title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (100 μm and 1 mm). The term "myriometre" (abbr. mom, equivalent to 100 micrometres; frequently confused with the "myriametre", 10 kilometres) is deprecated; the decimal metric prefix myrio- is obsolete and was not included among the prefixes when the International System of Units was introduced in 1960.


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (1 mm and 1 cm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 m and 10 m (1 cm and 1 dm).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 centimetres and 100 centimetres (10 metre and 1 metre).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between one metre and ten metres.


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To compare different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths between 100 metres and 1,000 metres (1 kilometre).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 1 kilometre and 10 kilometres (10 and 10 metres).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 10 and 100 kilometres (10 to 10 metres). The "myriametre" (sometimes also spelled "myriometre"; 10,000 metres) is a deprecated unit name; the decimal metric prefix myria- (sometimes also written as myrio-) is obsolete and not included among the prefixes when the International System of Units was introduced in 1960.


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: A length of "100 kilometres" (about 62 miles), as a rough amount, is relatively common in measurements on Earth and for some astronomical objects.


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths between 100 and 1,000 kilometres (10 and 10 metres).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 10 m (1 Mm or 1,000 km).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 10 metres (10 megametres or 10,000 kilometres).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists lengths starting at 10 metres (100 megametres or 100,000 kilometres or 62,150 miles).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 10 metres (1 gigametre (Gm) or 1 billion metres).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 10 metres (10 gigametres (Gm) or 10 million kilometres, or 0.07 astronomical units).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare distances at different orders of magnitude this section lists lengths starting at 10 metres (100 gigametre or 100 million kilometres or 0.7 astronomical units).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different distances, this section lists lengths starting at 10 m (1 Tm or 1 billion km or 6.7 astronomical units).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 10 m (10 Tm or 10 billion km or 67 astronomical units).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 10 m (100 Tm or 100 billion km or 670 astronomical units).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 10 m (1 Pm or 1 trillion km or 6685 astronomical units (AU) or 0.11 light-years).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different distances this section lists lengths starting at 10 m (10 Pm or 66,800 AU, 1.06 light-years).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different distances this section lists lengths between 10 m (100 Pm or 11 light-years) and 10 m (106 light-years).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: The ' (SI symbol: ') is a unit of length in the metric system equal to 10 metres. To help compare different distances this section lists lengths between 10 m (1 Em or 105.7 light-years) and 10 m (10 Em or 1,057 light-years).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Em (10 m or 1,100 light-years).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Em (10 m or 11,000 light-years).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Zm (10 m or 110,000 light-years).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Zm (10 m or 1.1 million light-years).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Zm (10 m or 11 million light-years).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Ym (10 m or 105.702 million light-years).


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 10 Ym (10 m or 1.1 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depends on the cosmological models used.


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 100 Ym (10 m or 11 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.


title: Orders of magnitude (length)

text: To help compare different orders of magnitude, this section lists distances starting at 1 Rm (10 m or 110 billion light-years). At this scale, expansion of the universe becomes significant. Distance of these objects are derived from their measured redshifts, which depend on the cosmological models used.


title: Troll doll

text: A Troll Doll (Danish: "Gjøltrold") is a type of plastic doll with furry up-combed hair depicting a troll, also known as a Dam doll after their creator Danish woodcutter Thomas Dam. The inspiration came from trolls in old Scandinavian folklore. The toys are also known as good luck trolls, or gonk trolls in the United Kingdom.


title: Troll doll

text: The dolls were first created in the late 1950's, and introduced in 1959, before becoming one of the United States' biggest toy fads in the early 1960s. They became briefly popular again during the 1970s through the 1990s and were copied by several manufacturers under different names. During the 1990s, several video games and a video show were created based on troll dolls. In 2003, the Dam company restored the United States copyrights for this brand, stopping unlicensed production. In 2005, the Dam company modernized the brand under the name "Trollz", but it failed in the marketplace.


title: Troll doll

text: In 2013, the brand was bought by DreamWorks Animation, with an animated feature film called "Trolls" being released in 2016 and a sequel released in 2020.


title: Troll doll

text: Troll dolls were created in 1959 by Danish fisherman and woodcutter Thomas Dam. Dam could not afford a Christmas gift for his young daughter Lila and carved the doll from his imagination. Other children in the Danish town of Gjøl saw the doll and wanted one. Dam's company Dam Things began producing the dolls in plastic under the name "Good Luck Trolls". It became popular in several European countries during the early 1960s, shortly before they were introduced in the United States. They became one of the United States' biggest toy fads from the autumn of 1963 to 1965. The originals were of the highest quality, also called "Dam dolls" and featuring sheep wool hair and glass eyes. Their sudden popularity, along with an error in the copyright notice of Thomas Dam's original product, resulted in cheaper imitations.


title: Troll doll

text: The Dam company never stopped its production of trolls in Denmark, where they were always a popular item. In the late 1980s, the Dam trolls started making another comeback in North America. E.F.S. Marketing Associates, Inc. was one of the few corporations granted permission to import and market the Thomas Dam trolls for resale in the United States. These Dam Trolls were marketed under the trade name of Norfin Trolls, with an "Adopt A Norfin Troll" logo on the tags.


title: Troll doll

text: During the period of popularity in the early to mid-1990s, several attempts were made to market the troll dolls to young boys. This included action figure lines such as The Original Battle Trolls from Hasbro, the Stone Protectors franchise, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle Trolls. The popular Mighty Max line also had a series named Hairy Heads, also known as Dread Heads.


title: Troll doll

text: In 2003, the Dam copyright was restored by the Uruguay Round Agreements Act. The Uneeda Doll Company, a company that made millions of US dollars by manufacturing troll dolls in the U.S., challenged the restoration. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the lower court's preliminary injunction, enjoining Uneeda from manufacturing, distributing, or selling "Wish-nik" troll dolls. The Toy Industry Association named troll dolls in its Century of Toys List, a list of the 100 most memorable and most creative toys of the 20th century.


title: Troll doll

text: In 2005, the troll brand was licensed to DIC Entertainment, and products such as fashion dolls and fashion accessories were sold as Trollz. The new Trollz campaign was unsuccessful.


title: Troll doll

text: In 2007, DIC sued the Dam company, claiming that they alleged claims of fraud in the inducement and negligent misrepresentation in connection with Dam's troll doll, and DIC's "Trollz", which was created after DIC licensed the brand from Dam. Dam counter-sued DIC, claiming that the company financially misrepresented its ability to create and market a modern troll doll toy campaign and destroyed the image and goodwill of the doll.


title: Troll doll

text: "The Magic Trolls And The Troll Warriors" was a 1991 cartoon special made to promote the Troll doll toys, featuring Trolls battling against King Nolaf and his Troll Warriors. There was also a 30-minute DIC cartoon special in 1992 called "Magical Super Trolls" which featured an evil troll named Craven.


title: Troll doll

text: A platform video game simply titled "Trolls" was released in 1993 for Amiga, DOS, and C64. Other games were released for the NES ("Trolls on Treasure Island" (a modified re-release of "Dudes with Attitude") and "" (a localized version of "") and SNES ("Super Troll Islands").


title: Troll doll

text: The 1990s troll doll fad also included "The Trollies Radio Show", which was a direct-to-video musical with puppet trolls singing hits such as "Kokomo", "Woolly Bully", and "Do Wah Diddy", as well as some original songs.


title: Troll doll

text: In Disney/Pixar's "Toy Story", 1, 2, and 3. Andy had a troll doll with a blue bikini with white flowers.


title: Troll doll

text: In the Adult Swim sitcom "Robot Chicken", there featured a treasure troll going on a date and found out he had troll AIDS.


title: Troll doll

text: The 2005 DIC Entertainment range included an animated series called "Trollz". The series stars five teenage girl trolls who live in a magical world of ogres, gnomes and dragons, but experience aspects of everyday life.


title: Troll doll

text: In 2013, DreamWorks Animation acquired the intellectual property for the Trolls franchise from the Dam Family and Dam Things and became the exclusive worldwide licensor of the merchandise rights, except for Scandinavia, where Dam Things remains the licensor. DreamWorks produced a 3D computer-animated musical comedy film based on the Troll dolls, "Trolls", released on November 4, 2016. It was directed by Mike Mitchell and co-directed by Walt Dohrn, with Anna Kendrick and Justin Timberlake providing the voices. A sequel, "Trolls World Tour", was scheduled for theatrical release on April 10, 2020 in North America. The film was originally planned to be released theatrically in the United States on this day, but the film was released simultaneously in drive-in theaters, as regular movie theaters closed due to the restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and through Premium VOD in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, South Korea and Italy. This affected the number of projections and the box office performance of the film. As the pandemic receded, the film was released back in regular theatres.


title: Anjali Nair

text: Anjali Nair (born 16 July 1988) is an Indian actress and model who predominantly works in Malayalam film industry. She is a recipient of the Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actress at Kerala State film Awards in 2015.


title: Anjali Nair

text: Anjali married Aneesh Upasana, but they separated. She has a daughter Aavni, who acted as her daughter in "5 Sundarikal".


title: Anjali Nair

text: Anjali started off as a model, before working as a television anchor and acting in more than one hundred advertisements. She then acted in many music albums, including La Cochin by Vineeth Sreenivasan. She has featured in a television serial titled "Bandhangal Bandhanangal" and appeared in many television shows.


title: Secret Number

text: Secret Number (, stylized as SECRET NUMBER) is a South Korean girl group formed by Vine Entertainment. The group debuted on May 19, 2020, with the single album "Who Dis?" with the five-member line up of Léa, Dita, Jinny, Soodam, and Denise. The sixth and seventh members, Zuu and Minji, joined the group in October 2021. Denise departed from the group on February 5, 2022.


title: Secret Number

text: According to the group, their name means that, "Everyone has a secret number [for a password or PIN code], which is usually a birthday, anniversary, or some other special number. We want to hold such special meaning in public. Our logo is designed like a password box with five stars, representing the five of us."


title: Secret Number

text: Léa was previously a member of South Korean girl group Skarf between 2011 and 2014 under the stage name Hana. She later participated in "Mix Nine" under her birth name Mizuki Ogawa in 2017 where she finished in 109th place.


title: Secret Number

text: Jinny was previously a trainee under YG Entertainment between 2013 and 2017. She later participated in "Produce 48" where she finished in 69th place.


title: Secret Number

text: On March 12, 2020, Vine Entertainment announced that the group was initially scheduled for debut on March 26, 2020, however there was a push back due to COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Secret Number

text: On April 29, 2020, the members were revealed in a dance cover video published on YouTube along with the group name Secret Number. On May 6, 2020, Vine Entertainment announced that Secret Number would release their debut single album "Who Dis?" on May 19. The members were officially introduced individually from May 11 to 14 (in order: Jinny, Léa, Soodam, Dita, and Denise). The debut single album consisting of two tracks, lead single "Who Dis?" and "Holiday", was released on May 19. The group made their broadcast debut on KBS2's "Music Bank" on May 22 where they performed their lead single "Who Dis?". On May 23, it was announced that the music video "Who Dis?" has more than 5 million views.


title: Secret Number

text: On October 22, 2020, Vine Entertainment announced that Secret Number would release their second single album "Got That Boom" on November 4. The single album, consisting of two tracks, lead single "Got That Boom" and "Privacy", was released on November 4.


title: Secret Number

text: Secret Number's commercial success in their first five months earned them several rookie awards at major Korean year-end music award shows, including the Asia Artist Awards, APAN Music Awards, Asian Pop Music Awards, and Ten Asia Global Top Ten Awards. Additionally, "Billboard" Korea named them as one of the Rookie K-pop Groups of 2020.


title: Secret Number

text: On September 30, 2021, Vine Entertainment announced through their Instagram account, that Denise would not be participating in the group's upcoming third album promotions due to contract negotiation matters.


title: Secret Number

text: On October 8, 2021, Vine Entertainment announced that Secret Number would release their third single album "Fire Saturday" on October 27. On October 16, Zuu was introduced as a new member of Secret Number. A day later, Minji was introduced as the second new member.


title: Secret Number

text: On February 5, 2022, Denise announced her departure from the group and Vine Entertainment on her Instagram account.


title: Secret Number

text: On May 12, 2022, Vine Entertainment announced that Secret Number would release their fourth single album "Doomchita" on June 8.


title: Secret Number

text: On November 9, 2022, Vine Entertainment announced that Secret Number would release their fifth single album "Tap" on November 16.


title: Secret Number

text: On October 5, 2020, through Nacific Indonesia's Instagram account, Dita was chosen as the Brand Ambassador of the global cosmetic brand Nacific Indonesia


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: Tengku Zafrul bin Tengku Abdul Aziz (Jawi: ; born 25 June 1973) is a Malaysian politician and investor who has served as Minister of International Trade and Industry in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim since December 2022 and Senator from March 2020 to his resignation in November 2022 and again since December 2022. He served as Minister of Finance for the second term in the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration under former Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob from August 2021 to November 2022 and his first term from March 2020 to August 2021 as well as Coordinating Minister of the National Recovery Plan from July 2021 to August 2021 in the Perikatan Nasional (PN) administration under former Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin. As he was not an elected Member of Parliament, he was appointed as an independent Senator twice in March 2020 and again in December 2022, in order to assume his duties as the first technocratic Minister of Finance in March 2020 as he was also the first independent individual in terms of active political party association, to be appointed Minister of Finance in the Malaysian history. Prior to his political appointments, he was the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Executive Director of the CIMB Group Holdings Berhad. He was also CEO and Executive Director of the CIMB Bank Berhad and President Commissioner of the PT Bank CIMB Niaga Tbk. He is a member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), a component party of the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. He has also served as the State Treasurer of BN of Selangor since July 2022, this appointment also marks his start of active involvement in politics.


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: Tengku Zafrul was born on 25 June 1973 and is the eldest of four siblings. His mother, Raja Datuk Zaharaton Raja Zainal Abidin, is the former Director-General of the Economic Planning Unit (EPU) of the Prime Minister's Department of Malaysia and his father, Tengku Abdul Aziz Tengku Harris, is a businessman.


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: Tengku Zafrul began his early education at Sri Petaling Primary School and Bukit Bintang Primary School. He continued his study at Malay College Kuala Kangsar and then studied A-Level at Sherborne School, Dorset, United Kingdom. He graduated from the University of Bristol, UK with a Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Economics and Accounting, and obtained a Master of Arts (MA) in Finance and Management from the University of Exeter, UK. From the year 2017 to 2019, Tengku Zafrul completed his second master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) at Tsinghua University PBCSF (People's Bank of China School of Finance). He is also a Fellow Chartered Banker with the Asian Institute of Chartered Bankers.


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: Zafrul started out as a corporate finance executive in AmInvestment Bank in 1996. He then joined Crédit Agricole as an investment analyst, moving up to director within a few years. Succeeding this, he became the Advisor to the President of Tenaga Nasional Berhad. Zafrul then joined CIMB Investment banking, after which he was appointed as group managing director of Avenue Capital Resources (now ECM Libra), a listed company specialising in financial services i.e. investment banking and fund management. He was also chief executive officer of Avenue Securities and the chairman of Avenue Asset Management. Zafrul then went on to become the head of investment banking for Citigroup Malaysia.


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: He is also the main investor behind Tune Money Sdn Bhd, Asia's first "no-frills" online financial service provider as well as its CEO and substantial shareholder. Following that, Zafrul was appointed as group director of Kenanga Holdings Berhad and director of Kenanga Investment Bank Berhad. Prior to assuming his most recent role with CIMB, Zafrul was the chief executive officer of Maybank Investment Bank, the fully-owned investment banking arm of Malayan Banking Berhad, Malaysia's flagship financial services player. The acquisition of Kim Eng Holdings Limited (Kim Eng) by the Maybank Group in 2011 resulted in the combined entity of Maybank IB and Kim Eng, known regionally as Maybank Kim Eng, of which Zafrul was also CEO. On 9 March 2020, Tengku Zafrul announced his resignation as CIMB group chief executive officer before being appointed Minister of Finance.


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: Throughout his career, Zafrul was awarded with numerous prestigious awards including ASEAN CEO Award by Technology Business Review (2008). He also was given the Malaysian Business Leadership Award in the year 2009. Most Promising Entrepreneurship Awards by Enterprise Asia (2008) and the Malaysian Business Leadership Award by The Leaders Magazine. Most recently, he was awarded the Masterclass CEO of the Year in the 7th Global Leadership Award organised by the American Leadership Development Association (2017) and the Best Chief Executive Officer for Investor Relations by the Malaysia Investor Relations Association (2017). Tengku Zafrul has also bagsed TalentCorp's Life at Work 2019 award for the CEO category of Malaysian organizations.


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: Tengku Zafrul was one of the judges of the corporate reality television series "The Firm". The show premièred prime time nationwide on ntv7 and Astro's Channel 7 in Malaysia in 2007. As one of the three millionaire judges on "The Firm", the other two beings Peter Pek and Chan Boon Yong, he is considered one of Malaysia's few corporate celebrities. He has also appeared in advertisements for Tune Money. On 4 July 2020, Tengku Zafrul became a special guest on TV3's Money Matters program.


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: On 9 March 2020, Tengku Zafrul was appointed in Muhyiddin's cabinet as Minister of Finance after being made a senator. He embarked on a task to assist the people and industry in the implementation of the Prihatin Rakyat Economic Stimulus Package during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. Tengku Zafrul also explains the economic recovery plan will be announced after Aidilfitri to revive the affected economy of Malaysia. Under the Short-Term Economic Recovery Plan (Penjana), Tengku Zafrul has launched the ePenjana credit program worth RM750 million to aimed at boosting consumer spending in Malaysia. On 6 November 2020, Tengku Zafrul presented the 2021 budget in the parliament to ensure that the economy revives and benefits the people.


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: In June 2022, Tengku Zafrul announced the largest subsidies and cash aid package in Malaysian history (77.3 billion ringgit) for the year 2022, in order to temper the effect of inflation.


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: Tengku Zafrul is married to Raja Datin Seri Utama Johanna Raja Arshad, a member of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan royal family. The couple has four children.


title: Tengku Zafrul Aziz

text: Since his school days, Tengku Zafrul was interested in sports such as hockey and ran for recreation. During his first year at the University of Bristol, his main transportation was by bicycle. His interests include keeping fit through running, cycling and swimming, and developing the youth through his participation in various organizations such as the Kalsom Movement and Teach for Malaysia. He has completed all six marathons under the Abbott World Marathon Majors. He is also a fan of the football club, Liverpool F.C., which plays in the English Premier League.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The Ford Territory is a mid-size crossover SUV built by Ford Australia that was introduced in April 2004 and produced until October 2016. It was not only the only SUV that was built in Australia, but also Ford's first large three-row crossover SUV. It was based on the EA169 platform introduced by the EA Falcon, and its internal project codename was E265. Winner of various automotive awards since its introduction, the Territory was the first SUV to win the coveted Australian title of "Wheels" Car of the Year in 2004, courtesy of acceptable handling and child carrying capacity.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Ford Australia reportedly spent A$500 million on developing this vehicle over a four-year period. Many Australian toolmakers were lauded for their cost competitiveness in keeping this cost so low, not as cheap as the Japanese, but much lower than Detroit-based cars. Apart from being the first and only Australian-made SUV, it was also the first local vehicle to feature electronic stability control.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Both rear-wheel drive (RWD) and all-wheel drive (AWD) configurations were available for the Australian market. AWD models had an optional anti-lock braking system to control the car's motion downhill.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Reflecting its SUV design, seating capacity in the Territory was for either five (two rows) or seven (three rows) passengers, making it excellent for large families with children. All seating rows were arranged in a "theatre style", whereby the first row was the lowest and the last row was the highest. The middle and back rows folded flat into the floor to maximise cargo volume.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Ford introduced the Territory alongside the existing Falcon wagon, which was built on the same Broadmeadows Assembly Plant production line. Ford Australia senior executives had expected the Falcon wagon to be discontinued soon after the introduction of the Territory, surmising that Falcon wagon sales would substantially decline as fleet buyers migrated to the Territory. However, this did not happen because the Falcon wagon retained much of its fleet sales base and the Territory appealed mainly to large families. The production of the Falcon station wagon was terminated in September 2010. The


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Territory was never a serious replacement for it due to higher fuel consumption and increased weight.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The Ford R7 was a concept SUV which was developed by Ford Australia under the auspices of the late Geoff Polites and was revealed at the 2002 Australian International Motor Show held in Melbourne. So great was the reception of the R7, that Ford fast tracked the development of the R7 into a full blown production model just two years later as the Ford Territory and it previewed the new front styling of the donor Ford Falcon (BA) range.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Between 2004 and 2016, the Territory had been manufactured adopting the same chassis and sold in a total of five series (SX, SY, SYII, SZ, and final SZ II). The launch of the FG series Falcon, however, resulted in the Territory undergoing a major redesign inside and out, and unlike the donor sedan, receiving a turbodiesel powerplant, citing high fuel consumption of the 6 cylinder engines due to the high curb weight.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Appearance-wise, the Territory adopted styling cues from the North American Freestyle/Taurus X, which proved to be a defining factor for the support of Ford executives at the head office in Dearborn, Michigan. Simon Butterworth, who was behind the major restyling of the Falcon that resulted in the 2002 BA series, styled the Territory. Marcus Hotblack worked on the Territory's interior, inspired by a knife. As a result, the Territory had such convenient features as flexing cup holders and a handbag holder to the side of the seat for female drivers.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The SX Territory was the first Australian-built vehicle to be fitted with an electronic stability control system. In addition, Territory was the first SUV to have won the Australian "Wheels" Car of the Year award, in 2004.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Its platform was available in RWD or AWD, solely powered by the , 4.0-litre DOHC straight-six Barra petrol engine from the BA Falcon albeit slightly detuned via software, paired to a four-speed automatic gearbox. All models were renowned for very high fuel consumption, averaging between .


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: An Alpine DVD entertainment system for rear passengers, with 10.2-inch screen and infrared headphones, was offered as standard or optional depending on the model variant.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Australian and New Zealand SX series models were slightly different visually: all models sold in New Zealand had body-colour bumpers and alloy wheels, including the base model. Front light detail resembles that of women's jewellery in a black box. In New Zealand, the only RWD model was the base version and all other models had AWD; while in Australia, all models were available with both traction setups.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The SY, primarily a mechanical upgrade with no significant visual differentiation, was introduced in October 2005. Its key features included decreased engine power, new automatic transmission for AWD models, and as a first for an Australian-built vehicle, a reverse parking camera (optional on the TS and standard on Ghia). The TS now featured standard reverse sensors. All models received a new key design, and on cars built after May 2006, the plastic rear cladding along the bottom edge of the rear tailgate changed to be pressed into the sheet metal.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Again, this Territory was solely powered by a revised 4.0-litre DOHC straight-six engine now producing and . The previous DSI four-speed automatic transmission was retained with minor updates for RWD models; AWD models now featured the six-speed ZF 6HP26 automatic transmission that contributed to slightly improved fuel consumption.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The 2006 Territory Turbo was AWD-only and its turbocharged version of the base model produced and . Being AWD, it was only available with the then-new six-speed ZF automatic transmission.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The range remained unchanged except for the introduction, in mid-2006, of a Territory Turbo available in standard trim or luxury Ghia. It was powered by a turbocharged 4.0-litre DOHC straight-six version of the Barra engine that, due to costs considerations and the Australian market preference for performance variants, took priority over the introduction of a mooted diesel variant to curtail the high 6 cylinder fuel consumption.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: At its subsequent launch, the AWD-only standard Turbo and Ghia models instead cost and , respectively.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The initial colour range was: Winter White, Wired, Lightning Strike, Silhouette, Mercury Silver, Kashmir, Dejavu, Icon and Indiana. It subsequently included: Steel, Grace, Flare, Conquer, Silk, Ego, Seduce, Neo, Velvet and Sensations.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: On 29 February 2008, Ford Performance Vehicles (FPV) launched the "F6X", which was the first and only non-Falcon vehicle sold by this Ford subsidiary.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Effectively a high-performance version of the Territory Turbo, it was only available in AWD and with a six-speed automatic transmission. It was badged "F6X 270" due to its engine output of and , shared with the similarly engined and Falcon-based FPV F6 sedan. This resulted in this SUV being the most powerful SUV available at the time, with a fast acceleration time of 5.9 seconds.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: FPV foreshadowed its intention to enter the SUV scene with the "P-SUV" concept car displayed at its Open Day in February 2007. This vehicle featured a pick-up body style and aggressive off-road styling. The final F6X concept was otherwise displayed at the October 2007 Australian International Motor Show in Sydney.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Aside from its high-performance engine, its other key features included 18-inch wheels, upgraded front Brembo brakes, and fittings such as seating (optional third row seat) and instrumentation styled to mirror those of the FPV sedans. Despite this, the lack of sufficient external differentiation with the donor Territory Turbo, its high price of and poor fuel consumption translated into a low sales success, with a total of 251 units built. As a consequence, production ceased in February 2009 and it was no longer available with the SY II series launched in June 2009.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The F6X colour range included: Ego, Winter White, Lightning Strike, Nitro, Seduce, Sensations, Silhouette and Velvet. Depending on the exterior paint chosen, each had the option of one of two stripe packages in metallic Azure Blue, Pewter or Silver and matte Black. It also featured datadot paint technology.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The SY II series was a facelift revealed at the 2009 Australian International Motor Show held in Melbourne and went on sale that May. It featured a mildly restyled front end and other minor exterior changes, improved interior trim (with the previous upholstery colour schemes replaced by more contemporary ones) and improved suspension design. Powertrains remained unchanged, except for the axing of the "FPV F6X". The BA/BF Falcon centre console and Interior Command Control (ICC) was again reused for the SY II despite the newer FG Falcon having a completely redesigned console and ICC.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The SY II received a revised front suspension to address a well-documented weakness in the front lower ball joints. Specifically, the original design had the ball joints under constant tension, which resulted in some catastrophic failures of the joint (causing the wheel to detach from the suspension and steering at high speeds) and premature wear requiring lower control arm replacements after as little as . With the new design, the lower ball joints were now under compression, thus eliminating the premature wear issue.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: A TS Limited Edition was marketed in December 2009 and October 2010 to stimulate sales by providing Ghia-derived fittings.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: At launch, the colour range included: Silhouette, Lightning Strike, Velvet, Harmony, Sensations, Steel, Ego, Seduce, Mystic, Winter White and Kashmir.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Through the addition of a front passenger seatbelt warning chime implemented on cars produced from 11 January 2010, the entire Territory range qualified for a full five-star Australasian New Car Assessment Program crash test score. Models produced prior to this date only had a four-star rating.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The SZ series Territory was released in April 2011. Ford Australia released official photos of this facelifted edition on 8 February 2011. Its development cost was some .


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: In line with Ford's internationally adopted Kinetic Design, the car features a large lower air intake and thin upper grille. It has an estimated . Titanium models feature LED "position" lights, in lieu of the fog lights fitted on the mid-spec TS. At the rear, the car features horizontal tail lights, replacing the vertical lights on previous editions. On the inside, courtesy of the FG Falcon upgrades, the higher-range Territory models also inherited an eight-inch colour touch screen, which is central to the "SYNC" in-car entertainment and control system. New safety features include a driver's knee airbag and updated stability control system, now version 9.0 by Bosch incorporating an anti-roll-over function.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Mechanically, the SZ series introduced for the first time in Ford Australia's locally made vehicles, a diesel powerplant (whose cost and development in previous editions was postponed in favour of the turbo petrol variant of 2006). It also introduced an electric power-assist steering system used on the American Ford Mustang, which was also poised for introduction on the Falcon.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The engines range of the SZ series comprised the usual but further upgraded 4.0-litre DOHC straight-six petrol engine only for the RWD Territory, and a turbocharged, direct injection 2.7-litre 60-degree V6 diesel engine marketed as "Durpatorq" for the RWD and AWD Territory models. Petrol-engined AWD models are no longer offered. The petrol engine, now compliant with Euro 4 emission standards, generates and . At launch, the diesel engine was a seven-year-old Ford AJD-V6/PSA DT17 engine, which debuted in Australia with the Jaguar XF and Land Rover Discovery 3. It reportedly emits up to 25% less compared to the petrol engine.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Across the range, two types of six-speed automatic transmission became default depending on model variants. For petrol-engined RWD—the ZF 6HP26 transmission; for diesel-engined RWD and AWD the ZF-based, 6R80 transmission produced by Ford in the United States is used.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Interior-wise, finally the new Territory gained the centre console and ICC of the FG Falcon. Up until this time the Territory had continued to reused the 2002-2008 BA/BF Falcon interior and ICC.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The range remained the same except for the Titanium replacing the Ghia, reflecting a similar changes made to the related Ford Falcon (FG) range.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The Titanium model has proven to be the most popular variant and the SZ series led Ford Australia to reach a significant manufacturing milestone by building 150,000th Territory (a white TX TCDi RWD model) in 2012.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The Titanium (in AWD 2.7-Litre TCDi specification) was also the only variant for exports to Thailand that resumed in late 2012.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: A TX Limited Edition was marketed in August 2012 to stimulate sales by providing TS-derived fittings.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The colour range included: Havana, Vanish, Lightning Strike, White, Edge, Chill, Smoke, Seduce and Silhouette.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: After 10 years of production, the SZ II series represented the Territory before Ford Australia's full production (which also included the FG X Falcon sedan) ceased in October 2016.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The SZ II began production alongside the FG X Falcon on 20 October 2014 and went on sale in the Australian market in December 2014. Its model range remains unchanged relative to the SZ series but, externally, it features subtle styling revisions consisting of a new fascia and alloy wheels, with the Territory losing out its LED "position lights" in favour of more traditional foglights. Mechanically, the engine range also remains unchanged apart from transmission tweaks and aerodynamic improvements that deliver around 0.5% better fuel consumption. Inside, new trims colours feature along with an updated "SYNC2" touchscreen in-car entertainment and control system with voice command, Wi-Fi connectivity, DAB+ radio, and emergency call functionality.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Exports to South Africa were made in 2005. Sales of the Territory were unveiled on June 22, 2005. The TX and Ghia AWD/RWD models were sold there. Prior to its debut, a Territory was sent to South Africa in 2004 for assessment by Ford's South African branch.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Exports of the Territory to Thailand was announced to go on sale in April 2006 with the Ghia 4WD model. Prior to that, the SY Territory appeared at the 2005 Bangkok Motor Show. A Thailand-Australia Free Trade Agreement was also in place at the time the exports started after 2005.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Around 100 Territorys were sold to Thailand in August 2012 after Ford Australia showed interest in a diesel-powered version at the 2012 Bangkok Motor Show held in March 2012.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: Concerns were raised that the Thai export program Ford Australia participated in could collapse due to high taxes imposed on imported vehicles. This was pointed out in 2013 after taxes were raised that it was expensive to purchase a Territory.


title: Ford Territory (Australia)

text: The Territory nameplate is also used on a compact crossover SUV for the Chinese market. Introduced in 2016, the Chinese-market Territory was developed by the JMC-Ford joint venture. The model was developed based on the JMC-developed Yusheng S330. As of 2020, the Chinese-market Ford Territory was also sold in Brazil, Argentina, the Philippines, Cambodia, Laos, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile and Vietnam.


title: Saved!

text: Saved! is a 2004 American independent satirical black comedy film directed by Brian Dannelly, and starring Jena Malone, Mandy Moore, Macaulay Culkin, Patrick Fugit, Eva Amurri, Martin Donovan, and Mary-Louise Parker. Its plot follows a teenage girl (Malone) at a Christian high school who has sex with her boyfriend in an attempt to "cure" him of his homosexuality; she becomes pregnant as a result and is ostracized by her schoolmates. Filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, the film had its theatrical release on May 28, 2004. "Saved!" was considered a sleeper hit, grossing over $9 million domestically following a platform release through Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with many remarking on its blend of religious satire with elements of the contemporary teen film.


title: Saved!

text: Devout Evangelical Christian teenager Mary Cummings is entering her senior year at American Eagle Christian High School near Baltimore. She and her two best friends, Hilary Faye and Veronica, have formed a girl group called the Christian Jewels. One afternoon, Mary's boyfriend, Dean Withers, confesses to her in his pool that he is gay. In shock, Mary hits her head, and has a vision in which Jesus tells her that she must help Dean. Believing that Jesus will restore her purity, Mary has sex with Dean in an attempt to rid him of his homosexuality.


title: Saved!

text: Despite Mary's efforts, Dean is sent to Mercy House, a Christian treatment center, after his parents find gay pornography in his bedroom. The news of Dean's sexuality shocks and disgusts Mary's friends, aside from Roland, Hilary's sardonic, paraplegic brother. At the school assembly, Cassandra, a rebellious Jewish student who despises Hilary, causes a scene by breaking into obscenities under the guise of speaking in tongues.


title: Saved!

text: Mary develops morning sickness and soon discovers she is pregnant with Dean's child. Because the child is due after graduation, Mary decides to hide the pregnancy from her classmates, as well as her mother Lillian, who is covertly dating Pastor Skip, the school's divorced principal. Feeling forsaken by Jesus, Mary begins questioning her faith, specifically her peers' response to Dean's sexuality. This horrifies Hilary, who ousts Mary from the Christian Jewels, replacing her with an unpopular student named Tia. In an effort to help Mary, Hilary, Veronica, and Tia accost her in the street and attempt to perform an exorcism on her. Mary fights them, and Hilary hits her with a Bible.


title: Saved!

text: By Christmas time, Cassandra is the only one of Mary's peers who realizes Mary is pregnant. Mary soon bonds with Cassandra, who is now dating Roland; the three become close friends while ostracized by Hilary and the rest of their peers. Meanwhile, Pastor Skip's son, Patrick, attempts to pursue Mary, much to Hilary's chagrin, but Mary is evasive. Continually harassed by Hilary, Cassandra and Roland retaliate by uploading photos of a young, overweight Hilary to the school's computer system. The following day, someone vandalizes the school with obscene, anti-religious graffiti. Pastor Skip suspects Mary, Cassandra, and Roland, and discovers empty spray-paint cans in their lockers, planted by Hilary. Also found is a sonogram of Mary's baby, exposing her pregnancy.


title: Saved!

text: Cassandra is expelled from the school, while Mary and Roland are banned from the impending prom. Pastor Skip threatens to break off his relationship with Lillian if she does not send Mary to Mercy House. Meanwhile, Roland discovers empty spray-paint cans in Hilary's van, as well as credit card receipts from purchasing them. Armed with this evidence, Roland and Cassandra plan to crash the prom with Mary and expose Hilary, along with Patrick, who takes Mary as his date. At the prom, Hilary tries to have them ejected, but Roland confronts her with the receipts for the spray-paint. Tia, who has grown weary of Hilary's lies and hypocrisy, also attests her guilt to Pastor Skip, having discovered additional receipts bearing Hilary's signature.


title: Saved!

text: Publicly humiliated and rejected by Tia and Veronica, Hilary storms outside. Simultaneously, Dean, his boyfriend Mitch, and other residents of Mercy House arrive to crash the prom, and are met by Mary and Patrick in the school foyer. Mary reveals her pregnancy to Dean for the first time. Pastor Skip attempts to force the Mercy House residents out of the prom, but they refuse. Patrick argues with his father, and Mary contends that it is wrong to banish them. Their argument is interrupted by Hilary, who begins driving her van recklessly through the parking lot, ultimately crashing into the school's huge effigy of Jesus. Hilary expresses remorse and is comforted by Cassandra; meanwhile, Mary abruptly goes into labor and is taken to the hospital.


title: Saved!

text: Mary gives birth to a baby girl. Pastor Skip arrives at the hospital with flowers, but contemplates going inside. Mary and Dean pose for a photo taken by a nurse with their child alongside Roland, Cassandra, Patrick, Mitch, and Lillian. In a voice-over, Mary explains how she has returned to believing in a God who loves and helps the ones that love and help others in need.


title: Saved!

text: Director and co-writer Brian Dannelly based much of the film on things he had experienced and witnessed while attending a Baptist Christian high school. "I would even go so far as to say that everything in the film is something I experienced or researched," Dannelly stated. "I didn’t try to make up stuff." Though set in Maryland, "Saved!" was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.


title: Saved!

text: After premiering at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2004, "Saved!" had a platform limited release in the United States on 20 screens, beginning May 28, 2004. The film grossed $345,136 during its opening weekend, and an additional 11 screens were added the following weekend. After the film had grossed an additional $340,343 during its second weekend, its release platform expanded to 589 screens on June 11, and it reached number 9 at the U.S. box office. By the conclusion of its theatrical run in August 2004, the film grossed approximately $9 million domestically, and was considered a sleeper hit. It grossed an additional $1.2 million in foreign markets, totaling $10.1 million worldwide.


title: Saved!

text: "Saved!" received generally positive reviews from critics. At critics aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 61% rating of 88 positive reviews against 57 negative ones, with an average rating of 6.12/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A satirical teen comedy that, unfortunately, pulls its punches."


title: Saved!

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" praised the film despite commenting that it follows formulaic tropes of other teen films, adding that it has a "political message":


title: Saved!

text: Other critics, however, criticized the film for alleged anti-Christian views. "Slant Magazine" was overwhelmingly negative on this issue, giving the film only half a star out of five and calling it the worst movie of the year.


title: Saved!

text: A DVD version of the film is available from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer with commentary from Dannelly, Urban and co-producer Sandy Stern as well as commentary by Jena Malone and Mandy Moore; theatrical trailer, access to deleted scenes, and some bloopers. Olive Films reissued a Blu-ray edition of the film in 2016.


title: Saved!

text: Playwrights Horizons produced a musical version of the film in 2008. Music and lyrics are by Michael Friedman with the book and lyrics by two-time Olivier Award nominee John Dempsey and Rinne Groff. The musical opened on June 3, 2008 at Playwrights Horizons and closed on June 22, 2008. The cast included Aaron Tveit, Celia Keenan-Bolger, John Dossett, Julia Murney, Devyn Rush, Curtis Holbrook, and Mary Faber.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: A condominium (plural either condominia, as in Latin, or condominiums) in international law is a political territory (state or border area) in or over which multiple sovereign powers formally agree to share equal "dominium" (in the sense of sovereignty) and exercise their rights jointly, without dividing it into "national" zones.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: Although a condominium has always been recognized as a theoretical possibility, condominia have been rare in practice. A major problem, and the reason so few have existed, is the difficulty of ensuring co-operation between the sovereign powers; once the understanding fails, the status is likely to become untenable.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: The word is recorded in English since c. 1714, from Modern Latin, apparently coined in Germany c. 1700 from Latin "con-" 'together' + "dominium" 'right of ownership' (compare domain). A condominium of three sovereign powers is sometimes called a tripartite condominium or tridominium.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, which ended the Second Sudanese Civil War, created a special status administrative area known as the Abyei Area, which is considered to simultaneously be part of West Kordofan state and Northern Bahr el Ghazal state. Following the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the area effectively became a condominium between the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of the Sudan.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: Antarctica is a "de facto" continental condominium, governed by the 29 parties to the Antarctic Treaty that have consulting status.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Brčko District forms a condominium between the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua exercise a tripartite condominium over parts of the Gulf of Fonseca and of the territorial sea outside its mouth.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: As an alternative to delimiting their sea boundary, Colombia and Jamaica share a maritime condominium called the Joint Regime Area in the Caribbean Sea by mutual agreement. The outer portion of the EEZ of each country otherwise would overlap in this area. Unlike other "joint development zones", this condominium appears not to have been purposed simply as a way to divide oil, fisheries or other resources.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: Austria, Germany, and Switzerland consider themselves to hold a tripartite condominium (albeit on different grounds) over the main part of Lake Constance (without its islands). On the other hand, Switzerland holds the view that the border runs through the middle of the lake. Hence, no international treaty establishes where the borders of Switzerland, Germany, and Austria, in or around Lake Constance, lie.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: The Moselle and its tributaries, the Sauer and the Our, constitute a condominium between Germany and Luxembourg, which also includes bridges, about 15 river islands of varying size, and the tip of one island, "Staustufe Apach", near Schengen (the rest of the island is in France). The condominium was established by treaty in 1816.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: Pheasant Island (also known as Conference Island, "Isla de los Faisanes" in Spanish, "Île de la Conférence" in French or "Konpantzia" in Basque) in the Bidassoa is a condominium between France and Spain. It was established by the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. It is formally administered by Spain between 1 February and 31 July each year (181 or 182 days) and by France between 1 August and 31 January each year (184 days). The island has no permanent population and has been eroded significantly by the river.


title: Condominium (international law)

text: Under French law, Andorra was once considered to be a French–Spanish condominium, although it is more commonly classed as a co-principality, since it is itself a sovereign state, not a possession of one or more foreign powers. However, the position of head of state is shared "ex officio" by two foreigners, one of whom is the President of France, currently Emmanuel Macron, and the other the Bishop of Urgell in Spain, Joan Enric Vives i Sicília.


title: University of North Carolina

text: The University of North Carolina is the multi-campus public university system for the state of North Carolina. Overseeing the state's 16 public universities and the NC School of Science and Mathematics, it is commonly referred to as the UNC System to differentiate it from its flagship, UNC-Chapel Hill.


title: University of North Carolina

text: The university system has a total enrollment of 244,507 students as of fall 2021. UNC campuses conferred 62,930 degrees in 2020–2021, the bulk of which were at the bachelor's level, with 44,309 degrees awarded. In 2008, the UNC System conferred over 75% of all baccalaureate degrees in North Carolina.


title: University of North Carolina

text: Founded in 1789, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is one of three schools to claim the title of oldest public university in the United States. It closed from 1871 to 1875, faced with serious financial and enrollment problems during the Reconstruction era. In 1877, the state of North Carolina began sponsoring additional higher education institutions. Over time, the state added a women's college (now known as the University of North Carolina at Greensboro), a land-grant university (North Carolina State University), five historically black institutions (North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Central University, Winston-Salem State University, Fayetteville State University, and Elizabeth City State University) and one to educate American Indians (the University of North Carolina at Pembroke). Others were created to prepare teachers for public education and to instruct performing artists.


title: University of North Carolina

text: During the Great Depression, the North Carolina General Assembly searched for cost savings within state government. Towards this effort in 1931, it redefined the University of North Carolina, which at the time referred exclusively to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; the new "Consolidated University of North Carolina" was created to include the existing campuses of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State College (now North Carolina State University), and the Woman's College (now the University of North Carolina at Greensboro). The three campuses came under the leadership of a single board of trustees and a single president, with "Deans of Administration" serving as day-to-day leaders of the three campuses. In 1945, the title "Dean of Administration" was changed to "Chancellor." By 1969, three additional campuses had joined the Consolidated University through legislative action: the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Asheville, and the University of North Carolina at Wilmington.


title: University of North Carolina

text: In 1971, North Carolina passed legislation bringing into the University of North Carolina all 16 public institutions that confer bachelor's degrees. This latest round of consolidation gave each constituent school its own chancellor and board of trustees. In 1985, the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, the nation's first public residential high school for gifted students, was declared an affiliated school of the university. In 2007, the high school became a full member of the university.


title: University of North Carolina

text: In March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the UNC System shut down in-person instruction at all of its campuses indefinitely. In an unprecedented move to limit the spread of the disease, institutions were asked to remove as many students from on-campus housing as possible, implement remote work wherever practical, and to transition to distance education.


title: University of North Carolina

text: The legal authority and mandate for the University of North Carolina is contained in the State's first Constitution (1776), which provided in Article XLI


title: University of North Carolina

text: That a school or schools shall be established by the Legislature, for the convenient instruction of youth, ... and all useful learning shall be duly encouraged, and promoted, in one or more universities,


title: University of North Carolina

text: Article IX of the 1971 North Carolina Constitution deals with all forms of public education in the state. Sections 8 and 9 of that article address higher education.


title: University of North Carolina

text: The General Assembly shall maintain a public system of higher education, comprising The University of North Carolina and such other institutions of higher education as the General Assembly may deem wise. The General Assembly shall provide for the selection of trustees of The University of North Carolina and of the other institutions of higher education, in whom shall be vested all the privileges, rights, franchises, and endowments heretofore granted to or conferred upon the trustees of these institutions. The General Assembly may enact laws necessary and expedient for the maintenance and management of The University of North Carolina and the other public institutions of higher education.


title: University of North Carolina

text: The General Assembly shall provide that the benefits of The University of North Carolina and other public institutions of higher education, as far as practicable, be extended to the people of the State free of expense.


title: University of North Carolina

text: Statutory provisions stipulate the current function and cost to students of the University of North Carolina.


title: University of North Carolina

text: Within its seventeen campuses, UNC houses two medical schools and one teaching hospital, ten nursing programs, two schools of dentistry, one veterinary school and hospital, and a school of pharmacy, as well as a two law schools, 15 schools of education, three schools of engineering, and a school for performing artists. The oldest university, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, first admitted students in 1795. The smallest and newest member is the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, a residential two-year high school, founded in 1980 and a full member of the university since 2007. The largest university is North Carolina State University, with 34,340 students as of fall 2012.


title: University of North Carolina

text: While the official names of each campus are determined by the North Carolina General Assembly, abbreviations are determined by the individual school.


title: University of North Carolina

text: The enrollment numbers are the official headcounts (including all full-time and part-time, undergrad and postgrad students) from University of North Carolina website. This does not include the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, the figure for NCSSM is taken from its own website.


title: University of North Carolina

text: The following universities became four-year institutions after their founding (date each became a four-year institution in parentheses):


title: University of North Carolina

text: With the exception of the University of North Carolina at Pembroke and the University of North Carolina School of the Arts, the institutions that joined the University of North Carolina in 1972 did so under their current name. As of 1972, all public four-year institutions in North Carolina are members of the university.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Physical or corporal punishment by a parent or other legal guardian is any act causing deliberate physical pain or discomfort to a minor child in response to some undesired behavior. It typically takes the form of spanking or slapping the child with an open hand or striking with an implement such as a belt, slipper, cane, hairbrush or paddle, hanger, and can also include shaking, pinching, forced ingestion of substances, or forcing children to stay in uncomfortable positions.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Social acceptance of corporal punishment is high in countries where it remains lawful, particularly among more traditional groups. In many cultures, parents have historically been regarded as having the right, if not the duty, to physically punish misbehaving children in order to teach appropriate behavior. Researchers, on the other hand, point out that corporal punishment typically has the opposite effect, leading to more aggressive behavior in children and less long-term obedience. Other adverse effects, such as depression, anxiety, anti-social behavior and increased risk of physical abuse, have also been linked to the use of corporal punishment by parents. Evidence shows that spanking and other physical punishments, while nominally for the purpose of child discipline, are inconsistently applied, often being used when parents are angry or under stress. Severe forms of corporal punishment, including kicking, biting, scalding and burning, can also constitute child abuse.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: International human-rights and treaty bodies such as the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Council of Europe and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have advocated an end to all forms of corporal punishment, arguing that it violates children's dignity and right to bodily integrity. Many existing laws against battery, assault, and/or child abuse make exceptions for "reasonable" physical punishment by parents, a defence rooted in common law and specifically English law. During the late 20th and into the 21st century, some countries began removing legal defences for adult guardians' use of corporal punishment, followed by outright bans on the practice. Most of these bans are part of civil law and therefore do not impose criminal penalties unless a charge of assault and/or battery is justified; however, the local child protective services can and will often intervene.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Ever since Sweden outlawed all corporal punishment of children in 1979, an increasing number of countries have enacted similar bans, particularly following international adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. , this comprises 22 of the 27 member states of the European Union as well as 26 of the 38 countries belonging to the OECD. However, domestic corporal punishment of children remains legal in most of the world.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The Committee on the Rights of the Child defines "corporal punishment" as "any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or discomfort, however light". Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, reporting on a worldwide study on violence against children for the Secretary General of the United Nations, writes:


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, "Corporal punishment involves the application of some form of physical pain in response to undesirable behavior", and "ranges from slapping the hand of a child about to touch a hot stove to identifiable child abuse, such as beatings, scaldings and burnings. Because of this range in the form and severity of punishment, its use as a discipline strategy is controversial". The term "corporal punishment" is often used interchangeably with "physical punishment" or "physical discipline". In the context of causing pain in order to punish, it is distinct from physically restraining a child to protect the child or another person from harm.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Among various pre-existing factors that influence whether parents use physical punishment are: experience with physical punishment as a child, knowledge about child development, socioeconomic status, parental education and religious ideology. Favorable attitudes toward the use of physical punishment are also a significant predictor of its use. Child-development researcher Elizabeth Gershoff writes that parents are more likely to use physical punishment if:


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Parents tend to use corporal punishment on children out of a desire for obedience, both in the short and long term, and especially to reduce children's aggressive behaviors. This despite a significant body of evidence that physically punishing children tends to have the opposite effect, namely, a decrease in long-term compliance and an increase in aggression. Other reasons for parents' use of physical punishment may be to communicate the parent's displeasure with the child, to assert their authority and simple tradition.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Parents also appear to use physical punishment on children as an outlet for anger. The American Academy of Pediatrics notes that "Parents are more likely to use aversive techniques of discipline when they are angry or irritable, depressed, fatigued, and stressed", and estimates that such release of pent-up anger makes parents more likely to hit or spank their children in the future. Parents commonly resort to spanking after losing their temper and most parents surveyed expressed significant feelings of anger, remorse and agitation while physically punishing their children. According to the AAP, "These findings challenge most the notion that parents can spank in a calm, planned manner".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: In a 2005 study, findings from China, India, Italy, Kenya, the Philippines and Thailand revealed differences in the reported use of corporal punishment, its acceptance in society and its relation to children's social adjustment. Where corporal punishment was perceived as being more culturally accepted, it was less strongly associated with aggression and anxiety in children. However, corporal punishment was still positively associated with child aggression and anxiety in all countries studied. Associations between corporal punishment and increased child aggression have been documented in the countries listed above as well as in Jamaica, Jordan and Singapore, as have links between corporal punishment of children and later antisocial behavior in Brazil,


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Hong Kong, Jordan, Mongolia, Norway and the United Kingdom. According to Elizabeth Gershoff, these findings appear to challenge the notion that corporal punishment is "good" for children, even in cultures with histories of violence.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Researchers have found that while the use of corporal punishment predicts variation in children's aggression less strongly in countries where there is more social acceptance of it, cultures in which corporal punishment is more accepted have higher overall levels of societal violence.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2013 study by Murray A. Straus at the University of New Hampshire found that children across numerous cultures who were spanked committed more crimes as adults than children who were not spanked, regardless of the quality of their relationship to their parents.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Opinions vary across cultures on whether spanking and other forms of physical punishment are appropriate techniques for child-rearing. For example, in the United States and in England, social acceptance of spanking children maintains a majority position, from approximately 61% to 80%. In 2020 the Welsh Government banned all form of physical punishment in Wales. In Sweden, before the 1979 ban, more than half of the population considered corporal punishment a necessary part of child rearing. By 1996, the rate was 11% and less than 34% considered it acceptable in a national survey. Elizabeth Gershoff posits that corporal punishment in the United States is largely supported by "a constellation of beliefs about family and child rearing, namely that children are property, that children do not have the right to negotiate their treatment by parents, and that behaviors within families are private".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Social acceptance toward, and prevalence of, corporal punishment by parents in some countries remains high despite a growing scientific consensus that the risks of substantial harm outweigh the potential benefits. Social psychologists posit that this divergence between popular opinion and empirical evidence may be rooted in cognitive dissonance. In countries such as the US and UK (except Scotland and Wales), spanking is legal but overt child abuse is both illegal and highly stigmatized socially. Because of this, any parent who has ever spanked a child would find it extremely difficult to accept the research findings. If they did acknowledge, even in the smallest way, that spanking was harmful, they would likely feel they are admitting they harmed their own child and thus are a child abuser. Similarly, adults who were spanked as children often face similar cognitive dissonance, because admitting it is harmful might be perceived as accusing their parents of abuse and might also be admitting to having been victimized in a situation where they were helpless to stop it. Such feelings would cause intense emotional discomfort, driving them to dismiss the scientific evidence in favor of weak anecdotal evidence and distorted self-reflection. This is commonly expressed as "I spanked my children and they all turned out fine" or "I was spanked and I turned out fine."


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Traditionally, corporal punishment of minor children is legal unless it is explicitly outlawed. According to a 2014 estimate by Human Rights Watch, "Ninety percent of the world's children live in countries where corporal punishment and other physical violence against children is still legal". Many countries' laws provide for a defence of "reasonable chastisement" against charges of assault and other crimes for parents using corporal punishment. The defence is ultimately derived from English law. Due to Nepal banning corporal punishment in September 2018, corporal punishment of children by parents (or other adults) is now banned in 58 countries.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The number of countries banning all forms of corporal punishment against children has grown significantly since the 1989 adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, when only four countries had such bans. Elizabeth Gershoff writes that , most of these bans are written into various countries' civil codes, rather than their criminal codes; they largely do not make a special crime of striking a child, but instead establish that assaults against persons of all ages are to be treated similarly. According to Gershoff, the intent of such bans on corporal punishment is not typically to prosecute parents, but to set a higher social standard for caregiving of children.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Pope Francis has declared his approval of the use of corporal punishment by parents, as long as punishments do not "demean" children. The Vatican commission appointed to advise the Pope on sexual abuse within the church criticized the Pope for his statement, contending that physical punishments and the infliction of pain were inappropriate methods for disciplining children.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe asserts that "While freedom of religious belief should be respected, such beliefs cannot justify practices which breach the rights of others, including children’s rights to respect for their physical integrity and human dignity". They maintain that "Mainstream faith communities and respected leaders are now supporting moves to prohibit and eliminate all violence against children", including corporal punishment. In 2006, a group of 800 religious leaders at the World Assembly of Religions for Peace in Kyoto, Japan endorsed a statement urging governments to adopt legislation banning all corporal punishment of children.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, referring to the UN Study on Violence Against Children, commented that "Throughout the study process, children have consistently expressed the urgent need to stop all this violence. Children testify to the hurtnot only physical, but 'the hurt inside'which this violence causes them, compounded by adult acceptance, even approval of it".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: According to Bernadette Saunders of Monash University, "Children commonly tell us that physical punishment hurts them physically and can escalate in severity; arouses negative emotions, such as resentment, confusion, sadness, hatred, humiliation, and anger; creates fear and impedes learning; is not constructive, children prefer reasoning; and it perpetuates violence as a means of resolving conflict. Children's comments suggest that children are sensitive to inequality and double standards, and children urge us to respect children and to act responsibly".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: When children aged between five and seven in the United Kingdom were asked to describe being smacked by parents, their responses included such remarks as, "it feels like someone banged you with a hammer", "it hurts and it's painful insideit's like breaking your bones", and "it just feels horrid, you know, and it really hurts, it stings you and makes you horrible inside". Elizabeth Gershoff writes that "The pain and distress evident in these first-hand accounts can accumulate over time and precipitate the mental-health problems that have been linked with corporal punishment". Other comments by children such as, "you [feel] sort of as though you want to run away because they're sort of like being mean to you and it hurts a lot" and "you feel you don't like your parents anymore" are consistent with researchers' concerns that corporal punishment can undermine the quality of parent–child relationships, according to Gershoff.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The belief that children require physical punishment is among several factors that predispose parents to mistreat their children.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Overlapping definitions of physical abuse and physical punishment of children highlight a subtle or non-existent distinction between abuse and punishment. Joan Durrant and Ron Ensom write that most physical abuse is physical punishment "in intent, form, and effect". Incidents of confirmed physical abuse often result from the use of corporal punishment for purposes of discipline, for instance from parents' inability to control their anger or judge their own strength, or from not understanding children's physical vulnerabilities.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health of the United Kingdom remarked in a 2009 policy statement that "corporal punishment of children in the home is of importance to pediatricians because of its connection with child abuse... all pediatricians will have seen children who have been injured as a result of parental chastisement. It is not possible logically to differentiate between a smack and a physical assault since both are forms of violence. The motivation behind the smack cannot reduce the hurtful impact it has on the child." They assert that preventing child maltreatment is of "vital importance", and advocate a change in the laws concerning corporal punishment. In their words, "Societies which promote the needs and rights of children have a low incidence of child maltreatment, and this includes a societal rejection of physical punishment of children".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, "The only way to maintain the initial effect of spanking is to systematically increase the intensity with which it is delivered, which can quickly escalate into abuse". They note that "Parents who spank their children are more likely to use other unacceptable forms of corporal punishment".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: In the United States, interviews with parents reveal that as many as two thirds of documented instances of physical abuse begin as acts of corporal punishment meant to correct a child's behavior. In Canada, three quarters of substantiated cases of physical abuse of children have occurred within the context of physical punishment, according to the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect. According to Elizabeth Gershoff, "Both parental acts involve hitting, and purposefully hurting, children. The difference between the two is often degree (duration, amount of force, object used) rather than intent".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2006 retrospective report study in New Zealand showed that physical punishment of children was quite common in the 1970s and 80s, with 80% of the sample reporting some kind of corporal punishment from parents at some time during childhood. Among this sample, 29% reported being hit with an empty hand, 45% with an object, and 6% were subjected to serious physical abuse. The study noted that abusive physical punishment tended to be given by fathers and often involved striking the child's head or torso instead of the buttocks or limbs.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Clinical and developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind argued in a 2002 paper that parents who are easily frustrated or inclined toward controlling behavior "should not spank", but that existing research did not support a "blanket injunction" against spanking. Gershoff characterized Baumrind et al.'s solution as unrealistic, since it would require potentially abusive parents to monitor themselves. She argues that the burden of proof should be high for advocates of corporal punishment as a disciplinary strategy, asserting that "unless and until researchers, clinicians, and parents can definitively demonstrate the presence of [beneficial] effects of corporal punishment [and] not just the absence of negative effects, we as psychologists cannot responsibly recommend its use".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2008 study at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found that mothers who reported spanking their children were three times more likely to also report using forms of punishment considered abusive to the researchers "such as beating, burning, kicking, hitting with an object somewhere other than the buttocks, or shaking a child less than 2 years old" than mothers who did not report spanking. The authors found that any spanking was associated with increased risk of abuse, and that there were strong associations between abuse and spanking with an object. Adam Zolotor, the study's lead author, noted that "increases in the frequency of spanking are associated with increased odds of abuse, and mothers who report spanking on the buttocks with an object–such as a belt or a switch–are nine times more likely to report abuse".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: One study reported by Murray Straus in 2001 found that 40% of 111 mothers surveyed were worried that they could possibly hurt their children by using corporal punishment.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Numerous studies have found increased risk of impaired child development from the use of corporal punishment. Corporal punishment by parents has been linked to increased aggression, mental health problems, impaired cognitive development, and drug and alcohol abuse. Many of these results are based on large longitudinal studies controlling for various confounding factors. Joan Durrant and Ron Ensom write that "Together, results consistently suggest that physical punishment has a direct causal effect on externalizing behavior, whether through a reflexive response to pain, modeling, or coercive family processes". Randomized controlled trials, the benchmark for establishing causality, are not commonly used for studying physical punishment because of ethical constraints against deliberately causing pain to study participants. However, one existing randomized controlled trial did demonstrate that a in harsh physical punishment was followed by a significant drop in children's aggressive behavior.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The few existing randomized controlled trials used to investigate physical punishment have shown that it is not more effective than other methods in eliciting children's compliance.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2002 indicated that spanking did increase children's immediate compliance with parents' commands. However, according to Gershoff, those findings were overly influenced by one study, which found a strong relationship but had a small sample size (only sixteen children studied). A later analysis found that spanking children was not more effective than giving children time-outs in eliciting immediate compliance, and that spanking led to a reduction in long‑term compliance.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Gershoff suggests that corporal punishment may actually decrease a child's "moral internalization" of positive values. According to research, corporal punishment of children predicts weaker internalization of values such as empathy, altruism and resistance to temptation. According to Joan Durrant, it should therefore not be surprising that corporal punishment "consistently predicts increased levels of antisocial behavior in children, including aggression against siblings, peers, and parents, as well as dating violence".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: In examining several longitudinal studies that investigated the path from spanking to aggression in children from preschool age through adolescence, Gershoff concluded: "In none of these longitudinal studies did spanking predict reductions in children’s aggression [...] Spanking consistently predicted increases in children’s aggression over time, regardless of how aggressive children were when the spanking occurred". A 2010 study at Tulane University found a 50% greater risk of aggressive behavior two years later in young children who were spanked more than twice in the month before the study began. The study controlled for a wide variety of confounding variables, including initial levels of aggression in the children. According to the study's leader, Catherine Taylor, this suggests that "it's not just that children who are more aggressive are more likely to be spanked."


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2002 review by Gershoff that combined 60 years of research on corporal punishment found that corporal punishment was linked with nine negative outcomes in children, including increased rates of aggression, delinquency, mental health problems, problems in relationships with parents, and likelihood of being physically abused. A minority of researchers disagree with these results. Baumrind, Larzelere, Cowan, and Trumbull suggest that the majority of the studies analyzed by Gershoff include "overly severe" forms of punishment and therefore do not sufficiently distinguish corporal punishment from abuse, and that the analysis focused on cross-sectional bivariate correlations. In response, Gershoff points out that corporal punishment in the United States often includes forms, such as hitting with objects, that Baumrind terms "overly severe", and that the line between corporal punishment and abuse is necessarily arbitrary; according to Gershoff "the same dimensions that characterize 'normative' corporal punishment can, when taken to extremes, make hitting a child look much more like abuse than punishment". Another point of contention for Baumrind was the inclusion of studies using the Conflict Tactics Scale, which measures more severe forms of punishment in addition to spanking.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: According to Gershoff, the Conflict Tactics Scale is "the closest thing to a standard measure of corporal punishment".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2005 found that with child noncompliance and antisocial behavior, conditional spanking was favored over most other disciplinary tactics. Including other measurements, customary spanking was found equal to other methods, and only overly severe or predominant usage was found unfavorable. It was suggested that the apparently paradoxical effects are the result of statistical bias in typically used analysis methods, and thus relative comparisons are needed. However, primary usage and severe usage were associated with negative outcomes, and mild spanking still carries the risk of potential escalation into harsh forms.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2012 study at the University of Manitoba indicated that people who reported being "pushed, grabbed, shoved, slapped or hit" even "sometimes" as children suffered more mood disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and mania, along with more dependence on drugs or alcohol in adulthood. Those who reported experiencing "severe physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, or exposure to intimate partner violence" were not included in the results. According to the researchers, the findings "provide evidence that harsh physical punishment independent of child maltreatment is related to mental disorders". An earlier Canadian study gave similar results.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Preliminary results from neuroimaging studies suggest that physical punishment involving the use of objects causes a reduction of grey matter in brain areas associated with performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. as well as certain alterations to brain regions which secrete or are sensitive to the neurotransmitter dopamine, linked with a risk of drug and alcohol abuse.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Corporal punishment also has links with domestic violence. According to Gershoff, research indicates that the more corporal punishment children receive, the more likely they are as adults to act violently towards family members, including intimate partners.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2013 by Dr. Chris Ferguson employed an alternative statistical analysis, finding negative cognitive and behavioral effects in children subjected to spanking and corporal punishment, but found the overall relationship to be "trivial" or marginally so with the externalizing effects differing by age. However, Ferguson acknowledged this still indicates potential harmful outcomes and noted some limitations of his analysis, stating "On the other hand, there was no evidence from the current to indicate that spanking or CP held any particular advantages. There appears, from the current data, to be no reason to believe that spanking/CP holds any benefits related to the current outcomes, in comparison to other forms of discipline."


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2016 of five decades of research found positive associations between being exposed to spanking (defined as "hitting a child on their buttocks or extremities using an open hand") and anti-social behavior, aggression, and mental health problems.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2018 found that the apparent effects on child externalizing behavior differ depending on method of analysis. This seems to be the result of a statistical bias in some of the typically used methods. This may explain the small results found in the 2013 analysis, and the replication of results in other disciplinary tactics. Several subsequent studies have investigated this line of inquiry. One found beneficial effects of only mild spanking after using a more flexible model that accounts for the issues brought up. Others used robustness checks, finding adverse effects of spanking and physical punishment.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: A 2021 review of 69 prospective longitudinal studies found that 59% of these studies found adverse effects, 23% found no association, and 17% found mixed effects. The review concluded that: "The evidence is consistent and robust: physical punishment does not predict improvements in child behaviour and instead predicts deterioration in child behaviour and increased risk for maltreatment. There is thus no empirical reason for parents to continue to use physical punishment", and advocated for the banning of physical punishment "in all forms and all settings".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The pediatric division of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians has urged that physical punishment of children be outlawed in Australia, stating that is a violation of children's human rights to exempt them from protection against physical assault. They urge support for parents to use "more effective, non-violent methods of discipline". The Australian Psychological Society holds that corporal punishment of children is an ineffective method of deterring unwanted behavior, promotes undesirable behaviors and fails to demonstrate an alternative desirable behavior. It asserts that corporal punishment often promotes further undesirable behaviors such as defiance and attachment to "delinquent" peer groups, and encourages an acceptance of aggression and violence as acceptable responses to conflicts and problems.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: According to the Canadian Paediatric Society, "The research that is available supports the position that spanking and other forms of physical punishment are associated with negative child outcomes. The Canadian Paediatric Society, therefore, recommends that physicians strongly discourage disciplinary spanking and all other forms of physical punishment".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health of the United Kingdom opposes corporal punishment of children in all circumstances, stating that "it is never appropriate to hit or beat children". It states that "Corporal punishment [of] children has both short term and long term adverse effects and in principle should not be used since it models an approach which is discouraged between adults". The college advocates legal reform to remove the right of "reasonable punishment" to give children the same legal protections as adults, along with public education directed towards nonviolent parenting methods.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has stated "parents, other caregivers, and adults interacting with children and adolescents should not use corporal punishment (including hitting and spanking)". It recommends that parents be "encouraged and assisted in the development of methods other than spanking for managing undesired behavior". In a 2018 policy statement, the AAP writes: "corporal punishment to an increased risk of negative behavioral, cognitive, psychosocial, and emotional outcomes for children".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: In the AAP's opinion, such punishments, as well as "physical punishment delivered in anger with intent to cause pain", are "unacceptable and may be dangerous to the health and well-being of the child". They also point out that "The more children are spanked, the more anger they report as adults, the more likely they are to spank their own children, the more likely they are to approve of hitting a spouse, and the more marital conflict they experience as adults" and that "spanking has been associated with higher rates of physical aggression, more substance abuse, and increased risk of crime and violence when used with older children and adolescents".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The AAP believes that corporal punishment polarizes the parent–child relationship, reducing the amount of spontaneous cooperation on the part of the child. In their words, "[R]eliance on spanking as a discipline approach makes other discipline strategies less effective to use". The AAP believes that spanking as a form of discipline can easily lead to abuse, noting also that spanking children younger than 18 months of age increases the chance of physical injury.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The United States' National Association of Social Workers "opposes the use of physical punishment in homes, schools, and all other institutions where children are cared for and educated".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: Paulo Pinheiro asserts that "The [UN study] should mark a turning point—an end to adult justification of violence against children, whether accepted as 'tradition' or disguised as 'discipline' [...] Children’s uniqueness—their potential and vulnerability, their dependence on adults—makes it imperative that they have more, not less, protection from violence". His report to the General Assembly of the United Nations recommends prohibition of all forms of violence against children, including corporal punishment in the family and other settings.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child remarked in 2006 that all forms of corporal punishment, along with non-physical punishment which "belittles, humiliates, denigrates, scapegoats, threatens, scares or ridicules" children were found to be "cruel and degrading" and therefore incompatible with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In the committee's view, "Addressing the widespread acceptance or tolerance of corporal punishment of children and eliminating it, in the family, schools and other settings, is not only an obligation of States parties under the Convention. It is also a key strategy for reducing and preventing all forms of violence in societies".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The Committee on the Rights of the Child advocates legal reform banning corporal punishment that is educational rather than punitive:


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The office of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights notes that the defence of "reasonable chastisement" is based on the view that children are property, equating it with former legal rights of husbands to beat wives and masters to beat servants. The Commissioner stresses that human rights, including the right to physical integrity, are the primary consideration in advocating an end to corporal punishment:


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe maintains that corporal punishment is a breach of children's "fundamental right to human dignity and physical integrity", and violates children's "equally fundamental right to the same legal protection as adults". The Assembly urges a total ban on "all forms of corporal punishment and any other forms of degrading punishment or treatment of children" as a requirement of the European Social Charter. The European Court of Human Rights has found corporal punishment to be a violation of children's rights under the European Convention on Human Rights, stating that bans on corporal punishment did not violate religious freedom or the right to private or family life.


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights concluded in 2009 that corporal punishment "constitutes a form of violence against children that wounds their dignity and hence their human rights", asserting that "the member states of the Organization of American States are obliged to guarantee children and adolescents special protection against the use of corporal punishment".


title: Corporal punishment in the home

text: UNESCO also recommends that corporal punishment be prohibited in schools, homes and institutions as a form of discipline, and contends that it is a violation of human rights as well as counterproductive, ineffective, dangerous and harmful to children.