title: Kaprun disaster

text: The judgment also stated that there was no hydraulic oil in the heater’s housing, which is a key point. The investigators of the Heilbronn public prosecutor's office state: "Dr. Ackermann in his report came to the conclusion that hydraulic oil could be detected on the larch wood board as well as on the back of the fan heater housing." The fact that the judge Seiss had expressly ordered that the fan heater inside should not be examined for oil, but only on the outside, as it turned out, is questionable. It is also stated: "Mr. Mag. Dipl.-lng. Udo Geishofer noticed on October 10, 2002 that red, sticky deposits were visible on the underside of the rear wall, particularly in the area of the power connection cable. These are the same applications that were already visible in the pictures of the KTZ from the tunnel from November 2000." A former appraiser in the trial testified before the German authorities that he had not investigated the adhesions identified in his report because this would not have been his field of expertise. What the appraisers appointed by the court did not do, the investigators of the Heilbronn public prosecutor caught up. "The investigations by the KTI, the Forensic Institute, of the LKA (state criminal investigation office) Stuttgart have shown that residues of hydraulic oil were found inside the fan heater, exactly where reddish applications can be seen in the pictures of the KTZ - 6 years after the accident."


title: Kaprun disaster

text: This contradicts the statement in the judgment: "As already stated in general, the cause of the fire on November 11, 2000 was not a leak in the hydraulic system, no hydraulic oil leaked [...]." Pictures from the KTZ also show that the oil was from the beginning on exactly where it was later found by investigators from the Heilbronn public prosecutor's office, who stated: "6 years after the accident, there are still shiny red applications to recognize at the point where the electric cable of the fan heater is led into the inside of the housing. [...] Evidence of hydraulic oil wetting could be provided on the outside as well as on the inside." A forensic technician from the KTZ who was questioned later said: "At that time I did not pay any attention to oil in detail." This contradicts other statements like that investigators from the Heilbronn public prosecutor's office state: "The statement by the expert Bind, that he did not pay any attention to oil at the time, contradicts a statement by the expert Muhr. According to his statement, the KTZ discussed oil in connection with the radiant heater as the cause of the fire at the beginning of the investigation. [...] The content of this statement was confirmed [...] several times by federal prosecutor Mrs. Danninger-Soriat [...]."


title: Kaprun disaster

text: The fan heater was also permanently wired to the power supply system of the train, while the operating instructions clearly state: "The device is not suitable for connection to permanently installed cables. [...] After use or before repair and maintenance work, pull out the mains plug." Since the fan heaters only received electricity at the mountain and valley stations, the safety temperature limiter was reset every time the station was undocked, so that any overheating could not be noticed. In the investigation report of the Heilbronn public prosecutor’s office it is stated: "Here, too, the question arises why the employees of Swoboda and Gletscherbahn Kaprun AG did not recognize this weak point, although, as the court found, only specialists and experts were at work."


title: Kaprun disaster

text: An expert from DEKRA Dortmund stated: "At the time of the reconstruction of the train in Austria there were no special regulations that dealt with funiculars. In my opinion, the general rules of technology were violated during the rebuilding, this can also be found in the report (meaning his own report)." The most important points are: "Immediate proximity between the fan heater as a possible ignition source, the high pressure oil lines behind and below and the wooden installation, the use of GRP (glass fibre reinforced plastic) instead of the approved aluminium, the lack of opening options for the doors for the passengers, the lack of fire-fighting options for passengers, the lack of communication between passengers and operating staff among others." The Salzburg court did not seem to be interested in these logical and obvious technical principles. Fundamental defects in the train were not only discovered by the Heilbronn public prosecutor and other institutions. Even the expert Maurer, who considered the fan heater to be a general faulty design, noted in the Salzburg process that a suitable fan heater for the railway had to be made of metal and not plastic. However, this statement was not recorded in the court record.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: The annual revision work on the glacier railways is also criticized, as the fans were not examined carefully enough. It was noted, "[...] that at least the oil load inside the heater would have been detectable during the revision work. When asked why the devices were not opened for testing, a company electrician merely replied: "We did not consider that necessary."


title: Kaprun disaster

text: At the end of the approximately fifty-four-page report, the main appraiser Anton Muhr, who was dismissed in the main trial and who fell ill with a severe depression in the course of it, should also experience belated satisfaction. The investigators of the Heilbronn public prosecutor's office explicitly mention the "correctness of the expert opinion of the expert Muhr".


title: Kaprun disaster

text: With regard to the expert opinion used in the trial, which, unlike that of Anton Muhr, spoke of damage of the fan heater itself and which denied any presence of hydraulic oil, it is finally stated in the investigation report of the Heilbronn public prosecutor that "the expert opinion, that according to local view ultimately led to the acquittal, have assumed insufficient conditions."


title: Kaprun disaster

text: It is also pointed out, that the permission to testify for KTZ employees was deliberately restricted by the Austrian judiciary when investigators from the Heilbronn public prosecutor wanted to question them. For example, "the permission to testify for the file’s manager at that time [...] was restricted to such an extent, that he was only allowed to state his own perceptions."


title: Kaprun disaster

text: Also, the investigators from Heilbronn did not receive for their investigations the housing parts of the fan heater, which had served in the Salzburg appraisals for the justification of production errors with the devices of the enterprise Fakir. These had been removed from the heater before it was handed over to the investigators.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: In the investigation report of the public prosecutor's office in Heilbronn, the distortion of facts by the "Kriminaltechnische Zentralstelle" (KTZ) from Vienna is revealed. The KTZ was sent to Kaprun on behalf of the Ministry of the Interior and, instead of finding out the cause of the fire, stopped its work prematurely.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: In view of the large number of foreign victims, the public prosecutor and investigating judge had decided that external, non-governmental experts should be entrusted with the task of recording of findings. The KTZ fire experts were then to assist them, but refused to cooperate.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: The KTZ had sent the fan heater to Vienna for investigation immediately after the seizure in Kaprun. The device, like all other evidence, was to be examined as quickly as possible in Salzburg by the external expert Anton Muhr on the instructions of the Salzburg investigating judge. A few weeks later, however, the Vienna KTZ sent the device to the Salzburg Regional Criminal Police Office instead of Anton Muhr, without informing Muhr or the responsible public prosecutor investigating judge. Because of this and the ongoing suppression of evidence, three Viennese officials were reported, and the head of the KTZ, Volker Edlinger, was suspended on suspicion of abuse of authority. Volker Edlinger admitted in a TV interview in 2020 that the fan heater, quote: “was installed illegally” and that this fact was “downplayed”. Now the LKA Salzburg also concealed the receipt of the device and only released the heater several months after receipt in March 2001. The responsibility for this was carried at that time by the head of the LKA Salzburg and chief investigator of Kaprun, Franz Lang. However, unlike his Viennese colleague Edlinger, he was not prosecuted for this.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: Because the Vienna KTZ did not cooperate with the external expert Muhr and withheld evidence despite repeated requests by the Salzburg investigation judge, the Salzburg Regional Court even considered having a house search carried out at the Ministry of the Interior in Vienna. However, because of concerns about damage to the image of the Republic, the Salzburg court decided against it.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: In conclusion it was stated: "As a result of the investigations by the Heilbronn public prosecutor's office, it can be stated that the accident on November 11, 2000 could have been avoided if the Swoboda company had installed fan heaters suitable for vehicles that were available on the market."


title: Kaprun disaster

text: In relation to the new evidence that emerged from the investigations of the Heilbronn public prosecutor's office, the last sentence stated: "Thus, a different outcome of the trial would have been expected."


title: Kaprun disaster

text: A few days after the accident, the at that time minister of the Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology, Monika Forstinger, presented an international commission of experts with the task of finding out whether the accident could have been prevented in Kaprun. This commission started its work in November 2000 and on 11 December 2001 it presented a final report. As was the case in the Salzburg trial, the team of experts stated that everything had been done correctly in Kaprun in terms of fire protection and that no one could have expected such a disaster to occur. It is said that "[...] the accident in Kaprun represents a risk that is new to this extent and has not yet been recognized. [...] Accordingly, rescue or self-rescue concepts, as provided in newer railway or road tunnels, do not form an appropriate basis for the system design of tunnel funicular railways." The Austrian ministerial official Horst Kühschelm who had approved the reconstruction of the Kaprun glacier railways in 1993 by the authorities also participated in this expert commission.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: This result contradicts the results of the Heilbronn public prosecutor's office established years later. The investigation report refers to the safety concepts of that time in Switzerland and France, where strict fire protection regulations were already in place in funiculars in 1988. The existing fire protection regulations "go far beyond the safety precautions that the Gletscherbahn Kaprun AG has built into their funicular railway."


title: Kaprun disaster

text: Although this commission of experts had officially found no deficiencies in Kaprun, it submitted numerous suggestions for changes to the safety of tunnel funicular railways. These proposals were later enshrined in law.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: The letter of recommendation contains suggestions such as "[...] for example fire alarm system with suction system for early fire detection in the driver's cabs, automatic fire extinguishing systems for rapid extinguishing assistance in the electrical engineering area and in the driver's desk, improvement of the communication between the car attendant and the passengers, visual monitoring of the passenger area".


title: Kaprun disaster

text: The fact that these life-saving systems were later prescribed by a decision of the government at the time shows a clear contradiction between the official representation of politics and the judiciary, according to which there were no safety deficiencies in Kaprun, while numerous safety devices were required by law after the accident which presumably would have saved the lives of the victims of Kaprun.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: The at this time public prosecutor Danninger-Soriat suspected a guided action behind the result of the expert commission, which exonerated politics, and criticized this in Book "155 The Kaprun Cover-Up" with the words: "That is an Acquittal for the Ministry of Transport and acquittal for the Supreme Railway Authority." In both the Austrian and German media repeatedly speculated about whether politics and indirectly also the economy had not actively tried to steer the trial in their favour. These speculations are based primarily on obstruction by the judiciary, which has been criticized by many of the bodies involved.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: The funicular was never reopened after the disaster and was replaced by a gondola lift, a 24-person Gletscherjet1 funitel. The tunnel was sealed and the elevated track and stations were demolished by 2014.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: The track and tunnel remained in place for over a decade after the disaster, although never used by paying passengers. As of 2014, the track and supporting structure below the tunnel have been completely removed, with just a gap in the trees to indicate where it stood. Skiers and sightseers now reach the Alpincentre using either the Gletscherjet1 or Panaromabahn cable cars to an intermediate station, followed by the Gletscherjet2 cable car or Langwiedbahn chairlift to the Alpincentre (typically only one of each operates in the summer period, when there is less traffic), though they can also still use the original Gletscherbahn1.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: On 19 February 2004, Judge Manfred Seiss acquitted all 16 suspects, including company officials, technicians, and government inspectors, clearing them of criminal negligence. Seiss said there was insufficient evidence to find the suspects responsible for the conditions that led to the blaze. In September 2007, the public prosecutor's office determined the manufacturer of the electric heater was not responsible.


title: Kaprun disaster

text: One of the victims was Sandra Schmitt, a 19-year-old German freestyle skier who at the time was the reigning Women's Dual Moguls World Champion. Josef Schaupper, a seven-time Deaflympic medalist, was also killed along with his fellow deaf skiers. Another was United States Army Major Michael Goodridge with his wife Jennifer and sons Michael (7) and Kyle (5).


title: Kaprun disaster

text: On 11 November 2004, a memorial to the victims was officially inaugurated. The elongated blocks of exposed concrete and glass steles are located opposite the valley station of the Gletscherbahnen. The difference in colour of the glass strips should symbolise every individual human being. The individual glass slits are each dedicated to a specific person. Each slit of light stands as a symbol for a life.


title: Annabelle Apsion

text: Jane Annabelle Apsion (born 17 September 1960 in Hammersmith, London) is an English actress best known for playing Monica Gallagher in the hit television comedy-drama "Shameless", Joy Wilton in "Soldier Soldier", and Violet Buckle in "Call the Midwife".


title: Annabelle Apsion

text: Apart from "Shameless", Apsion is also known for her portrayals of Betty in "My Good Friend", Beverly in "The Lakes", Patricia Hillman in "Coronation Street", and Mrs. Beech in Michelle Magorian's "Goodnight Mister Tom". She has appeared in two separate episodes of "Midsomer Murders", "Death in Chorus" and "Dead Man's 11", as two different characters. She played Jenni Hicks, whose two daughters died at the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, in the docudrama "Hillsborough", which aired in 1996. She has since featured in an episode of "Lewis" and played a small role in the first episode of the sitcom "In with the Flynns". Most recently, she appeared in the BBC series "The Village" alongside her "Shameless" co-star Maxine Peake.


title: Annabelle Apsion

text: In 2001, she co-starred alongside Johnny Depp, Heather Graham, and Robbie Coltrane in "From Hell" as Polly Nichols, the first known victim of Jack the Ripper. Other films she has appeared in include "About a Boy", "The War Zone", "Lolita", "This Year's Love", and "Ironclad".


title: Annabelle Apsion

text: Apsion appeared intermittently on "Shameless" as Monica Gallagher between 2004 and 2006 before becoming a regular cast member for the show's fourth series in 2007. She left the show in 2008, with her final scenes airing in March 2009 during the sixth series. She briefly returned to the role in 2011 during the eighth series and for the eleventh and final series in 2013.


title: Annabelle Apsion

text: Outside of acting, she has appeared as a guest panellist on Five's "The Wright Stuff" during 2008 and 2009.


title: Annabelle Apsion

text: In 2014, Apsion portrayed Annette Walker in an episode of the detective drama "Suspects", and more recently she appeared in episodes of "Call the Midwife" as Violet Buckle (née Gee) and in episodes of "Doc Martin" as Jennifer Cardew.


title: Annabelle Apsion

text: Apsion is a former student of Godalming College and the University of Wales. She is also co-founder and practitioner of the "Rosen Method Bodywork" in the UK, an alternative health practice which integrates mind and body.


title: Marica Hase

text: , also known as is a Japanese gravure model, adult actress, and "Penthouse" Pet. Starting out her career as an erotic model in 2007, Hase transitioned into being an AV idol in 2009 before basing herself the United States in 2012. She appeared in more than 500 adult films and is one of the very few Japanese AV stars that have switched over to the American AV industry.


title: Marica Hase

text: Hase was born on September 26, 1981 in Tokyo, Japan. She began her career as an erotic model, appearing in several nude DVDs, and even collaborating with others like Tanuki Roku and Go Arisue. In one such release, her naked breasts and private areas are shown to be covered by ropes. During these days, she already contacted major AV studios and teased of a potential adult film debut. As a gravure model, she was using the name and was renamed when she made her AV debut, but she eventually returned to using her last name, Hase. In September 2009, she won the sponsored award "Tinkle"（てぃんくる賞） at "1st SOD star Cinderella audition." and made her AV debut in December 2009, "Actual Gravure Idol x AV Debut" for the SOD create Studio.


title: Marica Hase

text: She graduated from SOD in May 2010 and moved to Japan Home Video's "EROTICA" series. She also started to perform with other AV companies like Moodyz and Cross. On June 17, 2011, she reported on her blog that she passed as the second member of the idol unit OFA21. In December 2011, she appeared in an edition of Nikkan Sports. During her Japanese AV career she appeared in more than 200 adult films (including omnibus and a re-edited versions) from various studios.


title: Marica Hase

text: On March 31, 2012, she announced on her blog that she would continue her career in the United States. In January 2013, she was chosen as the "Penthouse" Pet of the Month. While Hase attempted to maintain a crossover career by performing in both Japanese and American adult films, by 2014 she started to fully transition into the American scene performing with companies such as Brazzers, Evil Angel, Kink.com and Wicked Pictures. As of 2019, Hase appeared in more than 300 Western porn scenes and continues to be an active performer. In October, 2019 she appeared as the cover girl in the monthly issue of "Hustler."


title: Marica Hase

text: Hase currently lives in Los Angeles, US but maintains a strong connection to her home country and visits Japan whenever she can.


title: Marica Hase

text: In February 2019, Hase revealed that she was diagnosed with breast cancer in late 2018. She set up a GoFundMe campaign to raise to undergo a bilateral mastectomy and reconstruction at the City of Hope National Medical Center in Los Angeles County, California. The campaign is also to cover all related expenses, as she will be out of work for four months. Hase has said she will donate any leftover funds to the medical center.


title: Critics' Choice Movie Awards

text: The Critics' Choice Movie Awards (formerly known as the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award) is an awards show presented annually by the American-Canadian Critics Choice Association (CCA) to honor the finest in cinematic achievement. Written ballots are submitted during a week-long nominating period, and the resulting nominees are announced in December. The winners chosen by subsequent voting are revealed at the annual Critics' Choice Movie Awards ceremony in January. Additionally, special awards are given out at the discretion of the BFCA Board of Directors.


title: Critics' Choice Movie Awards

text: The awards were originally named simply "Critics' Choice Awards". In 2010, the word "Movie" was added to their name, to differentiate them from the Critics' Choice Television Awards, which were first bestowed the following year by the newly created Broadcast Television Critics Association. The name "Critics' Choice Awards" now officially refers to both sets of awards collectively.


title: Critics' Choice Movie Awards

text: From 2006 through 2009, the awards ceremony was held in the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium. From 2010 through 2012, it took place in the refurbished, historic Hollywood Palladium. Broadcasting the ceremony began with the sixth ceremony on E! Entertainment Television in 2001 for four years, followed by The WB Network for two years, before returning to E! for a year. VH1 took over the broadcast in 2008. The live television broadcast of the event moved from VH1 to The CW in 2013, with the 19th ceremony airing on January 16, 2014, live from the Barker Hangar in Santa Monica, California. In October 2014, it was announced that the Critics' Choice Movie Awards would move to A&E for 2015 and 2016.


title: Critics' Choice Movie Awards

text: It then returned to The CW for 2017, where it has aired since. Traditionally the ceremony has aired in the second week of January, deferring to the Golden Globe Awards, which has long claimed the first Sunday of January to open up the previous year's film awards season. It then claimed the first Sunday of January in 2022 after the Hollywood Foreign Press Association became enshrined in controversy over a lack of membership diversity and other building issues, and after the organization had not done enough, an industry boycott developed to the point where NBC said it would not carry the 2022 ceremony and would not televise it again until the HPFA made significant process in fixing its issues. The CCA then claimed the first January, and by October 26, 2021, a simulcast agreement with TBS (which is a sister network to The CW through their joint venture between Paramount Global and Warner Bros. Discovery) was announced to broaden its viewership.


title: Critics' Choice Movie Awards

text: Note: A ceremony is generally referred to by the year of release of the films that it honored, rather than the year in which it was held.


title: Klebsiella

text: Klebsiella is a genus of Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped bacteria with a prominent polysaccharide-based capsule.


title: Klebsiella

text: "Klebsiella" species are found everywhere in nature. This is thought to be due to distinct sublineages developing specific niche adaptations, with associated biochemical adaptations which make them better suited to a particular environment. They can be found in water, soil, plants, insects and other animals including humans.


title: Klebsiella

text: Carl Friedlander described "Klebsiella" bacillus which is why it was termed Friedlander bacillus for many years.


title: Klebsiella

text: The members of the genus "Klebsiella" are a part of the human and animal's normal flora in the nose, mouth and intestines. The species of "Klebsiella" are all gram-negative and usually non-motile. They tend to be shorter and thicker when compared to others in the family Enterobacteriaceae. The cells are rods in shape and generally measures 0.3 to 1.5 µm wide by 0.5 to 5.0 µm long. They can be found singly, in pairs, in chains or linked end to end.


title: Klebsiella

text: "Klebsiella" can grow on ordinary lab medium and do not have special growth requirements, like the other members of Enterobacteriaceae. The species are aerobic but facultatively anaerobic. Their ideal growth temperature is 35° to 37 °C, while their ideal pH level is about 7.2.


title: Klebsiella

text: "Klebsiella" bacteria tend to be rounder and thicker than other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They typically occur as straight rods with rounded or slightly pointed ends. They can be found singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Diplobacillary forms are commonly found "in vivo".


title: Klebsiella

text: They have no specific growth requirements and grow well on standard laboratory media, but grow best between 35 and 37 °C and at pH 7.2. The species are facultative anaerobes, and most strains can survive with citrate and glucose as their sole carbon sources and ammonia as their sole nitrogen source.


title: Klebsiella

text: Members of the genus produce a prominent capsule, or slime layer, which can be used for serologic identification, but molecular serotyping may replace this method.


title: Klebsiella

text: Members of the genus "Klebsiella" typically express two types of antigens on their cell surfaces. The first, O antigen, is a component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), of which 9 varieties exist. The second is K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide with more than 80 varieties. Both contribute to pathogenicity and form the basis for serogrouping. Based on those two major antigenic determinants several vaccines have been designed.


title: Klebsiella

text: "Klebsiella" species are routinely found in the human nose, mouth, and gastrointestinal tract as normal flora; however, they can also behave as opportunistic human pathogens. "Klebsiella" species are known to also infect a variety of other animals, both as normal flora and opportunistic pathogens.


title: Klebsiella

text: "Klebsiella" organisms can lead to a wide range of disease states, notably pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, meningitis, diarrhea, peritonitis and soft tissue infections. "Klebsiella" species have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthropathies. The majority of human "Klebsiella" infections are caused by "K. pneumoniae", followed by "K. oxytoca". Infections are more common in the very young, very old, and those with other underlying diseases, such as cancer, and most infections involve contamination of an invasive medical device.


title: Klebsiella

text: During the last 40 years, many trials for constructing effective "K. pneumoniae" vaccines have been tried, and new techniques were followed to construct vaccines against "Klebsiella". However, currently, no "Klebsiella" vaccine has been licensed for use in the US. "K. pneumoniae" is the most common cause of nosocomial respiratory tract and premature intensive care infections, and the second-most frequent cause of Gram-negative bacteraemia and urinary tract infections . Drug-resistant isolates remain an important hospital-acquired bacterial pathogen, add significantly to hospital stays, and are especially problematic in high-impact medical areas such as intensive care units. This antimicrobial resistance is thought to be attributable mainly to multidrug efflux pumps. The ability of "K. pneumoniae" to colonize the hospital environment, including carpeting, sinks, flowers, and various surfaces, as well as the skin of patients and hospital staff, has been identified as a major factor in the spread of hospital-acquired infections.


title: Klebsiella

text: In addition to certain "Klebsiella" spp. being discovered as human pathogens, others such as "K. variicola" have been identified as emerging pathogens in humans and animals alike. For instance, "K. variicola" has been identified as one of the causes of bovine mastitis.


title: Klebsiella

text: In plant systems, "Klebsiella" can be found in a variety of plant hosts. "K. pneumoniae" and "K. oxytoca" are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants, thus are called associative nitrogen fixers or diazotrophs. The bacteria attach strongly to root hairs and less strongly to the surface of the zone of elongation and the root cap mucilage. They are bacteria of interest in an agricultural context, due to their ability to increase crop yields under agricultural conditions. Their high numbers in plants are thought to be at least partly attributable to their lack of a flagellum, as flagella are known to induce plant defenses. Additionally, "K. variicola" is known to associate with a number of different plants including banana trees, sugarcane and has been isolated from the fungal gardens of leaf-cutter ants.


title: Kamasi Washington

text: Washington was born in 1981 and raised in Los Angeles, California. He is a graduate of the Academy of Music of Alexander Hamilton High School in Beverlywood, Los Angeles. Washington next enrolled in UCLA's Department of Ethnomusicology, where he began playing with faculty members such as Kenny Burrell, Gerald Wilson, and Billy Higgins, who mentored a quartet with Washington, pianist Cameron Graves, and the brothers Stephen ("Thundercat") and Ronald Bruner. They released their debut album "Young Jazz Giants" in 2004 on Birdman Records.


title: Kamasi Washington

text: Washington joined the Gerald Wilson Orchestra for its 2005 album "In My Time". Washington played saxophone on Kendrick Lamar's "To Pimp a Butterfly." His debut solo recording, "The Epic", was released in May 2015. The mini-album/EP "Harmony of Difference" followed in September 2017. His second full-length studio album, "Heaven and Earth", was released in June 2018, with a companion EP titled "The Choice" released a week later.


title: Kamasi Washington

text: Washington has played along with a diverse group of musicians including Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock, Horace Tapscott, Lauryn Hill, Nas, Snoop Dogg, George Duke, Chaka Khan, Flying Lotus, Mike Muir, Francisco Aguabella, St. Vincent, the Pan Afrikaan People's Orchestra, Run the Jewels and Raphael Saadiq.


title: Kamasi Washington

text: On June 25, 2020, Washington, Terrace Martin, Robert Glasper, and 9th Wonder announced the formation of the supergroup Dinner Party. They released a single, "Freeze Tag", and their debut extended play, "Dinner Party", was released on July 10, 2020.


title: Kamasi Washington

text: On June 18, 2021, Washington released a new song "Sun Kissed Child" as part of The Undefeated's "Music for the Movement" series. Also in 2021, Washington and his band contributed a cover of the Metallica song "My Friend of Misery" to the charity tribute album "The Metallica Blacklist".


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Roger Wayne Marshall (born August 9, 1960) is an American politician, physician, and former military officer serving as the junior United States senator from Kansas since 2021. A member of the Republican Party, he served from 2017 to 2021 as the U.S. representative for , a mostly rural district covering much of the western and northern parts of the state.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: An obstetrician, Marshall was first elected to Congress in 2016, defeating incumbent Tim Huelskamp in the Republican primary for . On September 7, 2019, he announced his bid for the United States Senate in the 2020 election; he sought the seat being vacated by Pat Roberts. Marshall won the August 4 Republican primary and was elected on November 3, defeating Democratic nominee Barbara Bollier. Marshall was sworn in on January 3, 2021.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: On January 6, 2021, Marshall joined a group of Republican senators led by Josh Hawley and Ted Cruz in support of the objections to Pennsylvania's and Arizona's electoral votes, both of which were overwhelmingly rejected by the Senate, 92-7 and 93-6 respectively.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall was born in El Dorado, Kansas. He attended Butler Community College before attending Kansas State University, where he received a bachelor's degree in biochemistry and was a member of Beta Theta Pi. He received his Doctor of Medicine from the University of Kansas. He completed a residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Bayfront Medical Center in St. Petersburg, Florida.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall has served as chairman of the board of Great Bend Regional Hospital and vice president of the Farmers Bank and Trust, and has been a district governor of Rotary International. He also served seven years in the United States Army Reserve, reaching the rank of captain.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall ran against incumbent Tim Huelskamp in the Republican Party primary election for Kansas's 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. He had the support of many of Kansas's agricultural groups, who were angry that Huelskamp lost his seat on the House Agriculture Committee, the first time in a century that no Kansan was on that panel. During the primary, Huelskamp's campaign ran TV ads criticizing Marshall for a confrontation with a neighbor in 2008 in connection with a land dispute; the neighbor made a 9-1-1 call accusing Marshall of attempting to run him over with a vehicle. Marshall ultimately pleaded no contest to a reckless driving misdemeanor and settled the neighbor's civil suit.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: On August 2, Marshall defeated Huelskamp in the Republican primary, 56% to 44%. No Democrat filed to run in the heavily Republican district.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: In the general election, Marshall won handily, defeating independent candidate Alan LaPolice and Libertarian Kerry Burt with 65.9% of the vote.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall was endorsed by the United States Chamber of Commerce, the Kansas Livestock Association, the National Association of Wheat Growers, and the Kansas Farm Bureau, an affiliate of the American Farm Bureau Federation.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall represented a district that had long been nicknamed "the Big First" because it covered all or part of 63 counties in central and western Kansas, more than half the state's land mass. It was the seventh-largest district in the nation that did not cover an entire state.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: On October 23, 2019, Marshall was part of a group of 15–30 House Republicans, led by Representative Matt Gaetz, who intruded upon that day's confidential hearing of the House Intelligence Committee. The Republican and Democratic committee members were meeting in a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) to hear testimony from Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Laura Cooper in connection with the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump. Marshall was one of a group of Republicans that followed Gaetz to the hearing room. Marshall called the impeachment inquiry a "sham" and contended that "the people of Kansas are sick and tired of these impeachment hearings."


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: In September 2019, Marshall announced he would give up his House seat to run for the Senate seat being vacated by four-term incumbent Pat Roberts. In the Republican primary election, Marshall faced Kris Kobach, a polarizing ex-Kansas Secretary of State and Donald Trump ally known for his far-right views. Senate Republican leaders, fearing that Kobach's nomination would endanger their majority in the Senate, urged Trump to endorse Marshall; Trump did not. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Kansas Farm Bureau and several anti-abortion organizations supported Marshall. The National Republican Senatorial Committee launched a major voter contact effort ("Operation Scorched Prairie") on Marshall's behalf making 2.3 million unique voter contacts via text and robocalls in the week before the election.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: The rival campaigns and outside groups (super PACs) spent millions in attack ads; the primary was anticipated to be close, but Marshall ultimately won by 14.2 percentage points with 40.3% of the vote, although the second-place finisher (Kobach) and third-place finisher (Kansas City based plumber Bob Hamilton) combined for a higher total. Marshall won all but one county west of Emporia. In Sedgwick County, which contains Wichita, he beat Kobach 47% to 26%. He lost by a majority in Wyandotte County, which contains Kansas City, and by pluralities in most counties in eastern Kansas. In the general election, Marshall defeated Democratic State Senator Barbara Bollier 53% to 42%, the Libertarian Jason Buckley receiving 5%. In so doing, he continued a long line of former congressmen from the "Big First" subsequently representing Kansas in the Senate; due to its vast size, the district's congressman is usually reckoned as a statewide political figure. He succeeded Roberts, who represented the 1st from 1981 to 1997; Kansas's senior senator, Jerry Moran, represented the district from 1997 to 2011.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall opposes abortion, including in cases of rape and incest. In 2020, he called for overturning "Roe v. Wade", the Supreme Court decision that ruled abortion bans unconstitutional. When it was overturned in June 2022, Marshall thanked Donald Trump and called it the day "healing the wounds the pro-abortion ripped open on American society" would begin.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: In December 2020, Marshall was one of 126 House Republicans to sign an amicus brief in support of "Texas v. Pennsylvania", a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated Trump. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of "election subversion." She also reprimanded Marshall and the other House members who supported the lawsuit: "The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House. Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution, they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions."


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall disputed the results of the 2020 presidential election, claiming that in "several states" "governors, secretaries of states and activist courts" usurped legislatures to create voting rules. Therefore, he announced that he would oppose the January 6, 2021, certification of the Electoral College count. He would also call for an electoral commission to investigate "the integrity of the ballot, to hold states accountable to the time proven constitutional system of the Electoral College."


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall was participating in the certification of the Electoral College count when Trump supporters stormed the United States Capitol. He blamed "the rioters, vandals, and trespassers" for destroying "any chance we had for peaceful discussion and debate on restoring and ensuring confidence in this and all future elections." He also called for participants to be "prosecuted to the fullest extent."


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: After the Capitol was secure, Marshall joined the Senate to continue the vote on the certification. Marshall supported the objections to Arizona's and Pennsylvania's electoral votes. The Senate rejected these objections by 93-6 and 92-7 respectively. He called his decision to object to the count "from my heart." Following the vote on certification, Marshall acknowledged that Joe Biden would be president and urged a peaceful transition of power.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: As a result of his refusal to certify the count, the Kansas Democratic Party called for his expulsion from Congress for failure to "execute [his] oath of office to support and defend the United States Constitution". The "McPherson Sentinel" editorial board wrote that Marshall "should be ashamed" of his decision to support false claims of voter fraud and trying to overturn the election.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: On May 28, 2021, Marshall voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the 2021 United States Capitol attack.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Of medical marijuana, Marshall said in 2017, "I'm not convinced that it's medically proven and a good idea... I think there's a path there, but I just haven't seen enough scientific data to say it's a good thing."


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Marshall has promoted conspiracy theories that falsely suggest that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were inflating coronavirus death numbers. Facebook removed Marshall's posts from its platform as a violation of its rule against "harmful misinformation". Marshall called Facebook's removal of his misinformation "corporate censorship".


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall does not dispute the effectiveness of masks in halting the spread of the coronavirus but he opposes face mask mandates. He has appeared at indoor campaign events without a face mask before maskless crowds who did not observe social distancing.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: During the pandemic, Marshall promoted prophylactic use of hydroxychloroquine, an antimalarial drug Trump promoted, despite its being unproven as an effective treatment and despite government warnings about using it outside research or hospital settings. He said he himself used the drug to proactively guard against the virus.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall rejects the scientific consensus on climate change, saying, "I'm not sure that there is even climate change." He has criticized the Environmental Protection Agency and supports reducing its authority. Marshall supports the federal renewable fuel standard, which requires corn-based ethanol to be blended with gasoline. He supported Trump's decision to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris climate accord.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall was one of six Republican senators to vote against expanding the COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act, which would allow the U.S. Justice Department to review hate crimes related to COVID-19 and establish an online database.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall supports repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare). He voted for the American Health Care Act of 2017, which would have repealed and replaced the ACA. In 2020, he continued to campaign on repealing and replacing the ACA.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall opposes Medicaid expansion in Kansas. He says he "measures success in how many people can afford to leave the Medicaid program and enter the private insurance market." In explaining his opposition to Medicaid expansion, Marshall said in an interview in March 2017 that some people "just don't want health care." His remarks attracted criticism; Marshall said they were taken out of context and cited his work as a doctor at a free family planning clinic which he said was the only clinic in the area to accept Medicaid.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall, who represents a rural state, supports farm subsidies, such as federal crop insurance. His support for subsidies gained him the 2016 endorsement of the Kansas Farm Bureau in the Republican primary.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: While serving in the House, Marshall was among 60 Republicans to vote against condemning Trump's decision to withdraw troops from Syria.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall supported Trump's Executive Order 13769, which barred citizens of seven Muslim-majority nations from entering the United States. He supports an immigration bill with a pathway to citizenship for people not living in the U.S. legally.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: Marshall lives in Great Bend, Kansas, where he practiced medicine. He and his wife, Laina, have four children.


title: Roger Marshall (politician)

text: On January 31, 2018, Marshall was a passenger on a chartered Amtrak train involved in the 2018 Crozet, Virginia train crash. He administered first aid and CPR to the injured.


title: Cornice

text: In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian "cornice" meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a pedestal, or along the top of an interior wall. A simple cornice may be formed just with a crown, as in crown moulding atop an interior wall or above kitchen cabinets or a bookcase.


title: Cornice

text: A projecting cornice on a building has the function of throwing rainwater free of its walls. In residential building practice, this function is handled by projecting gable ends, roof eaves and gutters. However, house eaves may also be called "cornices" if they are finished with decorative moulding. In this sense, while most cornices are also eaves (overhanging the sides of the building), not all eaves are usually considered cornices. Eaves are primarily functional and not necessarily decorative, while cornices have a decorative aspect.


title: Cornice

text: A building's projecting cornice may appear to be heavy and hence in danger of falling, particularly on commercial buildings, but often may actually be very light, made of pressed metal.


title: Cornice

text: In Ancient Greek architecture and its successors using the classical orders in the tradition of classical architecture, the cornice is the topmost element of the entablature, which consists (from top to bottom) of the cornice, the frieze, and the architrave.


title: Cornice

text: A "rake" is an architectural term for an eave or cornice which runs along the gable of the roof of a modern residential structure. It may also be called a "sloping cornice", a "raking cornice". The trim and rafters at this edge are called "rakes", "rake board", "rake fascia", "verge-boards", "barge-boards" or "verge-" or "barge-rafters". It is a sloped timber on the outside facing edge of a roof running between the ridge and the eave. On a typical house, any gable will have two rakes, one on each sloped side. The rakes are often supported by a series of lookouts (sometimes also called "strong arms") and may be trimmed with a "rake fascia" board (which is not a true fascia) on the outside facing edge and a "rake soffit" along the bottom.


title: Cornice

text: The cornices of a modern residential building will usually be one of three types: a "box" cornice, a "close" or "closed" cornice, or an "open" cornice.


title: Cornice

text: Box cornices enclose the cornice of the building with what is essentially a long narrow box. A box cornice may further be divided into either the "narrow" box cornice or the "wide" box cornice type. A narrow box cornice is one in which "the projection of the rafter serves as a nailing surface for the soffit board as well as the fascia trim." This is possible if the slope of the roof is fairly steep and the width of the eave relatively narrow. A wide box cornice, which is common practice on houses with gentle roof slopes and wide eaves, requires the use of lookouts to give it support and to provide a surface to which to securely attach the soffits. Box cornices often have ventilation screens laid over openings cut in the soffits in order to allow air to circulate within the cornice.


title: Cornice

text: A close, closed, or snub cornice is one in which there is no projection of the rafters beyond the walls of the building, and therefore no soffit and no fascia. This type of cornice is easy to construct, but provides little aid in dispersing water away from the building and is sometimes considered to lack aesthetic value.


title: Cornice

text: In an open cornice, the shape of the cornice is similar to that of a wide box cornice except that both the lookouts and the soffit are absent. It is a lower-cost treatment that requires fewer materials, and may even have no fascia board, but lacks the finished appearance of a box cornice.


title: Cornice

text: Ancient Egyptian architectural tradition made special use of large cavetto mouldings as a cornice, with only a short fillet (plain vertical face) above, and a torus moulding (convex semi-circle) below. This cavetto cornice is sometimes also known as an "Egyptian cornice", "hollow and roll" or "gorge cornice", and has been suggested to be a reminiscence in stone architecture of the primitive use of bound bunches of reeds as supports for buildings, the weight of the roof bending their tops out.


title: Cornice

text: The cavetto cornice, often forming less than a quarter-circle, influenced Egypt's neighbours and as well as appearing in early Ancient Greek architecture, it is seen in Syria and ancient Iran, for example at the Tachara palace of Darius I at Persepolis, completed in 486 BC. Inspired by this precedent, it was then revived by Ardashir I (r. 224–41 AD), the founder of the Sasanian dynasty.


title: Cornice

text: The cavetto took the place of the cymatium in many Etruscan temples, often painted with vertical "tongue" patterns, and combined with the distinctive "Etruscan round moulding", often painted with scales.


title: Cornice

text: Additional more-obscure varieties of cornice include the "architrave" cornice, "bracketed" cornice, and "modillion" cornice.


title: Cornice

text: A "cornice return" is an architectural detail that occurs where the horizontal cornice of a roof connects to the rake of a gable. It is a short horizontal extension of the cornice that occurs on each side of the gable end of the building (see picture of the Härnösands rådhus with two of these). The two most common types of cornice return are the "Greek return" and the "soffit return" (also called a "boxed" or "box" soffit return). The former includes a sloped hip-shape on the inside of the cornice under the eaves which is sheathed or shingled like the rest of the roof above it and is considered very attractive; the latter is a simple return without these features.


title: Cornice

text: The term cornice may also be used to describe a form of hard window treatment along the top edge of a window. When used in this context, a cornice represents a board (usually wood) placed above the window to conceal the mechanism for opening and closing drapes. If covered in a layer of cloth and given padding, it is sometimes called a soft cornice rather than a hard cornice.


title: Sergei Khrushchev

text: Sergei Nikitich Khrushchev (; 2 July 1935 – 18 June 2020) was a Russian engineer and the second son of the Cold War-era Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev with his wife Nina Petrovna Khrushcheva. He moved to the United States in 1991 and became a naturalized American citizen.


title: Sergei Khrushchev

text: Khrushchev held several advanced engineering degrees. From the Bauman Moscow State Technical University he earned his doctoral degree, and he earned a Ph.D. from the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In addition, he earned an M.S. degree with distinction from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. He also held an "occasional" professorship at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, meaning he was not a full-time professor (though he was for some time), but did teach there fairly often.


title: Sergei Khrushchev

text: Prior to emigrating from the Soviet Union to the United States in 1991, Khrushchev worked in various high-level engineering positions. From 1968 to 1991, he served at the Control Computer Institute in Moscow, where he rose from section head to first deputy director in charge of research. From the years 1958 to 1968, Dr. Khrushchev worked as an engineer, then later as a deputy section head in charge of guidance systems for missile and space design. In this capacity, he worked on cruise missiles for submarine craft, military and research spacecraft, moon vehicles, and the Proton space booster.


title: Sergei Khrushchev

text: He often spoke to American audiences to share his memories of the "other" side of the Cold War. He told "Scientific American" that he had tried to see the Apollo 11 moon landing through a telescope from Ukraine with a KGB officer. Khrushchev served as an advisor to The Cold War Museum. He was a Senior Fellow at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University.


title: Sergei Khrushchev

text: On 12 July 1999, Khrushchev and his wife, Valentina, became naturalized citizens of the United States. His son from a previous marriage, Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev, a Russian journalist, died on 22 February 2007, aged 47, from a stroke. He had another son, whose name is also Sergei (aka Khru) who during his time at the Moscow State University (1991–1996) was considered the most intelligent student. Several pop-songs were dedicated to him by his fellow students and peers.


title: Sergei Khrushchev

text: Khrushchev died on 18 June 2020, at his home in Cranston, Rhode Island, two weeks before his 85th birthday. His wife, Valentina Golenko, called the police to report an emergency, and he was pronounced dead at the scene. The cause of death, as certified by the Rhode Island medical examiner's office, was a gunshot wound to the head. The police said there were no signs of foul play, and the investigation by the police into his death was closed with no criminal charges filed.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: Snowpiercer (French: "Le Transperceneige", ) is a post-apocalyptic, climate fiction graphic novel first published in French by Casterman and created by Jacques Lob and Jean-Marc Rochette. The graphic novel was first published in 1982 under the title "Le Transperceneige" and later retitled "The Escape". The series was continued in two volumes by writer Benjamin Legrand, replacing Jacques Lob, with "The Explorers" published in 1999 and "The Crossing" in 2000. A fourth volume, "Terminus", was written by Olivier Bocquet and published in 2015, as a conclusion to the series.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: An English translation was released in 2014 by Titan Comics, consisting of two volumes: "Snowpiercer: The Escape" and "Snowpiercer: The Explorers" (which also contains "The Crossing"). A third volume, "Terminus", was released in 2016, followed by a prequel series in 2019. The graphic novel became internationally popular following its adaptation as a 2013 film and a television series (2020–present).


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: After an environmental catastrophe induces an ice age, humanity occupies a 1,001-car train called the Snowpiercer. As the story begins, a man named Proloff is quarantined after escaping from the rearmost cars, and is joined by a woman named Adeline Belleau: herself part of a movement to integrate the members of the back railway cars, who live in squalid conditions, into the rest of the train. Trying to rescue Proloff, Belleau is placed under quarantine with him. The two are eventually called to meet Colonel Krimson, passing through several different cars of the train. As they advance, Proloff and Belleau observe fresh fruit, vegetables, and meat, luxuries which they believed extinct.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: Krimson explains to Proloff and Belleau that the Snowpiercer has begun to slow down, and asks Proloff and Belleau's assistance in advancing the occupants of the rear of the train, to enable the rear cars' disconnection. Belleau and the members of her group agree, but Proloff learns that Krimson intends to disconnect the rear cars while his friends are aboard them. After warning Belleau's friends, Belleau and Proloff flee to the front of the train, pursued by the military. At the same time a virus, ostensibly spread by Proloff, is infecting others aboard the train, and the healthy advance to the front.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: Before reaching the engine of the Snowpiercer, Proloff breaks all the windows in the final car for unknown reasons. Belleau dies of the cold while Proloff is rescued by Alec Forrester, the engineer behind the Snowpiercer, who appoints him caretaker of 'Olga', the engine. As they are talking, the rear cars are disconnected. Proloff replaces Forrester as Olga's guardian, but realizes that the virus has killed everyone else on board and that his own days are numbered as the train cannot run forever.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: After losing contact with the Snowpiercer, those aboard a second train, Icebreaker, fear a collision. Several explorers are sent on a braking exercise, where they stop the train. Only one explorer returns alive, and soon disappears.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: Seventeen years later, Puig Vallès joins one of the now semi-regular braking exercises to avoid collision with the Snowpiercer. Puig disobeys orders during the braking exercise, so in retaliation he is falsely accused of murdering one of his fellow explorers. He is sentenced to fly a small plane on what is deemed a suicidal scouting mission. Puig flies ahead of the train and spots a downed bridge and warns the train, but the council wants him dead and refuse to allow him to return and land his plane. Puig threatens to crash his plane into the train and derail it, while his lover Val broadcasts footage to everyone aboard the train. Their efforts force the council to spin the event such that Puig is now hailed as a hero for saving the train.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: It is then revealed to Puig that during the first braking exercise, the Icebreaker actually hit Snowpiercer, and its engine was brought aboard. The sole surviving explorer has since been tending to the engine along with Proloff, who only talks to the engine. The council maintains the myth that the Snowpiercer is out of control and still circling the world, to control the populace with fear.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: The train detects a radio signal originating from across the frozen ocean. Puig decides to follow the radio music to its source, and it is revealed that the train can travel off the tracks by mounting caterpillar treads. Living standards deteriorate aboard the train, culminating in a failed but disastrous revolt where many people are killed, and numerous cars and resources are destroyed, making living conditions unsustainable. The train finally crosses the frozen ocean and reaches the source of the music, but the explorers are devastated to discover there are no people -- only an automated signal.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: With no more heat or food on the train, the passengers of the Icebreaker rebel and elect Laura Lewis as their new leader. Puig learns that Val is pregnant, and his explorers seek the source of the radio station's power. They discover the radio station is actually the top floor of a skyscraper and the ground floor is a train station. They turn on beacons which allow the Icebreaker to crash into the station, providing shelter but trapping and critically damaging the train in the process. Laura has Puig arrested, as she holds him responsible for the fateful decision to cross the ocean and the train's eventual destruction.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: While exploring the station, the passengers are seized by people wearing mice masks. The passengers are given food, but put in quarantine and inoculated for disease. The passengers are permitted to join the mice community, but are forced to be barcoded and blood-tested, and children and pregnant women are taken away for "special treatment." Val uses a distraction to barcode herself and avoid a blood test, which would expose her pregnancy. It is revealed that the compound is a hybrid research laboratory and amusement park named Future Land. Its deranged founders, the "switchmen", have prolonged their life by using the stem cells of babies, and used the radio signal to lure all the other trains to them: There were ten perpetual trains, of which Icebreaker was the last of seven that successfully reached the station. It is further revealed that the switchmen have neutered all the mice and perform genetic experiments on fetuses and babies, in a misguided attempt to engineer a perfect human species. Laura betrays Val, who is taken to the switchmen.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: While this was happening, Puig escaped his captivity and recovered with the engineer's aid. Under disguise as a mouse, Puig uncovers that the nuclear plant which powers the compound is leaking and slowly killing the population. Puig reunites with Tom (the former radarist), Val and the other explorers, and together they free the children and animals that are held in captivity. They return to the Icebreaker, which the engineer has repaired, but are confronted by armed mice. Puig describes the situation and appeals to them to join him and the other passengers, and many of the mice defect.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: The story ends in the future: Hunters have just killed a killer whale, and as Puig dies of old age, a glimpse of flowers growing out of a patch of thawed earth is shown.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: Explores the events leading up to The Escape. Written by Matz (Alexis Nolent) and illustrated by Jean-Marc Rochette


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: Korean director Bong Joon-ho adapted the graphic novel to the cinema as "Snowpiercer", which was originally released in 2013. It was released the following year in the United States.


title: Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)

text: A "Snowpiercer" television series was developed with Josh Friedman writing and Bong as executive producer. In November 2016, TNT ordered a series pilot episode from Tomorrow Studios. In May 2017 it was reported that Daveed Diggs would star in the series and Scott Derrickson would direct the pilot and executive produce the series. Derrickson filmed a feature-length pilot episode but refused to do the extreme reshoots requested by the new showrunner who wanted to take the show in a different direction. The series debuted on TNT on May 17, 2020.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Eucharistic adoration is a Eucharistic devotional practice primarily in Western Catholicism, but also to a lesser extent in certain Lutheran and Anglican traditions, in which the Blessed Sacrament is adored by the faithful. This practice may occur either when the Eucharist is exposed, or when it is not publicly viewable because it is reserved in a place such as a church tabernacle.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Adoration is a sign of devotion to and worship of Jesus Christ, who is believed, according to Christian tradition, to be present in body, blood, soul, and divinity, under the appearance of the consecrated host, that is, sacramental bread. From a theological perspective, the adoration is a form of latria, based on the tenet of the real presence of Christ in the Blessed Sacrament.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Christian meditation performed in the presence of the Eucharist outside Mass is called Eucharistic meditation. It has been practiced by such as Peter Julian Eymard, Jean Vianney and Thérèse of Lisieux. Authors such as the Blessed Concepcion Cabrera de Armida and Blessed Maria Candida of the Eucharist have produced large volumes of text based on their Eucharistic meditations.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: When the exposition and adoration of the Eucharist is constant (twenty-four hours a day), it is called perpetual adoration. In a monastery or convent, it is done by the resident monks or nuns and, in a parish, by volunteer parishioners since the 20th century. In a prayer opening the Perpetual chapel in St. Peter’s Basilica, Pope John Paul II prayed for a perpetual adoration chapel in every parish in the world. Pope Benedict XVI instituted perpetual adoration for the laity in each of the five sectors of the diocese of Rome.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Eucharistic adoration may be done both when the Eucharist is exposed for viewing and when it is not. It may take place in the context of the liturgical rite of Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament or an informal "visit" to pray before the tabernacle. Writer Valerie Schmalz notes that "During the first part of the twentieth century, it was common for Catholics, young and old, on their way home from work or school, en route to the grocery store or a sports practice, to "stop in for a visit" to the Blessed Sacrament in their local church. Most times the Eucharist was not exposed, but a red candle – then, as now – showed the Presence in the tabernacle."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Since the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic church has made Eucharistic exposition and benediction a liturgical service in its own and exercised more direction over its practice; it draws its primary meaning from the Eucharistic celebration itself. "By worshiping the Eucharistic Jesus, we become what God wants us to be! Like a magnet, The Lord draws us to Himself and gently transforms us."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: At the beginning of the exposition of the Blessed Sacrament, a priest or deacon removes the sacred host from the tabernacle and places it in the monstrance on the altar for adoration by the faithful. A monstrance is the vessel used to display the consecrated Eucharistic Host, during Eucharistic adoration or benediction.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The adoration may also take place when the Eucharist is not exposed but left in a ciborium, which is likewise placed on an altar or in an enclosed tabernacle so that the faithful may pray in its presence without the need for volunteers to be in constant attendance (as is required when the Blessed Sacrament is exposed).


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The "Instruction on Eucharistic Worship", issued by the Sacred Congregation of Rites on the Feast of Corpus Christi, 25 May 1967, reads in pertinent part, "The exposition of the Blessed Sacrament, for which either a monstrance or a ciborium may be used, stimulates the faithful to an awareness of the marvelous presence of Christ and is an invitation to spiritual communion with Him. It is therefore an excellent encouragement to offer Him that worship in spirit and truth which is His due."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Speaking to a gathering in Phoenix Park, during a three-day visit to Ireland, from 29 September – 1 October 1979, Pope John Paul II said,The visit to the Blessed Sacrament is a great treasure of the Catholic faith. It nourishes social love and gives us opportunities for adoration and thanksgiving, for reparation and supplication. Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, Exposition and Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament, Holy Hours, and Eucharistic processions are likewise precious element of your heritage--in full accord with the teaching of the Second Vatican Council."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: As to the manner in which Eucharistic adoration is conducted, the "Instructions" state: "Even brief exposition of the Blessed Sacrament, ...should be so arranged that before the blessing with the Blessed Sacrament reasonable time is provided for readings of the Word of God, hymns, prayers, and silent prayer, as circumstances permit." While psalms, readings and music are part of the liturgical service, in common practice silent contemplation and reflection tend to predominate.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Where Eucharistic adoration is done by an individual for an uninterrupted hour, this is known as a "Holy Hour". The inspiration for the Holy Hour is when in the Garden of Gethsemane the night before his crucifixion, Jesus asks Peter: "So, could you not keep watch with me for one hour?".


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Some Christian denominations that do not subscribe to transubstantiation consider Eucharistic adoration unfounded and even bordering on idolatry. But according to the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, exposition "serves to deepen our hunger for Communion with Christ and the rest of the Church."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: While the keeping of the Blessed Sacrament outside Mass seems to have been part of the Christian practice from the beginning to administer to the sick and dying (both Justin Martyr and Tertullian refer to it), the practice of adoration began somewhat later.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: One of the first possible references to reserving the Blessed Sacrament for adoration is found in a life of St. Basil (died AD 379). Basil is said to have divided the Eucharistic bread into three parts when he celebrated the Divine Liturgy in the monastery. One part he consumed, the second part he gave to the monks, and the third he placed in a golden dove-shaped container suspended over the altar. This separate portion was probably to reserve the sacrament for distribution to the sick who were unable to attend the liturgy.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: In Eastern Christianity, the adoration which developed in the West has never been part of the Eastern liturgy which St. Basil celebrated, but a liturgy for adoration does exist among the Eastern Catholic Churches involving psalms and placing a covered diskos with the sacred species on the altar. This is befitting the Eastern custom of veiling from human eyes those things deemed sacred.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The theological basis for the adoration was prepared in the 11th century by Pope Gregory VII, who was instrumental in affirming the tenet that Christ is present in the Blessed Host. In 1079, Gregory required of Berengar of Tours a confession of belief:I believe in my heart and openly profess that the bread and wine that are placed on the altar are, through the mystery of the sacred prayer and the words of the Redeemer, substantially changed into the true and proper and lifegiving flesh and blood of Jesus Christ our Lord, and that after the consecration they are the true body of Christ


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: This profession of faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" in the churches of Europe. The Franciscan archives credit Saint Francis of Assisi (who died in 1226) for starting Eucharistic Adoration in Italy. It then spread from Umbria to other parts of Italy.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: In 1264 Pope Urban IV instituted the feast of Corpus Christi ("the Body of Christ") with the publication of the papal bull "Transiturus." He asked the Dominican theologian Thomas Aquinas to write the texts for the Mass and Office of the feast. This included such famous hymns as "Panis angelicus" and "Verbum Supernum Prodiens," the last two strophes of which form the Benediction hymn "O Salutaris Hostia". The last two verses of "Pange Lingua" are sung as the hymn "Tantum Ergo", also used at Benediction.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: As of the fourteenth century in the Western Church, devotions began to focus on the Eucharistic gifts as the objective presence of the risen Christ and the Host began to be elevated during the liturgy for the purpose of adoration, as well as to be seen by the congregation since the priest stood facing the same direction in front of the altar.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: In the 16th century, the Protestant Reformation was challenging various issues with respect to the Eucharist and in response the Council of Trent greatly emphasized the presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the theological basis for Eucharistic adoration. The Trent declaration was the most significant theological component of Eucharistic doctrine since the apostolic age. The statement included the following: "The other sacraments do not have the power of sanctifying until someone makes use of them, but in the Eucharist the very Author of sanctity is present before the Sacrament is used. For before the apostles received the Eucharist from the hands of our Lord, He told them that it was His Body that He was giving them."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Following the Council of Trent, figures such as Saints Charles Borromeo and Alain de Solminihac promoted Eucharistic devotion and adoration. As part of the simplification of Church interiors, and to emphasize the importance of the Blessed Sacrament, Charles Borromeo initiated the practice of placing the tabernacle at a higher, central location behind the main altar. As Eucharistic adoration and Benediction became more widespread during the 17th century, the altar came to be seen as the "home of the Blessed Sacrament" where it would be adored.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: A common early practice of adoration known as Quarantore (literary "forty hours") started in the 16th century. It is an exercise of devotion in which continuous prayer is made for forty hours before the exposed Blessed Sacrament. This practice started in Milan in the 1530s and 1540s by Capuchins such as Giuseppe da Fermo who promoted long periods of adoration. From Northern Italy it was carried to elsewhere in Europe by the Capuchins and Jesuits.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The practice of the perpetual adoration of the Blessed Sacrament started in Naples in 1590 within the Order of the Clerics Regular Minor, founded by St. Francis Caracciolo, Fr. Augustine Adorno and Fr. Fabrizio Caracciolo. This practice was modified to continuous adoration during the day due to the few number of religious in the Order's Constitutions of 1597 with approval by Pope Clement VIII At a later date, the Order would revert to its earlier rule of perpetual adoration, but only within houses of no less than twenty religious. The houses with less religious were offered perpetual adoration as an option if it would not interfere with the execution of the house's ministries.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: In the 18th century, large numbers of people were drawn to quiet adoration of the Eucharist and priests such as Alphonsus Liguori encouraged the practice. He wrote a book on "Visits to the Blessed Sacrament" and he explained that a visit to the Blessed Sacrament is the "practice of loving Jesus Christ", since friends who love each other visit regularly. Benedict Joseph Labre, a homeless beggar and Franciscan tertiary, was a familiar figure in the city of Rome and known as the "saint of the Forty Hours" (or Quarant' Ore) for his dedication to Eucharistic adoration.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The French Revolution hindered the practice of Eucharistic adoration, however, the beginning of the 19th century witnessed a strong emphasis on Eucharistic piety, devotions and adorations. By 1829, the efforts of the Confraternity of Penitents-Gris brought Eucharistic adoration back in France. Twenty years later, the Venerable Leo Dupont initiated the nightly adoration of the Blessed Sacrament in Tours in 1849, from where it spread within France. Saint Anthony Mary Claret, the confessor to Isabella II of Spain and the founder of the Claretians, was also a fervent promoter of Eucharistic devotion and adoration and introduced the practice to Cuba, where he was sent as Archbishop.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The adoration of the Eucharist within France grew in this period, and there were interactions between Catholic figures who were enthusiastic about spreading the practice, e.g., Leo Dupont, Saint Jean Vianney and Saint Peter Julian Eymard who in 1858 formed the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Also in 1858, Eymard, known as the Apostle of the Eucharist, and sister Marguerite Guillot formed the Servants of the Blessed Sacrament which now maintains houses on several continents where continuous Eucharistic adoration takes place.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: By Decree of the Congregation for the Sacraments and Divine Worship, dated 9 December 1995, Saint Peter Julian Eymard, Priest, was added to the General Roman Calendar with the rank of optional memoria: "Font and fullness of all evangelization and striking expression of the infinite love of our divine Redeemer for mankind, the Holy Eucharist clearly marked the life and pastoral activity of Peter Julian Eymard. He truly deserves to be called an outstanding apostle of the Eucharist. In fact, his mission in the Church consisted in promoting the centrality of the Eucharistic Mystery in the whole life of the Christian community."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The first informally organized Eucharistic Congress took place in 1874, through the efforts of Marie-Marthe Tamisier of Tours, France. In 1881, Pope Leo XIII approved the first formal Eucharistic Congress, which was organized by Louis-Gaston de Ségur in Lille, France, and was attended by few adherents. The 1905 congress took place in Rome, and Pope Pius X presided over it.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The practice of prolonged Eucharistic adoration also spread to the United States in the 19th century and Saint John Neumann the Archbishop of Philadelphia started Forty Hours adoration there, where it continues to date.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Early Anglicanism officially rejected Eucharistic adoration. "Article XXVIII – Of the Lord's Supper" in Anglicanism's 39 Articles rejects transubstantiation, declaring that "Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of Bread and Wine) in the Supper of the Lord, cannot be proved by Holy Writ; but is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthroweth the nature of a Sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions." The Article also states that "The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper was not by Christ's ordinance reserved, carried about, lifted up, or worshiped." Furthermore, the Black Rubric (in both its 1552 and 1662 versions) explains that "the Sacramental Bread and Wine remain still in their very natural substances, and therefore may not be adored; for that were Idolatry, to be abhorred of all faithful Christians".


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: However, since the mid-19th century, the Oxford Movement has broadened Anglican opinions on the matter. An early 20th century bishop, the Right Reverend Edgar Gibson, Bishop of Gloucester, wrote of Article 28 that "The statement in the Article is worded with the utmost care, and with studied moderation. It cannot be said that any one of the practices is condemned or prohibited by it. It only amounts to this: that none of them can claim to be part of the original Divine institution."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Today, opinions on the nature of the Eucharist and thus on the propriety of adoration and exposition of the Blessed Sacrament vary in the Anglican tradition ("see Anglican Eucharistic theology"), but many Anglo-Catholics practice Eucharistic adoration. Others celebrate Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, which is not unlike Eucharistic adoration.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Lutheran Eucharistic adoration is most commonly limited in duration to the Eucharistic service because Lutheran tradition typically does not include public reservation of the Sacrament. If the holy elements are not consumed at the altar or after the service, then they can be set aside and placed in an aumbry, which is normally located in the sacristy. Primarily, the extra hosts are reserved for another Eucharist or for taking to the sick and those too feeble to attend a church service. However, certain Lutheran parishes reserve the Eucharist in a tabernacle near the altar. The former Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church strongly encouraged Eucharistic adoration, and some parishes in the Evangelical Catholic tradition of Lutheranism continue to strongly encourage Eucharistic adoration.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Historically in Lutheranism there have been two parties regarding Eucharistic adoration: Gnesio-Lutherans, who followed Martin Luther's view in favor of adoration, and Philippists who followed Philipp Melanchthon's view against it. Although Luther did not entirely approve of the Feast of Corpus Christi, he wrote a treatise "The Adoration of the Sacrament" (1523) where he defended adoration but desired that the issue not be forced. In his reform of the Roman Mass Luther placed the Sanctus after the Institution Narrative to serve as a solemn act of worship of the Real Presence just brought about by the latter. This order is still maintained in some lutheran liturgies, such as that of the noticeably high church Church of Sweden. After the death of Martin Luther, further controversies developed including Crypto-Calvinism and the second Sacramentarian controversy, started by Gnesio-Lutheran Joachim Westphal. The Philippist understanding of the Real Presence without overt adoration through time became dominant in Lutheranism, although it is not in accordance with Luther's teaching. The German theologian Andreas Musculus can be regarded as one of the warmest defenders of Eucharistic adoration in early Lutheranism.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Catholic doctrine holds that at the moment of consecration the elements of bread and wine are changed (substantially) into the Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity of Christ while the appearances (the "species") of the bread and wine remain. In the doctrine of Real Presence, at the point of consecration, the act that takes place is a double miracle: 1) that Jesus Christ is present in the Eucharist in a true, real and substantial way, with his Body and his Blood, with his Soul and his Divinity; and 2) that the bread and wine have truly, substantially become Jesus' Body and Blood. Because Catholics believe that Christ is truly present (Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity) in the Eucharist, the reserved sacrament serves as a focal point of adoration. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that: "The Eucharistic presence of Christ begins at the moment of the consecration and endures as long as the Eucharistic species subsist."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The practice of adoration itself developed in a climate of Protestantism, and specifically the rejection of the doctrine of the Real Presence among certain groups. As such, some Catholic leaders began to institute the practice of adoration in order to inspire confidence among the faithful in Catholic Eucharistic doctrine. It became a staple of the Western Church thereafter.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: St. Faustina Kowalska stated that she was called to religious life while attending the "Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament" at age seven. Notable examples of conversion are Saints Elizabeth Ann Seton and John Henry Newman, both having converted from Anglicanism, and the Venerable Hermann Cohen (Carmelite), O.C.D., from Judaism, following Eucharistic adoration. Cohen went on to help establish the widespread practice of nocturnal adoration.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The practice of a "daily Holy Hour" of adoration has been encouraged in the Western Catholic tradition. Mother Teresa of Calcutta had a Holy Hour each day and all members of her Missionaries of Charity followed her example.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Since the Middle Ages the practice of Eucharistic adoration outside Mass has been encouraged by the popes.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: In the midst of the Second Vatican Council, on 3 September 1965, a few days before opening the fourth session, Pope Paul VI issued the Encyclical "Mysterium fidei" whereby he urged daily Mass and communion and said,


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: "And they should not forget about paying a visit during the day to the Most Blessed Sacrament in the very special place of honor where it is reserved in churches in keeping with the liturgical laws, since this is a proof of gratitude and a pledge of love and a display of the adoration that is owed to Christ the Lord who is present there." St. Pius X used to say: "The daily adoration or visit to the Blessed Sacrament is the practice which is the fountainhead of all devotional works."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: In "Dominicae Cenae" Pope John Paul II stated: "The Church and the world have a great need of Eucharistic worship. Jesus waits for us in this sacrament of love. Let us be generous with our time in going to meet Him in adoration and in contemplation that is full of faith." And he added in "Ecclesia de Eucharistia": "The worship of the Eucharist outside of the Mass is of inestimable value for the life of the Church... It is the responsibility of Pastors to encourage, also by their personal witness, the practice of Eucharistic adoration, and exposition of the Blessed Sacrament."


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: From his early years, the Eucharist had a central place in the theology of Joseph Ratzinger and in his role as Pope Benedict XVI. In his book "God Is Near Us: The Eucharist, the Heart of Life" he strongly encouraged Eucharistic adoration.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Generally speaking, Eastern Catholics do not practice adoration, as the circumstances which brought about the practice in the Western Church were not acutely present in the East.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Even so, Latinization, biritualism, and other factors have caused some Eastern Catholic parishes and communities to embrace the practice nevertheless.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: One of the better known prayers of reparation to the Blessed Sacrament is attributed to the Angel of Portugal, said to have appeared at Fatima:


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Eucharistic celebrations of any nature are sometimes initiated with the first four or at least the first stanza of the hymn Pange lingua, and often concluded with the Tantum ergo (being the other two stanzas of the same hymn), or at the least the versicle and oration attached to the Tantum ergo (see the article). These hymns and orations are from the Daily Office for Corpus Christi, composed by St. Thomas Aquinas.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Apart from promoting the Eucharist, Saint Peter Julian Eymard also made meditations before the Blessed host and his writings were later published as a book: "The Real Presence". His contemporary Saint Jean Vianney also performed Eucharistic meditations which were later published.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Saint Thérèse of Lisieux was devoted to Eucharistic meditation and on 26 February 1895 shortly before she died wrote from memory her poem ""To Live by Love"" which she had composed during Eucharistic meditation. During her life, the poem was sent to various religious communities and was included in a notebook of her poems.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Significant portions of the writings of the Venerable Concepcion Cabrera de Armida were reported as having been based on her meditations during adoration of the Blessed Sacrament.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: In her book "Eucharist: true jewel of eucharistic spirituality" Maria Candida of the Eucharist (who was beatified by Pope John Paul II) wrote about her own personal experiences and reflections on Eucharistic meditation.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Perpetual adoration is the practice of the continuous exposition and adoration of the Eucharist, twenty-four hours a day. Similar to the "Perpetual Rosary" in which the Rosary is recited uninterrupted by a changing group of people, this practice gained popularity among Western (or "Roman") Catholics in 19th-century France and has since spread to lay Catholics in parishes across the world. A textbook was produced by a lay Catholic, Susan Taylor, with help from monks and clergy as a "how to set up Perpetual Adoration".


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: During perpetual adoration, a specific person performs adoration for a period of one hour or more, so there is always at least one person who performs adoration during each day and night. However, during Mass the Blessed Sacrament is reposed and is then exposed again after Mass.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Perpetual adoration of God by psalm and prayer has been a tradition among Christians since ancient times, e.g., in Eastern Christianity since the year 400 when the Acoemetae monks kept up a divine service day and night; and in Western Christianity the monks at the monastery of Agaunum performed perpetual prayers since its formation in 522 by King Sigismund.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The first recorded instance of perpetual adoration formally began in Avignon, France, on 11 September 1226. To celebrate and give thanks for the victory over the Albigensians in the Siege of Avignon, King Louis VIII asked that the sacrament be placed on display at the Chapel of the Holy Cross. The overwhelming number of adorers brought the local bishop, Pierre de Corbie, to suggest that the exposition be continued indefinitely. With the permission of Pope Honorius III, the idea was ratified and the adoration continued there practically uninterrupted until the chaos of the French Revolution halted it from 1792.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: On 25 March 1654 Mother Mechtilde of the Blessed Sacrament formed a Benedictine society formed for that purpose. Mother Mechtilde pioneered perpetual adoration of the Eucharist on request of Père Picotte. Père Picotte was the confessor of Anne of Austria who asked him for a vow for the deliverance of France from war and the order was formed in response to that vow. A small house was bought on "Rue Feron" in Paris and a Benedictine convent, founded for this purpose, began perpetual adoration there on 25 March 1654, one or more nuns kneeling in front of the altar in adoration each hour of the day and night. The simple Benedictine rules with which the nuns started were amended and formal approval for perpetual adoration was provided by the "Camera Apostolica" in Rome in 1705.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Various Catholic societies and orders were formed for the specific purpose of perpetual adoration prior to the 19th century, e.g., the Perpetual Adorers of the Blessed Sacrament (1659 in Marseille), Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary and of the Perpetual Adoration (formed in 1768 in Paris), and the Religious of the Perpetual Adoration (1789, Switzerland).


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: By the beginning of the 19th century, in France as well as elsewhere in Europe, strong currents in favor of Eucharistic piety, devotions and adoration began to appear. Preachers such as Prosper Guéranger, Peter Julian Eymard and Jean Vianney were very effective in renewing such devotions.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The 19th century thus witnessed a rapid growth in perpetual adoration societies, and some existing orders (e.g., the Dominicans and the Poor Clares) e.g.: Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration (1845 in Brittany), Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration (also in 1854), Religious of Perpetual Adoration (Brussels, 1857), Servants of the Most Blessed Sacrament (1858, Paris), Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration (1863, Olpe, Germany), Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters (the Netherlands, 1896). A number of perpetual adoration orders were also formed in the United States, e.g., Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration (1849 Wisconsin) and Benedictine Sisters of Perpetual Adoration (1874, Clyde, Missouri).


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: The Poor Clares of the Monastery of Saint Mary of the Angels of Perpetual Adoration, in Drumshanbo, Ireland, first established perpetual adoration on 25 March 1870, and have continued the practice uninterrupted to this day. The Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration have been praying nonstop longer than anyone in the United States; the practice began on 1 August 1878, at 11 a.m. and officially ended on Ash Wednesday, February 26, 2020. At this point the perpetual prayer had been maintained without interruption for 141 years.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: In the 20th century, the practice of perpetual adoration spread from monasteries and convents to Catholic parishes at large, and is now also performed by lay Catholics. The perpetual adoration chapel in Saint Peter's Basilica was inaugurated by Pope John Paul II in 1981 and a number of the major basilicas in Rome have also started perpetual adoration in the 20th century.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: Early in the 20th century, questions arose as to the suitability of perpetual adoration by lay Catholics. However, after various discussions, on 2 June 1991 (feast of Corpus Christi), the Pontifical Council for the Laity issued specific guidelines that permit perpetual adoration in parishes. In order to establish a "perpetual adoration chapel" in a parish, the local priest must obtain permission from his bishop by submitting a request along with the required information for the local "perpetual adoration association", its officers, etc.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: At the beginning of the 21st century, there were over 2,500 perpetual adoration chapels in Catholic parishes around the world. The United States (with about 70 million Catholics) had about 1,100 chapels, the Philippines (with about 80 million Catholics) 500, the Republic of Ireland (with about 4 million Catholics) about 150, South Korea (with about 4 million Catholics) had about 70.


title: Eucharistic adoration

text: , the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis was estimated to have the most chapels of perpetual adoration of any archdiocese in the United States. , the world's largest monstrance is in Chicago, in a perpetual adoration chapel dedicated to the Divine Mercy, and is adjacent to Church of St. Stanislaus Kostka, one of the city's Polish churches.


title: Tahajjud

text: Tahajjud, also known as the "night prayer", is a voluntary prayer performed by followers of Islam. It is not one of the five obligatory prayers required of all Muslims, although the Islamic prophet, Muhammad was recorded as performing the tahajjud prayer regularly himself and encouraging his companions too.


title: Tahajjud

text: Next to these Qur'anic verses, there also exist a number of hadiths (narrated and confirmed traditions from Muhammad) that reinforce the importance of Tahajjud Prayer. In various hadiths, it has been mentioned as "Qiyamul Sabah" (standing of morning), "Salatul Sabah" (prayer of morning) and "Tahajjud".


title: Tahajjud

text: Tahajjud may be performed before or after Emsak (when the fasting starts) but before the obligatory Fajr prayer.


title: Tahajjud

text: Tahajjud Prayer does not entail a specific number of rak`ahs that must be performed, nor is there any maximum limit that may be performed. It would be fulfilled even if one prayed just one rak`ah of Witr after `Ishaa'; however, it is traditionally prayed with at least two rak'at which is known as shif'a followed by witr as this is what Muhammad did before fajr.


title: Iron Fist (season 2)

text: The second and final season of the American streaming television series "Iron Fist", which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, follows Danny Rand / Iron Fist, a martial arts expert with the ability to call upon the power of the Iron Fist. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios, with Raven Metzner serving as showrunner.


title: Iron Fist (season 2)

text: Finn Jones stars as Rand, who protects New York following the events of "The Defenders". Jessica Henwick, Tom Pelphrey, Jessica Stroup, and Sacha Dhawan also return from the first season to star and are joined by Simone Missick, reprising her role from previous Marvel Netflix series, and Alice Eve. The season was ordered in July 2017, with Metzner replacing Scott Buck as showrunner. Filming for the season began in late 2017 in New York City and continued until May 2018. Focus was placed on improving the fight sequences for the series after criticisms of the first season, with Clayton Barber taking over as fight coordinator after doing so for the MCU film "Black Panther". Each episode in the season is named after a comics issue that Rand has appeared in.


title: Iron Fist (season 2)

text: The season was released on September 7, 2018, and consists of ten episodes. The season received mixed reviews from critics but was considered a major improvement over the previous season. Netflix canceled the series on October 12, 2018.


title: Iron Fist (season 2)

text: In January 2015, Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated the series was "eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure" and Netflix would look at "how well [they] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase" in terms of determining whether additional seasons would be appropriate. In July 2015, Sarandos said some of the Defenders series would "selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate." At San Diego Comic-Con International 2017, the second season of "Iron Fist" was announced, with Raven Metzner taking over as showrunner from Scott Buck, who served that role for the first season. Marvel Television head and series executive producer Jeph Loeb explained that Marvel had known Buck would be unavailable for the next season of "Iron Fist" due to his commitments to another Marvel series, "Inhumans", so the studio began looking for a replacement showrunner. Metzner pitched a story for the season that excited Marvel, and Loeb compared the change to a new writer taking over on a comic.


title: Iron Fist (season 2)

text: The season begins after the events of "The Defenders", and sees Rand fulfill his promise to protect New York following the supposed death of Matt Murdock at the end of that miniseries. For the season, Metzner also wanted to explore more of the mythology of K'un-Lun than was shown in the first season by spending more time there. Each episode is named after the issue title of various comics Danny Rand has appeared in, after the first season named each episode after Shaolin Kung Fu sequences.