title: Jersey barrier

text: Although it is not clear exactly when or where the first concrete median barriers were used, concrete median barriers were used in the mid-1940s on U.S. Route 99 on the descent from the Tehachapi Mountains in the Central Valley south of Bakersfield, California. This first generation of concrete barriers was developed to (a) minimize the number of out-of-control trucks penetrating the barrier, and (b) eliminate the need for costly and dangerous median barrier maintenance in high-accident locations with narrow medians – concerns that are as valid today as they were 80 years ago.


title: Jersey barrier

text: The Jersey barrier, also called New Jersey wall, was developed in the 1950s (introduced in current form in 1959), at Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey, United States, under the direction of the New Jersey State Highway Department to divide multiple lanes on a highway. A typical Jersey barrier stands tall and is made of steel-reinforced poured concrete or plastic. Many are constructed with the embedded steel reinforcement protruding from each end, allowing them to be incorporated into permanent emplacements when linked to one another by sections of fresh concrete poured on-site.


title: Jersey barrier

text: Their widespread use in road construction has led to wide application as a generic, portable barrier during construction projects and temporary rerouting of traffic into stopgap carpool and rush-hour reversing highway lanes.


title: Jersey barrier

text: Most of the original barriers constructed in New Jersey in the 1950s and early 1960s were not "modular"; they were poured in place the way curbs are. Many of the first installations (Route 46 in Bergen County and Passaic County, for instance) were much shorter than the heights discussed here, typically about tall. Some dividers on county or local roads may have been lower than that since they replaced a raised concrete rumble strip that would dissuade, but not prevent, traffic crossing from one lane to another. Even Route 46 had the rumble strip in many places before gradually, the higher barrier was installed. These lower dividers are visible in old photographs. When the Bergen Mall was first opened in Paramus, these rumble strip dividers were extensively used on the roadway (Forest Avenue) that separated the grocery stores from the mall proper.


title: Jersey barrier

text: The design of the Jersey barrier was specifically intended to minimize damage in incidental accidents and reduce the likelihood of a car crossing into oncoming lanes in the event of a collision. In common shallow-angle hits, sheet-metal damage is minimized by allowing the vehicle tires to ride up on the lower sloped face. Head-on vehicle collisions are minimized by gradually lifting the vehicle and pivoting it away from oncoming vehicles and back into traffic heading in its original direction.


title: Jersey barrier

text: The New Jersey Turnpike Authority developed and tested a similar, but heavily reinforced, design. This barrier design has been credited with effectively containing and redirecting larger vehicles, including semi-trailer (tractor-trailer) trucks. The states of New York, Massachusetts and New Jersey have adopted the taller barrier for their roads, as compared to the standard suggested by the Federal Highway Administration.


title: Jersey barrier

text: Designs with two rectangular notches at the bottom (through the short axis) allow for forklift-style lifting by front-end loaders. Barriers meant for short-term placement, especially in military and security barrier uses, might include steel rebar loops embedded in the top surface for rapid hook-and-cable system lifting.


title: Jersey barrier

text: The 2010 G-20 Toronto summit used modified modular Jersey barriers with wired fencing bolted onto the concrete. The fence used the barrier as sturdy base to prevent protesters from toppling the fence around the security zone at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre.


title: Jersey barrier

text: The U.S. military nicknamed the devices "Qaddafi Blocks" after truck bomb attacks in Beirut in 1983 resulted in more widespread use in military installations. Sometimes they are deployed to form a chicane to slow vehicular traffic arriving at military installations or other secure areas.


title: Jersey barrier

text: The Ohio Department of Transportation mandates specific design requirements for their precast concrete barrier walls. The department has marked all compliant precast concrete barrier walls with "350", indicating that they adhere to the requirements laid out in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program's Report 350. Without this marking, a barrier wall is not approved for use in Ohio.


title: Jersey barrier

text: Modern variations include the constant-slope barrier and the F-shape barrier. The F-shape is generally similar to the Jersey barrier in appearance, but is taller, with somewhat different angles.


title: Jersey barrier

text: First tested in 1968 by the then Department of Highways in Ontario, Canada, the Ontario Tall Wall is a variant of the Jersey barrier. Standing at , it is taller than the standard Jersey barrier. Ontario's Ministry of Transportation is replacing guiderails (steel guardrail and steel box-beam) with these tall wall barriers on 400-series highways since the early 1990s, while the City of Toronto is doing likewise on portions of the Gardiner Expressway and Don Valley Parkway.


title: Jersey barrier

text: Hollow polyethylene barriers have been developed for short-term applications where portability is important. These plastic barriers are normally filled with water after placement on-site to provide a moderate level of crash protection, then emptied prior to removal. They are not designed to deflect vehicles, so vehicles may penetrate the barriers. These barriers can also be filled with sand at the cost of reduced portability.


title: Silk (TV series)

text: Silk is a British television drama series produced by the BBC which was broadcast over three series on BBC One between 22 February 2011 and 31 March 2014. Created by Peter Moffat, the series follows the daily goings on of Shoe Lane Chambers and its members in their personal and professional lives.


title: Silk (TV series)

text: The series' writer, Peter Moffat, also wrote the series "Criminal Justice" and "North Square", as well as an episode of "Kavanagh QC". Before the series started, Moffat said in an interview, "I wanted "Silk" to be full of politics and intrigue. From my experience at the Bar, I felt life in chambers had all of those components, with big stories and lots of courtroom drama—but I wanted to make it as much about barristers and their life in chambers as about the trials".


title: Silk (TV series)

text: "Silk" was commissioned by Jay Hunt, then-Controller of BBC One and Ben Stephenson, BBC Controller of Drama Commissioning, and started filming in July 2010. It is based on Moffat's experiences at the Bar. In an interview with "The Guardian", he said "I want to tell it as it really is. The extreme pressure, the hard choices, the ethical dilemmas, the overlap between the personal and the professional, principles fought for and principles sacrificed, the Machiavellian politics, the sex, the drinking, the whole story—life at the bar is the richest possible drama territory."


title: Silk (TV series)

text: The series' title is a colloquial reference to someone who has attained the status of King's Counsel (QC or KC dependent on the current reigning monarch,) which entitles the person to wear a certain design of gown in court, which is usually made of silk.


title: Silk (TV series)

text: "Silk" follows barristers from a set of criminal law chambers in London. The series' focuses on Martha Costello (Maxine Peake) and her ambition to become Queen's Counsel as well as on her rival, Clive Reader (Rupert Penry-Jones). Martha achieves her ambition at the end of Series One, leaving Clive disappointed. He however becomes a QC in the opening episode of Series 3. The chambers' senior clerk, Billy Lamb (Neil Stuke), also features heavily in the series. In series 3, Miranda Raison joins the show as Harriet Hammond who is a thorn in the side of Billy, as well as a confidante, supporter, and potential love interest for Clive Reader.


title: Silk (TV series)

text: "Silk" ended with series 3 because creator Moffat and lead actress, Maxine Peake, were keen to end at a high point.


title: Silk (TV series)

text: In March 2014, it was announced there will be a radio spin-off following the lives of the clerks of Shoe Lane Chambers.


title: Silk (TV series)

text: In October 2014, it was announced that the series would be adapted by ABC for USA television. Peter Moffat was due to executive produce, with the pilot being written by Marty Scott.


title: Silk (TV series)

text: BBC Radio 4 featured a spin-off "Silk: The Clerks Room" that lasted for two seasons from 2014 to 2015, featuring Theo Barklem-Biggs as Jake, Neil Stuke as Billy, and Jessica Henwick as Amy.


title: Silk (TV series)

text: Writing in "The Daily Telegraph", barrister Sarah Palin praised "Silk", saying that "the opening episodes do a good job of capturing the relentless pressure of the criminal Bar" and that "the competition for silk, while a useful plot device, also accurately reflects the fiercely competitive nature of the Bar", but added "the characters featured are a little more youthful than their real-life counterparts" and that the storyline in which one of the pupil barristers shoplifts his wig and gown struck "an absurd note". "The Telegraph" television reviewer, James Walton, compared the series to Moffat's previous production, "North Square", but said that "Silk" was "more viewer-friendly" and the characters "far easier to divide into heroes and villains". He concluded that the first episode was "a perfectly OK hour of telly—marred only by the fact that we've come to expect a bit more than that from Moffat." Alex Aldridge of "The Guardian", meanwhile, called the series "underwhelming" and stated that it implied that cocaine use was "rife" among criminal barristers. Also writing in "The Guardian", Lucy Mangan implied that the series was predictable and called it "a rare misfire by Peter Moffat [...] and aggravated by the squandering of Peake, whose usually overflowing talents seem to have been dammed here rather than encouraged to irrigate an oddly bloodless role."


title: Silk (TV series)

text: The first series averaged 5.85 million viewers. The second series averaged 5.74 million viewers. The third series averaged 5.37 million viewers.


title: Praise God

text: "Praise God" is a song by American rapper Kanye West from his tenth studio album "Donda" (2021). The song features vocals from fellow American rappers Travis Scott and Baby Keem. It also features additional vocals from West's late mother, Donda West, for whom the album is named. The song peaked at number 20 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, alongside reaching number 10 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and the top of the US Gospel and Christian Songs charts.


title: Praise God

text: The beat for "Praise God" was originally produced by 30 Roc and Zentachi in early 2020. The first version of the beat consisted of a sample of a Japanese song with a Spinz 808 pattern. At the first listening event in Atlanta, the sample was swapped out for a choir sample, and by the time of the second listening party, the drums and 808s Zen-tachi and 30 Roc added were taken out completely. Though most of the track was completely different from its original version, 30 Roc and Zen-tachi still received production credits for creating the original track that inspired the song. Japanese music producers and Kazuhiko Katō also received writing credits for writing the original song that was sampled.


title: Praise God

text: KayCyy, who has writing credits on the track, talked about how the track came together in an interview with "HipHopDX":


title: Praise God

text: The song appeared on numerous track listing iterations for "Donda" revealed by West on July 18, 2020. The song was first played by West at the first listening event for "Donda" on July 22, 2021. In the following listening event on August 6, the track received some changes such as more organs being added and the percussion being altered. The first version previewed on had Travis Scott doing the first verses and the hook. On the second version, West cut some of Scott's lines out to fill himself in and substituted the entire hook with himself singing it. About collaborating with West, Keem wrote on Twitter: "Ye, an Idol, an Icon. Forever grateful for the experience of a lifetime".


title: Praise God

text: Lyrically, "Praise God" sees West along with Scott and Baby Keem complimenting Jesus and what He has done for them. The song opens up with the former's late mother, Donda West, reciting an excerpt of Gwendolyn Brooks' poem, "Speech to the Young: Speech to the Progress-Toward", speaking: "Say to them, say to the down-keepers, the sun-slappers / The self-soilers, the harmony-hushers / Even if you are not ready for the day, it cannot always be night". It focuses on the people who think negatively about life, reminding them that they have a lot to be thankful for in life. The chorus sees West singing: "We gon' praise our way out the grave, dawg / Livin', speakin', praise God / Walkin' out the graveyard back to life / I serve, follow your word / See with a sight", before his mother finishes the last line of the chorus by saying, "Into the night". In the chorus, West focuses on turning his life around and putting his faith and trust in God to give what is right, which helps him see things in a more positive perspective. Scott also discusses his relationship with Christ in both of his verses. In Keem's verse, which closes the song, he raps the line: "Y'all treat your Lord and Savior like renter's insurance, you know what I mean?". He tries to call out the people that do not have belief in Christ's power until something bad happens to them, in which they rely on Him; he compares that to a person ignoring their renter's insurance until they need payment.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: In acoustics, a beat is an interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different frequencies, "perceived" as a periodic variation in volume whose rate is the difference of the two frequencies.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: With tuning instruments that can produce sustained tones, beats can be readily recognized. Tuning two tones to a unison will present a peculiar effect: when the two tones are close in pitch but not identical, the difference in frequency generates the beating. The volume varies like in a tremolo as the sounds alternately interfere constructively and destructively. As the two tones gradually approach unison, the beating slows down and may become so slow as to be imperceptible. As the two tones get further apart, their beat frequency starts to approach the range of human pitch perception, the beating starts to sound like a note, and a combination tone is produced. This combination tone can also be referred to as a missing fundamental, as the beat frequency of any two tones is equivalent to the frequency of their implied fundamental frequency.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: This phenomenon is best known in acoustics or music, though it can be found in any linear system: "According to the law of superposition, two tones sounding simultaneously are superimposed in a very simple way: one adds their amplitudes". If a graph is drawn to show the function corresponding to the total sound of two strings, it can be seen that maxima and minima are no longer constant as when a pure note is played, but change over time: when the two waves are nearly 180 degrees out of phase the maxima of one wave cancel the minima of the other, whereas when they are nearly in phase their maxima sum up, raising the perceived volume.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: It can be proven with the help of a sum-to-product trigonometric identity (see List of trigonometric identities) that the envelope of the maxima and minima form a wave whose frequency is half the difference between the frequencies of the two original waves. Consider two sine waves of unit amplitude:


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: If the two original frequencies are quite close (for example, a difference of approximately twelve hertz), the frequency of the cosine of the right side of the expression above, that is , is often too low to be perceived as an audible tone or pitch. Instead, it is perceived as a periodic variation in the amplitude of the first term in the expression above. It can be said that the lower frequency cosine term is an "envelope" for the higher frequency one, i.e. that its amplitude is modulated. The frequency of the modulation is , that is, the average of the two frequencies. It can be noted that every second burst in the modulation pattern is inverted. Each peak is replaced by a trough and vice versa. However, because the human ear is not sensitive to the phase of a sound, only its amplitude or intensity, only the magnitude of the envelope is heard. Therefore, subjectively, the frequency of the envelope seems to have twice the frequency of the modulating cosine, which means the audible beat frequency is:


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: the two waves are in phase and they interfere constructively. When it is zero, they are out of phase and interfere destructively. Beats occur also in more complex sounds, or in sounds of different volumes, though calculating them mathematically is not so easy.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: For a human ear to hear beat phenomena, the ratio of frequencies should be less than formula_4 or else the brain perceives them as two different frequencies.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: Beating can also be heard between notes that are near to, but not exactly, a harmonic interval, due to some harmonic of the first note beating with a harmonic of the second note. For example, in the case of perfect fifth, the third harmonic (i.e. second overtone) of the bass note beats with the second harmonic (first overtone) of the other note. As well as with out-of tune notes, this can also happen with some correctly tuned equal temperament intervals, because of the differences between them and the corresponding just intonation intervals: see Harmonic series (music)#Harmonics and tuning.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: A binaural beat is an auditory illusion perceived when two different pure-tone sine waves, both with frequencies lower than 1500 Hz, with less than a 40 Hz difference between them, are presented to a listener dichotically (one through each ear).


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: For example, if a 530 Hz pure tone is presented to a subject's right ear, while a 520 Hz pure tone is presented to the subject's left ear, the listener will perceive the auditory illusion of a third tone, in addition to the two pure-tones presented to each ear. The third sound is called a binaural beat, and in this example would have a perceived pitch correlating to a frequency of 10 Hz, that being the difference between the 530 Hz and 520 Hz pure tones presented to each ear.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: Binaural-beat perception originates in the inferior colliculus of the midbrain and the superior olivary complex of the brainstem, where auditory signals from each ear are integrated and precipitate electrical impulses along neural pathways through the reticular formation up the midbrain to the thalamus, auditory cortex, and other cortical regions.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: Some claimed benefits of binaural beats therapy may include: reduced stress, reduced anxiety, increased focus, increased concentration, increased motivation, increased confidence, and deeper meditation. Research is inconclusive about the clinical benefits of binaural beat therapy; it has been argued that it is best not to replace traditional treatments for stress and anxiety with this type of intervention until conclusive evidence is presented.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: There are no known side effects to listening to binaural beats, although lengthy exposure to sounds at or above 85 decibels can cause hearing loss over time. This is roughly the level of noise produced by heavy traffic.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: Musicians commonly use interference beats objectively to check tuning at the unison, perfect fifth, or other simple harmonic intervals. Piano and organ tuners even use a method involving counting beats, aiming at a particular number for a specific interval.


title: Beat (acoustics)

text: The composer Alvin Lucier has written many pieces that feature interference beats as their main focus. Italian composer Giacinto Scelsi, whose style is grounded on microtonal oscillations of unisons, extensively explored the textural effects of interference beats, particularly in his late works such as the violin solos "Xnoybis" (1964) and "L'âme ailée / L'âme ouverte" (1973), which feature them prominently (note that Scelsi treated and notated each string of the instrument as a separate part, so that his violin solos are effectively quartets of one-strings, where different strings of the violin may be simultaneously playing the same note with microtonal shifts, so that the interference patterns are generated). Composer Phill Niblock's music is entirely based on beating caused by microtonal differences. Computer engineer Toso Pankovski invented a method based on auditory interference beating to screen participants in online auditory studies for headphones and dichotic context (whether the stereo channels are mixed or completely separated).


title: Rio Lobo

text: Rio Lobo is a 1970 American Western film directed and produced by Howard Hawks and starring John Wayne, from a screenplay by Burton Wohl and Leigh Brackett. The film was shot at Cuernavaca in the Mexican state of Morelos and at Tucson, Arizona. The musical score was composed by Jerry Goldsmith. It was the third Howard Hawks film varying the idea of a sheriff defending his office against belligerent outlaw elements in the town, after "Rio Bravo" (1959) and "El Dorado" (1966), both also starring John Wayne. "Rio Lobo" was the last film made by Hawks.


title: Rio Lobo

text: During the American Civil War, a secret Union army payroll train is raided by Confederates, led by Captain Pierre Cordona and Sergeant Tuscarora Phillips. Union Colonel Cord McNally loses his close friend, Lieutenant Ned Forsythe, in the raid; before he dies, Forsythe tells McNally that Union traitors must have informed the Confederates about the gold on the train. In the ensuing pursuit, McNally's squad is spread thinner and thinner, until he is left alone and captured by the Confederates. McNally tricks them by leading them into a Union camp and raising the alarm; Cordona and Tuscarora are captured, but refuse to tell McNally who sold them their information.


title: Rio Lobo

text: Despite this development, the three men gain a mutual respect for each other. After the war ends, McNally visits Cordona and Tuscarora as they are being released. He asks them once more about the traitors, but all they can provide is a physical description. However, they agree to contact McNally if they see either of the two men again.


title: Rio Lobo

text: Sometime later, McNally is contacted by his friend Sherriff Pat Cronin of Blackthorne, Texas. Cronin tells McNally Cordona is staying at the local hotel and wants to talk to him. When McNally arrives in Blackthorne, he meets a young woman, Shasta Delaney, who has come to report the murder of her employer by a deputy of Rio Lobo's sheriff, "Blue Tom" Hendricks. Shortly afterwards, a posse from Rio Lobo arrives and wants to take Delaney away. Delaney identifies their leader, "Whitey" Carter, as the murderer she was referring to. When one of the posse aims a gun at Cronin, Delaney shoots Whitey from under the table, resulting in a shoot-out in which McNally, Cronin and Cordona finish off the posse.


title: Rio Lobo

text: Cordona identifies Whitey as one of the traitors that McNally was looking for. He tells McNally that Tuscarora needs help; his father and other ranchers are having land stolen by a rich man named Ketcham, who had the previous sheriff killed and installed Hendricks in his place. McNally, Cordona, and Delaney go to Rio Lobo, where they find the people living in terror of Hendricks and his men. Tuscarora's girlfriend Maria hides them in her house, while her friend Amelita distracts Hendricks' men. Hendricks has Tuscarora arrested on trumped-up charges, so McNally's group goes to get help from Tuscarora's father, Old Man Philips.


title: Rio Lobo

text: McNally, Cordona, and Philips sneak into Ketcham's ranch, and McNally discovers that Ketcham is really Union Sergeant Major Ike Gorman, the second traitor he was searching for. McNally attacks Gorman and forces him to sign the deeds back to their rightful owners. Taking Gorman hostage, they send Cordona ahead to find the United States Cavalry. Upon arrival in Rio Lobo, they discover that Hendricks has beaten Maria and disfigured Amelita's face with a knife for helping McNally. Amelita swears to McNally that she will kill Hendricks herself.


title: Rio Lobo

text: The men force Hendricks' party out of the jail and hole up there with Tuscarora to await the Cavalry. However, Hendricks' men capture Cordona before he gets far, and offer to trade him for Gorman. During the prisoner exchange, Cordona manages to give his captors the slip. McNally tells Hendricks that Gorman is no longer of any use to the sheriff, since he signed back the deeds. Angered, Hendricks guns down his own boss, starting a firefight in which he and McNally are wounded.


title: Rio Lobo

text: After a failed attempt to blow up the cantina McNally's allies are using as a base, Hendricks' men are outflanked by the rest of the townspeople, who have rallied to help. Hendricks' men turn and run. Hendricks shoots at them, but he has been using his rifle as a crutch and, with its muzzle clogged with dust, it explodes in his face. As he stumbles to his horse, Amelita shoots him, thus fulfilling her promise to McNally.


title: Rio Lobo

text: The film was meant to be shot in Durango, Mexico on a budget of $5 million. However shooting on the movie "Lawman" took up facilities there so Hawks and Cinema Center had to spend an extra $1 million to allow shooting at Old Tucson Studios, and near Los Angeles. The film was shot in Technicolor.


title: Rio Lobo

text: Hawks said he had to fight Cinema Center to cast Chris Mitchum (whose father was actor Robert Mitchum) in the movie.


title: Rio Lobo

text: The film made US$4.25 million in rentals, twentieth among the highest money-making pictures of the year, but it grossed $2 million less than its $6 million budget, making it a box-office bomb.


title: Rio Lobo

text: Upon release, the film received mostly negative reviews. "Variety" wrote that "Hawks' direction is as listless as the plot". Roger Ebert, who gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, wrote, ""Rio Lobo" is just a shade tired, especially after the finely honed humor and action of "El Dorado"." Roger Greenspun of "The New York Times" said that the film was "close enough to greatness to stand above everything else so far in the current season." His comments surprised other critics and resulted in numerous angry letters sent to the newspaper.


title: Rio Lobo

text: In retrospective, the film does have better reviews from contemporary critics. In Rotten Tomatoes the film has a 70% rating, based in 23 reviews, with an average rating of 6.10/10. The consensus is that "Howard Hawks and John Wayne reunite to riff on their own "Rio Bravo", and while the results are less memorable the movie does offer a curiously cynical perspective." In a retrospective review, Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote, "The fact that its best action sequence, the first, was directed by the second unit is emblematic of Hawks's relative lack of engagement with the material." "TV Guide" wrote, "for such a refined director as Hawks to end his career on a note like this, having made some of the finest films in the history of American cinema, is an atrocity not worth the silver used in the negative." Writing for "Time Out", Geoff Andrew said, "If it lacks the formal perfection of "Rio Bravo" and the moving elegy for men grown old of "El Dorado", it's still a marvellous film". "Empire" writer Ian Nathan wrote in January 2000, "this well-bred Western is just a routine canter through themes and gunfights as worn as the saddles." Quentin Tarantino cited "Rio Lobo" as one of the reasons he wanted to have a short directing career: "the most cutting-edge artist, the coolest guys, the hippest dudes, they’re the ones that stay at the party too long. They’re the ones that make those last two or three movies that are completely out of touch and do not realize the world has turned on them [...] I don’t want to make "Rio Lobo"."


title: Rio Lobo

text: The music for "Rio Lobo" was composed by Jerry Goldsmith. The soundtrack album was released in Belgium in 2001 on Prometheus Records.


title: Hum (film)

text: Hum () is a 1991 Indian Hindi-language action crime film directed by Mukul S. Anand. It stars Amitabh Bachchan, Rajinikanth, Govinda, Kimi Katkar, Deepa Sahi, Shilpa Shirodkar, Danny Denzongpa, Anupam Kher and Kader Khan. This was the most successful film for the famous super star Bachchan in the early '90s before he announced his temporary retirement (for five years) immediately after its release. At the 37th Filmfare Awards, the film received 7 nominations and won 4 awards including Best Actor for Bachchan and Best Choreographer for Chinni Prakash for the song "Jumma Chumma De De". The film was the fourth highest-grossing Indian film of 1991 at the box office.


title: Hum (film)

text: Bhaktawar (Danny Denzongpa) rules over the docks in Mumbai, treating his workers like slaves. Despite his general dissatisfaction with this regime, Tiger (Amitabh Bachchan) extorts money from the dock workers for his father Pratap (Deepak Shirke), who in turn works as an enforcer for Bhaktawar.


title: Hum (film)

text: Tiger is in love with his best friend Gonsalves (Romesh Sharma)'s sister Jumma (Kimi Katkar). Gonsalves is against Bhaktawar's policies and is killed by Bhaktawar and in the subsequent fall-out, Tiger's father and stepmother also die, leaving two young half-brothers, Kumar and Vijay, with Tiger.


title: Hum (film)

text: Tiger immediately sets out to kill Bhaktawar but is stopped by Inspector Girdhar (Anupam Kher). Girdhar reminds Tiger to fulfil his dying stepmother's wish and take care of his brothers while leaving the police to deal with Bhaktawar. Girdhar and his faithful sidekick Havaldar Arjun Singh (Annu Kapoor) steal money from Bhaktawar's safe and set fire to Bhaktawar's house to destroy any evidence, murdering Bhaktawar's wife and his daughter. Police later arrest Bhaktawar for killing Tiger's family and sends him to jail. Tiger escapes in a train and Jumma refuses to leave with Tiger, as his brothers should be his priority. Jumma and Tiger promise to reunite in the future. Girdhar bombs the train carrying Tiger and his brothers to eliminate any possible witnesses of his crime, but they escape.


title: Hum (film)

text: Years later, Tiger has renamed himself Shekhar and is a respectable farmer and timber merchant in Ooty. Kumar (Rajnikanth) is a police officer married to Aarti (Deepa Sahi), and they have a young daughter Jyoti (Sanjana). The youngest brother, Vijay (Govinda), is a college student. Vijay is in love with Anita (Shilpa Shirodkar), daughter of General Rana Pratap Singh (Kader Khan), who wants his daughter to marry a military officer. Shekhar and his brothers lead a happy family life. Neither of the two youngest brothers seems to have any memory of their time in Mumbai and both regard Shekhar as their elder brother. Jumma is now a successful actress, while Girdhar and Havaldar are leading a luxurious life off the money they stole from Bhaktawar.


title: Hum (film)

text: Bhaktawar is released from jail and is manipulated by Giridhar into believing that Tiger killed Bhaktawar's family. To seek revenge, Bhaktawar tracks down Tiger in Ooty. He kidnaps Aarti and Jyothi in Bangalore and tells them the truth about Shekhar. Meanwhile, Kumar also learns Shekhar's true identity and blames him for his wife and child's kidnapping. However, all misunderstandings are cleared by Jumma when she explains Vijay and Kumar about their past and the sacrifices made by Shekhar for them to lead a respectable life.


title: Hum (film)

text: Later Tiger, along with Kumar and Vijay, rescue Aarti and Jyoti and explain to Bhaktawar that it was Giridhar who had murdered his family. Bhaktawar then ties himself along with Giridhar to a bomb and they both die due to the explosion. The film ends with the family happily united.


title: Hum (film)

text: "Hum" was shot in various locations including Mumbai, Ooty, and Mauritius. Mukul S. Anand had considered and discussed a potential scene for this film with Rajinikanth, where Amitabh Bachchan's character would help Govinda get a seat in the Police Academy. Anand discarded the scene, because he did not find it suitable. But Rajinikanth felt the scene had the potential to develop into a script for a possible feature film, which resulted into the 1995 Tamil film "Baashha".


title: Hum (film)

text: In 1990 at Wembley stadium London, Amitabh Bachchan performed and danced to the song "Jumma Chumma De De" with Sridevi even before the film and song were released.


title: Hum (film)

text: The soundtrack was composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal. Two songs were inspired by Guinean singer Mory Kanté's 1987 album "Akwaba Beach", with "Jumma Chumma De De" being based on Kante's "Tama", while "Ek Doosre Se" was based on Kanté's "Inch Allah".


title: Hum (film)

text: The film grossed in India, including a net income of 9.25crore. It was the year's fourth highest-grossing film at the Indian box office.


title: Hum (film)

text: The film was an inspiration for the 1995 Tamil movie "Baashha" which went on to be remade in Kannada as "Kotigobba". It was also an inspiration for the 1996 Kannada film "Soma".


title: Mark 46 torpedo

text: The Mark 46 torpedo is the backbone of the United States Navy's lightweight anti-submarine warfare torpedo inventory and is the NATO standard. These aerial torpedoes are designed to attack high-performance submarines. In 1989, an improvement program for the Mod 5 to the Mod 5A and Mod 5A(S) increased its shallow-water performance. The Mark 46 was initially developed as Research Torpedo Concept I (RETORC I), one of several weapons recommended for implementation by Project Nobska, a 1956 summer study on submarine warfare.


title: Mark 46 torpedo

text: The Chinese Yu-7 torpedo is said to be based on the Mk 46 Mod 2. The Chinese Navy used the Yu-7 ASW torpedo, deployed primarily on ships and ASW helicopters, but it started to be replaced by the Yu-11 in 2012.


title: Nikki Cross

text: Nicola Glencross (born 21 April 1989) is a Scottish professional wrestler currently signed to WWE, where she performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Nikki Cross. She is a one-time WWE Raw Women's Champion, three-time WWE Women's Tag Team Champion and an 11-time and final WWE 24/7 Champion.


title: Nikki Cross

text: Glencross began her wrestling career on the independent circuit under the ring name Nikki Storm, most notably performing for Insane Championship Wrestling, , and Shimmer Women Athletes. In 2016, Glencross signed a contract with WWE, changing her ring name to Nikki Cross. During her first years with the company, she worked on the NXT brand as part of the stable Sanity. Her first character gimmick was that of a psychopathic and unhinged woman who would suffer mood swings. In mid-2018, Sanity was drafted to SmackDown without Cross, who stayed in NXT.


title: Nikki Cross

text: Cross was promoted to the main roster in December 2018. In 2019, Cross was drafted to Raw and formed a tag team with Alexa Bliss, winning the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship twice. From June 2021 to October 2022, Glencross' character became a faux-inspired superhero known as Nikki A. S. H. (standing for "Almost A Superhero"); in July 2021 as A. S. H., she won the Money in the Bank contract and successfully cashed it in the next day to become Raw Women's Champion, eventually reverting to the Cross name and persona.


title: Nikki Cross

text: Nicola Glencross was born and raised in Glasgow, Scotland and graduated from the University of Glasgow with a Bachelor of Arts and Master's degree in history. She is also a qualified fitness instructor and personal trainer.


title: Nikki Cross

text: In September 2008, Glencross made her professional wrestling debut with the Scottish Wrestling Alliance. She initially performed under the ring name "Nikki Storm", a name given to her by then-SWA ring announcer Marty Michaels, inspired by the "X Men" character Storm. In February 2010, she began working on the British independent circuit, and became a mainstay for promotions such as her debuting at the Insane Championship Wrestling (ICW), and , where she held the three times. In 2013, Storm began touring in Japan with JWP Joshi Puroresu, and made some appearances for World Wonder Ring Stardom until the middle of the summer of 2015.


title: Nikki Cross

text: In October 2013, Storm began wrestling for American all-female promotions Shimmer Women Athletes, Shine Wrestling and Women Superstars Uncensored. She has also wrestled for Global Force Wrestling (GFW), Absolute Intense Wrestling (AIW), World Wide Wrestling League (W3L), Queens of Combat, and World Xtreme Wrestling.


title: Nikki Cross

text: Glencross competed in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)'s "British Boot Camp 2", which began airing in October 2014, in which she was unsuccessful. During the show, she had a four-way match against Kasey Owens, Kay Lee Ray and Leah Owens, which she was victorious.


title: Nikki Cross

text: Glencross received a tryout with WWE in London during the autumn of 2015, and in April 2016, she was one of ten signees that had begun training at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. She debuted for NXT on 22 April during a live event. During a Facebook live video in August, she was introduced as Nikki Cross. She made her first televised appearance and in-ring debut on 17 August episode of "NXT" under the name Nikki Glencross, where she competed in a six-woman tag team match along with Carmella and Liv Morgan, defeating Daria Berenato, Mandy Rose, and Alexa Bliss.


title: Nikki Cross

text: On 12 October episode of "NXT", Nikki Cross returned as part of the debuting heel stable, Sanity, along with Alexander Wolfe, Eric Young, and Sawyer Fulton (who was later replaced by Killian Dain). Nikki Cross and Young accompanied Fulton and Wolfe for their winning effort against Bobby Roode and Tye Dillinger in the first round of the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic.<ref name="NXT 12/10/16"></ref> One week later, Nikki Cross scored her first televised singles victory over Danielle Kamela, however, the decision was reversed because Nikki Cross continued to attack Kamela after the match.<ref name="NXT 19/10/16"></ref>


title: Nikki Cross

text: On 11 January 2017 episode of "NXT", Nikki Cross came to the aid of NXT Women's Champion Asuka, who was being attacked by The Iconic Duo (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce), before turning on Asuka and attacking her as well. As a result, Cross, Royce, and Kay were placed in a four-way match at the event on 28 January, which Cross failed to win. In May, Cross participated in a number one contender's battle royal for Asuka's NXT Women's Championship, where she, Ruby Riot, and Ember Moon were attacked by Asuka for being the last competitors left in the match and as a result, all four of them were placed into a four-way championship match at , which was later changed to a three-way match after Ember Moon suffered an injury. At the event, Cross failed to capture the title. In a rematch which was contested in a three-way elimination match once again against both women, Riot was the first eliminated before the match ended in a no contest as Cross and Asuka brawled backstage. This led to a last woman standing match (the first-ever in WWE history) between the two women for the NXT Women's Championship on 28 June episode of "NXT", in which Cross was once again defeated.<ref name="NXT 28/06/17"></ref>


title: Nikki Cross

text: On 19 August at , Cross accompanied and helped Sanity to capture the NXT Tag Team Championship from The Authors of Pain. On 20 September episode of "NXT", Sanity helped Drew McIntyre against The Undisputed Era, thus turning them face in the process. In October, Cross earned herself a spot for the fatal four-way match for the vacant NXT Women's Championship at on 18 November,<ref name="NXT25/10/17"></ref> which was ultimately won by Ember Moon. During the 2018 Superstar Shake-up, her fellow stable partners Eric Young, Alexander Wolfe, and Killian Dain were drafted to SmackDown, leaving Cross on NXT to work again as a singles competitor.


title: Nikki Cross

text: In 2018, Cross began a short winning streak, defeating Lacey Evans<ref name="NXT31/01/18"></ref> and Vanessa Borne.<ref name="NXT21/02/18"></ref> Throughout the summer, Cross started a feud with Shayna Baszler over the NXT Women's Championship, which led to a match between the two at , in which Cross was once again unsuccessful and was defeated by technical submission. After a short hiatus, Cross returned in August and she was placed in the Aleister Black attack storyline where she was revealed to be a witness as she was on the roof of the building at the time he was attacked. In September, Cross also started a short feud with Bianca Belair which led to a match between the two that ended in a double count-out. One month later on 17 October episode of "NXT", a rematch ended in a no contest after Aleister Black returned and interrupted it to ask Cross who his attacker was. Johnny Gargano was eventually revealed as the attacker and her involvement in the storyline sparked a match between Cross and Gargano's wife Candice LeRae, whom she was able to defeat in a singles match at . Cross wrestled her final NXT match on 9 January 2019 episode of "NXT", where she lost to Bianca Belair, officially ending the feud between the two as well.


title: Nikki Cross

text: On 6 November 2018 episode of "SmackDown" from Manchester, England, Cross made her surprise main roster debut on SmackDown by answering an open challenge from WWE SmackDown Women's Champion Becky Lynch, who defeated her in a non-title match. On 17 December 2018 episode of "Raw", Cross was advertised as one of the six NXT wrestlers about to be moved up to the main roster. On 14 January 2019 episode of "Raw", Cross made her Raw debut, teaming with Bayley and Natalya in a winning effort against The Riott Squad (Liv Morgan, Ruby Riott, and Sarah Logan). At the Royal Rumble, Cross entered her first Royal Rumble match at number 8, lasting nine minutes before being eliminated by The IIconics (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce). On 4 February episode of "Raw", Cross and Alicia Fox were defeated by The Boss 'n' Hug Connection (Bayley and Sasha Banks) in a match to determine the final Raw entrants in the tag team Elimination Chamber match to determine the inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Champions at the Elimination Chamber event. On 8 April (aired 24 April) at Worlds Collide, she took part in a triple threat match for the NXT UK Women's Championship, which was won by defending champion Toni Storm.


title: Nikki Cross

text: After not being mentioned during the 2019 WWE Superstar Shake-up, Cross was confirmed to have been drafted to the Raw brand on 8 May taping of "Main Event" (aired on 11 May). She began to work with Alexa Bliss and, during the following weeks, they would have matches for the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship and the SmackDown Women's Championship. On 5 August 2019 episode of Raw, Bliss and Cross captured the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship, marking Nikki Cross's first championship in WWE.


title: Nikki Cross

text: They would defend the title at SummerSlam and at Clash of Champions but lost it at Hell in a Cell to Asuka and Kairi Sane. Although drafted separately instead of as a team during the 2019 WWE Draft, they remained on Raw, but the team was then traded to SmackDown.


title: Nikki Cross

text: At WrestleMania 36, Cross and Bliss won the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship for a second time by defeating Asuka and Kairi Sane, but they lost it on 5 June 2020 episode of SmackDown to Bayley and Sasha Banks.


title: Nikki Cross

text: On 21 June 2021 episode of "Raw", Nikki Cross debuted an inspired faux-superhero gimmick with her ring name changing to Nikki A. S. H., with A. S. H. standing for "Almost a Super Hero". At Money in the Bank, She won the women's Money in the Bank ladder match and cashed in her Money in the Bank contract the following night on Raw, defeating Charlotte Flair to win the Raw Women's Championship for the first time in her career. However, she lost the title back to Flair at SummerSlam. On 20 September episode of "Raw", she would win the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship for a third time with Rhea Ripley by defeating Natalya and Tamina. They lost it on 22 November episode of "Raw" to Queen Zelina and Carmella, ending their reign at 63 days. On 10 January 2022 episode of "Raw", she turned heel by attacking Ripley. She participated in the Royal Rumble match at the namesake event and entered at #22, eliminating fellow superheroine Mighty Molly due to being jealous of her, before she was eliminated by eventual winner Ronda Rousey. At Elimination Chamber, she entered the Elimination Chamber match for a Raw Women's Championship match at WrestleMania 38, but was eliminated by Ripley. On the 2 May episode of "Raw", she would win the WWE 24/7 Championship from Dana Brooke, only to lose it to Brooke on the same episode.


title: Nikki Cross

text: In May 2022, she began to work with Doudrop as a tag team. After the Women's Tag Team Championship was vacated in May, A. S. H. and Doudrop entered a tournament to crown new champions which began in August. They lost in the first round to Alexa Bliss and Asuka. On the 30 August episode of "NXT 2.0", A. S. H. and Doudrop made a surprise appearance as they challenged the NXT Women's Tag Team Champions Katana Chance and Kayden Carter for their titles at Worlds Collide, but lost the match. By doing so, A. S. H. became the first woman in WWE to challenge for all currently active women's championships in WWE.


title: Nikki Cross

text: On the October 24, 2022 episode of "Raw", Cross interfered in a match between Bayley and Bianca Belair, attacking both women, and reverting to her "unhinged" gimmick and her "Nikki Cross" name. On the November 7 episode of "Raw", Nikki joined Damage CTRL (Bayley, Dakota Kai, and IYO SKY) in a brawl against Bianca Belair, Asuka, and Alexa Bliss. It was announced later that Nikki would team with Damage CTRL to take on Belair, Asuka, and Bliss in a WarGames match at Survivor Series WarGames on November 26, 2022. Later in the night, Nikki defeated Dana Brooke to win her 11th 24/7 Championship, but later discarded the title belt backstage; the title was deactivated shortly thereafter.


title: Nikki Cross

text: Cross is playable in "WWE 2K18", "WWE 2K20", and "WWE 2K22" as both her original and "Almost A Superhero" personas.


title: Nikki Cross

text: In 2019, Glencross married her long-time boyfriend and former Sanity stablemate, Damian Mackle, better known as Killian Dain.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: Crystalized is the fifteenth and final season of the computer-animated "Ninjago" television series (titled "Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu" before the eleventh season). The series was created by Michael Hegner and Tommy Andreasen. The season aired in two parts: the first in May 2022, and the other from September to October 2022. Following the passing of Kirby Morrow, the season is the first in the series to feature Andrew Francis as the new voice actor of Cole. Although "Crystalized" marks the conclusion of the original "Ninjago" series, it is not the final installment of the "Ninjago" franchise, as a new series for the Lego Ninjago brand is set to premiere in 2023.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: The storyline of the fifteenth season directly follows on from the preceding season, "", which involved the ninja character Nya becoming one with the sea and being lost to the ninja team. The first part of "Crystalized" focuses on the ninja attempting to save Nya by restoring her to her human form, breaking the law and becoming wanted fugitives in the process. The rest of the season centers around the return of the ninja's old enemy, the Overlord, under a new alias called the Crystal King, as he assembles some of the greatest adversaries from the ninja's past to defeat them once and for all and conquer Ninjago. Lloyd is the focus character of the season, with the Overlord, his Crystal Council (consisting of previous "Ninjago" antagonists Harumi, Pythor, Aspheera, Vangelis, Mr. F, and the Mechanic), and the Crystal Army serving as the season's primary antagonists.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: The season features the return of the main cast, who have voiced the ninja characters across the series, excluding Kirby Morrow as the character Cole. "Crystalized" was the first season to feature Andrew Francis as the character's voice actor. Francis was cast in the role following the loss of Morrow, who had previously voiced the character since the beginning of the series. Series co-creator Tommy Andreasen released an open letter to fans explaining the decision to recast the part of Cole. He stated that several options had been considered regarding the character's future, including retiring the character, using existing dialogue from previous seasons to retain Morrow's voice in the series, creating a story where Cole does not speak, or recasting. The "Ninjago" team made the ultimate decision to recast the part. Andreasen explained, "We must remain true to the character Kirby shaped. Cole is crucial in the 2022 story and the World and Ninjago need Cole. So, recasting it was! And a very hard and emotional one at that."


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: Andreasen revealed on Twitter that a new actor voicing a new character would be introduced in the season, which he described as, "one of the weirdest and wonderful ones [the writers] have ever come up with." He also revealed that the character Jake would return in the season, voiced by Nicholas Holmes, and that the character Kai would have, "much love and romance in the year to come."


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: In January 2021, Tommy Andreasen mentioned the script for the season on Twitter and said that fans would have to wait until 2022 for the season to be released. The Lego Group released several preview clips on its official YouTube channel leading up to the season's premiere, including an official teaser on 29 April 2022, and an official trailer on 20 May 2022. In a France TV Pro press release for the season, which was released in May 2022, an official season poster was revealed that drew comparisons to the design of the theatrical release poster for "". The season was scheduled to premiere in France on 6 June 2022. The first twelve English episodes were released online on The Lego Group's YouTube channel on 20 May 2022, with viewing restricted by region but were removed three days later with no explanation, but were made public again on 1 June 2022. On the same day, they were also released on Netflix. It also debuted on CITV in the United Kingdom on 6 June 2022.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: A trailer for the second half of the season was revealed during the Lego Con 2022 live show on 18 June 2022. At Comic Con 2022, it was announced that the second half of the season will be released in early October on Neflix. The 13th and 14th episodes, titled "A Sinister Shadow" and "The Spider's Design", respectively, were released earlier on Sky Go in New Zealand on 18 September 2022. Netflix Australia later confirmed the second half of the season would be released on 1 October 2022.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: A group called the New Ninja appear in Ninjago City, fighting vengestone smugglers. The ninja team has lost faith and broken up. Nya roams the Endless Sea as a water dragon but begins to recover her memories. She meets a water elemental named Nyad, who helps her to find her way back home. The ninja reunite and uncover a secret shipment of vengestone in a subway tunnel. They are forced to fight Miss Demeanor and her thugs, but are humiliated when the New Ninja defeat the villains.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: Nya returns to the monastery in her aqueous form and Zane freezes her to maintain her shape. The team decide to break Aspheera out of Kryptarium prison to steal her staff so that Aspheera can drain Nya's elemental power and return her back to her human form. Skylor helps to keep Nya frozen while they retrieve Aspheera and the staff. During their mission, the ninja are forced to fight the New Ninja and Kai accidentally reveals their identities, making them fugitives. Aspheera agrees to help them in exchange for her freedom and returns Nya to her human form. The New Ninja arrive at the monastery and arrest the entire ninja team except for Nya. Aspheera escapes and is recruited by a stranger known as the Crystal King.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: The ninja are sentenced to five years in Kryptarium prison. They find themselves surrounded by their old enemies, including Pythor. Lloyd is visited by the Crystal King's messenger, who warns him that the Crystal King is gathering Lloyd's enemies against him. When Pythor is recruited by the messenger and broken out of prison, the ninja try to stop him, but fail. The ninja eventually escape with the help of Nya, disguised as Samurai X, and Dareth, but find themselves wandering the desert while pursued by sheriff HoundDog McBrag. On the road they are picked up by a young singer who is making her way to Ninjago City and Zane learns the benefits of emotions. The ninja reunite at Twitchy Tim's gas station, where Fugi-Dove helps them escape from McBrag. They confront The Mechanic in his lair and subdue him, allowing Lloyd to impersonate him at the Council of the Crystal King. There he meets the other members, who are Aspheera, Pythor, King Vangelis, and Mr. F, but his identity is discovered and he is captured. The Crystal King's messenger reveals herself to be Harumi, whom Lloyd believed to be dead.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: Harumi explains that, after her death, she was resurrected by the Crystal King and agreed to serve him, even after learning his true identity as the Overlord. Using vengestone bought from Vangelis prior to his defeat by the ninja, Harumi built an army that can negate the ninja's elemental powers. Harumi reveals her plan to steal the Golden Weapons from the monastery and Lloyd vows to stop her. Kai, Jay, Zane, and Cole are attacked by explosive Crystal Spiders, trapping them underground. This enrages Lloyd, who believes his friends to be dead, and awakens his previously dormant Oni powers. The Crystal Council (now joined by the Mechanic) attack the monastery, destroying it and taking the Golden Weapons. Wu, Skylor, and P.I.X.A.L. are saved by MiniPix 7, one of P.I.X.A.L.'s miniature robot assistants, while Nya escapes in her Samurai X armour. As Nya rescues the trapped ninja, Aspheera performs a ritual that corrupts the Golden Weapons and allows the Overlord to take physical form once again.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: The Overlord uses his powers to grant the Crystal Council new abilities, bring the Crystal Army to life, and make the Oni Temple airborne. Lloyd refuses to join him and escapes, taking Harumi with him, and they both fall off the temple into the jungle. The ninja head to Primeval's Eye to rescue Lloyd, just as he and Harumi are found by the Crystal Council. Lloyd is forced to abandon Harumi and escape with his friends, informing them of the Overlord's return. The Crystal Army begins marching towards Ninjago City, corrupting everyone in their path. The ninja try to stop them, but find that their vehicles are being drained by the crystals. Wu and Lloyd track down Garmadon living in an apartment in Ninjago City. Garmadon reveals that since his departure, he has started a journey of self-improvement, by caring for a potted plant he named Christofern. He agrees to help the ninja after the Crystal Army destroys his apartment and damages Christofern.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: Wu theorizes that the powers of Creation and Destruction are the only things that can harm the Overlord, and reaches out to Misako for research on a powerful Dragon form. Meanwhile, Garmadon tries to teach Lloyd how to master his Oni powers, but he is reluctant to give into his negative emotions. After P.I.X.A.L. upgrades the ninja's vehicles to be powered by the crystals instead, they again fight the Crystal Army while Wu confronts the Overlord. The Overlord defeats Wu and unleashes a powerful weapon that crystalizes all of Ninjago City, destroying the ninja's vehicles. Wu takes shelter with a group of paperkids and he broadcasts a message to inspire others. Nya reawakens her elemental powers to save herself and Jay, and they set out to find help. HoundDog McBrag finds Garmadon and Lloyd and tries to arrest the latter, but is left speechless after Lloyd saves him from a crystalized Serpentine. P.I.X.A.L. finds a broken Zane (who has been returned to his Ice Emperor persona) and brings him to Borg Tower. Kai and Cole are rescued by Skylor and join Wu and other refugees at the newspaper warehouse, while Lloyd and Garmadon search for the missing Serpentine. Wu re-establishes a communication link with the ninja and they decide to reach out to all their allies for help. Cyrus Borg provides Ronin and his fugitives with mechs and fixes Zane before P.I.X.A.L. restores his memory with an emotional outreach. Nya uses her powers to contact the Merlopians, while Racer 7 escorts Cole across Ninjago City to broadcast a distress call to Shintaro.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: The ninja regroup at the warehouse and make their final stand against the Crystal Army, while Lloyd and Garmadon confront the Overlord. Kai, Jay, Zane, and Cole unlock their Dragon forms, defeat the Crystal Council, and restore the Golden Weapons to their original form. The Overlord reveals that he corrupted the Great Devourer in order to make Garmadon evil, causing Harumi to switch sides to help Lloyd and Garmadon. Garmadon is seemingly killed, triggering Lloyd's Oni form, but he resists using his rage to win. The ninja combine the Golden Weapons, releasing their elemental powers to form a four-headed dragon. Lloyd rides the dragon and defeats the Overlord before escaping the crumbling Oni Temple with Harumi and Garmadon, who faked his death. In the aftermath, the ninja's elemental powers return to their source of origin, Garmadon plants Christofern atop a mountain, and the ninja rebuild the monastery alongside their friends and allies.


title: Ninjago: Crystalized

text: A new television series for the Lego Ninjago brand was announced by the Ninjago team on the Lego Entertainment Panel at San Diego Comic-Con. The new series will be released in 2023.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War is a military science fiction real-time strategy video game developed by Relic Entertainment and based on Games Workshop's tabletop wargame "Warhammer 40,000". It was released by THQ on September 20, 2004 in North America and on September 24 in Europe. Three expansion packs have been released: "" in 2005, "" in 2006, and "" in 2008. Its first sequel, "" was released in February 2009. Another sequel, "", was released in April 2017.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: As a series, "Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War" has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide as of January 2013.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Gameplay is initially focused on capturing and holding strategic locations on the battlefield. These control points are captured by infantry squads and provide resources to construct additional units and buildings or unlock certain units in an army's tech tree. Battles are won either by holding a certain number of control points for a period of time or by destroying all of the opposing armies' HQ structures. A number of special conditions are available to choose from to customize matches.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: In addition to the four fully playable races, the Imperial Guard also make appearances in the single player campaign as allies of the Space Marines, led by Colonel Brom. Lacking the superhuman resilience and fighting prowess of the Space Marines, Imperial Guardsmen are forced to rely on numbers, ranged weaponry, and tanks. Limited numbers of Imperial Guard units can be controlled in the Space Marines campaign. They would later be made into the featured playable race in the first expansion pack, "".


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: In the second expansion pack, "", there are two additional races to be played online and solo, Tau and Necrons. In order to play as Space Marines, Chaos, Eldar, Orks or Imperial Guard online, one must have the original "Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War" game installed. The third and last expansion pack, "", adds another two playable armies: Sisters of Battle and Dark Eldar. As with "Dark Crusade", one must own the previous installments to play the other factions in multiplayer.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Two primary resources exist: requisition and power. These resources are not harvested or otherwise gathered by the player's units. Instead, requisition is generated constantly by the army headquarters. The player can increase the rate at which requisition is acquired by using infantry squads to capture and control "Strategic Points", "Critical Locations" and "Relics" on the battlefield. These points, with the exception of the "Critical Location", can be reinforced with defensive structures called Listening Posts that also increase the rate of requisition accumulation. Though resources are unlimited, all sources of requisition will eventually decay, dramatically decreasing their supply rate.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Power is gathered by building generators, which also decay over time and consequently produce less power. Additionally, some maps have "slag deposits", upon which more powerful generators can be constructed to produce power faster. As the player progresses up the tech tree, reliance on power increases.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: In addition to these primary resources, the Orks also have Ork resource. Ork resource is generated continuously by "Waaagh!" banners and is used up when creating Ork troops and vehicles. The number of banners and the size of the Ork population determines the Ork's "Waaagh!" level which in turn determines the technology level the player has access to.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Infantry units are not given orders as individuals; they move and attack as squads. Most fully reinforced squads consist of about eight individuals, although when they are first requisitioned, they usually have fewer. They can usually be equipped with special weapons and a specific leader, depending on the squad type. Squads can produce and replace their own units and weaponry anywhere in the field, but the player must wait a short period of time before new individuals, weapons, and leaders appear in the squad. Additionally, all races have commander units, which are general leaders or other units that can be attached to most squads, but are produced separately.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Infantry units can fight in both ranged and hand-to-hand combat, and many units will have weapons for both types of combat, and if attacked in close combat will have to respond accordingly. Hand-to-hand combat is played out as a series of synchronized attack animations between combatants. When one combatant defeats the other, a finishing move known as "Sync Kill" plays out as the victorious fighter finishes his opponent off in a dramatic and violent manner. More powerful units, such as Heroes, Walkers, and monstrous Super Units, may have personalized Sync Kills against each other.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Vehicles are highly resistant to most standard infantry weaponry, so they must be targeted with specific heavy weapons (e.g. anti-tank rockets) to be destroyed. Vehicles can also be upgraded with multiple weapon systems, usually forcing a choice between either anti-infantry or anti-vehicle armaments. Walkers are a type of vehicle often armed with powerful heavy melee weapons, causing devastating damage in close combat.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: In addition to a typical hitpoint system, infantry units also have morale. When in combat, squads take morale damage as well as health damage. However, morale applies to a squad as a whole. In addition to health, the morale of a squad heavily influences its combat ability. When morale drops to zero, the squad "breaks", which significantly reduces the squad's ranged accuracy, damage dealt in mêlée, and defensive capability. The squad's movement speed, however, is slightly increased to allow it to retreat. That said, the unit must still be ordered away from the combat for it to escape. The squad's morale will regenerate on its own while the squad is not in combat, and the squad will "regroup" and regain combat effectiveness once it reaches a certain threshold.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Just as with hitpoints, different types of units have different amounts of morale. Commanders have the most morale, and basic infantry usually have the least. Attaching (when possible) a commander unit to basic squads significantly increases their morale. Some weapon types, such as flamethrowers, sniper rifles and artillery bombardment, are especially effective at demoralizing the enemy. Favorable terrain such as craters, ruins or thick jungle give units a defensive cover bonus against both hitpoint and morale damage, while water and swamps will decrease their defensive ability.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: The number of units a player may field at one time is determined by population and vehicle 'squad caps'; these limit the number of infantry troops and vehicles a player may have on the battlefield. Squad caps may be increased using methods differing between races. Most units have a melee attack and a ranged attack. Units are often specialized to be better using one attack type. Certain units are "hard capped", meaning a player may only have a certain amount of them, such as Skull probes and Apothecaries (both of the Space marine faction) being limited to 4, and commanders and ultimate units being limited to 1. All units also have stances; these affect how the units respond to enemies. There are three types of units: commanders, infantry, and vehicles.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Commanders are hero units, and each commander can only be fielded one at a time. If they perish, they may be rebuilt. A sub-class is the semi-commander unit, which has many abilities like the commander unit but several may be fielded at once. Infantry are foot soldiers, and may either be regular or heavy, with heavy infantry being much tougher than normal infantry. Vehicles serve as heavy weapon platforms and/or transports, and include tanks, artillery, troop carriers and walkers.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Infantry come in squads that are commanded as a single entity. They may be reinforced with additional members, equipped with special weapons, or be attached to hero units. Some squads have special abilities, such as grenades, teleportation, and stealth, unlocked with research or leader units. Unit longevity is determined by their health and morale points, which govern a squad's fighting effectiveness. Both are reduced by weaponry; morale recharges independently or due to unit abilities, while health is increased by natural regeneration, healer units, or repair.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Each of the four races has access to a unique special unit whilst in control of a ‘relic’, they are superior to normal units. To obtain one of the special units the player must complete all pre-requisites (research, own specific buildings) and be in the final tier of research. These special units also require substantially more resources and time to create.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Aside from their initial headquarters, races may build research and resource centers, unit-producing facilities, and defensive fortifications. Research buildings may research special upgrades that increase the abilities of that race's units, while resource buildings produce resources. Unit facilities produce infantry and vehicles. In order to access their next tier, a race must build certain buildings to unlock new technologies and buildings.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: The game is set in the Warhammer 40,000 universe: a dystopian vision of the far future in which humanity has forged a galaxy-spanning empire, The Imperium of Man. The Imperium, desperately fighting to preserve the human race from extinction, is in a state of constant war with alien species like the Orks or Eldar, as well as insurrections from renegade worlds or the human servants of Chaos, who employ demonic forces and sorcery under either of the Chaos Gods they serve, having deliberately betrayed their once godlike Emperor of Man.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: The single player campaign is set on the planet Tartarus, an Imperial colony under siege by Ork invaders, with the player taking the role of the Space Marines' Blood Ravens 3rd Company, led by Captain Gabriel Angelos, that arrives to assist the planet's 37th Tartarus Planetary Defence Force Regiment of the Imperial Guard, led by Colonel Carus Brom. The story of this campaign also sets the stage for the events of .


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: The Blood Ravens' Space Marines, upon descent to the planet's surface, secure Tartarus' spaceport and start their own operations against the warring Orkish forces. These include key tasks such as the elimination of their leaders (including an Ork Warboss) to destabilize the Orks' fighting spirit. Unknown to the Space Marines, however, the Orks' invasion was in fact engineered by the Chaos Alpha Legion's Sorcerer, Sindri Myr, as a smokescreen to their operations on Tartarus, using the forces of Sindri's supposed commander, Lord Bale. However, during the confrontation with the Warboss, the shuttle which ferries Sindri and Bale away is spotted by a Blood Ravens' scout.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Hearing this, Angelos is set to investigate, but is interrupted by the sudden arrival of Mordecai Toth of the Inquisition, who attempts to order the Blood Ravens to evacuate Tartarus (due to an upcoming Warp Storm that will soon engulf the planet in Chaos energy and prevent warp travel and escape). Angelos allows Toth use of Space Marine transports to assist in the evacuation but desires to remain and investigate, clashing with Toth's resolution, who cites that Angelos' previous request of an Exterminatus (a space-based planetary bombardment) on his once homeworld of Cyrene, years ago, may have affected his judgement, "seeing Chaos where it doesn't exist".


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: During Angelos' obstinate pursuit, he uncovers the presence of Eldar forces from the Biel-Tan Craftworld, under Farseer Macha, covertly operating on Tartarus and coming across Chaos 'markers' (Sacrificial sites which show the way to a specific location) that Angelos orders his long-friend and Librarian, Isador Akios, to document and then destroy. The Librarian, however, secretly harbours Chaos artifacts and he damages the Blood Ravens' transports to allow further research time, being influenced constantly by Sindri's temptations.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Angelos' forces track the Eldar to the urban settlement of Loovre Marr, engaging them in full-scale battle, as Sindri and the Alpha Legion infiltrate the city and abscond with an artifact, which Macha believes is the "key to the undoing of this world". Witnessing the events too late, Angelos presses Macha for more information, but instead, the Eldar leader implicates Toth's involvement in the matter, citing his obstinance in withholding information and using the matter of the upcoming Warp Storm to avoid involving any other interested party in the conflict. Angelos clashes again with Toth, who assumes command of all of the planet's Imperial assets, except the Blood Ravens and 37th Tartarus Planetary Defence Force, after learning Angelos employed Colonel Brom's Imperial Guard to assist him. Toth claims that Angelos' stubbornness to leave the planet may be a sign of Chaos corruption.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: On a hint given by Macha, whose forces are severely weakened due to the battle of Loovre Marr, the Blood Ravens track down the Alpha Legion to the ruins of an Imperial Temple where they are stalled by traitorous Imperial Guard regiments, corrupted by Chaos, giving time for Sindri and Bale to evade pursuit once again. After the battle, Angelos confronts Toth when he arrives at the scene, with Toth revealing the planet bears an ancient Chaos artifact called the Maledictum, a stone which contains the essence of a daemon, capable of influencing human minds to perform its bidding, while summoning Warp Storms to imprison any that attempt to escape. Toth explains that the Eldar presence on Tartarus was to prevent the Alpha Legion from unearthing the stone, unwilling to inform or cooperate with Imperial forces due to arrogant behaviour, seeing themselves as "the only capable defence against its influence".


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Angelos and Toth make amends and advance against the primary position of the Alpha Legion, as it is performing an unholy ritual to unearth the Maledictum. However, while the Blood Ravens and the remaining loyal Imperial Guard exterminate Lord Bale's forces, the same abandoned by Sindri to die to unearth the artifact, Isador takes the Maledictum and departs with Sindri, revealing that he had been overcome by the temptations of Chaos. Angelos and Toth pursue but only reach him after he has been subdued by Sindri who takes the Maledictum. Toth reveals that he suspected corruption from within the Blood Ravens, but made a mistake in focusing more on Angelos than Isador because of Angelos' obstinacy and dark past, citing it took either "steel or rot" to plead the Inquisition to exterminate the whole population of Angelos' former home. As the Blood Ravens destroy Isador's Chaos forces, Angelos fights Isador in a hand-to-hand duel. Despite Isador's taunts of Gabriel's supposed weakness and guilt for the events of Cyrene, Gabriel overcomes them, citing "innocents must die so that humanity may live", implying that the planet was long corrupted by Chaos and there was no salvation but by destruction. Defeating Isador, Angelos executes him even as the Librarian tries pleading for forgiveness.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Angelos and Toth chase Sindri to a ritual site, as the Warp Storm approaches, but fail to apprehend him before he performs a ritual with the Maledictum to sacrifice himself in order to summon a Daemon Prince. As Toth bequeaths his Daemon Hammer, "God-Splitter", to Angelos, the Blood Ravens, assisted by the Eldar survivors, fight and overcome the remaining Alpha Legion in a violent battle, overcoming the Daemon Prince despite its power. In the aftermath, Toth orders Angelos to destroy the Maledictum, while Macha pleads him to stay his hammer. Angelos, however, quickly destroys it. As all parties start to evacuate, Angelos is called back and faces the daemon that he has unkowingly freed from its prison, the Maledictum. The daemon reveals that all of Tartarus was actually a sacrificial altar to the Chaos God Khorne (the Blood God) and that every death in the confrontation, including the Ork invasion which was arranged by Sindri, were offerings to empower the stone to allow the Daemon's release. It is implied that had the Blood Ravens realised this and destroyed the Maledictum earlier, the daemon would likely have been destroyed as well.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: The daemon allows Angelos and the Blood Ravens to leave, though with a message that he soon would be coming for them all. Gabriel vows to destroy the daemon, stating "I know you now", before finally departing Tartarus.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: The base game has three expansions, all available in DVD format and on Steam. Each expansion adds substantial additional new content to the game, such as new factions, maps and units. For the latter standalone expansions, users are unable to play any factions in multiplayer other than those added by the expansion itself.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Cumulatively, the expansions add five new factions to the game's pre-existing selection of four, making for a total of nine factions to choose from, along with adding dozens of new maps, tweaks, etc.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: The "Game of the Year" edition was released on September 21, 2005 in the US and on September 23 in Europe, containing 4 exclusive maps. Later, the "Game of the Year" edition and "Winter Assault" were bundled in the "Gold Edition" in the US, released in March 2006. In November 2006, "Dawn of War" and its first two expansions were released together as "The Platinum Collection" in the USA or as the "Dawn of War Anthology" in the PAL regions. More recently, in March 2008, all three expansions along with "Dawn of War" have been released as "The Complete Collection".


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: In addition, a series of three novels was released by Black Library and later released as a single omnibus volume.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: By early 2009, "Dawn of War" and its expansion packs together had sold 4 million copies. "Dawn of War" received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Upon release, the critical response to "Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War" was on the whole positive. It was congratulated most frequently for its varied and balanced factions and units, its polished presentation, in particular the high quality of unit animations, and the user interface.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: One of the first reviews was by IGN, who awarded the game 8.8/10, in particular praising the large level of graphical and animation detail. They also cited the skirmish and multiplayer as one of the game's strongest points. GameSpot came to similar conclusions, in particular praising the game's presentation and audio.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: Conversely, an area of the game that drew criticism was the single player campaign, which many reviewers found to be too short and unchallenging. Another area of weakness identified was a lack of originality in the gameplay. However, these weaknesses were considered to be minor, IGN summarising "Nothing about the gameplay will really surprise anyone (though the addition of reinforceable squads is pretty neat) but it doesn't particularly matter ... Relic kicked ass creating a great piece of entertainment." The French website Jeux PC awarded the game 16 out of 20, in particular praising the simplicity of the user interface and the intensity of the battles. German reviewer Daniel Matschijewsky awarded the game 83 out of 100, praising the user interface and the sound, but identifying the campaign and the AI as weaker areas.


title: Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War

text: "Dawn of War" was a runner-up for "Computer Games Magazine"s list of the 10 best computer games of 2004. It received a runner-up position in "GameSpot"s 2004 "Best Strategy Game" award category across all platforms, losing to "".


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: Dakshina Kannada district is a district of Karnataka state in India, with its headquarters in the coastal city of Mangalore. It is part of the larger Tulu Nadu region. The district covers an area nestled in between the Western Ghats to its east and the Arabian Sea to its west. Dakshina Kannada receives abundant rainfall during the Indian monsoon. It is bordered by Udupi district (formerly a part of this district) to the north, Chikmagalur district to the northeast, Hassan district to the east, Kodagu to the southeast and Kasaragod district of Kerala to the south. According to the 2011 census of India, Dakshina Kannada district had a population of 2,083,625. It is the only district in Karnataka state to have all modes of transport like road, rail, water and air due to the presence of a major hub, Mangalore. This financial district is also known as the Cradle of Indian banking.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: The district geography consists of seashore in the west and Western Ghats in the east. The soil is mostly lateritic type, characterised by high iron and aluminium content.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: The major rivers are Netravathi, Kumaradhara, Gurupura (Phalguni), Shambhavi, Nandini or Pavanje and Payaswini; all join the Arabian sea. At Uppinangadi, the Netravathi and Kumaradhara rivers rise during the monsoon and meet. This event is called "Sangam", which in Sanskrit means confluence. Near Mangalore, an estuary is formed by the union of the rivers Netravathi and the Gurupura which merge into the Arabian Sea.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: The topography of the district is plain up to inside the coast and changes to undulating hilly terrain sharply towards the east in the Western Ghats. Teak, bamboo and rosewood trees are found in the hilly areas towards the east. The Geological Survey of India has identified this district as a moderately earthquake-prone region and categorised it in the Seismic III Zone. In rural Dakshina Kannada, houses are in the midst of a farm field or plantations of coconut or arecanut, separated by a few hundred metres.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: Shirlalu village (in the Kudremukh range of Belthangady taluk), with a maximum elevation of , is the highest point in Dakshina Kannada.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: Dakshina Kannada features a Tropical Monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification. The average annual rainfall in Dakshina Kannada is . The rainfall varies from at the Mangalore coast, at Moodabidri and at Puttur near the Western Ghats. The average humidity is 75% and peaks in July at 89%.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: As per the "Gramappadhathi", Dakshina Kannada (along with the rest of the west coast) was created by Parshurama standing on top of the Western Ghats, and caused the land to rise from the sea by throwing his axe. It was then given to 64 families of Brahmins to settle. He created a temple on Kunjaragiri Hill in memory of his mother. Kutashila spoken of in the Markandeya Purana is believed to be the town of Kollur, the abode of Mookambika Devi. Several rivers in the district, including the Netravati, are believed to be mentioned in the Markandeya Purana. Other traditions in the local Paddanas speak of Mayurasharma's inviting of Brahmins from Ahichchhatraa and his organisation of the district.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: The earliest recording of what would become Dakshina Kannada district is found in Sangam literature, specifically in a poem of Mamulanar. M Govinda Pai identified the kingdom of Harita mentioned in the Harivamsha as Dakshina Kannada, specifically correlating the word "Mudugara" with Moger, part of the title of the fishermen community in the district. Pai speculated as an alternative that the entire strip from North Kanara to Kanyakumari was inhabited by Nagas who worshipped snakes, and that the character Shankachuda mentioned in several works including the work Nagananda, was from this region. Several scholars identified the Satiyaputras mentioned in Ashoka's edicts as belonging to this region.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: The region, owing to its position on the west coast, also finds mention in Greek sources. Pliny mentioned pirates that infested the coast between the regions of Muziris and Nitiras, which many scholars have identified with the Netravati. Ptolemy mentions two ports: Barace and Maganur which modern-day scholars identified with Barsur and Mangalore respectively. Ptolemy mentioned an inland centre of pirates called Oloikhera, which has been identified with Alvakheda, or territories of the Alupas. The region also finds mention in a play called the Chariton Mime, which contains dialogue in a language scholars have variously interpreted as an early form of Kannada or Tulu.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: The Alupas (ಆಳುಪರು) ruled the erstwhile Dakshina Kannada region between the 8th and 14th century CE. Their origins go back further, and if Greek identifications are to be believed the Alupas may have been prominent local chiefs since the 2nd century CE. The Halmidi inscription of 450 CE mentions an Alupa chief fighting as a commander of the Kadambas in a battle against the Kekayas and Pallavas. In a stone inscription near Gudnapur dated to c. 500 CE, the Alupas are mentioned as subordinates to the Kadambas. In 602, the Mahakuta Pillar inscription refers to the Aluvas as being conquered by Kirtivarman Iof the Chalukyas. In the Aihole inscription, it appears the Chalukyas had crushed an Alupa rebellion in the early 7th century. During the reign of Vinayadtiya, it is mentioned how the Alupa chiefs helped the king restore peace after the disastrous war with the Pallavas. This Alupa ruler, Aluvarassa I, travelled from Mangalapura (modern Mangalore). After a civil war, and the overthrow of the Chalukyas by Dantidurga in 753, the Alupas entered into tributary relations with the Pallavas. Starting in the 9th century, the Alupas began to lose territory and Rashtrakuta king Krishna II sent a military expedition which placed the Alupas firmly under Rashtrakuta control. When the Cholas occupied Alupa territory during the reign of Rajaraja I, Bankideva Alupendra drove the Cholas out. In the late 11th and early 12th century, the Alupas had to acknowledge the suzreinty of the Chalukyas of Kalyani, before it was attacked by the Hoysalas and forced to acknowledge their suzerainty. An Old Malayalam inscription (Ramanthali inscriptions), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore, can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty) near Kannur, in the North Malabar region of Kerala.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: A 1204 inscription shows Mangalore had regained its position as capital from Barkur. Over the course of the 13th and 14th centuries, Alupa power declined steadily until Alupakheda was annexed by the Vijayangara Empire. The first Vijayanagara inscription in the district was from 1345 in Attavara. For the next three centuries, the empire administered Tulu Nadu with a firm hand especially as Tulu Nadu was the conduit through which much of their western trade, and how they secured horses from Arabia. Harihara Raya built a fort at Barkur, and instituted a revenue system where half of crops went to the cultivators while the rest were divided between landlords, Brahmins and the state. Ibn Batutta mentioned how the Muslim governor of 'Honore' paid tribute to a Vijayanagara revenue collector in Barkur with the title Wadiyar. While passing from Karwar to Kozhikode, he stayed in a port identified as 'Manjarur', identified as Mangalore, and noted the country to be prosperous but with few wheeled vehicles.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: Two hero stones dated to 1398 in Bhatkal record a rebellion in Tulu Nadu. At this time, the Alupa rule was basically ended and replaced with Barakur and Mangaluru rajyas, sometimes united into one Tulu Rajya. The governors were often transferred: during the reign of Devaraya II, there were eight governors of Mangaluru rajya. During the usurpation of Saluva Narasimharaya, he did much to improve the horse trade, which had suffered under previous rulers with his governor Mallappa Nayaka. When Krishnadevaraya came to power, he largely relied on the local feudal chiefs to remain obedient. Sadashiva Nayaka of Keladi ruled over Barakuru, Mangaluru, Chandragutti and Araga rajyas.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: When the Portuguese first arrived in the region, they described Tulunadu as a prosperous trading country populated by both Moors (Muslims) and Genitles (Hindus). They were received well by Krishnadevaraya. But when they discovered Muslim merchants in Mangalore and Barakur, they blockaded the rivers leading there in 1526, they conquered Mangalore facing some resistance. Franciscan friars began preaching in Mangalore and the surrounding regions, while the Portuguese began collecting tribute in grain and other goods. In 1530, the Portuguese stormed the Mangalore fort again facing resistance they easily annihilated. In 1547, Aliya Rama Raya entered into a treaty with the Portuguese by which all imports and exports passed through their hands. This treaty was highly unpopular among the local chiefs, who often resisted Portuguese tributary collection. Some chiefs even supported the alliance of sultanates which defeated Aliya Rama Raya at the Battle of Talikota, hoping to get rid of Portuguese influence. In 1571, this failed when the Portuguese defeated Bijapur at Goa.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: Rani Abbakka, the Chowta wife of Banga Raja and the Queen of Ullal, fought the Portuguese. She stopped paying tribute to the Portuguese, causing them to send a fleet to Mangalore and force a settlement, but soon she aided the enemies of the Portuguese and again stopped tribute payment. In 1566, she defeated a Portuguese expedition and killed its commander, causing the Portuguese in Goa to send an armada to subdue her in 1567. On 15 January 1568, however, the Portuguese defeated the Rani and forced her to sign a new treaty.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: The Nayakas of Keladi were a Veerashaiva family which had ruled a large portion of Tulu Nadu starting in the 16th century, when they had control over Mangalore and the rest of Tulu Nadu. Eventually in 1613, Venkatappa Nayaka I became independent and was the most powerful ruler in Tulu Nadu, taking territory which owed fealty to Bijapur and aiding Rani Abbakka. Under Shivappa Nayaka, the Nayakas of Keladi, now with capital at Bidnur, conquered the entirety of Tulu Nadu. Shivappa Nayaka utterly defeated the power of the Portuguese in Tulu Nadu. His successor made a treaty with the Portuguese where they could set up unarmed factories in Mangalore and Basrur, but were not to convert the locals. His successor, Keladi Chennamma, is famous for sheltering Rajaram and fending off Aurangzeb's forces. She also put down rebellions of Tuluva chieftains. During this time Arab traders, who were kicked out by the Portuguese, burnt Mangalore and other trade towns. In 1714, due to trade disputes, the Portuguese bombarded Mangalore and defeated the ruler Basavappa Nayaka I, who promised to ban Arab traders from entering. From 1757 to 1763, while Queen Veerammaji was looking after the kingdom, the Ali Raja of Kannur along with Maratha followers led a devastating raid into the district. They plundered to Manjeshwar and took a large booty from the Kollur Mookambika temple.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: Due to this unrest, Hyder Ali was able to sack Bidnur in 1763 and annex Tulu Nadu the same year. He conquered Mangalore, and set a governor Latif Ali Baig. This threatened English shipping in the Arabian Sea, so during the First Anglo Mysore War in 1766 Company soldiers from Bombay conquered Mangalore. However, as soon as he heard the news of the capture of Bangalore, Tipu Sultan made a lightning attack on Mangalore and forced the British to retreat only a week after they captured Mangalore. Hyder Ali then confiscated all Portuguese holdings in the region due to their support for the English. In 1770, Hyder Ali made a treaty with the British allowing for rice to be supplied from Mangalore to Bombay. The next year, he gave Portuguese some privileges back such as the ability to evangelize. However, in 1776, Hyder Ali revoked all these privildges, ejected the Portuguese from Mangalore and built up a large navy in the region.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: During the Second Anglo-Mysore War starting in 1781 the British quickly took over most of Tulunadu, as well as Bidnur, due to the treachery of the fort's guardian Iyaz Khan. In March 1783 however, they were forced to capitulate the fort. Tippu also sent a large force to besiege Mangalore, and after two months took the fort. Tippu's rule was harsh for the local chiefs, who he executed and dispossessed due to their perceived collaboration with the English.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: During the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, the British returned the lands to their feudal chiefs. After Tippu's defeat, the British gave the Raja of Coorg several maganes which had been taken from him by Hyder Ali and set up their administration, with Thomas Munro the first Collector of Kanara. However Vittala Hegde, who had fled when Tippu campaigned in Tulunadu and returned at the start of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, began to develop an armed following to retake his lands. His ally Subba Rao attacked the Tehsildar of Kadaba, but was defeated by a British ally, Kumara Hegde. In July 1800, the British pursued the last remnants of Vittala Hedge's army into Shishila Ghat, where they were defeated and many of the chief rebels were arrested.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: At this time, the district was in severe distress due to the many bloody wars waged across it. The British deputed an administrator to study the economic condition of Kanara district, which noted severe deprivation in the south but more commerce further north. The Company then imposed harsh revenue demands on the poor peasants, who were already reeling from depression. The peasants organised themselves and participated in a 'no-tax' campaign, forcing the British to rethink their tax policy on the poor. The British then invaded Coorg when its ruler objected to British interference and took all territory of the state below the Western Ghats, adding it to Kanara district.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: In 1837, the British faced the Amara Sullia rebellion. After the British had deposed Kalyanaswami, a pretender to the throne of Coorg, he went to Bellare, and gathered a large number of supporters who marched on Puttur. Kalyanaswami defeated two companies of sepoys near Puttur, and Kalyanaswami then marched on Mangalore, causing the British to flee. For two weeks Kalyanaswami held Mangalore, released prisoners and set the homes of British soldiers alight. When British forces came from Thalassery to Mangalore, his poorly armed forces melted away. Kalyanaswami and other prominent leaders were hanged while others were deported to Singapore.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: Before 1860, Dakshina Kannada was part of a district called Kanara, which was under a single administration in the Madras Presidency. In 1860, the British split the area into South Canara and North Canara, the former being retained in the Madras Presidency, while the latter was made a part of Bombay Presidency in 1862. Kundapur Taluk was earlier included in North Kanara but was later re-included in South Kanara. South Kanara included present Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Kasaragod districts and the Aminidivi Islands.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: During the 1920s, several newspapers in the district drew inspiration from the freedom struggle such as "Tilaka Sandesh", "Satyagrahi" and others. South Kanara participated in the non-cooperation movement led in the district by Karnad Sadashiva Rao. All indepdence movement movements gained significant traction in the district, and Gandhi and Nehru both visited Mangalore during the Freedom struggle. In 1942 large numbers of leaders were jailed in the Quit India movement.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: In 1947 South Kanara joined India as part of Madras State. In 1956, the states were reorganised on linguistic lines. The Malayalam-majority Kasaragod subdivision became a part of Kerala, the Aminidivi Islands were joined with the Laccadive and Minicoy islands in a union territory, while the Tulu and Kannada majority Dakshina Kannada subdivision became a district of Mysore State in 1956 which later was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The Udupi district was formed from the northern taluks of Dakshina Kannada in 1997. Later, the Karnataka Government, for the purpose of administration, split the greater Dakshina Kannada district into Udupi and present day Dakshina Kannada districts on 15 August 1997. Three taluks of the former district – Udupi, Karkala and Kundapura – formed the new Udupi district.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: The district comprises seven talukas: Mangalore, Puttur, Sullia, Bantwal, Belthangady, Kadaba and Moodabidri. It used to include seven northern talukas (Udupi, Kundapur, Karkala, Hebri, Brahmavar, Kaup and Byndoor), but these were separated in August 1997 to form Udupi district.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: Important cities and towns in Dakshina Kannada include Mangalore, Surathkal, Puttur, Sullia, Bantwal, Vittal, Moodabidri, Kinnigoli, Uppinangady, Nellyadi, Kadaba, Belthangady, Guruvayankere, Venur, Mulki, Dharmasthala, Ujire and Subramanya. The district is well known for beaches, red clay roof tiles (Mangalore tiles), cashew nut and its products, banking, education, healthcare and cuisine. Mangalore being the second largest city of Karnataka and Puttur are the largest and the major cities of Dakshina Kannada.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: Dakshina Kannada District has 1 City Corporation (Mangalore), 2 City Municipal Councils, 3 Town Municipal Councils, and 8 Town Panchayaths.


title: Dakshina Kannada

text: According to the 2011 census, Dakshina Kannada has a population of 2,089,649, of which male and female were 1,034,714 and 1,054,935 respectively. roughly equal to the nation of North Macedonia. This gives it a ranking of 220th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 9.8%. Dakshina Kannada has a sex ratio of 1018 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 88.62%. 47.67% of the population lived in urban areas.