title: Tron (franchise)

text: A manga version of "Tron: Legacy" was released by Earth Star Entertainment in Japan on June 30, 2011.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: Light cycles were originally fictional vehicles designed by Syd Mead for the simulated world of the "Tron" universe. 5 real-life replica light cycles were created by Parker Brothers Concepts in Florida, one of which was sold by Sotheby's for a reported $77,000.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: These futuristic two-wheeled vehicles resemble motorcycles and create walls of colored light. The vehicles were primarily used in a competition between humanoid computer programs, similar to the 1976 arcade game "Blockade", which was the first of a genre called "Snake". Players are in constant motion on a playfield, creating a wall of light behind them as they move. If players hit a wall, their light cycle explodes, placing them out of the game; the last player in the game wins. Since the original display in "Tron", there have been numerous adaptations, as well as references in popular culture.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: A light cycle toy, in red and yellow versions, was produced by TOMY as part of the merchandising for the "Tron" film, along with action figures scaled to fit inside the toy cycles. Bootleg versions of TOMY's design were produced by other toy manufacturers that came in a wide variety of colors, including blue and silver, but were noticeably smaller than the TOMY-produced toy, too small in fact to accommodate one of the TOMY action figures.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: Light cycles make a return in "Tron: Legacy", with new designs by Daniel Simon. According to the press conference at Comic-Con 2009, a new vehicle appears called a "Light Runner," a two-seat version of the light cycle. It is said to be very fast, and has the unique ability to go off the grid on its own power. We also get a glimpse at Kevin Flynn's own cycle, a "Second Generation Light Cycle" designed in 1989 by Flynn and “rumor has it it's still the fastest thing on the grid.” It incorporates some of the look of both films.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: The tie-in video game "", which is set between the events of "Tron" and "Tron: Legacy", features light cycles in sections of the single-player mode and in certain game maps for the multiplayer mode. Light cycle use in multiplayer gives players the option to shift back and forth between cycle and foot travel at will, and provides multiple attack and defensive options beyond the classic "boxing in" of an opponent. In addition, the light cycles of "Evolution" can pass through their own light trails (and the trails of allied players) unharmed.


title: Tron (franchise)

text: A more classic interpretation of the light cycle game is shown in the Wii-game "", which is primarily based on offline multiplayer or singleplayer matches. These light cycle battles do not allow the player to pass through their own trail, but do allow passage through teammates' trails. There is also no option to travel on foot.


title: Fastback

text: A fastback is an , defined by the rear of the car having a single slope from the roof to the tail. The kammback is a type of fastback style.


title: Fastback

text: Some models, such as the Ford Mustang, have been specifically marketed as fastbacks, often to differentiate them from other body styles (e.g. coupe models) in the same model range. The "4-door coupe" is a common branding term used today to describe fastback sedans.


title: Fastback

text: The term "fastback" is not interchangeable with "liftback"; the former describes the shape of the car, and the latter refers to a roof-hinged tailgate that lifts more upwards than rearwards.


title: Fastback

text: A closed body style, usually a coupe but sometimes a sedan, with a roof sloped gradually in an unbroken line from the windshield to the rear edge of the car. A fastback naturally lends itself to a hatchback configuration and many have it, but not all hatchbacks are fastbacks and vice versa.


title: Fastback

text: In the case of the Ford Mustang, the term "fastback" is used to differentiate against the coupé notchback body style, which has a steeper rear window followed by a horizontal trunk lid.


title: Fastback

text: Automobile designers in the 1930s began using elements of aircraft aerodynamics to streamline the boxy-looking vehicles of their day. Such designs, that were ahead of their time when exhibited during the early 1930s, included a droplet-like streamlining of the car's rear; a configuration similar to what would become known as the "fastback" 25 years later. Merriam-Webster first recognized the term "fastback" in 1954, many years before the popularization of the term "hatchback", which entered the dictionary in 1970. Opinions vary as to whether the terms are mutually exclusive.


title: Fastback

text: Early examples of fastback cars include the 1929 Auburn Cabin Speedster, 1933 Cadillac V-16 Aerodynamic Coupe, 1935 Stout Scarab, 1933 Packard 1106 Twelve Aero Sport Coupe, Bugatti Type 57 Atlantic, Tatra 87, Porsche 356, Saab 92/96, Standard Vanguard, GAZ-M20 Pobeda, and Bentley Continental R-Type.


title: Fastback

text: In North America, the numerous marketing terms for the fastback body-style included "aerosedan", "club coupe", "sedanette" and "torpedo back". Cars included Cadillac's Series 61 and 62 Club Coupes, as well as various other models from General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. By the early 1940s until 1950, nearly every domestic manufacturer offered at least one fastback body style within their model lineups. In the mid-1960s, the style was revived on many GM and Ford products until the mid-1970s. In Europe, there was a sloping rear on streamlined cars as early as 1945, from which, among other things, the shapes of the Volkswagen Beetle and Porsche 356 are derived.


title: Fastback

text: In Australia, fastbacks (known as "slopers") were introduced in 1935, first designed by General Motors' Holden as one of the available bodies on Oldsmobile, Chevrolet, and Pontiac chassis. The sloper design was added by Richards Body Builders in Australia to Dodge and Plymouth models in 1937; it was subsequently adopted by Ford Australia in 1939 and 1940, as well as a sloper style made on Nash chassis. According to automotive historian G.N. Georgano, "the Slopers were advanced cars for their day".


title: Fastback

text: In Japan, the Toyota AA first adopted the fastback style in 1936. It was strongly influenced by the 1933 DeSoto Airflow. The 1965 Mitsubishi Colt 800 was the first post-war Japanese fastback, and the 1958 Subaru 360 was the first kei fastback. The Prince Skyline 1900 Sprint was developed by Prince Motor Company in 1963, but was never marketed.


title: Fastback

text: Afterwards, all Japanese automakers adopted the fastback style, with the 1967 Honda N360, 1968 Nissan Sunny Coupe, 1968 Mazda Familia Rotary Coupe, 1970 Suzuki Fronte "Sting Ray Look", and 1971 Daihatsu Fellow Max. From the late 1960s to the 1970s, American coke bottle styling became popular in Japan, as seen on Toyota's 1973 Celica "Liftback".


title: Fastback

text: A decisive change of course took place in 2004, when the first generation of the Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class was launched. It was called a "4-door coupé", a purely marketing term describing its fastback sedan arrangement, with fastback coupé-profiled bodywork and two doors on each side. The CLS is considered the forerunner of this market segment, but it only reinterpreted the concept—such a layout (although not a true fastback) was briefly used on the 1992-1997 Infiniti J30/Nissan Leopard J Férié.


title: Fastback

text: It was followed by other competing models, such as the Audi A7 and the BMW 6 Series Gran Coupé, but also models of different segments, such as the Audi A5 Sportback, BMW 4 Series Gran Coupé, Volkswagen CC, Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class, Aston Martin Rapide, and Porsche Panamera.


title: Fastback

text: Fastbacks provide an advantage in developing aerodynamic vehicles with a low drag coefficient. For example, although lacking a wind tunnel, Hudson designed its post-World War II cars to look aerodynamic, and "tests conducted by Nash later found that the Hudson had almost 20% less drag than contemporary notchback sedans".


title: Alma Mahler

text: Alma Maria Mahler Gropius Werfel (born Alma Margaretha Maria Schindler; 31 August 1879 – 11 December 1964) was an Austrian composer, author, editor, and socialite. At 15, she was mentored by Max Burckhard. Musically active from her early years, she was the composer of nearly fifty songs for voice and piano, and works in other genres as well. Only 17 songs are known to survive.


title: Alma Mahler

text: In her early years, she had an affair with composer and conductor Alexander von Zemlinsky, but their relationship did not last long. She became the wife of composer Gustav Mahler, who was not interested in her compositions. Eventually she fell into depression from being artistically stifled. While her marriage was struggling, she had an affair with Walter Gropius. Gustav started to encourage Alma's composing and helped prepare some of her compositions for publication, but died soon after this attempted reconciliation in 1911. Alma married Gropius in 1915 and the couple had a daughter together, Manon Gropius. During her marriage to Gropius, Alma had an affair with Franz Werfel. Alma and Werfel were eventually married after Alma separated from Gropius.


title: Alma Mahler

text: In 1938, after the Anschluss, Werfel and Alma were forced to flee Austria as it was unsafe for Jews. Eventually the couple settled in Los Angeles. In later years, her salon became part of the artistic scene, first in Vienna, then in Los Angeles and in New York.


title: Alma Mahler

text: Alma Maria Schindler was born on 31 August 1879 in Vienna, Austria (then Austria-Hungary) to the famous landscape painter Emil Jakob Schindler and his wife Anna Sofie. She was tutored at home and brought up in the Catholic Church. In 1886, Crown Prince Rudolf found interest in Emil Jakob Schindler's paintings and commissioned Schindler to take a trip with his family to the Adriatic coast to produce landscape paintings. In 1892, the family also traveled to the North Sea island of Sylt, where Emil Schindler died.


title: Alma Mahler

text: After her father's death, Alma focused on the piano. She studied composition and counterpoint with Josef Labor, a blind organist who introduced her to a "great deal of literature". At 15, she was sent to school but attended for only a few months. As she grew older, a case of childhood measles left her with decreased hearing. Max Burckhard, friend of Emil Schindler and director of Vienna's Burgtheater theater, became Alma's mentor. On Alma's 17th birthday, Burckhard gave her two laundry baskets full of books. In 1895, Anna Schindler, Alma's mother, married Carl Moll, Emil Schindler's student. In 1899 they had a daughter together named Maria.


title: Alma Mahler

text: Alma met Gustav Klimt through Carl Moll. Moll and Klimt were both founding members of the Vienna Secession, "a group organized for the purpose of breaking with Vienna's tradition-bound Imperial Academy of the visual arts". Klimt fell in love with Alma. While she initially was interested in Klimt, her desire cooled soon after. Klimt and Alma were friends until Klimt's death. In autumn 1900, Alma began studying composition with Alexander von Zemlinsky. Zemlinsky and Alma fell in love and kept their relationship a secret.


title: Alma Mahler

text: Alma teased Zemlinsky about what she thought were his ugly features, saying she could easily have "ten others" to replace him. She also noted that to marry Zemlinsky would mean she would "bring short, degenerate Jew-children into the world". As the relationship grew strained, Zemlinsky visited her less and less. On 7 November 1901, she attended Zuckerkandl's salon where she began a flirtation with Gustav Mahler. In the month of November, while still in a relationship with Zemlinsky, she started an affair with Mahler. By 8 December, Mahler and Alma secretly were engaged; however, it was not until 12 December that she wrote to Zemlinsky about her engagement. The engagement was formally announced on 23 December.


title: Alma Mahler

text: On 9 March 1902, she married Gustav Mahler, who was 23 years her senior and the director of the Vienna Court Opera. With him she had two daughters, Maria Anna (1902–1907), who died of scarlet fever or diphtheria, and Anna (1904–1988), who later became a sculptor. Gustav was not interested in Alma's composition, desiring for her to abandon composing. However, it is disputed among scholars whether or not Gustav outright forbade Alma Mahler to compose. Despite this scholarly confusion, she did artistically stifle herself and embraced the role of a loving wife and supporter of her husband's music.


title: Alma Mahler

text: In June 1910, after becoming severely depressed in the wake of Maria's death, Alma began an affair with the young architect Walter Gropius (later head of the Bauhaus), whom she met during a rest at a spa. Gustav sought advice from Sigmund Freud in August. The 2010 film "Mahler on the Couch" suggests that Gustav's consultations with Freud might have focused on his curtailing of Alma's musical career as a major marital obstacle, but the actual content of them is not known.


title: Alma Mahler

text: Following the emotional crisis in their marriage after Gustav's discovery of Alma's affair with Gropius, Gustav began to take a serious interest in Alma's musical compositions, regretting his earlier dismissive attitude and taking promotional actions. Gustav edited some of her songs ("Die stille Stadt, In meines Vaters Garten, Laue Sommernacht, Bei dir ist es traut, Ich wandle unter Blumen"). Upon his urging, and under his guidance, Alma prepared five of her songs for publication (they were issued in 1910, by Gustav's own publisher, Universal Edition).


title: Alma Mahler

text: In February 1911, Gustav fell severely ill with an infection related to a heart defect that had been diagnosed several years earlier. He died on 18 May.


title: Alma Mahler

text: After Gustav's death, Alma did not immediately resume contact with Gropius. Between 1912 and 1914 she had a tumultuous affair with the artist Oskar Kokoschka, who created works inspired by his relationship with her, including his painting "The Bride of the Wind". Kokoschka's possessiveness wore on Alma, and the emotional vicissitudes of the relationship tired them both.


title: Alma Mahler

text: With the coming of World War I, Kokoschka enlisted in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Alma subsequently distanced herself from Kokoschka and resumed contact with Walter Gropius, who was also serving in combat at that time. She and Gropius married on 18 August 1915 in Berlin during one of his military leaves. They had a daughter together, Manon Gropius (1916–1935), who grew up being friends with Maria Altmann. After Manon died of polio at the age of 18, composer Alban Berg dedicated his newly composed Violin Concerto to her, "In Memory of an Angel".


title: Alma Mahler

text: Alma became pregnant and gave birth to a son, Martin Carl Johannes Gropius (1918–1919). Gropius at first believed that the child was his, but Alma's ongoing affair with Franz Werfel was common knowledge in Vienna by this time. Within a year, Alma and Gropius agreed to a divorce. In the meantime, Martin, who had been born prematurely, developed hydrocephalus and died at the age of 10 months. Alma's divorce from Gropius became final in October 1920.


title: Alma Mahler

text: While Gropius's military duties were still keeping him absent, Alma met and began an affair with Prague-born poet and writer Franz Werfel in the fall of 1917. She and Werfel began openly living together from that point on. However, she postponed marrying Werfel until 1929, after which she took the name Alma Mahler-Werfel.


title: Alma Mahler

text: In 1938, following the "Anschluss", Alma and Werfel, who was Jewish, were forced to flee Austria for France; they maintained a household in Sanary-sur-Mer on the French Riviera from the summer of 1938 until the spring of 1940. With the German invasion and occupation of France during World War II, and the deportation of Jews and political adversaries to Nazi concentration camps, the couple was no longer safe in France and frantically sought to secure their emigration to the United States. In Marseille, they were contacted by Varian Fry, an American journalist and emissary of the Emergency Rescue Committee, a private American relief organization that aided refugee intellectuals and artists at that time.


title: Alma Mahler

text: As exit visas could not be obtained, Fry arranged for the Werfels to journey on foot across the Pyrenees into Spain, to evade the Vichy French border officials. From Spain, Alma and Franz traveled on to Portugal. They stayed in Monte Estoril, at the Grande Hotel D'Itália, between 8 September and 4 October 1940. On the same day, they boarded the "S.S. Nea Hellas" headed for New York City, arriving on 13 October.


title: Alma Mahler

text: Eventually they settled in Los Angeles, where Alma continued her role as a hostess, bringing together Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, Thomas Mann, and many other artists. Werfel, who had enjoyed moderate renown in the U.S. as an author, achieved popular success with his novel "The Song of Bernadette," and the science fiction novel "Star of the Unborn", published after his death. Werfel, who had experienced serious heart problems throughout his exile, died of a heart attack in California in 1945.


title: Alma Mahler

text: In 1946, Mahler-Werfel became a U.S. citizen. Several years later she moved to New York City, where she remained a cultural figure. Leonard Bernstein, who was a champion of Gustav Mahler's music, stated in his Charles Eliot Norton lectures of 1973 that Mahler-Werfel had attended some of his rehearsals. Benjamin Britten, considering her to be a "living" link to both Mahler and Alban Berg, dedicated his "Nocturne for Tenor and Small Orchestra" to her.


title: Alma Mahler

text: Alma Mahler-Werfel died 11 December 1964 in New York City. She was buried on 8 February 1965 in the Grinzing Cemetery of Vienna in the same grave as her daughter Manon Gropius and a few steps away from Gustav Mahler.


title: Alma Mahler

text: In 1999, the granddaughter of Mahler-Werfel requested that five artworks seized under the Nazis be restituted to the family. The paintings were “A summer's night on the beach” (1902) by Edvard Munch and three landscapes by her great-grandfather Emil Jakob Schindler. Alma Werfel had loaned the paintings to the Oesterreichische Galerie before fleeing the Nazis; Carl Moll, a militant Nazi, gained control of them, selling the Munch to the Oesterreichische Galerie in 1940 and keeping the others until, fearing retribution from the Red Army, he committed suicide. Mahler-Werfel filed claims after the war but was able to recover only the Kokoschka portrait. When Austria modified its extremely restrictive restitution laws, the granddaughter revived the claims. Austria initially rejected the claim. After a restitution battle that lasted six decades, Austria finally agreed to restitute the stolen Munch in 2006.


title: Alma Mahler

text: Mahler-Werfel's two books on Gustav Mahler influenced studies of the latter. As an articulate, well-connected, and influential woman who outlived her first husband by more than 50 years, Mahler-Werfel was for decades treated as the main authority on the mature Gustav Mahler's values, character, and day-to-day behavior, and her various publications quickly became the central source material for Mahler scholars and music-lovers alike. As scholars investigated her depiction of Mahler and her relationship with him, her accounts have increasingly been revealed as unreliable, false, and misleading. Nevertheless, the deliberate distortions have had a significant influence on several generations of scholars, interpreters, and music-lovers.


title: Alma Mahler

text: Citing the serious contradictions between Alma's accounts and other evidence, including her own diaries, several historians and biographers have begun to speak of the Alma Problem. According to Hugh Wood: "Often she is the only witness, and the biographer has to depend on her while doubting with every sentence her capacity for telling the truth. Everything that passed through her hands must be regarded as tainted".


title: Alma Mahler

text: Alma played the piano from childhood and in her memoirs ("Mein Leben"), reports that she first attempted composing in the beginning of 1888 on the Greek island of Corfu. She studied composition with Josef Labor beginning in 1894 or 1895 and until 1901. She met Alexander von Zemlinsky in early 1900, began composition lessons with him that fall, and continued as his student until her engagement to Gustav Mahler in December 1901, after which she ceased composing. Until this time, she had composed or sketched mostly Lieder, but around 20 piano pieces and a small number of chamber music works, and a scene from an opera. She briefly resumed composing in 1910, but stopped in 1915. The chronology of her compositions is difficult to establish because she did not date her manuscripts and destroyed many of them herself. Attempts to establish a chronological list of her works have been made by Susanne Rode-Breymann in 1999 and 2014, and by Knud Martner in 2018.


title: Alma Mahler

text: A total of 17 songs by her survive. Fourteen were published during her lifetime in three publications dated 1910, 1915, and 1924. The first two volumes appeared under the name Alma Maria Schindler-Mahler, and the last volume was published as "Fünf Gesänge" by Alma Maria Mahler; the cover of the 1915 set was illustrated by Oskar Kokoschka. Three additional songs were discovered in manuscript posthumously; two of them were published in the year 2000, edited by Dr. Susan M. Filler, and one published in 2018, edited by Barry Millington. Her personal papers, including music manuscripts, are held at the University of Pennsylvania, the Austrian National Library in Vienna, and the Bavarian State Library in Munich. These songs have been performed and recorded regularly since the 1980s. Orchestral versions of the accompaniments have been produced. Seven songs were orchestrated by David and Colin Matthews (published by Universal Edition), and all 17 songs were orchestrated by Julian Reynolds, and by Jorma Panula.


title: Alma Mahler

text: American satirist Tom Lehrer described her obituary as “the juiciest, spiciest, raciest obituary it has ever been my pleasure to read”. It prompted him to write the ballad, "Alma", portraying her as "the loveliest girl in Vienna ... the smartest as well" who became a difficult, temperamental companion to the work-absorbed Mahler, Gropius, and Werfel as each in turn came under her "spell". Of her relationship to Mahler he sang: "Their marriage, however, was murdah/ He'd scream to the heavens above/ 'I'm writing "Das Lied von der Erde"/ and she only vants to make love!


title: Alma Mahler

text: In the 1974 film "Mahler", by director Ken Russell, Gustav Mahler, while on his last train journey, remembers the important events of his life, such as his relationship with his wife, the deaths of his brother and young daughter, and his trouble with the muses. In the film, Alma was portrayed by Georgina Hale and Gustav by Robert Powell.


title: Alma Mahler

text: In 1996, Israeli writer Joshua Sobol and Austrian director Paulus Manker created the polydrama "Alma". It played in Vienna for six successive seasons and toured with over 400 performances to Venice, Lisbon, Los Angeles, Petronell, Berlin, Semmering, Jerusalem, and Prague—all places where Mahler-Werfel had lived. The show was made into a three-part TV miniseries in 1997.


title: Alma Mahler

text: Mohammed Fairouz set the words of Alma Mahler in his song cycle "Jeder Mensch". It premiered in a coupling with songs of Alma Mahler by mezzo-soprano Kate Lindsey in 2011.


title: Alma Mahler

text: A treatment of Mahler-Werfel's life was presented in the 2001 Bruce Beresford film "Bride of the Wind", in which Alma was played by Australian actress Sarah Wynter. Gustav Mahler was portrayed by British actor Jonathan Pryce. Swiss actor Vincent Pérez portrayed Oskar Kokoschka.


title: Alma Mahler

text: In 1998, extracts from Alma's diaries were published, covering the years from 1898 to 1902, until the time she married Mahler. In the 2001 novel "The Artist's Wife" by Max Phillips, she tells her story from the afterlife, focusing on her complicated relationships.


title: Alma Mahler

text: In 2010, the German filmmaker Percy Adlon and his son Felix Adlon released their film "Mahler auf der Couch" ("Mahler on the Couch"), which relates Gustav Mahler's tormented relationship with his wife Alma and his meeting with Sigmund Freud in 1910. In the film's introduction, the directors state, "That it happened is fact. How it happened is fiction."


title: Madeleine Mantock

text: Madeleine Mantock (born 26 May 1990) is a British actress. She is known for her main role television work on the series "Into the Badlands" and a remake of the series "The Tomorrow People". She played in a main role as Macy Vaughn from the reboot of "Charmed" from 2018 to 2021 on The CW. She appeared in "The Long Song" as Miss Clara in a supporting role.


title: Madeleine Mantock

text: Mantock is of “Afro-Caribbean and Caucasian” heritage. She attended Arts Educational Schools, London where she obtained her BA in Musical Theatre.


title: Madeleine Mantock

text: Mantock primarily works in television, starring as main character Scarlett Conway in "Casualty", before she graduated drama school. She was part of the series for 36 episodes from 2011 to 2012. She then appeared on "Lee Nelson's Well Funny People" in 2013, before moving to the United States to be a main character, Astrid, on "The Tomorrow People", which was canceled after one season. She then played the small role of Julie in the film, "Edge of Tomorrow". In 2015 she was cast in a main role, Veil, on AMC's "Into the Badlands". Her character for "Into the Badlands" has received positive response.


title: Madeleine Mantock

text: Mantock then had a role in the 2017 film, "Breaking Brooklyn", and filmed her main role in "Age Before Beauty". In March 2018, she was cast in the lead role of Macy Vaughn in The CW's fantasy drama series "Charmed", a reboot of the 1998 series of the same name. The reboot centers on three sisters in a college town who discover they are witches. In July 2021, Mantock announced that she would be departing "Charmed" before the airing of the third season finale.


title: Madeleine Mantock

text: She also appeared in the supporting role of Miss Clara in the 2018 BBC adaptation of Andrea Levy's novel "The Long Song", set in nineteenth century colonial Jamaica.


title: Standard gravity

text: The standard acceleration due to gravity (or standard acceleration of free fall), sometimes abbreviated as standard gravity, usually denoted by or , is the nominal gravitational acceleration of an object in a vacuum near the surface of the Earth. It is defined by standard as . This value was established by the 3rd CGPM (1901, CR 70) and used to define the standard weight of an object as the product of its mass and this nominal acceleration. The acceleration of a body near the surface of the Earth is due to the combined effects of gravity and centrifugal acceleration from the rotation of the Earth (but the latter is small enough to be negligible for most purposes); the total (the apparent gravity) is about 0.5% greater at the poles than at the Equator.


title: Standard gravity

text: Although the symbol is sometimes used for standard gravity, (without a suffix) can also mean the local acceleration due to local gravity and centrifugal acceleration, which varies depending on one's position on Earth (see Earth's gravity). The symbol should not be confused with , the gravitational constant, or g, the symbol for gram. The is also used as a unit for any form of acceleration, with the value defined as above; see g-force.


title: Standard gravity

text: The value of defined above is a nominal midrange value on Earth, originally based on the acceleration of a body in free fall at sea level at a geodetic latitude of 45°. Although the actual acceleration of free fall on Earth varies according to location, the above standard figure is always used for metrological purposes. In particular, since it is the ratio of the kilogram-force and the kilogram, its numeric value when expressed in coherent SI units is the ratio of the kilogram-force and the newton, two units of force.


title: Standard gravity

text: Already in the early days of its existence, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) proceeded to define a standard thermometric scale, using the boiling point of water. Since the boiling point varies with the atmospheric pressure, the CIPM needed to define a standard atmospheric pressure. The definition they chose was based on the weight of a column of mercury of 760 mm. But since that weight depends on the local gravity, they now also needed a standard gravity. The 1887 CIPM meeting decided as follows:


title: Standard gravity

text: All that was needed to obtain a numerical value for standard gravity was now to measure the gravitational strength at the International Bureau. This task was given to Gilbert Étienne Defforges of the Geographic Service of the French Army. The value he found, based on measurements taken in March and April 1888, was 9.80991(5) m⋅s.


title: Standard gravity

text: This result formed the basis for determining the value still used today for standard gravity. The third General Conference on Weights and Measures, held in 1901, adopted a resolution declaring as follows:


title: Standard gravity

text: The numeric value adopted for was, in accordance with the 1887 CIPM declaration, obtained by dividing Defforges's result – 980.991 cm⋅s in the cgs system then "en vogue" – by 1.0003322 while not taking more digits than warranted considering the uncertainty in the result.


title: Gourmet

text: Gourmet (, ) is a cultural idea associated with the culinary arts of fine food and drink, or haute cuisine, which is characterized by refined, even elaborate preparations and presentations of aesthetically balanced meals of several contrasting, often quite rich courses. Historically the ingredients used in the meal tended to be rare for the region, which could also be impacted by the local state and religious customs. The term and the related characteristics are typically used to describe people with refined tastes and enthusiasm. Gourmet food is frequently provided in more expensive, smaller servings. When it comes to Gourmet, there are also frequently cross-cultural interactions that introduce new ingredients, materials, and traditions.


title: Gourmet

text: The word "gourmet" is from the French term for a wine broker or "taste-vin" employed by a wine dealer. "Friand" was formerly the reputable name for a connoisseur of delicious things that were not eaten primarily for nourishment: "A good gourmet", wrote the conservative eighteenth-century "Dictionnaire de Trévoux", employing this original sense, "must have "le goût friand"", or a refined palate. The pleasure is also visual: "J'aime un ragoût, et je suis friand", Giacomo Casanova declared, "mais s'il n'a pas bonne mine, il me semble mauvais". In the eighteenth century, "gourmet" and "gourmand" carried disreputable connotations of gluttony, which only "gourmand" has retained. "Gourmet" was rendered respectable by Monsieur Grimod de la Reynière, whose "Almanach des Gourmands", essentially the first restaurant guide, appeared in Paris from 1803 to 1812.


title: Gourmet

text: Previously, even the liberal "Encyclopédie" offered a moralising tone in its entry "Gourmandise", defined as "refined and uncontrolled love of good food", employing reproving illustrations that contrasted the frugal ancient Spartans and Romans of the Republic with the decadent luxury of Sybaris. The Jesuits' "Dictionnaire de Trévoux" took the "Encyclopédistes" to task, reminding its readers that "gourmandise" was one of the Seven Deadly Sins.


title: Gourmet

text: The term "gourmet" can refer to a person with refined or discriminating taste who is knowledgeable in the craft and art of food and food preparation.


title: Gourmet

text: An "epicure" is similar to a gourmet, but the word may sometimes carry overtones of excessive refinement.


title: Gourmet

text: What is considered gourmet is different depending on the time and geographic region. What is gourmet historically depended upon what ingredients the people of that region had access to and how easily they acquire them. For instance, seafood could be considered a luxury in an area that lacks fish, whereas it would not be seen as such in an area near the ocean or a great river. Gourmet tended, and still does in many parts of the world, to be revered by a person with access to wealth because gourmet food has always been expensive. The expense was the result of a scarcity of ingredients for a particular food in the region at the time. This fact meant they needed to be brought in from far away, which brought a variety of risks to the merchants. Merchants would have to deal with weather conditions, thieves, and broken equipment, intermediaries, and other such factors that could delay or interrupt the shipment of the good at the cost of their lives and fortune. Thus they asked for higher prices. For millenniums, about 10% of the population could eat food that may have been considered gourmet in their time. Potentially 80% of the global population worked in food production and would have eaten more typical meals to survive. The typical meal would be what they could most easily get their hands on. In Britain, for instance, that was gruels, vegetables, small amounts of wild game, and grains.


title: Gourmet

text: Another factor would be religious/cultural beliefs and customs, which have a significant impact on the food that was eaten. For instance, Jewish and Islamic cultures have rules for not only what they can eat, but how to prepare the food and what it can be paired with. To eat specific food items they must be Kosher (for Jews) Jhatka (for Hindu) and Halal (for Muslims). One well-known example is that neither Jews nor Muslims can eat pork because they consider pigs to be unclean. Another example is that many people of India generally do not consume beef because many devout Hindus believe the cow is a sacred animal. Buddhism's encouragement of adopting vegetarianism also limits what devout Buddhists can eat. These practices and beliefs encourage what is not eaten in society but also what can be eaten. For instance, the Buddhists have a history of preparing and eating tofu to satisfy their dietary requirements for protein. There is also the role of the state when it comes to these issues sometimes dictating how meals should be prepared. An example of this would be that of edicts of Ashoka who declared that many animals shall be given decent treatment and limited the numbers that could be consumed. Ashoka was a very devout Buddhist and that affected his policies.


title: Gourmet

text: This trading from non-local regions, also means, almost by necessity, that there was much cultural exchange between different groups to get these goods. The Columbian Exchange introduced many ingredients and styles to the new world and Europe starting with the expansion of the Iberian Empires. The new world introduced to Europeans tomatoes, potatoes, chocolate, and much more. Another example would be interactions with the Islamic world, which impacted Catholic cuisine in the 1100s. These interactions introduced many spices, the theory of the culinary cosmos, and cooking items such as North African pottery. These trades were facilitated by rich merchant states that traded with them, the most notable being Venice.


title: Gourmet

text: "Gourmet" may describe a class of restaurant, cuisine, meal or ingredient of high quality, of special presentation, or high sophistication. In the United States, a 1980s gourmet food movement evolved from a long-term division between elitist (or "gourmet") tastes and a populist aversion to fancy foods. Gourmet is an industry classification for high-quality premium foods in the United States. In the 2000s, there has been an accelerating increase in the American gourmet market, due in part to rising income, globalization of taste, and health and nutrition concerns. Individual food and beverage categories, such as coffee, are often divided between a standard and a "gourmet" sub-market.


title: Gourmet

text: Certain events such as wine tastings cater to people who consider themselves gourmets and foodies. Television programs (such as those on the Food Network) and publications such as "Gourmet" magazine often serve gourmets with food columns and features. Gourmet tourism is a niche industry catering to people who travel to food or wine tastings, restaurants, or food and wine production regions for leisure.


title: Gourmet

text: "Foodie" is often used by the media as a conversational synonym for "gourmet", although it is a different concept (that of a food aficionado). The word "foodie" was coined synchronously by Gael Greene in the magazine "New York" and by Paul Levy and Ann Barr, co-authors of "The Official Foodie Handbook" (1984).


title: Joshua Garcia

text: Joshua Espineli Garcia (; born October 7, 1997) is a Filipino actor, dancer, and commercial model. He began his professional acting career in 2015 after being part of the reality show "" as a contestant. He rose to prominence for his critically acclaimed performances in the 2016 Metro Manila Film Festival top-grosser "Vince and Kath and James" and in the primetime series "The Good Son". Garcia has starred in various TV series such as "Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita" (2015), "The Greatest Love" (2016), "Ngayon at Kailanman" (2018), "The Killer Bride" (2019), "Viral Scandal" (2021), and "Darna" (2022). He has also starred in the films "Love You to the Stars and Back" (2017), " Unexpectedly Yours" (2017), "I Love You, Hater" (2018), and "Block Z" (2020).


title: Joshua Garcia

text: Garcia was born on October 7, 1997 in Bauan, Batangas, Philippines. He is the second son of Filipino parents Geo Garcia and Marife Espineli. Coming from a broken family, he was then raised by his father and his priest uncle, Fr. Gerry Garcia in Bauan, Batangas with his elder sister, Lorenza Mae. He also has three younger paternal half-siblings and two maternal half-siblings.


title: Joshua Garcia

text: He is a dancer and used to be a member of the Batangas cultural dance group, the Sining Kumintang before joining the reality TV show "" as one of the 19 housemates who entered the Big Brother house.


title: Joshua Garcia

text: Fresh from his stint in Pinoy Big Brother, Garcia started his acting career via the afternoon series "Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita" alongside fellow housemates Jane Oineza and Loisa Andalio. In the same year, he made his film debut in a supporting role in the Maja Salvador starrer "You're Still The One". Garcia's acting chops first garnered attention when he played a supporting character for the Olivia Lamasan movie "" starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla, which earned him a Best Supporting Actor nomination in the FAMAS Awards.


title: Joshua Garcia

text: Garcia's breakthrough came in when he got his first movie leading role in the 2016 Metro Manila Film Festival entry "Vince and Kath and James" where he won New Movie Actor of the Year in the 33rd PMPC Star Awards for Movies. His acting performance received wide critical acclaim and even scored Best Actor nominations in the said festival's awards, the 35th Luna Awards and the 2017 FAMAS Awards along with his Best Supporting Actor nomination for "".


title: Joshua Garcia

text: Following the blockbuster success of "Vince and Kath and James" and his tandem with actress Julia Barretto, they both starred in a string of television and movie projects together. Their tandem made their television debut in an episode of the country's longest-running drama anthology "Maalaala Mo Kaya" where they played as teen sweethearts who learn the value of unconditional love at a young age. Their performances was widely praised by the viewers and also dominated the trending topics on Twitter.


title: Joshua Garcia

text: Later that year, Garcia starred in his follow-up movie with Barretto in the romantic comedy-drama "Love You to the Stars and Back" which was a box-office success. His portrayal of Caloy, a teen suffering from leukemia likewise earned himself another round of Best Actor nominations in FAMAS and Luna Awards. His partnership with Barretto in the box office continued in the same year with "Unexpectedly Yours" where they starred alongside veteran actors Sharon Cuneta and Robin Padilla.


title: Joshua Garcia

text: In 2017, he headlined an ensemble cast in the crime drama primetime series "The Good Son" alongside Jerome Ponce, McCoy de Leon and Nash Aguas. He won various acting awards for his highly acclaimed portrayal in the series as Joseph Buenavidez including a "Best Drama Actor" recognition in the 32nd PMPC Star Awards for Television.


title: Joshua Garcia

text: In 2018, Garcia and Barretto starred in the romantic comedy movie "I Love You, Hater" with Kris Aquino. After four big-screen projects together, they finally made their teleserye debut via the primetime TV series "Ngayon at Kailanman" which premiered on August that same year.


title: Joshua Garcia

text: In 2019, he was part of the lead cast of the primetime TV series "The Killer Bride" which paired him with actress Janella Salvador. This also reunited him with Maja Salvador from their previous collaboration in "You're Still The One" where he made his film acting debut.


title: Joshua Garcia

text: In 2020, he reunited with Barretto accompanied by an all-star ensemble cast in the zombie film "Block Z" which was directed by award-winning director Mikhail Red. After his long-standing partnership with Barretto ended, he starred in solo projects including various episodes of "Maalaala Mo Kaya".


title: Joshua Garcia

text: In 2021, he made a return to primetime television and joined the lead cast of the TV series "Viral Scandal" opposite Charlie Dizon.


title: Joshua Garcia

text: He is currently the male lead in ABS-CBN's TV adaptation of "Mars Ravelo's Darna" starring Jane de Leon which also reunites him with Janella Salvador. He will also star in the movie adaptation of Bob Ong's best-selling book ""Ang Mga Kaibigan Ni Mama Susan"".


title: Joshua Garcia

text: Garcia dated actress Julia Barretto after starring in numerous projects together as a love team. Their two-year relationship ended in April 2019.


title: Joshua Garcia

text: In 2020, he started taking an entrepreneurship course at Southville International School affiliated with Foreign Universities (SISFU) in Las Piñas.


title: Hygieia

text: Hygieia is a goddess from Greek, as well as Roman, mythology (also referred to as: Hygiea or Hygeia; ; or , or ). Hygieia is a goddess of health ( – "hugieia"), cleanliness and hygiene. Her name is the source for the word "hygiene".


title: Hygieia

text: Hygieia is related to the Greek god of medicine, Asclepius, who is the son of the Olympian god Apollo. Hygieia is most commonly referred to as a daughter of Asclepius and his wife Epione. Hygieia and her four sisters each performed a facet of Apollo's art: Hygieia (health, cleanliness, and sanitation); Panacea (universal remedy); Iaso (recuperation from illness); Aceso (the healing process); and Aglaïa (beauty, splendor, glory, magnificence, and adornment).


title: Hygieia

text: One notable reference regarding Hygieia's role as a goddess of health can be found within the Hippocratic oath. This oath is used by physicians in order to swear before various healing gods, one of which being Hygieia, that they would follow a code of established ethical standards of practice.


title: Hygieia

text: The worship of Hygieia was closely associated with the cult of Asclepius. While Asclepius was more directly associated with healing, she was associated with the prevention of sickness and the continuation of good health. In the second century CE, the famous traveler Pausanias provided an account based on what he witnessed within the state of Greece. In his encyclopedic text "Description of Greece", written circa 160 CE to 174 CE, Pausanias described encountering statues of Asclepius and Hygieia, located at Tegea.


title: Hygieia

text: In addition to statues which represent the two figures, the incorporation of Hygieia within the cult of Asclepius can also be seen in medical iconography on numerous ancient Graeco-Roman coins. The close association between Hygieia and Asclepius indicates the important place she held in the cult of Asclepius.


title: Hygieia

text: Hygieia's primary temples were in Epidaurus, Corinth, Cos and Pergamon. At the Asclepeion of Titane in Sicyon (founded by Alexanor, Asclepius' grandson), the Greek historian Pausanias remarked that a statue of Hygieia was covered by women's hair and pieces of Babylonian clothes. According to inscriptions, similar sacrifices such as this were offered at Paros.


title: Hygieia

text: Hygieia was also associated with the Greek goddess Athena. In the 2nd century AD, Pausanias noted statues both of Hygieia and of Athena Hygieia near the entrance to the Acropolis of Athens. "Athena Hygieia" was one of the cult titles given to Athena, as Plutarch recounts of the building of the Parthenon (447–432 BC):


title: Hygieia

text: However, the cult of Hygieia as an independent goddess did not begin to spread until the Delphic oracle recognized her, after the devastating Plague of Athens (430–427 BC), and in Rome after the 293 BC plague there.


title: Hygieia

text: The poet Ariphron, from the Greek city-state Sicyon, wrote a well-known hymn during the 4th century BC which celebrated Hygieia. Statues of Hygieia were created by Scopas, Bryaxis and Timotheus, among others, but there is no clear description of what they looked like. In the surviving depictions, she is often shown as a young woman feeding a large snake that was wrapped around her body or drinking from a jar that she carried. These attributes were later adopted by the Gallo-Roman healing goddess, Sirona.


title: Hygieia

text: Hygieia was modified by the Romans into the goddess Valetudo, the goddess of personal health. There exists some debate about whether Hygieia can also be identified with the Roman goddess of social welfare, Salus; however, this has yet to be fully substantiated.


title: Hygieia

text: In August 2021, archaeologists from Dumlupınar University announced the discovery of statue of Hygieia in the Ancient Greek city Aizanoi. The human sized statue was portrayed with a snake in its arms. The statue was revealed inside the columned gallery throughout the south wing of the agora.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: New Moon (stylized as new moon) is a 2006 romantic fantasy novel by author Stephenie Meyer, and is the second novel in the "Twilight" series. The novel continues the story of Bella Swan and vampire Edward Cullen's relationship. When Edward leaves Bella after his brother attacks her, she is left heartbroken and depressed for months until Jacob Black becomes her best friend and helps her fight her pain. However, her life twists once more when Jacob's nature reveals itself and Edward's sister decides to visit.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: According to Meyer, the book is about losing true love. The title refers to the darkest phase of the lunar cycle, indicating that "New Moon" is about the darkest time of protagonist Bella Swan's life. Meyer wrote the book before "Twilight" was published. Writing the book was difficult for Meyer as she feared the readers' reaction to the book and often cried as she described Bella's pain.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: The book was originally released in hardcover on September 6, 2006 with an initial print run of 100,000 copies. Upon its publication in the United States, "New Moon" was highly successful and moved quickly to the top of bestseller lists, becoming one of the most anticipated books of the year. It peaked at #1 on both the "New York Times" Best Seller list and "USA Today"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Top 150 Bestsellers, and was the biggest selling children's paperback of 2008 with over 5.3 million copies sold. Moreover, "New Moon" was the best-selling book of 2009 and has been translated into 38 languages. A was released on November 20, 2009.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: Reception for "New Moon" was more positive than that for its predecessor. Some criticized the middle section's pacing; critics generally, however, argued the novel was more mature in tone, praising the character development and its depiction of human emotion.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: On Bella Swan's eighteenth birthday, Edward Cullen, the vampire she loves, and his family host her a birthday party at their residence. While unwrapping a gift, Bella receives a paper cut. Edward's adopted brother, Jasper, is overwhelmed by the scent of her blood and attempts to attack her. Trying to protect her, Edward and the Cullens move away from Forks, but in an attempt to encourage Bella to move on, Edward tells her it is because he no longer loves her. With Edward's departure, Bella suffers severe memory loss and depression for several months.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: In the months that follow, Bella learns that thrill-seeking activities, such as motorcycle riding and cliff-diving, allow her to "hear" Edward's voice in her head through her subconscious mind. She also seeks comfort in her deepening friendship with Jacob Black, a cheerful companion who eases her pain over losing Edward. Sometime after losing Edward, Bella starts to enjoy Jacob's company and friendship. After spending some time with Bella, Jacob starts experiencing some unexpected and drastic changes in his mood swings, body, and personality. As Jacob undergoes a very long, painful, and life-altering transformation, Bella and Charlie become concerned. A few weeks later, Bella notes that Jacob isn't as happy-go-lucky as he once was. She isn't so comfortable with Jacob's recent changes, and shortly thereafter, she discovers that Jacob has unwillingly become a werewolf and that there are other tribe members who are werewolves too. Jacob and his pack protect Bella from the vampire, Laurent, who was a part of James' coven, and also Victoria, who seeks revenge for her dead mate, James, whom the Cullens had killed in the previous installment. Jacob starts developing physical emotions towards Bella, but she doesn't feel the same after experiencing a life-changing breakup with Edward. This makes him horribly sad and envious of Edward. Jacob then saves Bella from drowning after jumping off a cliff and almost kisses her in the events following.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: Meanwhile, a series of miscommunications leads Edward to believe that Bella has committed suicide by jumping off a cliff. Distraught over her suspected suicide, Edward flees to Volterra, Italy to provoke the Volturi, vampire royalty who are capable of killing him, though they refuse, deeming his mind-reading ability to be too valuable. In contrast to Edward's rash reaction to the news of Bella's death, Alice Cullen cleverly makes a surprise visit to Bella's house, which overwhelms Bella. Bella asks a series of questions, and Alice tells her that she saw Bella trying to kill herself. As Alice's visions about Edward change rapidly, Alice and Bella are unable to clearly understand whether Edward is or will be safe. They rush to Italy to prevent Edward from revealing himself to humans so the Volturi are forced to kill him, arriving just in time to stop him. Before leaving Italy, the Volturi tell Edward that Bella, a human who knows that vampires exist, must either be killed or transformed into a vampire to protect the secret. When they return to Forks, Edward tells Bella that he has always loved her and only left Forks to protect her. She forgives him, and the Cullens vote in favor of Bella being transformed into a vampire, to Rosalie and Edward's dismay. However, Jacob sternly reminds Edward about an important part of their treaty: if the Cullens bite a human for any reason, the treaty is over and the wolves will attack. When Bella reminds him that it's none of his concern as being a vampire is what she wants, Jacob reveals it is his business as she doesn't understand what's going to be at stake for her and the Cullens. Before he can continue warning her, they hear an angry Charlie asking Bella to get inside the house at once. Jacob apologizes to Bella once more before leaving, and the story concludes with Charlie grounding Bella for running off to Italy.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: After Meyer finished writing "Twilight", she found herself writing multiple, hundred-page epilogues, and has said, "I quickly realized I wasn't ready to stop writing about Bella and Edward." She began writing a sequel, which was entitled "Forever Dawn" and skipped over Bella's final year of high school. While Meyer was still writing "Forever Dawn", she learned that "Twilight" was going to be published and marketed as a young-adult novel. Wanting the next book to be aimed at a similar audience, she decided to write a new sequel, "New Moon", which took place during Bella's senior year of high school. Therefore, Meyer started writing the outline of the book and thinking of what her characters would do, and claims that she "swiftly regretted asking them for the story." She didn't like the idea of Edward leaving at first and tried to think of other plot options, but, in the end, she said that "she accepted the inevitability of it."


title: New Moon (novel)

text: Meyer wrote "New Moon" in five months. She found the editing process "much longer and more difficult than the same process with "Twilight"." Also, unlike "Twilight", which Meyer intended not to publish at first, she recognized that "New Moon" was going to be published and had what she described as a "horrible feeling much like stage fright" while writing. However, Meyer considers Jacob to be her favorite gift the book gave, as she liked the character a lot and wanted to expand his role and presence.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: The confrontation with the Volturi in the clock tower at the end of the book was the first scene Meyer wrote. She did not want to use a real city as the location for the Volturi's residence, as she did with Forks. She decided to name her city "Volturin" and chose a location in Tuscany, Italy because it matched her vision of the city being "very old and relatively remote." However, when consulting a map, she found that there was a city called Volterra in the area where she had planned to place her imaginary city. Therefore, she chose Volterra and called it "a pretty creepy coincidence."


title: New Moon (novel)

text: The first draft of "New Moon" differed significantly from the manuscript published. Originally, Bella never found out that Jacob was a werewolf, and as a result, the seventy pages following Bella's discovery of Jacob's nature were missing. The epilogue was also different in title and content. Meyer found it difficult to write Bella's pain over Edward's departure and often cried while writing those parts. She mentioned that she never suffered a heartbreak like Bella's, so she couldn't draw inspiration for her pain from personal experiences, but based it on how she thought she would feel if she lost a child, while insisting that it came from her character, who is "much more open—to both pain and joy." She claims that "the way she chose to cope with it" was unexpected.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: The cover art of "New Moon" was designed by Gail Doobinin and photographed by John Grant. Meyer has expressed on numerous occasions that she had no hand in choosing the cover, and said that she does not like it. She described it as "a very lovely ruffled tulip that means nothing at all". Originally, Meyer suggested a clock image for the cover as she saw "time" as one of the most important themes of the novel. However, the artwork team that designed the cover chose the image of a tulip losing one of its petals, aiming to represent Bella losing a drop of blood.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: When Meyer finished writing the book, she wanted a title that referred to a time of day to match "Twilight". As it reflected the mood of the sequel, she titled the novel "New Moon", "the darkest kind of night, a night with no moon", to refer to the darkest period of Bella's life.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: "New Moon" was published by Little, Brown in the USA on September 6, 2006 with an initial print run of 100,000 copies. Demand for the book was so high that advance reading copies were being sold on eBay for as high as $380. "New Moon" immediately rose to the #1 position on the "New York Times" Best Seller list for Children's Chapter Books in its second week on the list, displacing popular children's authors such as Christopher Paolini and Markus Zusak, and remained in that spot for eleven weeks. It spent over 47 weeks in total on the list. "New Moon" also remained on the "USA Today" Best Seller list for over 150 weeks after entering the list two weeks after its release, later peaking at #1. USA Today ranked it at #29 on its 2007 top-selling books list.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: By 2008, "Publishers Weekly" reported that "New Moon" had sold 1.5 million copies throughout the U.S. In October 2008, the book was ranked #37 on "USA Today's" "Bestselling Books of Last 15 Years". According to "USA Today", the book was also the second biggest-selling book of 2008 behind its prequel, "Twilight", and the biggest-selling of 2009, giving the saga the top four positions on the list for two consecutive years. It was also ranked at #27 on the list of biggest-selling books of 2010.


title: New Moon (novel)

text: The novel received mostly positive reviews with some critics feeling that it dragged in the middle. Hillias J. Martin of "School Library Journal" praised the book, saying, "Less streamlined than "Twilight" yet just as exciting, "New Moon" will more than feed the bloodthirsty hankerings of fans of the first volume and leave them breathless for the third". "Kirkus Reviews" praised the novel, describing it as "an exciting page turner...This tale of tortured demon lovers entices." Moreover, Cindy Dobrez of "Booklist" gave "New Moon" a positive review, stating that Bella's dismay at being ordinary "will strike a chord even among girls who have no desire to be immortal, and like the vampires who watch Bella bleed with "fevered eyes," teens will relish this new adventure and hunger for more". Furthermore, Norah Piehl of Teenreads.com thought that in the middle "the story sometimes drags, and readers may long for the vampires' return", though she believed that ""New Moon" will leave Meyer's many fans breathless for the sequel, as Bella finally understands everything that will be at stake if she makes the ultimate choice to give up her humanity and live, like the vampires, forever." Anna Limber of About.com echoed Piehl, saying that "the middle section is a little slow" and some aspects of the story were "predictable". However, she gave the book 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that the novel as a whole "has a brooding and melancholy feel to it, capturing well the angst of its teenage characters."


title: New Moon (novel)

text: A film adaptation of "New Moon" was released on November 20, 2009. It is the sequel to 2008's "Twilight", which is based on the previous novel written by Meyer. The film starred Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprising their roles as Bella Swan, Edward Cullen, and Jacob Black, respectively. In late November 2008, Summit Entertainment greenlit the sequel, which was directed by Chris Weitz with Melissa Rosenberg returning as the screenwriter. The majority of the film was shot in Vancouver, British Columbia.


title: Marc Bendavid

text: Bendavid was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to a Belgian-born mother and a Moroccan-Jewish father. He attended Unionville High School and was subsequently accepted into National Theatre School of Canada, graduating in 2004.


title: Marc Bendavid

text: Bendavid played the role of Barbara Hershey's character's son Dominic Blythe in "". He played the role Romeo in the play Romeo and Juliet. He has also appeared on the television drama "Murdoch Mysteries" and in thrillers, "Too Late to Say Goodbye" and "Her Husband's Betrayal". Bendavid has guest starred in several of Canada's top series, including "The Listener" and "Flashpoint", as well as recurring roles in "Hard Rock Medical", "Bitten", and "".


title: Marc Bendavid

text: Bendavid has appeared onstage including roles in Salvatore Antonio's play In Gabriel's Kitchen at Buddies in Bad Times theatre and Michel Marc Bouchard's "The Madonna Painter" at Toronto's Factory Theatre, and Arthur Miller's "A View from the Bridge".


title: Marc Bendavid

text: In 2014, Bendavid was cast in the role of "One" (a.k.a. Jace Corso, a.k.a. Derrick Moss) on the Canadian science fiction television series "Dark Matter", which airs on the Space network in Canada (and on Syfy in the U.S.). The series debuted in the summer of 2015. He had a supporting role as Owen Thomas in Hallmark Original Movie "Angel of Christmas".


title: Marc Bendavid

text: In 2016, Bendavid had a leading role as Phillip in the Hallmark original movie "Summer in the City" premiering August 13 on Hallmark Channel, opposite Julianna Guill with Marla Sokoloff, Vivica A. Fox and Natasha Henstridge. In 2017, he played the role of Cliff Baskers in the Hallmark original movie "A Rose for Christmas" opposite Rachel Boston.


title: Marc Bendavid

text: In 2022, he had a recurring role in half of the eight-episode first season of "Reacher" playing Paul Hubble, a banker who is manipulated into helping launder counterfeit money.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Oswald Cobblepot (born Kapelput), also known as The Penguin, is a character and the main antagonist of the FOX television series "Gotham", portrayed by Robin Lord Taylor. Based on the DC Comics supervillain of the same name, he was adapted by showrunner Bruno Heller for the series, which is intended to explore the origin stories of characters from the Batman mythos. Introduced in the first season, Cobblepot is depicted as an intelligent low-level thug who aspires to become a leading crime lord in Gotham City. The series explores his rise to power and the challenges he faces in achieving this goal.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Taylor's performance has been well received by critics and fans throughout the series' run, and the Penguin has been considered the show's breakout character.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: "Gotham" marks the third live-action portrayal of the Penguin. Burgess Meredith and Danny DeVito previously portrayed the character in the 1960s "Batman" television series and in Tim Burton's 1992 film "Batman Returns", respectively. Robin Lord Taylor took inspiration from Danny DeVito's interpretation for his portrayal.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Oswald Cobblepot is a cunning, ruthless criminal who wants to rule Gotham's criminal underworld, and is willing – and often eager – to kill anyone who stands in his way. Nevertheless, he is patient, methodical and Machiavellian, using his sharp intellect to concoct intricate plans in which his every move is premeditated toward achieving a given end. His last name is an anglicization of "Kapelput"; his mother, Gertrud Kapelput (Carol Kane), is an immigrant from Austria-Hungary. He is very close to his mother, whom he considers the only person in the world who loves him.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: This is the first version of the character who is LGBT; he has complicated romantic feelings for fellow criminal and best friend Edward Nygma (Cory Michael Smith). Taylor, who is gay, has said that he does not consider the character to be explicitly homosexual or bisexual, and that Cobblepot's feelings for Nygma constitute "a romantic, yearning need to connect with somebody" rather than strictly sexual interest. Taylor has further stated he does not personally view Cobblepot as a representative for any sexual identity.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Cobblepot starts out as a small-time criminal working for mobster Fish Mooney (Jada Pinkett Smith). After Mooney discovers that Cobblepot is an informant for the Gotham City Police Department (GCPD), she hobbles him by breaking his ankle, giving him a waddle-like limp that befits his hated nickname, "Penguin". Mooney and her boss, Mafia don Carmine Falcone (John Doman), order GCPD detectives Jim Gordon (Ben McKenzie) and Harvey Bullock (Donal Logue) to execute Cobblepot, but Gordon lets him go. Cobblepot allies himself with Falcone and rival mob boss Sal Maroni (David Zayas), and climbs his way up the ladder of Gotham's criminal underworld through murder and treachery. He also instigates a mob war at the end of season one in which Maroni and Mooney are killed and Falcone is forced to leave town, leaving Cobblepot "the King of Gotham".


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Cobblepot now controls all aspects of the city's crime. However, he is forced to help corrupt billionaire Theo Galavan (James Frain) in his campaign for mayor when Galavan's sister, Tabitha (Jessica Lucas), kidnaps Cobblepot's mother. Cobblepot obeys Galavan's orders to murder the rival candidates, but Tabitha kills Gertrud anyway. A heartbroken Cobblepot swears revenge and dedicates himself to destroying Galavan. He eventually succeeds in unraveling Galavan's criminal empire with help from Gordon, and he gets his revenge when he and Gordon kill Galavan together.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Cobblepot is arrested for killing Galavan and sent to Arkham Asylum, where head psychiatrist Hugo Strange (B.D. Wong) subjects him to a series of psychological tortures that render him timid and harmless. After his release, he meets his wealthy biological father, Elijah Van Dahl (Paul Reubens, who also portrayed the Penguin's father in the 1992 film "Batman Returns"), who takes him into his family. Van Dahl's wife Grace (Melinda Clarke) and stepchildren are plotting to kill him and inherit his fortune, and use Cobblepot in their schemes. After they kill Elijah, they make Cobblepot their servant. When he discovers what they have done, his conditioning wears off and he becomes his old self again. Angered by the loss of his father, he takes brutal revenge: he slaughters his step-siblings and cooks them into a pot roast, feeding them to Grace before killing her as well. As Van Dahl's only living relative, Cobblepot inherits his father's fortune.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Upon learning that the vigilante Azrael is the recently resurrected Theo Galavan, Cobblepot and his henchman Butch Gilzean (Drew Powell) kill him with a missile launcher. After Arkham is overrun with Strange's mutated "experiments", Cobblepot arrives there to kill Strange – only to find that the doctor has also revived Fish Mooney.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Six months later, Cobblepot leads an angry mob against Mooney and Strange's creations. He spares Mooney after she says she is proud of what he has become, and tells her to leave Gotham and never come back. He is hailed a hero for defeating Mooney, and makes a successful run for mayor with help from Edward Nygma, with whom he falls in love. When Nygma enters a relationship with a woman named Isabella (Chelsea Spack), Cobblepot grows jealous, and has her killed. When Nygma discovers what Cobblepot has done, he embarks on a campaign of revenge, ultimately causing Cobblepot to lose his mayoralty. Nygma then brings Cobblepot to the harbor docks, where he shoots his former friend in the stomach and pushes his body into the harbor.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Cobblepot is later found and healed by Ivy Pepper (Maggie Geha), and forms a partnership with her in order to kill Nygma and combat gangster Barbara Kean (Erin Richards), who has taken over Gotham in his absence. They recruit Victor Fries (Nathan Darrow) and Bridgit Pike (Michelle Veintimilla) as muscle, and help Gordon stop the Court of Owls from using a weaponized virus on the city. Mooney is fatally wounded during a showdown between Cobblepot and Kean's forces, and with her dying words tells Cobblepot to make Gotham his or "burn it to the ground".


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: The GCPD makes a deal with Nygma to entrap Cobblepot, but the plan fails when Kean, Tabitha and Gilzean show up to fight; Cobblepot escapes while the two sides fight each other. Cobblepot takes Nygma to the same docks where he shot him, and has Fries encase him in a block of ice; Cobblepot wants to keep him as a reminder to never again let love weaken him. Later, Cobblepot and Ivy work on their plans for the Iceberg Lounge, with Cobblepot intending to use the frozen Nygma as the centerpiece.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Three months later, Cobblepot announces that no one can commit crimes in Gotham without a "license" from him; corrupt mayor Aubrey James (Richard Kind) sanctions the scheme to keep crime down, and in return Cobblepot keeps the majority of the profits of any crime he permits. The GCPD reluctantly goes along with it – except for Gordon, who pledges that he will arrest any criminal he finds, and eventually Cobblepot himself.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: One night, Cobblepot discovers that Nygma is gone from his ice prison and orders his personal assassin, Victor Zsasz (Anthony Carrigan), to find him. Nygma sends Cobblepot a series of riddles to make him guess his location. When Cobblepot does not show up at the location mentioned in the riddle (Stoker's Cemetery), he tells Nygma that he has lost his edge, and is no longer worthy of his attention. However, he changes his mind when he finds out that Nygma is making fun of him at a club in the Narrows as part of a wrestling act with Gilzean – who was killed months before and is now reborn as Solomon Grundy.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Meanwhile, Cobblepot forms a tenuous alliance with Carmine Falcone's daughter, Sofia (Crystal Reed). Together, they open an orphanage, and he befriends one of the orphans, a mute boy named Martin (Christopher Convery). He teaches the boy about the finer points of revenge and sabotage, and has him spy on Sofia, who he does not know how to trust. Martin later informs him that he saw Gordon and Sofia kissing, and Cobblepot realizes that she has been manipulating him. She arranges a meeting with him with Kean, Tabitha and Selina Kyle (Camren Bicondova) in tow and threatens to kill Martin unless he surrenders his territory. He fakes Martin's death to keep him safe, and declares war on Sofia. Cobblepot reveals Sofia's plotting to her father, who decides to send her away; moments later, however, Don Falcone is shot dead by men working for Sofia. Zsasz, believing that Cobblepot ordered the hit on his mentor, implicates him in Martin's apparent death, for which he is arrested and sent to Arkham. Psychopathic criminal Jerome Valeska (Cameron Monaghan), who is in the cell next to his, makes his life miserable by subjecting him to beatings and humiliation.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Six weeks later, Cobblepot receives a visit from Nygma, who leaves him with a riddle; he realizes that Nygma is still "the Riddler" deep down inside, and can help him escape. He then stands up to Jerome and beats him to a pulp, winning the lunatic's respect; Jerome agrees to deliver a letter from Cobblepot to Nygma and offers to take him into his gang. When Nygma visits once again, Cobblepot tells him to read the first word of each sentence of the letter, which is asking The Riddler to bring Nygma to Arkham so that Cobblepot can set the former free. Nygma's "Riddler" persona takes over, and breaks Cobblepot out of Arkham.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Cobblepot and Nygma visit Leslie Thompkins (Morena Baccarin), who is now in charge of the Narrows. Thompkins and Nygma concoct a plan to take down Sofia, which a horrified Cobblepot discovers involves Fries encasing him in a block of ice and delivering him to Sofia. Sometime later, a timer Fries planted on him goes off and melts the ice; upon being thawed out, Cobblepot tortures Sofia's underling The Dentist (D. Baron Buddy Bolton) until he tells him where Sofia's thugs have taken Nygma. He finds them at the pier where Nygma shot him, and saves Nygma's life by shooting the thugs dead; they then reconcile as friends. Cobblepot joins forces with Jerome's "Legion of Horribles", along with Fries, Pike, Jervis Tetch (Benedict Samuel) and Jonathan Crane (Charlie Tahan), and manages to recruit Butch with the promise of helping to find Strange to cure him. However, when he learns that Jerome intends to poison the city with lethal laughing gas, he goes to Gordon behind Jerome's back, asking for protection. When Jerome learns of Cobblepot's treachery, he has Tetch and Crane imprison him in a blimp that contains the laughing gas, set to kill thousands of people. Cobblepot overpowers the hypnotized pilot and flies the blimp out of the city toward a nearby river.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Following Jerome's death, Cobblepot joins forces with Gilzean, Tabitha Galavan and Kean to stop Ra's al-Ghul (Alexander Siddig) and Jerome's brother Jeremiah (Monaghan) from destroying Gotham with a cluster of bombs, in hopes of collecting a reward from the city and getting clemency for their crimes. Jeremiah gets the better of them, however, forcing the unlikely allies to attack Ra's directly. Meanwhile, Cobblepot persuades Strange to cure Gilzean – only to shoot him dead in front of Tabitha as revenge for Tabitha killing his mother. When Gotham is evacuated following the bombs' explosion, Cobblepot carves out his own territory from the abandoned city.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Months later, Cobblepot has become the "de facto" ruler of Gotham by killing anyone in the other gangs who poses the slightest threat to his power. He also avenges his mother's death when he stabs Tabitha in the heart with a bowie knife, thus igniting a feud with Kean, Tabitha's best friend.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Later, Penguin forms an alliance with Selina Kyle in order to defeat jewel thief Magpie (Sarah Schenkkan), who had stolen a precious diamond from Cobblepot. When Jeremiah's chemicals contaminate the water in the city's river, reunifaction with the mainland is deemed unlikely. Cobblepot and Nygma devise a plan to leave Gotham forever in a submarine. They make a deal with Kean and allow her to come with them.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: While Cobblepot and Nygma start to built the submarine, they are approached by Cobblepot's former accountant Arthur Penn (Andrew Sellon), who survived the attack at Haven and now suffers from a split personality. Penguin and Riddler learn that Penn is now controlled by the ventriloquist dummy Scarface, who wants to take control of Cobblepot's empire and the submarine. Nygma and Cobblepot combine their forces to defeat Arthur and Scarface.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: When Bane (Shane West) and Nyssa al Ghul (Jaime Murray) manipulate the U.S. Army into issuing an extermination order on the citizens of Gotham, Cobblepot cannot bring himself to let Gotham be destroyed, however, and so he and Nygma agree to help Gordon defeat Bane and Nyssa. In the ensuing firefight, Cobblepot loses his right eye when a grenade explodes in front of him, which he covers with a glass eye and a monocle. He and Nygma help save the city, but lose the money and power they had amassed, so they resolve to work together to once again take control of Gotham.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Ten years later, Cobblepot is released from Blackgate Penitentiary, having been imprisoned there six months after helping save Gotham. Now appearing more similar to his comic book counterpart with a frock coat, a cravat, a waistcoat, a top hat, and a slightly overweight stature, he kidnaps Gordon, now the GCPD Commissioner, and tries to kill him as revenge for locking him up, but Gordon escapes. Cobblepot then reunites with Nygma, who has recently escaped from Arkham. The two of them plan to resume their reign of crime, but are unexpectedly captured and tied up by a mysterious vigilante dressed as a bat, who unbeknownst to them is really Bruce Wayne (David Mazouz). However, they escape and resolve to fight this new adversary together, even though they fear him.


title: Oswald Cobblepot (Gotham)

text: Robin Lord Taylor has received critical acclaim for his performance as Oswald Cobblepot, with the character being cited as the show's breakout character. Danny DeVito, who portrayed the Penguin in the second Tim Burton Batman film "Batman Returns", also praised Taylor's performance, saying, "I think he's a very good young Penguin. He's a terrific actor."


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: The Tarot of Marseilles is a standard pattern of Italian-suited tarot pack with 78 cards that was very popular in France in the 17th and 18th centuries for playing tarot card games and is still produced today. It was probably created in Milan before spreading to much of France, Switzerland and Northern Italy. The name is sometimes spelt Tarot of Marseille, but the name recommended by the International Playing-Card Society is Tarot de Marseille, although it accepts the two English names as alternatives. It was the pack which led to the occult use of tarot cards, although today bespoke cards are produced for this purpose.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Research by Michael Dummett and others demonstrates that the tarot pack was probably invented at or near Ferrara in northern Italy in the early 15th century and introduced into southern France when the French conquered Milan and the Piedmont in 1499. The antecedents of the Tarot de Marseille would then have been introduced into southern France at around that time. The 78-card version of the game of Tarot died out in Italy but survived in France and Switzerland. When the game was reintroduced into northern Italy, the Marseilles designs of the cards were reintroduced with it. All Italian-suited tarot decks outside of Italy are descended from the Milan–Marseilles type with the exception of some early French and Belgian packs which show mixed influence from Bolognese tarot (see below). The earliest surviving cards of the Marseilles pattern were produced by Jean Noblet of Paris around 1650.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: The documentary "Les mystères du Tarot de Marseille" (Arte, 18 February 2015) claims that the work of Marsilio Ficino can be credited as having inspired imagery specific to the Marseilles.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: The name Tarot de Marseille is not of particularly ancient vintage; it was coined as late as 1856 by the French card historian Romain Merlin, and was popularized by French cartomancers Eliphas Levi, Gérard Encausse, and Paul Marteau who used this collective name to refer to a variety of closely related designs that were being made in the city of Marseilles in the south of France, a city that was a centre of playing card manufacture, and were (in earlier, contemporaneous, and later times) also made in other cities in France. The Tarot de Marseille is one of the standards from which many tarot decks of the 19th century and later are derived.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Others have also tended to use the initials TdM, allowing for ambiguity as to whether the M stands for "Marseille" or "Milan", a region claimed for the origins of the image design.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: In deference to the common appellation "Marseille" for the style and in recognition that the deck appears in other places, the term "Marseille-style" is at times also used.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Like other tarot decks, the Tarot de Marseille contains fifty-six cards in the four standard suits and twenty-two tarot cards. In the French language, the four suits are identified by their French names of "Bâtons" (Batons), "Épées" (Swords), "Coupes" (Cups), and "Deniers" (Coins). These count from Ace to 10. There was also an archaic practice of ranking the cards 10 to Ace for the suit of cups and coins in line with all other tarot games outside of France and Sicily.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: As well, there are four face cards in each suit: a "Valet" (Knave or Page), "Chevalier" or "Cavalier" (Horse-rider or Knight), "Dame" (Queen) and "Roi" (King). Occultists (and many tarot readers nowadays, whether English- or French-speaking) call this series the Minor Arcana (French: "arcanes mineures"). The court cards are sometimes called "les honneurs" (the honours) or "les lames mineures de figures" (the minor picture cards) in French, and the "Royal Arcana" in English. For the "valet de bâtons" (French > "Page of Batons"), the title of that card generally appears on the side of the card, while in some old versions of the Tarot de Marseille that card, along with either some or all others, is left unnamed.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: In the Tarot de Marseille, as is standard among Italian suited playing cards, the pip cards in the suit of swords are drawn as abstract symbols in curved lines, forming a shape reminiscent of a mandorla. On the even numbered cards, the abstract curved lines are all that is present. On the odd numbered cards, a single fully rendered sword is rendered inside the abstract designs. The suit of batons is drawn as straight objects that cross to form a lattice in the higher numbers; on odd numbered baton cards, a single vertical baton runs through the middle of the lattice. On the tens of both swords and batons, two fully rendered objects appear imposed on the abstract designs. The straight lined batons and the curved swords continue the tradition of Mamluk playing cards, in which the swords represented scimitars and the batons polo mallets.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: In this abstraction, the Tarot, and the Italian playing cards tradition, diverges from that of Spanish playing cards, in which swords and batons are drawn as distinct objects. Cups and coins are drawn as distinct objects. Most decks fill up blank areas of the cards with floral decorations. The two of cups typically contains a floral caduceus-like symbol terminating in two heraldic dolphin heads. The two of coins usually joins the two coins by a ribbon motif; the ribbon is a conventional place for the manufacturer to include his name and the date.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: There is also a suit of twenty-two "atouts" (trump cards). The Fool, which is unnumbered in the Tarot de Marseille, is viewed as separate and additional to the other twenty-one numbered trumps because it usually cannot win a trick. Occultists and others using the cards for divination call these twenty-two cards "les lames majeures de figures" (the major figure cards) or "arcanes majeures" (Major Arcana) in French.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: The labelling of cards is a practice of French origin, Italians remembered their names by heart. The XIII card is generally left unlabelled in the various old and modern versions of the tarot de Marseille, but it is worth noting that in Noblet's deck (circa 1650), the card was named LAMORT (Death). In at least some printings of the French/English bilingual version of Grimaud's pack, the XIII card is named "La Mort" in French and named "Death" in English. In many modern cartomantic tarot decks (e.g., Rider–Waite), the XIII card is named Death.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: The names given to the Marseilles pattern trumps differ from those in early Italian sources. The French "la Force" (Strength) is in Italian "la Fortezza" (Fortitude) for the cardinal virtue of Courage. "L'Amoureux" (the Lover) is in Italy "l'Amore" (Love). "Le Jugement" (the Judgement) is "l'Angelo" (the Angel) or "le Trombe" (the Trumpets). "L'Ermite" (the Hermit) is given either as "il Gobbo" (the Hunchback), "il Vecchio" (the Old Man), or as "il Tempo" (Time). "Le Pendu" (the Hanged Man) is "il Traditore" (the Traitor). "La Torre/la Maison Dieu" (the Tower/the House of God) is given either as "la Sagitta" (the arrow), "la Saetta" (Lightning), "la Casa del Diavolo" (the House of the Devil), "la Casa del Dannato" (the House of the Damned), "il Fouco" (the Fire), or as "l'inferno" (Hell). The ranking of the trumps vary according to region or time period.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: The following trump images are from Jean Dodal's deck printed in Lyon in the early 18th century. Like most other tarot decks, it uses additive Roman numerals, hence "IIII" instead of "IV". The English names are based on IPCS terminology. Dummett calls Tarot I "The Mountebank", a word which, like the name on the card, "bataleur", means 'street entertainer'.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: The use of obviously Christian traditional images (such as the Pope, the Devil, the Grim Reaper and the Last Judgement) and indeed controversial images such as "La Papesse" have spawned controversies from the Renaissance to the present because of its portrayal of a female pope. There is no solid historical evidence of a female pope, but this card may be based around the mythical Pope Joan.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: One variant of the Tarot de Marseille, now called the Tarot of Besançon, replaces the controversial Popess and Pope and, in their stead, puts Juno with her peacock, and Jupiter with his eagle. Developed in Alsace at the beginning of the 18th century, this deck was popular among Catholics living in regions that bordered Protestant communities. Protestants, and Catholics living outside contentious zones, preferred using the Marseilles pattern. During the French Revolution, the Emperor and Empress cards became the subject of similar controversies and were displaced by Grandfather and Grandmother. It arrived in Besançon only at the beginning of the 19th century where mass-production caused the current association of this deck to that city. An updated variant of the Besançon pattern is the "Swiss 1JJ Tarot" which is still in use by Troccas and Troggu players.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: In the early eighteenth century the Marseilles Tarot was introduced in Northern Italy starting from the Kingdom of Sardinia, which also included the Savoy (now in France) and Piedmont, where the card manufacturing industry collapsed following a severe economic depression. The Piedmontese players did not have difficulties to accept the Marseilles Tarot, because the images were similar and even the French language captioning was widespread in many areas of Piedmont.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Around 1820 some manufacturers active in Turin, capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, began to produce tarot decks in Marseille's pattern, but after few years they introduced captions in Italian and small variations in certain figures. For example, the Fool was not chased by a wild animal but had a butterfly in front of him. In a few decades, variation after variation, was consolidated the iconography of the Piedmontese Tarot, which therefore must be considered as a derivation of the Tarot of Marseilles. It is currently the most widely used tarot deck in Italy.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: In the Austrian-ruled Duchy of Milan (modern-day Lombardy), the Marseilles pattern also took root with Italian captioning starting around 1810. The "Death" card was given several names by different manufacturers such as "il Tredici" (Thirteen), "lo Specchio" (the Skeleton), and "Uguaglianza" (Equality). Production of this pattern stopped before the First World War.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Around 1835, Carlo Della Rocca of Milan engraved an elaborate interpretation of the Marseilles pattern. It became popular throughout Lombardy for the duration of the 19th century. It spread to Piedmont where a double-ended version was adapted to local tastes and was popular until the 1950s.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: A few early French decks exhibit certain curiosities. The 1557 luxury tarot deck by Catelin Geoffrey of Lyon, the early 17th century Tarot de Paris, and Jacques Viéville's Parisian deck (c.1650) share many things in common with each other and the Marseilles pattern but also have designs that seem to be derived from the Bologna-Florence tradition as seen in the Tarocco Bolognese and the Minchiate.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Adam de Hautot of Rouen produced a deck similar to Viéville's around the second quarter of the 18th century where "la Papesse" is replaced with "Le 'Spagnol Capitano Eracasse" (Italian > the 'Spanish Captain' Fracasso, a stock character from Commedia dell'arte). "The Pope", often depicted holding an orb or a covered communion chalice, is replaced by "Bacus" (Bacchus, the Greek god of wine) holding a wine cup or bottle and a fruited vine cane or bunch of grapes while astride a beer barrel or wine cask; this was copied from the Deuce of Acorns found in some German-suited patterns. "The Hanged Man" is shown still pendant but right-side up. "Temperance" bears the motto "FAMA SOL" (Latin > "The Rumored or Omened Day") in a scroll, probably counseling patience until the day of their deliverance from Spain. "The Tower" is renamed "La Foudre" (French > "The Lightning"), and shows a man sitting beneath a tree being struck by lightning. "The Star" shows a man with compasses staring up at the sky next to a tower. "The Moon" shows a woman holding a distaff and "The Sun" shows a man on horseback bearing a banner. "The World" depicts a naked woman atop a globe parted into a moon in a starry sky and a sun in a blue sky over a tower on land. Unusually, the Fool is numbered as trump XXII likely showing that it functioned as the highest trump. Very similar decks were soon produced in the Austrian Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) until the beginning of the 19th century. Packaging indicates that they were locally called "Cartes de Suisse". This may suggest that Belgian players were being influenced by a new mode of play emanating from Switzerland in which the Fool is treated like the highest trump as in Troggu.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Dummett conjectures that this family of decks, especially those of Viéville's design, originate from the Savoy-Piedmont-Lombardy region and were used until the collapse of the local card manufacturing industry at the end of the 17th century (as described above). Viéville's ordering of the trumps is almost identical to 16th century orders in Pavia and Mondovì. However, no cards from this region before the 18th century are known to have survived to prove or disprove this theory.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: All cards were originally printed from woodcuts; the cards were later coloured either by hand or by the use of stencils. Tarot was recorded as being very popular card game throughout France during the 16th and early 17th century but later fell into obscurity with the exception of eastern France and Switzerland. Very few Marseilles pattern cards from the 17th century have survived, chiefly among them are Noblet's. In contrast, dozens of decks from the 18th century have made it to the present. From eastern France and Switzerland, the game spread north to Sweden and east to Russia starting from the middle of the 18th century, making it one of the most popular card games of that era until being overtaken by Whist in the 19th century.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: One well-known artisan producing tarot cards in the Marseilles pattern was Nicolas Conver (circa 1760). It was the Conver deck, or a deck very similar to it, that came to the attention of Antoine Court de Gébelin in the late 18th century. Court de Gébelin's writings, which contained much by way of speculation as to the supposed Egyptian origin of the cards and their symbols, called the attention of occultists to tarot decks. As such, Conver's deck became the model for most subsequent esoteric decks, starting with the deck designed by Etteilla forward. Cartomancy with the Tarot was definitely being practised throughout France by the end of the 18th century; Alexis-Vincent-Charles Berbiguier reported an encounter with two "sibyls" who divined with Tarot cards in the last decade of the century at Avignon.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: From the mid-18th to early 19th centuries, Marseilles and Besançon tarots were replaced by the French-suited animal tarots throughout most of Europe. These were then superseded by genre art tarots like the "Industrie und Glück". French players ignored animal tarots but during the 20th century, they switched over to the genre art Tarot Nouveau. French truck drivers were still using the Marseilles pattern for French tarot as late as the 1970s.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: In 1997 Alejandro Jodorowsky and Phillipe Camoin completed their reconstructed version of the Tarot of Marseille. Since then Jodorowky, in collaboration with Marianne Costa, published a Tarot book based around this reconstructed version of the Marseille deck.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: In the English-speaking world, where there is little or no tradition of using tarots as playing cards, tarot decks only became known through the efforts of occultists influenced by French tarotists such as Etteilla, and later, Eliphas Lévi. These occultists later produced esoteric decks that reflected their own ideas, and these decks were widely circulated in the anglophone world. Various esoteric decks such as the Rider–Waite Tarot deck (conceived by A. E. Waite and rendered by Pamela Colman Smith), and the Thoth Tarot deck (conceived by Aleister Crowley and rendered by Lady Frieda Harris)—and tarot decks inspired by those two decks—are most typically used. Waite, Colman Smith, Crowley and Harris were all former members of the influential, Victorian-era Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn at different respective points in time; and the Golden Dawn, in turn, was influenced by Lévi and other French occult revivalists. Although there were various other respective influences (e.g., Etteilla's pip card meanings in the case of Waite/Colman Smith), Waite/Colman Smith's and Crowley/Harris' decks were greatly inspired by the Golden Dawn's member-use tarot deck and the Golden Dawn's tarot curriculum.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was essentially the first in the Anglophone world to venture into esoteric tarot. Francophone occultists such as Court de Gebelin, Etteilla, Eliphas Lévi, Oswald Wirth and Papus were influential in fashioning esoteric tarot in the French-speaking world; the influence of these Francophone occultists has come to bear even on interpretation of the Tarot de Marseille cards themselves. Even though the Tarot de Marseille decks are not "occult" "per se", the imagery of the Tarot de Marseille decks is claimed by Levi to have Hermetic influences (e.g., alchemy, astronomy, etc.). Referring to the Tarot, Eliphas Levi declares: "This book, which may be older than that of Enoch, has never been translated, but is still preserved unmutilated in primeval characters, on detached leaves, like the tablets of the ancients... It is, in truth, a monumental and extraordinary work, strong and simple as the architecture of the pyramids, and consequently enduring like those - a book which is the summary of all sciences, which can resolve all problems by its infinite combinations, which speaks by evoking thought, is the inspirer and moderator of all possible conceptions, and the masterpiece perhaps of the human mind. It is to be counted unquestionably among the very gret gifts bequeathed to us by antiquity..."


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: In the French-speaking world, users of the tarot for divination and other esoteric purposes such as Alejandro Jodorowsky, Kris Hadar, and many others, continue to use the Tarot de Marseille, although Oswald Wirth's Atouts-only (Major Arcana) tarot deck has enjoyed such popularity in the 20th century (albeit less so than the Tarot de Marseille). In the mid-1990s Jodorowsky contacted a late descendant of the Camoin family, who has printed the Tarot of Marseilles since the 19th century. They worked together for almost a decade to put together a 78-card deck, including the original detail and 11 color printing. Tarot decks from the English-speaking tradition (such as Rider–Waite and decks based on it) are also gaining some popularity in French-speaking countries.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Paul Marteau pioneered the number-plus-suit-plus-design approach to interpreting the numbered Minor Arcana cards ['pip cards'] of the Tarot de Marseille. Before Marteau's book "Le Tarot de Marseille" (which was first published "circa" 1930s), cartomantic meanings (such as Etteilla's) were generally the only ones published for interpreting Marseille pip cards. Even nowadays, as evinced by tarot readings of members of French-language tarot lists and forums on the Internet, many French tarotists employ only the Major Arcana cards for divination. In fact, in recognition of this, many French-language Tarot de Marseille (even good ones, such as Picard's) discuss the symbolism and interpretation of only the Major Arcana. Many fortune-tellers in France who use the Tarot de Marseille for readings will use only the Major Arcana and will use an Etteilla deck if they are to use all 78 cards for the reading.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Many of the images of the Rider–Waite deck are derived from the Tarot de Marseille. However, the influence of other decks is also apparent, e.g., the 17th century Jacques Viéville deck for the Sun card and the 16th century Sola Busca tarot deck for certain pip cards, notably the 3 of Swords and 7 of Swords. The 19th century deck of Swiss-French occultist Oswald Wirth was also influential for certain of the iconographic features of the Atouts or Major Arcana cards of the RWCS deck.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Despite its name, very few people in present-day Marseille are familiar with the Tarot de Marseille, and tarot readers are rare to come by.


title: Tarot of Marseilles

text: Due to its continuing popularity, there have been numerous facsimiles, restorations, and recreations of the Tarot of Marseilles: