title: Economic history of Argentina

text: Duncan and Fogarty (1984) argued that the key difference lies in the contrast between the stable, flexible government of Australia and the poor governance of Argentina. According to Platt and Di Tella (1985) the political tradition and immigration from different regions were the key factors, while Díaz Alejandro (1985) suggested that a restrictive immigration policy, similar to Australia's, would have increased productivity encouraged by the relative scarcity of labor.


title: Economic history of Argentina

text: Taylor (1992) pointed out that the relatively high dependency ratio and the slow demographic transition in Argentina led to a reliance on foreign capital to offset the resulting low savings rate. From the 1930s onwards, the accumulation of capital was hampered by the relatively high prices of (mostly imported) capital goods, which was caused by the industrial policy of import substitution, in contrast with the export-led growth favored by Canada. Other distorting factors behind the high relative prices of capital goods include the multiple exchange rates, the black market for foreign currencies, the depreciation of the national currency and high customs tariffs. This resulted in a lower capital intensity, which led to lower rates of labor productivity.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: Devil Without a Cause is the fourth studio album by American rapper Kid Rock. Released on August 18, 1998, the album saw Kid Rock continuing to develop his sound, moving away from the predominantly hip hop sound of his previous albums to a largely rap rock/metal, hard rock, and nu metal sound, and marked the finalization of his stage persona as a 'redneck pimp'. Additionally, the song "Cowboy" is seen as being instrumental in the development of the fusion genre country rap.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: "Devil Without a Cause" was a major commercial success. Spurred by the popularity of the single "Bawitdaba", the album sold 15 million copies, and was certified diamond. The album also received critical acclaim for its genre-mixing sound.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: In 1997, Jason Flom, head of Lava Records, attended one of Kid Rock's performances, and met with Kid Rock, who later gave him a demo containing the songs "Somebody's Gotta Feel This" and "I Got One for Ya", which led to Kid Rock signing with Atlantic Records. As part of his recording deal, Kid Rock received $150,000 from the label. By this time, Kid Rock had fully developed his pimp redneck stage persona and rap metal musical style and wanted to make a "redneck, shit-kicking rock 'n' roll rap" album.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: In addition to the newly written songs, the band also re-recorded some of Kid Rock's older songs, including "I Am the Bullgod" from Kid Rock's earlier EP "Fire It Up" and "Black Chick, White Guy" from the album "Early Mornin' Stoned Pimp". During the recording sessions, Eminem was mixing "The Slim Shady LP" at the same studio, and, being friends with Kid Rock, asked him to record scratching for the song "My Fault." In return, Eminem delivered a guest rap verse on Kid's song "Fuck Off." In a 1999 interview with Spin Magazine, Eminem told the interviewer that he did coke for the first and last time ever while writing and recording his verse with Kid. According to Eminem, Kid was in "full party mode with tons of different drugs just laid out near the studio mixing board. There were Playboy playmates just passed out naked with coke on their nose. It was overwhelming. I never touched that shit again."


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: The music on "Devil Without a Cause" is noted for its eclectic sound, which draws from genres such as arena rock, country music, heartland rock, heavy metal and hip hop. This sound has predominantly been categorized by critics and journalists as rap metal, hard rock, nu metal, and rap rock. Kid Rock's music has been described by "Pitchfork" as a cross between Run-DMC, Lynyrd Skynyrd and AC/DC. "MTV" compared Kid Rock's songs "I Am the Bullgod" and "Roving Gangster (Rollin')" to a cross between Alice in Chains and Public Enemy.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: According to Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "The key to [the album's] success is that it's never trying to be a hip-hop record. It's simply a monster rock album." Erlewine credits Kid Rock's backing band, Twisted Brown Trucker, for crafting a sound defined by "thunderous, funky noise -- and that's funky not just in the classic sense, but also in a Southern-fried, white trash sense, as he gives this as much foundation in country as he does hip-hop." Erlewine believes the album's sound owed influence to Bob Seger, Lynyrd Skynyrd and Van Halen." Erlewine also believed the album was "firmly in the tradition of classic hard rock".


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: "Bawitdaba" has been described as having a nu metal sound. To create the chorus, Kid Rock combined the choruses of Busy Bee's "Making Cash Money", the Marcels' recording of "Blue Moon" and the Sugar Hill Gang's "Rapper's Delight" into a "neo-gregorian drone". The lyrics of the song are dedicated to "chicks with beepers" and the I.R.S., as well as "all the crackheads, the critics, the cynics / And all my heroes in the methadone clinic." In the demo recording of the song, Kid Rock shouts, "Now get in the pit and try to kill someone!" On the album version, Kid Rock changed the lyrics, replacing the word "kill" with "love". Regarding the change, Kid Rock told the "Baltimore Sun" that he was glad he changed the lyrics, explaining that mosh pits are about coexistence.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: The country rap song "Cowboy" was newly written for the album. It is a fusion of hip hop, country music, Southern rock and heavy metal. "Billboard", as well as Kid Rock himself, described the song as a cross between Run DMC and Lynyrd Skynyrd. The instrumentation includes Jew's harp, blues harmonica and a piano solo. The lyrics feature Kid Rock rapping about moving to California to become a pimp, and start an escort service "for all the right reasons", located at the top of the Four Seasons hotel, as well as getting thrown out of bars and buying a yacht.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: "I Am the Bullgod", according to AXS, was a tribute to the band Monster Magnet. azcentral described the song's style as Southern rock, with elements of funk, while "Billboard" categorized the song as stoner rock. The lyrics refer to drinking Jim Beam bourbon whiskey; Kid Rock declares that "I am free and I feed on all that is forsaken" and that "I never was cool with James Dean", a reference to the actor who starred in the film that inspired this album's title, "Rebel Without a Cause".


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: The song "Wasting Time" contains an interpolation of Fleetwood Mac's "Second Hand News". "Welcome 2 the Party (Ode 2 the Old School)" refers to Orson Welles' Paul Masson adverts with the lyric "I will serve no rhymes before their time". "Where U At Rock?" references philosopher Ayn Rand.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: "Only God Knows Why" is a country ballad, noted for its prominent use of Auto-Tune. The lyrics of "Black Chick, White Guy" deal with Kid Rock's ten-year off-and-on relationship with a classmate named Kelley South Russell, with whom he fathered one child and raised another child from a previous relationship, but broke up with her after finding out that a third child he was raising wasn't his, after which he gained custody of his son, Robert James Ritchie Jr.; these events became the inspiration for this song, which discusses them directly, although Russell denies some of the allegations made against her in the lyrics.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: The album received critical acclaim upon release. Robert Christgau gave the album an A–, writing, "Belatedly fulfilling the rap-metal promise of "Licensed to Ill", [Kid Rock] makes the competition sound clownish, limp, and corny, respectively, and the Eminem cameo is a draw [...] [Kid Rock] is, and I quote, all of that and a bag of chips."


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: "The Rolling Stone Album Guide" gave the album four out of five stars, its byline hailing it as "a trailer trash triumph of metal guitars, hip-hop beats, and I'm-an-American-band egomania." Stephen Thomas Erlewine, in a retrospective review for Allmusic, gave the album four and a half out of five stars, writing, "[Kid Rock] came up with the great hard rock album of the late '90s -- a fearlessly funny, bone-crunching record that manages to sustain its strength, not just until the end of its long running time, but through repeated plays."


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: In a negative review, "Pitchfork" gave the album 1.3 out of 10, writing, "The hook is that "Devil Without A Cause" combines rap with metal, but this combination's already been done a million times, and in each case, the result was better than this. Do you really need predictable pimping rhymes over wack-ass metal beats with third-tier, grunge-derived choruses among your records? I ask you: is this what you're missing from your life?"


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: Starting in 1998, Kid Rock disembarked on his Devil Without a Cause Tour. Through extensive promoting, including appearances on HBO, MTV (including a performance alongside Aerosmith and Run-DMC) and performing at Woodstock 1999, "Devil Without a Cause" sold 14 million copies, the album's success spurred by Kid Rock's breakthrough hit single "Bawitdaba".


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: By April 1999, the album was certified gold, and the following month it was certified platinum, a certification the album received 11 times. The album has since been certified diamond. The album had sold 8.9 million copies per Nielsen SoundScan as of 2007.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: In 2000, Kid Rock was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best New Artist, despite having been active in the music industry for over 10 years.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: The album continued to be popular long after its release, and in 2012, Kid Rock said that he wanted to re-record the album in its entirety, partly to celebrate the album's 15th anniversary, and partly because he would own the master recordings.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: The album's critical appraisal has continued long after the album's release, with Allmusic labeling "Devil Without a Cause" a "rap-rock masterpiece". The song "Cowboy" is considered by AXS to be the first in the country rap genre; "Cowboys & Indians" claims that Kid Rock's song had a major impact on the country music scene and that artists Jason Aldean and Big & Rich, among others, were influenced by the song.


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: 15 years after the album's release, "The Village Voice" writer Chaz Kangas praised Kid Rock's artistry, writing, "in the Clinton era when your most viable pop stars were pristine teen-pop sensations, raucous nu-metal antagonists or alternative-to-alternative-to-alternative rock weirdos, Rock stood alone." Praising the song "Cowboy", Kangas called it "one track from this era that's timeless without even trying to be."


title: Devil Without a Cause

text: Loudwire named "Devil Without a Cause" one of the 10 best hard rock albums of 1998. "Classic Rock" magazine named "Devil Without a Cause" one of 10 essential rap metal albums. "Blender" named "Devil Without a Cause" one of the 100 greatest American albums. The album was also listed as one of the "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Mary Poppins is a musical with music and lyrics by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman (the Sherman Brothers) and additional music and lyrics by George Stiles and Anthony Drewe, and a script by Julian Fellowes. The musical is based on the similarly titled "Mary Poppins" children's books by P. L. Travers and the 1964 Disney film, and is a fusion of various elements from the two, including songs from the film.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Produced by Sir Cameron Mackintosh and Disney Theatrical Productions and directed by Richard Eyre with co-direction from Matthew Bourne who also acted as co-choreographer with Stephen Mear, the original West End production opened in December 2004 and won two Olivier Awards, one for Best Actress in a Musical to Laura Michelle Kelly who originated the role of Mary Poppins on stage, and the other for Best Theatre Choreographer. A Broadway production with a near-identical creative team opened in November 2006, with only minor changes from the West End version. It received seven Tony nominations, including Best Musical, and won for Best Scenic Design in a Musical. The original Broadway production closed in March 2013, after 2,619 performances. Touring and international productions followed.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: In 1993, theatrical producer Cameron Mackintosh met P. L. Travers and acquired the rights to develop a stage play adaptation of her "Mary Poppins" books. She only agreed to a stage production as long as the creators were all English, and no one who had worked on the Disney film adaptation. She died in 1996. In 2001, Mackintosh and Thomas Schumacher, head of Disney Theatrical Productions, opened talks on a possible collaboration, so that the stage play would be able to use the songs from the Disney film. With both sides committed, a preliminary outline of the show was written in 2002.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Around this time, songwriters George Stiles and Anthony Drewe heard about the project, and independently wrote a demo version of a new introductory song for the character of Mary, titled "Practically Perfect". They submitted the song to Mackintosh, and due to his positive response, were officially brought on to the creative team. Julian Fellowes was brought on to write the show's script because of his "clear understanding of the social niceties of the English class system that prevailed in the Edwardian era".


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: An experienced production team was assembled, including Sir Richard Eyre, multi award-winning director of film, theatre and opera; and Bob Crowley, a theatre designer who has worked with the Royal Shakespeare Company, the National Theatre, the Royal Ballet and the Royal Opera. Crowley also has six Tony Awards for various Broadway productions.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: A workshop of the show was held at the end of 2003 at the rehearsal room at London's Old Vic Theatre, using the cast of "My Fair Lady", which had just closed in the West End. After four weeks of rehearsals at Sadler's Wells, the production moved to Bristol, where an out-of-town tryout opened at the Bristol Hippodrome on September 15, 2004.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Cameron Mackintosh's stage adaptation of "Mary Poppins" had its world premiere at the Bristol Hippodrome starting with previews from September 15, 2004, before officially opening on September 18 for a limited engagement until November 6. The production then moved to the Prince Edward Theatre on December 15, 2004, making it the only Disney musical to have premiered in the UK. The role of Mary was played by Laura Michelle Kelly, who subsequently won the 2005 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the role, and the role of Bert was played by Gavin Lee. Notable replacements have included Scarlett Strallen, Lisa O'Hare and Caroline Sheen as Mary Poppins and Gavin Creel as Bert (in July 2006).


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The show sparked mild controversy not long after its debut when producers Cameron Mackintosh and Thomas Schumacher banned children below 3 years old from entering the theatre, deeming the show too scary for young children. The ban remained throughout the show's entire run, during which the theatre staff were to prevent patrons with children below 3 to enter. The show was officially tagged as being "for children seven years and up".


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: On March 17, 2005, Julie Andrews, who played Mary Poppins in the film, visited the show as a guest. She appeared onstage during the curtain calls, where she gave a speech recalling her own memories from making the film and praising the cast for their new interpretation. The production closed on January 12, 2008, after a run of more than three years.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Following the success of the West End production, a Broadway production debuted on November 16, 2006, at the New Amsterdam Theatre after previews from October 14. Ashley Brown played the title role, and Gavin Lee, who had originated the role of Bert in the West End production, reprised his role on Broadway. Daniel Jenkins played George Banks, Rebecca Luker was Winifred, and Matthew Gumley and Henry Hodges played Michael. Starting on 9 October 2008, the role of Mary was played by Scarlett Strallen (reprising her role from the West End production) and Bert was played by Adam Fiorentino. Laura Michelle Kelly, who originated the role of Mary in London, took over the role on Broadway on October 12, 2009. Christian Borle joined the cast the same day as Bert. Nicolas Dromard played Bert from July 16 to August 22, 2010. Lee returned to the role of Bert on August 24, 2010, and was reunited with former London co-star, Kelly. Brown returned to the title role from March 8 to July 17, 2011, while Kelly was away filming a movie, reuniting her with Lee, and Kelly returned to role on July 19, 2011.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The Broadway production differed from the London production in that the "Jolly Holiday" sequence was staged in full technicolor instead of the gray tones of the London show, and in "Anything Can Happen" the stairs to the heavens were replaced by a giant version of Mary's umbrella entering from the stage floor. These changes were later transferred back to the West End production. Most recently, a new song has been added to the score, titled "Playing the Game". This replaces the already new "Temper, Temper" in the first act. This change has been added to all current and future productions of the show.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The Broadway production received generally positive reviews, ranging from enthusiastic to lukewarm. Many critics praised the show for its technical merits. After running 52 weeks, the show recouped its original investment.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The production closed on March 3, 2013, after more than six years and 2,619 performances on Broadway, to make way for Disney's "Aladdin". The closing cast included Steffanie Leigh as Mary and Dromard as Bert. As of April 2022, it remains Broadway's twenty-fourth longest-running show.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: For the touring productions of the show, designer Bob Crowley changed the sets, making the Banks' Household smaller in size, and deleting numerous intermediate scenes, so that smaller theatres could accommodate the large-scale demands of the production.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: A UK tour of the London production commenced on June 4, 2008, and ended on April 18, 2009, with stops at venues including the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, Edinburgh Playhouse, and the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff. Its cast featured Caroline Sheen as Mary Poppins, Daniel Crossley as Bert, Martin Ball as George Banks and Louise Bowden as Winifred Banks. Lisa O'Hare took over the role of Mary on October 27, 2008. The UK Tour became the show's last production to include "Temper, Temper" before it was replaced by "Playing the Game" in future productions.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: A United States tour began previews on March 11, 2009, with the opening night on March 25, featuring Ashley Brown and Gavin Lee reprising their roles as Mary and Bert, respectively. The tour began at the Cadillac Palace Theatre in Chicago, and played in many U.S. cities. On November 15, 2009, during the opening night in Los Angeles, Dick Van Dyke (who played Bert in the film) appeared onstage during the encore. On January 22, 2010, to raise funds for a local charity and as part of a D23 event, Van Dyke did a cameo of his other role from the original film of Mr. Dawes Sr. In 2009, the song "Temper, Temper" was cut and replaced by a new musical number, titled "Playing the Game." Sheen took over the role of Mary from Brown in February 2010 in Tempe, Arizona and played the role until February 2011. Nicolas Dromard, who previously understudied the role of Bert on Broadway, took over the role from September 2010 until September 2011. Steffanie Leigh joined the cast as Mary Poppins on February 8, 2011 and was replaced on December 6, 2011, by Megan Osterhaus who had played Winifred Banks on Broadway and later returned to Broadway as Winifred. The U.S. National tour played its last performance on June 2, 2013, in Anchorage, Alaska.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: A new UK tour directed by Richard Eyre began a run at the Curve Theatre, Leicester from October 13 until October 25, 2015 starring Zizi Strallen as Mary Poppins and Matt Lee reprising his original role in the Australian production as Bert. The tour then visited Bristol (29 October - 28 November 2015), Dublin (3 December 2015 - 9 January 2016), Manchester (20 January - 5 March 2016), Birmingham (9 March - 23 April 2016), Edinburgh (27 April - 21 May 2016), Southampton (25 May - 19 June 2016). In November 2015, more dates were added including Norwich (29 June - 30 July 2016), Plymouth (3 August - 3 September 2016), Newcastle (8 September - 29 October 2016), Bradford (2 November - 10 December 2016) and finishing in Cardiff (14 December 2016 - 14 January 2017).


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: On September 14, 2018, it was announced that a West End revival would open in autumn 2019, returning to its original home, the Prince Edward Theatre. The revival opened on October 23, 2019 in previews, and officially on November 13. The cast included Zizi Strallen as Mary Poppins (reprising her role from the 2015-16 UK Tour), Charlie Stemp as Bert, Joseph Millson as George Banks, Amy Griffiths as Winifred Banks, Petula Clark as the Bird Woman, Claire Moore as Miss Andrew, and Paul F. Monaghan as Admiral Boom (Barry James was originally due to play this part but he left before the first preview for unknown reasons). The show was forced to close temporarily from March 16, 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was announced in June 2020 that it would not reopen until 2021. The show reopened on August 7, 2021 at the Prince Edward Theatre with most of the same cast returning. In March 2022, it was announced Louis Gaunt would take over from Charlie Stemp whilst he performed in the revival of "Crazy For You" at the Chichester Festival Theatre. On July 1, 2022, it was announced the show would play its final West End performance on January 8, 2023.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: "Mary Poppins" has been played in Australia, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and United States, and has been translated into thirteen languages (Swedish, Finnish, Hungarian, Danish, Dutch, Czech, Estonian, Spanish, Icelandic, German, Norwegian, Italian, and Japanese). Over eleven million people have seen the show worldwide.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The first foreign-language production opened on October 18, 2008 at the Gothenburg opera house, where it ran until March 14, 2009. This production was externally licensed by Disney Theatrical and performed entirely in Swedish, with the book translated by Magnus Lindman. The musical director was Björn Dobbelaere, with actors Linda Olsson as Mary and Magnus Borén as Bert.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The Australian production began previews at Her Majesty's Theatre in Melbourne on 14 July 2010, officially on 29 July. The cast included Matt Lee as Bert, Philip Quast as Mr. Banks, Marina Prior as Winifred Banks, Debra Byrne as The Bird Woman, and Judi Connelli as Miss Andrew. Verity Hunt-Ballard was awarded the role of Mary Poppins late in the casting stage, after a long search. She was temporarily replaced towards the end of the Sydney run by Scarlett Strallen, who had starred in the role in both the West End and Broadway productions. An Australian Cast Recording was released on February 18, 2011. The Melbourne season closed on April 1, 2011. The musical played in Sydney at the Capitol Theatre from April 2011 to mid December 2011. The musical then went on an Australian tour, playing at the Lyric Theatre in Brisbane until March 2012 and the Burswood Theatre, Perth until June 2012. After a four-month break, the production opened at the Civic Theatre in Auckland, New Zealand, from 18 October until 30 December 2012. In May 2021, it was announced the show would return to Australia in May 2022 at the Sydney Lyric Theatre with a nation-wide search to find a new Mary Poppins.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: From November 14, 2012 to August 11, 2013, a Spanish-language version of the show ran at the Centro Cultural in Mexico City, produced by Ocesa Teatro and starring Bianca Marroquin as Mary and Mauricio Salas as Bert.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: In April 2015 Brazilian entertainment company Time for Fun opened auditions for the Portuguese-language premiere in São Paulo, but eventually the production was cancelled.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The first Japanese language production opened on March 25, 2018 in Tokyo before moving to Osaka in May 2018.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Bert, a man of many professions, introduces the audience to Cherry Tree Lane ("Chim Chim Cher-ee/Cherry Tree Lane - Part 1") in Edwardian London. Number 17 is where the Banks family lives: George and Winifred Banks, their two naughty children Jane and Michael, their cook/maid, Mrs. Brill and their house boy, Robertson Ay. Things are not going well for Jane and Michael. They are out of control and, as the show starts, their latest nanny, Katie Nanna, storms out. After that, Mrs. Brill and Robertson Ay complain about living in a "madhouse." The children decide to write the advertisement for a new nanny ("The Perfect Nanny"), but George, having a very different idea of what constitutes the perfect nanny, tears up the piece of paper and throws it in the fireplace. The family all reflect on if they will ever find the perfect nanny ("Cherry Tree Lane - Part 2"). Within moments, Mary Poppins arrives, restored advertisement in hand, and takes charge of the Banks children, having every confidence in her own qualifications and merits ("Practically Perfect").


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: On the children's first outing to the park, they meet Bert and, despite their reservations, Mary teaches them that they must learn to look past appearances. To illustrate the point, Mary brings the park statues, including a mythological figure named Neleus, to life ("Jolly Holiday"). A storm starts to brew and the children quickly hurry home, but not before Neleus mentions how much he misses his father.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: While Mary manages the children, other problems lie with their parents. Winifred is aware that she is somehow disappointing both her children and her husband. George, on the other hand, can't understand why she finds the role of wife and mother so difficult. In an effort to please her husband, Winifred sends out invitations for a smart tea party ("Cherry Tree Lane (Reprise) / Being Mrs. Banks / Jolly Holiday (Reprise)"). Mrs. Brill makes the preparations, while telling an eager Robertson Ay to keep his hands off. The children inadvertently sabotage the kitchen preparations, but Mary sorts it out with a lesson ("A Spoonful of Sugar"). However, it is then revealed that none of the invitees are coming and Winifred reflects on her failure at pleasing George ("A Spoonful Of Sugar (Reprise)").


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Mary takes the children to visit their father at the bank where he works ("Precision and Order"). There, George is busy dealing with possible investment clients: firstly, an ambitious man named Herr Von Hussler with an elaborate money-making scheme, and then a middle-class man named John Northbrook with a simple factory project. George is furious when Mary turns up with the children, but an innocent question asked by Jane (What's more important, a good man or a good idea?) makes him realise how much his values have changed ("A Man Has Dreams") since he was an idealistic young man. He then decides to accept Northbrook's project and rejects Von Hussler's, even though he knows the bank disapproves.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Outside St. Paul's Cathedral, Mary introduces the children to the Bird Woman ("Feed the Birds"). Jane is suspicious of her, but Michael responds to the Bird Woman and throws crumbs for the birds. On the trip home, the children meet the enigmatic Mrs. Corry who runs a magic sweet shop that also sells words ("Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious").


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The children return home in high spirits, unaware that things have gone wrong for their father. Unknown to them, George's decision to reject Von Hussler has cost the bank dearly, and he is suspended without pay. George explodes with rage at the children and they are sent to the nursery. Reacting to their father's outburst, Mary briefly points out that other members of the family are rarely there to take care of the parents, before Jane and Michael get into a fight over Jane's doll Valentine, prompting a displeased Mary to order them to bed and enchant them to sleep. The frightening consequence of Jane's anger becomes apparent moments afterwards, as Valentine and the rest of Jane and Michael's disgruntled toys come to life and join Mary in teaching them a lesson in how to take better care of their belongings and toys (formerly "Temper, Temper", now "Playing the Game").


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Believing that Jane and Michael need personal growth, Mary decides to leave Cherry Tree Lane to bring them to their senses, and speaks with Bert about her decision ("Chim Chim Cher-ee – Rooftop Duet"). Jane and Michael wake up to find Mary Poppins and their toys gone, leaving only a note on the floor that reads, "Dear Jane and Michael, keep playing the game. Au Revoir, Mary Poppins." Mrs. Brill sees them awake, and when asked about what "Au Revoir" means, she tells them that it means "Till we meet again" before sending them in for bed.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: In a misguided attempt to please her husband, Winifred arranges for his childhood nanny, Miss Andrew, to take over from the suddenly departed Mary ("Cherry Tree Lane (Reprise)"). At the sight of her, a terrified George flees, exclaiming "the Holy Terror!" To everyone's shock and dismay, he is right. Miss Andrew is a brutal and cruel tyrant, quick to administer her own terrible elixir ("Brimstone and Treacle Part 1") and discipline by threatening to split Jane and Michael up by taking charge of Jane and sending Michael to boarding school. After Miss Andrew goes to her room, Jane and Michael decide that running away is the only solution.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The children find their good friend Bert, who cheers them up and helps Michael fulfill his dream of flying a kite ("Let's Go Fly a Kite"). Mary Poppins flies in on the kite from the sky and reunites with the children. They update her on Miss Andrew and she takes them home, planning to "surprise" Andrew. Also hiding in the park is George, who is depressed over his supposed lack of achievements ("Good For Nothing"). Searching for him is Winifred, who at last understands her husband and the damage that was done to him by Miss Andrew ("Being Mrs Banks (Reprise)").


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: When the children return to Number 17, Mary sets Caruso, Miss Andrew's lark, free from his cage. This leads to a confrontation between the two nannies, ending with Miss Andrew having a taste of her "own" medicine as she is trapped in a large birdcage and vanishes down below ("Brimstone and Treacle Part 2"). Winifred and then George return at this point, surprised but pleased that Miss Andrew has "left".


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The group ascends to the rooftops, where Bert introduces the children to his friends the chimney sweeps ("Step in Time"). The sweeps' dance eventually enters the house, causing chaos. As the sweeps quickly exit, George receives a telegram from the bank requesting his presence there. George assumes that he has been fired and decides it's time to sell the family heirloom. However, the vase is shattered accidentally by Mrs. Brill, who goes into a despairing shock since she had been cleaning it from the top of the shelf. When she is being led away for comfort, George goes to clean the broken pile himself, to find it reveal a collection of gingerbread stars from his childhood. This leads to a brief moment of reflection for George ("A Man Has Dreams (Reprise) / A Spoonful Of Sugar (Reprise)"). After shaking hands with Bert, George leaves to meet the Chairman of the Bank.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: At the children's encouragement, Winifred decides to follow her heart and be at George's side at the bank ("Anything Can Happen (Part 1)"). Unseen to anyone else, Mary takes Jane and Michael into the sky to follow, where they watch the unfolding events. On his way to the bank, George encounters the bird woman and gives her tuppence to feed the birds ("Feed The Birds (Reprise)")


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: At the bank ("Precision And Order (Reprise)"), George is surprised to learn the consequence of his choice: far from ruining the bank, he has made a fortune by both rejecting Von Hussler and approving Mr. Northbrook's loan. They ask for the word that made them so successful, which George admits to be Mary's word, ("Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious (Reprise)"). Winifred, arriving to defend her husband, finds instead he is the hero of the hour. After she mentions Miss Andrew's name to the Bank Manager, the old man, too, relates his experience under "the Holy Terror". Winifred convinces the manager to quadruple George's salary. George apologizes for underestimating her, and together they return to the house. Mary and Bert take the children across the skies and they see everyone they met along their journey including Mrs. Correy, Neleus, and even Miss Andrew, who kindly shakes hands with Michael ("Anything Can Happen (Part 2)").


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: Mary realises that with the family reunited and happy, her task is done. With regret, she says goodbye to Bert with a kiss on the cheek and sets off ("A Spoonful Of Sugar (A Task Is Done)"). Jane and Michael accept that Mary is leaving them and tell her that they'll never forget her. The two children watch as their parents waltz happily together and Mary flies high above the audience.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The stage musical is not a direct adaptation of the Disney film, but features elements of the film and the original books, plus original updated elements. The dancing penguins in the "Jolly Holiday" sequence and the tea party on the ceiling at Uncle Albert's (likely due to the inability to make things float on stage) from the film have been removed, although some community theatres dress their chorus as penguins for "Jolly Holiday". The character of Neleus from the books comes to life in the musical, but was not seen the film. Mrs. Corry and her daughters have a cameo in the film, and are in the musical and books. There are many elements from the books that do not appear in the film or musical, such as Nellie Rubina and the Balloon Woman.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The musical places more emphasis on Jane and Michael being naughty and their parents being dysfunctional to heighten the drama. Jane and Michael are constantly answering back and fighting, necessitating a new sequence where Mary brings Jane's doll Valentine and the other toys to life to berate them in the song "Playing the Game". This sequence, originally titled "Temper Temper," was inspired from a chapter in the books titled "Bad Wednesday". George Banks has been expanded from the film: in the musical it is revealed that he had a difficult childhood in which he was ignored by his parents, Jane and Michael's paternal grandparents, and was placed under the care of a fearsome nanny. This nanny, Miss Andrew, a character from the books, makes an appearance in the musical as the polar opposite of Mary Poppins, advocating "brimstone and treacle" instead of "a spoonful of sugar". Winifred Banks is no longer the suffragette of the film, but a former actress who is struggling to fulfill her husband's expectations of her. The character of Ellen the maid, played by Hermione Baddeley in the film, was cut entirely. A new character, Miss Smythe, was created to introduce the bank chairman. Admiral Boom does not blow his cannon making the house shake like he does in the film.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The bank chairman's father does not make an appearance like in the film, nor does Mr. Binnacle, Admiral Boom's assistant. New characters were developed to create a new conflict at the bank, the nice John Northbrook and scheming Herr Von Hussler. Another character from the books that is in the musical is Robertson Ay, the houseboy, who did not appear in the film.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The following is the song list of the original London production. Subsequent productions have different songs or rearranged their order.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: A deleted song for Mrs. Banks was called "What I Can Do", according to an interview with George Stiles and Richard Sherman. It was thought to be a sort of 1920s-style number, so they later wrote "Being Mrs. Banks" instead.


title: Mary Poppins (musical)

text: The original London cast recording of the show was released shortly after its West End premiere. It features most of the major musical numbers from the show's score. When the Broadway production opened, a recording was released featuring several songs with the original American cast, including an edited version of "Feed the Birds" for Ashley Brown (Mary Poppins in the original American cast) on the song. On 18 February 2011, the Australian cast recording was released; the first recording to include the changes made to the show's score since its first London production.


title: Grifola frondosa

text: Grifola frondosa (also known as hen-of-the-woods, in Japanese, ram's head or sheep's head) is a polypore mushroom that grows at the base of trees, particularly old growth oaks or maples. It is typically found in late summer to early autumn. It is native to China, Europe, and North America.


title: Grifola frondosa

text: Like the sulphur shelf mushroom, "G. frondosa" is a perennial fungus that often grows in the same place for several years in succession. It occurs most prolifically in the northeastern regions of the United States, but has been found as far west as Idaho.


title: Grifola frondosa

text: "G. frondosa" grows from an underground tuber-like structure known as a sclerotium, about the size of a potato. The fruiting body, occurring as large as , rarely , is a cluster consisting of multiple grayish-brown caps which are often curled or spoon-shaped, with wavy margins and broad. The undersurface of each cap bears about one to three pores per millimeter, with the tubes rarely deeper than . The milky-white stipe (stalk) has a branchy structure and becomes tough as the mushroom matures.


title: Grifola frondosa

text: There are no toxic look-alikes. This is a very distinct mushroom except for its cousin, the black staining mushroom, which is similar in taste but rubbery. Edible species which look similar to "Grifola frondosa" include "Meripilus sumstinei" (which stains black), "Sparassis spathulata" and "Laetiporus sulphureus", another edible bracket fungus that is commonly called chicken of the woods or "sulphur shelf."


title: Grifola frondosa

text: The species is a choice edible mushroom. Maitake has been consumed for centuries in China and Japan where it is one of the major culinary mushrooms. The mushroom is used in many Japanese dishes, such as "nabemono". The softer caps must be thoroughly cooked.


title: Grifola frondosa

text: Although under laboratory and preliminary clinical research for many years, particularly for the possible biological effects of its polysaccharides, there are no completed, high-quality clinical studies for "Grifola frondosa" .


title: Adak Island

text: Adak Island (, ) or Father Island is an island near the western extent of the Andreanof Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. Alaska's southernmost town, Adak, is located on the island. The island has a land area of , measuring long and wide, making it the 25th largest island in the United States.


title: Adak Island

text: Due to harsh winds, frequent cloud cover, and cold temperatures, vegetation is mostly tundra (grasses, mosses, berries, low-lying flowering plants) at lower elevations. The highest point is Mount Moffett, near the northwest end of the island, at an elevation of 3,924 feet (1,196 m). It is snow covered the greater part of the year. Adak is its largest and principal city.


title: Adak Island

text: Adak Island has been the home to Aleut peoples since antiquity. Russian explorers in the 18th century also visited the island but made no permanent settlements. During World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army took control of two of the westernmost Aleutian Islands, Attu and Kiska, in the incorporated territory of Alaska, the first foreign enemy to occupy American soil since the War of 1812. The Japanese also attacked the American base at Dutch Harbor by air. The Japanese campaign coincided with the more well-known Battle of Midway. In response, the United States military began a campaign to oust the Japanese. Since the nearest U.S. military presence was in Cold Bay, Alaska, the U.S. began to construct bases in the western Aleutian Islands from which to launch operations against the Japanese. Adak Island was chosen as the site of an airfield, and flight operations began in September 1942. On May 11, 1943, four days after the initial invasion date was delayed by bad weather, American soldiers landed on Attu Island and defeated the Japanese garrison there, at the cost of 2,300 Japanese and 550 American lives. Expecting a similar battle for Kiska Island, U.S. and Allied soldiers landing there August 15, 1943, found the occupiers had been stealthily evacuated by Japanese naval forces since the end of May, 1943. Even so, over 313 Allied soldiers died from friendly fire, mines, and other anti-personnel devices during Allied operations to take back Kiska. In 1953, remains of 236 Japanese dead who had been buried in Adak Cemetery were reburied in Japan's Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery.


title: Adak Island

text: After the war was over, the approximately 6,000 American military men who served on Adak during World War II recalled Adak's cold, foggy, windy weather; mud; Quonset huts; few women and no trees; and a volcano that from time to time would issue puffs of smoke. Fresh food was a rarity.


title: Adak Island

text: Adak Naval Air Station continued to be a military base during the Cold War but was designated a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) site in 1995 and closed in March 1997. Shortly thereafter, the town of Adak was incorporated at the site of the former base. Down from a peak population of 6,000, the island recorded a 2010 census population of 326 residents, all in the city of Adak, in the northern part of the island. In 1980, the Aleutian Islands National Wildlife Refuge was created and much of Adak Island lies within its boundaries.


title: Adak Island

text: The Alaska Department of Fish and Game introduced approximately 23 caribou calves to the island in the late 1950's, in part to help prevent famine emergencies. Adak Island, with its now large caribou herd of nearly 3,000 animals, has become a popular hunting destination.


title: Adak Island

text: Adak has a subpolar oceanic climate (Koppen Cfc), characterized by persistently overcast skies, moderated temperatures, high winds, significant precipitation and frequent cyclonic storms.


title: Adak Island

text: At Adak, overcast conditions average nearly 75 percent of the time during June and July, dropping back to approximately 50 percent of the time from October through February. Adak averages 173 days per year with fog. The foggiest months are July and August, when an average of 26 of the 31 days have fog. This number drops dramatically toward the winter season, where the months of December through March have, on average, fewer than ten days with fog during any one month.


title: Adak Island

text: Gales occur in all months of the year at Adak, with the greatest chances being from December through March. A peak gust of occurred at Adak in March 1954.


title: Adak Island

text: Adak's average temperatures range from , with a record high of in August 1956 and a record low of in January 1963 and February 1964.


title: Adak Island

text: Average annual precipitation is about . October to January are the wettest months due to especially frequent and intense mid-latitude cyclonic storms, while May to July represent markedly drier months; thunderstorms, common in mid-latitude continental areas, are virtually unknown here. November is the average wettest month, while July is the average driest month. Average snowfall is , falling primarily on the upper reaches of the volcanoes. Adak has an average of 341 days per year with measurable precipitation.


title: Adak Island

text: Adak is served by the Aleutian Region Schools. The Adak School serves grades K–12 and has around 20 students.


title: Adak Island

text: A land exchange between Alaska Native Regional Corporations, the U.S. Navy, and the Department of the Interior has transferred most of the naval facilities to the Aleut Corp. A portion of the Island will remain within the National Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, managed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife. Adak currently provides a fueling port and crew transfer facility for foreign fishing fleets—an airport, docks, housing facilities and food services are available. A grocery and ship supply store and restaurant opened in February 1999. Aleut Corporation maintains the facilities. Contractors are performing an environmental clean-up. Alaskan-owned Norquest-Adak Seafood Co. processes Pacific cod, pollock, mackerel, halibut, albacore and brown king crab. Four residents hold a commercial fishing permit, primarily for groundfish.


title: Adak Island

text: Because of its naval aviation past, Adak has an unusually large and sophisticated airport for the Aleutian Islands. The Adak Airport is currently operated by the State of Alaska Department of Transportation. Adak Airport has a control tower, an Instrument Landing System and two runways; and respectively. Both runways are asphalt paved, wide and at an elevation of .


title: Adak Island

text: Alaska Airlines operates twice-weekly Boeing 737-800 passenger and cargo jet service from Anchorage. At present, flights operate each Wednesday and Saturday (weather permitting). Occasionally, extra seasonal flights are operated to meet the demand of the fishing season. The Adak Airport was historically served for many years by Reeve Aleutian Airways (RAA), with scheduled passenger flights to Anchorage operated with Lockheed L-188 Electra turboprop combi aircraft during the 1970s, followed by Boeing 727-100 jet combi aircraft during the 1980s and 1990s.


title: Adak Island

text: Other facilities in Adak include three deep water docks and fueling facilities. The city has requested funds to greatly expand the Sweeper Cove small boat harbor, including new breakwaters, a 315-foot (96 m) dock and new moorage floats


title: Adak Island

text: There are approximately of paved and primitive roads on Adak, all privately owned by the Aleut Corporation.


title: Adak Island

text: Adagdak and Mount Moffett volcanoes are located on Adak. The igneous rock type adakite is named after Adak.


title: Taurus PT92

text: fed, short recoil-operated, semi-automatic 9mm pistol manufactured by Taurus in the Beretta factory in São Paulo, Brazil.


title: Taurus PT92

text: In 1974, a large contract for the Beretta 92 was issued by the Brazilian army, for which Beretta set up a factory in São Paulo, Brazil. This factory was later sold to the Brazilian gunmaker Taurus (Forjas Taurus S/A) in 1980, after the contract had expired. Shortly thereafter, Taurus closed down the factory and transferred the original Beretta machinery to its factory in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, using it to make its own pistol, which was a copy of the original Beretta 92 design, no longer being produced in Brazil. They did this without the need for a license and they also did not have to pay royalties, as the designs and patents had since expired.


title: Taurus PT92

text: Like the Beretta, the Taurus PT92 utilizes the open-slide design where the upper portion of the slide is cut away exposing much of the barrel itself. The original PT92 was, in most respects, exactly like the original Beretta 92, though it was also unusual for the time in that it featured a squared trigger guard for supporting the index finger of the opposite hand while firing, a feature which was subsequently introduced to the Beretta 92 with the 92SB-F (92F) model in 1985. The Taurus PT92 is less expensive than the Beretta 92 in most cases.


title: Taurus PT92

text: The Taurus PT92 has undergone many revisions in design since it was originally produced in the early 1980s. Originally, very early models of the PT92 (made between 1982 and 1983) were near-exact copies of the original Beretta 92, featuring the non-ambidextrous safety, round trigger guard and, most notably, the magazine release in the heel of the shiny plastic grips. However, this design was soon replaced with the release button at the base of the trigger guard, the current industry's most common magazine catch location. Nonetheless, aftermarket magazines for the Taurus PT92/Beretta 92 often have cuts for both magazine releases. Early PT92s and PT99s did not feature the third safety position decocker that is now standard; this feature was added to the second-generation models in the early 1990s, which also included the three-dot sights found on the Beretta 92F. A third revision in the late 90s changed the grip and slide design (which now has wider cocking serrations than PT92s manufactured before 1997).


title: Taurus PT92

text: More recently (as of 2005), Taurus has begun manufacturing the PT92 with a thicker trigger guard hook and built-in accessory rails on the frame, a feature found on the newer Beretta M9A1, a military upgrade of the Beretta 92 from which the PT92 is derived. While 15-round magazines were standard for the PT92 for many years, Taurus now manufactures 17-round magazines for the gun in order to give it comparable firepower to the Glock 17, and aftermarket 30-round magazines are also available. Despite the many design changes, the Taurus PT92 still retains many of the design elements from the original Beretta 92, such as the shape of the trigger. Other versions of the PT92 include the PT99, which has an adjustable rear sight and a taller front sight, the compact PT92C, and the PT100 and PT101, which are .40 S&W versions of the PT92 and PT99, respectively.


title: Anjala Zaveri

text: Anjala Zaveri (born 20 April 1972) is a British actress who has primarily appeared in Telugu and Hindi language films, as well as few films in Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada.


title: Anjala Zaveri

text: Zaveri was born on 20 April 1972 in a Gujarati family in Portsmouth, London. She is married to Tarun Arora.


title: Anjala Zaveri

text: Zaveri was selected by Vinod Khanna in a nationwide search in England for the film "Himalay Putra", which also marked Vinod's son Akshaye Khanna's film debut. She acted in "Betaabi". Zaveri starred in the 1998 blockbuster romantic comedy, "Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya", starring Salman Khan and Kajol. In the same year, she starred opposite Chiranjeevi in the Telugu movie, "Choodalani Vundi".


title: Anjala Zaveri

text: She was very successful in Tollywood films. She was introduced to Tollywood by Suresh Productions in the movie "Preminchukundam Raa" opposite Venkatesh and has shared screen with him again in Devi Putrudu.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (generally abbreviated as ANE) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents a lineage ancestral to the people of the Mal'ta–Buret' culture and populations closely related to them, such as from Afontova Gora and the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site, and populations descended from them. ANE ancestry developed from a West Eurasian lineage, with varying degrees of admixture from early East Eurasians.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: ANE ancestry has spread throughout Eurasia and the Americas in various migrations since the Upper Paleolithic, and more than half of the world's population today derives between 5 to 40% of their genomes from the Ancient North Eurasians. Significant ANE ancestry can be found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, as well as in regions of Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia. It has been suggested that their mythology may have included a narrative, found in both Indo-European and some Native American fables, in which a dog guards the path to the afterlife.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: The ANE lineage is defined by association with the MA-1, or "Mal'ta boy", the remains of an individual who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum, 24,000 years ago in central Siberia, discovered in the 1920s.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Ancient North Eurasians are described as a lineage "which is deeply related to Paleolithic/Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Europe", meaning that they diverged from Paleolithic Europeans a long time ago. Ancient North Eurasians originated either in Europe or in the Middle East. Ancient North Eurasian associated samples also had varying degrees of admixture from early East Eurasian population, such as the Ust'-Ishim man and Tianyuan man. Sikora et al. (2019) found that the oldest ANE-associated Yana RHS sample (31,600 BP) in Northeastern Siberia "can be modelled as early West Eurasian with an approximately 22% contribution from early East Asians" suggesting early contact in Northeastern Siberia.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Populations genetically similar to MA-1 were an important genetic contributor to Native Americans, Europeans, Ancient Central Asians, South Asians, and some East Asian groups, in order of significance.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Lazaridis et al. (2016:10) note "a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia." The ancient Bronze-age-steppe Yamnaya and Afanasevo cultures were found to have a noteworthy ANE component at ~25% (some studies estimated a higher percentage at nearly ~50%). According to Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018 between 14% and 38% of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta–Buret' people (ANE). This difference is caused by the penetration of posterior Siberian migrations into the Americas, with the lowest percentages of ANE ancestry found in Eskimos and Alaskan Natives, as these groups are the result of migrations into the Americas roughly 5,000 years ago. Estimates for ANE ancestry among first wave Native Americans show higher percentages, such as 42% for those belonging to the Andean region in South America. The other gene flow in Native Americans (the remainder of their ancestry) was of East Asian origin. Gene sequencing of another south-central Siberian people (Afontova Gora-2) dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures to that of Mal'ta boy-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Genomic studies also indicate that the ANE component was introduced to Western Europe by people related to the Yamnaya culture, long after the Paleolithic. It is reported in modern-day Europeans (10%–20%). Additional ANE ancestry is found in European populations through Paleolithic interactions with Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers, which resulted in populations such as Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) is a lineage which derived significant ancestry from ANE, ranging between 9% to up to 75%, with the remaining ancestry from a group more closely related to, but distinct from, Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHGs). It is represented by two individuals from Karelia, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4 kya, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual from Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya. After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe. Evidence suggests that as Ancient North Eurasians migrated West from Eastern Siberia, they absorbed Western Hunter-Gatherers and other West Eurasian populations as well.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG) is represented by several individuals buried at Motala, Sweden ca. 6000 BC. They were descended from Western Hunter-Gatherers who initially settled Scandinavia from the south, and later populations of EHG who entered Scandinavia from the north through the coast of Norway.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Ancient Beringian/Ancestral Native American are specific archaeogenetic lineages, based on the genome of an infant found at the Upward Sun River site (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago. The AB lineage diverged from the Ancestral Native American (ANA) lineage about 20,000 years ago.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSHG) are a specific archaeogenetic lineage, first reported in a genetic study published in Science in September 2019. WSGs were found to be of about 30% EHG ancestry, 50% ANE ancestry, and 20% to 38% East Asian ancestry.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe. This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Late Upper Paeolithic Lake Baikal - Ust'Kyakhta-3 (UKY) 14,050-13,770 BP were mixture of 30% ANE ancestry and 70% East Asian ancestry.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Lake Baikal Holocene - Baikal Eneolithic (Baikal_EN) and Baikal Early Bronze Age (Baikal_EBA) derived 6.4% to 20.1% ancestry from ANE, while rest of their ancestry was derived from East Asians. Fofonovo_EN near by Lake Baikal were mixture of 12-17% ANE ancestry and 83-87% East Asian ancestry.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Jōmon people, the pre-Neolithic population of Japan, mainly derived their ancestry from East Asian lineages, but also received geneflow from the ANE-related "Ancient North Siberians" (represented by samples from the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site) prior to the migration from the Asian mainland to the Japanese archipelago. Jōmon ancestry is still found among the inhabitants of present-day Japan: most markedly among the Ainu people, who are considered the direct descendants of the Jōmon people, and to a small, but significant degree among the majority of the Japanese population.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the KITLG gene are associated with blonde hair color in various human populations. One of these polymorphisms is associated with blond hair. The earliest known individual with this allele is a female south-central Siberian ANE individual from Afontova Gora 3 site, which is dated to 16130-15749 BCE. Mathieson, et al (2018) thus argued that this gene originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Geneticist David Reich said that the KITLG gene for blond hair probably entered continental Europe in a population migration wave from the Eurasian steppe, by a population carrying substantial Ancient North Eurasian ancestry. Hanel and Carlberg (2020) likewise report that populations bearing Ancient North Eurasian ancestry were responsible for contributing this gene to Europeans.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Since the term 'Ancient North Eurasian' refers to a genetic bridge of connected mating networks, scholars of comparative mythology have argued that they probably shared myths and beliefs that could be reconstructed via the comparison of stories attested within cultures that were not in contact for millennia and stretched from the Pontic–Caspian steppe to the American continent.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: For instance, the mytheme of the dog guarding the Otherworld possibly stems from an older Ancient North Eurasian belief, as suggested by similar motifs found in Indo-European, Native American and Siberian mythology. In Siouan, Algonquian, Iroquoian, and in Central and South American beliefs, a fierce guard dog was located in the Milky Way, perceived as the path of souls in the afterlife, and getting past it was a test. The Siberian Chukchi and Tungus believed in a guardian-of-the-afterlife dog and a spirit dog that would absorb the dead man's soul and act as a guide in the afterlife. In Indo-European myths, the figure of the dog is embodied by Cerberus, Sarvarā, and Garmr. In Zoroastrianism, two four-eyed dogs guard the bridge to the afterlife called Chinvat Bridge. Anthony and Brown note that it might be one of the oldest mythemes recoverable through comparative mythology.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: A second canid-related series of beliefs, myths and rituals connected dogs with healing rather than death. For instance, Ancient Near Eastern and Turkic-Kipchaq myths are prone to associate dogs with healing and generally categorised dogs as impure. A similar myth-pattern is assumed for the Eneolithic site of Botai in Kazakhstan, dated to 3500 BC, which might represent the dog as absorber of illness and guardian of the household against disease and evil. In Mesopotamia, the goddess Nintinugga, associated with healing, was accompanied or symbolized by dogs. Similar absorbent-puppy healing and sacrifice rituals were practiced in Greece and Italy, among the Hittites, again possibly influenced by Near Eastern traditions.


title: Ancient North Eurasian

text: Sven Kurbel has suggested that, as a result of the high levels of dust in the atmosphere during the Last Glacial Maximum, the Ancient North Eurasians may have developed steam baths to cleanse the skin and respiratory organs, as well as perhaps serving some sort of spiritual function. Kurbel speculates that this may explain why sauna-type steam baths are typical of Northwest European and Native American populations, who perhaps inherited this practice from their Ancient North Eurasian ancestors.


title: Madhura Raja

text: Madhura Raja () is a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language action-comedy film directed by Vysakh, written by Udaykrishna and starring Mammootty, Jagapathi Babu and Jai alongside Anusree, Siddique, Nedumudi Venu, Vijayaraghavan, Salim Kumar, Mahima Nambiar, Anna Rajan and Shamna Kasim in supporting roles. The music is composed by Gopi Sundar. This film marks the debut of Jai in Malayalam cinema. The film is a spin-off to 2010 film "Pokkiri Raja" and Mammootty reprises his role as Raja.


title: Madhura Raja

text: The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics and audiences . "Madhura Raja" was released worldwide on 12 April 2019 two days before the Vishu holiday. It was a box office success.


title: Madhura Raja

text: S.I. Balachandran is an honest police officer who heads to Pambinthurthu to confront and arrest V.R. Nadesan, an illegal liquor brewer. He fails to do so after a fellow policeman betrays him, and there, he is mauled to death by Nadeshan's hounds. 25 years later, Madhavan Nair and Krishnan Mamma visit Pambinthurthu based on the complaints put forward by the school staff on the island. Nadesan tries to oppose them. Chinna is sent to help Madhavan, but the situation goes out of hand when Chinnan gets arrested. Hearing this, Raja arrives and frees Chinnan. He sets to eliminate Nadesan. Later, he enters as the opposition candidate to Nadesan in an upcoming election rest of the story forms the story When to Nadeshan Killed Paulow's daughter lissy death and finally Chinnan death And Meenakshi escaped When Raja's truth for Chinnan's death. Chinnan's dead body made Raja very emotional for Chinnan's death and finally, Raja started the fight with Nadesan and Raja killed Nadesan for murdering S.I. Balachandran, Chinnan and Lissy. Nadeshan's illegal liquor blasted after 3 months later, Sugunan and Manoharan Mangalodayam Visits meeting in trivandrum Manoharan for new novel new novel name is Minister Raja.


title: Madhura Raja

text: "Madhura Raja" was produced by Nelson Ipe under the banner Nelson Ipe Cinemas, made on a budget of 27 crore. The principal production commenced in Cochin in August 2018. Mammootty reprises the role Raja he played in the 2010 film Pokkiri Raja. Tamil actor Jai also plays an important character, and "Madhura Raja" marks his debut in Malayalam cinema. Vysakh retained Shaji Kumar and John Kutty, who did cinematography and editing after cinema "Odiyan". The action choreographer of the film was Peter Hein, who had worked previously with Vysakh in "Pulimurugan" (2016). Filming was completed in three schedules with the second schedule being wrapped up in December 2018.


title: Madhura Raja

text: The film got released in theatres on 12 April 2019. In the USA, the film secured the second biggest release for a Malayalam film with 58 locations. At USA, UAE and UK box office, the film got released in 216 locations.


title: Madhura Raja

text: The film collected ₹9.5 crores in opening day in Worldwide box office. The opening day in UAE gross of ₹3.03 cr is Mammootty's career-best in the region. In Tamil Nadu, the film has garnered close to ₹36 lakhs gross in three days, which is again the best opening for Mammootty. The film's three-day total from Bengaluru stands at a whopping ₹48.27 lakhs, making it the third highest grosser in the city that year.


title: Madhura Raja

text: In 17 days, it grossed $1.822 million (₹12.72 crore) from overseas territories (of which $1.655 million (₹11.5 crore) was from UAE-GCC region alone). As of 21 June, "Madhura Raja" is the fifth best Malayalam grosser of 2019 outside Kerala.


title: Madhura Raja

text: In the opening weekend, it grossed $772,092 in the UAE (best grosser of that weekend), $32,989 (₹22.88 lakh) in the US, $9,900 (₹6.87 lakh) in Canada, £8,007 (₹7.27 lakh) in the UK, A$10,869 (₹5.41 lakh) in Australia, and NZ$3,708 (₹1.73 lakh) in New Zealand. And grossed $1,024,670 in the UAE and A$19,855 (₹9.79 lakh) in Australia in three weeks, $13,392 (₹9.3 lakh) in Canada in four weeks, and £34,334 (₹31.32 lakh) in the UK in five weeks.


title: Madhura Raja

text: The film's final collection grossed over ₹125 crore from worldwide box office in its final run. The film ran 150 days in theatres.


title: Madhura Raja

text: Sify rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and called it as a "Masala Entertainer" and wrote: "Madhura Raja is no less than a treat for the fans of Mammootty. It’s a fun ride that can be watched with a tub of popcorn. Go for it!".


title: Madhura Raja

text: The first film released of the Raja Series was Pokkiri Raja in 2010. The next sequel of the series is Madhura Raja in 2019. The third one of the series has been announced and titled "Minister Raja".


title: Luminous intensity

text: In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit.


title: Luminous intensity

text: Photometry deals with the measurement of visible light as perceived by human eyes. The human eye can only see light in the visible spectrum and has different sensitivities to light of different wavelengths within the spectrum. When adapted for bright conditions (photopic vision), the eye is most sensitive to yellow-green light at 555 nm. Light with the same radiant intensity at other wavelengths has a lower luminous intensity. The curve which measures the response of the human eye to light is a defined standard, known as the luminosity function. This curve, denoted "V"(λ) or formula_1, is based on an average of widely differing experimental data from scientists using different measurement techniques. For instance, the measured responses of the eye to violet light varied by a factor of ten.


title: Luminous intensity

text: Luminous intensity should not be confused with another photometric unit, luminous flux, which is the total perceived power emitted in all directions. Luminous intensity is the perceived power "per unit solid angle". If a lamp has a 1 lumen bulb and the optics of the lamp are set up to focus the light evenly into a 1 steradian beam, then the beam would have a luminous intensity of 1 candela. If the optics were changed to concentrate the beam into 1/2 steradian then the source would have a luminous intensity of 2 candela. The resulting beam is narrower and brighter, though its luminous flux remains unchanged.


title: Luminous intensity

text: Luminous intensity is also not the same as the radiant intensity, the corresponding objective physical quantity used in the measurement science of radiometry.


title: Luminous intensity

text: Like other SI base units, the candela has an operational definition—it is defined by the description of a physical process that will produce one candela of luminous intensity. By definition, if one constructs a light source that emits monochromatic green light with a frequency of 540 THz, and that has a radiant intensity of 1/683 watts per steradian in a given direction, that light source will emit one candela in the specified direction.


title: Luminous intensity

text: The frequency of light used in the definition corresponds to a wavelength in a vacuum of 555 nm, which is near the peak of the eye's response to light. If the 1 candela source emitted uniformly in all directions, the total radiant flux would be about 18.40 mW, since there are 4π steradians in a sphere. Note that a typical modern candle produces very roughly one candela while releasing heat at roughly 80 W.


title: Luminous intensity

text: Prior to the definition of the candela, a variety of units for luminous intensity were used in various countries. These were typically based on the brightness of the flame from a "standard candle" of defined composition, or the brightness of an incandescent filament of specific design. One of the best-known of these standards was the English standard: candlepower. One candlepower was the light produced by a pure spermaceti candle weighing one sixth of a pound and burning at a rate of 120 grains per hour. Germany, Austria, and Scandinavia used the Hefnerkerze, a unit based on the output of a Hefner lamp. In 1881, Jules Violle proposed the "Violle" as a unit of luminous intensity, and it was notable as the first unit of light intensity that did not depend on the properties of a particular lamp. All of these units were superseded by the definition of the candela.


title: Luminous intensity

text: If more than one wavelength is present (as is usually the case), one must sum or integrate over the spectrum of wavelengths present to get the luminous intensity:


title: Robert Pugh

text: Robert Pugh (born 11 October 1950) is a Welsh actor, known for his many television appearances, including the role of Craster in the HBO series "Game of Thrones".


title: Robert Pugh

text: Pugh was born in the Tynte, Mountain Ash and grew up in Cilfynydd, near Pontypridd. He decided to become an actor after watching "From Russia with Love" at a cinema in Treforest with a cousin. A few years later he took night courses at Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts in North London, before being accepted at Rose Bruford College, where he graduated in 1976.


title: Robert Pugh

text: He appeared as Harold Wilson in the 2005 Channel 4 drama "Longford" and as Hermann Göring in the 2006 BBC drama-documentary "". In 2007, he co-starred alongside Genevieve O'Reilly and Geraldine James in the ITV1 drama "The Time of Your Life", in which he played a father whose 36-year-old daughter is recovering after an 18-year coma. In his early career, he frequently appeared in Welsh language productions, for example as Edgar Evans in the 1984 TV film "Terra Nova", and as a soldier in Karl Francis's "Milwr Bychan" (1987). Even in more recent years, he has often portrayed Welsh characters, such as Owain Glyndwr in the 2012 BBC adaptation of "Henry IV, Part I".


title: Robert Pugh

text: In 2010, Pugh appeared as Tony in the two-part "Doctor Who" story comprising the episodes "The Hungry Earth" and "Cold Blood". He had a supporting role in 2008 in an episode of "Torchwood", another BBC Wales production.


title: Robert Pugh

text: In 2011 Pugh became Judge Patrick Coburn in "Justice". The following year he joined HBO's "Game of Thrones" in the recurring role of Craster. In 2013 he portrayed Baron Rivers in "The White Queen". Pugh played Jack Reynolds in "Doctor Foster", and in 2016 joined the cast of "Mr Selfridge" as Lord Wynstay, another Welsh character.


title: Jeon Hye-jin (actress, born 1976)

text: Jeon Hye-jin (born August 10, 1976) is a South Korean actress. She starred in Lee Joon-ik's historical drama "The Throne" (2015), for which she won a Blue Dragon Film Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Eye contact

text: Eye contact occurs when two people look at each other's eyes at the same time. In humans, eye contact is a form of nonverbal communication and can have a large influence on social behavior. Coined in the early to mid-1960s, the term came from the West to often define the act as a meaningful and important sign of confidence and respect. The customs, meaning, and significance of eye contact can vary greatly between societies, neurotypes, and religions.


title: Eye contact

text: Eye contact and facial expressions provide important social and emotional information. People, perhaps without consciously doing so, search other's eyes and faces for positive or negative mood signs. In some contexts, the meeting of eyes arouses strong emotions.


title: Eye contact

text: Eye contact provides some of the strongest emotions during a social conversation. This primarily is because it provides details on emotions and intentions. In a group, if eye contact is not inclusive of a certain individual, it can make that individual feel left out of the group; while on the other hand, prolonged eye contact can tell someone you are interested in what they have to say.


title: Eye contact

text: Eye contact is also an important element in flirting, where it may serve to establish and gauge the other's interest in some situations. Mutual eye contact that signals attraction initially begins as a brief glance and progresses into a repeated volleying of eye contact.


title: Eye contact

text: In the process of civil inattention, strangers in close proximity, such as a crowd, avoid eye contact in order to help maintain their privacy.


title: Eye contact

text: A 1985 study suggested that "3-month-old infants are comparatively insensitive to being the object of another's visual regard". A 1996 Canadian study with 3- to 6-month-old infants found that smiling in infants decreased when adult eye contact was removed. A recent British study in the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience found that face recognition by infants was facilitated by direct gaze. Other recent research has confirmed that the direct gaze of adults influences the direct gaze of infants. Within their first year, infants learn rapidly that the looking behaviors of others conveys significant information. Infants prefer to look at faces that engage them in mutual gaze and that, from an early age, healthy babies show enhanced neural processing of direct gaze.


title: Eye contact

text: In the 2000s, studies suggest that eye contact has a positive impact on the retention and recall of information and may promote more efficient learning.


title: Eye contact

text: In a 2001 study conducted in Germany examining German infants during their first 12 weeks of life, researchers studied the relationship between eye contact, maternal sensitivity, and infant crying to attempt to determine if eye contact and maternal sensitivity were stable over time. In this correlational study, they began by categorizing the mother's sensitivity placing them into one of four behavioral categories: inhibited/intense behavior, distortion of infant signals, over and understimulational, and aggressive behavioral. Next, the observer video-taped the mother and infant's free-play interactions on a weekly basis for 12 weeks. When watching the videos, they measured the mutual eye contact between the mother and the infant by looking at the overlap in time when the mothers looked at their infant's face and when the infants looked at their mother's face. The mothers were also asked to record their infant's crying in a diary.


title: Eye contact

text: The study found that the amount of eye contact between the study's German mothers and infants increased continuously over the first 12 weeks. The mother who held eye contact with her child early on (week 1–4) was described as sensitive to her infant whereas if she did not hold eye contact, her behavior was described as insensitive. They also found a negative relationship between eye contact and the duration of crying of the infants; as eye contact increases, crying decreases. Maternal sensitivity was also shown to be stable over time. According to the study, these findings may potentially be based on the assumption that sensitive mothers are more likely to notice their child's behavioral problems than non-sensitive mothers.


title: Eye contact

text: Some people find eye contact difficult with others. For example, those with autism spectrum disorders or social anxiety disorders may find eye contact to be particularly unsettling.


title: Eye contact

text: Strabismus, especially esophoria or exophoria, interferes with normal eye contact: a person whose eyes are not aligned usually makes full eye contact with one eye only, while the orientation of the other eye deviates slightly or more.


title: Eye contact

text: In one study conducted by British psychologists from the University of Stirling among 20 British children at the age of five, researchers concluded that among the children in the study, the children who avoid eye contact while considering their responses to questions are more likely to answer correctly than children who maintain eye contact. While humans obtain useful information from looking at the face when listening to someone, the process of looking at faces is mentally demanding and takes processing. Therefore, it may be unhelpful to look at faces when trying to concentrate and process something else that is mentally demanding. According to Doherty-Sneddon, a blank stare likely indicates a lack of understanding.


title: Eye contact

text: In many cultures, such as in East Asia and Nigeria, it is respectful not to look the dominant person in the eye, but in Western culture this can be interpreted as being "shifty-eyed", and the person judged badly because "he wouldn't look me in the eye"; references such as "shifty-eyed" can refer to suspicions regarding an individual's unrevealed intentions or thoughts. Nevertheless, the seeking of constant unbroken eye contact by the other participant in a conversation can often be considered overbearing or distracting by many even in western cultures, possibly on an instinctive or subconscious level.


title: Eye contact

text: In traditional Islamic theology, it is often generally advised to lower one's gaze when looking at other people in order to avoid sinful sensuous appetites and desires. Excessive eye contact or "staring" is also sometimes described as impolite, inappropriate, or even disrespectful, especially between youths and elders or children and their parents, and so lowering one's gaze when talking with older people is seen as a sign of respect and reverence. Nonetheless, actual cultural and societal practices in this regard vary greatly.


title: Eye contact

text: Japanese children are taught in school to direct their gaze at the region of their teacher's Adam's apple or tie knot. As adults, Japanese lower their eyes when speaking to a superior as a gesture of respect.


title: Eye contact

text: For clinical evaluation purposes in the practice of psychiatry and clinical psychology, as part of a mental status exam, the clinician may describe the initiation, frequency, and quality of eye contact. For example, the doctor may note whether the patient initiates, responds to, sustains, or evades eye contact. The clinician may also note whether eye contact is unusually intense or blank, or whether the patient glares, looks down, or looks aside frequently.


title: Eye contact

text: Eye contact can also be a significant factor in interactions between non-human animals, and between humans and non-human animals.


title: Eye contact

text: Animals of many species, including dogs, often perceive eye contact as a threat. Many programs to prevent dog bites recommend avoiding direct eye contact with an unknown dog. According to a report in "The New Zealand Medical Journal", maintaining eye contact is one reason young children may be more likely to fall victim to dog attacks.


title: Eye contact

text: On the other hand, extended eye contact between a dog and its owner modulates the secretion of oxytocin, a neuromodulator that is known for its role in maternal-infant bonding.


title: Eye contact

text: Hikers are commonly advised to avoid direct eye contact if they have surprised a bear, since the bear may interpret the eye contact as a threat, although some sources suggest maintaining eye contact.


title: Eye contact

text: Among primates, eye contact is seen as especially aggressive, and staring at them in a zoo can induce agitated behavior. Chimpanzees use eye contact to signal aggression in hostile encounters. Eye tracking research shows that chimps are more likely to look at the mouth, while bonobos are more likely to look at the eyes; eye contact is lower among socially deprived primates. A 2007 incident at Rotterdam Zoo is believed to be connected to eye contact: Bokito the gorilla escaped from his exhibit and injured a woman who had visited him several times and apparently often held prolonged eye contact. Visitors were later given special glasses that averted their apparent gaze when looking at the gorilla.


title: Lauren Swickard

text: Lauren Swickard (born May 25, 1993), also known as Lorynn York, is an American actress, writer and producer. She is best known for her role as Callie in A California Christmas and .


title: Lauren Swickard

text: Swickard was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her mother, Linda Berry York, is a homemaker and her father, Michael York, is a technology entrepreneur. She has one younger sister named Sarah York. At a younger age Swickard attended the School of American Ballet, where she danced professionally.


title: Lauren Swickard

text: Swickard began her career by acting in various smaller roles in 2011. In her early career she had appearances in many short films and TV shows. She had one major role in the TV Series Social Path which aired between 2012 and 2014. In 2017 she starred in films such as Web Cam Girls and Struggleing. In 2020, Swickard starred in Roped, Twisted Twin and A California Christmas. Swickard also wrote and produced A California Christmas.


title: Lauren Swickard

text: Swickard met Josh Swickard while filming Roped, where they both starred. In 2018 they announced their engagement, and in July 2019 they got married. In 2021, the couple welcomed their first child together, a daughter, named Savannah Kaye Swickard.


title: Art Ross Trophy

text: The Art Ross Trophy is awarded to the National Hockey League (NHL) player who leads the league in points at the end of the regular season. It was presented to the league by former player, General Manager, and head coach Art Ross. The trophy has been awarded 70 times to 29 players since its introduction in the 1947–48 NHL season. Ross is also known for his design of the official NHL puck, with slightly bevelled edges for better control.


title: Art Ross Trophy

text: The Art Ross Trophy was presented to the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1947 by Arthur Howey "Art" Ross, former General Manager and head coach of the Boston Bruins and Hockey Hall of Fame inductee as a player. Elmer Lach of the Montreal Canadiens was the winner of the first Art Ross Trophy, which was awarded at the conclusion of the season.


title: Art Ross Trophy

text: Players from the Pittsburgh Penguins and Edmonton Oilers have won the trophy 15 times each; while the Montreal Canadiens and Chicago Blackhawks are tied for third, as players from each of those teams have won the trophy a total of nine times. Although Joe Thornton, winner from the season, started the season playing for the Boston Bruins, he finished with the San Jose Sharks and the award counts for the Sharks. Therefore, Boston Bruins have seven players winning the trophy, fifth overall.


title: Art Ross Trophy

text: From 1951 to 2001, Jean Beliveau, Marcel Dionne, and Bryan Trottier were the only "single-time" winners of the scoring title, while Gordie Howe, Bernie Geoffrion, Dickie Moore, Bobby Hull, Stan Mikita, Phil Esposito, Bobby Orr, Guy Lafleur, Wayne Gretzky, Mario Lemieux, and Jaromir Jagr all won it on multiple occasions. For two decades, from 1981 to 2001, only three players won the Art Ross Trophy: Gretzky, Lemieux, and Jagr. The streak ended when Jarome Iginla won the trophy in 2002.


title: Art Ross Trophy

text: Gretzky has won the trophy a record ten times, including seven consecutive, during his 20-year NHL career. Gordie Howe and Lemieux have each won it six times, while Esposito and Jagr each have five. Jagr, from the Czech Republic, has won the award the most times by a non-Canadian. Patrick Kane is the only American born player to win the trophy, doing so in 2016. Gretzky is the only player to win the trophy for more than one team, while Thornton is the only player to win it while playing for two different teams in one season. Stan Mikita is the only player in NHL history to win the Art Ross, Hart, and Lady Byng Trophies all in the same season, which he did twice ( and , with Chicago; Gretzky, Bobby Hull, and Martin St. Louis all won each of those awards at least once and won a combination of two of them in the same season, but never all three together). Orr is the only defenseman to win the scoring title, doing so in 1970 and 1975 with Boston, and in 1970 he became the first player to capture four individual awards in a single season as he won the Hart, Norris, and Conn Smythe Trophies that year as well.


title: Art Ross Trophy

text: In 2007, Sidney Crosby became the youngest player to win the Art Ross Trophy at age 19, and also became the youngest scoring champion in any major North American professional sport. At almost twice Crosby's age, Martin St. Louis became the oldest player to capture the Art Ross at the age of 37, also having the longest gap between scoring titles (nine years). Henrik and Daniel Sedin are the only siblings to win the award, in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Since 2001, only four players, Connor McDavid, Crosby, Evgeni Malkin, and St. Louis have won the award more than once: Crosby in 2007 and 2014, Malkin in 2009 and 2012, St. Louis in 2004 and 2013, and McDavid in 2017, 2018, 2021 and 2022. McDavid and Gretzky are the only players to win multiple Art Ross trophies before age 21.


title: Art Ross Trophy

text: Scoring ties happened in the , , and seasons, all of them being decided by the first tiebreaker of scoring more goals. In those respective seasons, Hull won over Andy Bathgate, Dionne over Gretzky, and Jagr over Eric Lindros. The NHL's award to recognize the leading goal-scorer, the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy, does not have a tiebreaker, allowing multiple winners to be recognized in any one season.


title: Anna Lee

text: Anna Lee, MBE (born Joan Boniface Winnifrith; 2 January 1913 – 14 May 2004) was a British actress, labelled by studios "The British Bombshell".


title: Anna Lee

text: Anna Lee was born Joan Boniface Winnifrith in Ightham, (pronounced 'Item'), Kent, the daughter of Bertram Thomas Winnifrith, a headmaster and Anglican rector, and his second wife, Edith Maude Digby-Roper. Her father supported his daughter in her desire to become an actress. Lee's grandfather, Reverend Alfred Winnifrith, was Rector of Mariansleigh. During WWI, he provided for Belgian refugees and was awarded the Medaille du Roi Albert. Lee's brother, Sir John Winnifrith, was a senior British civil servant who became permanent secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture. She was the goddaughter of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and lifelong friend of his daughter, Dame Jean Conan Doyle.


title: Anna Lee

text: Lee trained at the Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art at the Royal Albert Hall, and made her debut with a bit part in "His Lordship" (1932), when she was 19. She played a number of minor, often uncredited, roles in films during the early 1930s. Lee began to get more prominent roles in films to satisfy the Cinematograph Films Act of 1927 ("17 & 18 Geo. V"), which was an act of the United Kingdom Parliament designed to stimulate the declining British film industry. She was known for her roles in films set amongst the wealthy, particularly in "Chelsea Life" (1933), in which she starred with Louis Hayward.


title: Anna Lee

text: In 1934, Lee signed a contract with Gainsborough Pictures, the biggest British production company of the era. She played leading lady roles in a variety of different genres at Gainsborough, including the comedy-thriller "The Camels Are Coming", the drama "The Passing of the Third Floor Back", the horror film "The Man Who Changed His Mind" and the war film "OHMS". She appeared in the 1935 Jessie Matthews musical "First a Girl" as the aristocratic playgirl and other woman, Princess Miranoff. In 1937, she starred in one of the studio's large-budget productions, "King Solomon's Mines".


title: Anna Lee

text: In 1933, Lee met the director Robert Stevenson, who became her first husband, while shooting "The Camels are Coming" on location in Egypt. In 1937, she starred in his picture, Non-Stop New York, for Gaumont British. During 1938, she took time off from acting to give birth to her first child. In 1939, Lee and her husband switched to Ealing Studios run by Michael Balcon, the former head of Gainsborough. She played a 19th-century Irish music hall performer who falls in love with an aristocrat in the comedy "Young Man's Fancy" (1939) and a journalist who helps heroes thwart a foreign enemy's plot against Britain in "The Four Just Men" (1939).


title: Anna Lee

text: Her final film in Britain was "Return to Yesterday," a film about a young repertory theatre actress who falls in love with a Hollywood star she meets while touring in a small seaside town. Lee and Stevenson emigrated to the United States, her husband having gained a contract with David O. Selznick. She remained supportive of the British war effort during World War II, and in 1943 appeared alongside other British actors in "Forever and a Day", a film made to raise money for British charities.


title: Anna Lee

text: After her move to Hollywood, she became associated with John Ford, appearing in several of his films, including "How Green Was My Valley", "Two Rode Together" and "Fort Apache". She co-starred with John Wayne and John Carroll in "Flying Tigers" (1942).


title: Anna Lee

text: She worked for producer Val Lewton in the horror/thriller "Bedlam" (1946) and had a lead role opposite Brian Donlevy and Walter Brennan in Fritz Lang's "Hangmen Also Die!" (1943), a wartime thriller relating to the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. Lee made frequent appearances on television anthology series in the 1940s and 1950s, including "Robert Montgomery Presents", "The Ford Theatre Hour", "Kraft Television Theatre", "Armstrong Circle Theatre" and "Wagon Train". She made a guest appearance on "Perry Mason" as Crystal Durham in "The Case of the Unsuitable Uncle" (1962). She guest starred on "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" in the 1963 episode “Last Seen Wearing Blue Jeans” (S1E28).


title: Anna Lee

text: In 1958, she returned to Britain to appear in John Ford's "Gideon's Day", in which she played the detective's wife. She had a small role as Sister Margaretta in "The Sound of Music", one of the two nuns who thwarted the Nazis by removing car engine parts, allowing the Von Trapps to escape. Lee appeared in "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?" (1962) in a small role as Mrs. Bates, a neighbour of the sisters played by Joan Crawford and Bette Davis. In 1994, Lee took the leading role in the feature film "What Can I Do?", directed by Wheeler Winston Dixon.


title: Anna Lee

text: In later years, she became known as matriarch Lila Quartermaine on "General Hospital" and "Port Charles". Lila was a contract role until 2003, when Lee was taken off contract and dropped to recurring status by Jill Farren-Phelps, a move widely protested in the soap world. According to fellow "General Hospital" actress Leslie Charleson, Lee had been promised a job for life by former "General Hospital" executive producer Wendy Riche. When interviewed in 2007, Charleson said, "The woman was in her 90s. And then when the new powers-that-be took over they fired her, and it broke her heart. It was not necessary."


title: Anna Lee

text: Lee married her first husband, the director Robert Stevenson, in 1933 and moved to Hollywood in 1939. They had two daughters, Venetia and Caroline. Venetia Stevenson, a former actress, was married to Don Everly of the Everly Brothers and has three children, Edan, Erin, and Stacy. Lee and Stevenson divorced in March 1944, with Venetia and Caroline electing to live with their father. Lee met her second husband, George Stafford, as the pilot of the plane on her USO tour during the Second World War. They married on 8 June 1944, and had three sons, John, Stephen and Tim Stafford.


title: Anna Lee

text: Tim Stafford is an actor under the stage name of Jeffrey Byron. Lee and Stafford divorced in 1964. Her final marriage, to novelist Robert Nathan ("The Bishop's Wife", "Portrait of Jennie"), on 5 April 1970, ended at his death in 1985. Lee became a naturalised US citizen under the name Joanna Boniface Stafford (#123624) on 6 April 1945; certificate issued 8 June 1945 (#6183889, Los Angeles, California).


title: Anna Lee

text: In the 1930s, Lee occupied a house at 49 Bankside in London; she was later interviewed by writer Gillian Tindall for a book written about the address, "The House by the Thames", released in 2006. Since built in 1710, the house had served as a home for coal merchants, an office, a boarding house, a hangout for derelicts and finally once again a private residence in the 1900s. The house is listed in tour guides as a famous residence and has been variously claimed as possibly being home to Christopher Wren during the construction of St. Paul's Cathedral.


title: Anna Lee

text: Lee was a staunch Conservative and stated that her views coincided with those of Sir Winston Churchill.


title: Anna Lee

text: In 1982 she was awarded an MBE, after fundraising for the White Cliffs at Dover and Ightham Mote. In 1995, her star was installed on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. On 21 May 2004, she was posthumously awarded a Daytime Emmy Lifetime Achievement Award; she was scheduled for months to receive the award, but died from pneumonia at age 91 before she could receive it. Her son, Jeffrey Byron, accepted the award on her behalf. On 16 July 2004, "General Hospital" aired a tribute to Lee by holding a memorial service for Lila Quartermaine.


title: David Garrison

text: David Earl Garrison (born June 30, 1952) is an American actor. His primary venue is live theatre, but he is best known as the character Steve Rhoades in the television series, "Married... with Children". He has also appeared in numerous theatrical roles, particularly that of The Wizard on both Broadway and in many tours of the musical "Wicked".


title: David Garrison

text: Garrison was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, the son of Earl B. Garrison, a school administrator and Maude B. Garrison, a teacher.


title: David Garrison

text: Garrison graduated from Freehold High School in 1970, where he began his acting career on the school's stage. He was inducted in the school's Hall of Fame in 2007. Garrison graduated summa cum laude from Boston University's College of Fine Arts in 1974. Following graduation, he became a member of the resident company at Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. for several years.


title: David Garrison

text: Although he is known for his television roles and continues to appear frequently in guest-starring roles on television today, Garrison is primarily a theatre actor, particularly in musicals. He has appeared in numerous productions around the United States, including many Broadway shows. His Broadway appearances include "A Day in Hollywood / A Night in the Ukraine" for which he received a Tony Award nomination, "Wicked", "The Visit""," "Titanic", "Torch Song Trilogy", "The Pirates of Penzance", "Bells Are Ringing, A History of the American Film""," and "The Great Society". His Off-Broadway credits include "I Do! I Do!""," for which he received a Drama Desk Award nomination, "Dead Poets Society"", Middletown"", New Jerusalem"", Geniuses"", It’s Only a Play"", By the Way Meet Vera Stark", "The Cradle Will Rock", and "Silence! The Musical". In addition to the cast albums of "Hollywood/Ukraine"", Titanic"", Bells Are Ringing"", The Visit"", I Do! I Do!", and "On the Town", his many recordings include "Songs of New York"", Show Boat"", Kiss Me Kate"", Annie Get Your Gun"", Of Thee I Sing/Let ’Em Eat Cake"", Girl Crazy"", You Never Know"", Tell Me More"", Oh! Lady! Lady!!", "George and Ira Standards and Gems", and, as a guest artist, "Dawn Upshaw Sings Rodgers and Hart".”.