title: Robin Cavendish

text: In November 2017 Cavendish and Diana were awarded the Patient Innovation Lifetime Achievement Award for their work in developing innovations and advocating for people with disabilities. The award was announced by Nobel Laureate Sir Richard J. Roberts, a member of the advisory board of Patient Innovation and of the Jury of the Awards, addressed the audience in the Awards Ceremony at the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon.


title: Robin Cavendish

text: Cavendish's son, Jonathan Cavendish, a film producer who runs the production company The Imaginarium Studios with actor/director Andy Serkis, commissioned writer William Nicholson to write a screenplay on his father's life and work. The film, "Breathe", which is directed by Serkis, premiered in October 2017. In the film, Cavendish is portrayed by Andrew Garfield.


title: Wizardry

text: Wizardry is a series of role-playing video games, developed by Sir-Tech, that were highly influential in the evolution of modern role-playing video games. The original "Wizardry" was a significant influence on early console role-playing games such as "Final Fantasy" and "Dragon Quest". Originally made for the Apple II, the games were later ported to other platforms. The last game in the original series by Sir-Tech was "Wizardry 8", released in 2001. There have since been various spin-off titles developed for the Japanese market.


title: Wizardry

text: "Wizardry" began as a simple dungeon crawl by Andrew C. Greenberg and Robert Woodhead. It was written when they were students at Cornell University and published by Sir-Tech. The game was influenced by earlier games from the PLATO system, most notably "Oubliette". The earliest installments of "Wizardry" were very successful, as they were the first graphically-rich incarnations of "Dungeons & Dragons"-type gameplay for home computers. The release of the first version coincided with the height of Dungeons & Dragons' popularity in North America.


title: Wizardry

text: The first five games in the series were written in Apple Pascal, an implementation of UCSD Pascal. They were ported to many different platforms by writing UCSD Pascal implementations for the target machines (Mac II cross-development). David W. Bradley took over the series after the fourth installment, adding a new level of plot and complexity. In 1998, the rights were transferred to 1259190 Ontario Inc., and in 2006, to Aeria IPM. In 2008, Aeria IPM merged with Gamepot, the developer of "Wizardry Online" and in 2017, Gamepot was shut down and absorbed into its parent company GMO Internet.


title: Wizardry

text: Datamost released the menu-driven "WizPlus", a utility program that allowed users to make changes to both the characters and also to the playing environment of "Wizardry"; Bob Reams reviewed the utility for "Computer Gaming World", and stated that "WizPlus should be used with great caution or the spirit of adventuring will be diluted and, more importantly, you will not be able to continue with this exciting series."


title: Wizardry

text: The original "Wizardry" series is composed of eight different titles. All of the titles were first released in North America, and then ported to Japanese computers. Some of the titles were also officially released in Europe. The first three games are a trilogy, with similar settings, plots, and gameplay mechanics. A second trilogy is formed by installments 6 through 8 – "Bane of the Cosmic Forge", "Crusaders of the Dark Savant" and "Wizardry 8" – with settings and gameplay mechanics that differed greatly from the first trilogy. The fourth game, "The Return of Werdna", was a significant departure from the rest of the series. In it, the player controls Werdna ("Andrew," one of the game's developers, spelled backwards), the evil wizard slain in the first game, and summons groups of monsters to aid him as he fights his way through the prison in which he had been held captive. Rather than monsters, the player faced typical adventuring parties, some of which were pulled from actual user disks sent to Sir-Tech for recovery. Further, the player had only a limited number of keystrokes to use to complete the game.


title: Wizardry

text: In Japan, the "Wizardry" series was translated by ASCII Entertainment, and became very influential during the 1980s, even as its popularity at home declined. When first introduced, the games suffered from the culture barrier compounded by low-quality translation. This meant that the game was taken seriously by players who overlooked the in-game jokes and parodies. For example, "Blade Cusinart" was introduced in early games as "a legendary sword made by the famous blacksmith, Cusinart " but its meaning was misinterpreted because Cuisinart food processors were virtually unknown in Japan. However, this misconception appealed to early computer gamers who were looking for something different and made the "Wizardry" series popular. Conversely, the fourth game, "The Return of Werdna", was poorly received, as, lacking the knowledge of subcultures necessary to solving the game, Japanese players had no chance of figuring out some puzzles.


title: Wizardry

text: In 1996, the series received the first (and, so far, only) spin-off developed in North America, titled "Wizardry Nemesis". It is played as a solo adventure: one character only, with no supporting party or monsters. All players use the same character, without the ability to choose class or attributes. In addition, the game contains only 16 spells, compared to 50 in the first four adventures, and more in the subsequent ones. It is also the first "Wizardry" title where the player saw enemies in advance and thus could try to avoid them.


title: Wizardry

text: The popularity of "Wizardry" in Japan inspired several original sequels, spinoffs, and ports, with the series long outliving the American original. As of 2017, thirty-nine different spin-offs were released in Japan, with four of them also making their way to North America: "", "", "Wizardry Online" and "Wizrogue: Labyrinth of Wizardry". The latest is also the last original game produced in the series, released in Japan in 2014, and officially released in English worldwide in 2017.


title: Wizardry

text: The original "Wizardry" game was a success, selling 24,000 copies by June 1982, just nine months after its release according to Softalk's sales surveys. In the June 1983, issue of "Electronic Games", "Wizardry" was described as "without a doubt, the most popular fantasy adventure game for the Apple II at the present time". While noting limitations such as the inability to divide the party, or the emphasis on combat over role-playing, the magazine stated that "no other game comes closer to providing the type of contest favored by most players of non-electronic role-playing games... one outstanding programming achievement, and an absolute 'must buy' for those fantasy gamers who own an Apple". In the May–June 1982, issue of Computer Gaming World, the reviewer praises "Wizardry" as setting a standard by which all Fantasy Role Playing Game should be compared to, and call it an all time classic. By 1987, the series had sold over 1.5 million copies and by 1996, over 5 million copies had been sold.


title: Wizardry

text: Spin-offs originally released in Japan received generally positive reviews in North America. GameSpot reviewed "Wizardry: Tale of the Forsaken Land" in 2002, and awarded it a score of 8.5 out of 10. In 2011, "Wizardry: Labyrinth of Lost Souls" was also reviewed by GameSpot and received a score of 7.5 out of 10. In Japan, readers of "Famitsu" magazine considered the Famicom port of the original "Wizardry I" to be one of the 100 best games of all time. The series was ranked as the 60th top game (collectively) by "Next Generation" in 1996. They cited the "huge dungeons with elaborate quests and tons of differing enemies." Fans of the series included Robin Williams, Harry Anderson, and the Crown Prince of Bahrain; the latter even called Sir-Tech on the phone.


title: Wizardry

text: Together with the "Ultima" series, "Wizardry" established the conventions of role-playing video games. The command-driven battle system with a still image of the monster being fought would be emulated in later games, such as "The Bard's Tale", "Dragon Quest", and "Final Fantasy". The party-based combat in "Wizardry" also inspired Richard Garriott to include a similar party-based system in "". Other user interface elements were influential in Japanese role-playing games. The later "Wizardry" games implemented multiple endings, some of which were only accessible to people who imported characters from previous games.


title: Wizardry

text: "Wizardry" features what would later be called prestige classes. Aside from the traditional character classes, such as fighter, players could take more advanced ones that combined the abilities of multiple classes if they had the right attributes and alignment. In the early "Wizardry" games, some classes were inaccessible during character creation due to the high requirements; this meant the player needed to first gain levels and then change their class. "Wizardry VI" allowed starting with any class if the player invested enough time during the random character attribute generation.


title: Wizardry

text: "Wizardry" inspired many clones and served as a template for role-playing video games. Some notable series that trace their look and feel to "Wizardry" include 1985's "The Bard's Tale" and the "Might and Magic" series. The specific "Wizardry" formula, that of a turn based RPG taking place primarily in a dungeon via first person exploration, is referred to as a dungeon crawl.


title: Wizardry

text: "Wizardry" is the major inspiration to the Nintendo DS title "The Dark Spire". While the game follows its own story and maps, much of the game uses the same game play mechanics, even going so far as including a "classic" mode that removes all of the game's graphics, replacing them with a wireframe environment, 8-bit-style sprites for monsters and characters, and chiptune music. The game's publisher, Atlus, also published another Wizardry spin-off, "".


title: Wizardry

text: While designing the popular Japanese role-playing game "Dragon Quest", Yuji Horii drew inspiration from the "Wizardry" series, 1986's "Mugen no Shinzou" ("Heart of Phantasm"), and the "Ultima" series of games. Horii's obsession with "Wizardry" was manifested as an easter egg in one of his earlier games, "The Portopia Serial Murder Case" in 1983. In a dungeon-crawling portion of that adventure game, a note on the wall reads "MONSTER SURPRISED YOU." The English fan translation added a sidenote explaining "This is Yuji Horii wishing he could have made this game an RPG like "Wizardry"!"


title: Wizardry

text: Wizardry's legacy continued in Japan after the parent company ended, with titles such as "Wizardry Gaiden," "Wizardry Empire," and "Wizardry XTH," being developed after the original games were released and generally keeping the same tropes, themes, and mechanics.


title: Wizardry

text: Notably "Wizardry XTH: Academy of Frontier" swapped the original's Gothic themes for a modern day military school setting, adding item crafting and party member compatibility to the Wizardry formula. Much like the original Wizardry, XTH spawned a direct storyline sequel, "Wizardry XTH: Unlimited Students." The second XTH game was used as the basis for and shared code with "Class of Heroes," which swapped the modern science fiction elements for a combination of High School, High Fantasy, and Anime aesthetics. Class of Heroes would go on to spawn several sequels and spinoffs itself.


title: Wizardry

text: Following the shutdown of Michaelsoft, the director of "Wizardry XTH," Motoya Ataka took a group of programmers he called "Team Muramasa" that had worked on "Empire" and "XTH" and went on to found Experience Inc., creating a series of PC games with Wizardry XTH's mechanics called "Generation Xth". These would later be ported to the PlayStation Vita, their ports localized as "" and "Operation Babel". Experience would go on to create several other DRPGs using Wizardry's mechanics as a starting point, including "Students of the Round," "Stranger of Sword City," and "Demon Gaze."


title: Wizardry

text: Starfish, the development team behind "Wizardry Empire," would later go on to create "Elminage," a series of DRPGs that retained the original Gothic aesthetic (and difficulty) of the western "Wizardry" games. "Elminage" was notable for using the expanded "kemonojin" races from "Wizardry Asterisk," also by Starfish, as well as the summoner class from "Wizardry: Summoner"—these included "Were-Beast," "Dragonnewt," "Fairy," and "Devilkin" as well as expanded classes such as "Brawler" (a hand to hand melee specialist), "Alchemist" (a combination crafting class and spellcaster), and "Summoner" (a spellcasting class that can tame and summon monsters from the dungeon). These "expanded" Japanese Wizardry mechanics would be reused in future Elminage games as well as notably "Class of Heroes."


title: Wizardry

text: After cancellation of "Wizardry: Stones of Arnhem" in the mid 1990s, one of the developers, Cleveland Mark Blakemore, started work on the game "" which is heavily "Wizardry" inspired. It was eventually released in August 2017.


title: Wizardry

text: In 2009, several Japanese publishers and development teams started a "Brand Revitalization plan," which they called the . After Sir-Tech, the original Wizardry creator in the US, was dissolved, several semi-official games were created in Japan of varying quality and thematic elements. "Wizardry Renaissance" aimed to "rebuild" the brand by agreeing to a certain "worldview" and quality standards to these semi-official Wizardry games.


title: Wizardry

text: These titles were released from late 2009 to 2016; the latest activity is the port of "" to the PC in January 2020.


title: Wizardry

text: The popularity of "Wizardry" in Japan also inspired various light novels, manga comics, Japanese pen-and-paper role-playing games, and an original video animation, produced by TMS Entertainment. A popular light novel series titled "Sword Art Online" also had a character who stated that his inspiration came from this game. Most have been released only in Japan.


title: E. Nesbit

text: Edith Nesbit (married name Edith Bland; 15 August 1858 – 4 May 1924) was an English writer and poet, who published her books for children as E. Nesbit. She wrote or collaborated on more than 60 such books. She was also a political activist and co-founder of the Fabian Society, a socialist organisation later affiliated to the Labour Party.


title: E. Nesbit

text: Nesbit was born in 1858 at 38 Lower Kennington Lane, Kennington, Surrey (now classified as Inner London), the daughter of an agricultural chemist, John Collis Nesbit, who died in March 1862, before her fourth birthday. Her mother was Sarah Green (née Alderton).


title: E. Nesbit

text: The ill health of Edith's sister Mary meant that the family travelled for some years, living variously in Brighton, Buckinghamshire, France (Dieppe, Rouen, Paris, Tours, Poitiers, Angoulême, Bordeaux, Arcachon, Pau, Bagnères-de-Bigorre, and Dinan in Brittany), Spain and Germany. Mary was engaged in 1871 to the poet Philip Bourke Marston, but later that year she died of tuberculosis in Normandy.


title: E. Nesbit

text: After Mary's death, Edith and her mother settled for three years at Halstead Hall, Halstead, north-west Kent, a location that inspired "The Railway Children", although the distinction has also been claimed by the Derbyshire town of New Mills.


title: E. Nesbit

text: When Nesbit was 17, the family moved back to Lewisham in south-east London. There is a Lewisham Council plaque to her at 28 Elswick Road.


title: E. Nesbit

text: In 1877, at the age of 18, Nesbit met the bank clerk Hubert Bland, her elder by three years. Seven months pregnant, she married Bland on 22 April 1880, but did not initially live with him, as Bland remained with his mother. Their marriage was tumultuous. Early on, Nesbit found that another woman believed she was Hubert's fiancée and had also borne him a child. A more serious blow came in 1886, when she discovered that her friend, Alice Hoatson, was pregnant by him. She had previously agreed to adopt Hoatson's child and allow Hoatson to live with her as their housekeeper. After she discovered the truth, she and her husband quarrelled violently and she suggested that Hoatson and the baby, Rosamund, should leave; her husband threatened to leave Edith if she disowned the baby and its mother. Hoatson remained with them as a housekeeper and secretary and became pregnant by Bland again 13 years later. Edith again adopted Hoatson's child, John.


title: E. Nesbit

text: Nesbit's children by Bland were Paul Cyril Bland (1880–1940), to whom "The Railway Children" was dedicated, Mary Iris Bland (1881–1965), who married John Austin D Phillips in 1907, and Fabian Bland (1885–1900). Bland's two children by Alice Hoatson, whom Edith adopted, were Rosamund Edith Nesbit Hamilton, later Bland (1886–1950), who married Clifford Dyer Sharp on 16 October 1909, and to whom "The Book of Dragons" was dedicated, and John Oliver Wentworth Bland (1899–1946) to whom "The House of Arden" and "Five Children and It" were dedicated. Nesbit's son Fabian died aged 15 after a tonsil operation; Nesbit dedicated several books to him, including "The Story of the Treasure Seekers" and its sequels. Nesbit's adopted daughter Rosamund collaborated with her on "Cat Tales".


title: E. Nesbit

text: Nesbit admired the artist and Marxian socialist William Morris. The couple joined the founders of the Fabian Society in 1884, after which their son Fabian was named, and jointly edited its journal "Today". Hoatson was its assistant secretary. Nesbit and Bland dallied with the Social Democratic Federation, but found it too radical. Nesbit was a prolific lecturer and writer on socialism in the 1880s. She and her husband co-wrote under the pseudonym "Fabian Bland", However, the joint work dwindled as her success rose as a children's author. She was a guest speaker at the London School of Economics, which had been founded by other Fabian Society members.


title: E. Nesbit

text: Edith lived from 1899 to 1920 at Well Hall, Eltham, in south-east London, which makes fictional appearances in several of her books, such as "The Red House". From 1911 she kept a second home on the Sussex Downs at Crowlink, Friston, East Sussex. She and her husband entertained many friends, colleagues and admirers at Well Hall.


title: E. Nesbit

text: On 20 February 1917, some three years after Bland died, Nesbit married Thomas "the Skipper" Tucker in Woolwich, where he was captain of the Woolwich Ferry.


title: E. Nesbit

text: Towards the end of her life, Nesbit moved first to Crowlink, then to "The Long Boat" at Jesson, St Mary's Bay, New Romney, Kent, where probably suffering from lung cancer (she "smoked incessantly"), she died in 1924 and was buried in the churchyard of St Mary in the Marsh. Her husband Thomas died at the same address on 17 May 1935. Edith's son Paul Bland was an executor of Thomas Tucker's will.


title: E. Nesbit

text: Nesbit's first published works were poems. She was under 20 in March 1878, when the monthly magazine "Good Words" printed her poem "Under the Trees". In all she published about 40 books for children, including novels, storybooks and picture books. She also published almost as many books jointly with others.


title: E. Nesbit

text: Nesbit's biographer, Julia Briggs, names her "the first modern writer for children", who "helped to reverse the great tradition of children's literature inaugurated by Lewis Carroll, George MacDonald and Kenneth Grahame, in turning away from their secondary worlds to the tough truths to be won from encounters with things-as-they-are, previously the province of adult novels". Briggs also credits Nesbit with inventing the children's adventure story. Noël Coward was an admirer. In a letter to an early biographer, Noel Streatfeild wrote, "She had an economy of phrase and an unparalleled talent for evoking hot summer days in the English countryside."


title: E. Nesbit

text: Among Nesbit's best-known books are "The Story of the Treasure Seekers" (1899) and "The Wouldbegoods" (1901), which tell of the Bastables, a middle-class family fallen on relatively hard times. "The Railway Children" is also popularised by a 1970 film version. Gore Vidal called the time-travel book, "The Story of the Amulet", one where "Nesbit's powers of invention are at their best." Her children's writing also included plays and collections of verse.


title: E. Nesbit

text: Nesbit has been cited as the creator of modern children's fantasy. Her innovations placed realistic contemporary children in real-world settings with magical objects (which would now be classed as contemporary fantasy) and adventures and sometimes travel to fantastic worlds. This influenced directly or indirectly many later writers, including P. L. Travers (of "Mary Poppins"), Edward Eager, Diana Wynne Jones and J. K. Rowling. C. S. Lewis too paid heed to her in the "Narnia" series and mentions the Bastable children in "The Magician's Nephew". Michael Moorcock later wrote a series of steampunk novels around an adult Oswald Bastable of "The Treasure Seekers". In 2012, Jacqueline Wilson wrote a sequel to the Psammead trilogy: "Four Children and It".


title: E. Nesbit

text: Nesbit also wrote for adults, including eleven novels, short stories, and four collections of horror stories.


title: E. Nesbit

text: In 2011, Nesbit was accused of plagiarising the plot of "The Railway Children" from "The House by the Railway" by Ada J. Graves. "The Telegraph" reported that the Graves book had appeared in 1896, nine years before "The Railway Children", and listed similarities between them. However, not all sources agree on this finding: The magazine "Tor.com" posited an error in the earlier news reports, saying both books had been released in the same year, 1906.


title: E. Nesbit

text: In "The New Yorker", Jessica Winter has noted that Nesbit's books are at times "blighted by racist and colonialist language and anti-Semitic tropes." Although she was the family breadwinner and has the father in "The Railway Children" declare that "Girls are just as clever as boys, and don’t you forget it!," she did not champion women's rights. "She opposed the cause of women’s suffrage—mainly, she claimed, because women could swing Tory, thus harming the Socialist cause." In 2022, nearly a century after her death, "The Railway Children" (HarperCollins Children’s Classics) and "The House of Arden" (New York Review Children’s Collection) were reissued. She is said to have avoided the literary moralizing that characterized the age. "And, most crucially, both books are constructed from a blueprint that is also a kind of reënactment of the author’s own childhood: an idyll torn up at its roots by the exigencies of illness, loss, and grief."


title: E. Nesbit

text: In "The Guardian," Francis Spufford placed "The Story of the Amulet" first on his list of greatest children's books.


title: E. Nesbit

text: A. S. Byatt's novel "The Children's Book" is inspired partly by Nesbit, who appears as a character along with Kenneth Grahame and J. M. Barrie.


title: E. Nesbit

text: Aside from her autobiographical "Long Ago When I was Young" 1966), Nesbit has spawned five biographies.


title: E. Nesbit

text: "The Complete History of the Bastable Family" (1928) is a posthumous omnibus of the three Bastable novels, but not the complete history. Four more stories about it appear in the 1905 "Oswald Bastable and Others". The Bastables also feature in the 1902 adult novel "The Red House".


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle (15 September 1666 – 13 November 1726) was the repudiated wife of future King George I of Great Britain. The union with George, her first cousin, was a marriage of state, arranged by her father George William, her father-in-law the Elector of Hanover, and her mother-in-law, Electress Sophia of Hanover, first cousin of King Charles II of England. Sophia Dorothea is best remembered for her alleged affair with Count Philip Christoph von Königsmarck that led to her being imprisoned in the Castle of Ahlden for the last thirty years of her life.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Born in Celle on 15 September 1666, Sophia Dorothea was the only surviving daughter of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, by his morganatic wife Eléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse (1639–1722), Lady of Harburg, a French Huguenot noblewoman. Sophia Dorothea appears to have grown up in a carefree and loving environment.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Her father transferred large assets to her over time in order to improve her chances as a candidate for marriage. Her status was enhanced, and her chances were further improved, when, by imperial order dated 22 July 1674, and in recognition of the military assistance given by her father to Emperor Leopold I, she and her mother received the title of Countess of Harburg and Wilhelmsburg" ("Gräfin von Harburg und Wilhelmsburg") with allodial rights over those demesnes.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Sophia Dorothea's suitors included Augustus Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; Frederick Charles, Duke of Württemberg-Winnental; Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria; and King Charles XI of Sweden. At first, her parents agreed to marriage between Sophia Dorothea and the Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who was the eldest son of their distant relative Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who had supported the love affair between George William and Éléonore from its beginning. The betrothal was signed on 20 December 1675, but the prospective groom was mortally wounded at the siege of Philippsburg on 9 August 1676.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: After the death of his daughter's fiancé, George William sought to negotiate an agreement on the inheritance of the Duchy of Lüneburg. He initially approached his younger brother Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg, to arrange a marriage between Sophia Dorothea and Ernest Augustus's eldest son George Louis, the future King George I of Great Britain. However, both his brother and his sister-in-law, Sophia of the Palatinate, had misgivings about the proposed match because of the circumstances of Sophia Dorothea's birth.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: After the rejection of his daughter, George William decided to improve the status of Sophia Dorothea and her mother. By contract signed on 22 August 1675, and in open violation of his previous promise never to marry, George William declared that Éléonore was his lawful wife, and a second wedding ceremony was held at Celle on 2 April 1676. Ernest Augustus and Sophia stayed away from this second wedding. Twenty-two days later, on 24 April, Eléonore began to be addressed at court as Duchess of Brunswick and Sophia Dorothea became legitimate.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: This development alarmed George William's relatives because it appeared to threaten the planned union of the Lüneburg territories. By an agreement signed on 13 July 1680, the Lüneburg ruling family recognised Éléonore as Duchess of Brunswick and Sophia Dorothea as Princess of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle, with all appertaining rights of birth. George Louis's parents also agreed to the proposed union of their son with Sophia Dorothea. In the teeth of opposition from both Sophia Dorothea herself and from her mother, George William went ahead with arrangements for the wedding.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: The wedding took place on 21 November 1682. The marriage was a complete failure. George Louis and his mother, Sophia of the Palatinate, felt only contempt for Sophia Dorothea, believing that her birth and manners were inferior. Explaining her reluctant support for the marriage, Duchess Sophia wrote to her niece Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orléans:


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: George Louis treated his bride with coldness and frequently scolded her for her lack of etiquette. The two had loud and bitter arguments. Nevertheless, they managed to conceive two children: George Augustus (the future King George II of Great Britain, born on 30 October 1683) and Sophia Dorothea (the future Queen Consort in Prussia and Electress Consort of Brandenburg, born on 16 March 1687). Having done his duty, George Louis acquired a mistress, Melusine von der Schulenburg, and started to neglect his wife. His parents asked him to be more circumspect with his mistress, fearful that disruption of the marriage would threaten the payment of the 100,000 thalers he was to receive as part of Sophia Dorothea's dowry and inheritance from her father.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Around 1690, Sophia Dorothea was reunited with the Swedish Count Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, whom she had known in her childhood when he was a page at the court of Celle. At first, their meetings were brief and sporadic, but this probably changed in 1691. Initially, their closeness went unnoticed, but eventually the preference that Sophia Dorothea showed for Königsmarck aroused suspicion. By 1694 rumors filled the Hanoverian court that they were having a love affair. Contemporary sources show that Sophia Dorothea and Königsmarck were presumed to have had a sexual relationship since March 1692, though she consistently denied it throughout the rest of her life.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: After a violent argument with her husband, Sophia Dorothea visited her parents in Celle in the spring of 1694 in the hope of persuading them to support her official separation from her husband. George William and Eléonore opposed it, however. Sophia Dorothea's father was waging war against Denmark and Sweden, and was dependent on the help of his brother. He sent his daughter back to Hanover.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: In the summer of 1694 Sophia Dorothea, together with Königsmarck and her lady in waiting Eleonore von dem Knesebeck, planned an escape, hoping to find refuge either in Wolfenbüttel, under the protection of Duke Anthony Ulrich, or in the Electorate of Saxony, where Königsmarck was a major general in the cavalry.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Countess Clara Elisabeth von Platen, a former mistress of Elector Ernest Augustus, had tried in January 1694 to persuade Königsmarck to marry her daughter Sophia Charlotte, but he had refused. Offended, she revealed to the Electoral Prince George Louis the love affair between his wife and Königsmarck, as well as their plan to escape.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: On the night of 11 July 1694, after a meeting with Sophia Dorothea in the Leineschloss, Königsmarck disappeared without a trace. It appears that he was killed on the orders, tacit or direct, of George Louis or his father the Elector, and that his body, weighted with stones, was thrown into the river Leine. Four of Ernest Augustus's courtiers are said to have committed the murder, and one of them, Don Nicolò Montalbano, received 150,000 thalers, about one hundred times the annual salary of the highest-paid official. No trace of Königsmarck was ever found.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: King Louis XIV of France questioned his sister-in-law Elizabeth Charlotte, a maternal first cousin of George Louis, about the murder, but she pretended ignorance. Louis then sent agents to Hanover, but they could shed no more light on the mystery than King Augustus II of Poland and Saxony, who spent weeks searching for his missing general.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Ernest Augustus and his brother George William, Sophia Dorothea's father, made a formal complaint to Emperor Leopold I against Augustus II's "unfriendly acts" and threatened to withdraw their troops from the Grand Alliance in the war against France. Both the Emperor and the Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg exerted pressure on Augustus II, but the Polish envoy continued his investigation and even told Count von Platen that Königsmarck had either been captured or killed on the orders of his wife the Countess, out of jealousy.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: In 2016, construction workers installing an elevator in the Leineschloss found human bones in a pit. These were initially assumed to be Königsmarck's remains, but examination suggested that it is unlikely.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: When his affair with Sophia Dorothea was about to become public, Königsmarck handed their love letters to his brother-in-law, the Swedish Count Carl Gustav von Löwenhaupt. The latter's heirs later offered to sell the correspondence to the House of Hanover, but they demanded such a high price that the court rejected the offer and questioned the authenticity of the letters. The correspondence was published in the middle of the 19th century. The majority of the letters are now in the possession of Lund University in Sweden, although a few ended up in the possession of Sophia Dorothea's grandson, King Frederick the Great of Prussia, after his sister, the Swedish Queen consort Louisa Ulrika, allegedly stole them and sent them to him. Today the authenticity of the letters has been established beyond any doubt.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: The lovers rarely dated their letters, but they numbered most of them. The Hanoverian historian Georg Schnath calculated on the basis of the existing correspondence that there were originally 340 letters written by Königsmarck and 320 written by Sophia Dorothea. The missing letters seem to have been confiscated and destroyed by the Hanoverian authorities after the affair became public. The State Archives in Hanover provide scant information about the critical years. Even the correspondence between the Electress Sophia and her niece Elizabeth Charlotte, which might have shed some light on events, was censored afterwards.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: George Louis demanded a legal separation from his wife, citing her as sole culprit on grounds of desertion. During the divorce proceedings, he had Sophia Dorothea placed under arrest in Lauenau Castle. On 28 December 1694, the dissolution of the marriage was pronounced, and Sophia Dorothea was named as the guilty party for "maliciously leaving her husband". She was forbidden to remarry or to see her children again; her name was removed from official documents, she was stripped of her title of Electoral Princess, and churches in Hanover were no longer to mention her name in prayers. After the divorce, George Louis sent her to Ahlden House, a stately home on the Lüneburg Heath, which served as a prison appropriate to her status.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: At the behest of her former husband and with the consent of her father, Sophia Dorothea was imprisoned for life. George Louis confiscated the assets she had brought into the marriage and allocated her an annual maintenance. She initially received 8,000 thalers for herself and her court, which was later raised to 28,000 thalers, a sum which George Louis and her father George William paid in equal parts. She was detained in the north wing of the castle, a two-story half-timbered building, and guarded 24 hours a day by 40 men at arms, five to ten of whom were on duty at any one time. Her mail and visits were strictly controlled, though her mother had unlimited visiting rights. As far as anyone knows, she never attempted to escape.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Initially, Sophia Dorothea was allowed only to walk unaccompanied inside the mansion's courtyard. Later, she was permitted to enter the gardens under guard. After the first two years, she was permitted to make supervised journeys of up to two kilometres outside the walls. Her stay in Ahlden was interrupted several times because of war or when renovation of the residence was under way. During these times she was transferred to Celle Castle or to Essel. Her entourage comprised two ladies in waiting, several chambermaids, and other household and kitchen staff, all selected for their loyalty to Hanover.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: After her imprisonment, Sophia Dorothea was known as Duchess of Ahlden. At first, she was extremely apathetic and resigned to her fate, but in later years she tried to obtain her release. After her former father-in-law died, in 1698, she sent a letter of condolence to her former husband, assuring him that "she prayed for him every day and begged him on her knees to forgive her mistakes. She will be eternally grateful to him if he allows her to see her two children." She also wrote a letter of condolence to the Electress Sophia, her former mother-in-law, claiming that she wanted nothing more than "to kiss Your Highness's hands before I die". Neither George Louis nor Sophia responded.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: When Sophia Dorothea's father was on his deathbed, in 1705, he wanted to see his daughter one last time, to reconcile with her, but his chief minister, Count Bernstorff, objected, claiming that a meeting could lead to diplomatic problems with Hanover. George William died without seeing his daughter.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Sophia Dorothea is remembered for a significant act of charity during her imprisonment: after a devastating fire of Ahlden in 1715, she contributed considerable sums of money towards the rebuilding of the town.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: The death of her mother in 1722 left Sophia Dorothea alone. When Sophia Dorothea's daughter, the Queen in Prussia, travelled to Hanover in 1725 to see her father, by then King George I of Great Britain, Sophia Dorothea, dressed even more carefully than usual, waited every day at the window of her residence, hoping in vain to see her daughter.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Sophia Dorothea grew overweight, and was frequently plagued by febrile colds and indigestion. In early 1726, she suffered a stroke; in August of that year she went to bed with a severe colic, and refused all food and treatment. She died shortly before midnight on 13 November 1726, aged 60. An autopsy revealed liver failure and gall bladder occlusion due to 60 gallstones. Her former husband placed an announcement in "The London Gazette" to the effect that the Duchess of Ahlden had died, but he forbade mourning in either London or Hanover. He was furious when he heard that the members of his daughter's court in Berlin were wearing black.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: The guards at Ahlden placed Sophia Dorothea's corpse in a lead coffin and deposited it in a cellar. In January 1727 an order came from London that she be buried without any ceremony in the cemetery of Ahlden, which was impossible after weeks of heavy rain. The coffin was brought back to the cellar and covered in sand. Not until May 1727 was Sophia Dorothea buried, secretly and at night, beside her parents in the Stadtkirche in Celle. George I died four weeks later while he was visiting Hanover.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Sophia Dorothea's parents seem to have believed to the last that their daughter would one day be released. In January 1705, shortly before her father's death, he and his wife drew up a joint will, under which their daughter was to receive the estates of Ahlden, Rethem and Walsrode, extensive estates in France, and Celle, her father's fortune and her mother's jewelry. Her father appointed Count Heinrich Sigismund von Bar as administrator of Sophia Dorothea's fortune. She named him as one of the main beneficiaries of her will, but he died six years before she did.


title: Sophia Dorothea of Celle

text: Sophia Dorothea's affair is the basis of the British film "Saraband for Dead Lovers" (1948), in which she is played by Joan Greenwood and Königsmarck is played by Stewart Granger.


title: White's

text: White's is a gentlemen's club in St James's, London. Founded in 1693 as a hot chocolate shop in Mayfair, it is the oldest gentleman's club in London. It moved to its current premises on St James's Street in 1778.


title: White's

text: White's is the oldest gentlemen's club in London, founded in 1693, and is considered by many to be the most exclusive private club in London.


title: White's

text: Notable current members include Charles III, and the Prince of Wales. Former British Prime Minister David Cameron, whose father Ian Cameron had been the club's chairman, was a member for fifteen years but resigned in 2008, over the club's declining to admit women. However, he has since rejoined.


title: White's

text: White's continues to maintain its tradition as an establishment exclusively for gentlemen; brief exceptions were made for the visits by Queen Elizabeth II in 1991 and 2016. White's is a member of the Association of London Clubs.


title: White's

text: In January 2018, calling themselves 'Women in Whites', a group of female protesters infiltrated the club to highlight its single-sex policy, one managing to gain entry by pretending to be a man. These persons were removed.


title: White's

text: The club was originally established at 4 Chesterfield Street, off Curzon Street in Mayfair, in 1693 by an Italian immigrant named Francesco Bianco as a hot chocolate emporium under the name "Mrs. White's Chocolate House". Tickets were sold to the productions at King's Theatre and Royal Drury Lane Theatre as a side-business. White's quickly made the transition from teashop to exclusive club and in the early 18th century, it was notorious as a gambling house; those who frequented it were known as "the gamesters of White's." The club gained a reputation for both its exclusivity and the often raffish behaviour of its members. Jonathan Swift referred to White's as the "bane of half the English nobility."


title: White's

text: In 1778 it moved to 37–38 St James's Street. From 1783 it was the unofficial headquarters of the Tory party, while the Whigs' club Brooks's was just down the road. A few apolitical and affable gentlemen managed to belong to both. The new architecture featured a bow window on the ground floor. In the later 18th century, the table directly in front of it became a seat of distinction, the throne of the most socially influential men in the club. This belonged to the "arbiter elegantiarum", Beau Brummell, until he removed to the Continent in 1816, when Lord Alvanley took the place of honour. While there, he is supposed to have once bet £3,000 on which of two raindrops would reach the bottom of a pane in the bow window. Later, the spot was reserved for the use of the 1st Duke of Wellington until his death in 1852.


title: White's

text: Alvanley's was not the most eccentric bet in White's famous betting book. Some of those entries were on sports, but more often on political developments, especially during the chaotic years of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. A good many were social bets, such as whether a friend would marry this year, or to whom.


title: White's

text: The club continues to maintain its tradition as a club for gentlemen only, although one of its best known chefs from the early 1900s was Rosa Lewis, a model for the central character in the BBC television series "The Duchess of Duke Street".


title: White's

text: There were two American members in the interwar period, one of whom was a General in the U.S. Army. Postwar American members included diplomat Edward Streator.


title: White's

text: Prince Charles held his stag night at the club before his wedding to Lady Diana Spencer in 1981. His eldest son, Prince William, was entered as a member of the club shortly after his birth.


title: White's

text: The clubhouse is located at 37–38 St James's Street in the City of Westminster and is a Grade I listed building. Originally built in 1674 and then rebuilt in 1787–88, probably by James Wyatt, it was further altered in 1811 and the frontage was remodelled by Lockyer in 1852. Constructed of Portland stone with a slate roof it possesses the Victorian version of a Palladian façade with some French motifs. The building consists of five storeys; three principal floors of facilities for members, together with a basement and a dormered attic. In the late 1970s, the exterior was painted azure with white trim. This color scheme was not continued.


title: White's

text: The Club bar is more compact than those of many other clubs. An amusing description of it, and of the rationale behind its size, may be found in chapter ten of the spy novel "The Sixth Column" (1951) by Peter Fleming (brother of Ian Fleming), in which the Club is thinly disguised as "Black's".


title: White's

text: While the club does not have members' accommodation, facilities include a members' dining room, a billiards room, and several rooms (including the library and the cards room) where members may socialise, or hold private dinners. The club menu revolves around British game.


title: Bar (music)

text: In musical notation, a bar (or measure) is a segment of time corresponding to a specific number of beats in which each beat is represented by a particular note value and the boundaries of the bar are indicated by vertical bar lines. Dividing music into bars provides regular reference points to pinpoint locations within a musical composition. It also makes written music easier to follow, since each bar of staff symbols can be read and played as a batch.


title: Bar (music)

text: Typically, a piece consists of several bars of the same length, and in modern musical notation the number of beats in each bar is specified at the beginning of the score by the time signature. In simple time, (such as ), the top figure indicates the number of beats per bar, while the bottom number indicates the note value of the beat (the beat has a quarter note value in the example).


title: Bar (music)

text: The word "bar" is more common in British English, and the word "measure" is more common in American English, although musicians generally understand both usages. The twelve-bar blues, however, is always "twelve-bar blues". In American English, although the words "bar" and "measure" are often used interchangeably, the correct use of the word "bar" refers only to the vertical line itself, while the word "measure" refers to the beats "contained between bars". In international usage, it is equally correct to speak of "bar numbers" and "measure numbers", e.g. "bars 9–16" or "mm. 9–16". Along the same lines, it is usually recommended to reserve the abbreviated form "bb. 3–4" etc. for beats only; bars should be referred to by name in full.


title: Bar (music)

text: The first metrically complete bar within a piece of music is called "bar 1" or "m. 1". When the piece begins with an anacrusis (an incomplete bar at the head of a piece of music), "bar 1" or "m. 1" is the following bar.


title: Bar (music)

text: Originally, the word "bar" came from the vertical lines drawn through the staff to mark off metrical units and not the bar-like (i.e., rectangular) dimensions of a typical measure of music. In British English, these vertical lines are called "bar", too, but often the term "bar line" is used in order to make the distinction clear. A "double bar line" (or "double bar") can consist of two single bar lines drawn close together, separating two sections within a piece, or a bar line followed by a thicker bar line, indicating the end of a piece or movement. Note that "double bar" refers not to a type of "bar" (i.e., measure), but to a type of "bar line". Another term for the bar line denoting the end of a piece of music is "music end".


title: Bar (music)

text: A "repeat sign" (or, "repeat bar line") looks like the music end, but it has two dots, one above the other, indicating that the section of music that is before is to be repeated. The beginning of the repeated passage can be marked by a "begin-repeat sign"; if this is absent the repeat is understood to be from the beginning of the piece or movement. This begin-repeat sign, if appearing at the beginning of a staff, does not act as a bar line because no bar is before it; its only function is to indicate the beginning of the passage to be repeated.


title: Bar (music)

text: In music with a regular meter, bars function to indicate a periodic accent in the music, regardless of its duration. In music employing mixed meters, bar lines are instead used to indicate the beginning of rhythmic note groups, but this is subject to wide variation: some composers use dashed bar lines, others (including Hugo Distler) have placed bar lines at different places in the different parts to indicate varied groupings from part to part.


title: Bar (music)

text: Bars and bar lines also indicate grouping: rhythmically of beats within and between bars, within and between phrases, and on higher levels such as meter.


title: Bar (music)

text: The earliest barlines, used in keyboard and vihuela music in the 15th and 16th centuries, didn't reflect a regular meter at all but were only section divisions, or in some cases marked off every beat.


title: Bar (music)

text: Barlines began to be introduced into ensemble music in the late 16th century but continued to be used irregularly for a time. Not until the mid-17th century were barlines used in the modern style with every measure being the same length, and they began to be associated with time signatures.


title: Bar (music)

text: Modern editions of early music that was originally notated without barlines sometimes use a mensurstrich as a compromise.


title: Bar (music)

text: A hypermeasure, large-scale or high-level measure, or measure-group is a metric unit in which, generally, each regular measure is one beat (actually hyperbeat) of a larger meter. Thus a beat is to a measure as a measure/hyperbeat is to a hypermeasure. Hypermeasures must be larger than a notated bar, perceived as a unit, consist of a pattern of strong and weak beats, and along with adjacent hypermeasures, which must be of the same length, create a sense of hypermeter. The term was coined by Edward T. Cone in "Musical Form and Musical Performance" (New York: Norton, 1968), and is similar to the less formal notion of a phrase.


title: GaTa

text: Davionte Ganter, known professionally as GaTa, is an American rapper and actor known for his role in the FXX TV series "Dave", as well as for being the hype man for rapper Lil Dicky throughout his career as well as on the show.


title: GaTa

text: GaTa grew up in South Los Angeles, where he was adopted out of foster care by an aunt whom he considers his mother. He never knew his biological mother or father. Inspired by the rapper Da Brat, he began rapping while a student at Audubon Middle School.


title: GaTa

text: As a hype man, GaTa traveled the world performing with rappers including Lil Wayne and Gym Class Heroes. Tyga, GaTa, and his childhood friend Schoolboy Q formed the music label G.E.D., which GaTa says stands for "grinding every day, getting every dollar, getting educated daily." Around 2013, GaTa began working with David Burd, known professionally as Lil Dicky, who would become his close friend and with whom he would later star on the sitcom "Dave". After gaining popularity as an actor, he continued to build his own burgeoning solo rap career, most recently dropping the single "Check Up" in July 2021.


title: GaTa

text: GaTa began his acting career in the FXX TV series "Dave", in which he plays an authentic but "heightened" version of himself. Having never acted beyond music videos or taken any acting classes, he had to audition to play the role of himself on the show. His performance has been well received, leading some critics to say he deserved an Emmy nomination.


title: GaTa

text: GaTa has bipolar disorder, a condition that was also given to his character on "Dave". He takes medication for the disorder. He was initially reluctant to talk about bipolar disorder on the show, but his family and David Burd convinced him that doing so could help others.


title: Dexmethylphenidate

text: Dexmethylphenidate, sold under the brand name Focalin among others, is a strong central nervous system (CNS) stimulant medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in those over the age of five years. If no benefit is seen after four weeks it is reasonable to discontinue its use. It is taken by mouth. The immediate release formulation lasts up to five hours while the extended release formulation lasts up to twelve hours.


title: Dexmethylphenidate

text: Common side effects include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and fever. Serious side effects may include abuse, psychosis, sudden cardiac death, mania, anaphylaxis, seizures, and dangerously prolonged erection. Safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear. Dexmethylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. How it works in ADHD is unclear. It is the more active enantiomer of methylphenidate.


title: Dexmethylphenidate

text: Dexmethylphenidate was approved for medical use in the United States in 2001. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 130th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4million prescriptions.


title: Dexmethylphenidate

text: Dexmethylphenidate is used as a treatment for ADHD, usually along with psychological, educational, behavioral or other forms of treatment. It is proposed that stimulants help ameliorate the symptoms of ADHD by making it easier for the user to concentrate, avoid distraction, and control behavior. Placebo-controlled trials have shown that once-daily dexmethylphenidate XR was effective and generally well tolerated.


title: Dexmethylphenidate

text: Improvements in ADHD symptoms in children were significantly greater for dexmethylphenidate XR versus placebo. It also showed greater efficacy than osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system (OROS) methylphenidate over the first half of the laboratory classroom day but assessments late in the day favoured OROS methylphenidate.


title: Dexmethylphenidate

text: Products containing dexmethylphenidate have a side effect profile comparable to those containing methylphenidate.


title: Dexmethylphenidate

text: Methylphenidate is a catecholamine reuptake inhibitor that indirectly increases catecholaminergic neurotransmission by inhibiting the dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET), which are responsible for clearing catecholamines from the synapse, particularly in the striatum and meso-limbic system. Moreover, it is thought to "increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space."


title: Dexmethylphenidate

text: Although four stereoisomers of methylphenidate (MPH) are possible, only the threo diastereoisomers are used in modern practice. There is a high eudysmic ratio between the SS and RR enantiomers of MPH. Dexmethylphenidate (d-threo-methylphenidate) is a preparation of the RR enantiomer of methylphenidate. In theory, "D"-TMP (d-threo-methylphenidate) can be anticipated to be twice the strength of the racemic product.


title: Dexmethylphenidate

text: Dexmethylphenidate has a 4–6 hour duration of effect (a long-acting formulation, Focalin XR, which spans 12 hours is also available and has been shown to be as effective as -TMP (threo-methylphenidate) XR (extended release) (Concerta, Ritalin LA), with flexible dosing and good tolerability. It has also been demonstrated to reduce ADHD symptoms in both children and adults. d-MPH has a similar side-effect profile to MPH and can be administered without regard to food intake.


title: Rosetta (software)

text: Rosetta is a dynamic binary translator developed by Apple Inc. for macOS, an application compatibility layer between different instruction set architectures. It enables a transition to newer hardware, by automatically translating software. The name is a reference to the Rosetta Stone, the artifact which enabled translation of Egyptian hieroglyphs.


title: Rosetta (software)

text: The first version of Rosetta, introduced in 2006 in Mac OS X Tiger, was part of the Mac transition from PowerPC processors to Intel processors, allowing PowerPC applications to run on Intel-based Macs. The second version, introduced in 2020 as a component of macOS Big Sur, is part of the Mac transition from Intel processors to Apple silicon, allowing Intel applications to run on Apple silicon Macs.


title: Rosetta (software)

text: Macintosh has used CPUs with several different instruction set architectures: the Motorola 68000 series, PowerPC, Intel x86, and ARM64 in Apple silicon. Each instruction set architecture is incompatible with its predecessor, necessitating a transition plan based on a software layer to emulate the previous instruction set on the succeeding one.


title: Rosetta (software)

text: With the launch of Power Macintosh, the Mac 68K emulator is part of System 7.1.2 and later. This emulator uses PowerPC features and is embedded at the lowest levels of the operating system, integrated with the Mac OS nanokernel. This means that the nanokernel is able to intercept PowerPC interrupts, translate them to 68k interrupts (then doing a mixed mode switch, if necessary), and then execute 68k code to handle the interrupts. This allows 68k and PowerPC code to be interspersed within the same fat binary.


title: Rosetta (software)

text: Apple launched Rosetta in 2006 upon the Mac transition to Intel processors from PowerPC. It was embedded in Mac OS X v10.4.4 "Tiger", the version that was released with the first Intel-based Macs, and allows many PowerPC applications to run on Intel-based Mac computers without modification. Rosetta is based on QuickTransit technology. It has no user interface, and launches as needed with no notification of the user, which led Apple to describe it as "the most amazing software you'll never see". Rosetta is optionally installable in Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard". Rosetta is neither included nor supported in Mac OS X v10.7 "Lion" or later, which therefore cannot run PowerPC applications.


title: Rosetta (software)

text: Because of the greater architectural differences between Intel and PowerPC processors, Rosetta operates at a higher level than the 68000 emulator does, as a user-level program that can only intercept and emulate user-level code. It translates G3, G4, and AltiVec instructions, but not G5 instructions. Although most commercial software for PowerPC-based Macs was compatible with these requirements (G4 systems were still widely used at the time), any applications that relied on G5-specific instructions had to be modified by their developers to work on Rosetta-supported Intel-based Macs. Apple advised that applications with heavy user interaction but low computational needs (such as word processors) would be best suited to use with Rosetta, and applications with high computational needs (such as games, AutoCAD, or Photoshop) would not.


title: Rosetta (software)

text: In 2020, Apple announced Rosetta 2 would be bundled with macOS Big Sur, to aid in the Mac transition to Apple silicon. The software permits many applications compiled exclusively for execution on x86-64-based processors to be translated for execution on Apple silicon.


title: Rosetta (software)

text: In addition to the just-in-time (JIT) translation support, Rosetta 2 offers ahead-of-time compilation (AOT), with the x86-64 code fully translated, just once, when an application without a universal binary is installed on an Apple silicon Mac.


title: Rosetta (software)

text: Rosetta 2's performance has been praised greatly. In some benchmarks, x86-64-only programs performed better under Rosetta 2 on a Mac with an Apple M1 SOC than natively on a Mac with an Intel x86-64 processor. One of the key reasons why Rosetta 2 provides such high level of translation efficiency is the support of x86-64 memory ordering in Apple M1 SOC.


title: Rosetta (software)

text: Although Rosetta 2 works for most software, some software doesn't work at all or is reported to be "sluggish".


title: Rosetta (software)

text: Similar to the first version, Rosetta 2 does not normally require user intervention. When a user attempts to launch an x86-64-only application for the first time, macOS prompts them to install Rosetta 2 if it is not already available. Subsequent launches of x86-64 programs will execute via translation automatically. An option also exists to force a universal binary to run as x86-64 code through Rosetta 2, even on an ARM-based machine.


title: Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces

text: The Armed Forces of India are eligible for many military decorations awarded for extraordinary bravery and distinguished service during times of war and peace. Service and campaign medals have been awarded throughout India's history as an independent state.


text: Mention in Dispatches has been used since 1947, in order to recognize distinguished and meritorious service in operational areas and acts of gallantry which are not of a sufficiently high order to warrant the grant of gallantry awards.


text: Eligible personnel include all Army, Navy and Air Force personnel including personnel of the Reserve Forces, Territorial Army, Militia and other lawfully constituted Armed Forces, members of the Nursing Service and Civilians working under or with the Armed Forces.


text: Personnel can be mentioned in dispatches posthumously and multiple awards are also possible. A recipient of a Mention in a Despatch is entitled to wear an emblem, in the form of a lotus leaf on the ribbon of the relevant Campaign Medal. They are also issued with an official certificate from the Ministry of Defence.


text: All three branches of the military issue Commendation Cards, which are badges awarded for "individual acts of gallantry or distinguished service or devotion to duty performed either in operation or non-operational areas. It is a type of gallantry award. The award will be for a specific act of bravery or distinguished service or special service. The award will not be made posthumously."


text: All three branches issue Commendations Cards at the level of the highest officer (Chief of the Army Staff, Chief of the Naval Staff and Chief of the Air Staff). The awards at lower levels seem to vary between services.


text: Note that the Police Medals, Fire Services Medals, Correctional Services Medals and Home Guards and Civil Defence Medals are excluded from the above list.


text: The above order of precedence of awards is as per the Indian Army. There are slight variations, especially in the campaign medals, in the order followed by the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force.


text: An order issued on 11 July 2019 by the Indian Army's ""Ceremonial and Welfare Adjutant General's Branch"" made it permissible for the close relatives of the deceased military personnel to wear their medals on the right side of chest while attending homage ceremonies at war memorials, cemeteries and funerals. These gallantry or service awards of deceased can be worn by their family members, such as spouses, children, parents, forefathers while wearing civil clothes.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: Enzo Alan Zidane Fernández (born 24 March 1995), known as Enzo Zidane and sometimes simply as Enzo, is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Primera Federación club Fuenlabrada.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: Zidane is the eldest son of former footballer Zinedine Zidane and Véronique Fernández. He attained Spanish citizenship in 2006.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: From 2004, Zidane played for the youth academy of Real Madrid. On 6 September 2011, he was invited by José Mourinho to train with the club's first team.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: On 16 November 2014, Zidane made his debut for Real Madrid Castilla, the B-team, as a substitute in a 2–1 win over UB Conquense in Segunda División B.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: On 12 August 2015, Zidane was named one of the vice-captains of Castilla. He scored his first senior goal ten days later in the first game of the 2015–16 season, a 5–1 home routing of CD Ebro.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: On 29 October, Zidane was promoted to train regularly with the first team. He made his senior debut for the club on 30 November 2016, coming off the bench for Isco in a Copa del Rey clash with Cultural Leonesa and scoring from the edge of the penalty area in a 6–1 home win (13–2 aggregate).


title: Enzo Zidane

text: On 29 June 2017, Deportivo Alavés announced their signing of Zidane from Real Madrid on a 3-year contract for an undisclosed fee, with a buyback clause. He made his La Liga debut on 26 August, coming on as a late substitute for Mubarak Wakaso in a 0–2 home loss against FC Barcelona.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: On 1 January 2018, Fernández signed for FC Lausanne-Sport of the Swiss Super League on a three-year deal after terminating his contract at Alavés. He was the first signing by the club after their takeover by British petrochemical corporation Ineos that November. He made his debut on 3 February as the season resumed after the winter break, coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Andrea Maccoppi in a 2–1 loss at FC Luzern. Fifteen days later he scored his first goal for the team, consolation in a 3–1 loss at FC Sion. He scored once more that season, opening a 2–1 win over FC Lugano at the Stade olympique de la Pontaise on 2 April.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: On 14 July 2018, Zidane returned to Spain after agreeing to a one-year loan deal with Rayo Majadahonda in the second division. He made his debut on 19 August in the season opener away to Real Zaragoza, received a yellow card and was substituted at half time for Toni Martínez in a 2–1 defeat.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: On 15 July 2019, Zidane joined Portuguese side Aves as a free agent, having previously been in negotiations with nearby Vitória SC. On his second substitute appearance on 23 August, he scored his first Primeira Liga goal, consolation in a 5–1 loss at Rio Ave FC.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: In the last minutes of the January 2020 transfer window, Zidane agreed to a move to UD Almería, returning to Spain and its second division. He was released on 2 October having played only four times, once in a playoff; the team were managed by his father's long-time teammate Guti.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: In September 2020, reports emerged that Zidane would join Moroccan club Wydad Casablanca, citing his alleged Brazilian agent Roberto Carlos. However, French journalist assured that the reports were false.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: Zidane is eligible to play for France or Spain, as well as Algeria, through his paternal grandparents. In 2010, Zinedine Zidane stated that he is relaxed about whether his son chooses to play for Spain or France at senior international level.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: Enzo made one appearance for the Spain national under-15 football team in 2009. He switched to the French Football Federation, and made two appearances for the France national under-19 football team in 2014.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: Enzo is the oldest son of Zinedine Zidane and Véronique Fernández, and was previously known as Enzo Fernández. Enzo is named after former Uruguayan star Enzo Francescoli who was his father's football idol.


title: Enzo Zidane

text: Enzo has three younger brothers: Luca plays for Eibar; Théo and Elyaz play in the Real Madrid Castilla and Real Madrid youth academy respectively. He is married to Karen Goncalves, and they have one daughter named Sia, born 2022.


title: Larry Cohen

text: Lawrence George Cohen (July 15, 1936 – March 23, 2019) was an American screenwriter, producer, and director of film and television, best known as an author of horror and science fiction films — often containing police procedural and satirical elements — during the 1970s and 1980s, such as "It's Alive" (1974), "God Told Me To" (1976), "It Lives Again" (1978), "The Stuff" (1985) and "A Return to Salem's Lot" (1987). He originally emerged as the writer of blaxploitation films such as "Bone" (1972), "Black Caesar", and "Hell Up in Harlem" (both 1973). Later on he concentrated mainly on screenwriting, including "Phone Booth" (2002), "Cellular" (2004) and "Captivity" (2007).


title: Larry Cohen

text: Early in his career, Cohen was a prolific television writer, creating series such as "Branded", "Blue Light", "Coronet Blue", and "The Invaders". In 2006, he returned to the directing chair for Mick Garris's anthology series "Masters of Horror", directing the episode "Pick Me Up". In 2017, Cohen was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Fantasia International Film Festival.


title: Larry Cohen

text: Cohen was born in Manhattan, New York City, on July 15, 1936. His sister, Ronni Chasen, was a publicist who worked with him beginning early in his film career. He moved to the Riverdale section of the Bronx in New York City at an early age.


title: Larry Cohen

text: Cohen exhibited a voracious appetite for films as a child, visiting the movie theaters at least twice a week, and most of them being double features, the young Cohen managed to consume at least four movies a week. He was a fan of the hard-boiled and film noir movies that featured actors such as Humphrey Bogart and James Cagney; films that were penned by the likes of Raymond Chandler and Dashiell Hammett. Cohen was especially a fan of director Michael Curtiz, whose films include "The Adventures of Robin Hood", "Casablanca", and "Dodge City".


title: Larry Cohen

text: During the 1950s Cohen worked for the NBC television network, where he learned how to produce teleplays, and shortly afterward began writing his own television scripts. He created the TV series "The Invaders" and also scripted episodes of "The Defenders" and "The Fugitive".


title: Larry Cohen

text: Cohen began his career as a writer for well-known television series, concentrating his efforts on the crime and detective genres. He penned several episodes of "The Defenders" (1964) — which starred E.G. Marshall — one episode of "Espionage" (1964), and episodes of "The Fugitive" (1964–65). Other writing credits during the 1950s and 1960s included the fantasy-suspense anthologies "Kraft Television Theatre" (1958) and "Kraft Suspense Theatre" (1965), the espionage TV series "Blue Light" (1966) starring Robert Goulet and "Coronet Blue" (1967) starring Frank Converse, and the science-fiction TV series, "The Invaders" (1967–1968). In 1966, he wrote the screenplay to the Western film "Return of the Seven" (also known as "Return of the Magnificent Seven"), a sequel to the 1960 film "The Magnificent Seven", which had the return of Yul Brynner as gunslinger Chris Adams. Four episodes he wrote for "Blue Light" were edited together to create the theatrical film "I Deal in Danger", released in December 1966. He also created the Western TV series "Branded" (1965–1966) and was the co-creator with Walter Grauman of "Blue Light".


title: Larry Cohen

text: Although Cohen continued to write TV and film scripts during the 1970s – such as "Columbo" – he further turned his hand to directing. His directorial debut was the 1972 comedy film "Bone" (aka "Beverly Hills Nightmare)" starring Yaphet Kotto. Cohen directed "Dial Rat for Terror" (1973) and "Housewife (1973)" before creating the "It's Alive" series in 1974. He wrote, produced and directed the horror film "It's Alive", about a mutant monster baby that embarks on a killing spree. The film – an initial commercial failure – was re-released with a new and sharper advertisement campaign; it went on to become a moderate success, earning over $7 million for Warner Bros. and spawning two sequels, "It Lives Again" (1978) and "" (1987).


title: Larry Cohen

text: Cohen followed-up "It's Alive" with the science-fiction serial killer film "God Told Me To" (1976), in which a New York detective investigates a spate of killings by apparently random people who say that God told them to commit the crimes. He concentrated his work predominantly within the horror genre throughout the 1970s and 1980s, often incorporating elements of crime, police procedural, and science fiction with scathing social commentary.


title: Larry Cohen

text: Cohen's "It's Alive" tells of a couple, Frank and Lenore Davis, who give birth to a mutated baby. The doctors and nurses at the hospital attempt to end the life of the deformed child, but it instead kills them and escapes. A police manhunt ensues as the fleeing mutation leaves dead bodies in its wake. Frank sees the child just as Dr. Frankenstein saw his monster and assists the police.


title: Larry Cohen

text: The emphasis in "It's Alive" is on the potential effects of chemicals to the ecosystem, and experimental prescription drugs that can be harmful to unborn babies. The score for "It's Alive" was composed by Bernard Herrmann, known for his contributions to many Alfred Hitchcock films, including "Psycho", "North by Northwest", and "Vertigo". The welling strings, horn arrangements and harp glissandos throughout the film prefigure the soundtrack to Herrmann's final film score two years later for "Taxi Driver." The cast includes John P. Ryan, Sharon Farrell, James Dixon, and Andrew Duggan.


title: Larry Cohen

text: "It Lives Again" (1978) picks up where the first one ended. More mutated babies are appearing around the country. Frank has now joined a renegade mob who are attempting to stop the government from killing these strange mutations. The emphasis in "It Lives Again" is on accepting one's child, even if it is born with deformities or disabilities. The score is again provided by Bernard Herrmann. The cast includes John P. Ryan, James Dixon, Andrew Duggan, and Frederic Forrest.


title: Larry Cohen

text: During the 1980s, Cohen directed, produced, and scripted a number of low-budget horror films, many of which featured actor Michael Moriarty. The first was "Q" – a.k.a. "Q: The Winged Serpent" (1982) — about an Aztec god known as Quetzalcoatl (the Winged Serpent) resurrected and nesting atop the Chrysler Building. The film is set in New York City, as was typical for Cohen, and sees two police detectives investigating a spate of killings in the city. The cast is headed by Moriarty and co-stars David Carradine, Candy Clark, Richard Roundtree, and James Dixon (another Cohen regular). The Chrysler Building scenes were actually shot on location in and around the building, including the inside and outside of the cone atop the edifice.


title: Larry Cohen

text: Cohen's next project with Moriarty was "The Stuff" (1985), in which an alien substance of sorts is found bubbling out of the ground. The Stuff is marketed at the general public, which rapidly becomes addicted to it. David "Mo" Rutheford, an industrial saboteur, played by Moriarty, is hired to investigate the origins of the Stuff and decides to destroy the product. The film co-stars Danny Aiello, Brian Bloom, Scott Bloom, Andrea Marcovicci, Patrick O'Neal, and Paul Sorvino. "Saturday Night Live" regular Garrett Morris plays Charlie W. Hobbs a.k.a. Chocolate Chip Charlie, a junk food mogul who assists Mo with his investigation. Cohen cast Moriarty in "It's Alive 3: Island of the Alive" (1987)—the third part of the "Alive Trilogy"—and again in "A Return to Salem's Lot" (1987), the unofficial sequel of Stephen King's novel and TV miniseries "Salem's Lot". Cohen finished the 1980s with "Wicked Stepmother" (1989), in which the late Bette Davis made her last appearance.


title: Larry Cohen

text: Cohen began the 1990s with his film "The Ambulance" (1990) starring Eric Roberts. The film is set in New York City and is focused on Josh Baker (Roberts), an aspiring comic book artist, who investigates a string of disappearances: people who are picked up by a mysterious ambulance that never reaches the city hospital. "The Ambulance" features cameos by Stan Lee, Larry Hama and Jim Salicrup of Marvel Comics. He would direct only two other films during the 1990s, one being the Blaxploitation film "Original Gangstas" (1996), featuring Jim Brown, Pam Grier, and Fred Williamson. For most of the decade, Cohen concentrated on writing. He penned the remainder of the William Lustig "Maniac Cop" Trilogy – he had previously scripted "Maniac Cop" in 1988 – that features Robert Z'Dar as undead Maniac Cop, Matt Cordell, and B-Movie horror actor Bruce Campbell. He then provided the story of the third adaptation of Jack Finney's 1955 science-fiction novel "The Body Snatchers", a tale of alien invasion and paranoia: "Body Snatchers" was directed by Abel Ferrara and starred Forest Whitaker. Throughout the decade Cohen was further involved in various TV projects including "NYPD Blue" and the Ed McBain-inspired "87th Precinct: Heatwave".


title: Larry Cohen

text: Cohen's output after the 1990s was less prolific and concentrated solely on scriptwriting, except for a brief return to directing with the "Masters of Horror" episode "Pick Me Up" (2006). His first project, "Phone Booth" (2002), became involved in a Hollywood bidding war, the script eventually ending up in the hands of Joel Schumacher. "Phone Booth" was a commercial success with an estimated budget of $13 million and a worldwide gross of $98 million. The film starred Colin Farrell, Katie Holmes, Kiefer Sutherland, and Forest Whitaker; it was produced by David Zucker.


title: Larry Cohen

text: His next film, another action-crime thriller titled "Cellular" (2004), also featured phones and, like "Phone Booth", it was a modest commercial success with an estimated budget of $25 million and a gross worldwide return of $50 million. "Cellular" starred Kim Basinger, Chris Evans, William H. Macy, and Jason Statham. "Cellular" was later re-made as "Connected" (2008), Cohen being credited with the story. He then scripted the horror-thriller films "Captivity" (2007) and "Messages Deleted" (2009); however, both films fared poorly on a critical and commercial level. Cohen nevertheless received acclaim for the above-mentioned "Pick Me Up", which he directed for the Mick Garris TV series "Masters of Horror" (2006). The episode was written by splatterpunk-horror author David Schow, and starred Cohen regular Michael Moriarty.


title: Larry Cohen

text: In 2003, Cohen, together with production partner Martin Poll was at the center of a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox, claiming the company had intentionally plagiarized a script of theirs titled "Cast of Characters" in order to create the Sean Connery-starring "League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" in 2003. According to the BBC, the lawsuit alleged 'that Mr. Cohen and Mr. Poll pitched the idea to Fox several times between 1993 and 1996, under the name "Cast of Characters".' "The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen" was an adaptation of the 1999 published comic book series by Alan Moore and artist Kevin O'Neill.


title: Larry Cohen

text: In 2006, Cohen was included in the "Masters of Horror" TV anthology, which also included – but was not limited to – writers and directors as diverse as Dario Argento, Clive Barker, John Carpenter, Richard Chizmar, Don Coscarelli, Wes Craven, David Cronenberg, Joe Dante, Guillermo del Toro, Ernest Dickerson, Stuart Gordon, James Gunn, Sam Hamm, Tom Holland, Tobe Hooper, Lloyd Kaufman, Mary Lambert, John Landis, Joe R. Lansdale, Bentley Little, H.P. Lovecraft, Joe Lynch, William Lustig, Peter Medak, Lucky McKee, Kat O' Shea, Robert Rodriguez, Eli Roth, David Schow, and Tim Sullivan. It was created by Mick Garris for the Showtime cable network. Cohen's contribution was the segment "Pick Me Up", based on a short story by David Schow, who also wrote the teleplay. It stars Fairuza Balk and Cohen regulars Laurene Landon and Michael Moriarty. "Pick Me Up" is the story of woman traveling on a bus that has broken down along a stretch of lonely two-lane blacktop. Enter two serial killers: Wheeler (Moriarty), a driver who picks up hitchhikers with the sole intent of killing them – and – Walker (Warren Kole), a hitchhiker who accepts lifts in order to find "his" victims. The two killers pair up and inventively murder all the passengers on the bus, save for Stacia (Balk), who has since gone her own way. Stacia eventually winds up in the middle of a serial killer turf war, a war over which killer will get her first. "Pick Me Up" signaled a brief return to the director's chair for Cohen.


title: Larry Cohen

text: Josef Rusnak remade Cohen's "It's Alive" in 2009. Still awaiting a score on Rotten Tomatoes, the existing reviews are also very poor. Even Cohen admitted that the remake was dreadful and states: 'It's a terrible picture. It's just beyond awful'. Cohen offered his 1974 script but remarks that it was completely ignored: "I would advise anybody who likes my film to cross the street and avoid seeing the new enchilada."


title: Larry Cohen

text: Cohen was married twice: to Janelle Webb, until their divorce in 1980; and then to Cynthia Costas, from 1994 until his death. He had two daughters. His sister Ronni Chasen was murdered on November 16, 2010 in a drive-by shooting in Beverly HIlls.


title: Larry Cohen

text: Cohen's science fiction horror film and satirical social commentary "The Stuff" (1985) garnered mixed reviews, often being compared to Jack Finney's "The Body Snatchers" novel and the 1958 film "The Blob". It has a moderate "fresh" rating of 63% on Rotten Tomatoes. The "Apollo Movie Guide" remarks that "The Stuff" works on a purely visceral level, and that it further achieves a tongue-in-cheek social parody of a society that cannot help buying into the latest craze. Although "Apollo" praised the juxtaposition of Cohen's clever screenplay and Michael Moriarty's performance, it states that the film is not a classic. It does, however, award the film a modest Apollo Rating of 77/100. The "Chicago Sun-Times", on the other hand, sees "The Stuff" as a widely ambitious movie that fails mainly due to distracting glitches and a lack of plausibility, specifically, "What we have here are a lot of nice touches in search of a movie." "Chicago Sun-Times" rating: 1 1/2 stars out of 5. "Bloody Disgusting" nevertheless awarded "The Stuff" 3 stars out of 5, pointing out both the good and the bad, "[I]t's smart, it's relevant and it has some bad acting. [It should be] enjoyed for all the wrong and some of the right reasons that it is not just a horror movie, but a very honest and important movie as well."


title: Larry Cohen

text: His fantasy horror "Q" a.k.a. "Q: The Winged Serpent" (1982) has a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 61%. "TV Guide" praise Cohen for his intelligence, creativity and originality and further comment that '[Cohen] successfully combines a "film noir" crime story with a good old-fashioned "giant monster" movie' and that 'Michael Moriarty turns in a brilliant performance as Jimmy Quinn [...]'. Horror author and movie critic, Kim Newman, praises Cohen's plot originality and canny use of characters in "Empire", pointing out the director's use of an oddball as lead – Jimmy Quinn – who would ordinarily be a secondary character or warrant solely a cameo appearance; Newman also explains how Cohen has relegated all the usual plot devices – in movies such as "King Kong" – to the background. Alternatively, the "Chicago Reader", although viewing Cohen's monster movie as 'cheesy' and 'fun', ultimately condemns the movie as being 'curiously disengaged and sloppy'. "The New York Times", following the film's opening day at the Rivoli Theater, had just 'a few words – only a very few – about "Q", offering a brief neutral synopsis and a couple of quotes. "Variety" are more favourable, focusing on Cohen's 'wild' and 'bizarre' – albeit realistic – efforts: "Q" has great fun mixing realistic settings with political satire and a wild yarn'. They go on to say that the film belongs to both Moriarty and the Monster.


title: Larry Cohen

text: "It's Alive", the first part of Cohen's horror trilogy featuring a mutated baby that kills its prey when trapped or frightened, holds a rating of 67% on Rotten Tomatoes, one of the highest ratings for his films. Focusing on the social context of the film at the time, "The Film Journal" points out that "It's Alive" "carries a potent mix of both suspense and social critique [...] [i]nvoking such taboo subjects as abortion as early as 1974." As well as being apt at providing 'suspense,' "The Film Journal" acknowledges Cohen's ability "to impart an intelligent nature to his otherwise pulpy horror films." "Black Hole" magazine opines that despite a lack of A-List actors and special effects, "It's Alive" still manages to maintain the viewer's interest due to Cohen's "unique horror concept and a script rich in ideas." "Black Hole" nevertheless points out that "[w]hile the drama is consistent, it's less successful as a seventies monster movie, and especially lacking now." Whereas "Jaws" (1975) revealed the shark slowly, Cohen's film "barely ever shows us the goods." The magazine does agree, however, that "It's Alive" was "a sufficiently powerful monster movie and [that] audiences wanted more." "Filmcritic" draws attention to the humour element, especially the scenes where the Baby-Monster is rustling in the bushes, unseen, comparing it to the scene in "Basket Case" (1982) when that film's Baby-Monster is stuffed into a garbage sack after being cut away from its human twin. "Basket Case" is indeed a part of another – later – Baby-Monster horror trilogy. In short, "Filmcritic" says that Cohen's film should not be confused with art; and yet, it is "pretty scary stuff" that "manages a few neat tricks."


title: Larry Cohen

text: "God Told Me To" a.k.a. "Demon" (1976), Cohen's science fiction thriller, has a rating of 75% on Rotten Tomatoes, making it Cohen's most successful directorial effort, critically. The film, in which a number of New York citizens embark on a killing spree because "God Told Them To", is called "one of his most ambitious movies" that is "cemented in an interesting idea" by "QNetwork Entertainment", who find Cohen's ideology of the existence of God interesting: "cynical at best" and "sacrilegious at worst." The magazine continues, however, to comment on Cohen's lack of patience and drive when completing his movies, regarding the end products as being "hastily thrown-together" and "a mosaic of scenes, rather than a satisfying whole." In conclusion "QNetwork" give the film an even 2 1/2 stars for being the "clumsiest and most entertaining schlock of the last 20 years." "CinePassion" online magazine simply states: "[a] work of genius, in other words, possibly the Cohen joint that brims with the most all-pervasive invention and danger, as radical a Seventies 'incoherent text' as "Taxi Driver" and a clear linchpin of "The X-Files"." The "Chicago Sun-Times" sees Cohen's incoherent text in a different light, likening the film to a cinematic version of the card game 52 Pickup: "the movie does achieve greatness in another way: this is the most confused feature-length film [...] ever seen." But "Time Out" applauded Cohen for offering "the perfect existential anti-hero" in New York cop, Lo Bianco, in a film that "overflows with such perverse and subversive notions that no amount of shoddy editing and substandard camerawork can conceal [its] unusual qualities" and that by "[d]igging deep into the psyche of American manhood, it lays bare the guilt-ridden oppressions of a soulless society."


title: Kingsman (comic series)

text: Kingsman is a comic book series that debuted in 2012 with the first graphic novel, subtitled "The Secret Service". Two sequels, subtitled "The Big Exit" and "The Red Diamond", followed in 2017 and 2018 respectively. The series was initially known simply as "The Secret Service" before being rebranded following the release of the . The series was created by Mark Millar and Dave Gibbons. It is set in Mark Millar's shared universe, the "Millarverse". For example, the celebrity kidnappings that take place in "Kingsman" Vol. 1 are referenced in .


title: Kingsman (comic series)

text: The first volume, "The Secret Service" (2012), is set over the course of three years. Gary "Eggsy" Unwin is recruited by his uncle, Jack London, to work for Kingsman, the British Secret Service. Eggsy is put on an extensive three-year training course, performing various assassinations and apprehending a Colombian drug lord. Whilst investigating a series of celebrity kidnappings perpetrated by Dr. James Arnold, a very wealthy cellphone entrepreneur who plans to use a satellite signal to make the poor of humanity slaughter each other in order to solve the overpopulation problem, London is killed by Arnold for sleeping with his girlfriend, unaware of his Kingsman allegiance. Horrified by his uncle's death, and learning that Arnold is supported by higher-level members of Kingsman, Eggsy recruits his fellow trainees to an assault mission on Arnold's base, hidden inside a mountain in Switzerland.


title: Kingsman (comic series)

text: After ambushing and battling Arnold's troops, freeing the captured celebrities, including Pierce Brosnan, Patrick Stewart and David Beckham, Eggsy engages in a fist fight with Arnold's henchman and former Kingsman agent Gazelle, and leaves to confront Arnold. Arnold activates the satellite signal and waits for the people to slaughter each other, but instead, due to one of Eggsy's colleagues having changed the frequency, people worldwide begin to have sex with one another. Eggsy then kills a confused Arnold.


title: Kingsman (comic series)

text: In an epilogue, Eggsy reads his uncle's will, revealing that two-thirds of Jack's estate will go to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution and the British Heart Foundation, the final third going to Eggsy's mother, informing Eggsy to take good care of his gadget-laden car, or he will "come back and bloody haunt him." As Eggsy reports to Kingsman Headquarters, Sir Giles briefs him about a mission that concerns "trouble in Moscow".


title: Kingsman (comic series)

text: A stand-alone six page one-shot, subtitled "The Big Exit", was published in the September/October 2017 issue of "Playboy Magazine", written by Rob Williams and drawn by Ozgur Yildirim. Set shortly after Brexit, "The Big Exit" follows Eggsy as he is tasked with safeguarding the controversial "divorce fee" on its journey to Brussels, consisting of £100 billion in solid gold bars, from a group of pro-Brexit terrorists, "The Union Jacks", disguised as French activists to steal the gold back for the UK. It is eventually revealed that Eggsy's mission is in fact a decoy so that Kingsman themselves can destroy "The Union Jacks" and swipe the gold from both the British Parliament and the European Union and use it to fund hospitals and education services back in England.


title: Kingsman (comic series)

text: The second volume of "Kingsman", subtitled "The Red Diamond", was released through Image Comics in September 2017, taking place over the course of one week. After knocking out Prince Philip following saving him from a group of Greek terrorists ignorant of the fact that the prince is Greek himself, Eggsy is put on a week-long leave of absence. Returning to Kingsman headquarters to retrieve a pill to treat his little brother Ryan's norovirus, an alert comes in from the South African Secret Service (SASS) regarding an encrypted message that was sent to a wanted hacker named Alias at Times Square in Manhattan. As the only agent present, Eggsy is sent out on a rocket to find Alias before the SASS.


title: Kingsman (comic series)

text: Upon finding him, Eggsy is confronted by Kwaito - a SASS agent, and Ingot - a Red Diamond agent. Upon restraining Alias, Alias explains that he was trying to shut down the servers in the financial district to protect them from a virus released by the Red Diamond's agent. Ingot kills Alias and makes his escape, trapping Eggsy and Kwaito. Once he leaves, the virus is unleashed worldwide, causing a global blackout. The Prime Minister of Britain receives a Betamax tape from the head of the Red Diamond, self-made South African mining magnate Jakobis Du Preez, who explains his plans to replace the world's physical money with gold and jewels; in a separate tape, he invites the “Kings and Queens of the new material world” to a remote location in the Hunan Province, China.


title: Kingsman (comic series)

text: Eggsy and Kwaito independently go undercover to the event only for Du Preez to set off a bomb to get rid of "the competition". Retrieving a map to the Red Diamond base from Ingot and crashing into a forest with Kwaito, Eggsy and Kwaito make love. Later finding civilization and a phone to use, Eggsy discovers that Kwaito has stolen the map. Having memorized it, Eggsy travels to Guam where he is reunited with Kwaito. Making their way inside the base, the pair find Du Preez sitting naked on a hill of jewels and gold bars. Du Preez explains that they cannot kill him lest a fail-safe he attached to his heart open the airlocks and kill everyone. After a confrontation with Ingot, Eggsy shoots Du Preez with a poisonous spy-dart which will slowly kill him, and makes his escape with Kwaito and Treeman, a hacker held captive by Du Preez. Whilst fleeing, Treeman gains access to a Red Diamond computer and uploads an override to delete the Red Diamond virus. In the epilogue, a ceremony is held in Eggsy's honour. Several esteemed guests are invited—including Prince Philip, who wants to apologise and shake Eggsy's hand. However, Eggsy instead takes his family and Kwaito to his favourite pub.


title: Kingsman (comic series)

text: In 2015, a film series was launched with an . To date, it has been followed by a sequel "" in 2017 and a spin-off "The King's Man" in 2021, with more sequels and spin-offs planned.


title: Sovereign

text: Sovereign is a title which can be applied to the highest leader in various categories. The word is borrowed from Old French , which is ultimately derived from the Latin , meaning 'above'.


title: Sovereign

text: The roles of a sovereign vary from monarch, ruler or head of state to head of municipal government or head of a chivalric order. As a result, the word "sovereignty" has more recently also come to mean independence or autonomy.


title: Sovereign

text: The word "sovereign" is frequently used synonymously with monarch. There are numerous titles in a monarchical rule which can belong to the sovereign. The sovereign is the autonomous head of the state. Examples of the various titles in modern sovereign leaders are:


title: Sovereign

text: The term "sovereign" is generally used in place of "grand master" for the supreme head of various orders of European nations. In the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the Grand Master is styled "Sovereign", e.g. Sovereign Grand Master, due to its status as an internationally independent sovereign entity. Examples of the Sovereign of a chivalric order are:


title: Sovereign

text: As chief officer of municipal government, "the sovereign" had duties and responsibilities deriving from the charter which established the local town borough or council. This was commonly used throughout Ireland. This usage was less common in the United Kingdom and occasionally meant a Marcher Lord.


title: Sovereign

text: The candidate for this position was elected by the freemen and burgesses of the town, borough and city councils and had to be a burgess himself. And in later years he also had to be approved by the patron. The level of responsibility ranged from enacting by-laws about tolls up to the death penalty. Some charters established the sovereign as the local magistrate or justice of the peace. The office generally had no salary though some patrons provided a stipend to the sovereign in their borough. In some localities the sovereign was appointed directly by the patron of the borough which allowed him to influence the election of the local MP. Once the parliamentary franchise was lost with the Acts of Union 1800, the role became largely ceremonial or forgotten.


title: Sovereign

text: The title of the chief officer of a city council has become known as a mayor. In some municipal boroughs the titles borough master or Burgomaster, bailiff, portreeve, warden and provost were used interchangeably with mayor and sovereign.


title: Sovereign

text: Ireland had established self-governing municipal boroughs which gave a city-state status to the locality in existence since the Norman conquest. These were most typically in the denser populated provinces of Munster and Leinster. The provision of the borough and the corporation was established through a charter, the granting of which was known as incorporation. Freemen and burgesses were the usual governing members of the council and elected their chief officer, the Sovereign. In earlier incarnations the council also managed the law court known as the "hundred court" and dealt with local administrative and legal business. Boroughs also elected the local MP. Positions on the council were predominantly from among the wealthy and related families in the area.


title: Sovereign

text: The first mention of the sovereign in Kilkenny dates from 1231. The "Liber Primus Kilkenniensis" is a contemporaneously written account of the proceedings of Kilkenny municipality beginning in 1230 and running to 1538. Attempts have been made to identify the names of Kilkenny's sovereigns and currently there is a list of the names of 244 sovereigns from 1282 to 1608. At that point a new charter was established for the town and in 1609 the first mayor of the City of Kilkenny is elected.


title: Sovereign

text: Early Irish borough had a city-state status however with the unification of Ireland under the crown in 1603 they were transformed into more ordinary municipal towns on the English model. Part of this was to reduce the autonomy of the Irish borough and partly to establish the new rules by which the planted towns of Ireland were to operate. Since the MPs to the Irish parliament were elected by the borough council, and to prevent a Catholic majority there, additional boroughs were created in areas with a strong Protestant base. A direct result of this was the Protestant majority of 232 to 100 in the 1613 House of Commons. The new charters placed the government of the borough with the Sovereign and twelve chief burgesses, who are to elect all the rest and stipulated that all had to conform to the established church by taking the Oath of Supremacy.


title: Sovereign

text: Sir John Davies, Attorney General for Ireland wrote "the newly erected boroughs . . . will be perpetual seminaries of Protestant burgesses".


title: Sovereign

text: Historically the number of boroughs varied considerably. There were 117 boroughs in Ireland from 1685 to 1800. Prior to the passing of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, there were sixty-eight borough corporations in Ireland. As each of the changes and new charters were brought in and with the loss of the parliamentary franchise, sovereigns became less powerful and more ceremonial.