox

text: Fox attended the Columbia University School of General Studies from 1955-58 and married Richard Sigerson, by whom she had two sons. She later married literary critic and translator Martin Greenberg, and worked for years as a teacher and tutor for troubled children. Only in her 40s did she begin her first novel, "Poor George", about a cynical schoolteacher who finds purpose—and ruin—in mentoring a vagrant teenager. The novel was received well (Bernard Bergonzi in the "New York Review of Books" calling it "the best novel I've read in a long time") but sold poorly, a pattern that all her adult novels would follow. "Desperate Characters" came next with Alfred Kazin calling it a "brilliant performance" and "quite devastating" while Lionel Trilling described it as "a reserved and beautifully realized novel". By 1992 all six of her novels were out of print.


title: Paula Fox

text: In 2011 she was inducted into the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. The Writers Hall of Fame is a project of the Empire State Center for the Book. She was championed by the author Jonathan Franzen, who saw that some of her books were re-issued.


title: Paula Fox

text: A Portuguese Feature Film "Coitado do Jorge" based on "Poor George" was directed by Jorge Silva Melo in 1993. Desperate Characters was made into a movie starring Shirley MacLaine in 1971.


title: La'Myia Good

text: La'Myia Janae Good–Bellinger (born September 27, 1979) is an American singer and actress. Good is best known for her voice work in the blockbuster PlayStation 3 game "Killzone 3" as the voice of Jammer and her work with R&B group Isyss. Good has appeared in numerous television shows such as "Tall Hopes", "Sister, Sister", "The Parent 'Hood", "Smart Guy", "ER", "The Parkers" and "Judging Amy". She has also appeared in films such as "The Wood".


title: La'Myia Good

text: Good was born in Panorama City, California to Tyra Wardlow-Doyle (who worked as her sister's manager into her teens), and Leon Good, an LAPD police officer. Good is the older sister of actress Meagan Good and older cousin of actor/singer Dijon Talton. Good's sister Meagan has said of their heritage that their maternal grandmother is "Jewish and African. My mother's father was Cherokee and something else. My dad's mother's Puerto Rican and black, and his father was from Barbados."


title: La'Myia Good

text: In 2001, Good along with LeTecia Harrison, Ardena Clark, and lead singer Quierra Davis-Martin formed the R&B group known as Isyss. As a group, they achieved moderate success in 2002 with their debut album, ""The Way We Do"", which included the Hot 100 charting singles "Day & Night" featuring rapper Jadakiss and their signature song "Single For The Rest Of My Life". During their career, they performed the theme song to the short lived BET talk show "Oh Drama" and were the spokespersons for "Got 2 B So Smooth" hair care products. They were nominated for two Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards and took home one award. Due to poor album sales, they were later dropped from Arista Records, before they could release a second album. Ardena Clark was later replaced by a new member "Love" shortly before they broke up, due to creative differences. Their only album "The Way We Do" reached # 55 on the "Billboard" Charts and has sold about 300,000 copies. After leaving the group in 2006, Good and "Love" both became members of the R&B trio known as BAD GYRL, which also eventually disbanded. Following her time with both groups, Good decided to focus on acting.


title: La'Myia Good

text: Good married singer Eric Bellinger in January 2015. The couple has two sons: Elysha Bellinger (born March 2015) and Eazy Bellinger (born August 2019).


title: Max Tegmark

text: Max Erik Tegmark (born 5 May 1967) is a Swedish-American physicist, cosmologist and machine learning researcher. He is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the president of the Future of Life Institute. He is also a scientific director at the Foundational Questions Institute and a supporter of the effective altruism movement.


title: Max Tegmark

text: He was born in Sweden to Karin Tegmark and American-born professor of mathematics Harold S. Shapiro. While in high school, Tegmark and a friend created and sold a word processor written in pure machine code for the Swedish eight-bit computer ABC 80, and a 3D Tetris-like game called Frac.


title: Max Tegmark

text: Tegmark left Sweden in 1990 after receiving his M.Sc. in Engineering physics from the Royal Institute of Technology. (He had earned a B.A. in economics the previous year at the Stockholm School of Economics.) His first academic venture beyond Scandinavia brought him to California, where he studied physics at the University of California, Berkeley, earning his M.A. in 1992, and Ph.D. in 1994 under the supervision of Joseph Silk.


title: Max Tegmark

text: He worked as an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania receiving tenure in 2003. In 2004, he joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Physics.


title: Max Tegmark

text: His research has focused on cosmology, combining theoretical work with new measurements to place constraints on cosmological models and their free parameters, often in collaboration with experimentalists. He has over 200 publications, of which nine have been cited over 500 times. He has developed data analysis tools based on information theory and applied them to cosmic microwave background experiments such as COBE, QMAP, and WMAP, and to galaxy redshift surveys such as the Las Campanas Redshift Survey, the 2dF Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey.


title: Max Tegmark

text: With Daniel Eisenstein and Wayne Hu, he introduced the idea of using baryon acoustic oscillations as a standard ruler. With Angelica de Oliveira-Costa and Andrew Hamilton, he discovered the anomalous multipole alignment in the WMAP data sometimes referred to as the "axis of evil". With Anthony Aguirre, he developed the cosmological interpretation of quantum mechanics. His 2000 paper on quantum decoherence of neurons


title: Max Tegmark

text: concluded that decoherence seems too rapid for Roger Penrose's "quantum microtubule" model of consciousness to be viable.


title: Max Tegmark

text: Tegmark has also formulated the "Ultimate Ensemble theory of everything", whose only postulate is that "all structures that exist mathematically exist also physically". This simple theory, with no free parameters at all, suggests that in those structures complex enough to contain self-aware substructures (SASs), these SASs will subjectively perceive themselves as existing in a physically "real" world. This idea is formalized as the mathematical universe hypothesis, described in his book "Our Mathematical Universe".


title: Max Tegmark

text: Tegmark was elected Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2012 for, according to the citation, "his contributions to cosmology, including precision measurements from cosmic microwave background and galaxy clustering data, tests of inflation and gravitation theories, and the development of a new technology for low-frequency radio interferometry".


title: Max Tegmark

text: He was awarded the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Science's Gold Medal in 2019 for, according to the citation, "his contributions to our understanding of humanity’s place in the cosmos and the opportunities and risks associated with artificial intelligence. He has courageously tackled these existential questions in his research and, in a commendable way, succeeded in communicating the issues to a wider public."


title: Max Tegmark

text: Tegmark is interviewed in the 2018 documentary on artificial intelligence Do You Trust This Computer?


title: Max Tegmark

text: He is also known for his seminal paper on the "Mathematical Universe Hypothesis," in which he claims that our physical world is an abstract mathematical structure with an infinite number of initial random conditions. He points to fractals as proof that the equations used to describe all possible mathematical multiverses would fit on a single T-shirt.


title: Max Tegmark

text: He married astrophysicist Angelica de Oliveira-Costa in 1997, and divorced in 2009. They have two sons. On August 5, 2012, Tegmark married Meia Chita.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Charlene Choi Tsoek-jin (; born 22 November 1982) is a Hong Kong Canadian actress and singer. She is a member of Cantopop group Twins, along with Gillian Chung.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. She moved with her family to Hong Kong a few years later. She was educated at Marymount Secondary School and Rosaryhill School (high school). She is fluent in Cantonese, English and Mandarin.


title: Charlene Choi

text: After graduating from Rosaryhill School, where many other would-be pop stars had attended, she started working full-time as a model in Hong Kong. She was scouted by Emperor Entertainment Group (EEG), and was then linked with Gillian Chung to form the Cantopop group Twins.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Aside from her musical career, Choi has become a successful actress in the Hong Kong film industry, co-starred alongside actors such as Andy Lau, Eason Chan, Jay Chou, Mike He, Wu Chun and Nicholas Tse. She wrote an article describing her acting career:


title: Charlene Choi

text: Earlier, I shared with everyone some of my acting experiences. This time, I want to talk about movies. As an artist, whenever I'm working, I have to show my best side and give my best performance. I have to show the fittest side of me and hence, I'm often in "battle mode". When free, I like to watch slow-paced movies. I can't stand movies with too much excitement. I'm the type who can be easily sucked into the world of the movie. That type of fast-paced movie will end up making me tense and nervous so comedy, romance or movies centered on issues of humanity all suit me better."


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi's first acting gig was a starring role in the 2000 television drama "Youth Y2K". Then, Choi made her first film debut in 2001 in "Funeral March" (filmed prior to Twins' debut), which drew rave reviews from critics and earned her a Best New Performer nomination at the 21st Hong Kong Film Awards. Choi's next big acting break was in 2003 with her earnest and pretence-free portrayal of a young girl who battles through all odds in hopes of becoming a singer in "Diva – Ah Hey".


title: Charlene Choi

text: Since then, Choi has taken Jim Chim as a mentor, and portrayed a kind and comedic porn star in the comedy film "Simply Actors" (2007). Her breakthrough role in the Pang brothers' psychological thriller "Diary" (2006) earned her many film award nominations and she received the Best Actress award at the 11th Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival (BiFan Korean Movie Award).


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi's acting was once again duly identified by an abundance of film critics with her portrayal of Dani Dan in "Simply Actors". Only months later, she won the Best Actress and Favourite Actress awards at the 2007 Golden Bauhinia Awards for her performance in "Simply Actors". Choi also played the leading role alongside the Taiwanese singer Jay Chou in 2008 comedian-action film "Kung Fu Dunk".


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi co-starred with Wu Chun and Hu Ge in "The Butterfly Lovers", based on the Chinese legend of the same name, which was released on 9 October 2008. Throughout the filming, rumors of an off-set romance between Choi and Wu Chun developed. Though they have denied such rumors, Wu stated that the pair reached an agreement with director Jingle Ma to collaborate once again in the future.


title: Charlene Choi

text: In December 2008, she began filming her first Taiwanese television drama, "Calling For Love", produced by Angie Chai, co-starring with Mike He. The series was first aired in May 2010.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Finally in December 2009 after over a year of post-production, positive response at the Shanghai International Film Festival, "The Storm Warriors" was released with Choi taking on the main female lead role as Second Dream and starring alongside Aaron Kwok, Ekin Cheng, Simon Yam and Nicholas Tse. Though it was only released on 10 December, "The Storm Warriors" ranked fifth in the Hong Kong Chinese-language box office of the year.


title: Charlene Choi

text: In 2010, after having concentrated heavily on music in the previous year, Choi started taking on more acting projects. Her first film for that year was "Beauty on Duty", which she co-starred with Sandra Ng. Following that, Choi appeared in "Triple Tap" with Daniel Wu and Louis Koo. Choi's next film, "The Jade and the Pearl", saw her co-starring with Raymond Lam and her close friends Joey Yung and Wong Cho-lam, as well as a collaboration between Choi and Lam in singing a duet theme song. Choi concluded work on "God of Fortune's Inn" with Nicholas Tse and Nick Cheung. She again co-starred with Nicholas Tse in Mainland Chinese television series "Sword Heroes' Fate", which was aired in 2011.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Staring as Chan in Detective vs Sleuths, the latest film from director Wai Ka Fai, co-founder of Milkyway Image. As per the director's comment during interviews, Choi took the risk by performing many of the stunts herself while shooting for Detective vs Sleuths. It is also a notable effort because the some scenes on the shipyard were dangerous with rusts and sharp edges.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi's first solo song, "Diva, Ah Hey!", was released in Twins' 2003 album "Touch of Love". The song received a nomination for Best Song at the 23rd Hong Kong Film Awards and won a place in the Top 10 Songs at the Jade Solid Gold Songs Awards Ceremony. Choi's second solo song, "Watching Movie Alone", was released in Twins' 2006 Mandarin album "Around the World with 80 Dollars". Choi's third solo song, "You are Not a Good Lover", was released in Twins' 2006 Cantonese album "Ho Hoo Tan". This was Choi's first recorded personal composition and Twins' recorded version earned the place of Hit Song at the Metro Showbiz Hit Awards and one of the Top 10 Songs at the Jade Solid Gold Songs Awards Ceremony.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi's remaining two solo songs, "Little Sister" and "60 Percent", were released before the Edison Chen photo scandal in their 2008 Mandarin album "Tong Hua Yan Yu". Both solo songs were extremely personal, "Little Sister", in particular, recounts Choi's relationship with her mother throughout the years despite her parents' divorce at a young age and won Choi several music awards at the Metro Showbiz Hit Awards and TVB8 Music Awards.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi's first solo single was released in 2008 with the award-winning "Make a Wish", which sold 5000 copies within a span of 30 minutes with all proceeds going to the Make-A-Wish Foundation. Meanwhile, her two hit songs, "Little Sister" and "Make a Wish" ranked first in music charts and remained in the top 10 for four music charts over 11 weeks. With Twins placed on hiatus, Choi went on to be awarded with a variety of solo singer awards in 2008: Favorite Idol and Most Voted Singer at the Metro Showbiz Hit Awards, Most Popular Female Singer at the Vanguard Music Awards and Most Popular Hong Kong Female Artist at the Sprite Music Awards.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Towards the end of 2008, Choi further expanded her career, entering new fields of the entertainment industry. As an entertainer, not only is she an actress and singer, but she is now a theater star. In the musical, "Knight Star", she stars as the female lead Rose. Acting as her lover, she has finally reunited with Jimmy Lin after seven years. Lin first collaborated with Choi in her first series "" when she first entered the industry. Other stars in the musical include Julian Cheung, and Alice Liu. The musical served as a promotional event for the Chivas company to expand in China with their "Live with Chivalry" campaign.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi's first musical collaboration as a solo singer with another artist was the duet "Little Dimples", released in late September 2008, which she performed with JJ Lin. The song received six awards in the remaining three months of 2008.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi released her debut solo album "Two Without One" on 9 April 2009. In less than one week, the album sold 10,000 copies in Hong Kong and has been certified "Gold" in Hong Kong. In less than a month, the album sold a total of 30,000 copies in Hong Kong and was certified "Platinum". Due to high sales and demand, a second version of the album is slated to be released on 6 May as a limited edition with 5,000 copies available.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Following the success of "Two Without One", Choi released her next EP, titled "Another Me", on 15 October 2009. Consisting of five tracks and three music videos, the overall theme of the EP is an evolving process as an individual. The release of "Another Me" marked new territory for Choi with a black-and-white cover and a largescale photo exhibition open to the public. As with "Two Without One", "Another Me" was also certified "Platinum", selling nearly 60,000 copies in Hong Kong, in addition to high sales in Asia and overseas. Choi's success as a solo female singer in 2009 was best displayed at the 2009 IFPI HK Top Sales Music Awards, where she was awarded "Top 10 Best Selling Hong Kong Singers of 2009". In addition, "Two Without One" and "Another Me" were each awarded "Top 10 Best Selling Cantonese Albums of 2009."


title: Charlene Choi

text: Following her success in 2009 as a solo singer, Choi released her debut Mandarin album "As A Sa" in 2010. With more than HK$1 million spent on producing the album, "As A Sa" was released across China on 15 June. Consequently, Choi launched her country-wide promotional tour with a multitude of mini-concerts, autograph sessions, performances, recorded television programs, national radio interviews, and talk shows.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi reunited with Gillian and released a new song titled "Femininity" to celebrate Twin's 20th Anniversary. The music video was released on 18 May 2021, featuring Twin's song's including "Strawberry Apple Orange", "Summer Frenzy", "Thank You So Much" and "Love is Bigger than the Sky". Affected by the pandemic and quarantine policy, an online concert "TME live Super Live TWINS 20 Love You Anniversary Celebration" was held that month, broadcast live exclusively with Tencent's TME and JOOX.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Later in the same year, Choi and Gillian went on recording the theme song for the movie "Sunny Sisters" and released a new song "Nice to Meet You".


title: Charlene Choi

text: Charlene signed up for the comeback survival reality show Sister Who Make Waves Season 3 乘风破浪 with her long time bandmate Gillian Chung. They were competing against a strong lineup of a total of 28 female artistes with diverse talents. Fans and media were already excited for the Cantopop duo to be performing together again. On 5 Aug 2022, Charlene Choi debuted at 7th place for the third season of "Sisters Who Make Waves" which premiered on May 20, 2022, on Mango TV.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Charlene Choi and Ronald Cheng knew each other through the film "The Pursuit of August 15", scandals are spread that they are dating in the set of this film. At the beginning of 2010, a news broke out on the internet that they got married. On March 17, 2010, at the promotion of the film "The Secret Order of Beauty", she said that she had broken up with Ronald Cheng for some time, and the two were separated because of mutual understanding. On the other side, Ronald Cheng also admitted that he had been separated from Charlene Choi during the promotion of the movie "The Treasure Box of Yue Guang". On March 27, 2010, the "Apple Daily" in Hong Kong published the marriage certificate that the two married in the Vannes District of Los Angeles, USA as early as January 31, 2006. In the evening of the same day, the two attended a press conference and admitted that they were married as early as 2006 and had completed the divorce procedures for several months.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Afterwards, Charlene Choi and William Chan publicly kissed each other after their collaboration in the film "The Secret Order of Beauty", and they publicly admitted their relationship on October 10, 2010; on September 20, 2015, they both issued a statement on Weibo announcing their breakup


title: Charlene Choi

text: In the fall of 2017, Charlene Choi was rumoured to be dating Shi Hengcong, and later confirmed her new relationship in person during the event. In 2019, Charlene Choi completed her second egg freezing procedure.


title: Charlene Choi

text: As a donor to the Make-A-Wish Foundation since 2001 and a Make a Wish ambassador in 2008, Choi released the hit single and award-winning 'Make a Wish', which sold 5000 copies within a span of 30 minutes with all proceeds going to the foundation. Choi also sold clothing from her own "SAL" clothing line to fans to raise more money for the foundation.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi also wrote an autobiographical book about her teenage years as a child of divorced parents. Although she remains close to both her parents, Choi lived with her father after her parents' divorce. However, following her decision to become a singer-actress, the time she spent at home and with her parents rapidly diminished. As a result, the means of communicating with her father became all the more special. In her book "Single Family's Love", many little notes exchanged between her and her father over the years can be seen. Through the autobiography, readers are encouraged to find happiness in single parent families. The money raised from the 5000 Limited 1st Edition copies sold were all donated to the Make a Wish Foundation. Choi thanked her friends and fans for the good sales of her autobiography. Her friends such as Jay Chou (who wrote her book's introduction), bandmate Gillian Chung (who also put her thoughts into Choi's introduction), Niki Chow, Mani, and Wu Chun were big supporters as well, buying copies for their friends and families. As of now, a new edition of her book is being printed and will be distributed overseas.


title: Charlene Choi

text: Choi became an ambassador for the 30 Hours Famine charity in the beginning of February 2009. She went to Nepal for a week to help the locals by bringing supplies to schools. In return, she was taught the local gardening technique. In April 2009, Choi performed at the 30-Hour Famine Concert, opening the concert and performing an assortment of new Chinese and English songs, as well as old Twins songs for nearly an hour.


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: 100% Love is a 2011 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by Sukumar and produced by Bunny Vasu under the banner Geetha Arts. The film stars Naga Chaitanya and Tamannaah with music composed by Devi Sri Prasad. It revolves around Balu and Mahalakshmi, cousins who share a love–hate relationship.


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: "100% Love" which released on 6 May 2011 received positive response from both critics and audience. The film was a commercial success and became one of the Highest grossing Telugu films of that year. The film won two Nandi Awards.


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: The film was dubbed and released in Malayalam with the same title, on 22 July 2011. It was remade in Bengali as "Prem Ki Bujhini" (2016), and in Tamil as "100% Kadhal" (2019).


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: The story starts at a bar where Balu is in a wedding outfit and just enters as he orders his drink, two people tell him to go and get married, while they are talking about debts Balu does fast calculations and impresses them. They ask him to tell his story and he does.


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: Balu is always top-ranked in his college. Mahalakshmi, his cousin comes to Balu's house to continue her studies. She is in awe of her Mr. Perfect 'Bava' as she expresses this after seeing him. Upon seeing Mahalakshmi Balu asks for her name to which she responds as "Veera Venkata Satya Sai Naga Durga Sesha Avathara Seetha Mahalakshmi," Balu says her name is too long and he can't waste that much memory just to remember her name so she says that he will just call her Mahalakshmi. Mahalakshmi takes her first exam and walks out crying as she doesn't understand English, Balu helps her, and she gets the first rank and Balu gets second. Balu is hurt by this as he usually gets first rank, and he plans to sabotage her studies, Mahalakshmi does the same. But to their surprise Ajith (Anand Krishna Nandu) stands first this time. Meanwhile, Mahalakshmi's father brings her a marriage proposal, but she doesn't want to marry him. Balu and Mahalakshmi compromise by agreeing to help each other. Balu helps her in getting the proposal canceled and Mahalakshmi distracts Ajith from studies for the sake of Balu, but Balu gets attracted to her. The couple start studying together and Mahalakshmi distracts Ajith. Balu gets first rank and is awarded a building from his principal, at the housewarming party, Mahalakshmi says Ajith is great as he studied well even though Mahalakshmi distracted him. Balu is hurt by this statement because he doesn't want Mahalakshmi to think anyone is better than him, his ego is also hurt and the couple chooses to separate.


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: After three years, they meet again in the hospital because their grandmother suddenly falls ill. While trying to find out how Balu is doing, Mahalakshmi realizes he hasn't changed at all. Both argue a lot until their parents try to get them married. Surprisingly, Balu mentions that he has a girlfriend named Swapna that he hopes to marry. While introducing her to his family, Mahalakshmi notices that Swapna is much more than she is. To get back at Balu, she agrees to marry Ajith, Balu's former rival in college. Ajith turns out to be the head of a company that makes more than Balu's company. Balu, angry that Ajith is greater than he is, puts his company in risk in hopes that he can surpass Ajith's company. Unfortunately, his partner cheats him, and Balu is on the verge of losing his company. Mahalakshmi, now his project manager, toils to rescue him. They make an excellent team and Balu's company is saved.


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: In an after party, Balu credits Mahalakshmi for his success. She again unknowingly hurts Balu's ego. This time, Balu confesses that he felt the need to be great in Mahalakshmi's eyes because he loved her. When she tells him she shares her feelings, Balu refuses to believe her. After the interference of their grandfather, they are united in the end.


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: Before the completion of "Arya 2", Sukumar had discussed making the film with Geetha Arts with Varun Sandesh and Tamannaah, but the film failed to materialize. February 2010, the project was announced with a statement reporting the collaboration of Geetha Arts, Sukumar and Naga Chaitanya for the film mentioned. The subsequent month saw Tamannaah announce that she had signed on to portray the lead female role in the project. The film was launched at Annapoorna Studios, Hyderabad on 8 June 2010 with several leading Telugu film personalities being involved with the event. Noted producer D. Ramanaidu rendered the launch, another producer Nagababu switched on the camera and Naga Chaitanya's father actor Nagarjuna clapped the first shot. The formal first shot direction was done by S. S. Rajamouli and Akkineni Nageswara Rao handed over the script to the director.


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: The film continued its shoot untitled officially until 20 March 2011 when the title "100% Love" was formally announced. During the production of the film, several titles were reported in the media for the project including "Balu Weds Mahalakshmi", "I Love You", "I Love You Mahalakshmi", "I Hate Mahalakshmi" and "I am Number One". Despite having an original planned release of December 2010, strikes if the industry pushed the release date to April 2011.


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: The music and background score was composed by Sukumar's regular associate Devi Sri Prasad. The album consisted of 8 songs which included 2 bit songs in the first release and 2 another bit songs in the next release. Chandrabose, Ramajogayya Sastry and Sri Mani penned the Lyrics. The album was released on 2 April 2011 at Rock Gardens in Hyderabad in a star-studded promotional event on Aditya Music label, with the audio being launched by Nagarjuna, Allu Arjun and Ram Pothineni. Upon release, 100% Love received positive response from critics as well as audience thus making it one of the best selling soundtracks of the year 2011.


title: 100% Love (2011 film)

text: The film is said to be the only film of Naga Chaitanya after "Ye Maaya Chesave" and for Sukumar after "Arya", completing 50 days in 65 centres in Andhra. The film completed its 100th day theatrical run on 13 August 2011.


title: Viserys Targaryen

text: Viserys Targaryen is the name of three kings from the fictional House Targaryen in "A Song of Ice and Fire" and works based on it:


title: Sun Records

text: Sun Records is an American independent record label founded by producer Sam Phillips in Memphis, Tennessee in February 1952. Sun was the first label to record Elvis Presley, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash. Prior to that, Sun had concentrated mainly on African-American musicians because Phillips loved rhythm and blues and wanted to bring it to a white audience.


title: Sun Records

text: Sam Phillips opened his Memphis Recording Service studio on January 3, 1950 at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis. It was founded with the financial aid of Jim Bulliet, one of many record executives for whom Phillips had scouted artists before 1952.


title: Sun Records

text: In March 1951, Phillips produced "Rocket 88" by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats, who were actually Ike Turner and his Kings of Rhythm. Because of Turner's Delta blues connections, he was contracted by Phillips as a talent scout and he was effectively an in-house producer. Turner brought fellow musicians Howlin' Wolf, Bobby "Blue" Bland, Little Milton, Billy "The Kid" Emerson and Roscoe Gordon to record for Phillips.


title: Sun Records

text: The success of "Rocket 88" helped fund the creation of Sun Records which Phillips founded in February 1952. Before creating Sun, Phillips licensed recording to Chess Records for release. But by 1952, his relationship with the Chess brothers was strained and he had disputes with the Bihari brothers at Modern Records. Initially, Phillips didn't want to create a record label. He said, "I was forced into it by those labels either coming to Memphis to record or taking my artists elsewhere."


title: Sun Records

text: The original Sun Records logo was designed by John Gale Parker Jr., a resident of Memphis and high school classmate of Phillips. Sun Records shared the same building as Sun Studio (formerly Memphis Recording Service). There, Phillips discovered and first recorded such influential musicians such as Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison and Jerry Lee Lewis. Presley's recording contract was eventually sold to RCA Victor for $40,000 (US$ in dollars) in 1955 to relieve Sun's financial difficulties. Sun record producer and engineer Jack Clement discovered and recorded Jerry Lee Lewis while Phillips was away on a trip to Florida in 1956.


title: Sun Records

text: Some of the other artists who recorded for Sun were Rufus Thomas (who recorded solo and with his daughter Carla Thomas), Tex Weiss, Charlie Rich, Bill Justis, Conway Twitty (who at that time recorded under his real name, Harold Jenkins), Barbara Pittman and the Miller Sisters.


title: Sun Records

text: In the Lovin' Spoonful song "Nashville Cats", John Sebastian used poetic license when he referred to Sun as the "Yellow Sun Records from Nashville".


title: Sun Records

text: In 1969, Mercury Records label producer Shelby Singleton purchased the Sun label from Phillips. Singleton merged his operations into Sun International Corporation, which re-released and re-packaged compilations of Sun's early artists in the early 1970s. It later introduced rockabilly tribute singer Jimmy "Orion" Ellis in 1979, with Orion taking on the persona of Elvis Presley.


title: Sun Records

text: The company remains in business as Sun Entertainment Corporation, and currently licenses its brand and classic hit recordings (many of which have appeared in CD boxed sets and other compilations) to independent reissue labels. Sun Entertainment also includes SSS International Records, Plantation Records, Amazon Records, Red Bird Records, Blue Cat Records among other labels the company acquired over the years. Its website sells collectible items and compact discs bearing the original 1950s Sun logo.


title: Sun Records

text: Sun Records is located in Nashville, Tennessee. It has been mainly a reissue label since the 1970s but signed country musician Julie Roberts to a recording contract in 2013.


title: Sun Records

text: The music of many Sun Records musicians helped lay part of the foundation of late 20th-century rock and roll and influenced many younger musicians, including the Beatles. In 2001, Paul McCartney appeared on a tribute compilation album titled "Good Rockin' Tonight: The Legacy of Sun Records". The 2008 tribute "Million Dollar Quartet" is based on the famous photograph of Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis grouped round Elvis Presley at the piano, the night when the four joined in an impromptu jam at Sun Records' one-room sound studio, the "Million Dollar Quartet" of 4 December 1956.


title: Sun Records

text: In August 2022, Sun Records issued a 70th Anniversary Compilation album. The album features contributions from ten of the industry's top music supervisors and includes tracks from artists from the Sun catalogue including James Cotton, Linda Martell, Roy Orbison, Johnny Cash, The Dixie Cups, The Imperial Wonders, Rufus Thomas Jr., and Barbara Pittman.


title: Throttle

text: An engine's power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet gases (by the use of a throttle), but usually decreased. The term "throttle" has come to refer, informally, to any mechanism by which the power or speed of an engine is regulated, such as a car's accelerator pedal. What is often termed a "throttle" (in an aviation context) is also called a thrust lever, particularly for jet engine powered aircraft. For a steam locomotive, the valve which controls the steam is known as the regulator.


title: Throttle

text: In an internal combustion engine, the throttle is a means of controlling an engine's power by regulating the amount of fuel or air entering the engine. In a motor vehicle the control used by the driver to regulate power is sometimes called the throttle, accelerator, or gas pedal. For a gasoline engine, the throttle most commonly regulates the amount of air and fuel allowed to enter the engine. In a gasoline direct injection engine, the throttle regulates the amount of air allowed to enter the engine. The throttle of a diesel, when present, regulates the air flow into the engine.


title: Throttle

text: Historically, the throttle pedal or lever acts via a direct mechanical linkage. The butterfly valve of the throttle is operated by means of an arm piece, loaded by a spring. This arm is usually directly linked to the accelerator cable, and operates in accordance with the driver, who hits it. The further the pedal is pushed, the wider the throttle valve opens.


title: Throttle

text: Modern engines of both types (gas and diesel) are commonly drive-by-wire systems where sensors monitor the driver controls and in response a computerized system controls the flow of fuel and air. This means that the operator does not have direct control over the flow of fuel and air; the Engine Control Unit (ECU) can achieve better control in order to reduce emissions, maximize performance and adjust the engine idle to make a cold engine warm up faster or to account for eventual additional engine loads such as running air conditioning compressors in order to avoid engine stalls.


title: Throttle

text: The throttle on a gasoline engine is typically a butterfly valve. In a fuel-injected engine, the throttle valve is placed on the entrance of the intake manifold, or housed in the throttle body. In a carbureted engine, it is found in the carburetor. When a throttle is wide open, the intake manifold is usually at ambient atmospheric pressure. When the throttle is partially closed, a manifold vacuum develops as the intake drops below ambient pressure.


title: Throttle

text: The power output of a diesel engine is controlled by regulating the quantity of fuel that is injected into the cylinder. Because diesel engines do not need to control air volumes, they usually lack a butterfly valve in the intake tract. An exception to this generalization is newer diesel engines meeting stricter emissions standards, where such a valve is used to generate intake manifold vacuum, thereby allowing the introduction of exhaust gas (see EGR) to lower combustion temperatures and thereby minimize NOx production.


title: Throttle

text: In a reciprocating engine aircraft, the throttle control is usually a hand-operated lever or knob. It controls the engine power output, which may or may not reflect in a change of RPM, depending on the propeller installation (fixed-pitch or constant speed).


title: Throttle

text: Some modern internal combustion engines do not use a traditional throttle, instead relying on their variable intake valve timing system to regulate the airflow into the cylinders, although the end result is the same, albeit with less pumping losses.


title: Throttle

text: In fuel injected engines, the throttle body is the part of the air intake system that controls the amount of air flowing into the engine, in response to driver accelerator pedal input in the main.


title: Throttle

text: The throttle body is usually located between the air filter box and the intake manifold, and it is usually attached to, or near, the mass airflow sensor. Often, an engine coolant line also runs through it in order for the engine to draw intake air at a certain temperature (the engine's current coolant temperature, which the ECU senses through the relevant sensor) and therefore with a known density.


title: Throttle

text: The largest piece inside the throttle body is the throttle plate, which is a butterfly valve that regulates the airflow.


title: Throttle

text: On many cars, the accelerator pedal motion is communicated via the throttle cable, which is mechanically connected to the throttle linkages, which, in turn, rotate the throttle plate. In cars with electronic throttle control (also known as "drive-by-wire"), an electric actuator controls the throttle linkages and the accelerator pedal connects not to the throttle body, but to a sensor, which outputs a signal proportional to the current pedal position and sends it to the ECU. The ECU then determines the throttle opening based on the accelerator pedal's position and inputs from other engine sensors such as the engine coolant temperature sensor.


title: Throttle

text: When the driver presses on the accelerator pedal, the throttle plate rotates within the throttle body, opening the throttle passage to allow more air into the intake manifold, immediately drawn inside by its vacuum. Usually a mass airflow sensor measures this change and communicates it to the ECU. The ECU then increases the amount of fuel injected by the injectors in order to obtain the required air-fuel ratio. Often a throttle position sensor (TPS) is connected to the shaft of the throttle plate to provide the ECU with information on whether the throttle is in the idle position, wide-open throttle (WOT) position, or somewhere in between these extremes.


title: Throttle

text: Throttle bodies may also contain valves and adjustments to control the minimum airflow during idle. Even in those units that are not "drive-by-wire", there will often be a small solenoid driven valve, the Idle Air Control Valve (IACV), that the ECU uses to control the amount of air that can bypass the main throttle opening to allow the engine to idle when the throttle is closed.


title: Throttle

text: The most basic carbureted engines, such as single cylinder Briggs & Stratton lawn-mower engines, feature a single small throttle plate over a basic carburetor with a single venturi. The throttle is either open or closed (although there is always a small hole or other bypass to allow a small amount of air to flow through so the engine can idle when the throttle is closed), or some intermediate position. Since air velocity is crucial to the functioning of a carburetor, to keep average air velocity up, larger engines require more complex carburetors with multiple small venturis, typically two or four (these venturis are commonly called "barrels"). A typical "2-barrel" carburetor uses a single oval or rectangular throttle plate, and works similarly to a single venturi carburetor, but with two small openings instead of one. A 4-venturi carburetor has two pairs of venturis, each pair regulated by a single oval or rectangular throttle plate. Under normal operation, only one throttle plate (the "primary") opens when the accelerator pedal is pressed, allowing more air into the engine, but keeping overall airflow velocity through the carburetor high (thus improving efficiency). The "secondary" throttle is operated either mechanically when the primary plate is opened past a certain amount, or via engine vacuum, influenced by the position of the accelerator pedal and engine load, allowing for greater air flow into the engine at high RPM and load and better efficiency at low RPM. Multiple 2-venturi or 4-venturi carburetors can be used simultaneously in situations where maximum engine power is of priority.


title: Throttle

text: A throttle "body" is somewhat analogous to the carburetor in a non-injected engine, although it is important to remember that a "throttle body" is not the same thing as a "throttle", and that carbureted engines have throttles as well. A throttle body simply supplies a convenient place to mount a throttle in the absence of a carburetor venturi. Carburetors are an older technology, which mechanically modulate the amount of air flow (with an internal throttle plate) and combine air and fuel together (venturi). Cars with fuel injection don't need a mechanical device to meter the fuel flow, since that duty is taken over by injectors in the intake pathways (for multipoint fuel injection systems) or cylinders (for direct injection systems) coupled with electronic sensors and computers which precisely calculate how long should a certain injector stay open and therefore how much fuel should be injected by each injection pulse. However, they "do" still need a throttle to control the airflow into the engine, together with a sensor that detects its current opening angle, so that the correct air/fuel ratio can be met at any RPM and engine load combination. The simplest way to do this is to simply remove the carburetor unit, and bolt a simple unit containing a throttle body and fuel injectors on instead. This is known as "throttle body injection" (called TBI by General Motors and CFI by Ford), and it allows an older engine design to be converted from carburetor to fuel injection without significantly altering the intake manifold design. More complex later designs use intake manifolds, and even cylinder heads, specially designed for the inclusion of injectors.


title: Throttle

text: Most fuel injected cars have a single throttle, contained in a "throttle body". Vehicles can sometimes employ more than one throttle body, connected by linkages to operate simultaneously, which improves throttle response and allows a straighter path for the airflow to the cylinder head, as well as for equal-distance intake runners of short length, difficult to achieve when all the runners have to travel to certain location to connect to a single throttle body, at the cost of greater complexity and packaging issues. At the extreme, higher-performance cars like the E92 BMW M3 and Ferraris, and high-performance motorcycles like the Yamaha R6, can use a separate throttle body for each cylinder, often called ""individual throttle bodies"" or ITBs. Although rare in production vehicles, these are common equipment on many racing cars and modified street vehicles. This practice hearkens back to the days when many high performance cars were given one, small, single-venturi carburetor for each cylinder or pair of cylinders (i.e. Weber, SU carburetors), each one with their own small throttle plate inside. In a carburetor, the smaller throttle opening also allowed for more precise and fast carburetor response, as well as better atomization of the fuel when running at low engine speeds.


title: Throttle

text: Steam locomotives normally have the throttle (North American English) or regulator (British English) in a characteristic steam dome at the top of the boiler (although not all boilers feature these). The additional height afforded by the dome helps to avoid any liquid (e.g. from bubbles on the surface of the boiler water) being drawn into the throttle valve, which could damage it, or lead to priming. The throttle is basically a poppet valve, or series of poppet valves which open in sequence to regulate the amount of steam admitted to the steam chests over the pistons. It is used in conjunction with the reversing lever to start, stop and to control the locomotive's power although, during steady-state running of most locomotives, it is preferable to leave the throttle wide open and to control the power by varying the steam cut-off point (which is done with the reversing lever), as this is more efficient. A steam locomotive throttle valve poses a difficult design challenge as it must be opened and closed using hand effort against the considerable pressure (typically ) of boiler steam. One of the primary reasons for later multiple-sequential valves: it is far easier to open a small poppet valve against the pressure differential, and open the others once pressure begins to equalize than to open a single large valve, especially as steam pressures eventually exceeded or even . Examples include the balanced "double beat" type used on Gresley A3 Pacifics.


title: Throttle

text: Throttling of a rocket engine means varying the thrust level in-flight. This is not always a requirement; in fact, the thrust of a solid-fuel rocket is not controllable after ignition. However, liquid-propellant rockets can be throttled by means of valves which regulate the flow of fuel and oxidizer to the combustion chamber. Hybrid rocket engines, such as the one used in "Space Ship One", use solid fuel with a liquid oxidizer, and therefore can be throttled. Throttling tends to be required more for powered landings, and launch into space using a single main stage (such as the Space Shuttle), than for launch with multistage rockets. They are also useful in situations where the airspeed of the vehicle must be limited due to aerodynamic stress in the denser atmosphere at lower levels (e.g. the Space Shuttle). Rockets characteristically become lighter the longer they burn, with the changing ratio of thrust:weight resulting in increasing acceleration, so engines are often throttled (or switched off) to limit acceleration forces towards the end of a stage's burn time if it is carrying sensitive cargo (e.g. humans).


title: Throttle

text: In a jet engine, thrust is controlled by changing the amount of fuel flowing into the combustion chamber, similar to a diesel engine.


title: MTU Friedrichshafen

text: MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH is a German manufacturer of commercial internal combustion engines founded by Wilhelm Maybach and his son Karl Maybach in 1909. Wilhelm Maybach was the technical director of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG), a predecessor company of the German multinational automotive corporation Daimler AG, until he left in 1907. On 23 March 1909, he founded the new company, Luftfahrzeug-Motorenbau GmbH (Aircraft Engine Manufacturing Corp), with his son Karl Maybach as director. A few years later the company was renamed to Maybach-Motorenbau GmbH (Maybach Engine Manufacturing Corp), which originally developed and manufactured diesel and petrol engines for Zeppelins, and then railcars. The Maybach Mb.IVa was used in aircraft and airships of World War I.


title: MTU Friedrichshafen

text: The company first built an experimental car in 1919, with the first production model introduced two years later at the Berlin Motor Show. Between 1921 and 1940, the company produced various classic opulent vehicles. The company also continued to build heavy duty diesel engines for marine and rail purposes. During World War II, Maybach produced the engines for Germany's medium and heavy tanks. The company was renamed MTU Friedrichshafen in the 1960s and continued to supply the engines for the Leopard 2 main battle tank.


title: MTU Friedrichshafen

text: MTU Friedrichshafen remained a subsidiary of DaimlerChrysler until 2006 when it was sold off to the EQT IV private equity fund, becoming a part of the Tognum Corporation.


title: MTU Friedrichshafen

text: Rolls-Royce Holdings and Daimler AG acquired Tognum in 2011. In 2014, Tognum was renamed Rolls-Royce Power Systems, having become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Rolls-Royce Holdings.


title: MTU Friedrichshafen

text: The company manufactures diesel engines for trains, ships, oil and gas installations, military vehicles, agriculture, mining and construction equipment, as well as diesel generators and molten carbonate fuel cells.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: Kim Won-sik (; born February 15, 1993), better known by his stage name Ravi (), is a South Korean rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and founder of the record label Groovl1n and The L1VE. He is a member of the South Korean boy group VIXX and its sub-unit VIXX LR. He debuted as a solo artist on January 9, 2017, with the release of his debut mini album "R.eal1ze".


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: Ravi was one of ten trainees who were contestants on Mnet's survival reality show "MyDOL". During his time on the show, Ravi featured in the music videos for Brian Joo's "Let This Die" and Seo In-guk's "Shake It Up". He eventually became one of six contestants chosen as the final line-up for a new boy group VIXX. VIXX debuted on May 24, 2012, on "M! Countdown" with the single "Super Hero", which Ravi co-wrote. On June 14 and 15, during "Super Hero" promotions, Ravi participated in Baek Ji-young's performances of her song "Good Boy".


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: In 2013, he appeared in episode four of SBS's television drama "The Heirs" alongside his group members.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: In 2014, Ravi collaborated with American artist Chad Future with "Rock the World" from Future's first mini album. Ravi also appeared in the music video for the single.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: In 2015, after much deliberation, Ravi became a contestant of Mnet's television rap competition series "Show Me the Money 4" but was eliminated in the second round. Ravi was featured as a rapper in Rain's Chinese song "Diamond Love" from the soundtrack of the Chinese drama "Diamond Lover" (克拉戀人).


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On August 7, 2015, Jellyfish Entertainment released a video trailer on VIXX's official website after a mysterious countdown with a silhouette of VIXX's last special album "Boys' Record". As time went by, members of VIXX disappeared until finally only Leo and Ravi were left behind, which caused fans to speculate that it meant another comeback for all six members. A video trailer of VIXX LR was then revealed.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: VIXX LR was confirmed by Jellyfish Entertainment to be VIXX's first official sub-unit composed of main rapper Ravi and main vocalist Leo. Their debut mini album, "Beautiful Liar", was released on August 17, 2015. On the same day VIXX LR held their first showcase for "Beautiful Liar" at Yes24 Muv Hall in Seoul′s Mapo-gu.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: In December 2015, Ravi was featured in the ballad girl group Melody Day's single "When It Rains" (), as part of their Winter Ballad Project.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On December 31, 2015, Ravi dropped a teaser on his Twitter and Instagram accounts for his first mixtape "R.ebirth" with tracks composed, written and produced by himself.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On January 4, 2016, Ravi revealed the first pre-release to his mixtape "R.ebirth", with the track "Where Should I Go" featuring Microdot. The second pre-release "OX" featuring Basick, the winner of "Show Me the Money 4", was released on January 20, 2016. The third pre-release "Good Girls" () featuring Hanhae and Soulman was released on February 4, 2016. The fourth and final pre-release "Move" was released on February 22, 2016. All the mixtape pre-releases have been released on VIXX's official YouTube channel and on Ravi's official SoundCloud. On March 4, 2016 the track list was revealed on Ravi's Instagram. The full version of "R.ebirth" was released on March 12, 2016 available for free as streaming media also on SoundCloud and YouTube. To celebrate the release of "R.ebirth", Ravi held a showcase, titled "Ravi's 1st Live Party [R.EBIRTH]", on March 19 and March 20, 2016 at the Hyundai Card Understage in Seoul. Rappers Basick, Esbee, and DJ/producer SAM&SP3CK attended the show as featured performers and VIXX members Leo, N, Ken, Hongbin and Hyuk also attended as guests.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On July 14, 2016, Ravi participated in Jellyfish Entertainment's new music channel project "Jelly Box" and released the single "DamnRa" featuring SAM&SP3CK, a DJ/producer duo. "DamnRa" was released along with a performance music video. On September 26, Ravi released a mixtape track titled "Who are U" and featuring Superbee.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: As of October 2016 with the release of "Kratos", Ravi has contributed to the writing and composing of over 46 songs recorded by VIXX.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On December 26, 2016, it was announced that Ravi would debut as a solo artist with a mini album titled "R.eal1ze" on January 9, 2017 and will hold a solo concert from January 6 to January 8 at the Yes24 Muv Hall in Seoul's Mapo District.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On January 4, 2017, Ravi pre-released a single, "Home Alone" () featuring Jung Yong-hwa from his upcoming first mini album "R.eal1ze".


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On January 9, 2017, Ravi released his debut mini album "R.eal1ze", which contains three tracks from his previous mixtape plus four new tracks including the title track “Bomb” featuring San E. He was the producer, and personally in charge of the composition, arrangement and writing the lyrics of every song.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On February 7, 2019, Ravi and Chungha confirmed that they will release their collaboration on February 18. On the promised day the new single "Live" was released on various music streaming websites.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: Ravi had his third solo concert "REAL-LIVE R.OOK BOOK" which took place at the Yes24 Live Hall in Seoul on March 22–24.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On November 8, 2019, Ravi released the first part of his third mini album "Limitless". The second part of the album was released on November 23.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On February 24, 2020, Ravi released his first studio album "El Dorado", with "Rockstar" as the title track.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On July 28, 2020, Ravi released his summer mini album "Paradise", along with the title track of the same name featuring Ha Sung-woon.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On June 3, 2021, Ravi released his fourth mini album "Roses", along with the title tracks "Flower Garden" and "Cardigan".


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On February 8, 2022, Ravi released his second studio album "Love&Fight", with "Winner" as the title track featuring Ash Island.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On February 21, 2022, Ravi's agency confirmed that his concerts in February were temporarily postponed due to the spread of the coronavirus.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: After appearing as a regular cast member for 2 years and 4 months, Ravi departed from KBS variety show "2 Days & 1 Night", in order to prepare for his upcoming military enlistment. His last episode aired on May 1, 2022 and he released a single titled "Who We Are" () on the same day as a farewell song.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On August 11, 2022, it was announced that Ravi would release a teaser image of Ravi's new single album 'BYE'.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On September 5, 2022, it was announced that Ravi will release the EP album "Love & Holiday", which will be released on September 12.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On October 6, 2022, they released their new single "Fashionable Dance", which will be released on October 13.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On June 27, 2019, Ravi revealed via his Twitter and Instagram account the name of his own hip-hop label name Groovl1n () a combination of "Groove" and "Goblin" which means "The cool folk of the orient".


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: The label includes Cold Bay, Chillin Homie and Xydo (Park Chi Woong) whom he worked with in the past.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On July 20, 2021, Ravi established his new label, The L1ve. The label aims to support music artists across different genres.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On July 22, 2021, Ailee announced that she would be joining the new label, as their first official artist. On August 31, 2021, it was revealed that Wheein signed an exclusive contract with the agency.


title: Ravi (rapper)

text: On October 7, 2022, Ravi's agency announced that he will enlist for his mandatory military service on October 27. After completing basic training he will complete his service as a social worker.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness (née Morgan, 23 August 1904 – 29 January 1970), was a mistress of King Edward VIII while he was Prince of Wales. She was supplanted in his affections by Wallis Simpson, for whose sake Edward abdicated and became the Duke of Windsor. She was the maternal aunt of the writer, fashion designer, and socialite Gloria Vanderbilt.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: During most of Furness's relationship with the Prince of Wales, she was married to British nobleman Marmaduke Furness, 1st Viscount Furness. They married in 1926 and divorced in 1933, the year before Thelma's relationship with the Prince of Wales ended.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Born in Lucerne, Switzerland, Thelma Morgan was a daughter of Harry Hays Morgan Sr., an American diplomat who was U.S. consul in Buenos Aires and in Brussels, and his half-Chilean, half-Irish-American wife, Laura Delphine Kilpatrick. Married in 1893, they were divorced in 1927.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Morgan's maternal grandfather was a Union general, Hugh Judson Kilpatrick (1836–1881), who was also U.S. minister to Chile, and through her maternal grandmother Luisa Fernandez de Valdivieso, who was a niece of Crescente Errázuriz Valdivieso, Archbishop of Santiago, she reportedly was a descendant of Spain's Royal House of Navarre.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Thelma Morgan had two sisters: Gloria (her identical twin, the mother of Gloria Vanderbilt, the fashion designer and artist and mother of news anchor Anderson Cooper) and Laura Consuelo Morgan (aka Tamar), who was married to three men in succession: Count Jean de Maupas du Juglart (a French nobleman); Benjamin Thaw Jr. of Pittsburgh; and Alfons B. Landa, president of Colonial Airlines and vice-chairman of the finance committee of the Democratic National Committee in 1948. Thelma Morgan also had a brother, Harry Hays Morgan Jr., who became a diplomat and then a minor Hollywood actor in such films as "Abie's Irish Rose" (1946) and "Joan of Arc" (1948). Her half-siblings, from her father's first marriage to Mary E. Edgerton, were Constance Morgan (1887–1892) and Gladys "Margaret" Morgan (1889–1958).


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: For a very brief time, Furness was a motion picture producer and actress, after founding Thelma Morgan Pictures in 1923. As she told "Time" magazine, "I am incorporating the Thelma Morgan Pictures, Inc., with $100,000 capital and will produce big, sane, and sound 'specials.' I will be my own star. Hitherto, my chief experience has been in Junior League shows." Her first starring role, in 1923, was the lead in a film "Aphrodite", produced by her own company and filmed at Vitagraph Studios.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Furness described her leading role in "Aphrodite" to "The New York Times" as that of "an American girl, brought up under the sinister influence of an old Egyptian woman." She also had small parts in the films "Enemies of Women" (1923), a William Randolph Hearst production whose cast included Lionel Barrymore and Clara Bow, "So This Is Marriage?" (1924), and "Any Woman" (1925).


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Morgan's first husband was James Vail Converse, a grandson of Theodore N. Vail, former president of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). They were married in Washington, D.C., on 16 February 1922 when she was 17 years old; Converse was about a decade older and had been married before. They divorced in Los Angeles, California, on 10 April 1925. By this marriage she had one stepson, James Vail Converse Jr. (born 18 January 1918), her husband's son from his first marriage to Nadine Melbourne.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: After the divorce, Morgan was rumored to be engaged to the American actor Richard Bennett, the matinée-idol father of Hollywood film stars Constance Bennett, Joan Bennett, and Barbara Bennett.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Morgan's second husband was Marmaduke Furness, 1st Viscount Furness (1883–1940), the chairman of Furness Shipping Company. She was his second wife. They were married on 27 June 1926, and divorced in 1933 They had one son, William Anthony Furness, 2nd Viscount Furness, and as the former wife of a British nobleman she was known as Thelma, Viscountess Furness. By this marriage she also had a stepson, Christopher Furness, and a stepdaughter, Averill Furness.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Furness first met the Prince of Wales at a ball at Londonderry House in 1926 but they did not meet again until the Leicestershire Agricultural Show at Leicester on 14 June 1929. Edward asked her to dine and they met regularly until she joined him on safari in East Africa early in 1930, when a closer relationship developed. On Edward's return to Britain in April 1930 she was his regular weekend companion at the newly acquired Fort Belvedere until January 1934. She also entertained him at her London home, in Elsworthy Road, Primrose Hill, and the Furness country house, Burrough Court, in Leicestershire.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: On 10 January 1931 at her country house Burrough Court, near Melton Mowbray, Furness introduced the prince to her close friend Wallis Simpson and, while visiting her sister Gloria in America between January and March 1934, she was supplanted in the Prince's affection by Simpson. Reacting to Edward's coldness later that year she threw herself into a short-lived affair with Prince Aly Khan. She had openly flirted with Khan during her voyage back to the UK in March 1934 which was reported to the Prince of Wales and widely reported in the British and American press including the social gossip magazine "Tatler". While Furness was in the US with Aly Khan, Wallis Simpson stayed in her Mayfair home, 22 Farm Street, and entertained the Prince of Wales there.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Furness' identical twin sister was Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt, who was married to Reginald Vanderbilt and had a daughter, Gloria Vanderbilt. This makes her a maternal great-aunt of CNN anchor Anderson Cooper.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Furness and her sister Gloria wrote a memoir called "Double Exposure" (1959) cited below as 'Vanderbilt'.


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Furness died in New York City on 29 January 1970. As her niece, Gloria Vanderbilt, recalled, "She dropped dead on Seventy-third and Lexington on her way to see the doctor. In her bag was this miniature teddy bear that the Prince of Wales had given her, years before, when she came to be with my mother at the custody trial, and it was worn down to the nub".


title: Thelma Furness, Viscountess Furness

text: Furness was buried next to her twin sister, Gloria, in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.


title: BMW M30

text: The BMW M30 is a SOHC straight-six petrol engine which was produced from 1968 to 1995. With a production run of 27 years, it is BMW's longest produced engine and was used in many car models.


title: BMW M30

text: The first models to use the M30 engine were the BMW 2500 and 2800 sedans. The initial M30 models were produced in displacements of and . Larger displacement versions were introduced over time, with the largest version being , which was sometimes badged as "3.5 litres". As per the BMW M10 four-cylinder engine from which the M30 was developed, the M30 has an iron block, an aluminium head and an overhead camshaft with two valves per cylinder.


title: BMW M30

text: The engine was given the nicknames of 'Big Six' and 'Senior Six', following the introduction of the smaller BMW M20 straight-six engine in the late 1970s. The M30 was produced alongside the M20 throughout the M20's production, and prior to the introduction of the BMW M70 V12 engine in 1987, the M30 was BMW's most powerful and largest regular production engine.


title: BMW M30

text: The M30 was originally developed in the late 1960s, loosely based on the BMW M10 four-cylinder engine first used in the BMW New Class sedans and coupes. Initially, the engine code was "M06" and the "M68", until all versions began to use the "M30" prefix in 1981.


title: BMW M30

text: Common features between the M10 and M30 include a profile lowering 30-degree slant to the right, a crossflow cylinder head (a gas flow head in later designs) and chain-driven camshaft with rocker arm valve actuation. Further similarities include a cast-iron block with an aluminium head and a forged crankshaft. The first two M30 engines introduced were the and the versions, which both used an bore.


title: BMW M30

text: The M30B35LE engine, also called the M90, was used in several models from 1979-1982. It combines the block from the motorsports BMW M88 DOHC engine with the M30's SOHC cylinder head.


title: BMW M30

text: The first version of the M30 was introduced in the 1968 E3 2500. This version uses dual Solex "Zenith 35/40 INAT" carburettors, has a compression ratio of 9.0:1 and produces in most applications. It has a bore of and a stroke of .


title: BMW M30

text: The M30B25 has previously been called the "M06" and "M68", prior to BMW retroactively renaming it the M30B25V (V for "Vergaser"- carburettor in German).


title: BMW M30

text: In 1981, Bosch L-Jetronic electronic fuel injection was added to the version. Peak power remained unchanged at , however torque increased slightly to .


title: BMW M30

text: In its original form, the carburetted 2.8 used two Solex Zenith "35/40 INAT" carburetors, the compression ratio is 9.0:1 and the engine produces and . The specifications went on to vary depending on the model year, carburettor and country. The bore is and the stroke is .


title: BMW M30

text: In 1977, Bosch L-Jetronic electronic fuel injection was added to the version. Power increased to and torque increased to .


title: BMW M30

text: Based on the M30B28V version with a larger bore, the M30B30V produces and , uses dual Zenith 35/40 INAT carburettors and has a compression ratio of 9.0:1. In United States trim, this engine produced at 5800 rpm.


title: BMW M30

text: The fuel injected version of the M30 debuted in 1971 in the E9 3.0 CSi and initially used the Bosch D-Jetronic mechanical fuel injection system. In 1976, the fuel injection system was upgraded to Bosch L-Jetronic electronic fuel injection. The M30B30 produces up to and ,<ref name="TAM74/75"></ref> depending on the model year and whether a catalytic converter is fitted. The compression ratio is 9.2:1. With catalytic converter, compression ratio is 9:1.


title: BMW M30

text: Despite having a capacity of , this engine appeared in many cars badged so as to suggest of displacement- such as the 633i, 3.3 Li, and 733i. The compression ratio is 8.8:1. In the E24 633CSi coupe, the M30B32 uses Bosch L-Jetronic electronic fuel injection. The US version used L-Jetronic from 1978 until mid-1981, changing over to Motronic digital fuel injection in June of that year. The 1979 732i is BMW's first use of Bosch's Motronic fuel injection. The bore is and the stroke is .


title: BMW M30

text: The M30B34 engines sold in Europe and most other markets used a 10.0:1 compression ratio and produced . In North America and Japan, the M30B34 used an 8.0:1 compression ratio and produced . This engine was also offered in Europe from the latter half of 1985 until mid-1987. In all markets, the Bosch Motronic digital fuel injection system was used. The bore is and the stroke is .


title: BMW M30

text: This engine has a capacity of , despite the "B35" model code. It produces at 5700 rpm and at 4000 rpm, has a compression ratio of 9.0:1 and uses Bosch Motronic 1.3 digital fuel injection. It was also offered without a catalytic converter for certain markets; this version produces and at the same engine speeds.


title: BMW M30

text: The Alpina B10 Biturbo used a modified version of the M30, with two turbochargers and forged pistons. Producing at 6000 rpm and at 4000 rpm, the engine made this car the fastest sedan in the world. The final 50 M30 blocks were shipped to Alpina for use in the final 50 B10 Biturbos.


title: BMW M30

text: The M102 (also known as "M30B32LAE") has a displacement of . The KKK K27 turbocharger produces of boost and an air-to-air intercooler is used. The compression ratio is 7.0:1.


title: BMW M30

text: The M102 produces and was used in the E23 7 Series, in the model was designated "745i". The M102 was not available in right-hand drive cars, leading to the South African 745i using the BMW M88 naturally aspirated DOHC straight-six engine instead.


title: BMW M30

text: Some of the M106's upgrades over its predecessor are a result of the M30B34 version of the M30, which was also released in 1982. These upgrades include Bosch Motronic engine management and an increased displacement to . The compression ratio was increased from 7.0:1 to 8.0:1.


title: BMW M30

text: Peak power output is the same as the M102, however it occurs at lower RPM and peak boost is reduced from .


title: BMW M30

text: There was no direct successor to the M106, however BMW's next turbocharged petrol engine was the BMW N54, introduced in 2006.


title: BMW M30

text: The M30 powered a series of E9 CSL and E24 6 Series coupes to European Touring Car Championship (ETCC) throughout the 1970s and into the middle 1980s, even though a more powerful DOHC 24-valve head had been developed for high-performance motorsports and street use.


title: Dyskinesia

text: Dyskinesia refers to a category of movement disorders that are characterized by involuntary muscle movements, including movements similar to tics or chorea and diminished voluntary movements. Dyskinesia can be anything from a slight tremor of the hands to an uncontrollable movement of the upper body or lower extremities. Discoordination can also occur internally especially with the respiratory muscles and it often goes unrecognized. Dyskinesia is a symptom of several medical disorders that are distinguished by their underlying cause.


title: Dyskinesia

text: Acute dystonia is a sustained muscle contraction that sometimes appears soon after administration of antipsychotic medications. Any muscle in the body may be affected, including the jaw, tongue, throat, arms, or legs. When the throat muscles are involved, this type of dystonia is called an acute laryngospasm and is a medical emergency because it can impair breathing. Older antipsychotics such as Haloperidol or Fluphenazine are more likely to cause acute dystonia than newer agents. Giving high doses of antipsychotics by injection also increases the risk of developing acute dystonia.


title: Dyskinesia

text: Methamphetamine, other amphetamines and dopaminergic stimulants including cocaine and pemoline can produce choreoathetoid dyskinesias; the prevalence, time-frame and prognosis are not well established. Amphetamines also cause a dramatic increase in choreoathetoid symptoms in patients with underlying chorea such as Sydenham's, Huntington's, and Lupus. Long-term use of amphetamines may increase the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD): in one retrospective study with over 40,000 participants it was concluded that amphetamine abusers generally had a 200% higher chance of developing PD versus those with no history of abuse; the risk was much higher in women, almost 400%. There remains some controversy as of 2017.


title: Dyskinesia

text: Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is evident in patients with Parkinson's disease who have been on levodopa () for prolonged periods of time. LID commonly first appears in the foot, on the most affected side of the body. There are three main types that can be classified on the basis of their course and clinical presentation following an oral dose of :


title: Dyskinesia

text: Late-onset dyskinesia, also known as tardive dyskinesia, occurs after long-term treatment with an antipsychotic drug such as haloperidol (Haldol) or amoxapine (Asendin). The symptoms include tremors and writhing movements of the body and limbs, and abnormal movements in the face, mouth, and tongue including involuntary lip smacking, repetitive pouting of the lips, and tongue protrusions.


title: Dyskinesia

text: Rabbit syndrome is another type of chronic dyskinesia, while orofacial dyskinesia may be related to persistent replication of Herpes simplex virus type 1.


title: Dyskinesia

text: Two other types, primary ciliary dyskinesia and biliary dyskinesia, are caused by specific kinds of ineffective movement of the body, and are not movement disorders.


title: Hummel figurines

text: Hummel figurines (also known as M.I. Hummel figurines or simply Hummels) are a series of porcelain figurines based on the drawings of Sister Maria Innocentia Hummel, O.S.F.


title: Hummel figurines

text: The sketch art of Sister Maria Innocentia Hummel began to appear in the 1930s in Germany and Switzerland, mostly pastoral drawings of children. The German art publisher Ars Sacra was involved in the early popularization of the art on postcards. Hummel's "art cards" became popular throughout Germany, catching the eye of Franz Goebel, porcelain maker and head of W. Goebel Porzellanfabrik. Goebel acquired rights to turn Hummel's drawing into figurines, producing the first line in 1935. The figurines were introduced at the Leipzig Trade Fair, a major European show for the industry. Goebel was known for presenting new and novel products that attracted American distributors. By the end of the year, 46 "M.I. Hummel" motifs were on the market, sold in America at Marshall Field & Co. of Chicago and other American retailers.


title: Hummel figurines

text: After the end of World War II, the popularity of Hummel figurines grew as American soldiers stationed in West Germany began sending the figurines home as gifts. Nostalgia associated with the figurines and the U.S. soldiers buying them led to Hummel figurines becoming a popular collector's item. Popularity increased even more when the figurines were sold by the Army PX system. As travel to Europe became more commonplace, the figurines, with their folkloric appearance, were often purchased as souvenirs. A vibrant speculator market in Hummel figurines developed in the 1970s, and Hummel figurines skyrocketed in price. "M.I. Hummel" collector plates made by Goebel and sold by the Goebel Collectors Club, were a prominent item in the Bradford Exchange, a supplier of collectible plates. Today, figurine offerings include traditional M.I. Hummel figurines, special limited editions, a figurine series featuring Swarovski crystal elements, the Hope Series that donates a portion of the proceeds to the National Breast Cancer Foundation, Annual Angels, and more. Retail prices for authentic


title: Hummel figurines

text: M.I. Hummel figurines range from just over $100 for simple figurines to well over $1,000 for larger and more intricate pieces. There is also an active second-hand market for the figurines.


title: Hummel figurines

text: Production of Hummel figurines by Goebel was taken over in early 2009 by Manufaktur Rödental GmbH under the direction of Jörg Köster. Following the 2013 bankruptcy of Manufaktur Rödental, a new international management team took over the


title: Hummel figurines

text: "M.I. Hummel" figurine business in 2014. Figurine production continued in Germany under Hummel Manufaktur GmbH, with North American distribution handled by Newboden Brands. "M.I. Hummel" figurines continue to be produced in the original factory in Rödental, Germany, where they have been made since 1935. They are still created with the strict oversight of the Convent of Siessen, where Sister M.I. Hummel lived and worked.


title: Hummel figurines

text: In September 2017, this company also declared bankruptcy. On 22 December 2017, it became public news that Bernd Foertsch, a businessman from Kulmbach, intended to acquire Hummel Manufaktur. The acquisition has meanwhile been completed. Bernd Foertsch now wants the company to undergo a process of restructuring. He will put the company’s focus on direct sales and an extensive community concept to integrate the huge collectors’ community. The annual production of figurines will be reduced from 55,000 to 20,000. Moreover, no figurine smaller than ten centimeters or less than €100 will be manufactured.


title: Hummel figurines

text: In 1977, The Goebel Collector’s Club was founded in the U.S. The Club was to be an information service for the growing number of "M.I. Hummel" collectors. In 1989, the Club expanded internationally and the name changed to the M.I. Hummel Club. Still in operation today, the Club offers an array of membership benefits including a quarterly magazine, INSIGHTS, and Club Exclusive figurines created just for members. A free gift figurine is sent every year to those who join or renew their membership. There are Club Conventions, a European travel program and other benefits. A network of Local Chapters was organized in 1978 and spread across North America and the world. Local Chapter members meet in person to share knowledge and friendship.


title: Hummel figurines

text: Many books and price guides have been published about Hummel figurines. Some of these works supported the secondary market interest of collector speculators; "The Official M.I. Hummel Price Guide: Figurines and Plates, 2nd Edition", by Heidi Ann Von Recklinghausen is a current price guide, published in 2013. Another respected guide, "The No. 1 Price Guide to M.I. Hummel," written by Robert L. Miller, was last updated as a 10th Edition in 2006.


title: Hummel figurines

text: The best selling quarto-size art book about Hummel figurines, "Hummel: The Complete Collector's Guide and Illustrated Reference", was authored by author Eric Ehrmann, who conducted extensive interviews with members of the family of Maria Innocentia Hummel and visited her ancestral home in Massing, Bavaria. Author Eric Ehrmann also visited the Kloster Siessen where Sister Hummel lived and sketched in Saulgau and interviewed Sister Radegundis Wespel, the director of the convent. He also conducted extensive research at the archives of W. Goebel Porzellanfabrik at Roedental, Bavaria, West Germany and interviewed workers as well as executives of the company including Wilhelm Goebel himself. The large art book format featuring life-size color photography of the figurines was an overnight success in the summer of 1976 when it was published by the Portfolio Press of Huntington, New York.


title: Hummel figurines

text: A later volume, "The Hummel Album", was published in 1992 by Portfolio Press. A team of writers, designers and photographers worked with the figurine manufacturer to tell the "M.I. Hummel" story.


title: Hummel figurines

text: Das Berta-Hummel-Museum im Hummelhaus opened in 1994 in the Hummel family home in Massing, Germany, the birthplace of the artist Berta Hummel, later known as Sister Maria Innocentia. Berta Hummel’s nephew Alfred Hummel and his daughter, Veronika direct the museum which houses the largest collection of "M.I. Hummel" figurines in Europe as well as the paintings and drawings of Berta Hummel completed before she joined the Convent.


title: Hummel figurines

text: Donald Stephens, longtime mayor of Rosemont, Illinois, was a prolific collector of Hummel figurines. In 1984, Stephens donated his collection to the Village of Rosemont to be displayed in a museum. The Donald E. Stephens Museum of Hummels opened in its current location in Rosemont on March 13, 2011. The museum purports to be the largest collection of Hummel figurines in the world.


title: SurrealEstate

text: SurrealEstate is a Canadian paranormal drama television series that premiered on July 16, 2021, on CTV Sci-Fi Channel.


title: SurrealEstate

text: Real estate agent Luke Roman and an elite team of specialists handle the cases that no one else can: haunted and possessed houses that literally scare would-be buyers away.


title: SurrealEstate

text: The series produced by Blue Ice Pictures was first announced in 2020, originally under the working title "The Surrealtor", and was shot in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.


title: SurrealEstate

text: In October 2021, series creator George Olsen announced Syfy would not be picking up the series for a second season, adding that he would attempt to find a new home for the series. In May 2022, it was announced Syfy had reversed its cancellation. The second season is scheduled to air in 2023.


title: SurrealEstate

text: In March 2022, it was announced Leonine Studios had sold the rights to the series to more than 160 territories.