title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The open conflict between Dmitry and Mamai began in 1374, the exact reasons are unknown. It is believed that the illegitimacy of the puppet khans of Mamai was by that time too obvious, and he demanded more and more money, as he lost the war for the throne of the Golden Horde. In the following years the Tatars raided Dmitry's allies and the Moscow troops made campaign against Tatars over the Oka River in 1376 and seized the city Bolghar in 1377. In the same year "Mamai's tatars" defeated the army of Nizhny Novgorodl with an auxiliary detachment left by Dmitry at the Battle on Pyana River. The Tatars then began to raid Nizhniy Novgorod and Ryazan.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: Mamai continued attempts to re-affirm his control over the tributary lands of the Golden Horde. In 1378, he sent forces led by the warlord Murza Begich to ensure Prince Dmitri's obedience, but this army suffered crushing defeat at the Battle of the Vozha River. Meanwhile, another khan, Tokhtamysh, seized power in the eastern part of the Golden Horde. He enjoyed the support of Tamerlane and was ready to unite the entire Horde under his rule. In 1380, despite the threat from Tokhtamysh, Mamai chose to personally lead his army against the forces of Moscow. In preparation for the invasion, he entered into an alliance with Prince Jogaila of Lithuania. Ryazan Prince Oleg was defeated by Mamai in 1378 (and his capital was burnt), he had no strength to resist Mamai, and Ryazan's relationship with Moscow had long been hostile. Therefore, in the campaign of 1380 Oleg took the side of Mamai, although this fact is sometimes challenged. Mamai camped his army on the bank of the Don River, waiting for the arrival of his allies.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: In August 1380 Prince Dmitri learned of the approaching army of Mamai. It is alleged that Oleg Ryazansky sent a message to him. The interpretations of such an act are different. Some believe that he did this, because in fact he was not a supporter of Mamai, others believe that he expected to intimidate Dmitry - earlier none of the Russian princes dared to meet in battle with the Khan himself. Nevertheless, Dmitry quickly assembled an army in Kolomna. There he was visited by the ambassadors of Mamai. They demanded an increased tribute, "as under the Khan Jani Beg". Dmitry agreed to pay tribute, but only in the amount provided for by his previous contract with Mamai. In Kolomna, Dmitry received updated information about the Mamai itinerary and about approaching forces of Jogaila. So, after reviewing the army, on August 20 he moved west along the Oka River, crossed it at the town Lopasnya on August 24–25 and moved south towards Mamai. On September 6 Russian army reached the Don River where it was reorganized taking into account the units that joined during the movement from Kolomna. At the council it was decided to cross the Don before the enemies could combine their forces, although this step cut off the path to retreat in case of defeat.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The earliest chronicle tales do not provide details on the composition of the Russian army. Among the dead in the battle there are named only Princes of Beloozero (which by that time were in strong submission to Moscow), noble Moscow boyars, and Alexander Peresvet. The latter, according to some sources, was from Lithuania (rather from Bryansk). The poetic story "Zadonshchina", along with a figure of 253,000 fallen in the battle, gives dozens of dead princes, boyars, "Lithuanian pans" and "Novgorod posadniks" from all over North-Eastern Rus', but all this data is doubtful. There are mentioned even 70 fallen Ryazan boyars, although according to all other sources the Duchy of Ryazan was the forced ally of Tatars. According to the Russian historian Gorskii, the list of princes and commanders (according to which one can estimate the composition of the army), cited in ""The Tale of the Rout of Mamai"" and the sources derived from it, is completely untrustworthy. However, he identified two chronicles with a sufficiently high level of reliability. According to his reconstruction, detachments from most of North-Eastern Russia, part of the Princes of the Smolensk Land and part of the Upper Oka Principalities were represented in the army of Dmitry, but there were no troops from Nizhny Novgorod and from the Principality of Tver (except for Kashin, who became independent under the treaty of 1375). The probability of the presence of a detachment from Veliky Novgorod is quite high (although in the early Novgorod chronicles such information is not available). Grand Duchy of Ryazan could be represented by the troops of the appanage Principality of Pronsk, whose rulers have long rivaled their Grand Princes. Also, the presence of small detachments from the border lands of Murom, Yelets and Meshchera is "not excluded". Probably, the army of Dmitri was enforced by Jogaila's rebellious brothers Andrei of Polotsk and Dmitri of Bryansk.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The first data on the total number of troops collected by Dmitry appeared in the "Expanded Chronicle Tale", which estimates them in 150–200,000. This number is completely unreliable, as such masses of people simply could not physically fit on the field; even the number of 100,000 seems overestimated. Late literature sources determine the number of Russian troops at 300 or even 400 thousand armored soldiers only. Thus, there is no exact data on the number of the army of Dmitry. It can only be said that by the standards of that time it was a very large army, and even in the 15th century the Moscow princes could not assemble an equally powerful force, which led to fantastic stories about hundreds of thousands of warriors. The definition of the real size of the medieval armies on the basis of chronicles is a difficult task.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: Estimates of the number of the Russian army by historians gradually departed from the hundreds of thousands of soldiers described in the chronicles and medieval literature. Military historian General Maslovsky in the work of 1881 estimated it to be 100–150,000. The historian of military art Razin in the book of 1957 estimated it to be 50–60,000. The historian and archaeologist, medieval warfare expert Kirpchinikov, in the book of 1966 argues that the maximum strength of the army of six regiments on Kulikovo Field could not exceed 36,000. Archaeologist Dvurechensky, an employee of the "Kulikovo field" museum, in his report of 2014 determined the number of the Russian army in 6-7 thousand warriors. Close assessments are given by modern Russian historians Penskoy and Bulychev. The main impetus for reducing the estimates of the strength of the army was the analysis of demography and mobilization potential. It was noted that even a much larger and densely populated Russia of the 16th century rarely could expose 30–40,000 soldiers at a time. It was also noted that the timeframe for mobilization (about two weeks) was too small to mobilize a huge army of unskilled militiamen (even apart from the fact that this approach was completely contrary to all the military traditions of that time). Attempts to reduce the size of the army are criticized by some authors.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: Estimates of the forces of the Tatars in Russian sources are equally unreliable, they only show an overwhelming numerical superiority. So, in one variant of "The Tale" the number of Russians troops was boldly given at 1,320,000 but the Tatar army was named "innumerable". There were no medieval sources from the Tatar side. Mamai's allies, Grand Prince Oleg II of Ryazan and Grand Prince Jogaila of Lithuania, were late to the battle and the number of their troops can be ignored.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: Ancient sources do not give a precise description of the site of the battle, but they mention a large clear field beyond the Don River and near the mouth of the Nepryadva River. In the 19th century Stepan Nechaev came up with what he believed was the exact location of the battle and his hypothesis was accepted. Studies of ancient soils in the 20th century showed that the left bank of Nepryadva near its influx in the Don was covered with dense forests, while on the right there was a wooded steppe with vast openings. On one of them, between the rivers Nepryadva and Smolka, the place of the battle was finally localized by archeologists.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The historian Azbelev subjected this localization to sharp criticism. Trying to prove that 400,000 people were involved in the battle on both sides, he assumed that the real battlefield was not at the mouth, but at the source of Nepryadva, since the Old Russian word "ust'e" had also designated the place where the river flows from the lake. As early as the beginning of the 20th century it was believed that Nepryadva derived from (Volosovo).


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The early sources contain few details about the course of the battle. "The Tale of the Rout of Mamai", which dates back to the 16th century, gives a complete picture detailing the alignment of forces and the events on the field, and adds many colorful details. It is unknown whether "The Tale" is based on an unknown earlier source, or whether it reflects a retrospective attempt to describe the battle based on tactics and practices of the 16th century. Due to the absence of other sources, the course of the battle according to "The Tale" was adopted as a basis for subsequent reconstructions of the battle.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: On 7 September, Prince Dmitri was told that Mamai's army was approaching. On the morning of 8 September, in a thick fog, the army crossed the Don River. According to the Nikon Chronicle, after that the bridges were destroyed. The day of 8 September was very special, as it was the feast of the Nativity of the Theotokos, who was considered a patron Saint of Russia. According to chronology adopted in Russia it was the year 6888 Anno Mundi, which also had a numerological value. The army came to the "clean field" near Nepryadva mouth and assumed a battle formation. After some time, Tatars appeared and began to form their order of battle against the "Christians".


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The Russian army was organized into six "regiments" - a Patrol, a Forward, two regiments of "Right" and "Left Hand," a Large regiment and an Ambush regiment. In turn, each of the regiments was divided into smaller tactical units - "banners" (a total of about 23). On the field the army was arranged in multiple lines, and probably, the location of the regiments did not match their names (there is no evidence that the regiments of the Left and Right Hand disposed in line with the Large Regiment). The terrain did not allow for a broad front; probably, the units entered into battle gradually. The army's flanks were protected by ravines with dense thickets which excluded any chance for a surprise flank attack of a Horde. The Ambush regiment under the command of Vladimir the Bold and Dmitry Bobrok (brother-in-law of the Grand Prince) was hidden behind the line of Russian troops in an oak grove. The Grand Prince himself went to the front lines, leaving his trusted boyar Mikhail Brenok as the head of the Large Regiment under the great banner. He also exchanged with the boyar horses and gave him a coat and a helmet, so the Grand Prince could fight like an ordinary boyar, remaining unrecognized. The battle opened with a single combat between two champions. The Russian champion was Alexander Peresvet and The Horde's champion was Temir-murza (also Chelubey or Cheli-bey, also Tovrul or Chrysotovrul). During the first pass of the contest each champion killed the other with his spear and both fell to the ground. Thus, it remained unclear whose victory was predicted by the outcome of the duel.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: After the fights of the advanced detachments, the main forces of both armies clashed. According to the "Expanded Chronicle Tale" it happened "at the sixth hour of the day" (the daylight was divided into twelve hours, the duration of which changed throughout the year). "The sixth hour of the day" approximately corresponds to 10.35 am. According to one of the later sources, the Tatars met the first blow of the Russian cavalry on foot, exposing the spears in two rows, which gave rise to stories about the "hired Genovese infantry." Russian sources, even the earliest ones, unanimously tell us that after the clash of the main forces, a cruel melee began, which lasted a long time and in which the "innumerable multitude of people" perished on both sides. The medieval German historian Albert Krantz describe this battle in his book "Vandalia": "both of these people do not fight standing in large detachments, but in their usual way they rush to throw missiles, strike and then retreat backwards". An expert on the medieval warfare Kirpichnikov assumed that the armies on the Kulikovo field fought by a number of separate consolidated units, that tried to keep the battle order. As soon as this order was disrupted, the survivors from the unit fled and a new detachment was put in their place. Gradually, more and more units were drawn into the battle. As described in the "Expanded Chronicle Tale": "And a corpse fell on a corpse, a Tatar body fell on a Christian body; then here, it was possible to see how a Rusyn pursued a Tatar, and a Tatar pursued a Rusyn." The tightness of the field did not allow the Tatars to realize their mobility and use their tactics of flanking. Nevertheless, in a fierce battle the Tatars began to gradually overcome. They broke through to the banner of the Large Regiment, threw it down and killed boyar Brenok. The regiment of the "Left Hand" was also overturned and some "Moscow recruits" fell into a panic. It seemed that the rout of the Russian army was close and the Tatars put all their forces into action.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: At that time, the cavalry of the ambush regiment launched a surprise counterstrike on the Horde's flank, which led to the collapse of the Horde's line. People and horses, tired from a long battle, could not resist the blow of fresh forces. After the horde was routed, the Russians chased the Tatars for over 50 kilometers, until they reached Krasivaya Mecha River.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The losses in the battle were great. A third of the commanders of 23 "banners" were killed in action. Grand Prince Dmitry himself survived, although wounded and fainted from exhaustion. His entire escort died or scattered and he was hardly found among the corpses. For six days the victorious army stood "on the bones".


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: Upon learning of Mamai's defeat, Prince Jogaila turned his army back to Lithuania. People of the Ryazan Land attacked separate detachments coming from the battlefield, plundered them and taken prisoners (the question of the return of prisoners remained actual for twenty years, it was mentioned in the Moscow–Ryazan Treaties of 1381 and 1402). Prince Dmitry of Moscow began to prepare for reprisal, but Prince Oleg of Ryazan fled (according to the Nikon Chronicle, "to Lithuania") and the Ryazan boyars received Moscow governors. Soon Prince Oleg returned to power, but he was forced to accept Prince Dmitry as his sovereign ("older brother") and to sign a treaty of peace.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: Mukhammad-Bulek, Mamai's figurehead Khan, was killed in battle. Mamai escaped to the Genoese stronghold Caffa in Crimea. He assembled a new army, but now he did not have a "legitimate khan" and his nobles defected to his rival Tokhtamysh khan. Mamai again fled to Caffa and was killed there. The war with Moscow had led Mamai's Horde to a complete crash. With one stroke Tokhtamysh received full power, thus eliminating the 20-year split of the Golden Horde. According to historian Gorsky, it was Tokhtamysh who received the most concrete political benefit from the defeat of Mamai.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: Prince Dmitri, who became known as Donskoy (of the Don) after the battle, did not manage to become fully independent from the Golden Horde, however. In 1382, Khan Tokhtamysh launched another campaign against the Grand Duchy of Moscow. He captured and burned down Moscow, forcing Dmitri to accept him as sovereign. However, the victory at Kulikovo was an early sign of the decline of Mongol power. In the century that followed, Moscow's power rose, solidifying control over the other Russian principalities. Russian vassalage to the Golden Horde officially ended in 1480, a century after the battle, following the defeat of the Horde's invasion at the great stand on the Ugra River.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The site of the battle is commemorated by a memorial church, built from a design by Aleksey Shchusev.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: A minor planet, 2869 Nepryadva, discovered in 1980 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, was named in honor of the Russian victory over the Tataro-Mongols.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The Battle of Kulikovo gave rise to an unprecedentedly large stratum of medieval Russian literature; no other historical event has received such wide coverage. Russian historians singled out a body of "Literary Works of the Kulikovo Cycle". The most important works are:


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The paintings on the theme of the battle were created by many Russian and Soviet artists such as Orest Kiprensky, Vasily Sazonov, Mikhail Nesterov, Alexander Bubnov, Mikhail Avilov. The French painter Adolphe Yvon, later known for his works on the Napoleonic Wars, in 1850 wrote the monumental painting "The Battle of the Kulikovo Field" by order of Nicholas I.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: A collection of artifacts related to the battle is present in the state museum Kulikovo Polye, and a significant amount of finds is open to the public in other Russian museums. The first relics were discovered on the Kulikovo field in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, though their fate is hitherto unknown; fragments of weapons were reported to have been frequently discovered by 18th-century peasants during plowing, and it is known that at the time some of the finds were collected by economist Vasily Lyovshin, who had a personal interest in the history of the battle. A large number of antiquities were discovered in the 19th century and their relatively large number led to the publication of the first catalogue of Kulikovo artifacts by Ivan Sakharov, Secretary of the Department of Russian and Slavic Archaeology of the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society. Historian Stepan Nechayev noted in his writings that during their agricultural operations local peasants discovered old weapons, crosses, chainmails, and used to find human bones before; some of those finds were purchased by him, and their description appeared on the pages of Vestnik Evropy. In 1825, it was reported by a famous Russian adventurer that the "precious things" from the field, once numerous, were "scattered across Russia" and formed private collections, such as those of Nechayev, Countess Bobrinskaya and other noble persons. The fate of these collections is not always clear and not all of them have been preserved to this day; General Governor Alexander Balashov and educator pointed to the fact that in their time iron objects were often collected, melted down by peasants and used for their purposes. One of such cases occurred recently, in 2009, when a Persian blade dug out from the field was discovered in the house of a local family and transferred to the Kulikovo field museum. After visiting the field and the village of Monastyrschina, Tikhomirov noted that "swords, axes, arrows, spears, crosses, coins and other similar things" that were of value were frequently found there and owned by private persons. Numerous fragments of weapons, crosses and armour were also noted by the famous 19th-century Tula historian , who suggested building a museum for these artifacts. Some of the finds are known to have been sent as gifts to government officials and members of the Imperial family; in 1839 and 1843, the head of a mace and the blade of a sword were gifted to Emperor Nicholas I by a Kulikovo nobleman. While preparing his work "Parishes and Churches of the Tula Diocese" (1895), editor Pavel Malitsky received reports from inhabitants of the Tula Oblast, who had found spearheads, poleaxes and crosses on the field. Spears and arrows dug out by the locals are also mentioned in the worksheets of the Tula provincial academic archival commission. Many artifacts were collected by noble families that owned Kulikovo, such the Oltufyevs, the Safonovs, the Nechayevs and the Chebyshevs, whose rich collections were still remembered by local citizens in the 1920–1930s. Their estates were situated around the village of Monastyrschina, close to the site of the battle, but during the Civil War most of their collections were lost and only a significant part of the Nechayevs’ collection survived the revolutionary period, whereas the extensive use of agricultural machinery in the field contributed to a loss of remaining artifacts. A number of antiquities, however, were found and transferred to museums in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: Works on relics from Kulikovo were published in the 1920s and 1930s by local lore specialists Vladimir Narcissov and . Most recent descriptions of Kulikovo weaponry and other artifacts have been presented in publications by Vasily Putsko, and other historians.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The 2008 book presents a catalog of findings at the Kulikovo field. According to the compilers, the following items of weapons belong to the time of the battle:


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: four spearheads (and two fragments), a tip of a javelin, two fragments of ax blades, a fragment of an armor plate, a fragment of chain mail, and several arrowheads. Many weapons found in the vicinity of the Kulikovo field (such as bardiches, firearms), date back to the 16–18 centuries and cannot in any way relate to the Kulikovo battle of 1380.


title: Battle of Kulikovo

text: The historical evaluation of the battle has many theories as to its significance in the course of history.


title: Into the Groove

text: "Into the Groove" is a song by American singer Madonna from the 1985 film "Desperately Seeking Susan". It was featured on the re-issue of her second studio album, "Like a Virgin" (1984), outside North America. Sire Records released it as a single on July 15, 1985. Madonna's inspiration behind the song was the dance floor and she wrote it while watching a handsome Dominican man, across her balcony. Initially written for her friend Mark Kamins, Madonna later decided to use it as the soundtrack of the film "Desperately Seeking Susan".


title: Into the Groove

text: "Into the Groove" consists of instrumentation from synthesizers and drum machines. Madonna's voice is double tracked in the chorus; the song also consists of musical contrasts, overdubs and Madonna's voice in lower register during the bridge. The lyrics of the song are simple, written as an invitation to dance with the singer. However, it carries sexual innuendos and undertones in the meaning. The song received positive reviews from music critics and was a commercial success. "Into the Groove" topped the record charts in Australia, Belgium, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, and became her first number-one song in the United Kingdom. The song was only available as the B-side of the 12-inch single of "Angel" in the United States, therefore it was ineligible to chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at the time. "Into the Groove" has appeared on three Madonna compilations: in a remixed form on "You Can Dance" (1987), "The Immaculate Collection" (1990), and in its original form on "Celebration" (2009).


title: Into the Groove

text: A music video, consisting of clips from the film, was released to accompany the song. The song has been performed by Madonna in most of her concert tours, most recently on the Rebel Heart Tour in 2015–16. "Into the Groove" has been covered by a number of artists, including Australian singer Dannii Minogue, who combined the song with her single "Don't Wanna Lose This Feeling". By the end of the 1980s, "Into the Groove" was honored by "Billboard" magazine as the Dance Single of the Decade. In 2021, "Rolling Stone" listed "Into the Groove" as one of the "500 Best Songs of All Time", at number 161.


title: Into the Groove

text: "Into the Groove" was written and produced by Madonna and her then-boyfriend Stephen Bray. The singer had initially written the song for her friend Mark Kamins' protégée, Cheyne, and recorded a demo which Kamins intended to modify later. However, Madonna believed that the song would be more suitable for her film "Desperately Seeking Susan", and recorded it with Bray for the film's soundtrack. When Kamins found out he was furious that Madonna did not inform him that she would use the song for the film. The singer retorted: "I'm tough, I'm ambitious and I know exactly what I want. If that makes me a bitch, that's okay." "Into the Groove" ultimately did not appear on the soundtrack album of the film, but was released on the 1985 worldwide re-issue of Madonna's second studio album, "Like a Virgin". During an interview with "Time", Madonna said that she wrote the song while watching a Latin boy across her balcony. Describing the song as "dorky", Madonna further explained:


title: Into the Groove

text: "Into the Groove" had an accompanying music video, made up of clips from the film, with the lyrics often matching the images. Doug Dowdle of Parallax Productions, a company that pioneered in movie tie-in music videos during the 1980s, created this video from edited footage of the movie, directed by Susan Seidelman. This was done because there were five Madonna videos already on power rotation on MTV, and Warner Bros. did not want the audience to be saturated with any new video. Hence, they decided to use the shots from the film and made a music video. During a 2009 interview with "Rolling Stone", Madonna commented: "'Into the Groove' is another song I feel retarded singing, but everybody seems to like it."


title: Into the Groove

text: Madonna and Bray started on the re-recording and changed some portion of the lyrics. Bray commented on the recording sessions as: "I've always kind of made the rib cage and the skeleton [music] of the song already – she's there for the last things like the eyebrows and the haircut [lyrics]. She writes in a stream of mood really." "Into the Groove" was recorded at Sigma Sound Studios. Madonna's friend Erika Belle was present during the recording and watched the whole process. In Andrew Morton's "Madonna" biography, she noted that at one point of the recording, Bray was facing difficulties with the bridge of the song, as the melody thought by him was not syncing with the rest of the composition. Undeterred by his obvious difficulties, Madonna stepped up to the microphone and sang the words "Live out your fantasy here with me". Bray's problem was solved; Belle remembered the experience as: "[The song] seemed to come out of her, I was awestruck."


title: Into the Groove

text: Madonna re-tailored the song in 2003, and developed a remix called "Into the Hollywood Groove", which replaced the first verse of "Into the Groove" with the first verse of Madonna's single "Hollywood" (2003). The lyrics of the chorus were also slightly altered and it featured a rap by Missy Elliott. This version of the song was used for a Gap commercial in the summer of 2003, featuring Madonna and Elliot wearing Gap jeans. Another remix version was created by Josh Harris and Omar Galeano as "The Passengerz", and was included in Madonna's remix album, "Remixed & Revisited" (2003).


title: Into the Groove

text: A dance-pop song, "Into the Groove" begins with a spoken introduction by Madonna, and the sound of drums and synth bassline being heard. This is followed by the chorus, where Madonna's voice is double tracked and the treble is increased by a notch. A synth line counterpoints the main tune, adding a contrast. The bridge, where Madonna sings the line "Live out your fantasy", features her vocals in a lower register alongside the main ones. According to the sheet music published in Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing Co. Inc., the song is set in the time signature of common time with a medium tempo of 116 beats per minute. The song is set in the key of C minor with Madonna's voice spanning from the low-tone of C to the high-tone of D. It has a basic sequence of Cm7–B/C–Cm7–A as its chord progression.


title: Into the Groove

text: The song was remixed by Shep Pettibone for Madonna's remix compilation "You Can Dance" (1987). In the remixed version, overdubs are present with the continuous repetition of the phrase "c'mon". The first verse does not start until about ninety seconds into the remix. After the first "Now I know you're mine" line is sung, there is a percussion break, and repetition of the phrases "step to the beat" and "c'mon". The last verse incorporates echoing on the vocals, causing overlap of the phrases. The remix ends with instrumentation from congas, whistles and timbales, giving it a Mexican ending. Pettibone also remixed the song alongside Goh Hotoda for "The Immaculate Collection" (1990) compilation.


title: Into the Groove

text: The lyrics of the song are simple, written as an invitation to dance with the singer. Despite the simple lyrics, it carries sexual innuendos and undertones in the meaning. Similar to Madonna's previous single "Like a Virgin" (1984), a lyrical hook is also present in "Into the Groove", directed at shy girls. The line "At night I lock the door so no-one else can see" implied that Madonna was not as brazen as her provocative image suggested. According to Barker, the nostalgic people would instantly recognize the song's lyrics at night clubs. He added that the line, "Only when I'm dancing can I feel this free," expresses the freedom that a dance floor brings about, with the dancers happy to find freedom in the music. A neume is visible in the line "Live out your fantasy here with me", which Barker believed, blurred the boundaries of reality and brought one closer to the world of fantasy.


title: Into the Groove

text: Ever since its release, "Into the Groove" has received critical acclaim. J. Randy Taraborrelli, author of "", said that the song demonstrated Madonna's ability to create infectious dance music. Rikky Rooksby, author of "Madonna: the complete guide to her music", said that "'Into the Groove' will make you feel like you're a winner either way. And that's one of the best things pop music can do for ya. [It's] Madonna's first great single." Clive Barker and Simon Trussler, authors of "New Theatre Quarterly", felt that the song was the first disco-anthem of the 1980s.


title: Into the Groove

text: Toby Cresswell, author of "1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets", said that the song is a "sweet, limited white tune on the top, and there's Madonna – all the right-shop chic – dragging the straight world into this subterranean paradise. All the magic of the eighties is right here." Matthew Rettenmund, author of "Totally Awesome 80s: A Lexicon of the Music, Videos, Movies, TV Shows, Stars, and Trends of that Decadent Decade", declared "Into the Groove" as the ultimate 1980s song and felt that it "cemented Madonna's place as the dancing queen of the era". Dawn Keetley and John Pettigrew, authors of "Public Women, Public Words: A Documentary History of American Feminism", called it a "mesmerizing theme song".


title: Into the Groove

text: Santiago Fouz-Hernández and Freya Jarman-Ivens, authors of "Madonna's drowned worlds: new approaches to her cultural transformations", commented that the song "taunted playfully". Sal Cinquemani from "Slant Magazine" ranked it at twenty-nine on the list of "100 Greatest Dance Songs". He commented: "It's hard to imagine the most famous woman in the world dancing alone in her bedroom at night, locking the doors so 'no one else can see' (as she sings on 'Groove'), even 20 years ago, but you can't help but believe her. The song—and Madonna's performance—are that good." Alfred Soto from "Stylus" commented that "'Into the Groove' itself is as much wish-fulfillment as 'Crazy For You'. Austin Scaggs from "Rolling Stone" commented that the song had "an amazing bassline".


title: Into the Groove

text: By the end of the 1980s, "Into the Groove" was honored by "Billboard" magazine as the "Dance Single of the Decade". In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their top-twenty Madonna singles of all-time by "Q" magazine; "Into the Groove" was allocated the number-three spot. In 2009, the song was ranked at ninety on "Blender" magazine's "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born". "Billboard" ranked the song number three on a 2015 list of Madonna's top 15 best songs, calling it ""the" Madonna club track." In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation's 19th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. In 2016, "Rolling Stone" ranked the song number two on its list of the 50 greatest Madonna songs and at number 161 in the list for the "500 Best Songs of All Time" in 2021. "Pitchfork" named "Into the Groove" the 17th best song from the 1980s, while "Classic Pop" placed the song at number three among their Top 100 Singles of the 1980s.


title: Into the Groove

text: In the United States, due to similar problems with "Crazy for You" and "Material Girl" being released at the same time and competing with each other, it was decided against releasing "Into the Groove" as a 7" single so it would not compete with "Angel", the third single from the "Like a Virgin". "Into the Groove" was eventually released as the B-side to the 12" maxi-single of "Angel", therefore it was ineligible to enter the "Billboard" Hot 100 or Hot Singles Sales charts. The song debuted at number 40 on Hot Dance Club Songs chart, as a double A-side with "Angel", on the issue dated June 1, 1985. After four weeks, it reached the top of the chart and also reached number 19 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. On July 30, 1985, "Angel/Into the Groove" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of one million copies across the US—the requirement for a gold single prior to 1989. It was the first 12-inch single to be certified gold since Frankie Smith's "Double Dutch Bus" (1981). The song placed at number 12 on the Dance year-end charts and sold approximately 600,000 copies of the 12"; it also reached number-one on the Hot Dance Singles Sales chart.


title: Into the Groove

text: "Into the Groove" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number four, on the chart dated July 27, 1985, becoming the highest debuting single for any female artist in the history of the chart at that time. It reached the top of the chart and stayed there for four weeks, and was present for a total of 14 weeks on the chart. The song was Madonna's first number-one single in United Kingdom. During its stay at number-one, the re-released version of Madonna's first UK hit "Holiday" was at number-two position. This made her the first female artist in UK chart history to hold the top-two positions of the chart simultaneously. "Into the Groove" was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipment of 500,000 copies of the single. "Into the Groove" was third best selling single of 1985 with 793,000 sold copies in United Kingdom. It has sold 957,000 copies there as of August 2018, and is Madonna's biggest selling song in the country. The song was the third biggest selling UK single of 1985, behind Jennifer Rush's "The Power of Love" and Elaine Paige's and Barbara Dickson's "I Know Him So Well". In Australia, "Into the Groove" charted as a combined single with "Angel" and reached the top of the Kent Music Report chart. It was the second-highest selling single of 1985 in Australia. Across Europe, Oceania and Africa, the song was able to reach the top of the charts in Belgium, Italy, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand and Spain, and inside the top five in France, Germany, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland and European Hot 100 Singles chart. In Italy alone, the song spent 9 consecutive weeks at the top. According to "Music & Media" magazine the song had sold around 1.5 million copies in Europe by September 1985. It also became in one of the fastest selling singles in WEA's history.


title: Into the Groove

text: "Into the Groove" was performed as the third song during The Virgin Tour in 1985. Madonna wore a blue see-through crop-top, revealing her characteristic black bra. She had lacy leggings and crucifixes around her ear and her neck. Her hair was tied at the top and fell in unkempt manner around her ears. She had a tambourine in her hand like her two male dancers, and together they sang the song while standing in front of a microphone, in tandem. The performance was included on the video release titled "", shot in Detroit. She also performed it on her Live Aid concert on July 13, 1985.


title: Into the Groove

text: In the Who's That Girl World Tour of 1987, "Into the Groove" was the second-to-last song before the encore. The outfit she wore during the performance was inspired by artist Andy Warhol. It consisted of a loose pant with a tin of Campbell's soup on the side, the letter U in the front and the word DANCE in the back; it was designed so that when she turned, audience were able to read 'U [Can] Dance]'. In the middle of her singing, a young boy joined her on stage to dance alongside. Madonna then wore a pink bolero jacket. At the end she is joined by her backup singers and dancers. Together they take a bow to the audience and finish the performance. Two different performances of the song on this tour can be found on the videos: "Who's That Girl – Live in Japan", filmed in Tokyo on June 22, 1987, and "", filmed in Turin on September 4, 1987.


title: Into the Groove

text: Three years later on the Blond Ambition World Tour, "Into the Groove" was again performed before the encore. Madonna, her backup singers Niki Haris and Donna De Lory were portrayed as being seduced by three macho guys in leather jackets. The girls asked the guys to "prove their love to them" and wondered if they would wear a condom when necessary. After that, they sing the Shep Pettibone extended remix of "Into The Groove". Two different performances were taped and released on video, the "Blond Ambition – Japan Tour 90", taped in Yokohama on April 27, 1990, and the "Blond Ambition World Tour Live", taped in Nice, France, on August 5, 1990. In the Re-Invention World Tour of 2004, Madonna included the song at the start of the final segment, which started with Scottish bagpiper players parading around the stage in kilts and playing drums and pipes. Madonna appeared onstage in similar long kilts and a white sleeveless T-shirt to perform "Into the Groove" with Scottish bagpiper group Lorne Cousin. Rapper Missy Elliott appeared on the video screen for a rap interlude.


title: Into the Groove

text: The song was again added to the setlist of 2008–09 Sticky & Sweet Tour. Elements of Cassius's "Toop Toop", Frankie Smith's "Double Dutch Bus", The Sugarhill Gang's "" and Madonna's own "Jump" were added to the performance. "Into the Groove" marked the beginning of the second segment titled Old School. It began with Madonna appearing on the stage in shorts and T-shirt, while skipping to a DJ station. She started singing the song while cartoon characters from late artist, and Madonna's friend, Keith Haring dance on the backdrops. Near the end of the song, Madonna performed a Double Dutch dance interlude. In 2015, "Into the Groove" was included in the set list of the Rebel Heart Tour, performed in a flamenco-style medley with "Dress You Up", "Everybody" and "Lucky Star". During the sequence the singer dressed by in a Latin and gypsy inspired dress, created by Alessandro Michele for Gucci consisting off a shawl, flamenco hat, lace, skirts and jacquard bodysuit.


title: Into the Groove

text: The song was covered by alternative rock band Sonic Youth under the pseudonym Ciccone Youth for a 1986 single, and re-titled "Into the Groove(y)"; this recording also appears on the 1988 release "The Whitey Album". Dale Bozzio, former lead singer of new wave band Missing Persons, covered the song for the Madonna tribute album "Virgin Voices: A Tribute To Madonna, Vol. 2" from 2000. Alternative pop singer Jeremy Jay covered the song in 2007; it was also included on "Through the Wilderness", a psychedelic-folk tribute album to Madonna. French pop/rock group Superbus covered "Into the Groove" for their 2002 album, "Aéromusical". It was the third and final single from the album.


title: Into the Groove

text: In 2003, the song was combined with the vocals of Dannii Minogue's "Don't Wanna Lose This Feeling", the fourth and final single from her album "Neon Nights". "Into the Groove"'s instrumentation and a small Madonna vocal sample were added to Minogue's vocals, though Minogue's pitch was altered to fit the tempo of the song.


title: Into the Groove

text: In 2021, the song was sampled in Canadian rapper Tory Lanez's "Pluto's Last Comet", from his sixth studio album "Alone at Prom". However, the sample was not used with permission from Madonna, and she did not receive songwriting credit on the track. Madonna reached out to Lanez through Instagram, and later stated to "Rolling Stone" that she was "tired of being taken advantage of".


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: Clube de Futebol Os Belenenses, commonly known as Belenenses (), is a Portuguese sports club best known for its football team. Founded in 1919, it is one of the oldest Portuguese sports clubs. It is based in the 25,000-seat Estádio do Restelo in the Belém parish of Lisbon, hence the club name, which translates as "The ones from Belém". Among its fanbase, the club is commonly nicknamed "O Belém", in reference to the neighborhood; "Os Pastéis" (The Pastries), in reference to a traditional Portuguese pastry originated in the parish; "Azuis" (Blues) or "Azuis do Restelo" (The Blues from Restelo), in reference to the club's color and its home stadium; and "A Cruz de Cristo" (The Order of Christ Cross), for its emblem, or also "Os Rapazes da Praia" (The Boys of the Beach), a reference to the zone of Belém in the earlier 20 Century.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: Belenenses won the 1945–46 Primeira Liga, making them the first club other than the Big Three to win the league title. Belenenses has also won six Championship of Portugal/Portuguese Cup trophies, and is the fifth most decorated team in Portuguese football.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: Until 1982, Belenenses was one of four teams that had never been relegated from the first division. Nowadays, it is the team with the fourth most seasons in the Primeira Liga as well as the team with the fifth most points in the championship's history.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: Belenenses was the first Portuguese team with a turf pitch and artificial lighting, and was also the first Portuguese club to participate in the UEFA Europa League.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: The main sports of the club are football, handball, basketball, futsal, athletics, and rugby union. The club has won national championships in all these sports, but it remains best known for football, its original activity. In the club's history, Belenenses has won more than 10,000 trophies, including the first divisions of football, handball, basketball, rugby, and the Portuguese Cup in football and futsal, among other sports.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: Founded in 1919, it reached its first Campeonato final in 1926, losing 2–0 to Marítimo, and won the title the next season with a 3–0 win over Vitória de Setúbal and winning a second championship in 1929. The club lost the 1932 title to Porto 2–1 in a replay after a 4–4 draw. The club won its third and final Campeonato in 1933 after defeating Sporting CP 3–1. With three Campeonato wins, Belenenses was one of Portugal's "Big Four". Since the advent of the Primeira Liga, Os Belenenses has failed to keep up with the other three clubs (Benfica, FC Porto and Sporting CP).


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: The club won its only Primeira Liga title in 1945–46, edging Benfica by one point, the first time that a club outside the Big Three won the title. On 14 December 1947, they were the first team to face Real Madrid at their newly inaugurated Santiago Bernabéu Stadium (then called the Nuevo Estadio Chamartín) in a friendly match won 3–1 by Madrid. The club were runners-up in the league for the first time in the 1954–55 season, level on 39 points with Benfica. It was not until 1973 that Belenenses finished runner-up again, 18 points behind Benfica, and they never have since.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: Belenenses were the first club to compete in the UEFA Cup in a two-legged 3–3 draw with Hibernian at the Estádio do Restelo in Belém.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: The club has also played in the European Cup Winners' Cup. In the 1987–88 UEFA Cup, the club played Barcelona. In the first leg, they lost 2–0 in the Camp Nou, winning 1–0 at the Estádio do Restelo with Mapuata scoring. Belenenses won their sixth (and to date last) Taça de Portugal on 28 May 1989, defeating Benfica 2–1. Also that season, they knocked out the holders Bayer Leverkusen from the Cup Winners' Cup.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: Belenenses were relegated from the Primeira Liga for the first time in 1981–82, and have been relegated three other times since then.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: The 2005–06 season saw Belenenses finishing fourth from bottom, which would mean relegation for the team. However, as Gil Vicente had fielded an ineligible player that season, Belenenses won a subsequent appeal which saw them remain in the top division with Gil Vincente being relegated instead. On 27 May 2007, Belenenses reached their first Taça de Portugal final since their 1989 triumph, but were defeated 1–0 by Sporting CP.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: Cabral Ferreira, who served as club president of Belenenses from 2005 until 2008, died on 26 February 2008 after a long illness. Belenenses were relegated in 2010 to the Segunda Liga, but secured promotion back to the Primeira Liga in March 2013, their longest stint out of the top division.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: During the 2014–15 season, Belenenses finished the championship in sixth place, thereby returning to European competition, qualifying for the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: They reached the group stage of the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League after eliminating IFK Göteborg (2–1 on aggregate) and Rheindorf Altach (1–0 on aggregate). They finished fourth and last in their group, recording a surprising 2–1 away win against Basel, but drawing 0–0 twice against Lech Poznań, losing the return match against Basel, and losing both matches to Fiorentina.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: At the end of 2017–18 season, CF os Belenenses (Club) and Belenenses SAD went their separate ways, as the "Protocol on the use of Estádio do Restelo" ended and the SAD refused to negotiate a new contract with the club. So from the 2018–19 season, Belenenses SAD (the professional team) play their Primeira Liga home games at Estádio Nacional, whereas CF os Belenenses registered an amateur team in 1ª Divisão Distrital de Lisboa, the equivalent to the Sixth Division (lowest Portuguese division), with the support of the majority of fans and club members.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: As a consequence, Belenenses SAD was legally forbidden from using Belenenses' Logo and name and now uses a new logo (Along with being renamed to B-SAD after the 2021/22 season). In the first games of the season, the professional team saw home attendances of only a few hundred, whereas the new, amateur team saw home attendances of approximately 5,000, reversing a long decline in attendance figures.


title: C.F. Os Belenenses

text: CL=Campeonato da Liga (winners weren't considered Portuguese champions);1D=First Division/League2D=Second Division/League;2H=Liga de HonraCWC=Cup Winners' Cup;UC=UEFA CupFC=Fairs Cup;LAT=Latin Cup;IC=Intertoto CupCP=Campeonato de Portugal (4th tier of Portuguese football);L.1D=Lisbon FA 1st Division (Lisbon's 3rd level in 2018-19 and 1st level in 2020–21);L.2D=Lisbon FA 2st Division (Lisbon's 2nd level in 2019–20);L3=Liga 3


title: Wakame

text: Wakame "(Undaria pinnatifida)" is a species of kelp native to cold, temperate coasts of the northwest Pacific Ocean. As an edible seaweed, it has a subtly sweet, but distinctive and strong flavour and texture. It is most often served in soups and salads.


title: Wakame

text: Wakame has long been collected for food in East Asia, and sea farmers in Japan have cultivated wakame since the eighth century (Nara period). , the Invasive Species Specialist Group has listed the species on its list of 100 worst globally invasive species.


title: Wakame

text: In Old Japanese, stood for edible seaweeds in general as opposed to standing for algae. In kanji, such as , and were applied to transcribe the word. Among seaweeds, wakame was likely most often eaten, therefore especially meant wakame. It expanded later to other seaweeds like kajime, hirome (kombu), arame, etc. "Wakame" is derived from + (, lit. 'young seaweed'). If this is a eulogistic prefix, the same as the of "tamagushi", "wakame" likely stood for seaweeds widely in ancient ages. In the "Man'yōshū", in addition to and (both are read as ), (, soft wakame) can be seen. Besides, (, lit. 'beautiful algae'), which often appeared in the "Man'yōshū", may be wakame depending on poems.


title: Wakame

text: In 1867 the word "wakame" appeared in an English-language publication, "A Japanese and English Dictionary", by James C. Hepburn.


title: Wakame

text: Starting in the 1960s, the word "wakame" started to be used widely in the United States, and the product (imported in dried form from Japan) became widely available at natural food stores and Asian-American grocery stores, due to the influence of the macrobiotic movement, and in the 1970s with the growing number of Japanese restaurants and sushi bars.


title: Wakame

text: Studies conducted at Hokkaido University have found that a compound in wakame known as fucoxanthin can help burn fatty tissue. Studies in mice have shown that fucoxanthin induces expression of the fat-burning protein UCP1 that accumulates in fat tissue around the internal organs. Expression of UCP1 protein was significantly increased in mice fed fucoxanthin.


title: Wakame

text: Wakame is a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. At over 400 mg/(100 kcal) or almost 1 mg/kJ, it has one of the higher nutrient-to-energy ratios for this nutrient, and among the very highest for a vegetarian source. A typical 10–20 g (1–2 tablespoon) serving of wakame contains roughly and provides 15–30 mg of omega-3 fatty acids. Wakame also has high levels of sodium, calcium, iodine, thiamine and niacin.


title: Wakame

text: In Oriental medicine it has been used for blood purification, intestinal strength, skin, hair, reproductive organs and menstrual regularity.


title: Wakame

text: In Korea, the soup miyeokguk is popularly consumed by women after giving birth as sea mustard () contains a high content of calcium and iodine, nutrients that are important for new nursing mothers. Many women consume it during the pregnancy phase as well. It is also traditionally eaten on birthdays for this reason, a reminder of the first food that the mother has eaten and passed on to her newborn through her milk.


title: Wakame

text: Japanese and Korean sea-farmers have grown wakame for centuries, and are still both the leading producers and consumers. Wakame has also been cultivated in France since 1983, in sea fields established near the shores of Brittany.


title: Wakame

text: Wild grown wakame is harvested in Tasmania, Australia, and then sold in restaurants in Sydney and also sustainably hand-harvested from the waters of Foveaux Strait in Southland, New Zealand and freeze-dried for retail and use in a range of products.


title: Wakame

text: Wakame fronds are green and have a subtly sweet flavour and satiny texture. The leaves should be cut into small pieces as they will expand during cooking.


title: Wakame

text: In Japan and Europe, wakame is distributed either dried or salted, and used in soups (particularly miso soup), and salads (tofu salad), or often simply as a side dish to tofu and a salad vegetable like cucumber. These dishes are typically dressed with soy sauce and vinegar/rice vinegar.


title: Wakame

text: Goma wakame, also known as seaweed salad, is a popular side dish at American and European sushi restaurants. Literally translated, it means 'sesame seaweed', as sesame seeds are usually included in the recipe.


title: Wakame

text: Native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea, China, and Russia, in recent decades it has become established in temperate regions around the world, including New Zealand, the United States, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina, Australia and Mexico. It was nominated one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. "Undaria" is commonly initially introduced or recorded on artificial structures, where its r-selected growth strategy facilitates proliferation and spread to natural reef sites. Undaria populations make a significant but inconsistent contribution of food and habitat to intertidal and subtidal reefs. "Undaria" invasion can cause changes to native community composition at all trophic levels. As well as increasing primary productivity, it can reduce the abundance and diversity of understory algal assemblages, out-compete some native macroalgal species and affect the abundance and composition of associated epibionts and macrofauna: including gastropods, crabs, urchins and fish.


title: Wakame

text: In New Zealand, "Undaria pinnatifida" was declared as an unwanted organism in 2000 under the Biosecurity Act 1993. It was first discovered in Wellington Harbour in 1987 and probably arrived as hull fouling on shipping or fishing vessels from Asia.


title: Wakame

text: Wakame is now found around much of New Zealand, from Stewart Island to as far north as the subtropical waters of Karikari Peninsula. It spreads in two ways: naturally, through the millions of microscopic spores released by each fertile organism, and through human mediated spread, most commonly via hull fouling and with marine farming equipment. It is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a serious invader. However, its impacts are not well understood and vary depending on the location.


title: Wakame

text: Even though it is an invasive species, in 2012 the government allowed for the farming of wakame in Wellington, Marlborough and Banks Peninsula.


title: Wakame

text: The seaweed has been found in several harbors in southern California. In May 2009 it was discovered in San Francisco Bay and aggressive efforts are underway to remove it before it spreads.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: The Indian Grand Prix was a Formula One race in the calendar of the FIA Formula One World Championship, which was held at the Buddh International Circuit in Sector 25 along Yamuna Expressway in Gautam Buddh Nagar district of Uttar Pradesh State from 2011 until 2013.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: The first edition took place on 30 October 2011, as the 17th race of the 2011 Formula One season. The inaugural race was won by Germany's Sebastian Vettel. Jaypee Sports International Limited is the organizer of Formula One racing in India and has signed a five-year contract with Formula One Management (FOM) to host the championship in India.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: In August 2013, FIA announced that the Indian Grand Prix would be missing in 2014 before returning to an early-season slot in 2015. Subsequently, because of a tax dispute with the Uttar Pradesh government, that too was ruled out and the race did neither return for the 2016 season, nor has it ever since.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: As early as 1997, there were plans to host an Indian Grand Prix at Calcutta. In 2003, India had only two permanent raceways, one in Chennai (Irungattukottai), and the Kari Motor Speedway in Coimbatore. At that time two sites in the vicinity of the Bangalore airport were examined. Also, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, Chief Minister Chandrababu Naidu reserved of land near the airport at Hyderabad. Vicky Chandhok, father of Karun Chandhok, stated in an interview: ""Andhra Pradesh is really pushing it like no other state! It is great to see a Chief Minister pushing so hard. Bangalore is a great location, mainly because of the weather"". In December 2003, a seven-year pre-agreement to host the GP in Hyderabad in 2007 was signed. The track was to be built near Gopanapally village, near the outskirts of Hyderabad, and consisted of of land.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: Formula One commercial rights holder Bernie Ecclestone expected India to host a Grand Prix within three years, aiming for locating at either Hyderabad or Mumbai. In the end these projects were never realised, possibly owing to anti-tobacco legislation, and a change in government policy. Both projects then were declared "dead" in the second half of 2004, when Mumbai's government decided "not to waste money on car fumes while there are more serious issues", and the Hyderabad location was converted to an IT park for technology companies. However, sites at Mumbai were still being investigated (Gorai and Navi Mumbai). In 2005, Narain Karthikeyan was due to demonstrate a Jordan Grand Prix car in Mumbai, but the road proved to be too bumpy.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: In 2007, five locations remained in the running for hosting the Indian Grand Prix: Bangalore; the Gurgaon district in the state of Haryana; a permanent track somewhere near New Delhi; a street circuit in New Delhi, as proposed by Vijay Mallya; and a site in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: Following months of negotiations, the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) and Ecclestone announced in June 2007 a provisional agreement for India to host its first Grand Prix as a part of the 2009 Formula One season. The track would be built in Gurgaon, in consultation with architect Hermann Tilke.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: However, in September 2007 it was announced that the debut race would take place in 2010 on the Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida. After further assessments of the timeframe involved, Ecclestone announced in September 2008 that the Indian Grand Prix had been delayed to 2011.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: In October 2008, the Renault F1 team showcased their car on a tour across all the sites which were previously linked to a Formula One circuit in India, except Mumbai: Gurgaon, Lucknow, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kolkata. In November 2008 they also performed a street demonstration on Rajpath at the India Gate end, New Delhi; the car was driven by Nelson Piquet Jr. In August 2009, the McLaren team showcased their car in Lucknow. On 11 October 2009, the Red Bull Racing team gave a demonstration in Mumbai. David Coulthard drove the Red Bull car across Mumbai's Bandra–Worli Sea Link.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: The Indian Grand Prix had the potential to generate around $170 million in revenue and employ as many as 10,000 people. The opportunity in advertising tie-ups between manufacturers and Formula One were also a consideration. The race coincided with the important Diwali holiday, when consumer spending is typically at its highest and many people are traveling, which further improved economic prospects. It was one of the few F1 races at the time that were not subsidized by government, and the venue had to pay $40 million per year to Formula One Holdings to host the event.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: The race was held at the Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida near New Delhi between 2011 and 2013. The 5.125 km circuit has been designed by German architect Hermann Tilke. Four million cubic tons of earth were moved to achieve the rise and fall through the lap. The track is spread across an area of 875 acres, and is a part of Jaypee Green Sports city.


title: Indian Grand Prix

text: The Indian Grand Prix was set to have a one-year hiatus and then return on the calendar as confirmed by the FIA. Bernie Ecclestone later cast doubt on this, suggesting the race would be delayed until 2016, and this doubt was later confirmed by Ecclestone in August 2014 in Belgium. The Indian Grand Prix was cancelled for the second consecutive year following tax disputes between the FIA and the Uttar Pradesh government. The circuit, despite the placards saying "New Delhi" is not located in the union territory of Delhi, but in the neighbouring state of Uttar Pradesh. The government of Uttar Pradesh, led by the then Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav said that F1 is not a sport, but entertainment and levied taxes on the event.


title: Remy Zero

text: Remy Zero was an American alternative rock band from Birmingham, Alabama, formed in 1989. It was composed of August Cinjun Tate (vocals, guitar), Shelby Tate (guitar, vocals, keyboards), Cedric LeMoyne (bass), Jeffrey Cain (guitar, vocals), and Louis Schefano (drums), who was later replaced by Gregory Slay (drums, percussion).


title: Remy Zero

text: Before Remy Zero had released any full-length albums, Radiohead found their demo tape and invited them to be part of the US tour for "The Bends". After that, Remy Zero moved from Alabama to Los Angeles to record their first album.


title: Remy Zero

text: The self-titled record received little recognition or sales. The subsequent album, "Villa Elaine", generated some acclaim. "Villa Elaine" was recorded when the band was living in an apartment of the same name in Hollywood. Remy Zero's third album, "The Golden Hum", was also received well. A 50-second version of the song "Save Me" from "The Golden Hum" was used as the theme song for WB/CW's "Smallville" during its ten-season run. The band's music was also featured on KCRW's "Morning Becomes Eclectic" radio show. The song "Shattered" was used in the films "Crazy/Beautiful" and "Suicide Kings". "Fair", from "Villa Elaine", was used in the films "Garden State" and "Fanboys", "Prophecy" in "She's All That" and "The Last Kiss", "Gramarye" appeared in "Stigmata", and "Temenos (Here Come the Shakes)" played in the film "The Chamber". Additionally, "Perfect Memory" played during the film "The Invisible" and the last episode of Smallville's first season. Remy Zero recorded a version of Art Garfunkel's song "Bright Eyes" for the 2002 charity album "For the Kids".


title: Remy Zero

text: The band broke up after making "The Golden Hum" and many of its members went on to join new bands. Shelby and Cinjun created Spartan Fidelity, Cain joined Isidore and later created Dead Snares; LeMoyne toured with Alanis Morissette's band before joining O+S and later Rose of the West. Gregory Slay created "Sleepwell".


title: Remy Zero

text: On 22 May 2010, Remy Zero played their first show together in eight years as a tribute to Gregory in New Orleans, the town where he was born.


title: Remy Zero

text: This was followed by the release of the new single Til the End" on the label Popantipop, on 7 September 2010.


title: Remy Zero

text: From October 7 to 12, 2010, Remy Zero performed in memory of their drummer at venues including Dante's in Portland, Oregon, The Crocodile Cafe in Seattle, Cafe Du Nord in San Francisco, and in Spaceland in Los Angeles. The band's Twitter account confirmed that these shows would be the final word from the band.


title: Remy Zero

text: On 18 October 2011, Gregory Slay's final solo album, released under the moniker Horsethief Beats, titled "The Sound Will Find You", featured Remy Zero bandmates Jeffrey Cain and Cedric Lemoyne and was published on the Communicating Vessels label. Jeffrey Cain is now a member of the Australian band The Church, best known for their 1988 hit song "Under the Milky Way".


title: Remy Zero

text: In 2020, a mostly new studio recording featuring Shelby Tate and Cinjun Tate was released digitally under the name Zero Brothers.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: Kundan Lal Saigal, often abbreviated as K. L. Saigal (11 April 1904 – 18 January 1947), was an Indian singer and actor who is considered the first superstar of the Hindi film industry, which was centred in Kolkata during Saigal's time, but is currently centred in Mumbai.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: Saigal's unique voice quality which was a mixture of baritone and soft tenor was the benchmark for most of the singers who followed him. In fact it remains the gold standard even today shining through very early and practically primitive recording technology.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: Saigal was born on 11 April 1904 in Jammu to a Punjabi family. His father, Amarchand Saigal was a tehsildar at the court of the Maharaja Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, while his mother, Kesarbai Saigal, was a deeply religious Hindu lady who was very fond of music. She used to take her young son to religious functions where bhajan, kirtan and shabad were sung in traditional styles based on classical Indian music. Saigal was the fourth-born child of five, following two elder brothers and an elder sister, and preceding a younger brother. His formal schooling was brief and uneventful. As a child he occasionally played the Sitar in the Ramlila of Jammu. He was the first cousin of famous character actors, Chaman Puri, Madan Puri and Amrish Puri.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: Saigal dropped out of school and started earning money by working as railway timekeeper. Later, he worked as a typewriter salesman for the Remington Typewriter Company, in Simla (now Shimla) which allowed him to tour several parts of India. His travels brought him to Lahore, where he became friends with Mehrchand Jain (who later went on to start the Assam Soap Factory in Shillong) at the Anarkali Bazaar. Mehrchand and Kundan remained friends when they both moved to Calcutta and had many a mehfil-e-mushaira. In those days Saigal was a budding singer and Mehrchand encouraged him to pursue his talent. Saigal often remarked that he was what he was because of Mehrchand's encouragement and early support. He also briefly worked as a hotel manager. Meanwhile, his passion for singing continued and became more intense with the passage of time.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: In the early 1930s, classical musician and music director Harishchandra Bali brought K.L. Saigal to Calcutta and introduced him to R. C. Boral. R.C. Boral took an instant liking to his talents. Saigal was hired by B. N. Sircar's Calcutta-based film studio New Theatres on a contract of Rs. 200 per month. There he came into contact with contemporaries like Pankaj Mullick, K. C. Dey and Pahari Sanyal.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: Meanwhile, Indian Gramophone Company had released Saigal's record containing a couple of Punjabi songs, composed by Harishchandra Bali. In this way, Bali became Saigal's first music director. The first film in which Saigal had a role was the film "Mohabbat Ke Ansu", followed by "Subah Ka Sitara" and "Zinda Lash", all released in 1932. However, these films did not do very well. Saigal used the name Saigal Kashmiri for his first three films and used his own name Kundan Lal Saigal (K. L. Saigal) from "Yahudi Ki Ladki" (1933). In 1933, four bhajans sung by Saigal for the film "Puran Bhagat" created a sensation throughout India. Other films that followed were "Yahudi Ki Ladki", "Chandidas", "Rooplekha" and "Karwan-E-Hayat". As a youngster, Lata Mangeshkar is alleged to have said that she wanted to marry K.L. Saigal after seeing his performance in "Chandidas" (1934). In 1935, Saigal played the role that would come to define his acting career: that of the drunken title character in "Devdas", based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's novel of the same name and directed by P.C. Barua. His songs in the film "Devdas" (1935), "Balam Aaye Baso Moray Man Mein" and "Dukh Ke Ab Din Beetat Naahi", became popular throughout the country.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: Saigal picked up Bengali very well and acted in seven Bengali films, produced by New Theatres. Rabindranath Tagore first heard Saigal before giving consent for the first time to a non-Bengali singing his songs. Saigal endeared himself to the whole of Bengal through his 30 Bengali songs.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: Saigal's association with New Theatres continued to bear fruit in the successful films "Didi" (Bengali), "President" (Hindi) in 1937, "Desher Mati" (Bengali), "Dharti Mata" (Hindi) in 1938, "Saathi" (Bengali), "Street Singer" (Hindi) in 1938, "Dushman" (1939), "Jiban Maran" (1939) and "Zindagi" in 1940, with Saigal in the lead. There are a number of songs of this era which form the rich heritage of film music in India. Also, in "Street Singer", Saigal rendered the song "Babul Mora Naihar Chhooto Jaye" live in front of the camera, even though playback was becoming the preferred method of singing songs in films.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: In December 1941, Saigal moved to Mumbai to work with Ranjit Movietone. Here he acted and sang in a number of successful films. "Bhakta Surdas" (1942) and "Tansen" (1943) were hits during this period. The latter film is still remembered for Saigal's performance of the song "Diya Jalao" in "Raga Deepak"; in the same movie, he also sang "Sapta Suran," "Tin .. Gaa-o Saba Guni Jan" and "Room Jhoom Room Jhoom Chaal tihari". In 1944, he returned to "New Theatres" to complete "My Sister". This film contained the songs "Do Naina Matware" and "Ae Katib-e-Taqdeer Mujhe Itna Bata De".


title: K. L. Saigal

text: By this time, alcohol had become a predominant factor in Saigal's life. His dependence on alcohol had begun affecting his work and his health. It was said that he could only record a song after being fortified with liquor. He survived ten years of drinking; however, his alcoholism was too advanced for even a single attempt at abstinence, and Saigal died in his ancestral city of Jalandhar on 18 January 1947, at the age of 42. However, before his death, he was able to churn out three more hits under the baton of Naushad Ali for the film "Shahjehan" (1946). These are "Mere Sapnon Ki Rani", "Ae Dil-e-Beqaraar Jhoom" and "Jab Dil Hi Toot Gaya". "Parwana" (1947) was his last film, released after his death, in which he sang under the baton of Khawaja Khurshid Anwar. The four songs which Saigal sang in Parwana are: ""Toot gaye sab sapne mere", "Mohabbat mein kabhi aisi bhi haalat", "Jeene ka dhang sikhaae ja", and "Kahin ulajh na jaana"." Saigal was survived by his wife Asha Rani (whom he married in 1935); three children, a son and two daughters: Madan Mohan, Nina (born 1937) and Bina (born 1941); and an adopted child, his late elder brother's daughter, Durgesh Nandani, whom he adopted when he was still single.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: In a career of fifteen years, Saigal acted in 36 feature films – 28 in Hindi, seven in Bengali, and one in Tamil. In addition, he acted in a short comedy Hindi film, "Dulari Bibi" (three reels), released in 1933. In 1955, B.N. Sircar released a documentary film based on the life of K.L. Saigal, "Amar Saigal". In the film, G. Mungheri performed the title role of Saigal. The film contained 19 songs lifted from Saigal's films. In all, Saigal rendered 185 songs which includes 142 film songs and 43 non-film songs. Of the film songs, there are 110 in Hindi, 30 in Bengali and two in Tamil. There are 37 non-film songs in Hindi, and two each in Bengali, Pashto, Punjabi and Persian. His non-film songs comprise "bhajans", "ghazal"s and "hori". He has rendered the creations of poets such as Ghalib, Zauq, and Seemab.


title: K. L. Saigal

text: Saigal's distinctive singing was revered and idolised by the first generation of post-independence Hindi Film playback singers, including Kishore Kumar, Mohammad Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar and Mukesh have even gone on record in an interview that they consider Kundan Lal Saigal to be their musical Guru.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: Lion of the Desert is a 1980 epic historical war film about the Second Italo-Senussi War, starring Anthony Quinn as Libyan tribal leader Omar Mukhtar, a Bedouin leader fighting the "Regio Esercito" (Royal Italian Army) and Oliver Reed as Italian General Rodolfo Graziani, who defeated Mukhtar. It was directed by Moustapha Akkad and funded by the government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: Released in May 1981, the film has received positive reviews from critics, but performed poorly at the box office, gaining revenues of US$1.5 million worldwide despite having a $35 million budget. The film was banned in Italy in 1982 and was only shown on pay TV in 2009.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: In 1929, Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini (Rod Steiger) is still faced with the 10-year-long war waged by patriots in the Italian colony of Libya to combat Italian colonization and the establishment of "The Fourth Shore"—the rebirth of a Roman Empire in Africa. Mussolini appoints General Rodolfo Graziani (Oliver Reed) as his sixth governor of Libya, confident that the eminently accredited soldier and fascist Grande can crush the rebellion and restore the dissipated glories of Imperial Rome. Omar al-Mukhtar (Anthony Quinn) leads the resistance to the fascists. A teacher by profession, guerrilla by obligation, Mukhtar had committed himself to a war that cannot be won in his own lifetime. Graziani controls Libya with the might of the "Regio Esercito" (Royal Italian Army). Tanks and aircraft are used in the desert for the first time. The Italians also committed atrocities: killing of prisoners of war, destruction of crops, and imprisoning populations in concentration camps behind barbed wire.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: The film starts by introducing the audience to the historical context of the film. This introductory scene is part of historic records that present the rise of fascism in Italy and how it impacted Libya tragically. The scene concludes by telling us that the characters and the events in this film are real and based on historical facts. The first scene after the introduction starts with Mussolini in Italy, who created the Fascist Party in Italy, complaining about his generals’ defeats in Libya. In order to crush the Libyan resistance after twenty years of failure, and after losing five of the best Italian generals, Mussolini sends his most skillful general, Graziani, to Libya. This scene is then contrasted with a scene of Omar Al-Mokhtar, the old teacher who turned into a fighting rebel during the Italian colonization, teaching his young students in Libya. Graziani goes to Libya and starts his campaign to crush the rebellion. The Libyans show great tenacity and make enormous sacrifices to defend their country.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: Despite their bravery, the Libyan Arabs and Berbers suffered heavy losses, because their relatively primitive weaponry was no match for mechanised warfare; despite all this, they continued to fight and managed to keep the Italians from achieving complete victory for 20 years. Graziani was only able to achieve victory through deceit, deception, violation of the laws of war and human rights, and by the use of tanks and aircraft.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: Omar Al-Mokhtar shows great perseverance and wisdom in leading the resistance movement. He enters into negotiations with the Italians to liberate Libya, but never reaches a deal with them because they pretend to negotiate only to win time. They ask him for significant concessions and promise him some materialistic rewards to end the resistance movement, but Al-Mukhtar never accepts any of that, even after they captured him. They hang him in public to show the Libyans that resisting them is useless, but the resistance does not stop with his death.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: Despite the Libyans' lack of modern weaponry, Graziani recognized the skill of his adversary in waging guerrilla warfare. In one scene, Mukhtar refuses to kill a defenseless young officer, instead giving him the Italian flag to bring home to Italy. Mukhtar says that Islam forbids him to kill captured soldiers and demands that he only fight for his homeland, and that Muslims are taught to hate war itself.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: In the end, Mukhtar is captured and tried as a rebel. His lawyer, Captain Lontano, states that since Mukhtar had never accepted Italian rule, he cannot be tried as a rebel and instead must be treated as a prisoner of war (which would save him from being hanged). The judge rejects this, and the film ends with Mukthar being publicly executed by hanging.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: The musical score of Lion of the Desert was composed and conducted by Maurice Jarre, and it was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: The Italian authorities banned the film in 1982 because, in the words of Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, it was "damaging to the honor of the army". The last act of the government's intervention against the film was on April 7, 1987, in Trento; afterward, MPs from Democrazia Proletaria asked Parliament to show the movie at the Chamber of Deputies.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: The movie was finally broadcast on television in Italy by Sky Italy on June 11, 2009 during the official visit to Italy of Libya's then leader Muammar Gaddafi.


title: Lion of the Desert

text: Cinema historian Stuart Galbraith IV writes about the movie: "A fascinating look inside a facet of Arab culture profoundly significant yet virtually unknown outside North Africa and the Arab world. 'Lion of the Desert' is a Spartacus-style, David vs. Goliath tale that deserves more respect than it has to date. It's not a great film, but by the end it becomes a compelling one."


title: Lion of the Desert

text: The verdict of British historian Alex von Tunzelmann about the movie is: "Omar Mukhtar has been adopted as a figurehead by many Libyan political movements, including both Gaddafi himself and the rebels currently fighting him. 'Lion of the Desert' is half an hour too long and hammy in places, but its depiction of Italian colonialism and Libyan resistance is broadly accurate."


title: Lion of the Desert

text: Clint Morris describes the movie as: "A grand epic adventure that'll stand as a highpoint in the producing career of Moustapha Akkad."


title: Test Drive Unlimited Solar Crown

text: Test Drive Unlimited Solar Crown is an upcoming racing video game developed by KT Racing and published by Nacon. It will be the twenty-first game in the "Test Drive" series, the first title in the series since 2012's "", and the third game in the franchise's open world "Unlimited" reboot, following 2011's "Test Drive Unlimited 2". The game was teased on 3 July 2020 on Twitter and was officially revealed during the Nacon Connect event on 7 July. "Test Drive Unlimited Solar Crown" is set to be released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X/S in 2023.


title: Test Drive Unlimited Solar Crown

text: It was reported in December 2016 that French publisher Bigben Interactive (now called Nacon) acquired the "Test Drive" intellectual property from Atari, with plans to reboot the franchise. In 2018, Bigben announced the acquisition of French game developer Kylotonn, with Roman Vincent, president of Kylotonn suggesting they were working on the next installment of "Test Drive".


title: Test Drive Unlimited Solar Crown

text: In April 2020, Nacon filed a trade mark to the Intellectual Property Office for "Test Drive Solar Crown", the last two words referring to the "Solar Crown" in-universe racing competition series featured in 2011's "Test Drive Unlimited 2".


title: Test Drive Unlimited Solar Crown

text: On 3 July 2020, the official "Test Drive" Twitter account tweeted a twelve-second video clip of a crown-shaped logo with the letters "SC" in it forming, announcing a full reveal during the Nacon Connect video event on 7 July. The game was officially announced on that date during the event with a 25-second teaser trailer, with Kylotonn (under their KT Racing brand) developing. Based on copyright text at the end of the video, the game will feature vehicles from (among others to be announced) Bugatti, Dodge, Ferrari, Koenigsegg, Lamborghini, and Porsche.


title: Test Drive Unlimited Solar Crown

text: The game will feature a 1:1 recreation of Hong Kong Island as revealed in a trailer released on 6 July 2021 during Nacon Connect 2021. The game will have "a realistic driving experience", indicating that the game will have a realistic handling model and will be more on simulation side, unlike its predecessor "Test Drive Unlimited 2".


title: Test Drive Unlimited Solar Crown

text: Unlike its two predecessors of both Oahu and Ibiza, the road will be left-hand traffic, a first in the series since ""'s Tokyo and London. There will be of drivable roads, as stated on Steam news hub for the game. Creative director Alain Jarniou, who worked on the first two "Test Drive Unlimited" games, stated in the Nacon Connect 2020 showcase that "Test Drive Unlimited Solar Crown" has only been in development for "several months" by that time. In April 2021, Nacon published a second teaser trailer that confirmed the game will be released for Microsoft Windows (via Steam and the Epic Games Store), Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S, with a new trailer to be released in July 2021. The trailer shows an Aston Martin DB11 and a customized Land Rover Range Rover SVR, along with the hands of a male driver and a female driver driving those respective vehicles and gambling in a casino, indicating that the casino feature found in previous "Test Drive Unlimited" games will return. The trailer also shows the key fobs of several vehicles, including those from Audi, Bentley, and Mercedes-Benz, placed in a pot, indicating that players can gamble for vehicles in the game. The game's Steam page was also updated to confirm that Apollo will be among the car makes featured in the game.


title: Test Drive Unlimited Solar Crown

text: On 18 May 2022, Nacon and Kylotonn announced on the game's Steam news hub that the game will be delayed to 2023 and that the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions have been cancelled to focus on taking advantage of the more powerful hardware provided by their respective ninth generation successors—the PlayStation 5 and the Xbox Series X and Series S—and improving the quality of the game.


title: Bearer bond

text: A bearer bond is a bond or debt security issued by a business entity such as a corporation or a government. As a bearer instrument, it differs from the more common types of investment securities in that it is unregistered—no records are kept of the owner, or the transactions involving ownership. Whoever physically holds the paper on which the bond is issued is the presumptive owner of the instrument. This is useful for investors who wish to remain anonymous.


title: Bearer bond

text: Recovery of the value of a bearer bond in the event of its loss, theft, or destruction is usually impossible. Some relief is possible in the case of United States public debt. Furthermore, while all bond types state maturity dates and interest rates, bearer bond coupons for interest payments are physically attached to the security and must be submitted to an authorized agent in order to receive payment.


title: Bearer bond

text: Issuance of new bearer bonds has been effectively outlawed in the United States since the 1980s due to their use in illegal activities, but bearer bonds issued before this date can be redeemed if the issuer still exists.


title: Bearer bond

text: Bearer bonds have been traced back as far as 1648, but there was a spike in popularity in the United States for these bonds during the Civil War, as government resources were strained and limited. Following the success and ease of transferring funds in the United States, Europe and South America also started issuing this type of bond.


title: Bearer bond

text: The main appeal of bearer bonds is anonymity, which has led them to be the financial instrument of choice for money laundering, tax evasion and concealed business transactions in general. In response, new issuances of bearer bonds have been severely curtailed in the United States since 1982.


title: Bearer bond

text: All the bearer bonds issued by the US Treasury had matured as of May 2016. The amount outstanding is approximately $87 million as of March 2020.


title: Bearer bond

text: From 2009-2012, a series of incidents involving the forgery and smuggling of U.S. bearer bonds in Italy and Switzerland occurred, beginning with the Chiasso financial smuggling case in June 2009, in which Italian financial police and custom guards seized documents purporting to be U.S. bearer bonds totaling $134.5 billion in Chiasso, Switzerland, on the Italian border. The bonds were readily determined to be phony, the latest in a series of "billion-dollar bond" schemes that the United States Treasury calls "Morgenthaus".


title: Bearer bond

text: In the United States, the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 substantially curtailed the issue of debt in bearer form. The act disallowed a tax deduction of interest paid on any such bonds issued after 1982 by the issuer in the case of corporate bonds and removed the tax exemption of the interest to the holder in the case of municipal bonds. In contrast, registered bonds retained the tax-exempt treatment. A challenge to this tax treatment by the US state of South Carolina was heard by the US Supreme Court in the case of "South Carolina v. Baker" (1988), which upheld the law and brought to an end the further issue of virtually all US municipal bearer bonds.


title: Messages (Google)

text: Messages (formerly known as Android Messages) is an SMS, RCS, and instant messaging application developed by Google for its Android and WearOS mobile operating systems, while it's also available via the Web. Messages is Google's official universal messaging platform for the Android ecosystem, similar to the implementation of iMessage in Apple devices.


title: Messages (Google)

text: The original code for Android SMS messaging was released in 2009 integrated into the Operating System. It was released as a standalone application independent of Android with the release of Android 5.0 Lollipop in 2014, replacing Google Hangouts as the default SMS app on Google's Nexus line of phones.


title: Messages (Google)

text: In 2018, Messages adopted RCS messages and was evolved to send larger data files, sync with other apps, and even create mass messages. This was in preparation for when Google launched messages for web.


title: Messages (Google)

text: In December 2019, Google rolled out support for RCS messaging (under the name c"hat features") in the United States, United Kingdom, France and Mexico. This was followed by a wider global rollout throughout 2020.


title: Messages (Google)

text: The app surpassed 1 billion installs in April 2020, doubling its number of installs in less than a year.


title: Messages (Google)

text: Initially, the app did not support end-to-end encryption. In June 2021, Google introduced end-to-end encryption in Messages by default using the Signal Protocol, for all one-to-one RCS-based conversations, and for all group chats in December 2022 for beta users, with plans for full release later that month.


title: Messages (Google)

text: Beginning with the Samsung Galaxy S21, Messages replaces Samsung's in-house Messages app as the default messaging app for One UI in selected markets. In April 2021, the app began to receive a modification to its user interface in markets outside of the U.S. when running on recent Samsung phones, which adheres to its use of larger headers within in-house apps to improve ergonomics.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: Babul Supriyo (born 15 December 1970) is an Indian playback singer, live performer, television host, actor and politician who currently serves as Cabinet Minister of Information Technology and Electronics and Tourism of the Government of West Bengal. He was elected Member of Parliament from Asansol in the 16th and 17th Lok Sabha and also served as the Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change, in the Union Council of Ministers. He officially resigned as MP on 19 October 2021. and was elected as a Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly on 16 April 2022 from Ballygunge Assembly seat.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: He made a career as playback singer in Hindi cinema in the mid-nineties and has sung for many films since then. He primarily sings in Hindi, Bengali, and Odia languages. However, he has also done playback singing in 11 other languages during his musical career. He entered politics in 2014 and joined Narendra Modi's government. He previously served as Union Minister of State for Ministry of Urban Development, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: Supriyo quit the Bhartiya Janata Party and joined the All India Trinamool Congress Party in September 2021.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: Supriyo was born and brought up in Uttarpara, a suburb town of Kolkata on the banks of the Hooghly River in West Bengal. His parents are Sunil Chandra Baral and Sumitra Baral. Babul comes from a musical family and was greatly influenced by his grandfather, Banikantha NC Baral, a Bengali vocalist and composer. He won several inter-school and inter-college music compositions, and had performed in All India Radio and Doordarshan. He attended Don Bosco School during which he became an "All India Don Bosco Music Champion" in 1983, and "The Most Enriching Talent" in 1985. He completed his bachelor's degree in commerce from Serampore College in 1991.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: When he entered the entertainment industry, he changed his birth name Supriya Baral to Babul Supriyo.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: Supriyo was introduced to Riaa at a Shah Rukh Khan concert in Toronto. They married each other in 1995. His first child Sharmilee was born in 1996. Supriyo and Riaa divorced in October 2015. He remarried on 9 August 2016 to Rachna Sharma, an air hostess of Jet Airways.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: An ardent admirer of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Narendra Modi, Supriyo was introduced to Bharatiya Janata Party in March 2014. In 2014 Indian general election, he was nominated by the party as their candidate for Asansol, West Bengal and won it by defeating Dola Sen. He was inducted to Narendra Modi's government as the Union Minister of State, Ministry of Urban Development; and Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation on 9 November 2014. He became the youngest minister. He served in these ministries till 12 July 2016, after which his portfolio was changed to Minister of State for Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: In the 2019 Indian general election, Supriyo again won from the Asansol as a Bharatiya Janata Party candidate defeating Moon Moon Sen by 1.97 lakh votes, and securing a total of 6.32 lakh votes. In May 2019, he became Minister of State for Environment, Forest and Climate Change.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: On 19 September 2019, Supriyo was attacked by students after he was invited to attend an event at Calcutta's Jadavpur University.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: On 13 August 2019, Supriyo Babul, accused the state government of not giving food for the cyclone affected people in Fazarganj for 5 days.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: In the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Babul Supriyo ran from Tollyganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency) as the Bharatiya Janata Party candidate and lost by more than 50,000 votes. Probably stung by an unexpected defeat, Supriyo stated that Bengal had made a 'historic mistake' by voting for TMC. However the Facebook post was later deleted.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: On 31 July 2021, Babul Supriyo announced on social media his decision to quit politics and also resign as a Lok Sabha MP. However days later he decided to complete his tenure as MP. He then edited his Facebook post deleting the "won't join any party" remark raising speculations. On 18 September 2021 he joined All India Trinamool Congress in presence of Abhishek Banerjee.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: On 16 April 2022 he was elected as a Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from Ballygunge Assembly seat.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: After a brief work at the Standard Chartered Bank, Supriyo chose singing as a full-time career. He moved to Mumbai in 1992 to make a career in Bollywood. Kalyanji gave him a break, and took him to perform abroad at their live shows. In 1993 he toured Canada and USA with Amitabh Bachchan. He also toured US with Asha Bhonsle in 1997 and 1999. Besides playback singing, he has also done several stage shows. Babul Supriyo performed at Powai Sarvajanin Durgotsav in 2011.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: His breakthrough came with "Dil Ne Dil Ko Pukara" in "Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai" in 2000, the debut film of Hrithik Roshan. Some of his other popular Bollywood songs are "Pari Pari Hai Ek Pari" ("Hungama"), "Hum Tum" ("Hum Tum") and "Chanda Chamke" ("Fanaa"). He is the anchor of the hit television show "K for Kishore". He sang the opening themes of Balaji Telefilms serials.


title: Babul Supriyo

text: Supriyo sang "Phaguna re Phaguna" in Mohammad Mohsin's movie "Santana" which made him a household name in Odisha. Subsequently he sang many songs in Odia.


title: Sandy Martin

text: Sandy Martin is an American actress, playwright, director, and producer. She is best known for her roles in the film "Napoleon Dynamite" and the TV series "Big Love", "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", and "Ray Donovan".


title: Sandy Martin

text: Martin started her acting career at 15 years old; she is a founding member of several successful theatrical companies in New York City and Los Angeles. She adapted the screenplays of several theatrical plays, and served as associate producer of several TNT productions including the 1993 film "Gettysburg".


title: Sandy Martin

text: Martin's television roles include playing Mickey Donovan's sister-in-law Sandy Patrick in "Ray Donovan", a policewoman in "48 Hrs.", Mrs. Meredith in "Real Genius", a dying burn victim in "Nip/Tuck", Janice in "Barfly", and Mrs. Mac in "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia". She appeared in the films "Defenseless", "China Moon", "Speed", "Napoleon Dynamite", "Hot Tamale", and "Marley & Me". Martin portrayed Grandma Dynamite in "Napoleon Dynamite" and in the animated TV adaptation of the film. In "Marley & Me", Martin played the woman who sold Marley as "Clearance Puppy". Martin portrayed the mother of Sam Rockwell's character, Officer Dixon, in 2017's "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri".


title: Sandy Martin

text: Martin's recent roles include portraying Verna The Secretary in "Dumbo". According to Martin, she met "Dumbo" director Tim Burton back in the "Beetlejuice" days because her friend, Glenn Shadix, played Otho in the film. The two reconnected after Ben Davis, director of photography for both "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri" and "Dumbo", suggested Martin to Burton for the role of Verna. Martin also voiced Grandma Paguro in the Pixar film "Luca".


title: Sandy Martin

text: In the HBO series "Big Love", Martin's character, Selma Green, is the transgender brother of polygamous cult leader Roman Grant and first wife of Grant's rival polygamous cult leader, Hollis Green. The character of Green sparked much discussion on fan forums due to their masculine gender presentation and expression, and unusual relationship with their husband (who refers to Green as "Brother Selma").


title: Engrish

text: Engrish is a slang term for the inaccurate, nonsensical or ungrammatical use of the English language by native speakers of Japanese, as well as Chinese and other Asian languages. The word itself relates to Japanese speakers' tendency to struggle to pronounce the English and distinctly arising from the fact Japanese has only one liquid phoneme (usually romanized "r"), but its definition encompasses many more errors. Terms such as "Japanglish", "Japlish", "Jinglish", or "Janglish" are more specific to Japanese Engrish. The related Japanese term "wasei-eigo" ('Japanese-made English') refers to pseudo-anglicisms that have entered into everyday Japanese.


title: Engrish

text: The term "Engrish" first appears in the 1940s (suggestive of a mispronunciation of "English") but it was not until the 1980s that it began to be used as a byname for defective Asian English. While the term may refer to spoken English, it often describes written English. In Japan, it is common to add English text to items for decorative and fashion purposes (see "Cool"). Such text is often added to create a cosmopolitan feeling rather than to be read by native English speakers, and so may often be meaningless or grammatically incorrect. Engrish can be found in many places, including signs, menus, and advertisements. The words are frequently humorous to speakers of English.


title: Engrish

text: Japanese and English have significantly different grammar: Japanese word order, the frequent omission of subjects in Japanese, the absence of articles, a near-complete absence of consonant clusters, and difficulties in distinguishing /l/ and /r/, or /θ/ and /s/ sounds, all contribute to substantial problems using Standard English effectively. Japanese people have tended to score comparatively poorly on international tests of English.


title: Engrish

text: Further, English is frequently used in Japan (and elsewhere) for aesthetic rather than functional purposes; i.e., for Japanese consumption, not for English speakers "per se", as a way of appearing "smart, sophisticated and modern", in much the same way as Japanese and similar writing scripts are used in Western fashion. Such decorative English is not meant to be read and understood by native English speakers, so emphasis is not put on coherence or correctness.


title: Engrish

text: The Japanese language also makes extensive use of loanwords, especially from English in recent decades, and these words are transliterated into a Japanese form of pronunciation using the katakana syllabary. Japanese speakers may thus only be familiar with the Japanese pronunciation or Japanese meaning, rather than its original pronunciation or meaning. In addition, the pronounce differences affected the conversation. Then, they often do not learn native English conversation.