title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: XPW was founded in the summer of 1999 on the West Coast, particularly Los Angeles, California. The promotion based its style around hardcore wrestling, featuring many very violent matches. In addition, XPW kept a huge focus on the soap opera aspect of wrestling, as the storylines involved porn stars, alternative lifestyles, profanity, and sadistic violence. The first show was on July 31, 1999 at Reseda Country Club. The announce team for XPW consisted of Kris Kloss and Larry Rivera, with Kloss doing the play-by-play and Rivera taking on the role as a heel color commentator. Kloss's trademark was screaming expletives or shrieking a high pitched scream when something shocking occurred in a match. Rivera often sided with Rob Black, calling him the Donald Trump of the pro wrestling business, and his trademark announcing consisted of referring to Kloss as "chico", using "chico" in nearly all of his sentences, and occasional wandering into Spanish announcing. In this period, the promotion's main stars were homegrown wrestlers, but many former stars of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) passed through XPW following the fall of that promotion.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: In 2000, Rob Black purchased six front row tickets for ECW's Heat Wave pay-per-view in 2000. The tickets for the show were given to a cadre of XPW talent, as their mission was to make it clear that ECW was on enemy turf. At the beginning of the main event, the XPW contingent (The Messiah, Kid Kaos, Supreme, Kristi Myst, Homeless Jimmy and Kris Kloss) donned shirts emblazoned with the logo of their home company, gaining the attention of security and Tommy Dreamer. Security ejected the XPW group. A brawl in the parking lot then broke out between the XPW ring crew and the ECW locker room, but the XPW wrestlers were not involved. In the parking lot, several of the ECW wrestlers brutalized the XPW ring crew in a street fight until several of the ring crew members were left bloodied. Initial reports claimed that Kristi Myst somehow touched Francine and that prompted the incident, but Francine herself has since gone on record as saying that she was never grabbed or in any other way touched by any of the XPW crew, and other eyewitnesses support the story that Francine never had a hand laid on her. Although fans did throw up the XPW arm signature, XPW was not officially acknowledged on the telecast. On screen Joey Styles, ECW's color commentator, stated during the incident "apparently The Sandman has shared a few too many beers with the fans at ringside" and "apparently a drunken fan at ringside put his hands on Francine." Also you can see Francine angry on camera due to being touched by XPW member, even though years later it was revealed that none of the XPW crew touched Francine.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Shortly after the ECW Incident, XPW would have their one-year anniversary show "Go Funk Yourself" at the Los Angeles Sports Arena on July 22, 2000. The main event being XPW World Heavyweight Champion Sabu facing off against Terry Funk. The event was considered by many a high point for XPW. Unfortunately, it would be four more months until XPW would put on another show. During that time period, an attempt to bring in Japanese Deathmatch Pioneer Atsushi Onita for an exploding ring match failed.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: One of the main storylines for most of 2001 concerned the heel stable known as the "Black Army". The Black Army was run by Rob Black, assisted by his wife (porn star Lizzy Borden), with their top star The Messiah and his feud with Sabu. Also, throughout most of 2001, another heel stable called the "Enterprise" emerged to eventually feud with the "Black Army" the following year. Originally consisting of former "Black Army" henchmen Steve Rizzono, Motivational Speaker TJ Rush, porn star Veronica Caine and G. Q. Money, the stable was completed at the Damage Inc. show when Kid Kaos won the brand new XPW Television Championship, turned his back on his uncle, Supreme, and aligned himself with the Enterprise. After this surprise heel turn, Kid Kaos dropped the "Kid" from his name and nicknamed himself "The Rock Superstar" Kaos.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: For a year, April 2001 to April 2002, XPW would run shows at the legendary Los Angeles venue Grand Olympic Auditorium. Such notable events were their two-year anniversary show "Damage Inc.", a double ringed War Games style cage match "Genocide", and the infamous 40 foot scaffold match between Vic Grimes and New Jack at "Free Fall". Also many big names debuted in XPW at the time, such as The Sandman, Vampiro, Konnan, Insane Clown Posse, and Psicosis.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: At XPW's three year anniversary show, "Night of Champions" in July 2002, Shane Douglas made his return to XPW as the mystery opponent of Johnny Webb, winning the XPW title. Following the match, the revelation that Douglas and Lizzy Borden were allies emerged, which would crush Rob Black to the point that Borden inherited the power of XPW. The organization then based its operations to the East Coast in Philadelphia, PA at the New Alhambra Arena. The event also saw the Third King of the Deathmatch Tournament, which got released on home video as Baptized In Blood III.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: XPW debuted at the former ECW Arena on August 31, 2002, at the "Hostile Takeover" event, and Shane Douglas was the promotion's focal point for the rest of the year. Controversy arose when XPW signed an exclusive lease with the New Alhambra Arena, preventing other independent promotions from holding shows at the venue. As XPW continued to run on the East Coast, the risque storylines were quickly phased out, and a majority of XPW's West Coast employees were not a part of the "All-New XPW." The relocation to the East Coast also resulted in many former ECW stars passing through XPW, whether it be on a regular basis or one-night appearances.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: They would eventually return to their home of Los Angeles for a few shows in early 2003. On March 8, 2003, they did a show in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which had 1,500 in attendance, mainly due to Pittsburgh being Shane Douglas's hometown. This would be XPW's very last show. There were scheduled shows in April 2003 on The East Coast. Tickets were said to be selling very poorly prior to the event, and XPW announced they were canceling the event due to a big storm (that was in reality not, however, anywhere as big as XPW claimed it to be on their website).


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: In April 2003, Rob Black and Lizzy Borden were indicted on obscenity charges due to pornographic material produced by XPW's parent company, Extreme Associates. Federal agents in Pittsburgh had purchased the offending material, which depicted scenes of rape, urination, and murder. The stress of the trial took a toll on the owners of the company, and XPW could no longer be subsidized financially. In January 2005, the charges were dropped but on December 8, 2005, an appeals court revived the charges (See "United States v. Extreme Associates"). Xtreme Entertainment Group (which later split into XEG and Big Vision Entertainment, the company of which XPW employee Kevin Kleinrock would later become Executive Vice President) purchased the XPW name and video library in 2004. Black stated "If I never got indicted I would have definitely kept the wrestling thing going."


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: The only XPW pay-per-view was "The Best of XPW", a compilation of highlights which aired in the Summer of 2003.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: An XPW reunion show called "Cold Day in Hell" took place on May 24, 2008, at Aviation Park in Redondo Beach, California. The event was originally going to be called Hell Freezes Over, before changing it to Cold Day in Hell.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: In June 2007, the XPW rights owners, Big Vision Entertainment, worked on Wrestling Society X which featured many XPW alumni. While working on the project they came up with the idea to create a reunion show. The event was produced by Kevin Kleinrock, Mike Hartsfield and Kris Kloss. Vic Grimes was originally scheduled to be part of the event, however he later needed to drop out due to injury.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Big Vision Entertainment released it on DVD and Blu-ray in January 2009. The DVD includes the entire main event and a 45-minute pre-show.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: The show started with the first ever "Dynamite D Tribute Battle Royal". Carnage eventually lit the tape on his hand on fire and eliminated the final remaining competitors with a flaming clothesline. Carnage, after receiving the D Cup, gave it to Dynamite D's mother.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Prior to the second match, XPW hosted the Miss Extreme Competition, hosted by Joey Ryan. Women were competing based on skills like lap dances and beer chugging. When women began getting spanked with a barbed wire glove, Nicky, "The New York Knockout", beat up the other contestants. No official winner was declared.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Kaos and Vampiro wrestled next, which included Kaos being bodyslammed onto a fluorescent light tube. Kaos ultimately won the match, with both wrestlers backs cut and bleeding from the glass.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Prior to Angel, "The Hardcore Homo"'s match, he was presented with a birthday cake and presents for his 19th birthday. G. Q. Money was hiding among the gifts who attacked Angel with the help of Bo Cooper. Angel performed the Bronco Buster with his assless tights and then poured a bag of condoms and sex toys out. Money shot a fireball at Angel pick up the victory. Following the match, Pratt came out to help Angel.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Following the Angel/Money match, J. Love forced Leroy the Ring Crew Guy to clean up the remaining glass from the Kaos/Vampiro match. Pogo the Clown came out with a shovel and beat up both Leroy and J. Love, before being stopped by The Sandman and a Singapore cane. Sandman eventually picked up the victory after J. Love hit Pogo with a kendo stick, which distracted him enough to allow for Sandman to gain control.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Terry Funk, the special referee for the "White Trash" Johnny Webb & Raven vs. Homeless Jimmy & Concussion, announced that Sabu, who was originally in the match could not compete due to a broken vertebra in his neck. Sabu however came to the ring during the match and although was removed by security distracted Funk enough that Funk got knocked out. Raven and Webb ultimately picked up the victory after Webb gave Jimmy a DDT on top of a chair.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: The Team Rev Pro vs Team XPW match was scheduled to be Team Rev Pro (Ron Rivera, Disco Machine and Joey Ryan) (with Mr. McPhenom and CW Anderson) vs. Team XPW (Jardi Frantz, Vinnie Massaro and a mystery partner). Just prior to the match, X-Pac was revealed to be the mystery partner. Team XPW ultimately lost the when Disco pinning Franz. Following the match X Pac hit the Bronco Buster on both Mr. McPhenom and Anderson.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: The follow 3-way match featured Luke Hawx vs. Jack Evans vs. Scorpio Sky. Hawx ultimately picked up with victory by submission with a front face lock on Scorpio.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: In the first of two main event matches, The Gangstas (New Jack & Mustafa) were scheduled to take on The Westside NGZ (Chronic & B.G. Rott). B.C. Killer and Mr. California came out instead of The Gangstas, and began beating up The Westside NGZ. The Gangstas eventually came out with tons of weapons and scored a victory over The Westside NGZ. Following the match, New Jack announced that this would be his retirement match.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: The final match of the meeting featured Necro Butcher (with J.R. Benson) facing Supreme for the return of the XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship. Supreme ultimately won the match and the championship after delivering back body drop to Butcher on to a fluorescent light tube.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: A second XPW reunion show called "Ten Year Anniversary Spectacular!" nicknamed "XPW X" took place on August 22, 2009, in Los Angeles, at the Arena Night Club. The event took place on the same weekend as SummerSlam took place in Los Angeles. The main event featured a XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship match in which Supreme beat Angel.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: During the pre-show, Joey Dynamite, Ray Rosas & Oso Loco beat Clay Motley, The Rookie 88, & Lucha Machine. Then in a 6-way match Marcus Riot beat Damien Arsenick, Willie Mac, LTP, Famous B, and Chimera. Then The Stepfather and The Red-Headed Stepchild called out Sexy Chino, who was sitting ringside, before beating him up in the ring Tool ran down to make the save.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Damien Steele, at the beginning of the show, was announced as the organization's new commissioner. When Steele entered the ring, accompanied by Nikki Jameson and Baby Slim (carrying the old XPW championship). Steele announced a tournament to crown the next champion. While Steele was announcing the matches Homeless Jimmy came down demanding a match in the tournament. Baby Slim attacked Jimmy from behind, however Jimmy ultimately won the match, by hitting a schoolboy out of the corner, and advancing in the tournament.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: During the eight-person mixed tag match Team XPW (Matt Classic, White Trash Johhny Webb, Cast Iron Cothern and The Fabulous Thunderkitty) taking on Team SPW (Sacramento based promotion Supreme Pro Wrestling) (Dante, "The British Messiah" Timothy Thatcher, El Chupacabra, Dante and Christina von Eerie). Team SPW won following Dante's 450 frog splash.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Mr. McPhenom, (a character based on Vince McMahon) announced his plans to takeover XPW. McPhenom stated he would make XPW to more family friendly and sports-entertainment based. G. Q. Money was introduced as the financial-adviser to Mr. McPhenom. McPhenom told Money to bring the green, however when McPhenom realized what Money brought wasn't money but marijuana, McPhenom attacked Monday and set up a match for that in the evening. The match occurred after the iron man match, in which Money won.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Joey Ryan and Lizzy "J Love" Valentine against Monica and Vinnie Massaro met next in a 10-minute "strip iron man match" where the wrestler pinned had to remove an article of clothing. Each wrestler was pinned once, then Valentine was pinned two more times. Valentine refused to remove her top and instead brought out a body double, how removed her bra to reveal both breasts covered with a black x.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Scorpio Sky and "M-Dogg 20" Matt Cross match ended abruptly and it was announced as a time limit draw.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Luke Hawx next challenged Cross (half of the final XPW World Tag Team Championship) and Sky to a tag title match. After Sky and Cross accepted, Hawx revealed his partner to be Sky was really his partner, however after double-teaming Cross, Tool entered as Cross' new partner. Cross tapped to a guillotine choke and Hawx and Sky were declared the new XPW World Tag Team Championship.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Carnage and Youth Suicide (accompanied by Vic Grimes) then fought in a "Burned in Hell Grudge Match" (aka a death match). Weapons were used such as a barbed-wire bat, light bulbs, a shower door, and a staple gun. Grimes eventually lit pizza cutter on fire, and using it to attack Carnage. Carnage eventually won after throwing lit flash paper at Youth Suicide.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Supreme then defended the XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship, against Angel the Hardcore Homo. Supreme dedicated the match to his father, who had died earlier that week. Angel (with Kraq and BFF Amanda), announced he would give up the "Hardcore Homo" if he didn't win. Despite the majority of the match turning into a 3-on-1 attack, with included barb wire covered tables, Supreme won the match to retain the title.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: On August 20, 2011, XPW did a joint show with Perros del Mal in Tultitlan, Mexico. The event took place at Central de Refacciones, a local junk yard.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: During the show, Lolita beat Sexy Star in a stripping match. Each fall the loser must remove an article of clothing. Lolita won 2 falls to 1, and at the end Sexy Star lost her top, although she tried to cover herself up.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: During the final match of the evening Damián 666, Bestia 666, Halloween, & X-Fly beat Carnage, Johnny Webb, Kaos, & Supreme. Damián got the pinfall after powerbombing Supreme onto light tubes. After the match, Damián stated that Supreme had not defended the XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship. Damián stated he was ready to retire, however he wanted one last match against Supreme, in an electrified cage match for the championship, and would then retire.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: The "XPW Rebirth" pay-per-view streamed on FITE TV from the Main Street Armory in Rochester, New York on November 7, 2021. Eight wrestlers competed that night in a traditional single-elimination tournament for the then-vacated XPW World Heavyweight Championship, which was won by Brian Cage.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: "XPW Killifornia" took place at the Derby Room in Pomona CA on April 9, 2022 and aired live on FITE TV. In this event, sixteen wrestlers competed in Baptized in Blood, XPW's signature deathmatch tournament, for the XPW King of the Deathmatch Championship. The tournament was won by Shlak.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: "XPW Beautiful Disaster" took place on June 25, 2022 and aired live on FITE TV. An eight woman tournament was held to determine the first XPW Women's Champion. In the tournament final, Taya Valkyrie defeated Kamille Brickhouse, Ludark Shaitan and Sage Sin Supreme in a ladder match to win the title.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: From April 2000 until March 2003, XPW ran a locally televised TV show, simply known as "XPW TV". The show original aired on KODC-TV in Los Angeles, California, but later switched to WBGN-TV in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with the company moving there. XPW TV would then be referred to as "XPW Monday Nightmare", with the television series airing on the Monday after the original air date, which was Saturday.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Toward November 2002, Kris Kloss was dropped from the announcing booth and replaced with former ECW commentator Joey Styles. Styles, however, left the company, about one month later, in December 2002.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: As of 2009, the first three seasons of XPW TV have been released on DVD by Big Vision Entertainment. XPW matches have also been extras on several other Big Vision wrestling DVDs, including Forever Hardcore and the Hardcore Homecoming series. Several XPW alumni worked for Wrestling Society X, which was produced by Big Vision Entertainment.


title: Xtreme Pro Wrestling

text: Complete championship histories are available by clicking the links in the Championship column in the table below.


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1728 – 4 April 1774) was an Anglo-Irish novelist, playwright, dramatist and poet, who is best known for his novel "The Vicar of Wakefield" (1766), his pastoral poem "The Deserted Village" (1770), and his plays "The Good-Natur'd Man" (1768) and "She Stoops to Conquer" (1771, first performed in 1773). He is thought to have written the classic children's tale "The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes" (1765).


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: Goldsmith's birth date and year are not known with certainty. According to the Library of Congress authority file, he told a biographer that he was born on 10 November 1728. The location of his birthplace is also uncertain. He was born either in the townland of Pallas, near Ballymahon, County Longford, Ireland, where his father was the Anglican curate of the parish of Forgney, or at the residence of his maternal grandparents, at the Smith Hill House near Elphin in County Roscommon, where his grandfather Oliver Jones was a clergyman and master of the Elphin diocesan school, and where Oliver studied. When Goldsmith was two years old, his father was appointed the rector of the parish of "Kilkenny West" in County Westmeath. The family moved to the parsonage at Lissoy, between Athlone and Ballymahon, and continued to live there until his father's death in 1747.


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: In 1744, Goldsmith went up to Trinity College, Dublin. His tutor was Theaker Wilder. Neglecting his studies in theology and law, he fell to the bottom of his class. In 1747, along with four other undergraduates, he was expelled for a riot in which they attempted to storm the Marshalsea Prison. He was graduated in 1749 as a Bachelor of Arts, but without the discipline or distinction that might have gained him entry to a profession in the church or the law. His education seemed to have given him mainly a taste for fine clothes, playing cards, singing Irish airs, and playing the flute. He lived for a short time with his mother, tried various professions without success, studied medicine desultorily at the University of Edinburgh from 1752 to 1755, and set out on a walking tour of Flanders, France, Switzerland, and Northern Italy, living by his wits (busking with his flute).


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: He settled in London in 1756, where he briefly held various jobs, including an apothecary's assistant and an usher of a school. Perennially in debt and addicted to gambling, Goldsmith produced a massive output as a hack writer on Grub Street for the publishers of London, but his few painstaking works earned him the company of Samuel Johnson, with whom he was a founding member of "The Club". There, through fellow Club member Edmund Burke, he made the acquaintance of Sir George Savile, who would later arrange a job for him at Thornhill Grammar School. The combination of his literary work and his dissolute lifestyle led Horace Walpole to give him the epithet "inspired idiot". During this period he used the pseudonym "James Willington" (the name of a fellow student at Trinity) to publish his 1758 translation of the autobiography of the Huguenot Jean Marteilhe.


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: In his 'Life', Washington Irving states that Goldsmith was between 5'4" and 5'6" in height, not heavily built but quite muscular and with rather plain features. In character he had a lively sense of fun, was totally guileless, and never happier than when in the light-hearted company of children. The money that he sporadically earned was often frittered away or happily given away to the next good cause that presented itself so that any financial security tended to be fleeting and short-lived. Goldsmith's talents were unreservedly recognised by Samuel Johnson, whose patronage – somewhat resented by Boswell – aided his eventual recognition in the literary world and the world of drama.


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: Goldsmith was described by contemporaries as prone to envy, a congenial but impetuous and disorganised personality who once planned to emigrate to America but failed because he missed his ship. At some point around this time he worked at Thornhill Grammar School, later basing Squire Thornhill (in "The Vicar of Wakefield") on his benefactor Sir George Savile and certainly spending time with eminent scientist Rev. John Mitchell, whom he probably knew from London. Mitchell sorely missed good company, which Goldsmith naturally provided in spades. Thomas De Quincey wrote of him "All the motion of Goldsmith's nature moved in the direction of the true, the natural, the sweet, the gentle".


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: His premature death in 1774 may have been partly due to his own misdiagnosis of his kidney infection. Goldsmith was buried in Temple Church in London. The inscription reads; "HERE LIES/OLIVER GOLDSMITH". A monument was originally raised to him at the site of his burial, but this was destroyed in an air raid in 1941. A monument to him survives in the centre of Ballymahon, also in Westminster Abbey with an epitaph written by Samuel Johnson.


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: Among his papers was found the prospectus of an encyclopedia, to be called the "Universal dictionary of the arts and sciences". He wished this to be the British equivalent of the "Encyclopédie" and it was to include comprehensive articles by Samuel Johnson, Edmund Burke, Adam Smith, Edward Gibbon, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Sir William Jones, Fox and Dr. Burney. The project, however, was not realised due to Goldsmith's death.


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: In 1760 Goldsmith began to publish a series of letters in the "Public Ledger" under the title "The Citizen of the World". Purportedly written by a Chinese traveller in England by the name of Lien Chi, they used this fictional outsider's perspective to comment ironically and at times moralistically on British society and manners. It was inspired by the earlier essay series "Persian Letters" by Montesquieu.


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: Goldsmith wrote this romantic ballad of precisely 160 lines in 1765. The hero and heroine are Edwin, a youth without wealth or power, and Angelina, the daughter of a lord "beside the Tyne". Angelina spurns many wooers, but refuses to make plain her love for young Edwin. "Quite dejected with my scorn", Edwin disappears and becomes a hermit. One day, Angelina turns up at his cell in boy's clothes and, not recognising him, tells him her story. Edwin then reveals his true identity, and the lovers never part again. The poem is notable for its interesting portrayal of a hermit, who is fond of the natural world and his wilderness solitude but maintains a gentle, sympathetic demeanor toward other people. In keeping with eremitical tradition, however, Edwin the Hermit claims to "spurn the [opposite] sex". This poem appears under the title of "A Ballad" sung by the character of Mr. Burchell in Chapter 8 of Goldsmith's novel, "The Vicar of Wakefield".


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: In the 1760s Goldsmith witnessed the demolition of an ancient village and destruction of its farms to clear land to become a wealthy man's garden. His poem "The Deserted Village", published in 1770, expresses a fear that the destruction of villages and the conversion of land from productive agriculture to ornamental landscape gardens would ruin the peasantry.


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: Goldsmith is also thought to have written the classic children's tale "The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes".


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: Goldsmith was an Anglican, and famously said "as I take my shoes from the shoemaker, and my coat from the taylor, so I take my religion from the priest."


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: Thomas Hurst wrote that Goldsmith "recognised with joy the existence and perfections of a Deity. For the Christian revelation also, he was always understood to have a profound respect – knowing that it was the source of our best hopes and noblest expectations".


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: Two characters in the 1951 comedy "The Lavender Hill Mob" quote the same line from Goldsmith's poem "The Traveller" – a subtle joke, because the film's plot involves the recasting of stolen gold.


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: During the opening credits of the SKY One adaptation of Sir Terry Pratchett's Christmas-like story "The Hogfather", a portrait of Goldsmith is shown as part of a hall of memorials to those "inhumed" by the "Ankh-Morpork Assassins' Guild".


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: In the 1925 novel "The Painted Veil" by W. Somerset Maugham, the last words of the poem "An Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog", "The dog it was that died", are the dying words of bacteriologist Walter Fane, one of the primary characters in the novel. And using the title "Elegy for a Mad Dog" is an episode of Marcus Welby, M.D. (1971, Season 2, Episode 21).


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: In the Nabokov novel "Pale Fire", a central character's house is situated between "Goldsworth" (the name of an estate) and "Wordsmith University." Crossing these two names yields the names of the poets Wordsworth and Goldsmith; one of the narrators refers to this as the "witty exchange of syllables invoking the two masters of the heroic couplet."


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: In the play "Marx in Soho" by Howard Zinn, Marx makes a reference to Goldsmith's poem "The Deserted Village".


title: Oliver Goldsmith

text: The characters of 'Edwin' and 'Angelina' in Gilbert and Sullivan's "Trial by Jury" were a reference to Goldsmith's poem "The Hermit".


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria (UVic or Victoria) is a public research university located in the municipalities of Oak Bay and Saanich, British Columbia, Canada. The university traces its roots to Victoria College, the first post-secondary institution established in the province of British Columbia in 1903. It was reincorporated as the University of Victoria in 1963.


title: University of Victoria

text: UVic hosts Ocean Networks Canada's deep-water seafloor research observatories VENUS and NEPTUNE, the Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions, and two Environment Canada labs: the Canadian Center for Climate Modelling and Analysis and the Water and Climate Impacts Research Centre. The Ocean Climate Building housed at the Queenswood location is dedicated solely to ocean and climate research. The Institute of Integrated Energy Systems is a leading center for research on sustainable energy solutions and alternative energy sources. The University of Victoria is also home to Canada's first and only Indigenous Law degree program along with dedicated research centers for Indigenous and Environmental law. The Faculty of Law was instrumental in the establishment of the Akitsiraq Law School by founding its first class in Iqualit, Nunavat. Along with The University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser University, UVic jointly founded and co-operates TRIUMF, Canada's national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics, which houses the world's largest cyclotron. Altogether UVic operates nine academic faculties and schools including the Faculty of Law and Peter B. Gustavson School of Business.


title: University of Victoria

text: The campus is situated 7 km north of downtown Victoria and is spread over 403 acres. UVic also has an offsite study center at the Jeanne S. Simpson Field Studies Resource Center in Lake Cowichan. The six-hectare Queenswood campus was acquired from the Sisters of St. Ann and converted into a national laboratory. The Legacy Art Gallery on Yates Street and a proposed redevelopment on Broad Street make up the properties owned by the university in downtown Victoria.


title: University of Victoria

text: Based in the capital city of British Columbia, the university has educated many prominent jurists and politicians including Jody Wilson-Raybould, Rona Ambrose, and Russell Brown. In recent years, the university counts amongst its alumni the founders of several leading technology companies, including Flickr, Slack, and Hootsuite. UVic alumni and faculty have also worked on Nobel Prize winning research teams. As of 2020, 7 Guggenheim Fellows, 3 Killiam Prize winners, 14 members of the Order of Canada, 11 Rhodes Scholars and 43 Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada have been affiliated with the university.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria is the oldest post-secondary institution in British Columbia, established in 1903 as an affiliated college of McGill University before gaining full autonomy through a charter on July 1, 1963. Victoria College, which had been established in 1903 as an affiliated college of McGill University, gained autonomy and full degree granting status on March 1, 1963. The non-denominational university had enjoyed 60 years of prior teaching tradition at the university level as Victoria College. This 60 years of history may be viewed conveniently in three distinct stages.


title: University of Victoria

text: Between the years 1903 and 1915, Victoria College was affiliated with McGill University, offering first- and second-year McGill courses in Arts and Science. Administered locally by the Victoria School Board, the college was an adjunct to Victoria High School and shared its facilities. Both institutions were under the direction of a single Principal: E.B. Paul, 1903–1908; and S.J. Willis, 1908–1915.


title: University of Victoria

text: The opening in 1915 of the University of British Columbia, established by Act of Legislature in 1908, obliged the college to suspend operations in higher education in Victoria. University of British Columbia was created in 1908. A single, public provincial university, it was modeled on the American state university, with an emphasis on extension work and applied research. The governance was modeled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate (faculty), responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership.


title: University of Victoria

text: In 1920, as a result of local demands, Victoria College began the second stage of its development, reborn in affiliation with the University of British Columbia. Though still administered by the Victoria School Board, the college was now completely separated from Victoria High School, moving in 1921 into the magnificent Dunsmuir mansion known as Craigdarroch Castle. Over the next two decades, under Principals E.B. Paul and P.H. Elliott, Victoria College built a reputation for thorough and scholarly instruction in first- and second-year arts and science. It was also during this period that future author Pierre Berton edited and served as principal cartoonist for the student newsletter, "The Microscope". Between the years 1921–1944, the enrolment at Victoria College did not very often reach above 250. However, in 1945, 128 servicemen returned from World War II. This pushed enrolment up to 400, and in 1946; 600.


title: University of Victoria

text: The final stage, between the years 1945 and 1963, saw the transition from two-year college to university, under Principals J.M. Ewing and W.H. Hickman.


title: University of Victoria

text: During this period, the college was governed by the Victoria College Council, representative of the parent University of British Columbia, the Greater Victoria School Board, and the provincial Department of Education. Physical changes were many. In 1946 the college was forced by postwar enrolment to move from Craigdarroch to the Lansdowne campus of the Provincial Normal School, the current location of Camosun College's Lansdowne Campus. The Normal School, itself an institution with a long and honourable history, joined Victoria College in 1956 as its Faculty of Education. Late in this transitional period (through the co-operation of the Department of National Defence and the Hudson's Bay Company) the 284-acre (1,1 km)--now 385-acre (1.6 km)--campus at Gordon Head was acquired. Academic expansion was rapid after 1956, until in 1961 the college, still in affiliation with UBC, awarded its first bachelor's degrees.


title: University of Victoria

text: In the early part of this century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology, law and medicine. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a research thesis was introduced. The policy of university education initiated in the 1960s responded to population pressure and the belief that higher education was a key to social justice and economic productivity for individuals and for society.


title: University of Victoria

text: The university gained its full autonomy in 1963 as the University of Victoria. The University Act of 1963 vested administrative authority in a chancellor elected by the convocation of the university, a board of governors, and a president appointed by the board; academic authority was given to the senate which was representative both of the faculties and of the convocation.


title: University of Victoria

text: University of Victoria's Arms were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on April 3, 2001. The historical traditions of the university are reflected in the coat of arms, its academic regalia and its house flag. The BA hood is of solid red, a colour that recalls the early affiliation with McGill, as do the martlets in the coat of arms. The BSc hood, of gold, and the BEd hood, of blue, show the colours of the University of British Columbia. Blue and gold have been retained as the official colours of the University of Victoria. The motto at the top of the Arms of the university, in Hebrew characters, is "Let there be Light"; the motto at the bottom, in Latin, is "A Multitude of the Wise is the Health of the World."


title: University of Victoria

text: On May 11, 1992, the Department of Political Science created the committee to Make the Department More Supportive to Women as a response to concerns regarding experiences of graduate and undergraduate students. The committee was made up of five female undergraduate students and Dr. Somer Brodribb, an untenured professor working in the department. Later, this committee was unofficially called the "Chilly Climate" or Climate Committee within the department. “Chilly Climate” is a term used by the Project on the Status and Education of Women.


title: University of Victoria

text: A preliminary report published by the Climate Committee to the Department of Political Science on March 23, 1993, which looked at the experience of both faculty and students at University of Victoria issued recommendations that, in their eyes, would make the department more hospitable to female students while also highlighting the experiences of female students which the committee found troubling. These recommendations included the establishment of a committee for addressing issues that were raised in the report, the creation of formal policies addressing race and gender discrimination, and workshops for faculty on race and gender issues in the classroom environment. Notably, the preliminary report also highlighted the importance of including classroom content from feminist perspectives and more texts authored by female scholars.


title: University of Victoria

text: In response to this report, the tenured professors of political science department Robert Bedeski, Colin Bennett, Ron Cheffins, Warren Magusson, Terry Morley, Norman Ruff, Rob Walker, and Jeremy Wilson challenged what they perceived to be slander from Dr. Brodribb, who chaired the committee. They requested that Dr. Brodribb allow an investigation into the allegations of sexist behaviour in the Chilly Climate report. Dr. Bodribb refused, stating that this went against the agreement her committee made with the women interviewed and could expose them to further discrimination. If the evidence was not handed over the tenured professors requested a complete withdrawal of the statements made in the Chilly Climate report and an apology that would be distributed to all those who saw the report. They also mentioned seeking further action if Dr. Brodribb did neither of these things. To review documents related to the report, one can go to the University of Victoria Libraries Special Collections.


title: University of Victoria

text: A review committee was established by University of Victoria President David Strong, requesting advice from lawyers Beth Bilson and Thomas R. Berger to assist in evaluating the climate of the political science department. They published a report in August 1993, which included recommendations that University of Victoria President David Strong later endorsed.


title: University of Victoria

text: With a total area of on its main site alone, the campus lies on the border between the municipalities of Oak Bay and Saanich, divided almost perfectly down the centre of campus (with the northeast half being located in Saanich and the southwest half in Oak Bay). This municipal boundary is marked and commemorated by undermount plates and a bronze line near the main quadrangle. Despite its name, no part of the university's main campus is located in the City of Victoria proper. The campus is several hundred feet from the Pacific Ocean at Cadboro Bay.


title: University of Victoria

text: The campus of the University of Victoria was originally designed by American architectural firm of Wurster, Bernardi & Emmons, which had previously achieved fame for having completed major buildings at Stanford University and UC Berkeley. The principles and concept of the original design are still being followed, with the academic portions of the campus located inside the Ring Road, forming a perfect circle in diameter. This academic ring is a distinctive feature of the University of Victoria and was intended to foster interaction, intellectual sharing, and collaboration. The area outside of Ring Road hosts important parts of the university, including the residential colleges (now residence halls), Student Union Buildings, sports facilities, as well as some of the newer academic facilities which have expanded outwards in recent years (The Faculties of Law and Theatre for example).


title: University of Victoria

text: The university offers on-campus housing for over 3,200 students. A variety of housing is available, including single and double dormitories, Cluster Housing (apartment-style housing with four people per unit), bachelor and one-bedroom apartments, and family housing. Four buildings in one of the oldest residential complexes at the university are named for Emily Carr, Arthur Currie, Margaret Newton, and David Thompson. Construction on the South Tower Complex was completed in January 2011. The largest residence building in terms of capacity is Ring Road Hall, which holds 294 beds and is split into three wings. The campus has become increasingly cycling-friendly.


title: University of Victoria

text: Much of the university estate and endowment lands have been preserved as a nature setting, notably Finnerty Gardens and Mystic Vale, a forested area and park. The large campus is home to deer, owls, ravens, squirrels and many other wild animals native to the area. A large population of domestic rabbits was a feature of the campus previously. In May 2010, the university began trapping and euthanizing the rabbits as they had been known to put athletes at risk in the playing fields and cause extensive damage to university grounds. Local veterinarians offered to perform neutering of the male rabbits. As of July 2011, the UVic campus is free of rabbits. 900 rabbits were saved and sent to shelters. The majority of rabbits moved to shelters died between 2011 and 2016, after which the remaining survivors (147 rabbits) were relocated to a private sanctuary in Alberta.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria Libraries system is the second largest in British Columbia, being composed of three 'on-campus' libraries, the William C. Mearns Center for Learning/McPherson Library, the Diana M. Priestly Law Library, and the MacLaurin Curriculum Library. The Library System has undergone significant growth in recent years thanks to the university's investment in library purchases and research. Amongst the highlights in the University of Victoria Archives and Special Collections are priceless items from Imperial Japan, to carbon dated original manuscripts of the Sancti Epiphanii. The collection also includes extensive histories of colonial Victoria and the Colony of Vancouver Island among other documents. The library's digitization programme is becoming increasingly active in making materials available. Renovations and new construction over the past decade have included special collections classrooms, an innovative Learning Commons and an art gallery. The UVic libraries collection includes extensive digital resources, over 2.0 million books, 2.3 million items in microforms, plus serial subscriptions, sound recordings, music scores, films and videos, and archival materials.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria houses the Education Heritage Museum, which displays educational history artifacts in the main hallway of the MacLaurin building. The collection consists of manuscripts, texts, photographs, audio-visual material, lesson plans, posters, bells, ink bottles, fountain pens, desks, maps, athletic clothing, photographs, and school yearbooks used in kindergarten to grade 12 schools in Canada from the mid-1800s to the 1980s.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria has two art collections (University and Maltwood) which host loan exhibitions, and exhibits of the works of students and faculty in the University Centre Exhibition Gallery. The University Collection, founded in 1953 by Dr. W.H. Hickman, Principal of Victoria College (1953-1963), consists of 6,000 works, mainly by contemporary artists practicing in British Columbia. The Maltwood Art Museum and Gallery, founded through the bequest of English sculptress and antiquarian, Katharine Emma Maltwood, F.R.S.A. (1878-1961), reflects her and her husband John Maltwood's taste. The collection of 12,000 works of fine, decorative and applied arts includes Oriental ceramics, costumes, rugs, seventeenth century English furniture, Canadian paintings and Katherine Maltwood's own sculptures.


title: University of Victoria

text: The transgender Archives are a part of the University of Victoria Libraries and are committed to preserving the histories of pioneering activists, community leaders, and researchers who have made contributions to the betterment of trans, non-binary, and two-spirit people.


title: University of Victoria

text: Since 2007, at the Transgender Archives there has also been an active collection of documents, rare publications, and memorabilia of organizations or persons that had a hand in activism by and for trans, non-binary, and two-spirit people. The Transgender Archives are free and accessible to the public and can be found at the University of Victoria's main campus at the Mearns Centre for Learning- McPherson Library.


title: University of Victoria

text: The Transgender Archives are the largest in the world, and were rated in the top 12 Most Enlightening LGBTQ Museums in the World in 2019. The records are over 160 metres in distance and go back over 120 years, spanning 15 languages, 25 countries, and 6 continents


title: University of Victoria

text: Collections of the Transgendered Archive includes the Rikki Swin Institute collection, the Reed Erickson, the University of Ulster Trans-Gender Archive collection, and the Zenith Foundation. The second edition of the Transgender Archives book, 'Foundations for the Future', was released in 2016 and is available for free online at the University of Victoria's Transgender Archives home page. The book is written by Founder and Academic Director of the Transgender Archives, Aaron Devor. With the support of Grants and Awards Librarian Christine Walde, it was published by the University of Victoria Libraries. The book focuses on the history of trans activism and research, and also includes information regarding the origin of the Transgender Archives as well as multiple examples from the collection. The book's first edition, which was released in 2014, was a 2015 Lambda Literacy Awards finalist in LGBT nonfiction. In the same year, the book finished first for best offset print book at the 2015 College and University Print Management Awards.


title: University of Victoria

text: Some key members of the Transgender Archives include Aaron Devor, the university's Chair of Transgender Studies; and Lara Wilson, a university archivist and the director of special collections at the University of Victoria, as well as she is chairperson of the Canadian Council of Archives. She has a master of archival studies from the University of British Columbia and a Master of Arts degree from the University of Victoria. Michael Radmacher he completed his MA in Political Science at the University of Victoria and also a Masters of Library and Information Science degree. He is the Administrative Officer to the chair in Transgenderd Studies Chair in Transgender Studies and works with the Transgendered Archive.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria has acquired a portfolio of properties around Victoria, British Columbia, and across Vancouver Island. These include the Legacy Gallery in downtown Victoria, the University Club, the Inter-urban campus, a former Saanich-based lodge and retreat, the Swans Hotel and Restaurant complex, and the Queenswood Property. The large, partially forested Queenswood property has been proposed as a site of future expansion for the university.


title: University of Victoria

text: In 2017, the University of Victoria announced plans to develop a downtown campus/accommodation centre in the historic area of Victoria, BC including accommodation for students and other facilities. The new downtown campus will be centered in buildings donated to the university and located around the historic Broad Street area, beside the old Bay Centre. The downtown development has been suggested as a possible future home for UVic's Peter B. Gustavson School of Business.


title: University of Victoria

text: The UVic endowment (estimated at $374 million) and large private donations have allowed for the university's estate to continue growing and for facilities to be upgraded and expanded on an ongoing basis.


title: University of Victoria

text: Below is a list of undergraduate faculties, departments, and schools within the University of Victoria system.


title: University of Victoria

text: UVic also offers a number of interdisciplinary undergraduate programs, including Applied Ethics, Arts of Canada, European Studies, Film Studies, Human Dimensions of Climate Change, Indigenous Studies, Latin American Studies, Social Justice Studies, and Technology and Society.


title: University of Victoria

text: The Peter B. Gustavson School of Business, formerly the Faculty of Business, was renamed following a donation by local entrepreneur Peter B. Gustavson. This business school offers a wide range of programs including the BCom, MBA and other business degrees, EQUIS and AACSB accredited. The program starts with two years of general studies (with 5 required classes) and then the 3rd and 4th year are business intensive. Three co-op work terms are also required.


title: University of Victoria

text: MGB Program: The Peter B. Gustavson School of Business is also offering a program called the Master Of Global Business. This program is in partnership with Montpellier Business School (France) and Sungkyunkwan University (Korea). In September, The Peter B. Gustavson School of Business welcomes 35 students from 13 countries. The module mostly focuses on MBS courses such as Finance, Supply chain management, marketing etc.


title: University of Victoria

text: The Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science admits approximately 400 students into first-year programs each year. Students can specialize in the following disciplines: Biomedical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Software Engineering.


title: University of Victoria

text: The Faculty of Fine Arts splits into five different departments: Art History and Visual Studies, the School of Music, Theatre, Visual Arts and Writing. UVic's Department of Art History and Visual Studies has a long tradition of scholarship in the areas of Islamic art, South and Southeast Asian art, and Native arts of North America. It is one of few schools that has traditionally held two chairs of Islamic art, most recently filled by Anthony Welch and Marcus Milwright. Esi Edugyan, two time winner of the Giller Prize, is a graduate of the creative writing program


title: University of Victoria

text: The Faculty of Humanities consists of ten departments (English, French, Genders Studies, Germanic and Slavic Studies, Greek and Roman Studies, Hispanic and Italian Studies, History, Linguistics, Pacific and Asian Studies, and Philosophy), as well as three Programs (Latin American Studies, Medieval Studies, and Religious Studies). The faculty offers certificates, minors, and majors leading to both BA and BSc degrees, as well as MA and PhD degrees. Languages, narratives, philosophies, histories—the Faculty of Humanities brings these all together in a critical context of analysis, interpretation, research, and communication.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria Faculty of Law is consistently ranked as one of the best and most-applied to law schools in Canada. It offers a hands-on work experience program for young lawyers and an intensive environmental law program, featuring a course at Hakia Beach, BC in association with the Tula Foundation. UVic Law has been deeply involved with many Aboriginal, ecological, and environmental cases in British Columbia, and continues this tradition today.


title: University of Victoria

text: The university's School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, within the Faculty of Science, has produced a large number of influential findings in its history. The School of Earth & Ocean Science also collaborate with the VENUS and NEPTUNE research institutes. The university was a founding member of the Western Canadian Universities Marine Sciences Society. UVic maintains this field station on the west coast of Vancouver Island, which is jointly run by the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, the University of Alberta and the University of Calgary.


title: University of Victoria

text: The UVic School of Public Administration specializes in its M.P.A. and PhD. programs but also offers a selective admission minors program for political leaders and mid-career civil servants.


title: University of Victoria

text: Continuing education has been an integral part of the University of Victoria since its inception in 1963. Today, the Division of Continuing Studies provides adult and continuing education programming in co-operation with UVic faculties and community partners. The Division of Continuing Studies offers a comprehensive portfolio of programs in a range of academic disciplines, using diploma, certificate and other programming models to serve adult, part-time and internationally dispersed students.


title: University of Victoria

text: UVic is one of Canada's largest graduate schools, offering more than 160 graduate programs across the university's faculties and departments. Their most popular graduate degrees are in the following areas:


title: University of Victoria

text: UVic's Graduate programs range from individual interdisciplinary programs to graduate research programs. The university also offers students specialized degree options and doctoral options.


title: University of Victoria

text: Admission to the University of Victoria is based on a selective academic system and is highly competitive. Each year, the university receives far more applications than there are spaces available, making it one of the most applied to institutions in Canada. Applicants are required to submit applications with their grade points average (GPA) and personal statements in order to be considered for admission. The university may also accept qualified applicants studying under IB programs, AP programs or other international distinctions. Given its endowment, the University of Victoria is able to offer scholarships and financial aid to a large number of students.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria has partnered with a number of research institutions to provide UVic students with the opportunity to gain research experience abroad. International conferences and study abroad opportunities are encouraged for all students, with many students completing a gap year before commencing their studies. Both UVic undergraduate and graduate students may travel abroad with UVic's many partner universities.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria has partnered with institutions around the world, including Sciences Po, University of London, University of Washington, Hong Kong University, Utrecht University, and the National University of Singapore.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria has ranked in a number of post-secondary rankings. In the 2022 "Academic Ranking of World Universities" rankings, the university ranked 301–400 in the world and 13–17 in Canada. The 2023 "QS World University Rankings" ranked the university 359th in the world, and fourteenth in Canada. The 2023 "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" ranked the university 301–350 in the world, and 14–15 in Canada. In the 2022–23 "U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking", the university ranked 327th in the world, and 13th in Canada. The Canadian-based "Maclean's" magazine ranked the University of Victoria second in their 2023 Canadian comprehensive university category.


title: University of Victoria

text: Along with academic and research-based rankings, the university has also been ranked by publications that evaluate the employment prospects of its graduates. In the "Times Higher Education's" 2022 global employability ranking, the university ranked 183rd in the world, and seventh in Canada. In "QS's" 2022 graduate employability ranking, the university ranked 301–500 in the world, and 10–17 in Canada.


title: University of Victoria

text: In 2018, Research Infosource named the University of Victoria the 19th best research university, with a sponsored research income of $114.922 million, and an average research income of $170,000 per faculty member in 2017.


title: University of Victoria

text: The university's research performance has been noted in several bibliometric university rankings, which uses citation analysis to evaluate the impact a university has on academic publications. In 2019, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked the university 374th in the world, and 15th in Canada. The University Ranking by Academic Performance 2018–19 rankings placed the university 370th in the world, and 17th in Canada.


title: University of Victoria

text: The university maintains a field station on the west coast of Vancouver Island to conduct marine research. The facility is jointly run by the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, the University of Alberta and the University of Calgary. Undergraduates at the University of Victoria have full access to research and learning at this facility.


title: University of Victoria

text: In 2011 the university, in collaboration with the provincial government purchased and modified a state of the art ocean vessel capable of launching 'deep sea submersibles' and conducting long-range marine biology research expeditions. The 'floating laboratory' is undergoing upgrades and expansions currently and was scheduled to be in service by late 2011.


title: University of Victoria

text: The School of Earth & Ocean Sciences is also home to the VENUS and NEPTUNE research institutes responsible for seismic, oceanic and climate change research.


title: University of Victoria

text: Located in the Greater Victoria area the university's legal centre provides free legal assistance to the disadvantaged as well as dealing with important environmental cases in British Columbia. The UVic Law Center is the only full-time, term clinical program offered by a Canadian law school. The program reflects the faculty's emphasis on integrating legal theory, legal skills, and community service while providing students with unique education and research opportunities.


title: University of Victoria

text: Located in the Greater Victoria area the Vancouver Island Technology Park is a state of the art, 35 acre commercial research facility. It is the largest university-owned technology centre in BC. The venture allows the university to work with leading technology and biomedical companies while provided students with unparalleled research opportunities. The facility focuses on fuel cell, new media, wireless, and life science/biotechnological research. The UVic Genome BC Proteomics Centre and a number of other research institutes are based out of the research park. The Capital Regional District is a major commercial hub for technology companies.


title: University of Victoria

text: Several fraternities, sororities, and secret societies exist on the University of Victoria, despite the fact that the Students' Society does not recognize fraternities, sororities, or societies on the basis that they, by definition, seek to exclude portions of the membership. This issue was once a topic of debate in student politics at the University of Victoria in 2010.


title: University of Victoria

text: Many years ago, University of Victoria students started a fraternity, two sororities and one non-exclusive, non-profit social-service club. Although the fraternities and sororities have no affiliation with the University of Victoria itself, they continue to thrive and have purchased nearby properties. The fraternities and sororities on campus are as follows:


title: University of Victoria

text: CFUV is a long-standing campus radio station focusing on the campus and the surrounding community. CFUV serves Greater Victoria at 101.9, and via cable on 104.3, Vancouver Island and many areas in the Lower Mainland and northwestern Washington state.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria maintains several residence halls on campus, which were originally based on the Oxbridge Collegiate model of constituent colleges which serve as a smaller, more personal home environment to the students of the wider university. The university no longer operates these halls as individual colleges, but rather as halls of residences (as well as dormitories and apartments) as part of the Residence Life and Education department. Today, all halls of residence are equipped with Common Rooms and high-speed internet for students. Most UVic students live on campus or within a few blocks of the main site.


title: University of Victoria

text: The oldest and most famous of these residence halls is Craigdarroch, which features large stone-clad buildings and ivy covered walkways and courtyards. The modernist Lansdowne Halls feature six buildings connected by a series of bridges, walkways, and tunnels, including the popular 'UVic Underground'. Gordon Head and Ring Road Hall feature rooms and amenities for students, organized around a series of large courtyards.


title: University of Victoria

text: In the centre of the Residence Village is the Cadboro Commons and a number of restaurants operated by the university, where students may eat and study. A mixture of dorms, single rooms, apartments, cluster studios, and family housing are available but decided by lottery system. First year students are guaranteed accommodation in one of the Residence Halls of campus.


title: University of Victoria

text: UVic's oldest and most recognized weekly student newspaper, founded in 1948, is "The Martlet". It is distributed all over campus and the Greater Victoria area. The paper is named after the legendary martlet bird, whose inability to land is often seen to symbolize the constant quest for knowledge, learning, and adventure. "The Martlet" is partly funded by student fees. "The Martlet" is the only independent campus newspaper at the University of Victoria, and therefore one of the only publications that has the time and resources to fully hold both the University of Victoria and the University of Victoria Students' Society (UVSS) accountable. "The Martlet" regularly reports on UVic Board of Governors and Senate meetings, as well as University of Victoria Students' Society Board meetings and elections.


title: University of Victoria

text: Today, "The Martlet" has a wide circulation and can be found in coffee shops, theatres, grocery stores, offices, and street corners throughout Victoria, British Columbia. The newspaper maintains its strong editorial line and commitment to politics and activism. Many national journalists and columnists in Canada have gotten their start in writing journalism at "The Martlet" and it continues to produce opportunities for student writers to become professionals. Notable "Martlet" alumni include Andrew MacLeod of the Tyee, Victoria Mayor Lisa Helps, and Leader of the B.C. Green Party Andrew Weaver.


title: University of Victoria

text: In recent years, "The Martlet" has broken stories about UVSS spending deficits, UVic's reputational enhancement project, divestment lobbying efforts by UVic student activists, issues with UVic's sexualized violence policy, the arrival of Starbucks on campus, problems in the UVic Sociology department, international student tuition hikes, student groups' support of the Unist'ot'en First Nation camp, pro-life vs. pro-choice protesters on campus, racism and antisemitism on campus, and the ongoing battle for UVic student Lilia Zaharieva to receive her life-saving medication for her cystic fibrosis.


title: University of Victoria

text: Martlet stories are regularly picked up by larger publications including the CBC, CTV News, the Times Colonist, and Chek News.


title: University of Victoria

text: Cadborosaurus is a mythical sea serpent in the folklore of regions of the Pacific Coast of North America that is rumored by students to live in Cadboro Bay, adjacent to the University of Victoria. The Cadborosaurus, or 'Caddy' as he is colloquially named, has become a favourite for students.


title: University of Victoria

text: Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games, is 'Rack and Ruin', a reminder of the tradition of the founding Victoria College.


title: University of Victoria

text: UVic maintains an extensive series of gardens on campus which serve as a place of respite and peace for students, staff, and members of the public who visit them. The Garden's include some of the largest collections of West-Coast plants and are cared for by the Friends of Finnerty Gardens, a charity which raises funds and helps support the garden's growth. The Finnerty Gardens include ponds, trails, flower gardens, and benches throughout. The University Multi-Faith Centre is nestled neared the gardens.


title: University of Victoria

text: The martlet and its red colour adorn many parts of the University of Victoria, including the crest, coat of arms, and flag representing the university's previous affiliation to McGill University which also uses the martlet. The legendary martlet bird's inability to land is often seen to symbolize the constant quest for knowledge, learning, and adventure. The oldest student newspaper on campus, "The Martlet", is named after the bird.


title: University of Victoria

text: UVic Orientation/Weeks of Welcome takes place each year for all new students to the school. UVic Orientation includes events, activities, and workshops to help students adjust to university life. The main event of UVic Orientation, which takes place on the day immediately preceding the first day of classes, has gone by a number of names over the years. This event is currently referred to as New Student Welcome, and is UVic's largest Orientation event.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University Club of Victoria is a private club located on the campus of University of Victoria. Faculty, Staff, and students are all members of the club and outside organization may also use the dining halls, meeting rooms, and other facilities. Alumni of the university often become members as well. The catering staff host dinners and awards celebrations frequently and the Holiday Roast Pig is a classic event on campus.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University Club (formerly called the Faculty Club) opened on March 16, 1982. The building, located on campus, is surrounded by high trees in a quiet, wooded area.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria Students' Society is the second largest student society in British Columbia and represents the UVic undergraduate student body, plans campus wide events and operates the Student Union Building. The student society's leadership is elected annually during campus wide undergraduate student elections. As a multimillion-dollar organization, the UVSS is one of the larger student unions which exist in Canada. The UVSS also negotiates with local government and healthcare providers for Student Transit Passes and health insurance.


title: University of Victoria

text: In 2014, the UVSS Student Union building underwent a major overhaul and renovation. In 2015, the university expanded and doubled the capacity of the public transit hub on campus which is adjacent to the Student Union building.


title: University of Victoria

text: In 2016, plans began for the fundraising and building of a new, much larger Student Union Building to accommodate the growing student population.


title: University of Victoria

text: The University of Victoria has one of the highest percentages of graduate and doctoral students in the country. The GSS offers services and academic support for UVic's 3,000 Graduate students. The society's services include the Grad House Restaurant, health and dental plan, funding for grad student events, and reduced-cost membership in the Victoria Car Share Co-operative.


title: University of Victoria

text: The Victoria Vikes (more commonly known as "Vikes Nation") represent the university in a number of competitive sports, including rowing, swimming, rugby, and basketball. The Vikes have especially long ties to competitive rowing having competed for several international titles. Sailing remains an important sport at the university and the UVic Sailing Club (UVSC) maintains training facilities and boats at the nearby Cadboro Bay.


title: University of Victoria

text: Significant endowments, scholarships, and bursaries allow the university to recruit the best student-athletes, regardless of financial standing. UVic is a participating partner in the Canada West Universities Athletic Association (CWUAA) (the western division of ) and in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA). Basketball games were traditionally played in the 2,500 seat, McKinnon Gymnasium which was built in 1975.


title: University of Victoria

text: An athletics facility was completed in 2015, which provides considerably more space and facilities for athletics. The $77 million Centre for Athletes, Recreation, and Special Abilities (CARSA), opened its doors on May 4, 2015.


title: University of Victoria

text: As the two oldest universities in the province, the University of Victoria (UVic) and the University of British Columbia (UBC) have long been fierce rivals in sports and athletics, including in Rowing, Rugby, and Soccer. The UVic Vikes and UBC Thunderbirds rivalry is a symbol of good sportsmanship, but has sometimes resulted in violence and less-than-polite behaviour by both sides. The "Annual UBC I UVic Soccer Classic" is one of the largest university sporting events in Canada and pits the UBC Men's Soccer Team against the UVic Men's Soccer Team. The annual classic alternates between the UVic Centennial Stadium and the UBC Thunderbird Stadium.


title: University of Victoria

text: Vikes Nation fans and UBC Thunderbird fans pack into the Centennial stadium for the classic, with the UVic Cheerleaders and Marching Band also present. In 2015, UVic also constructed a new and expanded Athletics Facility (CARSA) which includes a major auditorium/gymnasium for Vikes Basketball Teams, and significantly more seating, stands, and court facilities.


title: University of Victoria

text: The Centennial Stadium is a historic stadium located on the campus of the University of Victoria in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The large facility was built as a 1967 Canadian Centennial project to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Canadian confederation, but has undergone many repairs and upgrades since then. Today, it is one of the largest university stadiums in British Columbia and is home to the UVic Vikes.


title: University of Victoria

text: Women's field hockey: 1985, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2008, 2018, 2019, 2021<br>


title: University of Victoria

text: The asteroid 150145 Uvic was named in the university's honour on 1 June 2007. UVic was the first university in BC to have an asteroid named for it.


title: Noah Fant

text: Noah Fant (born November 20, 1997) is an American football tight end for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Iowa, and was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: Noah Fant

text: Before his high school years, Fant attended Morton Magnet Middle school and played football for them. Later, Fant attended and played high school football at Omaha South High School, where he set the record in the state. 86 receptions and 1,700 receiving yards on top of that 15 touchdowns.


title: Noah Fant

text: During his sophomore season at Iowa, Fant tied the national record for touchdowns by tight ends with 11, and led the nation in yards per catch, averaging 16.5. Fant's 11 touchdown receptions set a school record for touchdown catches by a tight end. Fant's efforts garnered him Third-team All-Big Ten honors for the 2017 season and the nickname “The Painter”. Prior to the 2018 season, Fant was named a preseason All American.


title: Noah Fant

text: Noah Fant was selected 20th overall by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2019 NFL Draft. The Broncos acquired the pick after trading down from their 10th overall selection.


title: Noah Fant

text: Fant made his NFL debut in Week 1 against the Oakland Raiders. In the game, Fant made two catches for 29 yards and rushed one time for -5 yards in the 24-16 loss.


title: Noah Fant

text: In Week 4 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Fant caught two passes for 31 yards and his first career touchdown in the 26-24 loss. During Week 9 against the Cleveland Browns, Fant finished with three catches for 115 receiving yards, including a 75-yard touchdown as the Broncos won 24-19. During Week 14 against the Houston Texans, Fant finished with four catches for 113 yards and a touchdown as the Broncos won 38-24. Overall, he finished his rookie season with 40 receptions for 562 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.


title: Noah Fant

text: In Week 1 against the Tennessee Titans on "Monday Night Football", Fant caught 5 passes for 81 yards and his first receiving touchdown of the season during the 16–14 loss.


title: Noah Fant

text: In a Week 2 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Fant caught four passes for 57 yards, a touchdown and a two point conversion during the 26–21 loss. Fant finished the 2020 regular season with 62 receptions for 673 yards and 3 receiving touchdowns, improving upon his rookie season.


title: Noah Fant

text: In Week 6 against the Las Vegas Raiders, Fant caught 9 passes for 97 yards and a receiving touchdown in the 34–24 loss. In Week 17 against the Los Angeles Chargers, Fant caught 6 passes for 92 yards and a receiving touchdown in the 34–13 loss.


title: Noah Fant

text: Fant finished the 2021 regular season with 68 receptions for 670 yards and a career high 4 receiving touchdowns.


title: Noah Fant

text: On March 16, 2022, Fant was traded to the Seattle Seahawks along with two first-round picks, two second-round picks, a fifth-round pick, quarterback Drew Lock, and defensive lineman Shelby Harris in exchange for quarterback Russell Wilson. On April 12, 2022, the Seahawks picked up Fant's fifth-year option.


title: Andouillette

text: Andouillette () is a French coarse-grained sausage made from the intestine of pork, pepper, wine, onions, and seasonings.


title: Andouillette

text: Andouillettes are generally made from the large intestine and are in diameter. True andouillettes are rarely seen outside France and have a strong, distinctive odour coming from the colon. Although sometimes repellent to the uninitiated, the scent is prized by its devotees.


title: Andouillette

text: The original composition of "andouillette sausages" is not known and there is no record of the andouillette's composition from earlier than the nineteenth century. Nineteenth century dictionaries simply describe them as "small andouilles" ("").


title: Andouillette

text: During recent decades, a range of differently composed andouillettes are or have been offered by charcuterie producers: the principal differences concern the primary ingredients used, whether pork or veal or a mixture of the two. During the twenty-first century the incorporation of veal, historically the more costly meat ingredient, has been banned in response to concerns over BSE. Some French regions such as (the area surrounding Cambrai) and Lyonnais were still including veal right up to the ban. In other regions, pork has been the only meat in an andouillette for more than a century: that is the case with the andouillette "of Troyes", which is currently the type of andouillette most likely to be encountered in national outlets, such as supermarkets, throughout France. But it seems likely that through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, local producers were using their own unique recipes according to time and place: the recipes used by local specialised outlets continue to vary considerably.


title: Andouillette

text: A number of andouillettes sold as local specialities have nevertheless evolved or indeed disappeared, such as the andouillettes of Villers-Cotterêts which received a mention in the posthumously published Culinary Dictionary ("Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine") by Alexandre Dumas.


title: Andouillette

text: In his 2021 memoir "Taste: My Life Through Food," actor Stanley Tucci wrote humorously about ordering an andouillette with Meryl Streep in a small French restaurant. Neither could stomach the dish.


title: Andouillette

text: Andouillettes can be served either hot or cold, with the former much more common. As with all lower intestine sausages, andouillettes are to some extent an acquired taste. Their smell may offend people unaccustomed to the dish. The texture is somewhat rougher than most sausages, as the content is coarsely cut. Primarily pan-fried (sometimes breaded), it can also be boiled, barbecued or grilled. The sausage is often served with vegetables (primarily onions) in a mustard or red wine sauce.


title: Andouillette

text: It is a common dish all over France but some regions are well known for their own recipes. The most famous ones come from Troyes, Lyon, Cambrai and Chablis and are graded using the AAAAA (5 As) grading system.


title: Andouillette

text: The Association Amicale des Amateurs d'Andouillette Authentique (AAAAA) 'The Friendly Club of Lovers of Authentic Andouillette' is a club formed by several food writers in 1970. It gives certificates ("diplôme") to producers of high-quality andouillettes.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: Albert Nobbs is a 2011 drama film directed by Rodrigo García and starring Glenn Close. The screenplay, by Close, John Banville and Gabriella Prekop, is based on the 1927 novella "Albert Nobbs" by George Moore.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: The film received mixed reviews, but the performances of Close and Janet McTeer were praised; they were nominated for the Academy Award in the categories of Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, respectively. They also received Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. The film was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: The novella had been earlier adapted as a play entitled "The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs" in which Close starred Off-Broadway in 1982 and for which she won an Obie Award for Best Actress.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: Albert Nobbs is a butler at the Morrison Hotel in late-19th-century Dublin, Ireland; his boss is Mrs. Baker. Although born female, Albert has spent the last 30 years living as a man. He has also been secretly saving money to buy a tobacconist shop to gain some measure of freedom and independence.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: Recently unemployed Joe Mackins arrives at the hotel and cons his way into a boilerman job. He and a maid there, Helen Dawes, become lovers. Hubert Page, tasked with painting at the hotel, discovers Albert's secret. He reveals to Albert that he is keeping the same secret about himself, living as a man after escaping an abusive husband.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: Albert visits Hubert at his home and meets Cathleen, Hubert's wife. Albert tells Hubert the story of his life: born illegitimate and then abandoned, Albert was adopted by a Mrs. Nobbs and educated in a convent before being expelled after his mother died. One night, aged 14 and still living as a girl, Albert was brutally gang-raped and beaten by a group of men. After hearing there was a need for waiters, Albert bought a suit, was interviewed and hired, and began his life with a male identity.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: Believing Helen may be the ideal wife to run a shop with, Albert asks her out on a date. She refuses, but Joe, believing that Albert will give Helen money that could help the pair emigrate to America, encourages her to lead Albert on. She agrees to this approach, allowing Albert to buy her gifts. Helen is uncomfortable with Albert and the arrangement that Joe has persuaded her to make. Albert also tells Helen about his plan to buy a shop.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: Helen eventually discovers she is pregnant with Joe's child. Joe is terrified, fearing he will become like his abusive father. Meanwhile, Albert goes to Hubert's home one day and learns that Cathleen has died, leaving Hubert devastated. Albert and Hubert put on dresses made by Cathleen. Though both at first are extremely uncomfortable, they eventually spend a fun day together dressed as women. A stumble and fall by Albert on the beach brings them back to reality. The pair return to Hubert's, change back into their men's clothing, and go back to their lives as before.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: Back at the hotel, Albert learns Helen is pregnant and offers to marry her. She refuses, saying Albert does not love her, though Albert voices a fear that Joe will leave by himself for America and not take her and the child. Later that evening, Joe and Helen get into a loud fight after Joe reveals he is indeed going to America alone. Albert attacks Joe when he gets physical with Helen, and Joe throws Albert against a wall, giving him a head injury. Albert retires to bed, forgotten in the commotion, bleeding from one ear. Helen angrily tells Joe she no longer wants to be with him anyway, and he leaves. Helen finds Albert dead in his bed the next morning.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: Helen eventually gives birth to a son, Albert Joseph. It's implied Mrs. Baker found Albert's savings, and hires Hubert again to make improvements to the hotel. When Helen sees Hubert, she breaks down and reveals she earns nothing working for Mrs. Baker, but if she objects she will be separated from her son and thrown out into the street. Hubert looks knowingly at her and says, "We can't let that happen, can we?"


title: Albert Nobbs

text: Close first played the titular character in a 1982 stage production and spent 15 years trying to turn it into a film. The film almost went into production in the early 2000s, with director István Szabó, but the financing fell through. In addition to her starring role, Close is also a producer and co-writer with John Banville.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: Production was scheduled to begin in July 2010 but was delayed until December, when Mia Wasikowska and Aaron Johnson replaced Amanda Seyfried and Orlando Bloom. Filming commenced on 13 December on location in Dublin and Wicklow. In July 2011, it was announced that "Albert Nobbs" would screen at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival in September and the first official photos from the film were released.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rating of 56%, based on 158 reviews, with an average rating of 6.01/10. The site's consensus reads, ""Albert Nobbs" tells a worthy story with an outstanding performance at its core, even if the end result is often somewhat less than the sum of its admirable parts". Metacritic gave the film a 57 out of 100, with mixed or average reviews based on reviews from 42 critics.


title: Albert Nobbs

text: In the United States, the film had a limited release in December 2011, and opened at 245 locations in January 2012. The film grossed a worldwide total of $5,634,828.


title: Billy Carter

text: William Alton Carter (March 29, 1937 – September 25, 1988) was an American farmer, businessman, brewer, and politician. The younger brother of U.S. President Jimmy Carter; he promoted Billy Beer and Peanut Lolita; and he was a candidate for mayor of Plains, Georgia.


title: Billy Carter

text: In 1972, Billy Carter purchased a gas and service station in Plains. He owned and operated it for most of the decade.


title: Billy Carter

text: In the 1970s Billy Carter was the official spokesperson for Peanut Lolita liqueur while his brother, Jimmy Carter held presidential office.


title: Billy Carter

text: In 1977, he endorsed Billy Beer, introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company, who wished to capitalize upon his colorful image as a beer-drinking Southern good ol' boy that developed in the press when his brother ran for president. Billy Carter's name was occasionally used as a gag answer for a Washington, D.C., trouble-maker on 1970s episodes of "Match Game". He was known for his outlandish public behavior; he once urinated on an airport runway in full view of the press and dignitaries. He later became sober, and reportedly extended support to other addicts in their own recovery.


title: Billy Carter

text: In late 1978 and early 1979, Billy Carter visited Libya three times with a contingent from Georgia. He eventually registered as a foreign agent of the Libyan government and received a $220,000 loan. However, Edwin P. Wilson claimed he had seen a telegram showing that Libya paid Billy Carter $2 million. This led to a Senate hearing on alleged influence peddling which the press named Billygate. A Senate sub-committee was called "To Investigate Activities of Individuals Representing Interests of Foreign Governments (Billy Carter—Libya Investigation)".


title: Billy Carter

text: Carter was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the fall of 1987 and received unsuccessful treatments for the disease. He died in Plains the following year at the age of 51.


title: Billy Carter

text: His death came five years after the death of his sister Ruth Carter Stapleton, who also died of pancreatic cancer at age 54. Their father, James Earl Carter Sr., also died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 58.


title: Billy Carter

text: In 1999, Carter's son William "Buddy" Carter IV published a biography of his father titled "Billy Carter: A Journey Through the Shadows" ().


title: Charles

text: Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English and French speaking countries. It is from the French form "Charles" of the Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or "*karilaz" (in Latin alphabet), whose meaning was "free man". The Old English descendant of this word was "Ċearl" or "Ċeorl", as the name of King Cearl of Mercia, that disappeared after the Norman conquest of England.


title: Charles

text: The name was notably borne by Charlemagne (Charles the Great), and was at the time Latinized as "Karolus" (as in "Vita Karoli Magni"), later also as "Carolus". Some Germanic languages, for example Dutch and German, have retained the word in two separate senses. In the particular case of Dutch, "Karel" refers to the given name, whereas the noun "kerel" means "a bloke, fellow, man".


title: Charles

text: The name's etymology is a Common Germanic noun "*karilaz" meaning "free man", which survives in English as churl (< Old English "ċeorl"), which developed its deprecating sense in the Middle English period.


title: Charles

text: In the form "Charles", the initial spelling "ch-" corresponds to the palatalization of the Latin group "ca-" to [tʃa] in Central Old French (Francien) and the final "-s" to the former subjective case (cas sujet) of masculine names in Old French like in Giles or James (< Latin "-us", see Spanish/ Portuguese "Carlos").


title: Charles

text: According to Julius Pokorny, the historical linguist and Indo-Europeanist, the root meaning of Charles is "old man", from Indo-European *ĝer-, where the ĝ is a palatal consonant, meaning "to rub; to be old; grain." An old man has been worn away and is now grey with age.


title: Charles

text: In some Slavic languages, the name "Drago" (and variants: "Dragomir", "Dragoslav", etc., all based on the root "drag" 'dear') has been used as an equivalent for "Charles" ("Karel", etc.). This is based on the false etymology deriving "Carl" from Latin "carus" 'dear'. Examples are the Slovene politician Karel Dežman (1821–1889), also known as "Dragotin Dežman", and the Slovene historian Dragotin Lončar (1876–1954), baptized "Carl".


title: Charles

text: The name is atypical for Germanic names as it is not composed of two elements, but simply a noun meaning "(free) man". This meaning of "ceorl" contrasts with "eorl" (Old Norse "jarl") "nobleman" on one hand and with "þeow" (Old Norse "þræll") "bondsman, slave" on the other. As such it would not seem a likely candidate for the name of a Germanic king, but it is attested as such with Cearl of Mercia (fl. 620), the first Mercian king mentioned by Bede in his "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum". It is a peculiarity of the Anglo-Saxon royal names that many of the rulers of the earliest period (6th to 7th centuries) have monothematic (simplex) names, while the standard dithematic (compounded) names become almost universal from the 8th century. Compare the name of king Mul of Kent (7th century) which simply translates to "mule".


title: Charles

text: Charles Martel (686–741) was an illegitimate son of Pepin of Herstal, and therefore indeed a "free man", but not of noble rank. After his victory at the Battle of Soissons (718), Charles Martel styled himself Duke of the Franks. Charles' eldest son was named Carloman (c. 710–754), a rare example of the element "carl-" occurring in a compound name.


title: Charles

text: The "Chronicle of Fredegar" names an earlier "Carloman" as the father of Pepin of Landen, and thus the great-great-grandfather of the Charles Martel. This would place the name "Carloman" in the 6th century, and open the possibility that the Frankish name "Carl" may originate as a short form of "Carloman". The only other compound name with the "Carl-" prefix is "Carlofred" ("Carlefred"), attested in the 7th century; as a suffix, it occurs in the rare names "Altcarl" and "Gundecarl" (9th and 11th centuries, respectively).


title: Charles

text: Charlemagne (742–814) was Charles Martel's grandson. After Charlemagne's reign, the name became irrevocably connected with him and his Carolingian dynasty.


title: Charles

text: After Charlemagne, the name Charles ("Karol") became even the standard word for "king" in Slavic (Czech and Slovak "král", Polish "król"; South Slavic "kral" крал, "krȃlj" краљ; Russian король), Baltic (Latvian "karalis", Lithuanian "karalius") and Hungarian ("király").


title: Charles

text: Charlemagne's son Charles the Younger died without issue, but the name resurfaces repeatedly within the 9th-century Carolingian family tree, so with Charles the Bald (823–877), Charles the Fat (839–888) Charles of Provence (845–863), Charles the Child (847/848–866) and Charles the Simple (879–929).


title: Charles

text: The name survives into the High Middle Ages (Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine; Charles, Count of Valois; Charles I, Count of Flanders (Charles the Good, beatified in 1882); Charles I of Naples; Charles I of Hungary). Karl Sverkersson was a king of Sweden in the 12th century, counted as "Charles VII" due to a genealogical fiction of the 17th century by Charles "IX", but actually the first king of Sweden with this name.


title: Charles

text: Charles resurfaces as a royal name in Germany with Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1316–1378, counted as "the fourth" after Charlemagne, Charles the Bald and Charles the Fat) and in France with Charles IV of France (1294–1328, "the fourth" after Charlemagne, Charles the Bald and Charles the Simple), and becomes comparatively widespread in the Late Middle Ages (Charles I, Duke of Savoy, Charles III, Duke of Savoy).


title: Charles

text: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558) gives rise to a tradition of Charlses in Habsburg Spain (Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles II of Spain, Charles III of Spain, Charles IV of Spain).


title: Charles

text: The numbering scheme for the kings of Sweden was continued in modern times with Charles X, Charles XI, Charles XII, Charles XIII, Charles XIV and Charles XV.


title: Charles

text: Charles I of England (1600–1649) is followed by Charles II of England (1630–1685). The Province of Carolina is named during the rule of Charles II, after Charles I.


title: Charles

text: Carlism is a political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on the Spanish throne. This line descended from Infante Carlos, Count of Molina (1788–1855), and was founded due to dispute over the succession laws and widespread dissatisfaction with the Alfonsine line of the House of Bourbon. The movement was at its strongest in the 1830s, causing the Carlist Wars, and had a revival following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War in 1898, and lasted until the end of the Franco regime in 1975 as a social and political force


title: Charles

text: Charles Floyd (1782–1804) was the only casualty in the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Charles DeRudio (1832–1910) was an Italian aristocrat, would-be assassin of Napoleon III, and later a career U.S. Army officer who fought in the 7th U.S. Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Charles Albert Varnum (1849–1936) was the commander of the scouts in the Little Bighorn Campaign and received the Medal of Honor for his actions in a conflict following the Battle of Wounded Knee.


title: Charles

text: "Lonesome" Charley Reynolds (1842–1876) was a scout in the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment who was killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.


title: Charles

text: "Carl" has been a very popular male given name in the United States during the late 19th to early 20th centuries, consistently ranking in the top 30 male given names in the US from 1887 to 1938, and remaining among the top 100 until the 1980s, but since declining below rank 500. "Charles" has been among the top 400 male given names in the United States in the 1880s and again in the 1930s, but since then it has declined steadily, dropping out of the top 1,000 by the 1970s. By contrast, it remains among the top 100 names given in England and Wales; the current King of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, Charles III, is a notable bearer of the name.


title: Charles

text: Charlotte is late medieval, e.g. Charlotte of Savoy (1441–1483), Charlotte of Cyprus (1444–1487). It was introduced to Britain in the 17th century, and gave rise to hypocorisms such as "Lottie, Tottie, Totty".


title: Charles

text: Caroline is early modern, e.g. Caroline of Ansbach (1683–1737). It has given rise to numerous variations, such as " Carlyn, Carolina, Carolyn, Karolyn, Carolin, Karolina, Karoline, Karolina, Carolien", as well as hypocorisms, such as "Callie, Carol, Carrie", etc.


title: Charles

text: Another derived feminine name is Carla (Bulgarian, Catalan, Dutch, English, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), a name which dates from early Italy.


title: Charles

text: There are a number of historical figures known as "Saint Charles", although few are recognized across confessions.


title: Charles

text: In the context of English and British history, "Saint Charles" is typically Charles I of England, recognized as a saint in the Anglican confession only.


title: Charles

text: In Roman Catholicism, the best known Saint Charles is Charles Borromeo (1538–1584), an Italian cardinal, canonized by Pope Paul V in 1606.


title: Charles

text: Charles, Duke of Brittany (1319–1364) had been canonized after his death, but Pope Gregory XI annulled this. Charles the Good (d. 1127) is sometimes referred to as a saint, but while he was beatified in 1904, he has not been canonized.


title: Sri Lanka Army

text: The Sri Lanka Army (SL Army) (; ) is the oldest and largest of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces. Established as the Ceylon Army in 1949, it was renamed when Sri Lanka became a republic in 1972. In 2010, the Army had approximately 200,000 regular personnel, between 20,000 and 40,000 reserve (volunteer) personnel and 18,000 National Guardsmen and comprises 13 divisions, one air-mobile brigade, one commando brigade, one special forces brigade, one independent armored brigade, three mechanized infantry brigades and over 40 infantry brigades. From the 1980s to 2009, the army was engaged in the Sri Lankan Civil War.


title: Sri Lanka Army

text: The Army Headquarters is situated in Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte; Commander of the Army is the highest appointment in the army who commands the army and is assisted by the Chief of Staff of the Army and Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army. The Commander-in-Chief of the Sri Lanka Armed Forces is the President of Sri Lanka, who heads the National Security Council through the Ministry of Defence, which is charged with formulating, executing defence policy and procurements for the armed forces.