title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: In 1986, the COG, which was now called The Family (eff. 1978), banned sex between minors and adults along with Flirty Fishing. Berg died in 1994, and Zerby, alongside her then-husband Peter Amsterdam, took full leadership of the cult. A British court, headed by Lord Justice Ward, issued a verdict during an investigation related to a 1995 trial, stating that the "Davidito book" was an example of Berg's promotion of pedophilia within the group, and that the leadership considered it a guidebook for adult–child relationships. Amsterdam, as ordered by Ward, distanced The Family from Berg's writings on child upbringing.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: In 1996, Rodriguez moved to a Family-owned home in Budapest, Hungary, where he met his girlfriend Elixcia Munumel, who returned with him to Zerby's home in Oporto, Portugal, and lived with him there. In 1999, the couple told Zerby they were going to The Family's compound in Mexico, but instead Munumel went to England and Rodriguez went to the United States. Rodriguez stayed at the non-for-profit charity The Family Care Foundation's headquarters in Dulzura, San Diego, California. He sold a car Zerby had given him so Munumel could meet him in Tacoma, Washington. Rodriguez and Munumel married in a minister's home; according to Munumel, they struggled with finances and experience in the outside world, and moved into a low-rent apartment. Rodriguez took a job on a fishing boat in Alaska, began to take knife-based martial arts lessons, and spent time at a shooting range while trying to obtain a gun permit.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: According to The Family, Rodriguez officially left the cult to pursue his education and he remained on good terms with it. According to Munumel, however, when they first met in Budapest, Rodriguez began having reservations about Berg's teachings, which noticeably contradicted the Bible, and expressed his frustrations to her about the group as a whole. She said he heard stories from former members and carried guilt because of his position as a future leader of The Family, which he felt contributed to the abuse of other children. Rodriguez' friend Celeste Jones also said he felt angry because "there was no justice" to apprehend abusers in The Family and that he pretended that he was not angry around members of the group; according to the "Tucson Citizen", however, Rodriguez became more vocal around the time he started talking to former members.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: In 2002, Rodriguez made a post on the website "Moving On" accusing Berg of abusing his own daughters and granddaughter in the Philippines, and describing Zerby as apathetic and violent towards her children. He also mentioned his "teen training" in most of his posts on the site. Ex-member Sarah Martin, who corresponded with Rodriguez through the site, said that he "carried this huge weight on his shoulders", never got over the Davidito prophecy and felt he had a need to "put an end" to Zerby's abuse. Rodriguez also said he thought about suicide since his "teen training" and hoped the group's leaders' "evil legacy will die with The Family". In a similar 2004 post, he said he realized he could not move on because "the first 25 years of my life will always haunt me", with the end of his post asking those "who have nothing to lose, such as myself" to help him with a plot for revenge. Rodriguez further told his martial arts teacher, Kevin Schmitt, he had considered murdering members of The Family in the past. Rodriguez's friend, ex-member Daniel Nathan Roselle, advised taking legal action, but he was mostly concerned with finding Zerby and Amsterdam.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: Zerby, and other Family members, had their locations isolated and their names kept secret with pseudonyms. Rodriguez, according to Munumel, spent years trying to find Zerby and his half-sister, Techi, whom he wanted to take out of The Family. In summer of 2004, Rodriguez left Munumel. Later, they both separated, but according to her they continued to talk "every day". Rodriguez traveled to San Diego, where he met Martin in person.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: Rodriguez learned that Smith was serving on the board of The Family Care Foundation and was a member of Elderhaven, a nursing home in Tucson, Arizona, run by Rodriguez' grandparents. According to a statement made later by Munumel, Rodriguez also learned that Zerby and Techi were going to visit his grandparents at Elderhaven during Christmas of 2003. He subsequently came to Tucson and stayed with the family of his aunt, Rosemary Kanspedos, for a month. He received a job as an electrician, never divulging the details of his prior life to his boss or his wife.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: Prior to 2005, Rodriguez moved into an apartment on Tucson's North Side. On January 7, of that year, Rodriguez recorded a videotape in which he discussed his thoughts of suicide and his desire for revenge, describing himself as a vigilante. He presented numerous weapons including a Glock 23 pistol, a KA-BAR knife, a drill, a soldering iron, and duct tape, some of which he planned to use for torture. Rodriguez specifically named Zerby as his target, stating that if he did not find her before he died, he "will keep hunting her in the next life" or someone else will "pick up the torch". Rodriguez alluded to Smith as a person he intended to kill and predicted his upcoming actions would result in conflict with law enforcement, but insisted he intended no harm towards law enforcement. After recording the video, Rodriguez called Celeste Jones and told her of his suicidal thoughts. She encouraged him to testify in a legal case and said "things will be taken seriously". He replied that he did not believe her. Rodriguez sent copies of the video to Munumel, two of his family members, and Martin.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: The next day, Rodriguez invited Smith to dinner in his apartment. After she arrived, Rodriguez stabbed her several times in the arm then slit her throat. Rodriguez then left his apartment and drove to Blythe, California, where he arrived at midnight. He rented a motel room and began to call his family members in Lakewood, Washington, notifying them of a body in his apartment. Next, Rodriguez pulled into a parking lot near 14th Avenue, called Munumel, told her he had killed Smith, and asked her to call the police. He also told Munumel he had killed Smith to avenge his sister Techi and those still in The Family rather than himself. He said Smith "didn't understand what she had done wrong" as she was dying. Rodriguez called the murder "the hardest thing I ever did in my life" and said it did not make him feel better. Munumel claims that Rodriguez pleaded with her to commit suicide with him, then said goodbye to her and hung up. At roughly 2 a.m., Rodriguez shot himself in the head with his handgun.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: At 8 a.m., a Palo Verde Irrigation District employee discovered Rodriguez' body in his car and contacted local police. The investigating detective thought Rodriguez had simply committed suicide, but answered Munumel's call to Rodriguez' cell phone and learned of the murder from her. Blythe police then notified the Tucson Police Department officers of Smith's body in Rodriguez' apartment. Aside from his video, Rodriguez left no suicide note. Detective Sgt. Mark Fuller, who was in charge of the homicide investigation, assumed Rodriguez had killed Smith because she was responsible for his abuse; but because of scant details about her involvement in his childhood, authorities initially could not ascertain the real motive. According to police, there was no evidence Smith was tortured for information on the whereabouts of Zerby. Tucson police spokesman Sgt. Carlos Valdez said Smith died shortly before her body was recovered and that Rodriguez had left for Blythe twelve hours prior. Smith's birth name was Susan Joy Kauten; her name-change would have delayed the notification of her death to her family if she was not carrying her cell phone, which gave her birth name.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: A memorial for Rodriguez was held in San Diego on March 26, 2005. In her eulogy, Munumel said while Rodriguez "chose a path that no one could share with him", he knew she loved him. More than 100 people who had been formerly associated with The Family attended the service.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: Stephen A. Kent, a professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Alberta, said while Rodriguez was unjustifiable in the murder, one "can understand his frustration and rage" because "he and others from that generation" had never seen justice "from all the abuse they suffered". Rick Alan Ross, a cult researcher who had interviewed numerous former members of The Family, noted that Rodriguez reflected the many suicides of those who suffered "tremendous amount of pain" from being in "one of the most horrifically abusive and destructive cults in American history". Don Lattin, a journalist and author who spent two years studying Rodriguez' motives for the murder, published a book called "Jesus Freaks". He believed Rodriguez was a "time bomb" waiting to go off because he exhibited aggressive tendencies and expressed guilt for other victims' abuse. According to Lattin, the abuse was not accounted for because "there's a statute of limitations. A lot of this happened a long time ago outside of the U.S. by people who kept constantly changing their names ... So even the victims, the kids themselves, often don't know who abused them".


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: Roselle was sad rather than angry the murder-suicide took place. He said; "the only way anybody's listening" to the stories of abuse within the group "is that Rick and Angela died". He also said Rodriguez' suicide brought the total of suicides in his peer group to 30, but that he considered Rodriguez' abuse to be one of the worst cases from The Family. John LaMattery, a former second-generation leader, said Rodriguez' death was "a monumental event" in The Family's history and predicted that the group would "spin it" in an attempt to disregard unfulfilled prophecies and attempt "damage control". He also believed Rodriguez killed Smith because he could not find Zerby.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: After Rodriguez' death, former members of The Family made similar allegations of abuse. For example, Juliana Buhring, co-author of the book "Not Without My Sister" (which details her family's experiences within the cult), mentioned that most of the children she and people like Rodriguez grew up with in the cult were sexually abused. She empathized with the rage he felt, especially when he had "no closure" and "no restitution" for it.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: Numerous members of the website "Moving On" expressed their concerns about the incident. Editors of the website described the situation as "a horrible tragedy, and something that we sincerely hope is never repeated". Staff at Palo Alto's Restoration Hardware, Smith's workplace, remembered her as a kind person; her boss stated, "There was nothing creepy about Angela". The non-profit Safe Passage Foundation was established partially as a result of Rodriguez' suicide in an aim to protect minors from "high-demand organisations" and to provide them with support and resources to leave those groups.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: In an internal memo, Zerby told followers of The Family that reporters were trying to "make Ricky look like a hero and role model" rather than a perpetrator of a crime. In another memo, which was sent to an estimated 12,000 followers, Amsterdam urged followers to disregard media reports and internet news about the murder-suicide and said Rodriguez was "overcome by the enemy and forces of darkness" and that Zerby is "the sweetest, most loving person I know". He also said people were "exploiting this tragedy" to hurt him, Zerby, and The Family in an effort to "tear down our work for the Lord". Techi stated in a letter she became "deeply disturbed" after learning about Rodriguez's death, and that he was not an angry person when she knew him. The Ricky Rodriguez Memorial Site (RickyRodriguez.com), which was managed by The Family, included "never before published photos" of Zerby and "messages from Jesus". The site was not renewed and does not exist anymore.


title: Ricky Rodriguez

text: Claire Borowik, the spokesperson for The Family, said both deaths were tragic but that media reports portrayed Smith as an offender and Rodriguez as a victim. She said Smith was never Rodriguez' nanny but had only visited him and that The Family gave him "ample financial and emotional support" when he wanted to become independent. Borowik also compared Rodriguez' upbringing to one in "a nudist colony" and cited scholars who argue sexual practices similar to those of The Family do not harm children. In regards to the "Davidito" prophecy, Borowik said The Family "knew that Davidito wasn't fulfilling that prophecy" because prophecies of the group were always "dependent on man's choices". Borowik also said former members, whom she called apostates, failed to move Rodriguez in "positive directions" and wanted "to do damage to our movement". She criticized Lattin's book for "inaccuracies, misconceptions and erroneous conclusions", and "sketchy research".


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Presidential elections were held in Germany on 13 March 1932, with a runoff on 10 April. Independent incumbent Paul von Hindenburg won a second seven-year term against Adolf Hitler of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). Communist Party (KPD) leader Ernst Thälmann also ran and received more than ten percent of the vote in the runoff. Theodor Duesterberg, the deputy leader of the World War I veterans' organization , ran in the first round but dropped out of the runoff. This was the second and final direct election to the office of President of the Reich (), Germany's head of state under the Weimar Republic.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Under the Weimar Republic, which had arisen from Germany's defeat in World War I, the presidency was a powerful office. Although the Weimar Constitution had provided for a semi-presidential republic, structural weaknesses and political polarization had resulted in a paralyzed Reichstag and this combined with the Great Depression resulted in a government that had governed exclusively via presidential decrees since March 1930, giving the President much power. Hindenburg had been elected to the office in 1925 with the support of a coalition of several parties on the right who hoped that he would overturn the Weimar Republic, which was never particularly popular.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: The NSDAP, whose members were known as "Nazis", had risen from being a fringe group to the second-largest party in the Reichstag. Led by Hitler, who exercised sole control over its policy and direction, its ideology combined extreme hostility towards the Weimar Republic with fervent antisemitism and German nationalism. The threat of Hitler caused many on the left to support Hindenburg; at the same time, Hindenburg's failure to overturn the Weimar Republic had disappointed many of those who had supported him in 1925. The combined effect of these two influences resulted in a reversal of those who supported Hindenburg between the two elections. Some on the left were still lukewarm towards Hindenburg; the Communists exploited this by running Thälmann and promoting him as "the only left candidate". Hindenburg failed to receive the requisite majority of votes in the first round, but was able to win reelection in the runoff.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Hindenburg's reelection failed to prevent the NSDAP from assuming power. Two successive federal elections later that year left it as the largest party in the Reichstag and anti-republic parties in the majority. Under this political climate, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Upon Hindenburg's death in 1934 Hitler "de facto" assumed the presidency, which he combined with the chancellorship to become the . This would be the last presidential election in what would become West Germany and East Germany until 1949. It remains, until today, the last direct election of the German President. Hindenburg remained the only independent politician elected president of Germany until the election of Joachim Gauck nearly 80 years later.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: World War I had resulted in the collapse of all monarchies in Germany. In place of the German Empire arose the Weimar Republic, named for the city in which its constitution had been drafted. It was never particularly popular among the various groups that constituted its political landscape, receiving lukewarm support even from those who supported democracy and being hated by extremists. According to the Weimar Constitution, the president was to be elected for a seven-year term by the people, though the first President, Friedrich Ebert, was elected by the Weimar National Assembly in 1919, as the situation in Germany was too chaotic to hold popular elections. Ebert died suddenly in 1925, necessitating an election to be held that year, a year earlier than scheduled.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Paul von Hindenburg, the commander of the German military during the war, had won the 1925 election despite not running in its first round. He had defeated Wilhelm Marx, the candidate backed by the parties of the pro-republic "Weimar Coalition". After 1929, the Great Depression devastated the Republic as parties argued over the proper response to it; the "Grand Coalition" government of Hermann Müller, which had been in power since the 1928 elections, dissolved in the face of the crisis and Müller resigned on 27 March 1930. Heinrich Brüning, who was appointed Chancellor in his place, had no majority for his austerity policies in the Reichstag and began to use the Presidential powers to rule by decree. This was received positively by many conservatives who disliked democratic government and supported Hindenburg's reelection to further this conservative renaissance. At the same time, Hindenburg's work within the Republic had been much better than had been expected by pro-republican politicians.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: The National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), originally called German Workers Party (DAP), was founded in 1919. World War I corporal Adolf Hitler joined it later that year and became first its primary speaker and, in 1921, party leader with dictatorial powers. Hitler's preeminent position and infallibility within the party was confirmed in 1926 at a conference where the party manifesto was ruled immutable. The party's ideology was a mixture of pan-Germanism, antisemitism, disgust with parliamentary parties, and resentment towards big business. A fringe group for most of the 1920s, the NSDAP, whose members were colloquially known as "Nazis", was brought to public attention on the German right by a referendum against the Young Plan in 1929, when it had been associated with and aided by Alfred Hugenberg's mainstream German National People's Party (DNVP), dramatically increasing its number of seats in the Reichstag in the 1930 federal election. The DNVP and NSDAP made a formal alliance known as the Harzburg Front in 1930.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: During the Weimar Republic the law provided for a modified two-round system, such that if no candidate received an absolute majority of votes (i.e. more than half) in the first round of a presidential election then a second ballot would occur in which the candidate with a plurality of votes would be deemed elected. It was permitted for a group to nominate an alternative candidate in the second round.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Hindenburg was 84 and had no desire to run for a second term, but expressed interest in continuing office if his term was extended. Brüning developed plans to evade direct elections by a Reichstag resolution to extend Hindenburg's time in office by amending the constitutional provisions requiring elections once every seven years. Hugenberg refused such proposals during the first week of January and insisted that an election be held per the constitution, a position that Hitler would also assume.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: After elections were guaranteed Hindenburg's cadre, led by Major General Kurt von Schleicher, courted the militant right's support of another Hindenburg candidacy. However, Hugenberg persuaded the Stahlhelm to reject such proposals while the NSDAP supported a possible Hitler candidacy. This lack of support made Hindenburg reluctant to run for reelection, which worried both people who wished to preserve the Republic and those who supported Brüning's style of rule by decree. Heinrich Sahm of Berlin approached Schleicher with the possibility of forming a reelection committee for Hindenburg; Schleicher attempted to postpone Sahm's goal pending talks with the Stahlhelm, but as more Hindenburg committees were set up across the country and the prospect of a Hitler candidacy rose Schleicher and Meissner approved the project on 27 January, and the committee was organized on 1 February. Hindenburg insisted on the support of veterans' organizations; with the begrudging support of the Stahlhelm and the unconditional support of the Kyffhäuser League, and the fact that Sahm's committee had obtained more than 3 million signatures for Hindenburg in two weeks, gave Hindenburg enough motivation to run for reelection, declaring his candidacy on 16 February. Among those who signed the petition were the writer Gerhart Hauptmann, painter Max Liebermann, Artur Mahraun, leader of the Young German Order, the industrialist Carl Duisberg, as well as the former ministers Otto Gessler and Gustav Noske.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Hitler was hesitant to run given Hindenburg's popularity and the fact that the NSDAP was still not the biggest party in the Reichstag. Furthermore, he was not technically allowed to run as he lacked German citizenship, which was rectified upon his appointment to a post in the civil service of Braunschweig on 26 February. However, the Nazis were rapidly growing in popularity throughout late 1931, and Hitler was able to persuade industrialists that Nazism was compatible with capitalism. The Harzburg Front was starting to show disunity regarding the election, with the DNVP agreeing to support the Stahlhelm's choice of candidate in exchange for support in state elections. Hugenberg attempted to keep Hitler in line with the Harzburg Front at a meeting on 20 February, but to no avail; at a party rally on 22 February NSDAP member Joseph Goebbels revealed that Hitler would run in the race. The Stahlhelm's choice – Theodor Duesterberg – was announced later that day, overshadowed by Hitler's candidacy.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Although Hindenburg preferred to have either been the right-wing or an apolitical candidate, he attracted the support of Republican parties in order to defeat Hitler. The liberal parties – German People's Party and German State Party – declared their support for Hindenburg. The Social Democratic leaders Ernst Heilmann and Otto Braun (himself a candidate in the 1925 election), despite the initial resistance of the party's left wing, were able to launch a broad electoral campaign and received the support of the Iron Front alliance, including the democratic "Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold" association, the Free Trade Unions (ADGB, AfA-Bund) and the "Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund" organization. The Social Democrats and Brüning's Centre Party would support Hindenburg – in contrast to the 1925 presidential election, when Hindenburg had been the candidate of the political right and had been strenuously opposed by much of the moderate left and political centre. In 1932 this part of the political spectrum decided to unite with the moderate right in supporting Hindenburg to prevent Hitler's election. The support of the moderate Weimar Coalition was also encouraged by the fact that, contrary to fears expressed at the time of his election in 1925, Hindenburg had not used his office to subvert the constitution, as Hitler now aimed to do. This put Hindenburg's conservative supporters in a difficult position, as their desire for a return to conservatism was at odds with Hindenburg's newfound pro-democracy supporters; indeed, Hindenburg's failure to completely break from the Weimar system would prove a damper on those who had supported him in 1925. Among those who had voted for Hindenburg in 1925 and refused to sign his petition were banker Walter Bernhard, Leipzig mayor Carl Goerdeler, and general August von Mackensen.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Duesterberg's candidacy attracted the votes of industrialists who would have otherwise voted Hindenburg for fear of Hitler. On 1 March the National Rural League (RLB), despite the best efforts of Hindenburg's campaigners, encouraged its followers to vote either Duesterberg or Hitler in order to remove the government of Brüning.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: In the first round on March 13 no candidate obtained an absolute majority of the votes cast, though Hindenburg with 49.6% failed only by a narrow margin. He scored higher election results in traditional Social Democratic and Centre strongholds such as the Prussian Rhine Province or Saxony. Hitler's results were a great disappointment to him, nevertheless the NSDAP recorded further gains compared with the 1930 Reichstag election. Hindenburg's failure to win reelection in the first round shocked and disappointed his supporters.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Hitler outperformed Hindenburg in several of his 1925 strongholds, getting up to an estimated 50 percent of the vote of 1925 Hindenburg voters in the first round. Taking Duesterberg's votes into account it has been estimated that Hindenburg retained fewer than a third of those who had voted for him in 1925, fewer than 30 percent excluding Bavaria, where the Bavarian People's Party (BVP) had endorsed him in both elections. The expectations of the Communists presenting "the only left candidate" were not fulfilled, nevertheless they continued their fight against the policies of the Social Democrats and nominated Thälmann for the second round on 10 April.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: In reporting the outcome "The Des Moines Register" warned that "If Hitler wins in April the future of the nation and even of Europe to a great extent is uncertain ... [the Nazis'] extremist policies might easily lead to the gravest international complications." The "New York Daily News" described Hindenburg as "the grandest character of modern Germany" and said that he had completely defeated the communists and the "Stahlhelm", predicting an easy reelection. It was hesitant on the matter of Hindenburg's succession, positing that Hitler would inherit Hindenburg's supporters unless the question of reparations was settled. The "Chicago Tribune" recorded great disappointment in Paris at the results combined with a confidence that Hindenburg would win in the runoff, and described the Nazi platform as "largely negative[,] ... anti-Republican, anti-parliament, anti-Young Plan, anti-Locarno, anti-league of nations, anti-semitic, and anti-capitalist."


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: The narrowness of Hindenburg's failure to obtain reelection in the first round made his reelection almost guaranteed in the runoff. Nobody, especially Hindenburg's supporters, desired a runoff given that elections in several states would be held just two weeks later. Still, a runoff provided another chance for Hindenburg's conservative supporters to promote him, especially as Duesterberg was likely to drop out. A meeting of Stahlhelm's executives on 19-20 March concluded that Duesterberg would not run in the runoff and that the alliance with the DNVP would be rescinded; many of Hindenburg's conservative supporters hoped that Duesterberg voters would mostly swing toward Hindenburg in the runoff. These hopes were increased by the fact that Hugenberg refused to endorse Hitler in the runoff, still sore over the latter's decision to run on his own.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Hindenburg, Hitler, and Thälmann competed in the second round, after Duesterberg had dropped out. As in 1925, the Communist Party nominated Ernst Thälmann. Backed by the Communist International, it was hoped that he would gain support from left-wing Social Democrats disgusted by Hindenburg's character. Indeed, leftist splinter parties such as the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany and the "Internationaler Sozialistischer Kampfbund" organization declared their support, as did intellectuals like Carl von Ossietzky. Hindenburg's conservative supporters had not made any personal attacks against Hitler in the first round, although they criticized the NSDAP and its ideology. In the runoff they portrayed Hitler as a party man whose anti-republican rhetoric disguised the NSDAP's adherence to the system. They also portrayed Hitler and the Nazis as socialists whose rhetoric against Marxism was a disguise towards their own dislike of private property and free enterprise. They contrasted Hindenburg's Christian character with Hitler's apathy towards organized religion. The NSDAP responded to these accusations by noting the reversal of Hindenburg's supporters between the elections, accusing Hindenburg of betraying his 1925 supporters and allying with the Catholics, Marxists, and Jews who had opposed him then and asserting that Hitler was a victim of a scare campaign by those elements.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Industrialists who had supported Duesterberg were not enthusiastic about Hindenburg and did not largely cross over to him in the runoff, contrary to the hopes of his supporters. Brüning was unpopular amongst industrialists such that after meeting Hitler on 19 March Reusch told the "Frankischer Kurier" to refrain from making any endorsements in the runoff. Duesterberg endorsed Hindenburg in the runoff; nevertheless, the RLB, the Pan-German League, and the United Patriotic Leagues of Germany all endorsed Hitler in order to end the Republic. Their relationships with Hugenberg were all consequently strained, and he asked the DNVP to not play a role in the runoff as he was increasingly isolated within and outside the party. The industrialist Fritz Thyssen declared himself in favour of Hitler.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: In the second round, Hindenburg was elected president by an outcome of 53%, while Hitler significantly increased his result by more than two million votes compared to the first round and obtained up to an estimated 60 percent of Hindenburg's 1925 voters, largely benefiting from Duesterberg's withdrawal. About half of those who had voted for Duesterberg in the first round voted for Hitler while less than a third voted for Hindenburg. Less than 15 percent of Hitler's gains came from defectors of Thälmann.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Hindenburg, who owed his election to the support of the Social Democrats and the Centre Party, took the results with little enthusiasm. His failure to retain the votes of the vast majority of his 1925 supporters strained his relationship with Brüning irreparably, and he dismissed the chancellor on 30 May. This was a serious blow to those who had supported Brüning's style of presidential rule by decree. Brüning's successor was Franz von Papen, an ally of Schleicher's who had no political experience or support in the Reichstag. Schleicher and Papen courted the support of the Nazis by calling new Reichstag elections and lifting a ban Brüning had placed on the Nazi "Sturmabteilung". The NSDAP emerged from the Reichstag elections in July as the largest party ever seen in the Reichstag and having over a third of the vote, while Papen's position was undermined. Papen dissolved the Reichstag again with elections in November, in which the Nazis lost seats but remained the largest party. Although Papen retained the trust of Hindenburg and the army, he was widely unpopular and a strike by the Communists and Nazis enabled Schleicher, who had tired of him, to drum up fears and force Papen from office and become chancellor himself on 2 December.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: After two months of an ineffective Schleicher chancery, Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933 upon the recommendation of Papen. The Reichstag fire of 27 February was used as a pretext by Hitler to issue the Reichstag Fire Decree, which nullified constitutional protections of free speech and other civil liberties. Reichstag elections in March gave him a working majority, and he assumed dictatorial powers with the passage of the Enabling Act on 23 March. Hitler succeeded Hindenburg as head of state upon his death in 1934, whereafter he abolished the office entirely and replaced it with the new position of , cementing his rule until his suicide during World War II in 1945.


title: 1932 German presidential election

text: Hitler's last will and testament once again separated the two offices, giving the presidency to Karl Dönitz and the chancellorship to Joseph Goebbels. The resulting government, known as the Flensburg Government, governed but a tiny and rapidly receding part of Germany and was not recognized by the Allies. Upon the surrender of the German military they divided Germany into four zones, one controlled each by the British, French, Americans, and Soviets, and collectively governed the whole of Germany with the Allied Control Council. By 1949 three of the zones had coalesced into what became West Germany while the remaining Soviet zone became East Germany; both parts each had their own respective presidential elections starting that year. West Germany's constitution provided that the president be chosen indirectly by means of a Federal Convention consisting of parliamentarians and state delegates. East Germany's constitution provided that the president be chosen indirectly by a joint session of both chambers of parliament, though ultimately only a single person would serve as President before the post was abolished. In 1990, East Germany formally became a part of West Germany and was thus bound by its constitution; the first all-German presidential election since unification, and thus since 1932, was held in 1994. The 1932 election is thus the last election by universal suffrage in Germany .


title: Forrest Galante

text: Forrest Galante (born March 31, 1988) is an American outdoor adventurer, television personality, and conservationist. He works in the field of wildlife biology, specializing in the exploration of animals on the brink of extinction. He is the host of the television shows "Extinct or Alive" on Animal Planet and "Mysterious Creatures with Forrest Galante" as well as multiple sharkweek shows.


title: Forrest Galante

text: Shortly after his birth in California, Galante and his family moved to Harare, Zimbabwe, where his mother ran a safari business. He and his sister, named Summer, were raised on a farm that cultivated flowers and fruit, and served as a home to livestock and wild African animals. Throughout his youth, Galante spent time exploring the African bush, learning to wrangle snakes, trap small animals, and snorkel the reefs of the Bazaruto Archipelago. In Zimbabwe, he attended an English boarding school and headed up the Junior Herpetology Society, studying native flora and fauna.


title: Forrest Galante

text: In 2001, following the political uprising in Zimbabwe, which led to the invasion and burning of the family farm because Galante's family is white, Galante was forced to return to California. He resumed his education in Santa Barbara, where he graduated from high school and later earned a degree in biology from the University of California at Santa Barbara.


title: Forrest Galante

text: Galante's interest in wildlife and conservation continued into his adulthood. "After university, I set out to explore the world looking for the most beautiful, remote and wild places on the planet," he said. "I have been bitten by a venomous snake, in a plane crash, mauled by a lion, charged by a hippo, stung by a man-of-war jellyfish, bitten by a shark, in a car wreck, tumbled off a waterfall and stabbed by a stingray."


title: Forrest Galante

text: In 2013, Galante made his first foray into television with an appearance on the Discovery Channel's "Naked and Afraid", where he participated in the show's 21-day survival challenge. He completed the challenge—being dropped with a stranger in the remote section of northwestern Panama—and scored one of the highest PSR (primitive survival rating) in the show's history.


title: Forrest Galante

text: In 2016, Galante and his photographer were among the first to ever swim with crocodiles, wearing special suits that mimic the crocodile's scaly skin and block the body's electrical current, allowing them to capture the reptile's natural behavior. The duo came within inches of the crocodiles, filming them in their authentic habitat for their film "Dancing with Dragons".


title: Forrest Galante

text: On June 10, 2018, Galante's docu-series, "Extinct or Alive" premiered on Animal Planet. The show sought to reveal whether animals believed to be extinct can potentially still be found. In each episode, Galante explored the habitats of these animals, often seeking protection to help preserve the species and encourage their continued survival. Destinations have included Taiwan (to search for the Formosan clouded leopard), Newfoundland (to explore the White Wolf), and Madagascar (to search for traces of the giant "Pachylemur"). Galante has stated that he is committed to uncovering the Thylacine and, after two expeditions, will continue searching.


title: Forrest Galante

text: Galante produced the History channel show "Face the Beast" where two men attempt to retrace the steps of predators going on unexplained, killing rampages against humans. He has made media appearances on "The Joe Rogan Experience", "The Nightly Show", "Shark Week", and "The Today Show". He has also appeared in the "GQ: The Breakdown" video series.


title: Forrest Galante

text: In 2019, he appeared on 24 episodes of "Nature's Strangest Mysteries: Solved", and testified in front of the United States Congress to promote legislature change and increase funding for conservation.


title: Forrest Galante

text: In 2020, Galante hosted a limited-edition television series named "Wet Markets Exposed" on Vice TV. Wet markets that sell live animals for human consumption, which can be sick, inbred, or endangered, can facilitate the transfer of diseases to humans. In the series, Galante discusses how the mistreatment and illegal selling and consumption of these animals allows the transfer of zoonotic viruses to humans.


title: Forrest Galante

text: His first book, "Still Alive: A Wild Life of Rediscovery", was published in June 2021 by Hachette Books, and is described by the publisher as "part memoir, part biological adventure". In this book, Galante discusses his passion for bringing attention and research funding for preservation of the ecosystem.


title: Forrest Galante

text: In June 2021, Galante, the ICWCA (Ivan Carter Wildlife Conservation Alliance), and the Robert Nunley Family from Sabinal, TX, achieved the first-ever elephant translocation between two conservation areas within Mozambique, Africa. This was a multi-family group of 25 elephants that were moved from the edge of Maputo Special Reserve in South Eastern Mozambique to Zinave National Park in the Northern part of Mozambique.


title: Forrest Galante

text: In October 17, 2021, Forrest appeared in a documentary series on Animal Planet called Mysterious Creatures with Forrest Galante.


title: Forrest Galante

text: In July 2022, Galante lead an expedition to film epaulette sharks walking out of the water in various locations around Papua New Guinea. The footage was released during sharkweek on a documentary called Island of the Walking Sharks


title: Forrest Galante

text: During filming for the show in 2018, a camera trap caught apparent footage of a Zanzibar leopard on Unguja Island. The animal appeared smaller than specimens from the mainland, and seemed to have smaller, more solid spots than normally seen on African leopards. Further investigations are planned in order to confirm whether or not this is a Zanzibar leopard, and whether a viable population still exists.


title: Forrest Galante

text: During the shooting of a "Shark Week" special on the island of Sri Lanka, Galante's wife Jessica discovered a pair of deceased sharks that had previously been killed by fishermen. Although one of the sharks turned out to be a bull shark, DNA testing of the second specimen suggested that it could be a Pondicherry shark. It was stated that the species hadn't been seen since 1979, although other sources cite sightings in 2007, 2016, and 2018. While some regional experts were confident that the shark found in the episode was a Pondicherry shark, additional molecular confirmation is needed to confirm the shark's identity.


title: Forrest Galante

text: While shooting footage for Season 2 on the remote Galápagos Islands chain in February 2019, the team discovered a single female Fernandina Island Galápagos tortoise, presumed extinct since 1906. Members of the Turtle Conservancy later analyzed the findings, saying that pending genetic confirmation, the photos "almost undoubtedly" show the lost animal. The tortoise was described as being “in good health” but “underweight,” and was transported to the Fausto Llerena Tortoise Breeding Center in Isla Santa Cruz for the purpose of conservation and genetic tests. Trace evidence found on the expedition indicated that more individuals likely exist in the wild, and new searches were being planned to find a male Fernandina Tortoise that could potentially save the species. Washington Tapia-Aguilera, a biologist at the Galapagos Conservancy and director of the Giant Tortoise Restoration Initiative, disputes these events, saying he, not Galante, actually decided where to look for the tortoise and that "Ecuadorian park ranger Jeffreys Málaga was the one that knew the land, tracked the tortoise, and ultimately made the discovery before calling over the rest of the team."


title: Forrest Galante

text: While shooting footage for Season 2 on the island of Borneo in April and May 2019, the team caught five pieces of footage on a camera trap overlooking a mineral spring that clearly showed the Miller's grizzled langur, presumed extinct since 2011, at both day and night.


title: Forrest Galante

text: While shooting footage for Season 2 in Zimbabwe in 2019, the team collected DNA samples from an abnormally large lion that had recently been sighted in the area. Upon analyzing the DNA, the male was found to have 14% different DNA from a typical African lion, suggesting that it may have remnant genetics from the Cape lion population, which went extinct in the 1800s. The team theorizes that, through continued breeding, a pure Cape lion might one day be brought back.


title: Forrest Galante

text: In March 2019, while traveling in Son Doong cave in search for the Saola Forrest discovered a new species of snail shell that is limegreen with a pink rim.


title: Forrest Galante

text: While shooting footage for Season 2 at Dong Mo Lake in Vietnam in 2019, the team, along with members of the Asian Turtle Program (ATP), captured footage of a Yangtze giant softshell turtle, a functionally extinct species with only three known surviving individuals, surfacing from the lake for a brief period. Although efforts to bring a surviving female of the species to the lake to possibly breed with the individual recorded in the episode failed due to her death in April 2019, the team hopes that their findings could contribute to a possible rescue of the species from extinction.


title: Forrest Galante

text: In 2019, Galante along with a primatologist Cortni Borgerson excavated a non-fossilized, about 200 years old skull and tusk of hippopotamuses in Madagascar. As the last confirmed occurrence of Malagasy hippopotamus dates back to about 1,000 years ago, Galante's discovery indicates the survival of hippos on Madagascar lasted much longer than previously thought.


title: Forrest Galante

text: While shooting footage for Season 2 in Colombia, the team caught and collected confirmed DNA samples from multiple individuals, including juveniles, of the Rio Apaporis caiman, a subspecies of spectacled caiman that had been believed to be extinct for over 30 years, suggesting that a healthy breeding population may exist in the area. A Colombian scientist named Sergio Balaguera-Reina had discovered the caiman prior to Galante's excursion and published a paper on it in 2019. Balaguera-Reina further disputes the claim that the caiman was believed to be extinct, saying, "We never thought that this caiman was extinct. But the political situation in Colombia prevented biologists from safely accessing the animal’s habitat to confirm that it’s still there."


title: Forrest Galante

text: During the shooting of a "Shark Week" special off the coast of South Africa, Galante was initially targeting two species and ended up finding three lost shark species. His first species was the whitetip weasel shark. He captured footage on a camera trap that he suspected was the whitetip weasel shark. He brought in an expert, Dr. Dave Ebert, who confirmed it was indeed the whitetail weasel shark. His next target was the ornate sleeper-ray. He initially used an underwater drone to look for the ray with no success. He got a lead on a new species thought lost forever from his expert, and he moved to a new location to target the flapnose houndshark, which hadn't been seen in 120 years. While targeting this shark he got a call from a local divemaster who had footage he had captured on a recent night dive. His footage showed footage of Austin's guitarfish, a recently described species by Dr. Ebert, and an ornate sleeper ray feeding. Galante found a good habitat and attempted night fishing, and was able to catch and tag a flapnose houndshark.


title: Forrest Galante

text: Forrest Galante is the host of The Wild Times Podcast where he and two friends talk about wildlife, animals, adventure, and conservation. Although educational, it is not a typical educational podcast, as the hosts mix in comedy and games as they discuss various wildlife and adventure topics. Featuring guests from the wildlife community such as Coyote Peterson, Bradley Trevor Grieve, Rob "Caveman" Alleva and Adam Thorn from the Kings of Pain television series, the Wild Times Podcast was started in March of 2020. The podcast is still airing new episodes as of 2022, and boasts a catalog of over 100 episodes, as well as dozens more uncensored episodes on their Patreon website called, "The Wild Times Underground."


title: Forrest Galante

text: As host of the Extinct or Alive series, Galante has been seen negatively by ecologists for being a "parachute scientist". Galante's website stated that he personally captured the first video footage of a Zanzibar servaline genet, which is contradicted by Zanzibar researchers. Galante has also claimed that he personally rediscovered the Fernandina Island tortoise and the Rio Apaporis Caiman, both claims which have been contradicted by the leaders of their respective expeditions, the latter of which published their findings and exploration prior to Galante's trip to Colombia. As of 2022, Galante has not outlined his claimed discoveries in any scientific journals. Washington Tapia-Aguilera, a biologist at the Galapagos Conservancy and director of the Giant Tortoise Restoration Initiative, also disputes Galante's claims, saying he, not Galante, actually decided where to look for the tortoise and that "Ecuadorian park ranger Jeffreys Málaga was the one that knew the land, tracked the tortoise, and ultimately made the discovery before calling over the rest of the team."


title: Edward Hibbert

text: Edward Hibbert (born 9 September 1955) is an American-born British actor and literary agent. He played Gil Chesterton in the TV series "Frasier". He also voiced Zazu in both "" and "The Lion King 1½".


title: Edward Hibbert

text: Hibbert was born on Long Island, New York, the son of actor Geoffrey Hibbert. He has one sister. He was raised in England, where he attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. He returned to the US in the mid-1980s.


title: Edward Hibbert

text: Hibbert had a starring role as Faulconbridge in the BBC's production of "The Life and Death of King John", published in 1984. He has appeared on Broadway and in major regional theatre productions, worked in television as a series regular and guest star and also had roles in major films. In 1993 he won an Obie Award for his co-starring role of "Sterling" in Paul Rudnick's "Jeffrey". His "Frederick Fellows/Philip Brent" in the National Theatre revival of "Noises Off" (presented at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre) was called "delightfully discombobulated" by one reviewer. Hibbert was in the Broadway musicals "The Drowsy Chaperone" and the 2007 premiere of "Curtains" (which reunited him with his "Frasier" co-star David Hyde Pierce). He appeared on Broadway as "Mr. Praed" (the architect) in Roundabout Theatre's 2010 production of "Mrs. Warren's Profession" starring Cherry Jones. He appeared on Broadway in the new musical "It Shoulda Been You" in 2015, again working with David Hyde Pierce, this time with Pierce as the director.


title: Edward Hibbert

text: He guest-starred on TV shows including "Cosby", "Murder, She Wrote" and "" but is probably best known for his recurring role on "Frasier" as Gil Chesterton, KACL's haughty, effeminate restaurant critic.


title: Edward Hibbert

text: As a voice actor, Hibbert has been the voice of Evil the Cat on the "Earthworm Jim" TV series, and the voice of Zazu in "" and in "The Lion King 1½", replacing Rowan Atkinson (who voiced him in the original film). His appearances in films include "The Prestige", "Taking Woodstock", and "The First Wives Club".


title: Edward Hibbert

text: He is also a literary agent and was partner in the now-defunct literary agency Donadio & Olson, Inc. He has authors Chuck Palahniuk, Christopher Bram, Steven DeRosa, and Ed Sikov among his clients and has also represented film rights for "Fight Club" and "Gods and Monsters" plus others.


title: Edward Hibbert

text: Hibbert is gay. He says he's never come out of the closet, but never had to: "I think in England it's not the same. It's unspoken but understood."


title: Edward Hibbert

text: Being an out actor has never been a problem, Hibbert says: "Being gay for me in Hollywood was not a problem. Someone once said, 'An Englishman and a homosexual is a distinction without a difference.' Everyone thinks all Englishmen are gay... "


title: Sumeet Vyas

text: Sumeet Vyas (born 27 July 1983) is an Indian actor and writer of films, web series and theatre. His breakthrough role was Mikesh Chaudhary in TVF's 2014 web series "Permanent Roommates". Vyas has since played supporting roles in Bollywood films including 2012 "English Vinglish," 2015 productions "Parched" and "Guddu Ki Gun", and 2018's "Veere Di Wedding". He has his first starring role in 2016 drama film "Ribbon"; his performance was well received by critics. Apart from acting in films and television programmes, Vyas also appears in theatre productions in India.


title: Sumeet Vyas

text: Sumeet Vyas was born in Jodhpur, Rajasthan to writer B.M Vyas and Sudha Vyas and spent his initial years there before moving to Mumbai to pursue his passion for acting and writing. He has attended R.D. National College, Mumbai.


title: Sumeet Vyas

text: During his school days, Sumeet aspired to become a pilot or a computer engineer. But, he had a passion for acting and writing also. Later, choosing the second option, he gave up his college studies and started working as an assistant editor in an editing studio in Mumbai.


title: Sumeet Vyas

text: Vyas made his television debut with a small role in the Doordarshan serial "Woh Huye Na Humare". He then starred in TV show "Rehna Hai Teri Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein" as Karthik. He has been actively involved in the theatre since his early days as an actor. He also had a major role in the TV series "Stories by Rabindranath Tagore". He made his Bollywood debut in the movie "Jashn" in 2009. Then he went on to act in movie "English Vinglish". He has worked in more than 30 movies, including "Guddu Ki Gun", "Parched", "Aurangzeb", and "Kajarya".


title: Sumeet Vyas

text: He has had roles in web series, including "Permanent Roommates" and "TVF Tripling", the latter of which he also co-wrote. He has written the "Y-Films" web series "Bang Baaja Baaraat".


title: Sumeet Vyas

text: Vyas is an active supporter of theatre and claims to enjoy working as a theatre artist rather than in Bollywood. He was married to actress Shivani Tanksale for 7 years. Later, he married TV actress Ekta Kaul on 15 September 2018. The couple is blessed with a baby boy.


title: Jelly bean

text: Jelly beans are small bean shaped sugar candies with soft candy shells and thick gel interiors (see gelatin and jelly). The confection is primarily made of sugar and sold in a wide variety of colors and flavors.


title: Jelly bean

text: It has been claimed that jelly beans were first mentioned during 1861, when Boston confectioner William Schrafft urged people to send his jelly beans to soldiers during the American Civil War. It was not until July 5, 1905, that jelly beans were mentioned in the "Chicago Daily News". The advertisement publicized bulk beans sold by volume for ten cents per pound, according to the book "The Century in Food: America's Fads and Favorites". Most historians contend that jelly beans were first associated with celebrations of Easter in the United States sometime during the 1930s due to their egg-like shape.


title: Jelly bean

text: The basic ingredients of jelly beans include sugar, tapioca or corn syrup, and pectin or starch. Relatively minor amounts of the emulsifying agent lecithin, anti-foaming agents, an edible wax such as carnauba wax or beeswax, salt, and confectioner's glaze are also included. The ingredients that give each bean its character are also relatively small in proportion and may vary depending on the flavor.


title: Jelly bean

text: In United States slang during the 1910s and early 1920s, a "jellybean" or "jelly-bean" was a young man who dressed stylishly but had little else to recommend him, similar to the older terms "dandy" and "fop". F. Scott Fitzgerald published a story about such a character, "The Jelly-Bean," during 1920.


title: Jelly bean

text: When Beatlemania broke out in 1964, fans of the Beatles in the US pelted the band with jelly beans (emulating fans in the UK who threw the British candy Jelly Babies at George Harrison, who reportedly liked eating them).


title: Max Christie (basketball)

text: Cormac Karl "Max" Christie Jr. (born February 10, 2003) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Michigan State Spartans of the Big Ten Conference. He was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top shooting guards in the 2021 class.


title: Max Christie (basketball)

text: Christie played basketball for Rolling Meadows High School in Rolling Meadows, Illinois and was teammates with his younger brother, Cameron. In his freshman season, he averaged 20 points, nine rebounds and four assists per game. As a sophomore, Christie averaged 25.5 points, ten rebounds and 3.2 assists per game. He scored a career-high 51 points against Elk Grove High School. In his junior season, Christie averaged 25 points and 11 rebounds per game, earning Pioneer Press Player of the Year honors. As a senior, he averaged 24.0 points, 10.1 rebounds, 3.9 assists and 3.1 steals per game, leading his team to a 15–0 record. Christie was selected as "Chicago Sun-Times" Player of the Year, "News-Gazette" All-State Player of the Year and Illinois Gatorade Player of the Year. He was named to the rosters for the McDonald's All-American Game, Jordan Brand Classic and Nike Hoop Summit.


title: Max Christie (basketball)

text: Christie was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top shooting guards in the 2021 class. On July 7, 2020, he committed to playing college basketball for Michigan State over offers from Duke, Villanova and Ohio State, among others.


title: Max Christie (basketball)

text: On January 5, 2022, Christie scored a season-high 21 points in a 79–67 win against Nebraska. As a freshman, he averaged 9.3 points and 3.5 rebounds per game and was named to the Big Ten All-Freshman Team. On April 1, 2022, Christie declared for the 2022 NBA draft while maintaining his college eligibility and on May 16 announced he would hire an agent and remain in the draft.


title: Max Christie (basketball)

text: Christie was selected by the Los Angeles Lakers in the second round of the 2022 NBA draft with the 35th overall pick. Christie joined the Lakers' 2022 NBA Summer League roster. In his Summer League debut, Christie scored five points and nine rebounds in a 100–66 California Classic win against the Miami Heat. On July 8, 2022, Christie signed a rookie-scale contract with the Lakers.


title: Max Christie (basketball)

text: Christie represented the United States at the 2019 FIBA Under-16 Americas Championship in Brazil. He averaged 9.5 points and 3.3 rebounds per game, helping his team win the gold medal.


title: Max Christie (basketball)

text: Christie's mother, Katrina, played college basketball at Northwestern, scoring over 1,000 points, and is a psychologist. His father, Max Sr., played college basketball at Parkland College and Wisconsin–Superior before becoming an aircraft pilot.


title: Al-Kahf

text: Al-Kahf (, ; The Cave) is the 18th chapter (sūrah) of the Quran with 110 verses (āyāt). Regarding the timing and contextual background of the revelation ("asbāb al-nuzūl"), it is an earlier "Meccan surah", which means it was revealed in Mecca, instead of Medina.


title: Al-Kahf

text: Verses 9–26 of the chapter retell the Christian folktale of the "companions of the cave". A few young believers lived in a time when they were tortured for their beliefs. Upon the guidance of God, they fled the city where believers were persecuted, together with their dog, and took refuge in a cave where they fell asleep. When they awoke they found that the people of the city had become believers.


title: Al-Kahf

text: The commentary by Ozma Nasir Makarim Shirazi says, "There is no room for diversity to enter into His Words and Knowledge. His Speech and His Knowledge is not like the speech and knowledge of human beings which, as a result of a new invention or information, has to be changed". Ibn Kathir says this verse means of the words in the Quran, "no one can alter them, distort them or misinterpret them."


title: Al-Kahf

text: In verses 32–44 the surah discusses a parable of two men, one of whom had been given blessings from God and the other poor. The rich one wronged his soul and started showing off with his wealth and noble lineage.


title: Al-Kahf

text: Verse 36 explains that The rich man also told his companion that he doubted the existence of Judgment Day.


title: Al-Kahf

text: Q18:45 Imam Musa al-Kadhim narrates in Kitab al-Kafi that Ali would bequeath his companions to view this world with the vision of an ascetic because it dislodges its residents. Ali provides them with the parable of a lush, green garden with scented dew that accumulates under the blades of grass but then gets separated from it in the morning, as Allah has said,


title: Al-Kahf

text: The third main story within the chapter (verses 60–82) is that of Musa (Moses) traveling to gain knowledge from another servant of God who is never mentioned by name, in tafsir of ibn Kathir he is called Al-Khidr.


title: Al-Kahf

text: Finally, the surah mentions in verses 83–98 a man who traveled a great deal and reached the east and the west of the earth – namely, Dhul-Qarnayn. The Qur'an repeats the Syrian legend of a great king who helps a tribe of people build a massive wall of iron between two mountains. It goes on to say that this wall will be only destroyed on Judgement Day. The wall may have reflected a distant knowledge of the Great Wall of China (the 12th-century scholar al-Idrisi drew a map for Roger of Sicily showing the "Land of Gog and Magog" in Mongolia), or of various Sassanid Persian walls built in the Caspian area against the northern barbarians, or a conflation of the two.


title: Al-Kahf

text: Arab Muslim historian and hagiographer, Ibn Ishaq, reported in his traditional book (oral traditions) of biography of Muhammad, "Sirat Rasul Allah" that the 18th surah of the Qur'an (which includes the story of Dhu l-Qarnayn) was revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad by God on account of some questions posed by rabbis residing in the city of Medina – the verse was revealed during the Meccan period of Muhammad's life. According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad's tribe, the powerful Quraysh, were greatly concerned about their tribesman who had started claiming prophethood and wished to consult rabbis about the matter. The Quraysh sent two men to the rabbis of Medina, reasoning that they had superior knowledge of the scriptures and about the prophets of God. The two Quraysh men described their tribesman, Muhammad, to the rabbis.


title: Al-Kahf

text: According to Ibn Ishaq, when Muhammad was informed of the three questions from the rabbis, he said that he would have the answers in the morning but did not say "if God wills it". For fifteen days, Muhammad waited eagerly for the revelation. Muhammad did not answer the question until then. Doubt in Muhammad began to grow amongst the people of Mecca. Then, after fifteen days, Muhammad received the revelation of "al-Kahf" as an answer to the questions.


title: Al-Kahf

text: There is a hadith in Sahih Muslim that states that Muhammad said (Concerning The False Messiah, Al-Masih ad-Dajjal):


title: Al-Kahf

text: The story of believers falling asleep in a cave for a long time is present also in the Christian tradition, see Seven Sleepers.


title: Bess Houdini

text: Wilhelmina Beatrice "Bess" Houdini (née Rahner; January 23, 1876 – February 11, 1943) was an American stage assistant and wife of Harry Houdini.


title: Bess Houdini

text: Wilhelmina Beatrice Rahner was born in Brooklyn, New York (before New York City was consolidated) in 1876 to German immigrants Gebhard Rahner (a cabinet maker) and Balbina Rahner (née Bugel).


title: Bess Houdini

text: Bess was working at Coney Island in a song and dance act called The Floral Sisters when she was first courted by Houdini's younger brother, Theo (a.k.a. Theodore Hardeen). But it was the older Houdini brother, Harry, that she fell in love with and married on June 22, 1894. The pair worked as The Houdinis for several years before Houdini hit it big as The Handcuff King. But he and Bess continued to occasionally perform their signature trick, Metamorphosis, throughout his career. Bess also looked after their menagerie of pets, collected dolls, and made the costumes for Houdini's full evening roadshow. The Houdinis remained childless throughout their marriage. Bess's niece, Marie Hinson Blood, said Bess suffered from a medical condition that prevented her from having children.


title: Bess Houdini

text: After Houdini died on October 31, 1926, Bess opened a tea house in New York, and briefly performed a vaudeville act in which she froze a man in ice.


title: Bess Houdini

text: She moved to Inwood, Manhattan, and would try to contact Harry during seances, with a code that only Harry and Bessie knew about, to be sure that the spirit medium was not a fraud. The code was: "Rosabelle – answer – tell – pray, answer – look – tell – answer, answer – tell." Bess' wedding band bore the inscription "Rosabelle", the name of the song she sang in her act when they first met. The other words correspond to a secret spelling code used to pass information between a magician and his assistant during a mentalism act. Each word or word pair equals a letter. The word "answer" stood for the letter "B", for example. "Answer, answer" stood for the letter "V". Thus, the Houdinis' secret phrase spelled out the word "BELIEVE".


title: Bess Houdini

text: In the 1930s she moved to Hollywood, California, and worked to promote Houdini's memory along with her manager and partner, Edward Saint. On Halloween 1936, Bess and Saint conducted a "Final Houdini Séance" on the roof of the Knickerbocker Hotel in Hollywood. At the conclusion of the failed séance, beside a photograph of Houdini, she put out the candle that was said to have burned for ten years. In 1943 she said "ten years [was] long enough to wait for any man."


title: Bess Houdini

text: After the 1936 séance, Bess asked Walter B. Gibson—writer of the mystery series "The Shadow" and a friend, confidant, publicist and ghostwriter for Houdini—to carry on the yearly tribute. He held them for many years at New York's Magic Towne House with such magical notables as Houdini biographer Milbourne Christopher. Before he died, Gibson passed on the tradition to Dorothy Dietrich.


title: Bess Houdini

text: Bess Houdini died from a heart attack on February 11, 1943, while in Needles, California, aboard an eastbound train traveling from Los Angeles to New York City. She was 67 years old. Her family would not allow her to be interred with her late husband at the Machpelah Cemetery in Queens, New York as she had been raised a Roman Catholic and he was a Jew. She is interred instead at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, New York.


title: Bess Houdini

text: Bess Houdini appeared as herself in the 1938 film "Religious Racketeers" (a.k.a. "Mystic Circle Murder") directed by Frank O'Conner and produced by Fanchon Royer. In the film, she expressed her belief that communication with those who have died is impossible. The film sparked controversy among spiritualists, but was praised by magicians. It was released on DVD in 2006 by Alpha Video.


title: Bess Houdini

text: Bess has been portrayed in film by Janet Leigh ("Houdini", 1953), Sally Struthers ("The Great Houdini", 1976), Stacy Edwards ("Houdini", 1998), and Kristen Connolly ("Houdini", 2014). On stage, she has been played by Judith Bruce ("Man of Magic", 1966), Viviane Thomas ("Houdini – A Circus Opera", 1979), Kim Lores ("The Great Houdini", 1999), and Evanna Lynch ("Houdini", 2013).


title: Bess Houdini

text: The Kate Bush song "Houdini" from her 1982 album "The Dreaming" is about the story of Bess Houdini and her attempts to communicate with her deceased husband Harry.


title: Bess Houdini

text: The My Chemical Romance song "This Is How I Disappear" was inspired by the séance performed by Houdini to contact her dead husband, Harry.


title: Bess Houdini

text: Bálint Varga and Lia Barcellona Tamborra's 2020 album musical/audiobook "d'Illusion: The Houdini Musical" depicts Harry and Bess' relationship as part of the plot. She is portrayed by Quiana Holmes.


title: Silver Link

text: After the company's establishment in 2007, Shin Oonuma, who was previously a director alongside Shaft directors Akiyuki Shinbo and Tatsuya Oishi, joined the studio. A majority of Silver Link's productions have involved Oonuma as a director or co-director since his joining of the studio. The company had also owned two subsidiaries: BEEP Co., Ltd, a subcontracting animation studio, and CONNECT, Inc, a studio that started off co-producing series with Silver Link, and has since expanded into producing its own works. Both subsidiaries have since been dissolved by the studio, though they both still continue to operate as divisions within the company.


title: Silver Link

text: On February 1, 2016, Beep was absorbed into Silver Link, and was succeeded by SILVER LINK. Overseas Division, taking over BEEP's former office space. However, the BEEP brand still remains in use for sub-contracting work by the studio.


title: Silver Link

text: On July 17, 2020, it was announced that Silver Link would be wholly absorbing and dissolving Connect, and that all rights managed by the company would be transferred to Silver Link. However, Connect will still continue to operate as a sub-studio within Silver Link.


title: Silver Link

text: On August 3, 2020, it was announced that Asahi Broadcasting Group Holdings had acquired Silver Link for 250 million yen.


title: Silver Link

text: On October 1, 2020, the company changed its name to SILVER LINK. Asset Management Co., Ltd. and split off its animation production business into a new company named SILVER LINK., Inc.


title: Atomic battery

text: An atomic battery, nuclear battery, radioisotope battery or radioisotope generator is a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like nuclear reactors, they generate electricity from nuclear energy, but differ in that they do not use a chain reaction. Although commonly called batteries, they are technically not electrochemical and cannot be charged or recharged. They are very costly, but have an extremely long life and high energy density, and so they are typically used as power sources for equipment that must operate unattended for long periods of time, such as spacecraft, pacemakers, underwater systems and automated scientific stations in remote parts of the world.


title: Atomic battery

text: Nuclear battery technology began in 1913, when Henry Moseley first demonstrated a current generated by charged particle radiation. The field received considerable in-depth research attention for applications requiring long-life power sources for space needs during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1954 RCA researched a small atomic battery for small radio receivers and hearing aids. Since RCA's initial research and development in the early 1950s, many types and methods have been designed to extract electrical energy from nuclear sources. The scientific principles are well known, but modern nano-scale technology and new wide-bandgap semiconductors have created new devices and interesting material properties not previously available.


title: Atomic battery

text: Nuclear batteries can be classified by energy conversion technology into two main groups: "thermal converters" and "non-thermal converters". The thermal types convert some of the heat generated by the nuclear decay into electricity. The most notable example is the radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), often used in spacecraft. The non-thermal converters extract energy directly from the emitted radiation, before it is degraded into heat. They are easier to miniaturize and do not require a thermal gradient to operate, so they are suitable for use in small-scale applications. The most notable example is the betavoltaic cell.


title: Atomic battery

text: Atomic batteries usually have an efficiency of 0.1–5%. High-efficiency betavoltaic devices can reach 6–8% efficiency.


title: Atomic battery

text: A thermionic converter consists of a hot electrode, which thermionically emits electrons over a space-charge barrier to a cooler electrode, producing a useful power output. Caesium vapor is used to optimize the electrode work functions and provide an ion supply (by surface ionization) to neutralize the electron space charge.


title: Atomic battery

text: A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) uses thermocouples. Each thermocouple is formed from two wires of different metals (or other materials). A temperature gradient along the length of each wire produces a voltage gradient from one end of the wire to the other; but the different materials produce different voltages per degree of temperature difference. By connecting the wires at one end, heating that end but cooling the other end, a usable, but small (millivolts), voltage is generated between the unconnected wire ends. In practice, many are connected in series (or in parallel) to generate a larger voltage (or current) from the same heat source, as heat flows from the hot ends to the cold ends. Metal thermocouples have low thermal-to-electrical efficiency. However, the carrier density and charge can be adjusted in semiconductor materials such as bismuth telluride and silicon germanium to achieve much higher conversion efficiencies.


title: Atomic battery

text: Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells work by the same principles as a photovoltaic cell, except that they convert infrared light (rather than visible light) emitted by a hot surface, into electricity. Thermophotovoltaic cells have an efficiency slightly higher than thermoelectric couples and can be overlaid on thermoelectric couples, potentially doubling efficiency. The University of Houston TPV Radioisotope Power Conversion Technology development effort is aiming at combining thermophotovoltaic cells concurrently with thermocouples to provide a 3- to 4-fold improvement in system efficiency over current thermoelectric radioisotope generators.


title: Atomic battery

text: A Stirling radioisotope generator is a Stirling engine driven by the temperature difference produced by a radioisotope. A more efficient version, the advanced Stirling radioisotope generator, was under development by NASA, but was cancelled in 2013 due to large-scale cost overruns.


title: Atomic battery

text: Non-thermal converters extract energy from emitted radiation before it is degraded into heat. Unlike thermoelectric and thermionic converters their output does not depend on the temperature difference. Non-thermal generators can be classified by the type of particle used and by the mechanism by which their energy is converted.


title: Atomic battery

text: Energy can be extracted from emitted charged particles when their charge builds up in a conductor, thus creating an electrostatic potential. Without a dissipation mode the voltage can increase up to the energy of the radiated particles, which may range from several kilovolts (for beta radiation) up to megavolts (alpha radiation). The built up electrostatic energy can be turned into usable electricity in one of the following ways.


title: Atomic battery

text: A direct-charging generator consists of a capacitor charged by the current of charged particles from a radioactive layer deposited on one of the electrodes. Spacing can be either vacuum or dielectric. Negatively charged beta particles or positively charged alpha particles, positrons or fission fragments may be utilized. Although this form of nuclear-electric generator dates back to 1913, few applications have been found in the past for the extremely low currents and inconveniently high voltages provided by direct-charging generators. Oscillator/transformer systems are employed to reduce the voltages, then rectifiers are used to transform the AC power back to direct current.


title: Atomic battery

text: English physicist H. G. J. Moseley constructed the first of these. Moseley's apparatus consisted of a glass globe silvered on the inside with a radium emitter mounted on the tip of a wire at the center. The charged particles from the radium created a flow of electricity as they moved quickly from the radium to the inside surface of the sphere. As late as 1945 the Moseley model guided other efforts to build experimental batteries generating electricity from the emissions of radioactive elements.


title: Atomic battery

text: Electromechanical atomic batteries use the buildup of charge between two plates to pull one bendable plate towards the other, until the two plates touch, discharge, equalizing the electrostatic buildup, and spring back. The mechanical motion produced can be used to produce electricity through flexing of a piezoelectric material or through a linear generator. Milliwatts of power are produced in pulses depending on the charge rate, in some cases multiple times per second (35 Hz).


title: Atomic battery

text: A "radiovoltaic" (RV) device converts the energy of ionizing radiation directly into electricity using a semiconductor junction, similar to the conversion of photons into electricity in a photovoltaic cell. Depending on the type of radiation targeted, these devices are called "alphavoltaic" (AV, αV), "betavoltaic" (BV, βV) and/or "gammavoltaic" (GV, γV). Betavoltaics have traditionally received the most attention since (low-energy) beta emitters cause the least amount of radiative damage, thus allowing a longer operating life and less shielding. Interest in alphavoltaic and (more recently) gammavoltaic devices is driven by their potential higher efficiency.


title: Atomic battery

text: Alphavoltaic devices use a semiconductor junction to produce electrical energy from energetic alpha particles.


title: Atomic battery

text: Betavoltaic devices use a semiconductor junction to produce electrical energy from energetic beta particles (electrons). A commonly used source is the hydrogen isotope tritium.


title: Atomic battery

text: Betavoltaic devices are particularly well-suited to low-power electrical applications where long life of the energy source is needed, such as implantable medical devices or military and space applications.


title: Atomic battery

text: Gammavoltaic devices use a semiconductor junction to produce electrical energy from energetic gamma particles (high-energy photons). They have only been considered in the 2010s but were proposed as early as 1981.


title: Atomic battery

text: A gammavoltaic effect has been reported in perovskite solar cells. Another patented design involves scattering of the gamma particle until its energy has decreased enough to be absorbed in a conventional photovoltaic cell. Gammavoltaic designs using diamond and Schottky diodes are also being investigated.


title: Atomic battery

text: In a "radiophotovoltaic" (RPV) device the energy conversion is indirect: the emitted particles are first converted into light using a radioluminescent material (a scintillator or phosphor), and the light is then converted into electricity using a photovoltaic cell. Depending on the type of particle targeted, the conversion type can be more precisely specified as "alphaphotovoltaic" (APV or α-PV), "betaphotovoltaic" (BPV or β-PV) or "gammaphotovoltaic" (GPV or γ-PV).


title: Atomic battery

text: Radiophotovoltaic conversion can be combined with radiovoltaic conversion to increase the conversion efficiency.


title: Atomic battery

text: Medtronic and Alcatel developed a plutonium-powered pacemaker, the Numec NU-5, powered by a 2.5 Ci slug of plutonium 238, first implanted in a human patient in 1970. The 139 Numec NU-5 nuclear pacemakers implanted in the 1970s are expected to never need replacing, an advantage over non-nuclear pacemakers, which require surgical replacement of their batteries every 5 to 10 years. The plutonium "batteries" are expected to produce enough power to drive the circuit for longer than the 88-year halflife of the plutonium.


title: Atomic battery

text: Atomic batteries use radioisotopes that produce low energy beta particles or sometimes alpha particles of varying energies. Low energy beta particles are needed to prevent the production of high energy penetrating Bremsstrahlung radiation that would require heavy shielding. Radioisotopes such as tritium, nickel-63, promethium-147, and technetium-99 have been tested. Plutonium-238, curium-242, curium-244 and strontium-90 have been used. Besides the nuclear properties of the used isotope, there are also the issues of chemical properties and availability. A product deliberately produced via neutron irradiation or in a particle accelerator is more difficult to obtain than a fission product easily extracted from spent nuclear fuel.


title: Atomic battery

text: Plutonium-238 must be deliberately produced via neutron irradiation of Neptunium-237 but it can be easily converted into a stable plutonium oxide ceramic. Strontium-90 is easily extracted from spent nuclear fuel but must be converted into the perovskite form strontium titanate to reduce its chemical mobility, cutting power density in half. Caesium-137, another high yield nuclear fission product, is rarely used in atomic batteries because it is difficult to convert into chemically inert substances. Another undesirable property of Cs-137 extracted from spent nuclear fuel is that it is contaminated with other isotopes of Caesium which reduce power density further.


title: Atomic battery

text: In the field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), nuclear engineers at the University of Wisconsin, Madison have explored the possibilities of producing minuscule batteries which exploit radioactive nuclei of substances such as polonium or curium to produce electric energy. As an example of an integrated, self-powered application, the researchers have created an oscillating cantilever beam that is capable of consistent, periodic oscillations over very long time periods without the need for refueling. Ongoing work demonstrate that this cantilever is capable of radio frequency transmission, allowing MEMS devices to communicate with one another wirelessly.


title: Atomic battery

text: These micro-batteries are very light and deliver enough energy to function as power supply for use in MEMS devices and further for supply for nanodevices.


title: Atomic battery

text: The radiation energy released is transformed into electric energy, which is restricted to the area of the device that contains the processor and the micro-battery that supplies it with energy.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Anglo-Catholicism comprises beliefs and practices that emphasise the Catholic heritage and identity of the various Anglican churches.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: The term was coined in the early 19th century, although movements emphasising the Catholic nature of Anglicanism already existed. Particularly influential in the history of Anglo-Catholicism were the Caroline Divines of the 17th century, the Jacobite Nonjuring schism of the 17th and 18th centuries, and the Oxford Movement, which began at the University of Oxford in 1833 and ushered in a period of Anglican history known as the "Catholic Revival".


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: A minority of Anglo-Catholics, sometimes called Anglican Papalists, consider themselves under papal supremacy even though they are not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church. Such Anglo-Catholics, especially in England, often celebrate Mass according to the Mass of Paul VI and are concerned with seeking reunion with the Roman Catholic Church.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Members of the Roman Catholic Church's personal ordinariates for former Anglicans created by Pope Benedict XVI are sometimes unofficially referred to as "Anglican Catholics".


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Following the passing of the Act of Supremacy and Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church, the Church of England continued to adhere to traditional Catholic teachings and did not initially make any alterations to doctrine. The "Ten Articles" were published in 1536 and constitute the first official Anglican articles of faith. The articles for the most part concurred with the teachings of the Church in England as they had been prior to the Protestant Reformation and defended, among other things, the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the sacrament of Confession, the honouring and invocation of Christian saints and prayer for the dead. Belief in purgatory, however, was made non-essential. This was followed by the "Institution of the Christian Man" (also called "The Bishops' Book") in 1537, a combined effort by numerous clergy and theologians which—though not strongly Protestant in its inclinations—showed a slight move towards Reformed positions. "The Bishops' Book" was unpopular with conservative sections of the church, and quickly grew to be disliked by Henry VIII as well. The "Six Articles", released two years later, moved away from all Reformed ideas and strongly affirmed Catholic positions regarding matters such as transubstantiation and Mass for the dead. The "King's Book", the official article of religion written by Henry in 1543, likewise expressed Catholic sacramental theology and encouraged prayer for the dead.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: A major shift in Anglican doctrine came in the reign of Henry's son, Edward VI, who repealed the "Six Articles" and under whose rule the Church of England became more identifiably Protestant. Though the Church's practices and approach to the sacraments became strongly influenced by those of continental reformers, it nevertheless retained episcopal church structure. The Church of England was then briefly reunited with the Roman Catholic Church under Mary, before separating again under Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was an attempt to end the religious divisions among Christians in England, and is often seen as an important event in Anglican history, ultimately laying the foundations for the ""via media"" concept of Anglicanism.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: The nature of early Anglicanism was to be of great importance to the Anglo-Catholics of the 19th century, who would argue that their beliefs and practices were common during this period and were inoffensive to the earliest members of the Church of England.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: The Caroline Divines were a group of influential Anglican theologians active in the 17th century who opposed Lutheranism, Calvinism and Puritanism and stressed the importance of episcopal polity, apostolic succession and the sacraments. The Caroline Divines also favoured elaborate liturgy (in some cases favouring the liturgy of the pre-Reformation church) and aesthetics. Their influence saw a revival in the use of images and statues in churches.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: The leaders of the Anglo-Catholic revival in the 19th century would draw heavily from the works of the Caroline Divines.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: The modern Anglo-Catholic movement began with the Oxford Movement in the Victorian era, sometimes termed "Tractarianism".


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: In the early 19th century, various factors caused misgivings among English church people, including the decline of church life and the spread of unconventional practices in the Church of England. The British government's action in 1833 of beginning a reduction in the number of Church of Ireland bishoprics and archbishoprics inspired a sermon from John Keble in the University Church in Oxford on the subject of "National Apostasy". This sermon marked the inception of what became known as the Oxford Movement.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: The principal objective of the Oxford Movement was the defence of the Church of England as a divinely founded institution, of the doctrine of apostolic succession and of the "Book of Common Prayer" as a "rule of faith". The key idea was that Anglicanism was not a Protestant denomination but a branch of the historic Catholic Church, along with the Roman Catholic Church, Scandinavian Lutheran Churches and the Eastern Orthodox churches. It was argued that Anglicanism had preserved the historical apostolic succession of priests and bishops and thus the Catholic sacraments. These ideas were promoted in a series of ninety "Tracts for the Times".


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: The principal leaders of the Oxford Movement were John Keble, John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey. The movement gained influential support, but it was also attacked by some bishops of the Church and by the latitudinarians within the University of Oxford, who believed in conforming to official Church of England practices but who felt that matters of doctrine, liturgical practice, and ecclesiastical organization were of relatively little importance. Within the Oxford movement, there gradually arose a much smaller group which tended towards submission to the supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1845, the university censured a tract entitled "Ideal of a Christian Church" and its author, the pro-Roman Catholic theologian W. G. Ward, on which basis was imputed the moniker "Ideal Ward". The year 1850 saw the victory of the Evangelical cleric George Cornelius Gorham in a celebrated legal action against church authorities. Consequently, some Anglicans of Anglo-Catholic churchmanship were received into the Roman Catholic Church, while others, such as Mark Pattison, embraced Latitudinarian Anglicanism, and yet others, such as James Anthony Froude, became sceptics. The majority of adherents of the movement, however, remained in the Church of England and, despite hostility in the press and in government, the movement spread. Its liturgical practices were influential, as were its social achievements (including its slum settlements) and its revival of male and female monasticism within Anglicanism.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Since at least the 1970s, Anglo-Catholicism has been dividing into two distinct camps, along a fault-line which can perhaps be traced back to Bishop Charles Gore's work in the 19th century.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: The Oxford Movement had been inspired in the first place by a rejection of liberalism and latitudinarianism in favour of the traditional faith of the "Church Catholic", defined by the teachings of the Church Fathers and the common doctrines of the historical eastern and western Christian churches.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Because of the emphasis on upholding traditions, until the 1970s most Anglo-Catholics rejected liberalising development such as the conferral of holy orders on women. Present-day "traditionalist" Anglo-Catholics seek to maintain tradition and to keep Anglican doctrine in line with that of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. They often ally themselves with conservative evangelical Anglicans to defend traditional teachings on sexual morality and women's roles in the Church. The main organisation in the Church of England that opposes the ordination of women, Forward in Faith, is largely composed of Anglo-Catholics.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Gore's work, however, bearing the mark of liberal Protestant higher criticism, paved the way for an alternative form of Anglo-Catholicism influenced by liberal theology. Thus in recent years, many Anglo-Catholics have accepted the ordination of women, the use of inclusive language in Bible translations and the liturgy, and progressive attitudes towards homosexuality and the blessing of same sex unions. Such Anglicans often refer to themselves as "Liberal Anglo-Catholics". The more "progressive" or "liberal" style of Anglo-Catholicism is represented by Affirming Catholicism and the Society of Catholic Priests.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: A third strand of Anglican Catholicism criticises elements of both liberalism and conservatism, drawing instead on the 20th century Roman Catholic "Nouvelle Théologie", especially Henri de Lubac. This movement rejected the dominance of Thomism and Neo-Scholasticism in Catholic theology, and advocated instead for a "return to the sources" of the Christian faith (scripture and the writings of the Church Fathers) while remaining open to dialogue with the contemporary world on issues of theology. John Milbank and others within this strand have been instrumental in the creation of the ecumenical (though predominantly Anglican and Roman Catholic) movement known as radical orthodoxy.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Some traditionalist Anglo-Catholics have left official Anglicanism to form "continuing Anglican churches" such as those in the Anglican Catholic Church and Traditional Anglican Communion. Others such as Ann Widdecombe have left Anglicanism altogether for the Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox churches, in the belief that liberal doctrinal changes in the Anglican churches have gone too far.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: In late 2009, in response to requests from various groups of Anglicans around the world who were dissatisfied with liberalizing movements within the Anglican Communion, Pope Benedict XVI issued the apostolic constitution "Anglicanorum Coetibus". This document invites groups of traditionalist Anglicans to form what are termed "Anglican ordinariates" or "personal ordinariates" under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Holy See of the Catholic Church in Rome, while preserving elements of the liturgical, musical, theological and other aspects of their Anglican patrimony. Under these terms, regional groupings of Anglican Catholics may apply for reception by the Holy See under the jurisdiction of an "ordinary" (i.e. a bishop or priest) appointed by Rome to oversee the community. While being in a country or region which is part of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church, these ordinaries will nonetheless retain aspects of the Anglican patrimony, such as married priests and traditional English choral music and liturgy. Because apostolic constitutions are the highest level of papal legislation and are not time-limited, the invitation is open into the indefinite future.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Some have drawn parallels with the Eastern Catholic Churches. However, although there are some commonalities, Anglican ordinariates are part of the Latin Church sui iuris within the Catholic Church, as they had been before the breach with Rome following the reign of Mary I of England, and their Anglican Use liturgy is a use (variation) of the Roman Rite.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: The first Anglican ordinariate, known as the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham, was established on 15 January 2011 in the United Kingdom. The second Anglican ordinariate, known as the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, was established on 1 January 2012 in the United States. The already existing Anglican Use parishes in the United States, which have existed since the 1980s, formed a portion of the first American Anglican ordinariate. These parishes were already in communion with Rome and use modified Anglican liturgies approved by the Holy See. They were joined by other groups and parishes of Episcopalians and some other Anglicans. A third Anglican ordinariate, known as the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross, was established on 15 June 2012 in Australia.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Historically, Anglo-Catholics have valued "highly the tradition of the early, undivided Church, they saw its authority as co-extensive with Scripture. They re-emphasized the Church's institutional history and form. Anglo-Catholicism was emotionally intense, and yet drawn to aspects of the pre-Reformation Church, including the revival of religious orders, the reintroduction of the language and symbolism of the eucharistic sacrifice," and "the revival of private confession. Its spirituality was Evangelical, but High Church in content and form." At the same time, Anglo-Catholics held that "the Roman Catholic has corrupted the original ritualism; and she [the Anglican Church] claims that the ritualism which she presents is a revival in purity of the original ritualism of the Catholic Church." The spirituality of Anglo-Catholics is drawn largely from the teachings of the early Church, in addition to the Caroline Divines. Archbishop of Canterbury Matthew Parker, in 1572, published "De Antiquitate Britannicæ Ecclesiæ", which traced the roots of the Anglican Church, arguing "that the early British Church differed from Roman Catholicism in key points and thus provided an alternative model for patristic Christianity," a view repeated by many Anglo-Catholics such as Charles Chapman Grafton, Bishop of the Diocese of Fond du Lac. In addition, Anglo-Catholics hold that the Anglican churches have maintained "catholicity and apostolicity." In the same vein, Anglo-Catholics emphasize the doctrines of apostolic succession and the threefold order, holding that these were retained by the Anglican Church after it went through the English Reformation.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: In agreement with the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodox Churches, Anglo-Catholics—along with Old-Catholics and Lutherans—generally appeal to the "canon" (or rule) of St Vincent of Lerins: "What everywhere, what always, and what by all has been believed, that is truly and properly Catholic."


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: The Anglican Thirty-Nine Articles make distinctions between Anglican and Roman Catholic understandings of doctrine; in the eyes of Anglo-Catholics, the Thirty-Nine Articles are Catholic, containing statements that profess the universal faith of the early Church. As the Articles were intentionally written in such a way as to be open to a range of interpretations, Anglo-Catholics have defended their practices and beliefs as being consistent with the Thirty-Nine Articles. A recent trend in Anglo-Catholic thought related to the Thirty-Nine Articles has included the New Perspective on Paul.


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Anglo-Catholic priests often hear private confessions and anoint the sick, regarding these practices as sacraments. The classic Anglican aphorism regarding private confession is: "All may, some should, none must." Anglo-Catholics also offer prayers for the departed and the intercession of the saints; C. S. Lewis, often considered an Anglo-Catholic in his theological sensibilities, was once quoted as stating that,


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Anglicans of Anglo-Catholic churchmanship also believe in the real objective presence of Christ in the Eucharist and understand the way He is manifest in the sacrament to be a mystery of faith. Like the Eastern Orthodox and Lutherans, Anglo-Catholics, with the exception of the minority of Anglican Papalists, reject the Roman doctrines of the papal supremacy and papal infallibility, with Walter Herbert Stowe, an Anglo-Catholic cleric, explaining the Anglican position on these issues:


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Anglo-Catholics are often identified by their liturgical practices and ornaments. These have traditionally been characterised by the "six points" of the later Catholic Revival's eucharistic practice:


title: Anglo-Catholicism

text: Many other traditional Catholic practices are observed within Anglo-Catholicism, including eucharistic adoration. Some of these Anglo-Catholic "innovations" have since been accepted by broad church Anglicans, if not by Evangelical or Low Church Anglicans.