title: Seat belt laws in the United States

text: A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seat belt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seat belt. However, when in court, most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the non-use of a seat belt, even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seat belt. Currently, damages may be reduced for the non-use of a seat belt in 16 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida (See F.S.A. 316.614(10)), Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.


title: Seat belt laws in the United States

text: Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths. One study found that mandatory-seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities in youths by 8% and serious traffic-related injuries by 9%, respectively. Primary-seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws.


title: Educational institution

text: An educational institution is a place where people of different ages gain an education, including preschools, childcare, primary-elementary schools, secondary-high schools, and universities. They provide a large variety of learning environments and learning spaces.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: Sixteen European countries, along with Canada and Israel, have laws against Holocaust denial, the denial of the systematic genocidal killing of approximately six million Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s. Many countries also have broader laws that criminalize genocide denial. Among the countries that ban Holocaust denial, Austria, Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania also ban other elements associated with Nazism, such as the display of Nazi symbols.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: Laws against Holocaust denial have been proposed in many other countries (in addition to those nations that have criminalized such acts) including the United States and the United Kingdom. Such proposed laws have been criticised and faced opposition, most significantly from civil rights and human rights advocates who contend that such laws would violate people's established rights of freedom of speech and freedom of expression. Organizations representing the groups victimized during the Holocaust have generally been split in opinion about such proposed laws.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: Some courts in the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom have taken judicial notice that the Holocaust occurred.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: Scholars have pointed out that countries that specifically ban Holocaust denial generally have legal systems that limit speech in other ways, such as banning "hate speech". According to D. D. Guttenplan, this is a split between the ""common law countries" of the United States, Ireland and many British Commonwealth countries from the "civil law countries" of continental Europe and Scotland. In civil law countries the law is generally more proscriptive. Also, under the civil law regime, the judge acts more as an inquisitor, gathering and presenting evidence as well as interpreting it". Michael Whine argues that Holocaust denial can inspire violence against Jews; he states, "Jews' experience in the post-World War II era suggests that their rights are best protected in open and tolerant democracies that actively prosecute all forms of racial and religious hatred".


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: János Kis and in particular András Schiffer feel the work of Holocaust deniers should be protected by a universal right to free speech.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: An identical argument was used by the Hungarian Constitutional Court (Alkotmánybíróság) led by László Sólyom when it struck down a law against Holocaust denial in 1992. The argument that laws punishing Holocaust denial are incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights have been rejected by institutions of the Council of Europe (the European Commission of Human Rights, the European Court of Human Rights) and also by the United Nations Human Rights Committee.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: Historians who oppose such laws include Raul Hilberg, Richard J. Evans, Pierre Vidal-Naquet, and Timothy Garton Ash. Other prominent opponents include Christopher Hitchens, Peter Singer, and Noam Chomsky, who wrote:


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: It seems to me something of a scandal that it is even necessary to debate these issues two centuries after Voltaire defended the right of free expression for views he detested. It is a poor service to the memory of the victims of the holocaust to adopt a central doctrine of their murderers.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: An uproar resulted when Serge Thion used one of Chomsky's essays without explicit permission as a foreword to a book of Holocaust denial essays (see Faurisson affair).


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In January 2019, in an interview in "The New Yorker" in connection with the publication of her book, "", Holocaust historian Deborah E. Lipstadt expressed her opposition to laws against expressing Holocaust denial:


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: I still am a firm opponent of laws against Holocaust denial. First of all, I'm a pretty fierce advocate of the First Amendment. Having been sued for libel, and having had that in my life for about six years, I'm more than ever. Even though libel is not covered by the First Amendment, [David Irving] wouldn't have been able to sue me in this country because he was a public figure.But I also don't think that these laws are efficacious. Forget the morality – I don't think they work. I think they turn whatever is being outlawed into forbidden fruit. We saw it in Germany, when "Mein Kampf" was released from the embargo on it a few years ago. People bought it because suddenly it was something they could get ahold of. I just don't think these laws work. And the third reason I'm opposed to them is I don't want politicians making a decision on what can and cannot be said. That scares me enormously.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: These laws have also been criticized on the grounds that education is more effective than legislation at combating Holocaust denial and that the laws will make martyrs out of those imprisoned for their violation.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: While Australia lacks a specific law against Holocaust denial, Holocaust denial is prosecuted in Australia under various laws against "hate speech" and "racial vilification". Fredrick Töben was found guilty at Australia's Federal Court of contempt in 2009 for not following a court order in 2002 to desist from publishing anti-semitic material on his Adelaide Institute website. The material queried whether the Holocaust happened, as well as the presence of gas chambers at the Auschwitz death camps.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In Austria, the Verbotsgesetz 1947 provided the legal framework for the process of denazification in Austria and suppression of any potential revival of Nazism. In 1992, it was amended to prohibit the denial or gross minimisation of the Holocaust.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In May 2007 Ekrem Ajanovic, a Bosniak MP in the Bosnian Parliament proposed legislation on criminalizing denial of the Holocaust, genocide and crimes against humanity, the first time a lawmaker in Bosnia and Herzegovina had made such a suggestion. Bosnian Serb MPs voted against it, proposing issue should be resolved within the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following this, on 6 May 2009 Bosniak MPs Adem Huskic, Ekrem Ajanovic and Remzija Kadric proposed to parliament a change to the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina where Holocaust, genocide and crimes against humanity denial would be criminalized. Bosnian Serb MPs have repeatedly been against such a legislation claiming that the law "would cause disagreement and even animosity" according to SNSD member Lazar Prodanovic.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: On July 23, 2021, the High Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina Valentin Inzko passed a law using the Bonn Powers given to him banning the denial of Genocides, Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: While holocaust denial is not explicitly prohibited in Brazilian law, precedents tend to lead to conviction. As of 11 February 2022, several bills criminalizing the act are pending in Congress.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In the People's Republic of China, holocaust denial is illegal under advocating or glorifying wars of aggression or aggressive conduct, under the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Heroes and Martyrs.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In France, the Gayssot Act, voted for on July 13, 1990, makes it illegal to question the existence of crimes that fall in the category of crimes against humanity as defined in the London Charter of 1945, on the basis of which Nazi leaders were convicted by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg in 1945–46. When the act was challenged by Robert Faurisson, the Human Rights Committee upheld it as a necessary means to counter possible antisemitism. Similarly, the applications of Pierre Marais and Roger Garaudy were rejected by the European Court of Human Rights, in 1996 and 2003.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In 2012, the Constitutional Council of France ruled that to extend the Gayssot Act to the Armenian genocide denial was unconstitutional because it violated the freedom of speech. The Gayssot Act itself, however, was found consistent with the Constitution four years later.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In Germany, "Volksverhetzung" ("incitement of the people") is a concept in German criminal law that bans incitement to hatred against segments of the population. It often applies to (though not limited to) trials relating to Holocaust denial in Germany. In addition, Strafgesetzbuch § 86a outlaws various symbols of "unconstitutional organisations", such as Nazi symbolism or the ISIL flag.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: The definition of section 6 of the Code of Crimes against International Law referenced in the above § 130 is as follows:


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: The German Federal Supreme Court has, in at least one case, taken judicial notice that the Holocaust occurred.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In September 2014, with a vote of 54 out of 99 present of the 300-member Hellenic Parliament (the body was in summer session at the time), Greece amended its 1979 law 'On the penalization of actions or activities intending unto racial discrimination' (N.927/1979) to make malicious denial of the Holocaust and other crimes against humanity for the purposes of inciting violence, discrimination or hatred or by way of threat or insult, a criminal offense. In contrast to other European countries, the Greek law is not a blanket ban on expressing the opinion that a genocide did not take place, but rather requires an additional condition of intending to cause violence, incite hatred or threaten or insult a protected group.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: This law was harshly criticised at the time of its passage for its vague language and alleged infringement of freedom of expression. In a letter signed by 139 Greek historians, they argued that "as international experience has shown, such provisions lead down dangerous paths: they critically wound the democratic and inalienable right to freedom of speech, while simultaneously not being at all effective in terms of fighting racism and Nazism. Indeed, they often lead to the opposite result, allowing the enemies of democracy to present themselves to public opinion as "victims" of censorship and authoritarianism. The conditions set forth in the bill, being highly vague and fluid, are unfortunately not a guarantee."


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: The first prosecution under Article 2 of the law was brought against German historian Heinz A. Richter, who was tried in absentia for denying Nazi atrocities in Crete during World War II. The court found Richter not guilty on the grounds that, while his work was proven to contain historical inaccuracies, there was no evidence he intended to incite hatred against the people of Crete and that the 2014 law was unconstitutional, as it violated the principle of freedom of speech. Though the finding of unconstitutionality is not finally binding, as it was issued by a court of first instance, as of March 2018, no one has been successfully convicted in Greece for genocide denial under this law.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: The National Assembly of Hungary declared the denial or trivialization of the Holocaust a crime punishable by up to three years' imprisonment on February 23, 2010. The law was signed by President László Sólyom in March 2010. On June 8, 2010, the newly elected Fidesz-dominated parliament changed the formulation of the law to "punish those, who deny the genocides committed by national socialist or communist systems, or deny other facts of deeds against humanity".


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In 2011, the first man was charged with Holocaust denial in Budapest. The Court sentenced the man to 18 months in prison, suspended for three years, and probation. He also had to visit either Budapest's memorial museum, Auschwitz or Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. He chose his local Holocaust Memorial Center and had to make three visits in total and record his observations.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In January 2015, the court ordered far-right on-line newspaper "Kuruc.info" to delete its article denying the Holocaust published in July 2013, which was the first ruling in Hungary of its kind. The Association for Civil Liberties (TASZ) offered free legal aid to the website as a protest against restrictions on freedom of speech, but the site refused citing the liberal views of the association, and also refused to delete the article.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: The Italian parliament, extending an anti-racism law from 1975, approved Law 16 June 2016 n. 115, criminalizing the spreading of Holocaust denial and making conviction for the crime subject to imprisonment for two to six years.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: Although not specifically outlining national socialist crimes, item five of section 283 of Liechtenstein's criminal code prohibits the denial of genocide.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In Luxembourg, Article 457-3 of the Criminal Code, Act of 19 July 1997 outlaws Holocaust denial and denial of other genocides. The punishment is imprisonment for between 8 days and 6 months and/or a fine. The offence of "negationism and revisionism" applies to:


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: While Holocaust denial is not explicitly illegal in the Netherlands, the courts consider it a form of spreading hatred and therefore an offence. According to the Dutch public prosecution office, offensive remarks are only punishable by Dutch law if they equate to discrimination against a particular group. The relevant laws of the Dutch penal code are as follows:


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: Although denial of the Holocaust is not expressly illegal in Portugal, Portuguese law prohibits denial of war crimes if used to incite to discrimination.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In Romania, Emergency Ordinance No. 31 of March 13, 2002 prohibits Holocaust denial. It was ratified on May 6, 2006. The law also prohibits racist, fascist, xenophobic symbols, uniforms and gestures: proliferation of which is punishable with imprisonment from between six months to five years.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In 2021, the first sentence over Holocaust denial was made in Romania. The accused was Vasile Zărnescu, a former Romanian Intelligence Service (SRI) member who published several articles and a book against the veracity of the Holocaust.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In May 2014, Russia's President Vladimir Putin signed a law making the denial of Nazi crimes and "wittingly spreading false information about the activity of the USSR during the years of World War Two" or portraying Nazis as heroes a criminal offence.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In Slovakia, Holocaust denial has been a crime since 2001 (law 485/2001), and the penal law (300/2005) specifies in §422d that "who publicly denies, denies, approves or tries to justify the Holocaust, crimes of regimes based on fascist ideology, crimes of regimes based on communist ideology or crimes of other similar movements that use violence, the threat of violence or the threat of other serious harm with the aim of suppressing the fundamental rights and freedoms of persons shall be punished by imprisonment of six months to three years".


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: Genocide denial was illegal in Spain until the Constitutional Court of Spain ruled that the words "deny or" were unconstitutional in its judgement of November 7, 2007. As a result, Holocaust denial is legal in Spain, although justifying the Holocaust or any other genocide is an offence punishable by imprisonment in accordance with the constitution.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: Holocaust denial is not expressly illegal in Switzerland, but the denial of genocide and other crimes against humanity is an imprisonable offence.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In September 2021, the Verkhovna Rada passed a law defining antisemitism and banning it in the country. This law includes denying the mass extermination of Jews in the Holocaust as part of its definition of antisemitism.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: There is no statute in the United Kingdom making Holocaust denial illegal, however judicial notice that the Holocaust occurred was taken in the case of "R v Chabloz" and the defendant in that case was charged with sharing 'grossly offensive' material related to Holocaust denial. Some contend that this judgement sets a precedent for Holocaust denial related material being deemed "grossly offensive" and contrary to the Communications Act 2003.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: In the United States, Holocaust denial is constitutionally protected free speech because of the First Amendment.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: A United States court in 1981, in a case brought by Mel Mermelstein, took judicial notice of the occurrence of gassings in Auschwitz during the Holocaust, declaring that a legally incontestable fact.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: The legality of Holocaust denial in Canada has come up in several court cases. In "R v Zundel", the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Ernst Zündel, a German-born immigrant, who was a prolific Holocaust denier, could not be convicted for “spreading of false news”, as it would be against Canada's Charter guarantee of free expression.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: According to "The Canadian Press", the federal government announced a bill in 2022 that will change the Criminal Code to outlaw Holocaust denial and similar forms of antisemitic hate speech.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: As of June 23, 2022 the wilful promotion of antisemitism is illegal in Canada. Persons found guilty of wilfully promoting antisemitism by "condoning, denying or downplaying the Holocaust" may receive a prison sentence not more than 2 years or a summary conviction.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: The European Union's Executive Commission proposed a European Union-wide anti-racism xenophobia law in 2001, which included the criminalization of Holocaust denial. On July 15, 1996, the Council of the European Union adopted the Joint action/96/443/JHA concerning action to combat racism and xenophobia. During the German presidency there was an attempt to extend this ban. Full implementation was blocked by the United Kingdom and the Nordic countries because of the need to balance the restrictions on voicing racist opinions against the freedom of expression. As a result, a compromise has been reached within the EU and while the EU has not prohibited Holocaust denial outright, a maximum term of three years in jail is optionally available to all member nations for "denying or grossly trivialising crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes".


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: The EU extradition policy regarding Holocaust denial was tested in the UK during the 2008 failed extradition case brought against the suspected Holocaust denier Fredrick Töben by the German government. As there is no specific crime of Holocaust denial in the UK, the German government had applied for Töben's extradition for racial and xenophobic crimes. Töben's extradition was refused by the Westminster Magistrates' Court, and the German government withdrew its appeal to the High Court.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: On October 3, 2019, in the case "Pastörs v. Germany" (application no. 55225/14), the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) unanimously ruled that a decision of the German courts determining that the statement made by the German politician, Udo Pastörs, that "the so-called Holocaust is being used for political and commercial purposes" as well as other Holocaust denial comments were a violation of the memory of the dead and an intentional defamation of the Jewish people and that the courts had not violated Article 10 (freedom of expression) of the European Convention on Human Rights in convicting him for this offense. Furthermore, the ECHR decided by four votes to three that there had been no violation of Article 6 § 1 (right to a fair trial) of the European Convention on Human Rights.


title: Legality of Holocaust denial

text: Laws against Holocaust denial have been enforced in most jurisdictions that have them. Convictions and sentencings include:


title: Baba Harbhajan Singh

text: Sepoy/Honorary Captain "Baba" Harbhajan Singh (1946-1968) was an Indian Army soldier who served from 30 June 1965 to 4 October 1968. He was posthumously awarded Maha Vir Chakra, India's second highest gallantry award.


title: Baba Harbhajan Singh

text: Harbhajan Singh was born into a Sikh family on 30 August 1946 in the village of Sadrana (now in Pakistan). He completed his preliminary education at a village school, and then matriculated from DAV High School in Patti, Punjab, in March 1965. He enlisted as a soldier in Amritsar and joined the Punjab Regiment (India).


title: Baba Harbhajan Singh

text: Singh was martyred in 1968 near the Nathu La (pass) in eastern Sikkim, India. A board besides his shrine describes that he was martyred after falling into a "nullah" while escorting a mule column from Tuku La to Dongchui La.


title: Baba Harbhajan Singh

text: Harbhajan Singh's early death at the age of 22 is the subject of legend and religious veneration that has become popular among Indian Army regulars ("jawans"), the people of his village and apparently soldiers of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) across the border guarding the Indo-Chinese border between Sikkim and Tibet.


title: Baba Harbhajan Singh

text: He has come to be known as "Saint Baba". Every year on 11 September, a jeep departs with his personal belongings to the nearest railway station, New Jalpaiguri, from where it is then sent by train to the village of Kuka, in the Kapurthala district of the Indian state of Punjab. While empty berths on any train of the Indian Railways are invariably allocated to any waitlisted passenger or on a first-come-first-served basis by the coach attendants, a special reservation for the Baba is made. Every year a seat is left empty for the journey to his hometown and three soldiers accompany the Baba to his home. A small sum of money is contributed by soldiers posted in Nathula to be sent to his mother each month and his village still remembers him as martyr and undertook the initiative to help his family.


title: Baba Harbhajan Singh

text: Bhuvan Bam and Divya Dutta came together for a short-film, "Plus-minus", which was loosely based on Singh's life and legacy. The film was directed by Jyoti Kapur Das. It won the Best Short Film at the 64th Filmfare Awards.


title: 39/Smooth

text: 39/Smooth is the debut studio album by American rock band Green Day, released on April 13, 1990, by Lookout Records. It was the band's only album to feature second drummer John Kiffmeyer. Jesse Michaels of Operation Ivy contributed the artwork on the album. The inner sleeve shows handwritten lyrics by Billie Joe Armstrong and letters by drummer John Kiffmeyer and Lookout owner Larry Livermore to I.R.S. Records, rejecting a fake offer to sign to the label and declaring its loyalty to Lookout (however, the band would later leave the label and move to Reprise Records). There were no official singles released from the album, although "Going to Pasalacqua" was released as a mock-up single in a Green Day singles box set entitled "Green Day: Ultimate Collectors".


title: 39/Smooth

text: "39/Smooth" was later re-released, along with the band's two previous extended plays "1,000 Hours" and "Slappy," and the song "I Want to Be Alone" (from "The Big One," a compilation album released by Flipside Records in 1990) on the 1991 compilation "1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours," which also used the same cover sleeve as "39/Smooth".


title: 39/Smooth

text: "39/Smooth" was released in 1990 and the first few releases were black vinyl. It was later released in green vinyl and only around 800 exist in green. The old pressings of the LP have the old Lookout Laytonville address on the back. Following a move from Laytonville to Berkeley in 1992, a change was made to the address listed on the jacket.


title: 39/Smooth

text: The album was only modestly successful when initially released, selling just short of 3,000 copies for Lookout Records in its first year. While an insignificant sales count for a major label, this represented a healthy and profitable tally for the fledgling underground label. In the spring of 1994, following the release of "Dookie," Green Day's first major label offering, Lookout's sales of the title reached the 55,000 mark.


title: 39/Smooth

text: A CD version of the album has not been made, but the LP's contents were later featured on the compilation album "1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours", which was released in 1991. The compilation was re-released in a remastered form in 2004. It was re-released on CD on January 9, 2007, by Reprise Records, the label Green Day has been signed to since leaving Lookout!. Note that in Europe, the album was already re-released by Epitaph Europe, and has remained in print. It was reissued on vinyl on March 24, 2009, by Reprise in a package containing the original 10-song "39/Smooth" LP along with reissues of the "1,000 Hours" and "Slappy" EPs.


title: 39/Smooth

text: No official singles were released from the album, but "Going to Pasalacqua" was released in a Green Day singles box set entitled "Green Day: Ultimate Collectors".


title: 39/Smooth

text: “Disappearing Boy” was used as the backing track for the “Contests, Demos, Skate Parks” part in Plan B’s 1992 "Questionable" video at the height of Plan B’s success.


title: 39/Smooth

text: AllMusic rated the album 3 out of 5, commenting that "39/Smooth isn't a truly great album in the first place. It's not bad, by any means, and quite arguably just about everything on it could be transposed with a slight aural tweak here and there to "Kerplunk", "Dookie", "Insomniac" or "Nimrod" without anyone batting an eye." Pitchfork said that "It's raw stuff, but even at this point Green Day's records were at least halfway decently recorded, unlike most of their peers' tin-can-and-twine set-ups, and songs like 'At the Library' and 'Don't Leave Me' were downright hummable."


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Laurence Henry Tribe (born October 10, 1941) is an American legal scholar who is a University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. He previously served as the Carl M. Loeb University Professor at Harvard Law School.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: A constitutional law scholar, Tribe is co-founder of the American Constitution Society. He is also the author of "American Constitutional Law" (1978), a major treatise in that field, and has argued before the United States Supreme Court 36 times. Tribe was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2010.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe was born in 1941 in Shanghai, which was then part of the Republic of China but had been taken over by the Empire of Japan in 1937 following the Battle of Shanghai. He was the son of Paulina ("née" Diatlovitsky) and George Israel Tribe. His family is Jewish. His father was from Poland and his mother was born in Harbin to immigrants from Eastern Europe. Tribe spent his early years in the French Concession of Shanghai before his family immigrated to the United States when he was six years old. His family settled in San Francisco, and he attended Abraham Lincoln High School.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: After graduating from high school in 1958 at age 16, Tribe went to Harvard University, where he majored in mathematics and was a member of the Harvard Debate Team that won the intercollegiate National Debate Tournament in 1961. He graduated from Harvard in 1962 with an A.B., "summa cum laude".


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe then received a National Science Foundation fellowship to pursue doctoral studies in mathematics at Harvard, but dropped out after one year. He decided to attend the Harvard Law School instead, where he was a member of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau. He graduated from Harvard Law in 1966 with a Juris Doctor "magna cum laude".


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe married Carolyn Ricarda Kreye in 1964. They divorced in 2008. Their two children, Mark and Kerry, are visual artists.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: On May 22, 2013, he was presented with an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Columbia University during its Class of 2013 commencement.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: After graduating from law school, Tribe clerked for justice Mathew Tobriner of the Supreme Court of California from 1966 to 1967, then for justice Potter Stewart of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1967 to 1968. He then joined the Harvard Law School faculty as an assistant professor, receiving tenure in 1972. Among his law students and research assistants while on the faculty at Harvard have been former President Barack Obama (a research assistant for over two years), Chief Justice John Roberts, US Senator Ted Cruz, former D.C. Circuit Chief Judge and Attorney General Merrick Garland, and Associate Justice Elena Kagan. Other notable students of Tribe were U.S. Representative Adam Schiff, Chair of the House Intelligence Committee and lead manager for the first Impeachment of Donald Trump, and Jamie Raskin, lead manager for the second Donald Trump impeachment.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: In 1978, Tribe published the first version of what has become one of the core texts on its subject, "American Constitutional Law". It has since been updated and expanded a number of times.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: In 1983, Tribe represented Unification Church leader Sun Myung Moon in the appeal of his federal conviction on income tax charges.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe represented the restaurant Grendel's Den in the case "Larkin v. Grendel's Den" in which the restaurant challenged a Massachusetts law that allowed religious establishments to prohibit liquor sales in neighboring properties. The case reached the United States Supreme Court in 1982 and the court overturned the law as violating the separation of church and state. "The Lawyer's Guide to Writing Well" criticizes the opening of his brief as a "thicket of confusing citations and unnecessary definitions" stating that it would have been "measurably strengthened" if he had used the "more lively imagery" that he had used in a footnote later in the document.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: In the 1985 "National Gay Task Force v. Board of Education" Supreme Court case, Tribe represented the National Gay Task Force who had won an Appeals Court ruling against an Oklahoma law that would have allowed schools to fire teachers who were attracted to people of the same sex or spoke in favor of civil rights for LGBT people. The Supreme Court deadlocked, which left the Appeals Court's favorable ruling in place, declaring the law would have violated the First Amendment.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: The Supreme Court ruled against Tribe's client in "Bowers v. Hardwick" in 1986 and held that a Georgia state law criminalizing sodomy, as applied to consensual acts between persons of the same sex, did not violate fundamental liberties under the principle of substantive due process. However, in 2003 the Supreme Court overruled "Bowers" in "Lawrence v. Texas", a case for which Tribe wrote the ACLU's amicus curiae brief supporting Lawrence, who was represented by Lambda Legal.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe testified at length during the Senate confirmation hearings in 1987 about the Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination, arguing that Bork's stand on the limitation of rights in the Constitution would be unique in the history of the Court. His participation in the hearings raised his profile outside of the legal realm and he became a target of right-wing critics. His phone was later found to have been wiretapped, but it was never discovered who had placed the device or why.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe's 1990 book "Abortion: Clash of Absolutes", was called "informative, lucidly written and cogently reasoned" in a review in the "Journal" of the American Bar Association.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: In 1992, Tribe reargued "Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc.", before the Supreme Court on behalf of Cipollone.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe was part of Al Gore's legal team regarding the results of the 2000 United States presidential election. Due to the close nature of the vote count, recounts had been initiated in Florida, and the recounts had been challenged in court. Tribe argued the initial case in Federal Court in Miami in which they successfully argued that the court should not stop the recount of the votes which was taking place and scheduled to take place in certain counties. David Boies argued for the Gore team in a related matter in the Florida State Courts regarding the dates that Secretary of State of Florida Katherine Harris would accept recounts. When the original Federal case, "Bush v. Gore", was appealed, Gore and his advisers decided at the last minute to have Boies instead of Tribe argue the case at the Supreme Court. The court determined that recounts of votes should cease and that accordingly George W. Bush had been elected president.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Since the mid-1990s, Tribe has represented a number of corporations advocating for their free speech rights and constitutional personhood. Tribe represented General Electric in its defense against its liability under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("Superfund"), in which GE and Tribe unsuccessfully argued that the act unconstitutionally violated General Electric's due process rights.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: In 2014, Tribe was retained to represent Peabody Energy in a suit against the Environmental Protection Agency. Tribe argued that EPA's use of the Clean Air Act to implement its Clean Power Plan was unconstitutional. Tribe's legal analysis has been criticized by other legal commentators, including fellow Harvard Law School professors Richard J. Lazarus and Jody Freeman, who described his conclusion as "wholly without merit". His advocacy for corporations like Peabody has been criticized by some legal experts.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: On September 25, 2020, Tribe was named as one of the 25 members of the "Real Facebook Oversight Board", an independent monitoring group over Facebook.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe is one of the co-founders of the liberal American Constitution Society, the law and policy organization formed to counter the conservative Federalist Society, and is one of a number of scholars at Harvard Law School who have expressed their support for animal rights.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe served as a judicial adviser to Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. In February 2010, he was named "Senior Counselor for Access to Justice" in the Department of Justice. He resigned eight months later, citing health reasons.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: In December 2016, Tribe and notable lawyers Lawrence Lessig and Andrew Dhuey established The Electors Trust under the aegis of Equal Citizens to provide pro bono legal counsel as well as a secure communications platform for those of the 538 members of the United States Electoral College who were considering a vote of conscience against Donald Trump in the presidential election.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: After the dismissal of James Comey in May 2017, Tribe wrote: "The time has come for Congress to launch an impeachment investigation of President Trump for obstruction of justice." Tribe argued that Trump's conduct rose to the level of "high crimes and misdemeanors" that are impeachable offenses under the Constitution. He added: "It will require serious commitment to constitutional principle, and courageous willingness to put devotion to the national interest above self-interest and party loyalty, for a Congress of the president's own party to initiate an impeachment inquiry."


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe is on the board of the Renew Democracy Initiative, an American political organization founded in 2017 to promote and defend liberal democracy in the U.S. and abroad.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: In 2004, Tribe acknowledged having plagiarized several phrases and a sentence in his 1985 book, "God Save this Honorable Court", from a 1974 book by Henry Abraham. After an investigation, Tribe was reprimanded by Harvard for "a significant lapse in proper academic practice," but the investigation concluded that Tribe did not intend to plagiarize.


title: Laurence Tribe

text: Tribe has stirred controversy due to his promotion of conspiracy theories about Donald Trump's fitness for the presidency. Dartmouth political scientist Brendan Nyhan harshly criticized Tribe, saying that he "has become an important vector of misinformation and conspiracy theories on Twitter." According to McKay Coppins of "The Atlantic", Tribe has been "an especially active booster" of the Palmer Report, "a liberal blog known for peddling conspiracy theories". Tribe removed the posted tweets following the Palmer Report and contests the accuracy of the story of controversy.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: Fulk (, or "Foulques"; c. 1089/1092 – 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the king of Jerusalem with his wife from 1131 to his death. During their reign, the Kingdom of Jerusalem reached its largest territorial extent.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: Fulk was born at Angers, between 1089 and 1092, the son of Count Fulk IV of Anjou and Bertrade de Montfort. In 1092, Bertrade deserted her husband, and bigamously married King Philip I of France.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: Fulk V became count of Anjou upon his father's death in 1109. In the next year, he married Countess Ermengarde of Maine, cementing Angevin control over the County of Maine.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: Fulk was originally an opponent of King Henry I of England and a supporter of King Louis VI of France, but in 1118 or 1119 he allied with Henry when he arranged for his daughter Matilda of Anjou to marry Henry's son William Adelin. Fulk went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1119 or 1120, and became attached to the Knights Templar. He returned, late in 1121, after which he began to subsidize the Templars, maintaining two knights in the Holy Land for a year. Much later, Henry arranged for his own daughter Matilda to marry Fulk's son Geoffrey V of Anjou, which she did in 1127 or 1128.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: By 1127 Fulk was preparing to return to Anjou when he received an embassy from King Baldwin II of Jerusalem. Baldwin II had no male heirs but had already designated his daughter Melisende to succeed him. Baldwin II wanted to safeguard his daughter's inheritance by marrying her to a powerful lord. Fulk was a wealthy crusader and experienced military commander, and a widower. His experience in the field would prove invaluable in a frontier state always in the grip of war.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: However, Fulk held out for better terms than mere consort of the queen. He wanted to be king alongside Melisende. Baldwin II, reflecting on Fulk's fortune and military exploits, acquiesced. Fulk abdicated his county seat of Anjou to his son Geoffrey and left for Jerusalem, where he married Melisende on 2 June 1129. Later Baldwin II bolstered Melisende's position in the kingdom by making her sole guardian of her son by Fulk, Baldwin III, born in 1130.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: Fulk and Melisende became joint rulers of Jerusalem in 1131 with Baldwin II's death. From the start Fulk assumed sole control of the government, excluding Melisende altogether. He favored fellow countrymen from Anjou to the native nobility. The other Crusader states to the north feared that Fulk would attempt to impose the suzerainty of Jerusalem over them, as Baldwin II had done. But as Fulk was far less powerful than his deceased father-in-law, the northern states rejected his authority. Melisende's sister Alice of Antioch, exiled from the Principality by Baldwin II, took control of Antioch once more after the death of her father. She allied with Pons of Tripoli and Joscelin II of Edessa to prevent Fulk from marching north in 1132. Fulk and Pons fought a brief battle before peace was made and Alice was exiled again.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: In Jerusalem as well, Fulk was resented by the second generation of Jerusalem Christians who had grown up there since the First Crusade. These "natives" focused on Melisende's cousin, the popular Hugh II of Le Puiset, count of Jaffa, who was devotedly loyal to Melisende. Fulk saw Hugh as a rival, and it did not help matters when Hugh's own stepson accused him of disloyalty. In 1134, in order to expose Hugh, Fulk accused him of infidelity with Melisende. Hugh rebelled in protest. Hugh secured himself to Jaffa, and allied himself with the Muslims of Ascalon. He was able to defeat the army set against him by Fulk, but this situation could not hold. The patriarch Willam of Malines interceded in the conflict, perhaps at the behest of Melisende. Fulk agreed to peace and Hugh was exiled from the kingdom for three years, a lenient sentence.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: However, an assassination attempt was made against Hugh. Fulk, or his supporters, were commonly believed responsible, though direct proof never surfaced. The scandal was all that was needed for the queen's party to take over the government in what amounted to a palace coup. Author and historian wrote that Fulk's supporters "went in terror of their lives" in the palace. Contemporary author and historian William of Tyre wrote of Fulk: "He never attempted to take the initiative, even in trivial matters, without (Melisende's) consent." The result was that Melisende held direct and unquestioned control over the government from 1136 onwards. Sometime before 1136 Fulk reconciled with his wife, and a second son, Amalric, was born.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: Jerusalem's northern border was of great concern. Fulk had been appointed regent of the Principality of Antioch by Baldwin II. As regent he had Raymond of Poitou marry the infant Princess Constance of Antioch, his and Melisende's niece. However, the greatest concern during Fulk's reign was the rise of Zengi, atabeg of Mosul.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: In 1137 Fulk was defeated in battle near Baarin but allied with Mu'in ad-Din Unur, the vizier of Damascus. Damascus was also threatened by Zengi. Fulk captured the fort of Banias, to the north of Lake Tiberias and thus secured the northern frontier.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: Fulk also strengthened the kingdom's southern border. His butler Paganus built the fortress of Kerak to the east of the Dead Sea, and to help give the kingdom access to the Red Sea, Fulk had Blanchegarde, Ibelin, and other forts built in the south-west to overpower the Egyptian fortress at Ascalon. This city was a base from which the Egyptian Fatimids launched frequent raids on the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Fulk sought to neutralise this threat.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: In 1137 and 1142, Byzantine emperor John II Comnenus arrived in Syria attempting to impose Byzantine control over the crusader states. John's intention of making a pilgrimage, accompanied by his impressive army, to Jerusalem alarmed Fulk, who wrote to John pointing out that his kingdom was poor and could not support the passage of a large army. This lukewarm response dissuaded John from carrying through his intention, and he postponed his pilgrimage. John died before he could make good his proposed journey to Jerusalem.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: In 1143, while the king and queen were in Acre, Fulk was killed in a hunting accident. His horse stumbled, fell, and Fulk's skull was crushed by the saddle, "and his brains gushed forth from both ears and nostrils", as William of Tyre describes. He was carried back to Acre, where he lay unconscious for three days before he died. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Though their marriage started in conflict, Melisende mourned for him privately as well as publicly. Fulk was survived by his son Geoffrey by his first wife, and Baldwin and Amalric by Melisende.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: A marble panel from his tomb (or Baldwin III's) is in the Terra Sancta Museum, Jerusalem. The panel includes rosettes, one of which has a cross pattée in its center.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: According to William of Tyre, Fulk was "a ruddy man, like David... faithful and gentle, affable and kind... an experienced warrior full of patience and wisdom in military affairs." His chief fault was an inability to remember names and faces.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: William described Fulk as a capable soldier and able politician, but observed that Fulk did not adequately attend to the defense of the crusader states to the north. Ibn al-Qalanisi (who calls him "al-Kund Anjur", an Arabic rendering of "Count of Anjou") says that "he was not sound in his judgment nor was he successful in his administration." The Zengids continued their march on the crusader states, culminating in the fall of the county after the Siege of Edessa in 1144, which led to the Second Crusade.


title: Fulk, King of Jerusalem

text: In 1110, Fulk married Ermengarde of Maine (died 1126), the daughter of Elias I of Maine. Their four children were:


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: Lyon Gardiner Tyler Sr. (August 24, 1853 – February 12, 1935) was an American educator, genealogist, and historian. He was a son of John Tyler, the tenth president of the United States. Tyler was the 17th president of the College of William & Mary, an advocate of historical research and preservation, and a prominent critic of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: Tyler was the fourth son of President John Tyler and First Lady Julia Gardiner Tyler, and was born at his father's Sherwood Forest Plantation in Charles City County. The former president, a prominent slaveholder and secessionist, died in January 1862, when Lyon was eight years old. Since the American Civil War had begun, Union troops would occupy the plantation several months later during the Peninsular Campaign, as well as during the Overland Campaign of 1864.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: Meanwhile, Julia Tyler moved with her children north to Staten Island, where she had relatives. Tyler returned to Virginia in 1869 to complete his studies at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. He earned both a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in law from the University of Virginia, and graduated in 1875. While at the university he was a member of Kappa Sigma and the Jefferson Literary Society, and contributed to the school's literary magazine.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: After graduation, Tyler spent a year teaching philosophy and literature at the College of William and Mary, near his family's Sherwood Forest plantation (his father had served as the institution's 15th President during this John's infancy). Since the college was struggling financially, it stopped paying his salary. Tyler then resigned and moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where he spent several years as principal of a private school.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: In 1882 Tyler returned to Virginia to practice law in Richmond, where his mother had moved. With his mother's support, Tyler he began work on "The Letters and Times of the Tylers", a three-volume study of the careers of his father and paternal grandfather, John Tyler Sr. This would be published between 1884 and 1896.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: Tyler also advocated reforming public education during his time in Richmond. He helped revive the Virginia Mechanics Institute, both as a board member and as an instructor. In 1887 Richmond voters elected Tyler as one of their four representatives in the Virginia House of Delegates, where he served alongside A.S. Buford, Henry L. Carter and John A. Curtis. That session, Tyler's advocacy led legislators to approve $10,000 to restore the


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: College of William and Mary, which had received no funding for several years and had not yet recovered from a Civil War battle (Battle of Williamsburg) and later neglect. When Virginia's governor signed the appropriation into law, the college reopened in 1888, and its trustees named Tyler its president.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: From 1888 to 1919, Tyler served as the 17th president of the College of William & Mary (W&M). He restored the college's finances following the deterioration which took place in and following the Civil War. During his tenure, Tyler was also chairman of the history department, and with six other professors formed the body known as the "Seven Wise Men". He also started the "William and Mary Quarterly" journal. Tyler also advocated women's suffrage and oversaw the college when it admitted women in 1918.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: While at William & Mary, Tyler became interested in the history of Virginia. He researched throughout the state, and campaigned for the preservation of local records. In 1896 he persuaded the Virginia General Assembly to appropriate $5,000 to copy 17th-century court records, which set a precedent for spending public monies to preserve state records. Preservation became his mission in later years, and he traveled extensively throughout the Commonwealth to find material. In 1915 he was appointed to the State Library Board and would serve until his death. He was a member of the Virginia Historical Society for fifty-two years, including forty-seven years on its executive committee and thirty-two as a vice president. A prolific author, his work spurred recognition of the significance of both Jamestown and Williamsburg to American history. As discussed below, Tyler also attempted to rehabilitate his father's political reputation.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: Tyler received notoriety late in life for criticizing President Abraham Lincoln on numerous occasions. The first came in 1917 in response to an editorial in "The New York Times", "The Hohenzollerns and the Slave Power", which analogized Southern slaveholders to the German aristocrats then engaging Europe in what became known as World War I. Tyler wrote that Lincoln more closely resembled the Prussian nobility because he was opposed to the rights of self-determination of the Confederate states, in the same way that Germany was opposed to the rights of various smaller nations of Europe.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: Tyler resigned as president of William and Mary in June 1919. During his tenure the college's enrollment increased to over 200 students. The number of faculty members had grown to fourteen, and twelve buildings were either renovated or constructed. The school also became a public institution, an effort Tyler had spearheaded. He retired to his farm, Lion's Den, in Charles City County but remained active as a writer, speaker, and researcher.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: In 1928, when the Virginia House of Delegates chose to adjourn in honor of Lincoln's birthday, Tyler contended that Lincoln was no hero and did not merit the honor. When "Time" fired back that Lincoln dwarfed Tyler's father both in stature and in accomplishments, Tyler retorted with a pamphlet claiming that Lincoln was the dwarf. In retirement, he continued the crusade against Lincoln, publishing many articles in his own journal, "Tyler's Quarterly and Genealogical Magazine", that were highly critical of the sixteenth president.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: In one of his last publications, a short pamphlet titled "A Confederate Catechism", Tyler wrote: "Both from the standpoint of the Constitution and sound statesmanship, it was not slavery, but the vindictive, intemperate anti-slavery movement that was at the bottom of all the troubles." The Sons of Confederate Veterans and the United Daughters of the Confederacy reprinted it and recommended children recite it.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: Tyler married twice. His first wife was Anne Baker Tucker of Albemarle County, with whom he had three children: John Tyler; Elizabeth Gilmer Tyler; and Julia Gardiner Tyler Wilson, one of the founders of Kappa Delta.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: Following Anne's death in 1921, Tyler married Sue Ruffin, who was 35 years his junior, They had three more children: Lyon Gardiner Tyler Jr. (1925–2020); Harrison Ruffin Tyler (born 1928); and Henry Tyler, who died in infancy. In late August 2018, Lyon Jr. participated in a reunion of presidential descendants hosted by the White House Historical Association, and signed, along with other presidential descendants, a drawer from a copy of the Resolute Desk.


title: Lyon Gardiner Tyler

text: Tyler died of pneumonia on February 12, 1935 in Richmond, where he is buried at Hollywood Cemetery. His childhood home in Charles City County, Sherwood Forest Plantation, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961 and placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. Although still owned and occupied by descendants of the Tyler family, tours of the plantation are offered.


title: Randy Spelling

text: Randall Gene Spelling (born October 9, 1978) is an American life coach and former actor. He is the brother of Tori Spelling and the son of Candy and Aaron Spelling.


title: Randy Spelling

text: Spelling was born in Los Angeles. He has an older sister, actress and reality television personality Tori Spelling. He attended Montclair College Prep.


title: Randy Spelling

text: In 1995 when Spelling was 17 years old, he played the role of Flipper Gage in the teen-oriented drama "Malibu Shores", which was produced by his father. Spelling said he took the role because the characterization was completely different from himself.


title: Randy Spelling

text: He also carried out a guest role on the popular series Beverly Hills 90210 alongside his sister Tori Spelling.


title: Randy Spelling

text: In 2007, Spelling took part in his own reality television series, "Sons of Hollywood", which aired on the A&E Network. He starred alongside Sean Stewart and David Weintraub.


title: Randy Spelling

text: Spelling married Leah Stutz (now Leah Spelling) on September 25, 2010. The couple have two daughters.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: The novel follows the story of a young woman named Tita, who longs for her beloved, Pedro, but can never have him because of her mother's upholding of the family tradition: the youngest daughter cannot marry, but instead must take care of her mother until she dies. Tita is only able to express herself when she cooks.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: "Like Water for Chocolate" is divided into 12 chapters, one for each month of the year, and each chapter comes with a Mexican recipe that correlates to a specific event in the protagonist's life.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Tita de la Garza, the protagonist, is 15 years old at the beginning of the novel. She lives on a ranch near the Mexico-United States border with her domineering mother, Mama Elena, her older sisters Gertrudis and Rosaura; Nacha, the ranch cook; and Chencha, the ranch maid.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Pedro Muzquiz is their neighbor, with whom Tita falls in love at first sight at a family Christmas party. The feeling turns out to be mutual, so Pedro asks Mama Elena for Tita’s hand in marriage. Unfortunately, she forbids it, citing the de la Garza family tradition that the youngest daughter (in this case, Tita) must remain single and take care of her mother until she (Mama Elena) dies. She suggests that Pedro marry Tita's eldest sister, Rosaura, instead. In order to stay close to Tita, Pedro decides to follow this advice.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Tita has a deep connection with food and cooking thanks to Nacha, who was Tita's primary caretaker growing up. Her love for cooking also comes from the fact that she was born in the kitchen.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Mama Elena forces Tita to help Nacha prepare the meal for Rosaura's wedding reception. While preparing the wedding cake, Tita is overcome with sadness, and cries into the cake batter. At the wedding reception, everyone except for Tita gets violently sick after eating the wedding cake, vomiting everywhere. Suspecting that Tita put an emetic into the wedding cake, Mama Elena violently beats Tita. On the day of the wedding, Tita finds Nacha lying dead on her bed, holding a picture of her fiancé.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Later, Rosaura becomes pregnant and gives birth to a son, Roberto, which Tita delivers on her own. Rosaura is unable to nurse Roberto while recovering from pregnancy complications (eclampsia), so Tita brings a hungry Roberto to her breast to stop him from crying since he won't drink tea or cow's milk. Tita begins producing breast milk and is able to nurse Roberto. This brings her and Pedro closer than ever. They begin meeting secretly around the ranch behind the family's backs.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Tita pours her intense emotions into her cooking, unintentionally affecting those around her. After Tita makes quail in rose petal sauce for dinner one evening (flavored with Tita’s erotic thoughts of Pedro), Gertrudis becomes so inflamed with lust that she sweats pink, rose-scented sweat; when she goes to cool off in the shower, her body gives off so much heat that the shower's tank water evaporates before reaching her body and the shower itself catches fire. As Gertrudis runs out of the burning shower naked, she is carried away on horseback by revolutionary captain Juan Alejandrez, who is drawn to her from the battlefield by her rosy scent; they make love atop Juan's horse as they gallop away from the ranch. Gertrudis is later revealed to be working as a prostitute in a brothel on the border and is subsequently disowned by her mother.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Rosaura, Pedro and Roberto are forced to move to San Antonio at Mama Elena's insistence, who suspects a relationship between Tita and Pedro. Roberto dies soon after the move and Rosaura later must undergo a hysterectomy due to complications occurring during the birth of her daughter, Esperanza. Upon hearing of her nephew's death, Tita, who cared for Roberto herself, blames her mother, who responds by smacking Tita across the face with a wooden spoon, thus breaking her nose. Tita, destroyed by the death of her nephew and unwilling to further cope with her mother's controlling ways, secludes herself in the dovecote until John Brown, the widowed family doctor, arrives at Mama Elena's request to have him take Tita to an insane asylum. Instead, John takes Tita back to his home to live with him and his young son, Alex.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Tita and John soon fall in love, and are eventually engaged to be married, but her underlying feelings for Pedro do not waver. While John travels to the United States to retrieve his aunt Mary for the wedding, Tita loses her virginity to Pedro. A month later, Tita is worried she may be pregnant with Pedro’s child. Her mother's ghost haunts her, telling her that she and her unborn child are cursed. Gertrudis, now married to Juan Alejandrez and a general in the army, returns to the ranch with her troops to cut the Three Kings' Day bread and mentions Tita's pregnancy in Pedro's presence, leaving Tita and Pedro to consider running away together. This causes Pedro to get drunk and sing a love song below Tita’s window while she is arguing with Mama Elena’s ghost. Just as she confirms she isn't pregnant (due to a late period) and frees herself of her mother's grasp once and for all, Mama Elena's ghost gets revenge on Tita by setting Pedro on fire, leaving him badly burnt and bedridden. Meanwhile, as Tita is preparing dinner for John and his aunt Mary, she and Rosaura argue over Pedro, Esperanza, and Rosaura's intention to have Esperanza remain single and care for Rosaura until her death, per the family tradition, which Tita detests. She vows not to let the tradition ruin Esperanza's life as it did hers. At dinner, Tita tells John that she cannot marry him because of her affair with Pedro.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Many years later, John's son Alex and Esperanza are engaged, and Tita prepares for their wedding, after Rosaura has died from digestive problems. During the wedding, Pedro proposes to Tita saying that he does not want to “die without making [Tita] [his] wife”. Tita accepts and Pedro dies making love to her in the kitchen storage room right after the wedding. Tita is overcome with sorrow and cold and begins to eat a box of candles. The candles are sparked by the heat of Pedro's memory, creating a spectacular fire that engulfs them both, eventually consuming the entire ranch.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: The narrator of the story is Esperanza's daughter, nicknamed Tita after her great-aunt. She describes how, after the fire, the only thing that survived under the smoldering rubble of the ranch was Tita's cookbook, which contained all the recipes described in the preceding chapters.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: At the beginning of the novel, Tita has been a generally submissive young lady. As the novel progresses, Tita learns to disobey the injustice of her mother, and gradually becomes more and more adept at expressing her inner fire through various means. Cooking through enlightenment she learned to express her feelings, and cope with her mother.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Mama Elena often resorts to violence as she forces Tita to obey her. Many of the responsibilities she imposes on Tita, especially those relating to Pedro and Rosaura's wedding, are blatant acts of cruelty, given Tita's pain over losing Pedro. Mama Elena meets Tita's slightest protest with angry tirades and beatings. If she even suspects that Tita has not fulfilled her duties, she beats her. One example is when she thought that Tita intentionally ruined the wedding cake. When Tita dares to stand up to her mother, blaming her for Roberto's death, Mama Elena smacks her across the face, breaking her nose. Since Mama Elena must protect herself and her family from bandits and revolutionaries, her cruelty could be interpreted for strength. Then again, Tita's later illusions indicate that Mama Elena's actions were far from typical and deeply scarred Tita.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: The romantic love that is so exalted throughout the novel is forbidden by Tita's mother in order to blindly enforce the tradition that the youngest daughter be her mother's chaste guardian. However, the traditional etiquette enforced by Mama Elena is defied progressively throughout the novel. This parallels the setting of the Mexican Revolution growing in intensity. The novel further parallels the Mexican Revolution because during the Mexican Revolution the power of the country was in the hands of a select few and the people had no power to express their opinions. Likewise, in "Like Water for Chocolate", Mama Elena represents the select few who had the power in their hands, while Tita represents the people because she had no power to express her opinions but had to obey her mother's rules.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Tita is born in the kitchen—a place that foreshadows her calling. Due to the tradition that requires the youngest daughter to care for her mother, Mama Elena forbids Tita from falling in love, marrying, or becoming pregnant, forcing her to work in the kitchen. As she becomes a young woman, Tita appears to conform to the gender role her mother expects; however, Tita rebels, creatively devising a way in which she can express her suppressed feelings and emotions through her cooking. She has the magical ability to send her desires and emotions into the food she prepares. Tita bakes the wedding cake for her sister Rosaura and the man she wishes she was marrying, Pedro. Deeply depressed about the fact that her sister is marrying her one true love, she places her feelings of despair and sadness into the wedding cake. When the guests eat the cake, they weep over their lost loves and eventually became intoxicated and sick. Another example of her inclusion of suppressed emotions into her cooking is when Tita’s blood infects the rose sauce and quail dinner that she serves to Pedro, Rosaura, and Gertrudis. Rosaura becomes physically ill while Getrudis is instantly aroused. Finally, as a result of Pedro devouring this food, he becomes aware of Tita’s feelings and has a better understanding of the passion and love that she has for him. Even though Tita is not allowed to share her intimate feelings, she conveys her passions to the world through the action of cooking and sharing her food.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: Food is also one of the major themes in the story which is seen throughout the story. It is used very creatively to represent the characters' feelings and situations. Due to the magical nature of food in the story, it has literal effects on the people eating the food in terms of infusing the cook Tita's emotions into the food which are thus transferred beyond the food into the hearts and minds of those who devour it.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: "Like Water for Chocolate"s full title is: "Like Water for Chocolate: A novel in monthly installments with recipes, romances and home remedies".


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: The phrase "like water for chocolate" comes from the Spanish phrase "como agua para chocolate". This is a common expression in many Spanish-speaking countries, and it means that one's emotions are on the verge of boiling over. In some Latin American countries, such as Mexico, hot chocolate is made not with milk, but with near-boiling water instead.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: "Like Water for Chocolate" has been translated from the original Spanish into numerous languages; the English translation is by Carol and Thomas Christensen. The novel has sold close to a million copies in Spain and Hispanic America and at last count, in 1993, more than 202,000 copies in the United States.


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: In 2016, a second part was released for "Like Water for Chocolate." The novel is titled "Tita's Diary," and it is meant to provide insight into the main character during the original story. In these pages we delve into the intimate universe of Tita de la Garza through her diary, from the unforgettable moment in which she discovers love, to the day she must renounce it to take care of her mother due to an ancient family tradition. This painful event, far from confining her to solitude and silence, will lead her to find her two ways of expression: through writing dialogues with herself and through cooking. These are the ways she communicates with the world and others. Tita's diary is the space where the protagonist treasures her most intricate secrets, unprepared recipes, memories that almost fade; It is the sacred site where all the ingredients of a great novel are mixed together with the characteristic spiritual sparkles of the author. This story manages to give us a secret that in turn will allow us to regain our own privacy and, why not, our own secret kept at the bottom of a withered flower or a letter that, after generations, hopes to surprise its regular reader. Its chapters feature recipes like:


title: Like Water for Chocolate (novel)

text: "I'll walk away from you, but I won't leave you. I stay in the water and in the wind, in the amber of sunset. I walk away from you, but remember that I never, never leave you" - Tita


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: Moominvalley (, , also known as just Moomin) is a 2019 animated family drama series. An adaptation of the classic "Moomin" books and comics by writer-illustrator Tove Jansson and her brother Lars Jansson, it is created using new techniques in 3D CGI.


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: Finnish production company Gutsy Animations ran a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo from 8 March to 21 April 2017. The campaign was organised in order to raise funds towards visual development of the series. Animation company Anima Vitae was appointed as the lead animation company for the first two seasons of the series. The series attracted over 2.1 Million Finns and has become the most watched show ever on Yle Areena streaming platform and the most watched TV series of 2019 in the whole Finland. The series has 16 million streams on Yle Areena.


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: The tremendously popular series is Finland's most expensive TV show with a €20 million budget. In 2019 the series' first episode was the most watched program on Finnish national broadcaster Yle's streaming service Yle Areena.


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: The protagonist of the series is Moomintroll, who is curious, kind, sensitive and idealistic. He is a typical hero in a coming-of-age story: he tries to tackle the puzzle of growing up to his true, individualistic self while remaining a beloved part of the family. He lives with his caring Moominmamma and nostalgic Moominpappa. Moomintroll is joined by his best friend, the free-spirited wanderer Snufkin, the chaotic Little My, daydreamer Snorkmaiden, cowardly Sniff, and many other friends.


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: The original score for the series is composed by world-renowned Finnish musicians, classical violinist Pekka Kuusisto and percussionist Samuli Kosminen, with Jarmo Saari joining them in season 2. The Music supervisor for the series is Virpi Immonen. Kuusisto's father, Ilkka Kuusisto, had previously composed an opera for the Moomins with Tove Jansson in 1974. The official soundtrack was released on 19 April 2019.


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: The series also includes episodic songs which are produced in collaboration with Columbia Records and Sony Music Entertainment. The official soundtrack for the Moominvalley TV series (Release Date: 19th of April 2019) includes 16 original recordings from a stellar line-up of artists including Tom Odell, First Aid Kit, Alma, Delilah Montagu, Declan McKenna, MØ, SOAK and many more.


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: Also, a limited edition of 12” picture disc on clear vinyl was made available in 4 colourways, each featuring a different Moomin character. Release date was the 19th of April 2019.


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: The second season includes nine original songs from up-and-coming artists such as Cavetown, girl in red, Jesse Markin and jens. The official soundtrack album, created in collaboration with Sony Music Finland, was released on April 10 2020 globally on the major streaming platforms (Spotify, Deezer, Apple Music, Google Play & Tidal).


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: The first two episodes of season two were screened at Finnkino cinemas in Finland on 2 February 2020, exactly a month before these episodes premiered on Yle TV2 and Yle Areena on 2 March 2020.


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: Moominvalley has been sold to more than 60 countries. Moominvalley first aired on Yle TV2 in Finland on 25 February 2019, and a day after in Swedish on Yle Teema & Fem. It began airing in the United Kingdom on Sky One, Sky Kids and NOW TV on 19 April 2019. The first eight episodes aired overnight between 2:00 and 6:00 am, and were then repeated in pairs between 5:30 and 6:30 pm over the Easter weekend from 19 to 22 April. Episodes 9–11 followed on the afternoon of Saturday 27 April, 12–13 on Sunday 28. The first five episodes of season 2 aired over the weekend before Christmas 2019, with the remainder broadcast over the following Easter weekend, 10–13 April 2020. Japan's national broadcaster NHK premiered Moominvalley on its BS4K channel on 4 April 2019. The series has also been sold to China. On 9 August 2019 it launched on WildBrain's YouTube channel. In November 2020 it was announced that Moominvalley had been recommissioned for a third season by anchor broadcasters Yle in Finland and Sky in the UK. The first eight episodes aired on Sky Showcase in pairs from Good Friday 2022 (15 April) until Easter Monday (18 April), with the remainder scheduled, also in pairs until the final episode, for subsequent Sundays.


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: In the United Kingdom, the series also airs on BBC Alba as part of the CBBC Alba block, where it is dubbed in Scottish Gaelic.


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: The series has been extremely successful in its reviews and ratings worldwide. The first episode of "Moominvalley" was viewed by 600,000 viewers when it premiered in Finland's Yle TV2 in February 2019. It also became the most watched television series episode of all time in Yle's streaming service, Yle Areena, bringing the total viewership of the first episode in Finland to over two million. "Moominvalley" was the most watched TV series and the fourth most watched TV programme in Finland in 2019 (incl. all channels).


title: Moominvalley (TV series)

text: In 2019 Moominvalley was awarded the "Best Animated Kid's Programme" at TBI's Content Innovation Awards. The series also won a "Golden Venla" award for 2019 Best Children's Program and won "Best Children’s Series" at 2020 British Animation Awards. Moominvalley was nominated for "Best Animation" and "Best Storytelling" at 2019 Shanghai Television Festival. In 2020 Moominvalley was a New York International Children's Film Festival nominee and additionally, nominated for the best Children's animation at Banff Rockie Awards. Moominvalley was shortlisted for Broadcast Digital Awards in 2020 and selected for Encounters' Film Festival's competition programme in the same year. It was nominated for an International Emmy Kids Award. In 2020 Moominvalley was nominated for Best Children's Program in Golden Venla Awards for the second year around.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: Manic is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Halsey. It was released on January 17, 2020, through Capitol Records. It was preceded by the release of three singles: "Without Me", "Graveyard" and "You Should Be Sad", with featured guest appearances by Dominic Fike, Alanis Morissette, and Suga. The album debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart in the US, becoming Halsey's third top-two album on the chart and her biggest album debut in the country to date, selling 239,000 units in its first week.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: "Manic" was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), becoming the first album released in 2020 to achieve this. Music production was handled by Halsey, Benny Blanco, Cashmere Cat, Finneas, Greg Kurstin, Jon Bellion, Lido, and Louis Bell, among others. Primarily a pop record, "Manic" also draws influences from electropop, hip hop, alternative rock, country, K-pop, and R&B. Halsey described the album as changing its mind as much as she does. To promote the album, Halsey embarked on her third concert tour, the Manic World Tour, but after 17 shows it was postponed and then cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On October 4, 2018, Halsey released the song "Without Me", her first solo material since her second studio album "Hopeless Fountain Kingdom," released in 2017. Originally, the song was intended as a standalone track, but was later included on the record, becoming the actual lead single. In March 2019, Halsey announced that her third studio album would be released in 2020 and that she wanted it to be "perfect". The standalone single, "Nightmare", released on May 17, 2019, was originally intended to be the lead single from the album. A scene in the music video for "Nightmare" showed Halsey holding a newspaper reading "MANIC" and another scene where she holds a sign reading "H3 / AI / 10--2019", with the actual day not shown, which some speculated as a hint that the album would be released in October 2019. However, it was released on January 17, 2020.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: During a question-and-answer session on August 7, 2019, she stated that the album is "less dystopian fantasy world" and that it reflects her current worldview. In her "Rolling Stone" cover story, Halsey stated that "Manic" is a sampling of "hip-hop, rock, country, fucking everything—because it's so manic. It's soooooo manic. It's literally just, like, whatever the fuck I felt like making; there was no reason I couldn't make it".


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: She revealed the album title on her social media on September 12, 2019, along with an official link to a website with the album title. The website contained a livestream of the singer painting the album cover. The album has 16 tracks on the standard edition.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: She revealed the tracklist on December 3, 2019, and went live on Instagram shortly after to discuss the album and answer fan questions. During the live, she stated that the album is very personal in which saying, "I feel like you guys have really given me the chance this year to express myself more and be myself in a way that I don't know if I’ve really felt like I have been able to since my first album". She also stated that fans would get to meet a part of her that she's been really excited to show. When asked what her favorite song is, she said that the most personal one is "More", and not being able to pick just one, she listed some of her favorites which include, "I Hate Everybody", "929", "Killing Boys", and "Dominic's Interlude". The album was revealed to have three features including Dominic Fike, Alanis Morissette, and Suga of BTS. Halsey described them as "People who really represent different parts of my psyche and different parts of my personality in so many different ways".


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: "Manic" is a "busy album" and a "raw and honest look into Halsey's head and heart", on which she explores many genres, including "electro-pop, sparkly ballads, hip-hop, twang, and '90s alt rock" and "everything from Lilith Fair folk guitar to South Korean rap". Lyrically, it deals with the singer's struggles with bipolar disorder (previously known as manic depression).


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On September 29, 2020, the Expanded Edition of "Manic" was released in honor of Halsey's birthday. The expanded version features the 16 songs on the original version as well as the deluxe limited edition songs "Wipe Your Tears" and "I'm Not Mad", Halsey's "Be Kind" collaboration with Marshmello, the Juice Wrld and Illenium remixes of "Without Me", the acoustic versions of "Graveyard" and "You Should Be Sad", and stripped versions of "Alanis' Interlude", "Without Me", "Graveyard", and "3AM".


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 80 out of 100, which indicates "generally favorable reviews" based on 18 reviews.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that the album "showcases Halsey at her nerviest and at her best." Ilana Kaplan from the "Entertainment Weekly" praised the album calling it "a chaotic amalgamation of self-analysis, rage, depression, ecstasy, and growth" that sees its creator "managing the messiness of fame while trying to stay true to herself." In a positive review from "Exclaim!", wrote that Manic is her most personal album to date. Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" gave the album a positive review and named "Manic" an "excellent new album", praising its versatility of genres and "Halsey's raw autobiographical portrait of [herself] as a young mess, craving her share of love and tenderness in a hostile world". In a four-star review for "The Guardian", Ben Beaumont-Thomas praised Halsey's lyrical evolution, citing that "her lyrical confidence is matched by the characterful production, which straddles R&B, country, trashy pop-rock, Kacey Musgraves-ish cosmic Americana and more".


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: In a positive review for "PopMatters", Jeffrey Davies referred to the album as a "refreshingly intimate portrait of a young woman navigating fame, femininity, and mental illness" and wrote: "From an artist whose style and image or lack thereof has tended to take precedence over her music and her psyche, "Manic" is an honest invitation into the worlds of both Halsey and Ashley Frangipane, and teaches us that the truth is in the ambiguity." Steven Loftin from "The Line of Best Fit" stated that "Manic" "revels in the explorative genre-pop bombast, letting the delicates twinkle, and the snarls bare their teeth; yet it's the soul that shines dominantly." He also named it her most complete work to date.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: In June and July 2020, the album was included on "Billboard", American Songwriter, and Uproxx's lists of the best albums of 2020 so far.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: "Manic" debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 with 239,000 album-equivalent units, of which 180,000 were pure album sales. It is Halsey's third top-two album and her biggest opening week so far on the chart. The album's tracks earned a total of 75.6 million on-demand US streams in its first week. In Australia the album debuted at number two becoming Halsey's third consecutive album to get blocked from the top spot in the nation.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On October 4, 2018, Halsey released "Without Me" after teasing the song a few weeks prior during a show in London on September 23, 2018. It was followed by a Spotify vertical video released on October 12, 2018, and a music video a few weeks later on October 29, 2018. The song became commercially successful, reaching the top three in several countries including, Australia, Canada, and the UK. The song also topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100, spending two weeks at number one, becoming her first chart-topping song as a lead artist. It went on to spend 29 weeks in the top ten of the "Billboard" Hot 100, making it the third longest-running top ten song by a female artist, behind only Billie Eilish’s "Bad Guy" and LeAnn Rimes' "How Do I Live", and became her third song to spend over a year on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming the only female artist in history to achieve this. It was ranked number three on the 2019 Billboard Year End Chart and number 12 on the 2010s’ Billboard Decade End Chart. The song's been certified 8× Platinum in Canada, 7× Platinum in Australia and the US, 2× Platinum in New Zealand, Platinum in Italy, Sweden, and the UK, Gold in Belgian. Originally intended to be a standalone single, the song was included in the album's final tracklisting, serving as the album's lead single.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On September 3, 2019, Halsey announced "Graveyard" as the album's second single through her social media, revealing the cover art and release date and was made available for pre-save the same day. Halsey performed the song for the first time two days prior to its release on September 11, 2019, at Rihanna's Savage X Fenty show as one of the musical guests. The song was released on September 13, 2019, along with the album preorder, and impacted US radio on September 17, 2019. The accompanying music video was released on October 8, 2019, which features actress, Sydney Sweeney. Commercially, the song reached the top 40 in several countries including, Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the UK while peaking at number 34 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It's since been certified 2× Platinum in Australia and Canada, Platinum in the US, and Gold in the UK.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On January 8, 2020, Halsey announced through social media that she would be releasing the album's third official single, "You Should Be Sad", along with its accompanying music video on January 10, 2020, one week ahead of the album's release. The song impacted US radio on January 14, 2020. The song debuted at number 29 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with it rising to number 26, where it peaked, the following week. It also reached number four in Australia, number five in Ireland, and reached the top 30 in Belgium, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK and has been certified 3× Platinum in Canada, Platinum in Australia and the US, and Gold in New Zealand and the UK.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On April 29, 2020, Halsey announced "Be Kind", an EDM collaboration with American producer Marshmello that would be released two days later on May 1. Both promoted the song by posting a flower visual on each other's social medias. The song impacted US radio on May 5, 2020, with the music video being released on June 27, 2020. The song was commercially successful, debuting and peaking at number 29 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 while also reaching the top forty in over 16 other countries and has been certified 2× Platinum in Canada and Gold in Australia. It was added to the digital expanded edition of the album on September 29, 2020.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On September 29, 2019, to celebrate her birthday, Halsey released the first promotional single, "Clementine", as a surprise with no prior announcement. The music video was released the same day.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On December 3, 2019, during an Instagram live, Halsey revealed that two new songs and a music video would be released the following Friday on December 6, 2019. The next day she announced through social media that "Finally // Beautiful Stranger" and "Suga's Interlude" would be the songs she was releasing, serving as the second and third promotional singles respectively. A music video for "Finally // Beautiful Stranger" was released along with the songs. While neither entered the "Billboard" Hot 100, "Finally // Beautiful Stranger" entered the Bubbling Under Hot 100 at number 17 and "Suga's Interlude" peaked at number ten on the US Pop Digital Song Sales chart.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On June 15, 2020, Halsey uploaded a video of the original recording of "Wipe Your Tears" which is 2:18 long. She has since revealed there is a third version which features another artist.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On September 29, 2020, to celebrate her twenty-sixth birthday, Halsey released a music video for "929" which features various archive footage of the singer throughout her life.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: On October 7, 2020, Halsey released the music video for "Dominic's Interlude" with Dominic Fike. The video was previously used as a visualizer for the song on the Manic World Tour (2020) between Halsey's performance of "Forever ... (Is a Long Time)" and "I Hate Everybody", as it appears on the album.


title: Manic (Halsey album)

text: Credits adapted from Tidal and CMG Credits. Halsey revealed the tracklist on her Instagram on December 3, 2019.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth SIG) is the standards organization that oversees the development of Bluetooth standards and the licensing of the Bluetooth technologies and trademarks to manufacturers. The SIG is a not-for-profit, non-stock corporation founded in September 1998. The SIG is headquartered in Kirkland, Washington.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: "Bluetooth" technology provides a way to exchange information between wireless devices such as PDAs, laptops, computers, printers and digital cameras via a secure, low-cost, globally available short-range radio frequency band. Originally developed by Ericsson, "Bluetooth" technology is now used in many different products by many different manufacturers. These manufacturers must be either Associate or Promoter members of(see below) the Bluetooth SIG before they are granted early access to the "Bluetooth" specifications, but published "Bluetooth" specifications are available online via the Bluetooth SIG Website bluetooth.com.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: The SIG owns the "Bluetooth" word mark, figure mark and combination mark. These trademarks are licensed out for use to companies that are incorporating "Bluetooth" wireless technology into their products. To become a licensee, a company must become a member of the Bluetooth SIG. The SIG also manages the Bluetooth SIG Qualification program, a certification process required for any product using "Bluetooth" wireless technology and a pre-condition of the intellectual property license for "Bluetooth" technology. The main tasks for the SIG are to publish the "Bluetooth" specifications, protect the "Bluetooth" trademarks and evangelize "Bluetooth" wireless technology. In 2016, the SIG introduced a new visual and creative identity to support Bluetooth technology as the catalyst for the Internet of Things (IoT). This change included an updated logo, a new tagline and deprecation of the Bluetooth Smart and Bluetooth Smart Ready logos.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: At its inception in 1998, the Bluetooth SIG was primarily run by a staff effectively seconded from its member companies. In 2001 Tom Siep served as the group's managing director, and from 2002 to 2004 Mike McCamon led the group as its executive director. In 2004 he was replaced by Michael W. Foley (Mike). In mid-2012, Mark Powell took the reins as the SIG's current executive director. Beginning in 2002 a professional staff was hired, composed of operations, engineering and marketing specialists. From 2002 to 2004 the Bluetooth SIG was based in Overland Park, Kansas, US, and is now based in Kirkland, Washington. In addition to its professional staff, the SIG is supported by its more than 35,000 member companies who participate in the various working groups that produce the standardization documents and oversee the qualification process for new products and help to evangelize the technology.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: The study groups carry out research into their various areas which informs the development of the Bluetooth specifications. They may eventually become working groups in their own right.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: The expert groups deal with issues of technical importance to all aspects of "Bluetooth" development. As with the Study Groups their work informs the working groups as well as the corporate groups.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: The working groups develop new Bluetooth specifications and enhance adopted specifications. They are responsible for the vast majority of published standards and specifications. Participation in the working groups is restricted to Promoter members and Associate members.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: The committees of the SIG deal with the other aspects of licensing, marketing and review including developing and maintaining the Qualification Process, oversight of the "Bluetooth" specifications, and developing, improving and maintaining the test methodology and concepts as well as other strategic functions.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: Any company incorporating "Bluetooth" wireless technology into products, using the technology to offer goods and services or simply re-branding a product with "Bluetooth" technology may become a member of the Bluetooth SIG. There are three levels of corporate membership totaling more than 20,000 members, and individuals from member companies may also participate.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: These members are the most active in the SIG and have considerable influence over both the strategic and technological directions of Bluetooth as a whole.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: Each Promoter member has one seat (and one vote) on the Board of Directors and the Qualification Review Board (the body responsible for developing and maintaining the qualification process). They each may have multiple staff in the various working groups and committees that comprise the work of the SIG.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: The Bluetooth SIG Associate membership fees have stayed the same since 2006. Associate membership is renewed annually and the yearly fee depends on the individual company's revenue. Companies with annual revenue in excess of $100M US are considered Large Associates and pay annual membership fees of $42,000 US. Small Associates are categorized as those organizations with revenue less than $100M US and join the SIG with an annual membership fee of $9,000 US. Associate members of the SIG get early access to draft specifications at versions 0.5 and 0.7 and are eligible to participate and gain a voting seat in working groups and committees—a key opportunity to work with other Associate and Promoter members on enhancing existing specifications. They are also eligible for enhanced marketing support, receive discounts on product qualification listings and SIG events including Bluetooth World and UnPlugFest (UPF) testing events.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: Adopter membership in the SIG is free and entitles members to use published "Bluetooth " wireless specifications and "Bluetooth" trademarks. Adopter members do not have early access to unpublished specifications and may not participate in working groups or committees to influence the development of the technology.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: Next to the development of the technology itself, the qualification process is one of the most important aspects of "Bluetooth" technology, supporting interoperability, conformance to the Bluetooth specifications, and to strengthening the Bluetooth brand.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: Members of the Bluetooth SIG must complete the qualification and declaration process for their Bluetooth enabled product(s) to demonstrate and declare compliance to the .


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: The primary objective of the qualification process is for members to demonstrate their product(s) compliance to the adopted specifications through testing and documentation. After qualification is completed, members need to complete the declaration process. Members declare their compliance to both the Bluetooth Patent/Copyright License Agreement and Bluetooth Trademark License Agreement (“BTLA”).


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: An overview of both processes including steps of the processes, types and fees is available on the Bluetooth SIG public portal.


title: Bluetooth Special Interest Group

text: Bluetooth Qualification Experts (BQEs) and Bluetooth Qualification Test Facilities (BQTFs) are available to support members through the processes. Members uncertain or unfamiliar with the qualification process are encouraged to consider using one or both of these service types.


title: Chopper (motorcycle)

text: A chopper is a type of custom motorcycle which emerged in the US state of California in the late 1950s. A chopper employs radically modified steering angles and lengthened forks for a stretched-out appearance. They can be built from an original motorcycle which is modified ("chopped") or built from scratch. Some of the characteristic features of choppers are long front ends with extended forks often coupled with an increased rake angle, hardtail frames (frames without rear suspension), very tall "ape hanger" or very short "drag" handlebars, lengthened or stretched frames, and larger than stock front wheels. The "sissy bar", a set of tubes that connect the rear fender with the frame, and which are often extended several feet high, is a signature feature on many choppers.


title: Chopper (motorcycle)

text: Two famous examples of the chopper are customised Harley-Davidsons, the "Captain America" and "Billy Bike", seen in the 1969 film "Easy Rider".


title: Chopper (motorcycle)

text: Before there were choppers, there was the bobber, meaning a motorcycle that had been "bobbed", or relieved of excess weight by removing parts, particularly the fenders, with the intent of making it lighter and thus faster, or at least making it look better in the eyes of a rider seeking a more minimalist ride.


title: Chopper (motorcycle)

text: An early example of a bobber is the 1940 Indian Sport Scout "Bob-Job" which toured in the 1998 "The Art of the Motorcycle" exhibition. Indian Scouts and Chiefs of the time came with extravagantly large, heavily valanced fenders, nearly reaching the center of the wheel on the luxurious 1941 Indian Series 441 while racing bikes had tiny fenders or none at all. The large and well-appointed bikes exemplified the "dresser" motorcycle aesthetic and providing a counterpoint to the minimalist bobber, and café racers.