title: John Geoghan

text: John Joseph "Jack" Geoghan (; June4, 1935August23, 2003) was an American serial child rapist and Roman Catholic priest assigned to parishes in the Archdiocese of Boston in Massachusetts. He was reassigned to several parish posts involving interaction with children, even after receiving treatment for pedophilia.


title: John Geoghan

text: The investigation and prosecution of Geoghan were one of the numerous cases of priests accused of child sexual abuse in a scandal that rocked the archdiocese in the 1990s and 2000s. It led to the resignation of Boston's archbishop, Cardinal Bernard Francis Law, on December 13, 2002. Law lost the support of fellow clergy and the laity after it was shown that his response to allegations against dozens of priests consisted of assigning them to different parishes, thus allowing sexual abuse of additional children to take place.


title: John Geoghan

text: Geoghan was convicted of sexual abuse, laicized, and sentenced in 2002 to nine to ten years in Souza-Baranowski Correctional Center, a maximum security prison. Less than a year later, he was murdered there by Joseph Druce, an inmate serving a life sentence. "The Boston Globe"s coverage of Geoghan's abuse opened the door for public knowledge of the sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Boston and Catholic churches nationwide in general. This coverage is a key plot element of Tom McCarthy's film "Spotlight" in 2015.


title: John Geoghan

text: Born in Boston in 1935 to an Irish Catholic family, John Joseph Geoghan attended local parochial schools. Intending to become a priest, he attended Cardinal O'Connell Seminary. An assessment in 1954 noted him as "markedly immature." He graduated in 1962 and was ordained.


title: John Geoghan

text: On February 13, 1962, Geoghan was assigned as an assistant pastor at Blessed Sacrament Parish in Saugus, Massachusetts. That December, he successfully talked a man out of committing suicide from jumping off the Mystic River Bridge. While Geoghan was assigned to Blessed Sacrament, Anthony Benzevich allegedly told church officials that the junior priest was observed bringing boys into his bedroom. Benzevich would later deny this allegation. In 1998, Benzevich told reporters he was branded as a troublemaker for reporting Geoghan, and that church officials hinted that he might be sent to Peru if he persisted. In 1995 Geoghan admitted to having molested four boys during his tenure at Blessed Sacrament.


title: John Geoghan

text: Geoghan was assigned to St. Bernard's Parish in Concord starting on September 22, 1966. He was transferred after seven months there; church records offered no explanation for his reassignment. On April 20, 1967, Geoghan was assigned to St. Paul's Parish in Hingham. Around 1968, a man complained to church authorities that he had caught Geoghan molesting his son. As a result, Geoghan was sent to the Seton Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, for treatment for his pedophilia. In the early 1970s, parishioner Joanne Mueller accused Geoghan of molesting her four young sons. Mueller has said that she informed Paul E. Miceli and he asked her to keep quiet. Miceli disputes her account. The church later reached a settlement with Mueller.


title: John Geoghan

text: Geoghan's next assignment was at St. Andrew's Parish in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood, starting on June 4, 1974. On February 9, 1980, John E. Thomas told Bishop Thomas Vose Daily that Geoghan admitted to molesting seven boys. Daily called Geoghan and told him to go home. Geoghan admitted to the abuse, but said that he did "not feel it serious or a pastoral problem." He was placed on sick leave three days later and ordered by Cardinal Humberto Medeiros to undergo counseling. Under the care of doctors Robert Mullins and John H. Brennan, Geoghan underwent psychoanalysis and psychotherapy.


title: John Geoghan

text: On February 25, 1981, Geoghan returned to pastoral work at St. Brendan's Parish in Dorchester. While there, he allegedly raped and fondled a boy. In 1982 the family of seven of Geoghan's victims complained to Bishop Daily that Geoghan had arranged to meet one of his victims at an ice cream shop in Jamaica Plain and was at the time in the company of another boy. On September 18, 1984, Cardinal Bernard Francis Law, the new Archbishop of Boston, removed Geoghan from the parish after complaints that he was molesting children.


title: John Geoghan

text: Law assigned Geoghan to St. Julia's Parish in Weston on November 13, 1984. He was put in charge of three youth groups, including altar boys. On December 7, auxiliary bishop John Michael D'Arcy wrote to Law complaining about Geoghan's assignment to St. Julia's because of his "history of homosexual involvement with young boys". That same month, Mullins wrote that Geoghan had "fully recovered", and Brennan stated that there was no need for restrictions on his work as a priest.


title: John Geoghan

text: In 1986 new allegations of sexual abuse were made against Geoghan. From April 3–12, 1989, he was treated at the Saint Luke Institute in Silver Spring, Maryland, where he was diagnosed with homosexual pedophilia. On April 28, 1989, auxiliary bishop Robert Joseph Banks ordered Geoghan to leave the ministry. Instead, Geoghan was placed on sick leave on May 24 and, between August 10 to November 4, was treated at The Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut. Upon his release, Geoghan was described as "moderately improved". Institute officials recommended that he return to assignment. Banks was concerned about the conclusions of the institute's discharge summary. On December 13, the institute sent Banks a letter explaining the discharge summary, stating that, "The probability he [Geoghan] would act out again is quite low. However, we could not guarantee that it would not re-occur." Psychiatrists concluded that Geoghan had "atypical pedophilia in remission" and a "mixed personality disorder with obsessive-compulsive, histrionic and narcissistic features" but decided he could be safely reassigned.


title: John Geoghan

text: On November 28, 1990, Banks recommended that Geoghan return to the parish, but left the decision up to Cardinal Law and another bishop. On October 23, 1991, the church received a complaint about Geoghan "proselytizing" with a boy at a pool.


title: John Geoghan

text: In 1993, Geoghan retired from active ministry at the age of 58. He moved into the Regina Cleri residence for retired priests. Three years later, after more allegations surfaced against him, he spent several months in therapy in the Southdown Institute in Ontario, Canada.


title: John Geoghan

text: Over a 30-year career in six parishes, Geoghan was accused of sexual abuse involving more than 130 boys. He was prosecuted in Cambridge for charges of molestation that took place in 1991. Geoghan was defrocked in 1998 by Pope John Paul II. He was found guilty on February 21, 2002, of indecent assault and battery for grabbing the buttocks of a 10-year-old boy in a swimming pool at the Waltham Boys and Girls Club in 1991, and was sentenced to nine to ten years in prison.


title: John Geoghan

text: After initially agreeing to a $30 million settlement with 86 of Geoghan's victims, the Boston archdiocese pulled out of it, finally settling with them for $10 million.


title: John Geoghan

text: Boston's Suffolk County prosecuted Geoghan in two other sexual abuse cases. One case was dropped without prejudice when the alleged victim decided not to testify. In the second case, a judge dismissed the conviction of Geoghan in two rapes, after hotly contested arguments, because the statute of limitations had run out. The Commonwealth's appeal of that ruling was active at the time of Geoghan's death. Remaining charges of indecent assault in that case were still pending prosecution.


title: John Geoghan

text: On August 23, 2003, while in protective custody at the maximum security Souza-Baranowski Correctional Center in Lancaster, Geoghan was strangled and stomped to death in his cell by inmate Joseph Druce. The latter was serving a sentence of life without the possibility of parole for killing a man who allegedly made sexual advances toward him. Druce was said to have planned the murder of Geoghan for more than a month, considering him a "prize". The press raised questions about prison officials' judgment in placing these two men in the same unit for protective custody. In addition, they had been warned by an inmate that Druce intended to attack Geoghan.


title: John Geoghan

text: A Worcester jury found Druce guilty of first-degree murder on January 25, 2006, after the jury rejected his insanity defense. Druce was sentenced a second time to life in prison without the possibility of parole.


title: John Geoghan

text: A video showing corrections officers trying to open Geoghan's cell door, which Druce had wedged shut when he attacked the former priest, was released on YouTube in June 2007. Officials claimed not to know how the video, recorded by the prison surveillance systems, was made public.


title: John Geoghan

text: Robert Joseph Banks, when an auxiliary bishop in Boston, had recommended in 1989 that Geoghan remain as a parish priest despite receiving an assessment that he would likely continue to act on his pedophilia. Banks was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay in 1990. He retired in 2003, having reached the church's mandatory retirement age of 75 years. Banks remains Bishop Emeritus of Green Bay.


title: John Geoghan

text: John Michael D'Arcy, who had written an unheeded letter of warning to Cardinal Law about Geoghan's behavior, was transferred from Boston to Indiana on February 26, 1985, and ended his career as bishop of the Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend. D'Arcy retired in 2009 and died in 2013.


title: John Geoghan

text: After Cardinal Law resigned as Boston's archbishop in December 2002, he relocated to Rome in 2004 where he served as archpriest of the Basilica of St. Mary Major, the largest Catholic Marian church in Rome. It was "commonly believed that he would live out his retirement in Rome" after he retired at age 80 in 2011. Law died in Rome on December 20, 2017.


title: John Geoghan

text: Canadian punk-rock band Billy Talent's song "Devil in a Midnight Mass" from the album "Billy Talent II" (2006) addresses Geoghan's story from a victim's perspective.


title: John Geoghan

text: The 2015 film "Spotlight" begins on an evening in 1976 at a Boston Police station, where two policemen are discussing the arrest of Fr. John Geoghan for child molestation. A high-ranking cleric talks to the mother of the children. The Assistant District Attorney then enters the precinct and tells the policemen not to let the press get wind of what has happened. The arrest is hushed up, and Geoghan is released.


title: Ramya Krishnan filmography

text: The following is the filmography of Indian television and film actress Ramya Krishnan. She has acted in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, and Hindi films.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: The 2021–2022 global energy crisis began in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, with much of the globe facing shortages and increased prices in oil, gas and electricity markets. The crisis was caused by a variety of economic factors, including the rapid post-pandemic economic rebound that outpaced energy supply, and escalated into a widespread global energy crisis following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The price of natural gas reached record highs, and as a result so did electricity in some markets. Oil prices hit their highest level since 2008.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Higher energy prices pushed families into poverty, forced some factories to curtail output or even shut down, and slowed economic growth. Europe, whose gas supply is uniquely vulnerable because of its historic reliance on Russia, could face gas rationing during the 2022–23 winter, while many emerging economies have seen higher energy import bills and fuel shortages.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: The COVID-19 pandemic in 2019–2020 caused a rapid drop in energy demand and a corresponding cut in oil production, and despite the 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war, OPEC responded slowly to the demand recovery under new normal, causing a supply-demand imbalance. The 2021–2022 global supply chain crisis that further stressed the delivery of extracted petroleum.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Additionally, as Europe sought to replace Russian gas, it bid up prices of US, Australian and Qatari ship-borne liquefied natural gas (LNG), diverting supply away from traditional LNG customers in Asia. Because gas frequently sets the price at which electricity is sold, power prices soared as well. Both LNG producers and importers rushed to build new infrastructure to increase LNG export/import capacity, but these costly projects take years to come online.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In December 2020, after months of restrictions, China fully blocked coal imports from Australia, which was China's largest source of imported coal.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In 2021, Brazil's worst drought in almost a century threatened its electricity supply. Brazil relies on hydropower for two-thirds of its electricity.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: "Euractiv" reported that European Commissioner for Climate Action Frans Timmermans told the European Parliament in Strasbourg that "about one fifth" of the energy price increase "can be attributed to rising pricing on the EU's carbon market".


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In 2022, Europe's driest summer in 500 years had serious consequences for hydropower generation and power plant cooling systems. According to the "New York Times", the drought "reduced hydropower in Norway, threatened nuclear reactors in France and crimped coal transport in Germany." Record droughts in China and California also threatened hydropower generation.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Russia is a leading producer and exporter of oil and gas. In 2020, it was the third largest oil producer in the world, behind the US and Saudi Arabia, with 60% of its oil exports going to Europe. Russia is traditionally the world’s second-largest producer of natural gas, behind the United States, and has the world’s largest gas reserves and is the world’s largest gas exporter. In 2021 the country produced 762 bcm of natural gas, and exported approximately 210 bcm via pipeline.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: The Russian military buildup outside Ukraine and subsequent invasion threatened the energy supply from Russia to Europe. International sanctions were introduced after Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, and subsequently tightened after the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022; the new Nord Stream 2 pipeline's certification was later suspended. Russia had already refused to increase exports to Europe before its invasion, and the state reacted to European sanctions by reducing gas deliveries to Germany through the Nord Stream 1 pipeline, which it fully halted in early September, although the pipelines continued to contain natural gas. Gas leaks in late September resulted in the pipes becoming inoperable. European Union and NATO officials said the leaks were caused by sabotage, but did not name a responsible party. Other pipelines, such as the Druzhba pipeline, largely continued to operate.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In October 2022, OPEC+ cut oil production by two million barrels per day. OPEC+ claimed it is trying to prevent price volatility, although some analysts believe the goal is to increase oil prices, which had decreased over the previous few months. Saudi Arabia's foreign ministry stated that the OPEC+ decision was "purely economic" and taken unanimously by all members of the conglomerate.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Food prices increased steeply as Covid lockdowns were lifted and rose even higher following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, putting millions of people at risk. According to the World Food Programme, the number of people facing acute food insecurity more than tripled between 2017 and 2021, and could further increase by 17% to 323 million in 2022. The two countries together account for almost 30% of global wheat exports and play a key role in global fertiliser supply. Russia's blockade of Black Sea ports disrupted food and other commodity exports from Ukraine, while the broader military campaign put the 2022 harvest at risk.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Natural gas is a significant key component in producing fertilizers. The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global population growth — it has been estimated that almost half of the world's population is currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Rising energy prices are pushing agricultural costs higher, contributing to increasing food prices globally. The agriculture and food industries use energy for various purposes. Direct energy use includes electricity for automated water irrigation, fuel consumption for farm machinery and energy required at various stages of food processing, packaging, transportation and distribution. The use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers results in large quantities of indirect energy consumption, with these inputs being highly energy intensive to manufacture. While the share varies considerably between regions – depending on factors such as weather conditions and crop types – direct and non-direct energy costs can account for 40% to 50% of total variable costs of cropping in advanced economies such as the United States. Higher energy and fertiliser prices therefore inevitably translate into higher production costs, and ultimately into higher food prices.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Aside of inflationary pressures, the 2021/2022 energy crisis has also increased the use of coal in energy production worldwide. Coal use in Europe already increased by 14% in 2021, and is expected to rise another 7% in 2022. Soaring natural gas prices have made coal more competitive in many markets, and some nations have resorted to coal as a substitute for potential energy rationing in winter 2022/2023. With demand for coal increasing in Asia and elsewhere, global coal consumption is forecast to rise again by 0.7% in 2022 to 8 billion tonnes. Burning coal or petroleum products emits significantly higher amounts of carbon dioxide and air pollutants compared to natural gas. The return to coal slows the transition to greener and more sustainable energy sources. Both the United States and Russia are top exporters of natural gas and coal.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Europe has been historically leading with regard to global climate policy, pledging to cut emissions to at least 55% below 1990 levels in the next 8 years. But sanctions on Russia are crushing global supplies of fossil fuels with drastic price increases. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 risks unravelling decades of hard work to reduce emissions on the European continent. After a long period of optimistic projections on reducing Europe's carbon footprint, governments there aren't keeping anything off the table, including reopening coal-fired power plants or upping oil imports, as well as prolonging the phase-out for nuclear energy.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Overall, the response to this rising crisis have been to return to coal and other polluting energy sources, subsidizing prices, easing gas taxes, or even lowering the price of carbon dioxide emissions. These short-term solutions lower electricity bills but go exactly in the opposite direction of what is needed to prevent the 1.5 degree increase in temperatures, increasing the likelihood of a climate apocalypse.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Europeans rushed to increase gas imports from producers such as Algeria, Norway and Azerbaijan. EU members also introduced gas storage obligations, and agreed on voluntary targets to cut gas and electricity demand by 15% through efficiency measures, greater use of renewables, and support for efficiency improvements.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: The UK government has turned to Qatar to seek a long-term gas deal to ensure a stable supply of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to the UK. Prime Minister Boris Johnson asked Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of Qatar, for help during a meeting at the UN General Assembly in September 2021. EU suspended an antitrust investigation into QatarEnergy in February 2022.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In October 2021, U.S. producer Venture Global LNG signed three long-term supply deals with China's state-owned Sinopec to supply liquefied natural gas. China's imports of U.S. natural gas will more than double.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: On 28 October 2021, natural gas prices in Europe dropped by at least 12% after Gazprom announced it would increase supplies to Europe after Russian domestic storage sites were filled on about 8 November. Norway had increased gas production and lower coal prices in China also helped lower natural gas prices.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán blamed a record-breaking surge in energy prices on the European Commission's Green Deal plans. "Politico" reported that "Despite the impact of high energy prices, [EU Commissioner for Energy] Kadri Simson insisted that there are no plans to backtrack on the bloc's Green Deal, which aims to make the EU climate neutral by 2050." Speaking at the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, Czech Prime Minister Babiš denounced the European Green Deal, saying that the European Commission "continues to propose dangerous policies such as the ban on combustible engines in 2035, or carbon allowances for transport and individual housing. Due to improper legislature and speculation, the price of emission allowances has gone out of control, resulting in the surging costs of electricity."


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: U.S. President Joe Biden's national security adviser Jake Sullivan released a statement calling on OPEC+ to boost oil production to "offset previous production cuts that OPEC+ imposed during the pandemic until well into 2022." On 28 September 2021, Sullivan met in Saudi Arabia with Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman to discuss the high oil prices. The price of oil was about US$80 by October 2021, the highest since 2014. USA delivered 16 billion cubic meters of LNG to Europe in January 2022, and 6 billion in February.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Iranian oil minister Javad Owji said if U.S.-led sanctions on Iran's oil and gas industry are lifted, Iran will have every capability to tackle the global energy crisis. The Biden administration was pressed on potential oil deals with Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Iran that would have them increase their oil production.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Qatar's energy minister Saad Sherida al-Kaabi stated that there "is a huge demand from all our customers, and unfortunately we cannot cater for everybody. Unfortunately, in my view, this is due to the market not investing enough in the [gas] industry."


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said that "Europe today is too reliant on gas and too dependent on gas imports. The answer has to do with diversifying our suppliers ... and, crucially, with speeding up the transition to clean energy."


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: European Commissioner for Climate Action Frans Timmermans suggested "the best answer to this problem today is to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels."


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In late October 2021, Russian ambassador Andrei Kelin denied that Russia is withholding gas supplies for political reasons. According to the ambassador, delivery of natural gas through Ukraine has been increased by up to 15% for November 2021, but it was unclear whether this increase would have an immediate effect on the natural gas supply in Europe. Furthermore, such increase in gas delivery was hindered by a lack of modernization of the Ukrainian gas pipelines, according to the source.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In the first collective action following the invasion, agreed on 1 March 2022, IEA member countries committed to release 62.7 million barrels of emergency oil stocks. On 1 April, they agreed to make a further 120 million barrels available from emergency reserves, the largest stock release in the IEA’s history, which coincided with the release of additional barrels from the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve. The two coordinated drawdowns in 2022 are the fourth and fifth in the history of the IEA, which was created in 1974. Previous collective actions were taken in 1991, 2005 and 2011.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: The IEA has also published action plans to cut oil use with immediate impact, as well as plans for how Europe can reduce its reliance on Russian gas and how common citizens can reduce their energy consumption. This includes a 10-point action plan to reduce the EU’s reliance on Russian Natural Gas.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: German chancellor Olaf Scholz announced plans to build two new LNG terminals. Economy Minister Robert Habeck said Germany reached a long-term energy partnership with Qatar, one of the world's largest exporters of liquefied natural gas. Habeck said Germany plans to end imports of Russian natural gas by mid-2024. In May 2022, the European Commission proposed and approved a partial ban on oil imports from Russia, part of the economic response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 18 May 2022, the European Union published plans to end its reliance on Russian oil, natural gas and coal by 2027.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: On 13 July 2022, the Kremlin expressed hope that a visit by President Biden in Saudi Arabia to boost OPEC oil production would not foster anti-Russian sentiments there. Russia is the largest oil and gas exporter after Saudi Arabia and enjoys a highly valued cooperation with the Arab country in the framework of the OPEC group. But at current levels, major Gulf producers have little to spare, and Russia blames international sanctions for higher energy prices around the world.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Since the June 2022 G7 meeting, plans had been circulating to cap the price of Russian energy commodities as initially suggested by U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen and E.U. Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, in order to lower price levels for Western nations and deprive Russia of its profits. After G7 finance ministers expressed their intention to implement a price cap, a Kremlin spokesman responded, "companies that impose a price cap will not be among the recipients of Russian oil." Energy analysts have also expressed skepticism that a price cap would be realistic because the coalition is "not broad enough"; OPEC+ called the plan "absurd". Likely the U.S. and the E.U. will attempt to follow through with the plan by limiting Russia's access to Western insurance services.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In June 2022, the United States government agreed to allow Italian company Eni and Spanish company Repsol to import oil from Venezuela to Europe to replace oil imports from Russia. French Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire said that France negotiated with the United Arab Emirates to replace some Russian oil imports.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Additionally, on 15 June 2022, Israel, Egypt and the European Union signed a trilateral agreement to increase natural-gas sales to European countries seeking alternative sources to lessen their dependence on Russian energy supplies. In July 2022, the European Commission signed an agreement with Azerbaijan to increase natural gas imports.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: On 29 September 2022, Germany presented a €200 billion plan to support industry and households. German Economy Minister Robert Habeck complained that the United States and other "friendly" gas supplier nations were profiting from the Ukraine war with "astronomical prices". He called for more solidarity by the US to assist energy-pressed allies in Europe. French President Emmanuel Macron criticized the United States, Norway and other "friendly" natural gas supplier states for the extremely high prices of their supplies, saying that Europeans are "paying four times more than the price you sell to your industry. That is not exactly the meaning of friendship."


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Since the last months of 2021 and until now, Europe has experienced an unprecedented increase in gas and energy automation, especially after Russia invaded Ukraine, where Russia has reduced its gas production and exports to EU countries.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Russia is considered the most important supplier of the European Union in terms of natural gas, oil, and coal. Still, relations between the European Union and Russia have experienced great tension after the position of the European Union and member states on the Russian invasion of Ukraine. According to the Council of the European Union, the EU decided to ban coal imports from Russia in August 2022 and has denied 90% of Russian oil imports since September 2022.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: This contention between Russia and the European Union has led to an increase in the price of gas and electricity. European citizens pay this higher price to meet their daily needs, and the industrial and commercial enterprises that use energy to produce their products, which will lead to an increase in the rate of inflation in Europe, higher prices, a decline in the purchasing power of citizens, and hence the contraction of the European economy.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In this regard, the European Union is facing a great challenge and pressure from European consumers and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to find solutions to reduce the effects of this crisis. Therefore, the European Commission proposes measures and urgent actions to reduce the cost of bills and protect consumers and businesses.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: The debate has intensified in Europe on mechanisms to reform the energy and electricity market in the face of this crisis. One proposed solution is separating gas prices from electricity prices. As European Commission, President Ursula von der Leyen stated in her 2022 State of the Union Address: “The current design of the electricity market no longer does justice to consumers. They should reap the benefits of low-cost renewable energy sources. Therefore, we need to separate the dominant influence of gas on the price of electricity. That is why we are undertaking a deep and comprehensive electricity market reform.”


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Indeed, in April this year, Spain and Portugal obtained preliminary approval from the European Commission to set a maximum gas price of 50 euros/MWh for an entire year. This decision and violation of European market rules were justified because Spain and Portugal can get gas from North African pipelines and therefore do not depend primarily on Russian gas, which places them in a safe position.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: However, the European Commission has yet to decide on this issue, despite numerous suggestions from member states such as Greece.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: The European Commission and the EU member states work together and individually on possible ways to keep gas and energy available in the EU for the winter of 2022 and the future.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: According to Marc-Antoine Eyl-Mazzega, the director of the energy and climate center at the French institute for international relations, Europe is no longer the continent of stability and peace it once was. It now has the highest energy cost prices compared to the rest of the world, and strategic competitors now have an advantage over European players.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In August 2022, a regulation has passed under which member states agreed to reduce their demand for gas by 15%. This could be implemented with measures suitable to them. Although the adoption of this regulation was voluntary, the European council can reduce the demand for gas mandatory when running on security supplies.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Cutting energy consumption is a crucial topic of discussion and debate in Europe. The European Parliament, alongside other key EU institutions, has pledged to reduce heating to conserve power. For example, offices of the European Commission have reduced their heating and humidification temperatures by 2°C.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: EU member states have adopted a regulation to fill gas storage and share them in a spirit of solidarity. Although the EU countries face this crisis together as a bloc, the stake is different for each country. Countries with a higher import and use of Russian gas will be affected significantly more than those with less import and dependency.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: The European Commission proposed the REPowerEU plan to reduce the EU’s dependency on Russian energy supplies by fast-forwarding the clean energy transmission of the EU. The Commission outlined a concept that will contribute to the acceleration of the EU energy transition by scaling up the deployment of Hydrogen known as the ‘Hydrogen accelerator’ concept. This plan aims to produce and import 10 million tons of renewable Hydrogen respectively in the EU by 2030 (REPowerEU).


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: In a note highlighting short-term actions that can relieve the energy situation, the president of the EU commission and its members conveyed mission areas in which member states should act. A regulation to fill gas storages, diversify the supply sources of energy and commit to reducing the demand for energy by 15 percent EU member states have adopted this winter. With this, the underground gas reserves of the EU are filled to 83 percent of their capacity.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: Power generation companies and companies operating in the fossil fuel sector have enjoyed windfall profits due to the current European market situation, which has led the European Commission to impose mandatory contributions on these companies as a temporary measure to limit the impact of the crisis.


title: 2021–2022 global energy crisis

text: The special temporary tax will be calculated on taxable profits during the year 2022 and at the rate of no less than 33% of excess profits in the oil, gas, coal, and refining sectors. These solidarity contributions will help alleviate the severity of the current crisis. These contributions will be redistributed to all European consumers, including low-income families in the Member States, SMEs, and energy-intensive companies.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: Dai (or DAI, formerly Sai or SAI) is a stablecoin on the Ethereum blockchain whose value is kept as close to one United States dollar (USD) as possible through a system of smart contracts and the decentralized participants those contracts incentivize to perform maintenance and governance functions. Dai is maintained and regulated by MakerDAO, a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) composed of the owners of its governance token, MKR, who may propose and vote on changes to certain parameters in its smart contracts in order to ensure the stability of Dai.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: Together, Dai and MakerDAO are considered the first example of decentralized finance to receive significant adoption.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: Dai is created from an overcollateralized loan and repayment process facilitated by MakerDAO's smart contracts in the form of a decentralized application. Users who deposit Ether (or other cryptocurrencies accepted as collateral) are able to borrow against the value of their deposits and receive newly generated Dai. The minimum collateralization ratio for Ether is currently set at 150%, which means a depositor of $150 worth of Ether may borrow up to 100 Dai (worth roughly $100). If the collateralization ratio of a loan falls below the minimum ratio, anyone may call a function on the contract to liquidate the loan and receive a percentage of the collateral as a reward.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: Upon repayment of the loan and its accrued interest, the returned Dai is automatically destroyed, and the collateral is made available for withdrawal. In this way the USD value of Dai can be said to be backed by the USD value of the underlying collateral held by MakerDAO's smart contracts. By controlling the types of accepted collateral, minimum collateralization ratios, and the interest rates for borrowing or storing Dai, MakerDAO is able to control the amount of Dai in circulation, and thus its value.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: The power to propose and implement changes to such variables is granted, through code, to holders of the MKR token. Owners of the governance token are able to vote on proposed modifications in equal proportion to the amount of tokens they hold. The MKR token also serves as an investment in the MakerDAO system. Added interest that borrowers pay back, on top of their loan's principal, is used to buy up MKR tokens from the market and burn them, taking them permanently out of circulation. This mechanism aims to make MKR deflationary in correlation to the revenues from lending Dai.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: On December 18, 2017, Dai and its associated smart contracts were officially launched on the main Ethereum network. The price of Dai was successfully kept close to one US dollar during its first year of existence, even though the price of Ether, the only collateral available at the time, declined by more than 80% during the same time period.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: In September 2018, venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz invested $15 million in MakerDAO by purchasing 6% of all MKR tokens.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: In 2018, MakerDAO formed the Maker Foundation, run from Copenhagen, which serves to help bootstrap the ecosystem by, for example, writing code needed for the platform to function and adapt.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: In 2019, MakerDAO experienced internal struggle over whether it should integrate more with the traditional financial system. Christensen wanted greater regulatory compliance to allow for assets besides cryptocurrency to serve as collateral for Dai. The struggle led to the departure of MakerDAO's CTO.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: In March 2020, as a result of extraordinary market volatility at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Dai experienced a deflationary deleveraging spiral that, at its peak, caused it to trade for up to USD $1.11 before returning to its intended $1.00 valuation.


title: Dai (cryptocurrency)

text: According to Rune Christensen, the name of the cryptocurrency is based on the Chinese character 貸, which he translated as "to lend or to provide capital for a loan".


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: José Antonio Aguilar Jiménez (born August 7, 1968), better known as Pepe Aguilar, is an American singer.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: From a young age, Aguilar accompanied his parents, Mexican singer-actors Antonio Aguilar and Flor Silvestre on tour. He played his first concert at the age of three, joining his father onstage at Madison Square Garden in New York City. He now does the same with his own children, Leonardo Aguilar and Ángela Aguilar, who have also continued in the steps of their father and grandparents.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: Aguilar has sold over 12 million albums worldwide. His work has earned him four Grammy Awards, five Latin Grammy Awards, nineteen Lo Nuestro Awards, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: Pepe Aguilar was born to Antonio Aguilar and Flor Silvestre in San Antonio, Texas, on August 7, 1968, while his parents were on tour. Although born in the United States, he was raised in Zacatecas, Mexico. Aguilar made his debut as a singer at the age of three, when his father, Antonio, had a concert at the Madison Square Garden in New York City. As a teenager, Aguilar was a rock music fan and had a band called "Equs". The band did not last long, but that led him to make his first album. Aguilar's musical influences were Pink Floyd and The Who, among other rock bands. Nevertheless, while leaving his teenage years behind, he turned to Mexican Regional music once again, mixing the traditional style with his modern pop influences and becoming a strong identity in the Latin scene, in addition to developing a successful acting career.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: Aguilar began his career as a solo artist in 1989 with the launch of "Pepe Aguilar Con Tambora", and later released special editions. In 1992, Aguilar recorded his first mariachi album titled "Recuérdame Bonito", produced by Mexican singer-songwriter Joan Sebastian. He subsequently released "Que Bueno" and "Chiquilla Bonita" in 1993 and 1994.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: After refusing to release an album due to legal disputes between Aguilar and his record label, in July 1998, he released "Por Mujeres Como Tú", which transformed him into a household name in Mexico and Latin America.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: On February 9, 1999, the album "Por El Amor De Siempre" was released. This CD was composed of songs from the 1970s from singers like Camilo Sesto, José María Napoleón, Ricardo Cerato y José José, and others. Pepe took a new spin on these old songs, and it was met with success. This was the album that solidified his career.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: By October 19, 1999, millions of copies had been sold. Many singles were played on the radio. It was the first Grammy on the category of "Mejor Álbum Regional Mexicano."


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: In the year 2000, he made a tribute to the great artists before him. Pepe did this CD as a thank to "las voces más representativas de la época de oro en el género ranchero," such as Jorge Negrete, Pedro Infante, Javier Solis, Miguel Aceves Mejía, and Vicente Fernandez.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: It was the first CD to record "Lo Mejor De Nosotros," again with unedited songs and making teamwork with Fato. His song "Me Vas a Extrañar" occupies the first places in the territories where there was promotion.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: On March 25, 2003, he produced "Y Tenerte Otra Vez," which became his first work with his own recording studio, "Equinoccio Records," and his licence with Univision includes songs like "Me Falta Valor," "Yo La Amo," and "A Pierna Suelta."


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: In 2003, he made a special tribute to his parents with "Con Orgullo Por Herencia." It recognized songs of his parents Antonio Aguilar and Flor Silvestre. In 2004, he produced the official song for Big Brother México, "Miedo," which became a big production of Pepe's, who had not sung an original song in 15 years.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: "No Soy De Nadie," a CD, was published on August 31, 2004. "El Autobús" was a hit song from this CD. This CD included work from great songwriters like Juan Gabriel, Luís Demetrio, Jesús Monarrez, and it also included his own song writing.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: In 2005, with the album "Historias De Mi Tierra," he made a tribute to El Corrido. Songs like "Dos Amigos," "El Federal De Caminos," and "El Corrido de Chihuahua" are included in this work. The CD gave Pepe another Latin Grammy for 'Mejor Álbum Ranchero' and gave him another American Grammy for 'Mejor Álbum Mexicano Americano'.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: On August 15, 2006, the CD "Enamorado," the second part of "Por El Amor De Siempre" (1999) was released, and in it is the main song of the Novela "Destilando Amor," called "Por Amarte." The CD was given another Latin Grammy in the category of 'Mejor Álbum Ranchero' in 2007. In 2009, Pepe asked his fans to not buy his albums from the company Musart, as they were only copies and did not financially benefit him.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: Aguilar received the 2,474th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on July 26, 2012, located at 7060 Hollywood Blvd., which was placed next to the star of his father.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: Like a businessman and artist who is independent, he has his own record label (Equinoccio Records) and studio with the highest technology in Latin America. He has also gone to the movement of fashion. In 2009 he took out his own fashion line called "Pepe Aguilar Línea de Calzado," which debuted for men and women. To celebrate this and share yet another aspect of his life with his fans, he launched his "Pepe Aguilar Signature Collection" through WSS Warehouse Shoe Sale retailer in the United States. In addition, his dream of helping Mexico in some way has given way to an eco-friendly agricultural project in which Aguilar will strengthen and promote the organic production of crops in communities in Zacatecas, using traditional practices and technology that will have a positive impact on the environment.


title: Pepe Aguilar

text: Pepe Aguilar was born into a musical family. His father, Antonio Aguilar, was an iconic regional Mexican singer who sold over 25 million records and is credited with being one of the pioneers in bringing charro and mariachi culture to international audiences. His mother, Flor Silvestre, was also an iconic regional Mexican singer and was one of the leading ladies in what is considered the golden era of Mexican cinema. He is the nephew of singers La Prieta Linda and Mary Jiménez, his mother's younger sisters. He has four siblings: Antonio Aguilar Jr., Dalia Inés, Francisco Rubiales, and Marcela Rubiales. He married Aneliz Álvarez Alcalá, who at one point was kidnapped along with his brother and held for ransom. He has four children with Leonardo Aguilar and Ángela Aguilar also being singers.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American surgeon and medical researcher. He researched in the field of blood transfusions, developing improved techniques for blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge to developing large-scale blood banks early in World War II. This allowed medics to save thousands of Allied forces' lives during the war. As the most prominent African American in the field, Drew protested against the practice of racial segregation in the donation of blood, as it lacked scientific foundation, and resigned his position with the American Red Cross, which maintained the policy until 1950.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Drew was born in 1904 into an African-American middle-class family in Washington, D.C. His father, Richard, was a carpet layer and his mother, Nora Burrell, trained as a teacher. Drew and three (two sisters, one brother) of his four younger siblings (three sisters and one brother total) grew up in Washington's largely middle-class and interracial Foggy Bottom neighborhood. From a young age Drew began work as a newspaper boy in his neighborhood, daily helping deliver over a thousand newspapers to his neighbors. Drew attended Washington's Dunbar High School which was well known for its equality and opportunities for all, despite the racial climate at the time. From 1920 until his marriage in 1939, Drew's permanent address was in Arlington County, Virginia, although he graduated from Washington's Dunbar High School in 1922 and resided elsewhere during that period of time.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Drew won an athletics scholarship to Amherst College in Massachusetts, where he played on the football as well as the track and field team, and later graduated in 1926. After college, Drew spent two years (1926–1928) as a professor of chemistry and biology, the first athletic director, and football coach at the historically black private Morgan College in Baltimore, Maryland, to earn the money to pay for medical school.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: For his medical career Drew applied to Howard University, Harvard Medical School and later McGill University. Drew lacked some prerequisites for Howard University, and Harvard wanted to defer him a year, so to begin medical school promptly, Drew decided to attend medical school at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was during this stage in his medical journey that Drew worked with John Beattie, who was conducting research regarding the potential correlations between transfusions of blood and shock therapy. Shock occurs as the amount of blood in the body rapidly declines which can be due to a variety of factors such as a wound or lack of fluids (dehydration). As the body goes into shock both blood pressure and body temperature decrease which then causes a lack of blood flow and a loss of oxygen in the body's tissues and cells. Eventually it became clear that transfusions were the solution to treating victims of shock, but at the time there was no successful method of transportation or mass storage of blood, leaving transfusions to be extremely limited to location.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: At McGill University he achieved membership in Alpha Omega Alpha, a scholastic honor society for medical students, ranked second in his graduating class of 127 students, and received the standard Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery degree awarded by the McGill University Faculty of Medicine in 1933.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Drew's first appointment as a faculty instructor was for pathology at Howard University from 1935 to 1936. He then joined Freedman's Hospital, a federally operated facility associated with Howard University, as an instructor in surgery and an assistant surgeon. In 1938, Drew began graduate work at Columbia University in New York City on the award of a two-year Rockefeller fellowship in surgery. He then began postgraduate work, earning his Doctor of Science at Surgery at Columbia University. He spent time doing research at Columbia's Presbyterian Hospital and wrote a doctoral thesis, "Banked Blood: A Study on Blood Preservation," based on an exhaustive study of blood preservation techniques. It was through this blood preservation research where Drew realized blood plasma was able to be preserved, two months, longer through de-liquification, or the separation of liquid blood from the cells. When ready for use the plasma would then be able to return to its original state via reconstitution. This thesis earned him his Doctor of Science in Medicine degree in 1940, becoming the first African American to do so. The District of Columbia chapter of the American Medical Association allowed only white doctors to join, consequently "... Drew died without ever being accepted for membership in the AMA."


title: Charles R. Drew

text: In late 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II and just after earning his doctorate, Drew was recruited by John Scudder to help set up and administer an early prototype program for blood storage and preservation. Here Drew was able to apply his thesis to aid in the blood preservation and transportation. He was to collect, test, and transport large quantities of blood plasma for distribution in the United Kingdom. Drew understood that plasma extraction from blood required both centrifugation and liquid extraction. Each extraction was conducted under controlled conditions to eliminate risk of contamination. Air concealment, ultraviolet light and Merthiolate were all used to mitigate the possibility of plasma contamination.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Drew went to New York City as the medical director of the United States' Blood for Britain project. It was here that Drew helped set the standard for other hospitals donating blood plasma to Britain by ensuring clean transfusions along with proper aseptic technique to ensure viable plasma dispersals were sent to Britain. The Blood for Britain project was a project to aid British soldiers and civilians by giving U.S. blood to the United Kingdom.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Drew started what would be later known as bloodmobiles, which were trucks containing refrigerators of stored blood; this allowed for greater mobility in terms of transportation as well as prospective donations.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Drew created a central location for the blood collection process where donors could go to give blood. He made sure all blood plasma was tested before it was shipped out. He ensured that only skilled personnel handled blood plasma to avoid the possibility of contamination. The Blood for Britain program operated successfully for five months, with total collections of almost 15,000 people donating blood, and with over 5,500 vials of blood plasma. As a result, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Association applauded Drew for his work.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Drew's work led to his appointment as director of the first American Red Cross Blood Bank in February 1941. The blood bank supplied blood to the U.S. Army and Navy, who ruled that the blood of African-Americans would be accepted but would have to be stored separately from that of whites. Drew objected to the exclusion of African-Americans' blood from plasma-supply networks, and in 1942 he resigned in protest.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: In 1941, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became the first African-American surgeon selected to serve as an examiner on the American Board of Surgery.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Drew had a lengthy research and teaching career, returning to Freedman's Hospital and Howard University as a surgeon and professor of medicine in 1942. He was awarded the Spingarn Medal by the NAACP in 1944 for his work on the British and American projects. He was given an honorary doctor of science degree, first by Virginia State College in 1945 then by Amherst in 1947.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: In 1939, Drew married Minnie Lenore Robbins, a professor of home economics at Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia, whom he had met earlier during that year. They had three daughters and a son. His daughter Charlene Drew Jarvis served on Council of the District of Columbia from 1979 to 2000, was the president of Southeastern University from 1996 until 2009, and was a president of the District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Beginning in 1939, Drew traveled to Tuskegee, Alabama, to attend the annual free clinic at the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital. For the 1950 Tuskegee clinic, Drew drove along with three other black physicians. Drew was driving around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still fatigued from spending the night before in the operating theater, he lost control of the vehicle. After careening into a field, the car somersaulted three times. The three other physicians suffered minor injuries. Drew was trapped with serious wounds; his foot had become wedged beneath the brake pedal. When reached by emergency technicians, he was in shock and barely alive due to severe leg injuries. Drew was taken to Alamance General Hospital in Burlington, North Carolina. He was pronounced dead a half hour after he first received medical attention. Drew's funeral was held on April 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church in Washington, D.C.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Despite a popular myth to the contrary, once repeated on an episode ("Dear Dad... Three") of the hit TV series "M*A*S*H" and in the novels "Carrion Comfort" and "The 480", Drew's death was not the result of his having been refused hospital access because of his skin color. In truth, according to John Ford, one of the passengers in Drew's car, Drew's injuries were so severe that virtually nothing could have been done to save him. Ford added that a blood transfusion might have actually killed Drew sooner. This myth spread, however, because it was not then uncommon for blacks to be refused treatment because there were not enough "Negro beds" available or the nearest hospital only serviced whites.


title: Charles R. Drew

text: Numerous schools and health-related facilities, as well as other institutions, have been named in honor of Dr. Drew, including the Martin Luther King Jr./Drew Medical Center in Los Angeles.


title: Olympic medal

text: An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal to be won: gold, silver, and bronze, awarded to first, second, and third place, respectively. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols.


title: Olympic medal

text: Medal designs have varied considerably since the Games in 1896, particularly in the size of the medals for the Summer Olympic Games. The design selected for the 1928 Games remained for many years, until its replacement at the 2004 Games in Athens as the result of controversy surrounding the use of the Roman Colosseum rather than a building representing Greek roots. The medals of the Winter Olympic Games never had a common design, but regularly feature snowflakes and the event where the medal has been won.


title: Olympic medal

text: In addition to generally supporting their Olympic athletes, some countries provide sums of money and gifts to medal winners, depending on the classes and number of medals won.


title: Olympic medal

text: The olive wreath was the prize for the winner at the Ancient Olympic Games. It was an olive branch, off the wild-olive tree that grew at Olympia, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe. According to Pausanias, it was introduced by Heracles as a prize for the winner of the running race to honour Zeus.


title: Olympic medal

text: When the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 medals started to be given to successful olympian competitors. However, gold medals were not awarded at the inaugural Olympics in 1896 in Athens, Greece. The winners were instead given a silver medal and an olive branch, while runners-up received a laurel branch and a copper or bronze medal.


title: Olympic medal

text: The 1900 Summer Olympics is unique in being the only Olympic Games to feature rectangular medals, which were designed by . Gilt silver medals were awarded for 1st place in shooting, lifesaving, automobile racing and gymnastics. Whilst 2nd place silver medals were awarded in shooting, rowing, yachting, tennis, gymnastics, sabre, fencing, equestrian and athletics. With 3rd place bronze medals being awarded in gymnastics, firefighting and shooting. In many sports, however, medals were not awarded. With most of the listed prizes being cups and other trophies.


title: Olympic medal

text: The custom of the sequence of gold, silver, and bronze for the first three places in all events dates from the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has retroactively assigned gold, silver and bronze medals to the three best-placed athletes in each event of the 1896 and 1900 Games. If there is a tie for any of the top three places all competitors are entitled to receive the appropriate medal according to IOC rules. Some combat sports (such as boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling) award two bronze medals per competition, resulting in, overall, more bronze medals being awarded than the other colours.


title: Olympic medal

text: Medals are not the only awards given to competitors; every athlete placed first to eighth receives an Olympic diploma. Also, at the main host stadium, the names of all medal winners are written onto a wall. Finally, as noted below, all athletes receive a participation medal and diploma.


title: Olympic medal

text: The IOC dictates the physical properties of the medals and has the final decision about the finished design. Specifications for the medals are developed along with the National Olympic Committee (NOC) hosting the Games, though the IOC has brought in some set rules:


title: Olympic medal

text: The first Olympic medals in 1896 were designed by French sculptor Jules-Clément Chaplain and depicted Zeus holding Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, on the obverse and the Acropolis on the reverse. They were made by the Paris Mint, which also made the medals for the 1900 Olympic Games, hosted by Paris. This started the tradition of giving the responsibility of minting the medals to the host city. For the next few Olympiads, the host city also chose the medal design. Until 1912 the gold medals were made of solid gold.


title: Olympic medal

text: In 1923 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) launched a competition for sculptors to design the medals for the Summer Olympic Games. Giuseppe Cassioli's "Trionfo" design was chosen as the winner in 1928. The obverse brought back Nike but this time as the main focus, holding a winner's crown and palm with a depiction of the Colosseum in the background. In the top right section of the medal, a space was left for the name of the Olympic host and the Games numeral.


title: Olympic medal

text: The reverse features a crowd of people carrying a triumphant athlete. His winning design was first presented at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The medals for the 1960 Games in Rome inverted the design, with the obverse featuring the crowd and the reverse featuring Nike. The competition saw this design used for 40 years until the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich became the first Games with a different design for the reverse side of the medal.


title: Olympic medal

text: Cassioli's design continued to inspire the obverse of the medal for many more years, though recreated each time, with the Olympic host and numeral updated. The obverse remained true to the "Trionfo" design until the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, where the IOC allowed an updated version to be created. For the next few events , they mandated the use of the Nike motif but allowed other aspects to change.


title: Olympic medal

text: The trend ended after 2000, due to the negative reaction to the medal design for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. The designer of the 2000 medal (Wojciech Pietranik) had originally featured the Sydney Opera House on the obverse instead of the traditional Roman Colosseum but the International Olympic Committee decided that the Colosseum should remain. The Greek press criticised the design for ignorance of the birthplace of the Olympic Games, pointing out that the long-standing feature on the front of medals was mistakenly depicting the Roman Colosseum rather than the Greek Parthenon. The Sydney Organising Committee decided to continue with the design as it was, noting that there was insufficient time to complete another version and that it would be too costly. After 76 years a new style by designer Elena Votsi depicting the Panathenaic Stadium was introduced at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. This new obverse design remains in use.


title: Olympic medal

text: The German Olympic Committee, Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland, was the first Summer Games organisers to elect to change the reverse of the medal. The 1972 design was created by Gerhard Marcks, an artist from the Bauhaus, and features mythological twins Castor and Pollux. Since then the Organising Committee of the host city has been given the freedom of the design of the reverse, with the IOC giving final approval.


title: Olympic medal

text: The IOC has the final decision on the specifications of each design for all Olympic medals, including the Summer Games, Winter Games, and Paralympic Games. There has been a greater variety of design for the Winter Games; unlike with the Summer Games, the IOC never mandated one particular design. The medal at the inaugural 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France did not even feature the Olympic rings. Nike was featured on the medals of the 1932 and 1936 Games but has only appeared on one medal design since then. One regular motif is the use of the snowflake, while laurel leaves and crowns appear on several designs. The Olympic motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius" features on four Winter Games medals but does not appear on any Summer Games medal.


title: Olympic medal

text: For three events in a row, hosts of the Winter Games included different materials in the medals: glass (1992), sparagmite (1994), and lacquer (1998). It was not until the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China that a Summer Olympic host chose to use something different, in this case, jade. While every Summer Olympic medal except for the 1900 Games has been circular, the shapes of the Winter Games have been considerably more varied. The Winter Games medals are also generally larger, thicker, and heavier than those for the Summer Games.


title: Olympic medal

text: Since the beginning of the modern Olympics the athletes and their support staffs, event officials, and certain volunteers involved in planning and managing the games have received commemorative medals and diplomas. Like the winners' medals, these are changed for each Olympic Festival, with different ones issued for the summer and winter games.


title: Olympic medal

text: The presentation of the medals and awards varied significantly until the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles brought in what has now become standard. Before 1932 all the medals were awarded at the closing ceremony, with the athletes wearing evening dress for the first few Games. Originally the presenting dignitary was stationary while the athletes filed past to receive their medals. The victory podium was introduced upon the personal instruction in 1931 of Henri de Baillet-Latour, who had seen one used at the 1930 British Empire Games. The winner is in the middle at a higher elevation, with the silver medallist to the right and the bronze to the left. At the 1932 Winter Olympics, medals were awarded in the closing ceremony, with athletes for each event in turn mounting the first-ever podium. At the Summer Olympics, competitors in the Coliseum received their medals immediately after each event for the first time; competitors at other venues came to the Coliseum the next day to receive their medals. Later Games have had a victory podium at each competition venue.


title: Olympic medal

text: The 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy were the first in which the medals were placed around the neck of the athletes. The medals hung from a chain of laurel leaves, while they are now hung from a coloured ribbon. When Athens hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics the competitors on the podium also received an olive wreath crown. In the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, each medalist received a wooden statuette of the Olympic logo.


title: Quo vadis?

text: Quō vādis? (, ) is a Latin phrase meaning "Where are you marching?". It is also commonly translated as "Where are you going?" or, poetically, "Whither goest thou?"


title: Quo vadis?

text: The phrase originates from the Christian tradition regarding Saint Peter's first words to the risen Christ during their encounter along the Appian Way. According to the apocryphal Acts of Peter (Vercelli Acts XXXV; late 2nd century AD), as Peter flees from crucifixion in Rome at the hands of the government, and along the road outside the city, he meets the risen Jesus. In the Latin translation, Peter asks Jesus, ""Quō vādis?"" He replies, ""Rōmam eō iterum crucifīgī"" ("I am going to Rome to be crucified again"). Peter then gains the courage to continue his ministry and returns to the city, where he is martyred by being crucified upside-down. The Church of Domine Quo Vadis in Rome is built where the meeting between Peter and Jesus allegedly took place.


title: Quo vadis?

text: The Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz wrote the novel "Quo Vadis: A Narrative of the Time of Nero" (published in installments between 1895 and 96). The book in turn has been made into motion pictures several times, including a 1951 version that was nominated for eight Academy Awards. For this and other novels, Sienkiewicz received the 1905 Nobel Prize for Literature.


title: Quo vadis?

text: In a season four episode of "M*A*S*H" entitled "Quo Vadis, Captain Chandler?" the reference pertains to Jesus Christ. A shellshocked officer arrives at the hospital believing he is the Christ. He has numerous conversations with the characters, including Father Mulcahy. He ultimately leaves the MASH unit for an evacuation hospital, still unrecovered.


title: Quo vadis?

text: Quo Vadis has also been used as a name by many companies and groups. There is a Quo Vadis in London, restaurant established in 1926 in a house where Karl Marx once lived. A students’ club at University of Pittsburgh, established in 1944 to give tours of the Nationality Rooms, is called Quo Vadis.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: Alexandra Ioana Stan (born 10 June 1989) is a Romanian singer. Born in Constanța, she made her worldwide breakthrough with the 2010 single "Mr. Saxobeat", which was written and produced by Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi. They had previously discovered Stan at a karaoke bar in 2009 and signed her to their label, Maan Records. "Mr. Saxobeat" had followed the singer's debut single, "Lollipop (Param Pam Pam)" (2009), which brought her moderate fame in Romania. "Mr. Saxobeat" quickly achieved commercial success locally and abroad, reaching number one in several countries and gathering various certifications. "Saxobeats", Stan's debut studio album, was released in August 2011 and features the follow-up singles "Get Back (ASAP)" (2011) and "Lemonade" (2012), which had moderate success in Europe.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: An alleged altercation with Prodan in 2013 and a lawsuit against him preceded the release of Stan's second album, "Unlocked", which would eventually be issued in August 2014. Two of its singles, "Dance" (2014) and "Cherry Pop" (2014), were successful in Japan. Stan's third studio album, "Alesta", was released in March 2016 and included a collaboration with Inna and Daddy Yankee on "We Wanna" (2015); the single went on to reach the top 60 in several countries. "Mami", her fourth record, followed in 2018. Preceding the release of its last single was Stan's feature on Manuel Riva's "Miami" (2018), which peaked within the top ten in Romania and on "Billboard" Dance Club Songs chart. Stan has received a number of awards and nominations, including the European Border Breakers Award, a Japan Gold Disc Award, an MTV Europe Music Award and two Romanian Music Awards. She is also referred to as one of the most successful Romanian artists alongside Inna.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: Alexandra Ioana Stan was born on 10 June 1989 in Constanța, Romania, to Daniela and George Stan, and has a sister, Andreea, who is three years older. Stan's father had used to work as a cook on a ship and was thus absent for a large part of her childhood in the neighbourhood, which she stated had a large emotional impact on her. In 2005, her family was confronted by financial problems due to the father's degrading health condition and moved to the Valu lui Traian commune, where Stan earned money as a waitress. She recalls having self-esteem issues and being bullied by classmates for being poor, for which she has eventually undergone post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) therapy.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: Showing an interest in music from a very young age, Stan studied at the Traian Secondary School and later at the Faculty of Management Andrei Șaguna, but dropped out of the latter in favour of pursuing a music career. Her public singing debut was at a Romanian televised show when she was 15 years old. She eventually participated in various music contests, including the in 2009. Romanian producers and songwriters Marcel Prodan and Andrei Nemirschi discovered Stan that year at a karaoke bar in Constanța and signed her to their record label, Maan Records. Retrospectively, in a 2021 interview, Stan claimed that the contract disrespected human rights and was written in a way so that Prodan and Nemirschi could have a widespread control over her. According to Stan, her reproaching this matter and the alleged underpayment she was facing to them resulted in several tensions. Stan rose to moderate fame and began being booked for concerts in Romania with the release of her debut single "Lollipop (Param Pam Pam)" (2009), which was given notable radio airplay. Stan's father was involved in her management for two years early in her career.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: In 2010, Stan released her international breakthrough single "Mr. Saxobeat". The song first achieved success in Romania, where it peaked at number one on the Romanian Top 100 for eight consecutive weeks. It then became acclaimed worldwide, topping the record charts in several other countries, and selling almost one million copies in less than year. It has also received various Music recording certifications, including Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). At the 2011 Romanian Music Awards, Stan and "Mr. Saxobeat" won several awards and received nominations. Stan also won the Best Romanian Act and was nominated for Best European Act at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards. In November 2020, "Mr. Saxobeat" reached 200 million streams on Spotify, making it the most streamed song by a Romanian artist on the platform.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: After the success of "Mr. Saxobeat", Stan released the follow-up single "Get Back (ASAP)" (2011), which achieved modest success, reaching the top 10 in Finland and Romania and the top 20 in other European countries. The singer's debut studio album "Saxobeats" was released in August 2011; it was moderately successful in Japan and Europe. For Stan's international achievements in 2011, she won a European Border Breaker award. Her chart success followed into 2012 with "Lemonade", which was certified Gold in Italy. An alleged violent incident between Stan and Prodan and a resulting lawsuit which attracted widespread media coverage in Romania occurred in June 2013. The singer was hospitalized with visible bruises and accused Prodan of blackmail, bodily harm, common assault and robbery. While on a musical hiatus, the collaborative single "Baby, It's OK" with German group Follow Your Instinct was released in August 2013 and fared moderately well in German-speaking Europe.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: In April 2014, Stan released her comeback single "Thanks for Leaving", which she said was personal. Several observers connected its lyrical message to her violent incident with Prodan. The follow-up "Cherry Pop" became the most sought-after ringtone on the Recochoku service in Japan within two hours of its release, and "Dance" experienced similar success on its release. "Unlocked", Stan's second studio album, was premiered in August 2014, and charted at number 21 in Japan. Stan had also signed a new record deal with Fonogram Records. Later in 2014, the singer performed Cher's "Strong Enough" (1999) translated into Catalan ("Sóc forta") for "La Marato", an annual Spanish charity event, and also appeared at the Spanish Carnival of Las Palmas as a special guest.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: In June 2015, Stan released "We Wanna", a collaboration with Romanian singer Inna and Puerto Rican reggaeton performer Daddy Yankee. The track reached the top 60 in multiple countries including Romania, Argentina and Italy, and was certified Gold in the latter region. The follow-up, "I Did It, Mama!", reached the top ten in her native country. Walt Disney approached Stan in the same year, and she was hired to be the voice of Inger in the Romanian version of "". The singer's third studio album "Alesta" was issued in March 2016, and—supported by a tour in Japan—debuted at number 34 on the Oricon albums chart. Later that year, Stan made her fashion debut with a Japan-only range of clothing called Alesta X Bershka. She also joined the supergroup G Girls along with Antonia, Inna and Lori for the single "Call the Police", which was successful in Poland, and launched her own Alexandra Stan Records label.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: In 2017, Stan recorded "Favorite Game" for the soundtrack of the Japanese movie "Miko Girl". The film premiered during the 30th Tokyo International Film Festival in October 2017, where Stan appeared on the red carpet with its cast and crew. In April 2018, Stan released her fourth studio album, which is titled "Mami", and peaked at number 119 in Japan. She also contributed guest vocals on Manuel Riva's track "Miami", which reached the top ten on the US Dance Club Songs chart; this was Stan's first appearance on an American "Billboard" ranking since 2011's "Mr. Saxobeat". It also reached the top ten in Romania. The singer opened the 2018 , which had selected "Miami" as its anthem.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: In June 2019, following several months spent in the United States, Stan released "I Think I Love It", her first single as a lead artist in over a year after "Mami" (2018). She had desired to expand her music career to the aforementioned territory and also considered venturing into acting, but returned to Romania due to personal issues and her father's health condition. Stan went on to sign record deals with Universal Music Romania and MediaPro Music, and the release "Obsesii" attained success in Romania, reaching number 12 on the local Airplay 100 chart in June 2020. From September to October 2020, the singer appeared as a contestant on reality singing competition "Masked Singer România". She also appeared on the second season of reality game show "Survivor România" in a bid to "discover herself", but was soon evacuated for medical reasons. Her fifth studio album, "Rainbows", was first revealed in a September 2020 interview, and eventually released on 29 April 2022.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: When interviewed at the European Border Breakers Awards in 2012, Stan said the diverse nationalities in her home city Constanța have influenced her music. In another interview, she named Michael Jackson, Madonna, Adele, Rihanna, David Guetta, Sia and Robbie Williams as influences. Stan's first studio album "Saxobeats" features hi-NRG, dance, electronic, house and eurodance music, with saxophone being used on some songs. Stan expressed her interest in the instrument, which is often used in her region. Its use in her songs had become her signature "saxobeat" sound.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: "Unlocked" has elements of dance, techno, pop and R&B, which one music critic described as an evolution in her artistry. The album also features "Thanks for Leaving", which is the first ballad of Stan's career. "Cherry Pop", which appears on the same album, uses a J-pop style. In a 2018 interview, Stan elaborated on the content of her first four studio albums: "Each album represents a stage in my life as a woman. On "Saxobeats", I showed my rebellious side, typical of teenagers going to maturity, on "Unlocked" I rediscovered and reopened myself in front of the audience through the lyrics of songs, on "Alesta" I wanted to give my fans songs that they can have fun to, and [on "Mami"] I can say that I feel the most female so far."


title: Alexandra Stan

text: Stan, along with Inna, has been referred to as one of the most successful and best-paid Romanian artists. Stan frequently receives media attention for her provocative public appearances and photographic shoots. The music video for "I Did It, Mama!", which was released in 2015, included a scene in which she and a background dancer simulate sexual acts, which the Romanian "Cancan" and "Click!" publications speculated could have led to a ban of the video in Romania. In December 2019, controversial footage of Stan lasciviously dancing naked surfaced online, with the singer soon after apologizing and deleting the video, saying it had been mistakenly shared. Stan is open about her sexual practices, and revealed that she had experimented with group and lesbian sex; she further stated that she experiences occasional bisexual feelings.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: Stan was born with only one kidney and received treatment for the nodules she had on her vocal cords early in her career. Stan has stated that she believes in God and has her own religious principles, describing herself as a non-traditional Christian. Throughout the years, Stan has lived in various cities including Constanța, Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Bucharest. At the age of 16, the singer was in a one-month romantic relationship with Romanian actor and recording artist , but the relationship broke down because of alleged infidelity. She also had a short-lived relationship with the bar owner she worked at as a waitress in her youth in Valu lui Traian.


title: Alexandra Stan

text: During Stan's court case against Marcel Prodan, he and others testified that she had more than a professional relationship with him; Stan initially denied these claims, but eventually acknowledged their relationship. In a 2022 interview, she revealed that depressive thoughts had led to her attempting to commit suicide twice during that time period. From 2014 to 2019, Stan was in a relationship with Bogdan Stăruială, and also dated Bogdan Drăghici for a couple of months as of November 2020. In July 2021, she revealed to the public that she had married her fiancé Emanuel around two months earlier, on 24 April. Stan announced their separation in October 2021. Shortly after her divorce, Stan began dating singer and music producer Alex Parker. The two ended their relationship after five months of dating.


title: Reflection of You

text: Reflection of You () is a South Korean television series directed by Lim Hyeon-wook and starring Go Hyun-jung, Shin Hyun-been, Kim Jae-young, Choi Won-young, and Kim Sang-ho. Based on a novel by writer Jung So-hyeon, the series tells the story of a woman who leaves the conditioned lifestyle of 'wife and mother' for a brief period and becomes faithful to her desires, and another woman who comes in contact with her in that short span and loses the light of her life. It premiered on JTBC on October 13, 2021 and aired every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:30 KST till December 2. The series is available for streaming on Netflix.


title: Reflection of You

text: Jeong Hee-joo (Go Hyun-jung) had a tough time in her youth, but has become a successful painter and essayist. Her husband, Ahn Hyeon-seong (Choi Won-young), is a rich and powerful person. With their two children, they seem to enjoy a perfect family life, but Hee-joo feels like she is spending her time pointlessly. She meets Gu Hae-won (Shin Hyun-been), an art teacher who lacks worldly means, but is still full of life.


title: Reflection of You

text: In November 2020, Go Hyun-jung was confirmed to appear in the TV series. The drama serves as her comeback, after a hiatus of more than two years. Her last appearance was in 2019 TV series "". At the end of June 2021, Park Seong-yeon joined the cast. On August 6, it was reported that due to a positive case of COVID-19, the filming was stopped. The main cast of the series tested negative.


title: Reflection of You

text: The series is based on a novel of the same name by writer Jung So-hyeon. Yoo Bo-ra has adapted the story of the novel and gave it a different perspective.


title: Reflection of You

text: "Reflection of You" was released on October 13, 2021 and airs on Wednesday and Thursday at new fall timings of 22:30 KST. The series is also available worldwide on Netflix for streaming.


title: Reflection of You

text: The series climbed up in Netflix's rankings to figure in top ten in the week ending on November 14 in South Korea.


"The Most Mysterious Song on the Internet" (also known as "Like the Wind", "Blind the Wind", "Check It In, Check It Out" or "Take It In, Take It Out" after lines in fan-interpreted lyrics) is the nickname given to a song recording, most likely composed in the 1980s, whose origin, author, name, and original record date are unknown.


title: The Most Mysterious Song on the Internet

text: The song was recorded from a Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) broadcast at an unknown date, widely speculated to be 1983 or 1984. Since 2019, this song has been the subject of a viral Internet phenomenon, with many users of sites such as Reddit and Discord involved in a collaborative effort to search for the origins of the song.


text: According to a "Rolling Stone" article published in September 2019, a man named Darius S. recorded the song from a radio program that he listened to on the German public radio station NDR. Darius recorded the song on a cassette tape, which also included songs from XTC and the Cure. It has been speculated that the song was recorded in 1984, since most of the songs on the cassette recording were also released around 1984. Further evidence that supports this as being the earliest possible airing date was the Technics tape deck that he most likely used to record the song, which was manufactured in 1984 as well. To get clean recordings of songs, Darius purposely removed dialogue from radio hosts, which is likely why the exact airplay date and the title are unknown.


text: In 1985, Darius created a playlist consisting of the unidentified songs in his personal collection; he eventually digitized it in 2004, saving the songs as .aiff and .m4a files. Then, Darius's sister, Lydia H., gave Darius a website domain as a birthday present, which he used to raise awareness of his playlist.


text: On March 18, 2007, Lydia brought the search to the internet, in an attempt to identify the song. Going under the pseudonym "Anton Riedel", her search originally began on de.rec.musik.recherche, but she eventually migrated to websites with song identification tools, upon the request of user Andreas Eibach. Lydia posted a digital snippet of the song to best-of-80s.de, a German fansite devoted to eighties synth-pop and to spiritofradio.ca, a website dedicated to the Canadian radio station 102.1 The Edge.


text: The mystery of the unidentified song gained viral popularity in 2019, when a Brazilian teenager named Gabriel da Silva Vieira began searching for the song's origin, after being informed about it by Nicolas Zuniga of the Spanish record label Dead Wax Records. Gabriel uploaded the circulated snippet of the song to YouTube and many music-related Reddit communities, and eventually founded r/TheMysteriousSong.


text: On May 27, 2019, Australian website Tone Deaf wrote the earliest article focusing on the song, with author Tyler Jenke discussing the preliminary stages of the search for the track, and nothing that the search was similar to a 2013 search for a song which was ultimately identified as "Up On The Roof" by Swedish musician Johan Lindell.


text: On July 9, 2019, American YouTuber Justin Whang posted an episode of "Tales from the Internet" discussing the song, and the progress of the search up to that point. Upon the video's release, more Internet users have contributed to the effort to identify the song.


text: On March 1, 2021, Venezuelan YouTuber and writer DrossRotzank uploaded a video titled "3 videos que te van a dejar mucho en qué pensar" (3 videos that will leave you a lot to think about), in which the mystery was discussed. The video has garnered over 4,500,000 views as of November 2022.


text: After the release of Whang's video, Reddit user u/foreveranemptybliss made a post on r/Germany. Then, u/johnnymetoo posted the complete version of the song, which he obtained from a link on one of Lydia's Usenet posts before deletion. Since then, many contacts have been made which pertain to the search, such as Paul Baskerville, one of the "Musik Für Junge Leute" hosts, GEMA, a German government and performance rights organization, and a YouTube channel named "80zforever", which has many videos of obscure music. These contacts and leads are kept in a spreadsheet to keep track of the investigation. The community's official Discord server has also found various undocumented and/or obscure media of various genres. Since it became an internet phenomenon, a number of cover and remix versions of the song were created, including a cover by American band Mephisto Walz titled "Like The Wind" and released on their 2020 album "All These Winding Roads," as well as remixes by artists like grbr2006 and Kevin Osmond. Baskerville suspects that the song was a demo recording that was played once by an NDR presenter and then thrown away.


text: On July 9, 2020, Reddit user u/FlexxonMobil had acquired the complete list of songs Baskerville had played on "Musik Für Junge Leute" (Music for Young People) in 1984 and published it onto the site. However, after some searching, it was concluded that the song was not in that list, effectively ruling out the theory that Baskerville had played the song. The remaining "Musik Für Junge Leute" playlists eventually arrived in December 2020, and after an extensive search, it was concluded that the song was not played on "Musik Für Junge Leute." In January 2021, the community received "Der Club" and "Nachtclub" playlists from October and November 1984, and found several songs that Darius and Lydia had taped, including those from the BASF 4|1 tape, leading users to believe the song will show up within the remaining playlists.


text: A Discord user by the name of Fliere analysed the tape recording of the song and found a 10 kHz line, which was also present on the other BASF 4|1 songs and some songs on BASF 4|2. This line was discovered to be present on virtually all NDR radio broadcasts at the time, but not on Hilversum radio broadcasts, effectively ruling out the possibility of the song being aired on any station other than NDR.


text: On November 2, 2021, Lydia posted on Reddit that one of her sons found a box full of tapes that were mostly labeled as "Alles mögliche" (private labeling for all of mixtapes from radios) while renovating in two rooms of her apartment. On one of the tapes, she found a higher quality version of the song. The list of the tape with The Most Mysterious Song was different than previous ones, though it is speculated it's made from the same recording, hearing the same artifacts as the first tape.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Akua Njeri (formerly known as Deborah Johnson; born 1949/50) is an American writer, activist and former member of the Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party. Njeri was present at the December 4, 1969, police raid in which her fiancé, Fred Hampton, and Mark Clark were killed at the Chicago apartment she and Hampton shared. She is the mother of their son Fred Hampton Jr., born after his father's assassination.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Njeri was born and grew up in Chicago, becoming a political activist at age 12. Throughout her teen years she participated in civil rights marches and protests against housing conditions in Chicago.


title: Akua Njeri

text: As a 17-year-old student at Wilbur Wright College, Njeri was a member of the Black Student Union that hosted speaker Fred Hampton, chairman of the Chicago chapter of the Black Panther Party. Njeri recalls that her first conversation with Hampton was about poetry. While she wrote her own poetry, Hampton said that he was interested only if the poetry was about "the struggles of the people and the people fighting back against the conditions of the Black community."


title: Akua Njeri

text: Njeri joined the Panthers soon after the Wright College event. She worked on their free breakfast program, the free medical clinic, and the free prison busing program for families of the incarcerated.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Njeri and Hampton soon became a couple, and in early 1969 Njeri became pregnant. She was 19 and he was 21.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Shortly after 4:00am on December 4, 1969, the Chicago Police Department, carrying out a raid connected with the COINTELPRO project, stormed the apartment at 2337 West Monroe Street where Hampton, Njeri and several other Panther members slept.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Njeri was asleep beside Hampton when agents entered the apartment. She was 19 years old and more than eight months pregnant. Recounting the raid, she describes hearing the first shots near the front of the apartment and immediately attempting to shield Hampton with her body. When the shooting stopped, she stood up and began moving out of the bedroom. Police approached her and dragged her by the top of her head into the kitchen. She recalls a police voice saying "He's barely alive; he'll barely make it," before more shooting began. She heard "He's good and dead now." Njeri describes avoiding looking at Hampton's body so as to remain stoic. She was handcuffed and led by police from the apartment with a gun pressed to her pregnant belly.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Njeri and other survivors of the raid were arrested, charged with attempted murder and aggravated assault, and held on $100,000 bail.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Public support enabled Njeri and the other survivors to eventually post the $100,000 bail. Njeri was the first survivor released due to her pregnancy and extreme stress. Njeri and Hampton's son was born on December 29, 1969. She first named him Alfred Johnson, but changed his name legally to Fred Hampton Jr when he was ten years old.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Njeri and the other survivors declined to participate in a federal grand jury investigation into the massacre. As Njeri explained, "they felt justice would not be served." She said that she has had lingering feelings of guilt because she survived the massacre in which Hampton died.


title: Akua Njeri

text: In May 1970, ballistics and forensics exonerated the Panthers who had been charged. Hampton and Clark's families and the survivors filed a civil case against the Chicago Police Department and the FBI. The litigation took 13 years. In 1983, the city of Chicago, Cook County, and the federal government agreed to pay a $1.8 million settlement to the seven survivors and to the families of the two victims. Each of the major players paid one-third of the settlement.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Njeri began to read widely and identified increasingly with Africa. She changed her name to Akua Njeri as part of this transition, shedding what she called her "slave name", as did others in the Black Power and Nation of Islam movements.


title: Akua Njeri

text: In 1998 she was serving as national president of the National People's Democratic Uhuru Movement (NPDUM), an interracial organization dedicated to self-determination for African-Americans, and oversees the Chicago chapter. Their offices are on the South Side of the city. It is affiliated with the African People’s Socialist Party.


title: Akua Njeri

text: In a 1998 interview, Fred Hampton Jr. said that his mother had discussed his father throughout his life. He "respected and loved" Hampton Sr. as a figure while not fully understanding the scope of his work and the reasons he was targeted by law enforcement. Hampton Jr. attested that "all through my life, my mother always taught me what my father did, the courageous stands he took."


title: Akua Njeri

text: In January 1990, Njeri attended the funeral of FBI informant William O'Neal, who had provided information to the FBI that aided the 1969 police raid on the Monroe Street apartment. He had committed suicide. She intended to "spit in the casket and then turn it over." She did not follow through.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Njeri is the chairperson of the December 4th Committee, which "fights to defend and maintain the legacy of the Black Panther Party and what really happened on that fateful morning [of Hampton and Clark's assassination]." The Committee coordinates with the Prisoners of Conscience Committee (POCC), whose advisory committee Njeri also serves on, to hold an annual celebration commemorating Hampton's birthday on August 30. The two organizations also collaborate to recognize International Revolutionary Day on the anniversary of the December 4th assassination of Hampton and Clark. Also with the POCC, Njeri helps coordinate clothing and food giveaways.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Njeri makes speaking appearances, and co-authored a proposal to name a Chicago block "Chairman Fred Hampton Way". She served as the president of the National People's Democratic Uhuru Movement, an "interracial organization dedicated to self-determination for Black Americans."


title: Akua Njeri

text: In 2019 Njeri and Fred Hampton Jr initiated a GoFundMe project, called “Save the Hampton House,” in order to acquire and restore Hampton Sr's childhood home in Maywood, Illinois. They intend to seek landmark status for the house and to adapt it as a museum. It would also be developed to offer education services, have community meeting space and gardens. By 2021 the campaign had raised more than $365,000, past their $350,000 goal.


title: Akua Njeri

text: The 2021 American feature film "Judas and the Black Messiah" tells the story of Hampton's rise and fall, and William O'Neal's role as informant. Daniel Kaluuya and Lakeith Stanfield star in these roles, respectively. Njeri was portrayed by Dominique Fishback.


title: Akua Njeri

text: Both Njeri and Fred Hampton Jr. consulted with the production team on the film. Njeri advised Fishback on her portrayal. In a 2020 interview, Fishback recalled that Njeri was adamant that Fishback not cry during the assassination scene. She had not done so in 1969 and felt it was an important show of strength for the character and for Black women. Njeri was on set during the filming of the murder scene.


title: Hebah Patel

text: Hebah Patel (born 6 January 1989) is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Telugu films. After working as a model, Patel made her acting debut with the Kannada film "Adyaksha" and then made her Tamil film debut "Thirumanam Enum Nikkah" both (2014).


title: Hebah Patel

text: Patel made her Telugu film debut with "Ala Ela" (2014) and received critical acclaim for her role in "Kumari 21F" (2015). She received Best Debut Actress – Telugu at the Santosham Film Awards for her performance in both these films. Her notable work include "Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam", "Ekkadiki Pothavu Chinnavada" both (2016), "Andhhagadu", "Angel" both (2017) and "24 Kisses" (2018). She made her web debut with "Masti"s (2020).


title: Hebah Patel

text: Patel was born on 6 January 1989 in Mumbai, Maharashta. She belong to a Kannada-speaking Muslim family, but people mistake her to be a Gujarati, due to her last name. She completed her graduation from Sophia College for Women, Mumbai.


title: Hebah Patel

text: Patel made her acting debut with the 2014 Kannada film "Adyaksha", appearing as Aishwarya, and also marking her Kannada film debut. She had her Tamil debut with Thirumanam Enum Nikkah playing Naseema, a critically successful film and Telugu film debut with "Ala Ela", where she was seen as Shruti, in the same year.