title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: As the centennial of the 1915 exposition approached, there was talk of a grand year-long celebration "on the scale of the 1915 and 1935 fairs". A nonprofit organization, Balboa Park Celebration Inc., was formed in 2011 to organize the festivities and "reintroduce Balboa Park to the world." However, fundraising faltered and plans failed to materialize. In March 2014 the nonprofit organization disbanded, turning over its records and responsibilities to the city less than a year before the celebrations were supposed to start. Mayor Kevin Faulconer and City Council President Todd Gloria, who had been major proponents of a large-scale celebration, expressed disappointment with the group's "lack of significant progress achieving its goals" and said they would work together to "move forward with a more practical and realistic celebration." A City Council committee ordered an audit of the organization's finances to find out what became of the $2.8 million in public funds allocated to it by the council.


title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: The 2015 "Celebration" of the Centennial became a grassroots movement with all the Parks's institutions celebrating with special exhibits and events. On Dec. 31 Carol Williams, with special guests, ushered in the year with an evening of music at the Spreckels Organ Pavilion. On Saturday, May 9, The Garden Party of the Century invited Garden enthusiasts from throughout the county to come enjoy the park. A floral wagon parade highlighted the event.


title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: For the Centennial the Park's Department working together with Friends of Balboa Park created an Adopt-a-Plot program. Throughout the park various volunteer organizations have adopted garden areas and have started a transformation to enhance the park's beauty for the next 100 years.


title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: In 2016, the Electriquettes returned to Balboa Park. They had been planned for the Centenniel celebration and several were on display in 1915, but it took until the Spring of 2016 for them to return to be driven on the Prado. They are electric-powered wicker carts which can be rented and driven in the main Prado area of the park.


title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: In 2017, it was announced that San Diego Comic-Con would be opening a museum in the park, displacing the San Diego Hall of Champions, which will move to Petco Park.


title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: In August 2010 a proposal was unveiled by then-Mayor Jerry Sanders and philanthropist Irwin M. Jacobs to divert traffic away from the central Prado areas of the park, such as the Plaza de Panama in front of the Art Museum and the California Quadrangle in front of the Museum of Us, and restore the areas to pedestrian use. The plan would provide replacement parking via a two-level parking garage at the site of the current Spreckles Organ Pavilion parking lot. The plan also called for changes in access to the park via the Cabrillo Bridge. The bridge would become eastbound only so that people could enter the park via the Cabrillo Bridge but could exit only via Park Boulevard. Inbound traffic would be deflected via a new bridge offramp through the current Alcazar Gardens parking lot toward the new parking garage. The Alcazar Gardens parking lot would be for disabled parking only and for loading and unloading of passengers. The new parking garage would house 750–900 cars and would be landscaped on top. The plan became controversial because of its alteration to the appearance of the bridge and the possibility of charging for parking in the parking garage. In July 2012 the City Council voted to proceed with the Jacobs plan. Construction was due to begin in October 2012 and be completed in time for the park's centennial in 2015. However, the scheduled start of construction was pushed back to February 2013 due to a legal challenge from the Save Our Heritage Organisation (SOHO). In February 2013 a judge voided the project, after which Jacobs withdrew his offer to finance it. Since the Park's master plan already called for removing the 67-space parking lot from the Plaza de Panama, the city went ahead with that portion of the proposal removing all parking from the plaza and converting it into a pedestrian area with tree planters, seats, and tables.


title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: Eventually the courts ruled against the challengers and in 2016 the City Council re-approved the project with its original cost estimate of $45 million now expanded to $79 million. The project will remove all traffic from the Plaza de Panama and the California Quadrangle, diverting it toward a 3-level underground parking garage with a rooftop garden and 797 paid parking spaces. All other parking in Balboa Park will remain free. The cost of the project will be divided between the city, which plans to use the parking lot as a revenue source, and private philanthropy. The proposed completion date is July 2019.


title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: In December 2016, opponents of the traffic redirect and its associated 'bypass bridge' sued to stop it from moving forward on the grounds that it would fundamentally change the historic monument. City Attorney Mara Elliot called this an "unjustified attempt" to delay the project, but SOHO claimed it would have adverse effects on the park and its historic integrity.


title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: Balboa Park frequently holds events throughout its museums, venues, and plazas. These events include free weekly concerts at the Spreckles Organ Pavilion each Sunday at 2:00 p.m., guest speakers, and annual parades, cultural festivals, and fairs. The festival "December Nights" (originally called "Christmas on the Prado") takes place in Balboa Park on the first full weekend in December each year. EarthFair, described as one of the largest free annual environmental fairs in the U.S., is held in the park every April. The event celebrates Earth Day, and includes a parade, musical performances, children's area, international food, exhibit booths and information on various topics related to the environment. In 2010, over 70,000 people attended the fair. The two-day San Diego Pride Festival is held in the Marston Point area of Balboa Park each July; the 2011 event was attended by more than 150,000 people. In 2016, WikiConference North America was held at the park. A cherry blossom festival is also celebrated annually in March in the Japanese Friendship Garden.


title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: Each summer, free outdoor concerts are performed Monday through Thursday at the Spreckels Organ Pavilion. Free organ concerts are held each Sunday at 2:00 p.m., year round.


title: Balboa Park (San Diego)

text: Several races and marathons include the park in the courses. The Foot Locker Cross Country Championships are held in Balboa Park annually. First started in 1979, the race is held in Morley Field. Marathons such as the San Diego Rock 'n' Roll Marathon and the America's Finest City Half Marathon, as well as the American Cancer Society "Making Strides Against Breast Cancer" walk, and the Susan G. Komen "Race for the Cure" and other annual events begin or end in Balboa Park.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), was a landmark criminal case in which the United States Supreme Court invalidated all then existing legal constructions for the death penalty in the United States. It was 5–4 decision, with each member of the majority writing a separate opinion. Following "Furman", in order to reinstate the death penalty, states had to at least remove arbitrary and discriminatory effects in order to satisfy the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: The decision mandated a degree of consistency in the application of the death penalty. This case resulted in a "de facto" moratorium of capital punishment throughout the United States, which ended when the case "Gregg v. Georgia" was decided in 1976 to allow the death penalty.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: The Supreme Court consolidated the cases Jackson v. Georgia and Branch v. Texas with the "Furman" decision, thereby invalidating the death penalty for rape; this ruling was confirmed post-"Gregg" in "Coker v. Georgia". The Court had also intended to include the case of "Aikens v. California", but between the time "Aikens" had been heard in oral argument and a decision was to be issued, the Supreme Court of California decided in "California v. Anderson" that the death penalty violated the state constitution; "Aikens" was therefore dismissed as moot, since this decision reduced all death sentences in California to life imprisonment.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: In the "Furman v. Georgia" case, the resident awoke in the middle of the night to find William Henry Furman committing burglary in his house. At trial, in an unsworn statement allowed by Georgia criminal procedure, Furman said that while trying to escape, he tripped and the weapon he was carrying fired accidentally, killing the victim. This contradicted his prior statement to police that he had turned and fired a shot blindly while fleeing. In either event, because the shooting occurred during the commission of a felony, Furman would have been guilty of murder and eligible for the death penalty under then-extant state law, according to the felony murder rule. Furman was tried for murder and was found guilty based largely on his own statement. Although he was sentenced to death, the punishment was never performed.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: "Jackson v. Georgia", like "Furman", was also a death penalty case confirmed by the Supreme Court of Georgia. Unlike Furman, the convicted man in "Jackson" had instead of killing someone, attempted to commit armed robbery and committed rape in the process of doing so. "Branch v. Texas" was brought to the Supreme Court of the United States on appeal on "certiorari" to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. Like Jackson, Branch was convicted of rape.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: In a 5–4 decision, the Court's one-paragraph "per curiam" opinion held that the imposition of the death penalty in these cases constituted cruel and unusual punishment and violated the Constitution. However, the majority could not agree as to a rationale. There was not any signed opinion of the court or any plurality opinion as none of the five justices constituting the majority joined officially with the opinion of any other.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: Justices Potter Stewart, Byron White and William O. Douglas expressed similar concerns about the apparent arbitrariness with which death sentences were imposed by the laws existing, often indicating a racial bias against black defendants. Because these opinions were the narrowest, finding only that the death penalty "as currently applied" was cruel and unusual, they are often considered the controlling majority opinions. Stewart wrote:


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: Justices William J. Brennan and Thurgood Marshall concluded that the death penalty was in itself "cruel and unusual punishment", and incompatible with the evolving standards of decency of a contemporary society. Marshall commented further on the possibility of wrongful execution, writing:


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: Chief Justice Warren Burger and Justices Harry Blackmun, Lewis F. Powell, and William H. Rehnquist, each appointed by President Richard Nixon, dissented. They argued that a punishment provided in 40 state statutes (at the time) and by the federal government could not be ruled contrary to the so-called "evolving standard of decency". The four also stated that they personally opposed the death penalty, and would vote against it if on the state legislature, but that it was constitutional nonetheless. In his dissent, Burger wrote, "in the 181 years since the enactment of the Eighth Amendment, not a single decision of this Court has cast the slightest shadow of a doubt on the constitutionality of capital punishment.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: The Supreme Court's decision marked the first time the Justices vacated a death sentence under the Eighth Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, resulting in over 630 death sentences being vacated.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: The "Furman" decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment. The next day, columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was "unlikely" that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: The Supreme Court's decision forced states and the U.S. Congress to reconsider their statutes for capital offenses to ensure that the death penalty would not be administered in a capricious or discriminatory manner.


title: Furman v. Georgia

text: During the next four years, 37 states enacted new death penalty laws intended to overcome the court's concerns about the arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. Several statutes that mandated bifurcated trials, with separate guilt-innocence and sentencing phases, and imposing standards to guide the discretion of juries and judges in imposing capital sentences, were upheld in a series of Supreme Court decisions in 1976, beginning with "Gregg v. Georgia". Other statutes enacted in response to "Furman," such as Louisiana's (which mandated imposition of the death penalty upon conviction of a certain crime), were invalidated for cases of that same year.


title: SCART

text: SCART (also known as or , especially in France, 21-pin EuroSCART in marketing by Sharp in Asia, Euroconector in Spain, EuroAV or EXT, or EIA Multiport in the United States, as an EIA interface) is a French-originated standard and associated 21-pin connector for connecting audio-visual (AV) equipment. The name SCART comes from , "Radio and Television Receiver Manufacturers' Association", the French organisation that created the connector in the mid-1970s. The related European standard EN 50049 has then been refined and published in 1978 by CENELEC, calling it "péritelevision", but it is commonly called by the abbreviation "péritel" in French.


title: SCART

text: The signals carried by SCART include both composite and RGB (with composite synchronisation) video, stereo audio input/output and digital signalling. The standard was extended at the end of the 1980s to support the new S-Video signals. A TV can be woken from standby mode and automatically switch to the appropriate AV channel when the SCART attached device is switched on. SCART was also used for high definition signals such as 720p, 1080i, 1080p with YPbPr connection by some manufacturers, but this usage is scarce due to the advent of HDMI.


title: SCART

text: In Europe, SCART was the most common method of connecting AV equipment and was a standard connector for such devices; it was far less common elsewhere.


title: SCART

text: The official standard for SCART is CENELEC document number EN 50049–1. SCART is sometimes referred to as the IEC 933-1 standard.


title: SCART

text: Before SCART was introduced, TVs did not offer a standardised way of inputting signals other than RF antenna connectors, and these differed between countries. Assuming other connectors even existed, devices made by various companies could have different and incompatible standards. For example, a domestic VCR could output a composite video signal through a German-originated DIN-style connector, an American-originated RCA connector, an SO239 connector or a BNC connector.


title: SCART

text: The SCART connector first appeared on TVs in 1977. It became compulsory on new TVs sold in France from January 1980, and since 1987 in eastern Europe, such as Poland. The actual French legal decree was adopted on 7 February 1980 and revoked on 3 July 2015.


title: SCART

text: The standard was subject to several amendments and at least 2 major revisions, approved by CENELEC on 13 November 1988 (EN 50049-1:1989) and 1 July 1997 (EN 50049-1:1997).


title: SCART

text: The SCART system was intended to simplify connecting AV equipment (including TVs, VCRs, DVD players and games consoles). To achieve this it gathered all of the analogue signal connections into a single cable with a unique connector, which normally made incorrect connections nearly impossible.


title: SCART

text: The signals carried by SCART include both composite and RGB (with composite synchronisation) video, stereo audio input/output and digital signalling. The standard was extended at the end of the 1980s to support the new S-Video signals. A TV can be awakened from standby mode, and it can automatically switch to appropriate AV channel, when the device attached to it through a SCART connector is turned on. SCART connection was also used for high definition signals like 720p, 1080i, 1080p with YPbPr connection by some manufacturers, but to the present day this connection is very scarce due to the advent of HDMI.


title: SCART

text: SCART is bi-directional regarding standard composite video and analogue audio. A TV will typically send the antenna audio and video signals to the SCART sockets all the time and watch for returned signals, to display and reproduce them. This allows "transparent" set-top boxes, without any tuner, which just "hook" and pre-process the TV signals. This feature is used for analogue pay TV like Canal Plus and was used for decoding teletext.


title: SCART

text: A VCR will often have two SCART sockets, to connect it to the TV ("up", "primary" or "1"), and for video input from a set-top box or other device ("down", "secondary" or "2"). When idle or powered off, VCRs will usually forward the signals from the TV to the set-top decoder and send the processed result back to the TV. When a scrambled show is recorded, the VCR will drive the set-top box from its own tuner and send the unscrambled signals to the TV for viewing or simple recording control. Alternatively, the VCR could use the signals from the TV, in which case it would be inadvisable to change channels on the TV during the recording.


title: SCART

text: The "down" socket can also be used to connect other devices, such as DVD players or game consoles. As long as all devices have at least one "Down and "up" socket, this allows for connecting a virtually unlimited number of devices to a single SCART socket on the TV. While audio and video signals can travel both "up" to the TV and "down" to devices farther away from the TV, this is not true for RGB (and non-standard ) signals, which can only travel towards the TV.


title: SCART

text: "Down" and "up" are conventional. Logically, the TV is the last device of the "up" chain-path (stream) and the first device in the "down" chain path. Physically, the TV is under the device which sits on its top, hence the name "set-top box" for the device. Moreover, some sockets' relative position may enforce the belief that the TV is physically the last in the down direction.


title: SCART

text: Logically, the TV is on top and ends the "up" chain-path, translating the electrical info into an image and sound. From the same logical point of view the info stream, wherever it originates, may need processing such as decrypting (decoding, descrambling) or adding captioning/subtitles. In this case the info stream is sent logically "down" to dedicated function devices. From the last processing device the info stream is sent logically "up" to the TV, through all the chain-path. Another case is when the info stream is sent "down" and not expected to be sent back "up", for example when sent to a recorder.


title: SCART

text: Closing a loop on either the "up" or "down" chain-path may not have useful effects and may create instability.


title: SCART

text: As audio and (composite) video use the same pins on "Down and "up" connectors (and require a crosslinked cable), it is also possible to connect two devices directly to each other without paying attention to the type of the socket.


title: SCART

text: However, this no longer works when S-Video signals are used. As straight links (RGB red and blue up) were re-purposed to carry chrominance information, the S-Video pinouts are different for "Down and "up" SCART connectors. Further, they are often not fully implemented.


title: SCART

text: Paying attention to the type of socket is essential when handling component RGB//S-video. Damage can be caused to devices incorrectly connected as follows:


title: SCART

text: Damaging pins 7, 11 or 15 may result in yellow, purple or blue/green images, due to the missing blue, green or red components respectively. When using S-video, damaging pin 7 or 15 may result in black-white images due to the missing chroma component ("down" and "up" respectively). Similarly, damaging pins 7 and 15 (P and P) while leaving pin 11 (Y) undamaged may result in black-white images when using . Damaging more than one of these pins may result in combined effects.


title: SCART

text: SCART enables a device to command the TV to very quickly switch between signals, in order to create overlays in the image. In order to implement captioning or subtitles, a SCART set-top box does not have to process and send back a complete new video signal, which would require full decoding and re-encoding of the color information, a signal-degrading and costly process, especially given the presence of different standards in Europe. The box can instead ask the TV to stop displaying the normal signal and display a signal it generates internally for selected image areas, with pixel-level granularity. This can also be driven by the use of a "transparent" color in a teletext page.


title: SCART

text: SCART allows a connected device to bring it in and out of "standby" mode or to switch it to the AV channel. A VCR or other playback device will optimally power on when a cassette is inserted, power on the TV (or switch it to video mode) and then start playing immediately if the cassette's write protection tab is absent. When turned off, the VCR will ask the TV to power off, which it will do if it had been powered on by the VCR's request and if it remained in video mode. Only some TVs will do this—most only implement automatic switching to and from the SCART input.


title: SCART

text: The same signal can be used by a satellite receiver or set-top box to signal a VCR that it is supposed to start and stop recording ("pin 8 recording"). This configuration usually requires that the VCR be farther from the TV than the source, so the signal usually travels "down".


title: SCART

text: SCART also supports automatic widescreen switching. This is an extension of the functionality of a pin which previously only indicated to the TV that an external signal should be displayed. Ideally, a widescreen source should offer three operating modes in order to deal with widescreen signals:


title: SCART

text: In the first case, the widescreen pin allows to indicate the current signal format, which allows widescreen TVs to adjust the image width, and widescreen-capable standard TVs to compress the scan lines of the 576i image vertically to a letterbox shape portion of the picture tube. In the second case, the widescreen SCART signal is never active and the signal source performs the adaptations itself so that the image has always a standard format as a result. Some sources assume that the TV is always capable of widescreen functionality and hence never perform the adaptations. Some sources will not even issue the widescreen signal or maintain it at the same level all the time. Other sources might offer the option of truncating the sides, but not of letterboxing, which requires significantly more processing. Notably, the circuitry of the early widescreen MAC standard decoders (e.g. the "Visiopass") could not letterbox. The limitations apply mostly to satellite TVs, while DVD players can always at least letterbox and often "zoom".


title: SCART

text: The cables for connecting equipment together have a male plug at each end. Some of the wires such as ground, data, switching and RGB connect to the identical pin number at each end. Others such as audio and video are swapped so that an output signal at one end of the cable connects to an input signal at the other end. The complete list of wires that are swapped are: pins 1 and 2, pins 3 and 6, pins 17 and 18, pins 19 and 20.


title: SCART

text: The original SCART specification provided for different cable (cordset) types denoted by a key color, but color-coding is rarely used and cables often use different, non-standard configurations.


title: SCART

text: Due to the relatively high signal voltages used in SCART, "hot plugging" (connecting or disconnecting devices while they are on) is not recommended. Although there is no risk of personal injury, there is the possibility of damaging electronics within the devices if the connector is inserted improperly. Also, since many TVs are Class II (double-insulated) rather than earthed, the large exposed shield on the SCART connector will be held at approximately half mains voltage if it is plugged into a powered TV with the other end unplugged. If the cable is then plugged into an earthed device with a metal case, inadvertent contact with the SCART cable shield while the earthed device is touched with the other hand can cause a painful electric shock. For this reason the device end of the cable should always be plugged in first and the TV end plugged in last.


title: SCART

text: Quality differences exist in SCART cables. While a proper SCART cable uses miniature coaxial cables for the video signals, cheap SCART cables often use plain wires for all signals, resulting in a loss of image quality and greatly reducing the maximum cable length. A common problem on a cheap SCART cable is that a TV outputs a composite video signal from its internal tuner and this is induced or crosstalked onto an incoming video signal due to inadequate or non-existent screening; the result is ghostly images or shimmering superimposed on the incoming signal. To non-destructively verify if a SCART cable uses coaxial cables, unscrew the strain relief at the SCART connector and fold open the plastic shell.


title: SCART

text: Using higher-quality cables such as those with ribbon cords that have properly shielded coaxial cables inside might help in reducing a 'ghosting' effect, but it does not always eliminate it due to various factors. A more permanent method is to remove pin 19 (Video Out) from the SCART plug that is put into the TV, preventing a signal from being broadcast by the TV into the cable, so it cannot cross-talk with the incoming signal.


title: SCART

text: Pin 8, the "switch signal" pin, carries a DC voltage from the source that indicates the type of video present.


title: SCART

text: Pin 16, the "blanking signal" pin, carries a signal from the source that indicates that the signal is either RGB or composite.


title: SCART

text: The original specification defined pin 16 as a high frequency (up to 3 MHz) signal that blanked the composite video. The RGB inputs were always active and the signal 'punches holes' in the composite video. This could be used to overlay subtitles from an external Teletext decoder.


title: SCART

text: There is no switching signal to indicate S-Video. Some TVs can auto-detect the presence of the S-Video signal but more commonly the S-Video input needs to be manually selected. The same for the rare component YPbPr, which is in many cases implemented over a composite or RGB SCART.


title: SCART

text: The use of the data pins was not standardised in the original SCART specification, resulting in the use of several different protocols, both proprietary protocols and semi-proprietary protocols based on standards such as D²B.


title: SCART

text: Some of the most creative usages appeared in analogue satellite receivers. The function of decoding hybrid, time-compressed analogue-digital MAC transmissions into RGB and analogue audio was akin to making a digital receiver out of an analogue one. The D²B pins (10 and 12) were used for communicating with satellite dish positioners and for driving magnetic polarisers, before these became incorporated into LNBs. The daisy-chaining features were used to connect both a Pay TV decoder and a dish positioner/polariser to a single "Decoder" socket on the receiver.


title: SCART

text: CENELEC EN 50157-1 introduced AV.link as a standardised protocol to carry advanced control information between devices. It is a single-wire serial data bus and allows carrying remote control information and to negotiate analogue signal types (e.g. RGB). AV.link is also known as nexTViewLink or trade names such as SmartLink, Q-Link or EasyLink. It appears as the Consumer Electronics Control channel in HDMI.


title: SCART

text: The data pins, 10, 12, 14, were used by some manufacturers for DOLBY ProLogic, surround and multichannel on their TV sets (some high end models with built in Dolby decoders, and external surround speakers, both CRT, LCD and plasma sets, and only in Europe (and European versions of Japanese TV Sets and DVD players), and mainly on S/PDIF), in order to connect a DVD player to the TV set and stream the Dolby and DTS to the surround of the TV set. However, this protocol was rarely used, as it was limited only to a certain manufacturer, and the connections were different from a manufacturer to another, and in some cases, it was only commanded by the pin 8. In this case, it was unusable with RCA to SCART adapters. Also, if a Compatible TV with such connection and a compatible DVD with such connection, but from different manufacturers were interconnected, the surround might not work, and only the stereo sound from the DVD player was available to the TV, because some manufacturers did not use SPDIF, but an own protocol. Also, this connection might be also lost, if the connection of the DVD with the TV was made indirectly (through a VCR in daisy chaining mode, for example), however, some VCR allowed the pass-through of these signals. Some DVD player manufacturers on some models offered SPDIF only on SCART, and an adapter in order to extract the digital audio signal to send it to a home cinema. To the present day this connection remains rare, as HDMI, S/PDIF, and TOSLINK can provide multichannel audio, also some TV sets with Surround built in may have an Optical or S/PDIF INPUT, beside Output.


title: SCART

text: SCART connection was also used, in limited cases, as a high definition connection by using an YPbPr connection over scart by some television and audio video equipment (set top boxes, DVD players, Blu-ray players, etc.) manufacturers. By using an YPbPr connection, SCART could be used for high definition signals, like 720i, 720p, 1080i, 1080p. Some manufacturers were using as Y the video composite connection, while others were using the green connection as Y. With the advent of HDMI, and because the connection was not standardized (as was S-video) and limited only to a certain manufacturer, devices supporting high definition channels over SCART with YPbPr connection became scarce, if not extinct. In many cases, it was implemented over a RGB SCART or CVBS SCART and the YPbPr mode of SCART was manually switched. YPbPr became used as an independent connection, and SCART was left only for standard definition content.


title: SCART

text: Nearly all modern DVD players and set-top boxes with SCART sockets can output RGB signal, which offers superior picture quality to composite signal. However, many devices do not have RGB output turned on by default, instead defaulting to composite video: RGB often has to be set up manually in the menu or via switches on the back of the device.


title: SCART

text: The Nintendo GameCube, Wii, Neo-Geo, Dreamcast, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox and Xbox 360 can output RGB, component video, S-Video, or composite video. These consoles come with the standard composite video connector, but the manufacturers and third parties sell connectors for component video hookup and for RGB SCART hookup. Where the Nintendo GameCube and Xbox automatically switch to the proper mode, the PlayStation 2 must be told via a selection in the system menu whether it is to use YPP or RGB video. RGB is only available on PAL region GameCube and Wii consoles, while S-Video is only available on NTSC consoles.


title: SCART

text: Some versions of legacy consoles such as Sega's Master System, Mega Drive/Genesis and Nintendo's SNES are capable of outputting RGB signals, and many older home computers (Amstrad CPC, later ZX Spectrum models, MSX, Commodore Amiga, Atari ST, BBC Micro and Acorn Archimedes, etc.) output RGB with composite sync suitable for SCART use, but most used varying non-standard DIN plugs. Standard-resolution arcade monitors use RGB signals with a composite sync, which is SCART-compatible.


title: SCART

text: Besides simple connection of external devices to SCART TVs, RGB SCART is used in the retrogaming scene, even including in North America, for connecting vintage games consoles (including ones internally modified for RGB or 60 Hz RGB where necessary) to:


title: SCART

text: •the RGB SCART inputs of upscalers / analogue-to-digital converters; these output over HDMI at higher than original resolution, to modern TVs / monitors / projectors / capture cards, or, via further conversion (HDMI to VGA digital-to-analogue) CRT PC monitors


title: SCART

text: •RGB SCART to S-video converters, for achieving the best video quality on a combination of a TV / monitor with S-video as its best input but with a console that cannot output S-video, but can output RGB as its best output


title: SCART

text: There is also a Japanese version of the SCART connector, which is referred to as the Japanese RGB-21 connector, EIAJ TTC-003, or simply JP-21. This version of SCART uses similar signals and the same connector, but it has a different pinout. In Japan and Korea, it is commonly called RGB-21 while it is more generally called JP-21 in the English-speaking world.


title: SCART

text: JP-21 was standardised in January 1983 with the norm TTC-0003 published by EIAJ, which was superseded in March 1993 by the norm CPR-1201 to include S-Video. CPR-1201 was withdrawn in March 2003 to be replaced by the equivalent norm CPR-1205, representing Japan's transition from analogue to digital, and thus antiquating analogue connectors.


title: SCART

text: It was adopted in Japan for the connector's ability to support RGB output format (no compression nor deterioration of original video signals) but, contrary to SCART in Europe, it never saw widespread use on the consumer market.


title: SCART

text: When using RGB video, the red channel uses the same pins in both standards, so red video with no audio is indicative of mismatching JP-21 SCART with EuroSCART.


title: SCART

text: As it was designed to carry analog standard-definition content, the use of SCART has declined with the introduction of new digital standards such as HDMI and DisplayPort, which can carry high-definition content and multichannel audio, though it remains commonly used. HDMI-CEC is derived from SCART's AV.link. However, SCART Connection can also support higher definition signals like 480p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p, if the SCART connection of a device is designed to support YPbPr connection, but this configuration is rare. The same for multichannel audio, but even this configuration remains rare, as it is not standardized.


title: David Barron Corona

text: David Barron Corona, (1963 – November 27, 1997) was a Mexican high-ranking member of the Logan Heights Gang, the Mexican Mafia and a hitman for the Tijuana Cartel under the command of drug lord Ramon Arellano Felix. Barron recruited and led a band of Mexican-American Logan Heights gang members as hired enforcers for the Arellano-Felix organization.


title: David Barron Corona

text: David Barron Corona, aka "Popeye", was a member of the Barrio Logan Heights gang and later the Mexican Mafia ("La Eme") prison gang who committed his first murder at the age of 16. Convicted of murder, Barron Corona was sent to prison being released in the mid 1980s. Returned to prison on weapons charges in 1987, he was incarcerated with the brother of Arturo Everardo Páez Martínez, alias "El Kitty", a member of the Tijuana Cartel who first introduced him to the organisation.


title: David Barron Corona

text: Arellano-Félix brothers of the Tijuana Cartel (AFO). While in Mexico, he was trained in paramilitary tactics by the Tijuana Cartel, which included heavy weapons training. This training helped to make Barron Corona highly proficient in the crimes of kidnapping and murder. Barron successfully recruited dozens of San Diego gang members to cross the border to work for him and the AFO as kidnappers and hitmen. Barron was personally recruited when the Tijuana Cartel were waging a war with their hated rivals, the Sinaloa Cartel, led by Joaquin "Chapo" Guzman. The beef stemmed from who would control the drug smuggling routes from Tijuana to the border city of San Diego, California.


title: David Barron Corona

text: On November 8, 1992, the rival Sinaloa Cartel struck out against the Tijuana Cartel at the discotec "Christine" in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico. Eight Tijuana Cartel members were killed in the shootout but the Arellano-Félix brothers successfully escaped from the location with the assistance of Barron.


title: David Barron Corona

text: In retaliation, the Tijuana Cartel, with the assistance of Barron Corona, attempted to set up Guzmán at a Guadalajara airport on May 24, 1993. In the shootout that followed, six civilians were killed by the hired gunmen from the Logan Heights Gang. The deaths included that of Roman Catholic Cardinal Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo. The Catholic hierarchy claimed Posadas Ocampo was targeted as revenge for his strong stance against the drug trade. Mexican officials, however, posited that the prelate was a victim of mistaken identity. The Cardinal arrived at the airport in a white Mercury Grand Marquis town car, known to be popular among drug barons, making it a possible target. Intelligence received by Barron was that Guzmán would be arriving in a white Mercury Grand Marquis town car. This claim is often met with skepticism due to Posadas Ocampo's long black cassock and large pectoral cross, as well as his dissimilar appearance to Guzmán and the fact he was gunned down from only two feet away.


title: David Barron Corona

text: Barron Corona was killed on November 27, 1997 in Tijuana, Baja California during the attempted assassination of journalist Jesus Blancornelas. It is believed a bullet fired by one of his own henchmen ("friendly fire") ricocheted into Barron's eye, thus killing him instantly.


title: Collateral damage

text: Collateral damage is any death, injury, or other damage inflicted that is an incidental result of an activity. Originally coined by military operations, it is now also used in non-military contexts.


title: Collateral damage

text: Since the development of precision guided munitions in the 1970s, military forces often claim to have gone to great lengths to minimize collateral damage.


title: Collateral damage

text: Critics of use of the term "collateral damage" see it as a euphemism that dehumanizes non-combatants killed or injured during combat, used to reduce the perceived culpability of military leadership in failing to prevent non-combatant casualties.


title: Collateral damage

text: Collateral damage does not include civilian casualties caused by military operations that are intended to terrorize or kill enemy civilians (e.g., the bombing of Chongqing during World War II).


title: Collateral damage

text: The word "collateral" comes from medieval Latin word "collateralis", from "col-", "together with" + "lateralis" (from "latus", "later-", "side" ) and is otherwise mainly used as a synonym for "parallel" or "additional" in certain expressions (e.g. "collateral veins" meaning veins running parallel to each other, or "collateral security" meaning security additional to the main obligation in a contract).


title: Collateral damage

text: The oldest known usage of the term "collateral damage" in this context occurred in an article written in May 1961 by T. C. Schelling entitled "DISPERSAL, DETERRENCE, AND DAMAGE". The term "collateral damage" likely originated as a euphemism during the Vietnam War referring to friendly fire or to the intentional killing of non-combatants and destruction of their property.


title: Collateral damage

text: During the 1991 Gulf War, Coalition forces used the phrase to describe the killing of civilians in attacks on legitimate military targets. According to Scottish linguist Deborah Cameron, "the classic Orwellian arguments for finding this usage objectionable would be that


title: Collateral damage

text: In 1999, "collateral damage" () was named the German Un-Word of the Year by a jury of linguistic scholars. With this choice, it was criticized that the term had been used by NATO forces to describe civilian casualties during the Kosovo War, which the jury considered to be an inhuman euphemism.


title: Collateral damage

text: Military necessity, along with distinction and proportionality, are three important principles of international humanitarian law, governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict. Offensives causing collateral damage are not automatically classed as a war crimes. They are war crimes when the objective is excessively or solely collateral damage.


title: Collateral damage

text: Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Chief Prosecutor at the International Criminal Court, investigated allegations of war crimes during the 2003 invasion of Iraq and published an open letter containing his findings. A section titled "Allegations concerning War Crimes" elucidates this usage of "military necessity", "distinction", and "proportionality":


title: Collateral damage

text: The "USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide" defines the term as the "unintentional damage or incidental damage affecting facilities, equipment, or personnel, occurring as a result of military actions directed against targeted enemy forces or facilities", stating that "[s]uch damage can occur to friendly, neutral, and even enemy forces". Another United States Department of Defense document uses "[u]nintentional or incidental injury or damage to persons or objects that would not be lawful military targets in the circumstances ruling at the time", which also states that "[s]uch damage is not unlawful so long as it is not excessive in light of the overall military advantage anticipated from the attack."


title: Collateral damage

text: In U.S. military terminology, the unintentional destruction of allied or neutral targets is called "friendly fire".


title: Collateral damage

text: The U.S. military follows a technology-based process for estimating and mitigating collateral damage. The software used is known as "FAST-CD" or "Fast Assessment Strike Tool—Collateral Damage."


title: Collateral damage

text: While not actually invented by the military, this has been common. However, the term has since been widely adopted for non-military cases, and in particular, the COVID-19 pandemic. A large number of medical, government sources and media use this term widely in relation to deaths caused indirectly as a result of government policy such as lockdowns, and not directly by the virus itself. Significant debate on the pandemic strategy has ensued, with some advocating restrictions such as lockdowns to save lives, where others claim the 'collateral damage' caused by enforced lockdowns, masks and distancing may in fact cause more deaths over a longer term. An example is the Great Barrington Declaration, purportedly signed by 3500 medical and other professionals (and mentioned in UK parliament and media) has a FAQ page titled 'Lockdowns and collateral damage', and refers to this phrase several times.


title: Collateral damage

text: The term has also been borrowed by the computing community to refer to the refusal of service to legitimate users when administrators take blanket preventative measures against some individuals who are abusing systems. For example, Realtime Blackhole Lists used to combat email spam generally block ranges of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses rather than individual IPs associated with spam, which can deny legitimate users within those ranges the ability to send email to some domains.


title: Collateral damage

text: The related term "collateral mortality" is also becoming prevalent, and probably derives from the term collateral damage. It has been applied to other spheres in addition to a military context. Fisheries are an example of this, where bycatch of species such as dolphins are called collateral mortality; they are species that die in the pursuit of the legal death of fishing targets, such as tuna. See also


title: Ecological footprint

text: The ecological footprint is a method promoted by the Global Footprint Network to measure human demand on natural capital, i.e. the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy. It tracks this demand through an ecological accounting system. The accounts contrast the biologically productive area people use for their consumption to the biologically productive area available within a region or the world (biocapacity, the productive area that can regenerate what people demand from nature). In short, it is a measure of human impact on the environment.


title: Ecological footprint

text: Footprint and biocapacity can be compared at the individual, regional, national or global scale. Both footprint and biocapacity change every year with number of people, per person consumption, efficiency of production, and productivity of ecosystems. At a global scale, footprint assessments show how big humanity's demand is compared to what Earth can renew. Global Footprint Network estimates that, as of 2014, humanity has been using natural capital 1.7 times as fast as Earth can renew it, which they describe as meaning humanity's ecological footprint corresponds to 1.7 planet Earths.


title: Ecological footprint

text: Ecological footprint analysis is widely used around the world in support of sustainability assessments. It enables people to measure and manage the use of resources throughout the economy and explore the sustainability of individual lifestyles, goods and services, organizations, industry sectors, neighborhoods, cities, regions and nations.


title: Ecological footprint

text: The first academic publication about ecological footprints was written by William Rees in 1992. The ecological footprint concept and calculation method was developed as the PhD dissertation of Mathis Wackernagel, under Rees' supervision at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, from 1990 to 1994. Originally, Wackernagel and Rees called the concept "appropriated carrying capacity". To make the idea more accessible, Rees came up with the term "ecological footprint", inspired by a computer technician who praised his new computer's "small footprint on the desk". In 1996, Wackernagel and Rees published the book "Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth".


title: Ecological footprint

text: The simplest way to define an ecological footprint is the amount of environmental resources necessary to produce the goods and services that support an individual's particular lifestyle.


title: Ecological footprint

text: The model is a means of comparing consumption and lifestyles, and checking this against biocapacity. The tool can inform policy by examining to what extent a nation uses more (or less) than is available within its territory, or to what extent the nation's lifestyle would be replicable worldwide. The footprint can also be a useful tool to educate people about overconsumption, with the aim of altering personal behavior. Ecological footprints may be used to argue that many current lifestyles are not sustainable. Country-by-country comparisons show the inequalities of resource use on this planet.


title: Ecological footprint

text: The GHG footprint or the more narrow carbon footprint are a component of the ecological footprint. Often, when only the carbon footprint is reported, it is expressed in weight of (or CO2e representing GHG warming potential (GGWP)), but it can also be expressed in land areas like ecological footprints. Both can be applied to products, people or whole societies.


title: Ecological footprint

text: The focus of ecological footprint accounting is renewable resources. The total amount of such resources which the planet produces according to this model has been dubbed biocapacity. Ecological footprints can be calculated at any scale: for an activity, a person, a community, a city, a town, a region, a nation, or humanity as a whole. Footprint values are categorized for carbon, food, housing, goods and services. This approach can be applied to an activity such as the manufacturing of a product or driving of a car. This resource accounting is similar to life-cycle analysis wherein the consumption of energy, biomass (food, fiber), building material, water and other resources are converted into a normalized measure of land area called global hectares (gha).


title: Ecological footprint

text: Since 2003, Global Footprint Network has calculated the ecological footprint from UN data sources for the world as a whole and for over 200 nations (known as the National Footprint Accounts). The total footprint number of Earths needed to sustain the world's population at that level of consumption are also calculated. Every year the calculations are updated to the latest year with complete UN statistics. The time series are also recalculated with every update since UN statistics sometimes correct historical data sets. Results are available on an open data platform. Lin "et al." (2018) finds that the trends for countries and the world have stayed consistent despite data updates. Also, a recent study by the Swiss Ministry of Environment independently recalculated the Swiss trends and reproduced them within 1–4% for the time period that they studied (1996–2015). Since 2006, a first set of ecological footprint standards exist that detail both communication and calculation procedures. The latest version are the updated standards from 2009.


title: Ecological footprint

text: The ecological footprint accounting method at the national level is described on the website of Global Footprint Network or in greater detail in academic papers, including Borucke "et al."


title: Ecological footprint

text: The National Accounts Review Committee has published a research agenda on how to improve the accounts.


title: Ecological footprint

text: For 2017 Global Footprint Network estimated humanity's ecological footprint as 1.73 planet Earths. According to their calculations this means that humanity's demands were 1.73 times more than what the planet's ecosystems renewed.


title: Ecological footprint

text: In 2007, the average biologically productive area per person worldwide was approximately 1.8 global hectares (gha) per capita. The U.S. footprint per capita was 9.0 gha, and that of Switzerland was 5.6 gha, while China's was 1.8 gha. The WWF claims that the human footprint has exceeded the biocapacity (the available supply of natural resources) of the planet by 20%. Wackernagel and Rees originally estimated that the available biological capacity for the 6 billion people on Earth at that time was about 1.3 hectares per person, which is smaller than the 1.8 global hectares published for 2006, because the initial studies neither used global hectares nor included bioproductive marine areas.


title: Ecological footprint

text: According to the 2018 edition of the "National footprint accounts", humanity's total ecological footprint has exhibited an increasing trend since 1961, growing an average of 2.1% per year (SD= 1.9). Humanity's ecological footprint was 7.0 billion gha in 1961 and increased to 20.6 billion gha in 2014. The world-average ecological footprint in 2014 was 2.8 global hectares per person. The carbon footprint is the fastest growing part of the ecological footprint and accounts currently for about 60% of humanity's total ecological footprint.


title: Ecological footprint

text: The Earth's biocapacity has not increased at the same rate as the ecological footprint. The increase of biocapacity averaged at only 0.5% per year (SD = 0.7). Because of agricultural intensification, biocapacity was at 9.6 billion gha in 1961 and grew to 12.2 billion gha in 2016.


title: Ecological footprint

text: According to Wackernagel and his organisation, the Earth has been in "overshoot", where humanity is using more resources and generating waste at a pace that the ecosystem cannot renew, since the 1970s. In 2018, Earth Overshoot Day, the date where humanity has used more from nature than the planet can renew in the entire year, was estimated to be August 1. In 2020, because of reduction in resource demand due to COVID-19 lockdowns, Earth Overshoot Day was delayed to August 22. Now more than 85% of humanity lives in countries that run an ecological deficit.


title: Ecological footprint

text: According to Rees, "the average world citizen has an eco-footprint of about 2.7 global average hectares while there are only 2.1 global hectare of bioproductive land and water per capita on earth. This means that humanity has already overshot global biocapacity by 30% and now lives unsustainabily by depleting stocks of 'natural capital'."


title: Ecological footprint

text: The world-average ecological footprint in 2013 was 2.8 global hectares per person. The average per country ranges from over 10 to under 1 global hectares per person. There is also a high variation within countries, based on individual lifestyle and economic possibilities.


title: Ecological footprint

text: The Western Australian government State of the Environment Report included an Ecological Footprint measure for the average Western Australian seven times the average footprint per person on the planet in 2007, a total of about 15 hectares.


title: Ecological footprint

text: The figure (right) examines sustainability at the scale of individual countries by contrasting their Ecological Footprint with their UN Human Development Index (a measure of standard of living). The graph shows what is necessary for countries to maintain an acceptable standard of living for their citizens while, at the same time, maintaining sustainable resource use. The general trend is for higher standards of living to become less sustainable. As always, population growth has a marked influence on levels of consumption and the efficiency of resource use. The sustainability goal is to raise the global standard of living without increasing the use of resources beyond globally sustainable levels; that is, to not exceed "one planet" consumption. The information generated by reports at the national, regional and city scales confirm the global trend towards societies that are becoming less sustainable over time.


title: Ecological footprint

text: The UK's average ecological footprint is 5.45 global hectares per capita (gha) with variations between regions ranging from 4.80 gha (Wales) to 5.56 gha (East England).


title: Ecological footprint

text: BedZED, a 96-home mixed-income housing development in South London, was designed by Bill Dunster Architects and sustainability consultants BioRegional for the Peabody Trust. Despite being populated by relatively average people, BedZED was found to have a footprint of 3.20 gha (not including visitors), due to on-site renewable energy production, energy-efficient architecture, and an extensive green lifestyles program that included London's first carsharing club. Findhorn Ecovillage, a rural intentional community in Moray, Scotland, had a total footprint of 2.56 gha, including both the many guests and visitors who travel to the community. However, the residents alone had a footprint of 2.71 gha, a little over half the UK national average and one of the lowest ecological footprints of any community measured so far in the industrialized world. Keveral Farm, an organic farming community in Cornwall, was found to have a footprint of 2.4 gha, though with substantial differences in footprints among community members.


title: Ecological footprint

text: In a 2012 study of consumers acting 'green' vs. 'brown' (where green people are "expected to have significantly lower ecological impact than 'brown' consumers"), the conclusion was "the research found no significant difference between the carbon footprints of green and brown consumers". A 2013 study concluded the same.


title: Ecological footprint

text: Early criticism was published by van den Bergh and Verbruggen in 1999, which was updated in 2014. Their colleague Fiala published similar criticism in 2008.


title: Ecological footprint

text: A comprehensive review commissioned by the Directorate-General for the Environment (European Commission) was published in June 2008. The European Commission's review found the concept unique and useful for assessing progress on the EU's Resource Strategy. They also recommended further improvements in data quality, methodologies and assumptions.


title: Ecological footprint

text: Blomqvist "et al.". published a critical paper in 2013. It led to a reply from Rees and Wackernagel (2013), and a rejoinder by Blomqvist "et al." (2013).


title: Ecological footprint

text: An additional strand of critique is from Giampietro and Saltelli (2014), with a reply from Goldfinger et al., 2014, and a rejoinder by Giampietro and Saltelli (2014). A joint paper authored by the critical researchers (Giampietro and Saltelli) and proponents (various Global Footprint Network researchers) summarised the terms of the controversy in a paper published by the journal Ecological indicators. Additional comments were offered by van den Bergh and Grazi (2015).


title: Ecological footprint

text: A number of national government agencies have performed collaborative or independent research to test the reliability of the ecological footprint accounting method and its results. They have largely confirmed the accounts' results; those who reproduced the assessment generating near-identical results. Such reviews include those of Switzerland, Germany, France, Ireland, the United Arab Emirates and the European Commission.


title: Ecological footprint

text: Global Footprint Network has summarized methodological limitations and criticism in a comprehensive report available on its website.


title: Ecological footprint

text: Some researchers have misinterpreted ecological footprint accounting as a social theory or a policy guideline, while in reality it is merely a metric that adds up human demands that compete for the planet's regenerative capacity. Examples of such confusions include Grazi "et al." (2007) who performed a systematic comparison of the ecological footprint method with spatial welfare analysis that includes environmental externalities, agglomeration effects and trade advantages. Not recognizing that the ecological footprint is merely a metric, they conclude that the footprint method does not lead to maximum social welfare. Similarly, Newman (2006) has argued that the ecological footprint concept may have an anti-urban bias, as it does not consider the opportunities created by urban growth. He argues that calculating the ecological footprint for densely populated areas, such as a city or small country with a comparatively large population—e.g. New York and Singapore respectively—may lead to the perception of these populations as "parasitic". But in reality, ecological footprints just document the resource dependence of cities—like a fuel gauge documents a car's fuel availability. Newman questions the metric because these communities have little intrinsic biocapacity, and instead must rely upon large "hinterlands". Critics argue that this is a dubious characterization since farmers in developed nations may easily consume more resources than urban inhabitants, due to transportation requirements and the unavailability of economies of scale. Furthermore, such moral conclusions seem to be an argument for autarky. This is similar to blaming a scale for the user's dietary choices. Some even take this train of thought a step further, claiming that the footprint denies the benefits of trade. Therefore such critics argue that the footprint can only be applied globally. Others have made the opposite argument showing that national assessments do provide helpful insights.


title: Ecological footprint

text: Since this metric tracks biocapacity, the replacement of original ecosystems with high-productivity agricultural monocultures can lead to attributing a higher biocapacity to such regions. For example, replacing ancient woodlands or tropical forests with monoculture forests or plantations may therefore decrease the ecological footprint. Similarly if organic farming yields were lower than those of conventional methods, this could result in the former being "penalized" with a larger ecological footprint. Complementary biodiversity indicators attempt to address this. The WWF's Living Planet Report combines the footprint calculations with the Living Planet Index of biodiversity. A modified ecological footprint that takes biodiversity into account has been created for use in Australia.


title: Gall

text: Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or cecidia (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants, fungi, or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to benign tumors or warts in animals. They can be caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites. Plant galls are often highly organized structures so that the cause of the gall can often be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to some insect and mite plant galls. The study of plant galls is known as cecidology.


title: Gall

text: Insect galls are the highly distinctive plant structures formed by some herbivorous insects as their own microhabitats. They are plant tissue which is controlled by the insect. Galls act as both the habitat and food source for the maker of the gall. The interior of a gall can contain edible nutritious starch and other tissues. Some galls act as "physiologic sinks", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts. Galls may also provide the insect with physical protection from predators.


title: Gall

text: Insect galls are usually induced by chemicals injected by the larvae of the insects into the plants, and possibly mechanical damage. After the galls are formed, the larvae develop inside until fully grown, when they leave. In order to form galls, the insects must take advantage of the time when plant cell division occurs quickly: the growing season, usually spring in temperate climates, but which is extended in the tropics.


title: Gall

text: The meristems, where plant cell division occurs, are the usual sites of galls, though insect galls can be found on other parts of the plant, such as the leaves, stalks, branches, buds, roots, and even flowers and fruits. Gall-inducing insects are usually species-specific and sometimes tissue-specific on the plants they gall.


title: Gall

text: Gall-inducing insects include gall wasps, gall midges, gall flies (e.g., the goldenrod gall fly), Agromyzidae, aphids (such as "Melaphis chinensis", "Pemphigus spyrothecae", and "Pemphigus betae"), scale insects, psyllids, thrips, gall moths (e.g., "Epiblema scudderiana"), and weevils.


title: Gall

text: Many rust fungi induce gall formation, including western gall rust, which infects a variety of pine trees and cedar-apple rust. Galls are often seen in "Millettia pinnata" leaves and fruits. Leaf galls appear like tiny clubs; however, flower galls are globose. "Exobasidium" often induces spectacular galls on its hosts.


title: Gall

text: The fungus "Ustilago esculenta" associated with "Zizania latifolia", a wild rice, produces an edible gall highly valued as a food source in the Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces of China.


title: Gall

text: Gall forming virus was found on rice plants in central Thailand in 1979 and named rice gall dwarf. Symptoms consisted of gall formation along leaf blades and sheaths, dark green discoloration, twisted leaf tips and reduced numbers of tillers. Some plants died in the glasshouse in later stages of infection. The causal agent was transmitted by "Nephotettix nigropictus" after an incubation of two weeks. Polyhedral particles of 65 nm diameter in the cytoplasm of phloem cells were always associated with the disease. No serologic relationship was found between this virus and that of rice dwarf.


title: Gall

text: Nematodes are microscopic worms that live in the soil. Some nematodes ("Meloidogyne" species or root-knot nematodes) cause galls on the roots of susceptible plants. The galls are small, individual and beadlike in some hosts. In other plant species galls may be massive accumulations of fleshy tissue more than in diameter. Some ectoparasitic nematodes (nematodes that live outside the plant in the soil), such as sting and stubby-root nematodes, may cause root tips to swell. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria ("Rhizobium" species) cause swellings on the roots of most legumes (such as clover, peas and beans). These swellings, called nodules, are easily distinguished from root-knot galls by differences in how they are attached to the root and their contents. Nodules are loosely attached to the root, while root-knot galls originate from infection at the center of the root, so they are an integral part of the root. In addition, fresh "Rhizobium" nodules have a milky pink-to-brown liquid inside them, while root-knot galls have firmer tissues and contain female root-knot nematodes (creamy white beads less than in diameter) inside the gall tissues.


title: Gall

text: Galls are rich in resins and tannic acid and have been used widely in the manufacturing of permanent inks (such as iron gall ink) and astringent ointments, in dyeing, and in leather tanning.


title: Gall

text: Medieval Arabic literature records many uses for the gall, called in Arabic. The Aleppo gall, found on oak trees in northern Syria, was among the most important exports from Syria during this period, with one merchant recording a shipment of galls from Suwaydiyya near Antioch fetching the high price of 4½ dinars per 100 pounds. The primary use of the galls was as a mordant for black dyes; they were also used to make a high-quality ink. The gall was also used as a medication to treat fever and intestinal ailments.


title: Gall

text: The larvae in galls are useful for a survival food and fishing bait, as in the Indigenous Australian foods bush coconut and mulga apple. Nutgalls also produce purpurogallin.


title: Gall

text: The gall of "Rhus chinensis", "Galla chinensi", has long been considered to possess many medicinal properties.


title: Chimney

text: A chimney is an architectural ventilation structure made of masonry, clay or metal that isolates hot toxic exhaust gases or smoke produced by a boiler, stove, furnace, incinerator, or fireplace from human living areas. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney effect. The space inside a chimney is called the "flue". Chimneys are adjacent to large industrial refineries, fossil fuel combustion facilities or part of buildings, steam locomotives and ships.


title: Chimney

text: In the United States, the term "smokestack industry" refers to the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels by industrial society, including the electric industry during its earliest history. The term smokestack (colloquially, stack) is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys or ship chimneys, and the term funnel can also be used.


title: Chimney

text: The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to the external environment via stack effect. Additionally, the dispersion of pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on the immediate surroundings. The dispersion of pollutants over a greater area can reduce their concentrations and facilitate compliance with regulatory limits.


title: Chimney

text: Industrial chimney use dates to the Romans, who drew smoke from their bakeries with tubes embedded in the walls. However, domestic chimneys first appeared in large dwellings in northern Europe in the 12th century. The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at the keep of Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire, which dates from 1185 AD. However, they did not become common in houses until the 16th and 17th centuries. Smoke hoods were an early method of collecting the smoke into a chimney. These were typically much wider than modern chimneys and started relatively high above the fire, meaning more heat could escape into the room. Because the air going up the shaft was cooler, these could be made of less fireproof materials. Another step in the development of chimneys was the use of built-in ovens which allowed the household to bake at home. Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century.


title: Chimney

text: Chimneys in ordinary dwellings were first built of wood and plaster or mud. Since then chimneys have traditionally been built of brick or stone, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of simple brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around tile liners. To control downdrafts, venting caps (often called "chimney pots") with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys.


title: Chimney

text: In the 18th and 19th centuries, the methods used to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 mi) long, which typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where the fumes would cause less harm. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the chimneys to scrape off these valuable deposits.


title: Chimney

text: As a result of the limited ability to handle transverse loads with brick, chimneys in houses were often built in a "stack", with a fireplace on each floor of the house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house. Today's central heating systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural gas vent pipe allows a flue gas conduit to be installed around obstructions and through walls.


title: Chimney

text: In fact, most modern high-efficiency heating appliances do not require a chimney. Such appliances are generally installed near an external wall, and a noncombustible wall thimble allows a vent pipe to run directly through the external wall.


title: Chimney

text: On a pitched roof where a chimney penetrates a roof, flashing is used to seal up the joints. The down-slope piece is called an apron, the sides receive step flashing and a cricket is used to divert water around the upper side of the chimney underneath the flashing.


title: Chimney

text: Industrial chimneys are commonly referred to as flue-gas stacks and are generally external structures, as opposed to those built into the wall of a building. They are generally located adjacent to a steam-generating boiler or industrial furnace and the gases are carried to them with ductwork. Today the use of reinforced concrete has almost entirely replaced brick as a structural element in the construction of industrial chimneys. Refractory bricks are often used as a lining, particularly if the type of fuel being burned generates flue gases containing acids. Modern industrial chimneys sometimes consist of a concrete windshield with a number of flues on the inside.


title: Chimney

text: The high steam plant chimney at the Secunda CTL's synthetic fuel plant in Secunda, South Africa consists of a 26 m (85 ft) diameter windshield with four 4.6 metre diameter concrete flues which are lined with refractory bricks built on rings of corbels spaced at 10 metre intervals. The reinforced concrete can be cast by conventional formwork or sliding formwork. The height is to ensure the pollutants are dispersed over a wider area to meet legal or other safety requirements.


title: Chimney

text: A flue liner is a secondary barrier in a chimney that protects the masonry from the acidic products of combustion, helps prevent flue gas from entering the house, and reduces the size of an oversized flue. Since the 1950s, building codes in many locations require newly built chimneys to have a flue liner. Chimneys built without a liner can usually have a liner added, but the type of liner needs to match the type of appliance it services. Flue liners may be clay or concrete tile, metal, or poured in place concrete.


title: Chimney

text: Clay tile flue liners are very common in the United States, although it is the only liner that does not meet Underwriters Laboratories 1777 approval and frequently they have problems such as cracked tiles and improper installation. Clay tiles are usually about long, available in various sizes and shapes, and are installed in new construction as the chimney is built. A refractory cement is used between each tile.


title: Chimney

text: Metal liners may be stainless steel, aluminum, or galvanized iron and may be flexible or rigid pipes. Stainless steel is made in several types and thicknesses. Type 304 is used with firewood, wood pellet fuel, and non-condensing oil appliances, types 316 and 321 with coal, and type AL 29-4C is used with high efficiency condensing gas appliances. Stainless steel liners must have a cap and be insulated if they service solid fuel appliances, but following the manufacturer's instructions carefully. Aluminum and galvanized steel chimneys are known as class A and class B chimneys. Class A are either an insulated, double wall stainless steel pipe or triple wall, air-insulated pipe often known by its genericized trade name Metalbestos. Class B are uninsulated double wall pipes often called B-vent, and are only used to vent non-condensing gas appliances. These may have an aluminum inside layer and galvanized steel outside layer.


title: Chimney

text: Concrete flue liners are like clay liners but are made of a refractory cement and are more durable than the clay liners.


title: Chimney

text: Poured in place concrete liners are made by pouring special concrete into the existing chimney with a form. These liners are highly durable, work with any heating appliance, and can reinforce a weak chimney, but they are irreversible.


title: Chimney

text: A chimney pot is placed on top of the chimney to expand the length of the chimney inexpensively, and to improve the chimney's draft. A chimney with more than one pot on it indicates that multiple fireplaces on different floors share the chimney.


title: Chimney

text: A cowl is placed on top of the chimney to prevent birds and other animals from nesting in the chimney. They often feature a rain guard to prevent rain or snow from going down the chimney. A metal wire mesh is often used as a spark arrestor to minimize burning debris from rising out of the chimney and making it onto the roof. Although the masonry inside the chimney can absorb a large amount of moisture which later evaporates, rainwater can collect at the base of the chimney. Sometimes weep holes are placed at the bottom of the chimney to drain out collected water.


title: Chimney

text: A chimney cowl or wind directional cap is a helmet-shaped chimney cap that rotates to align with the wind and prevent a downdraft of smoke and wind down the chimney.


title: Chimney

text: An "H-style cap" is a chimney top constructed from chimney pipes shaped like the letter H. It is an age-old method of regulating draft in situations where prevailing winds or turbulences cause downdraft and backpuffing. Although the H cap has a distinct advantage over most other downdraft caps, it fell out of favor because of its bulky design. It is found mostly in marine use but has been regaining popularity due to its energy-saving functionality. The H-cap stabilizes the draft rather than increasing it. Other downdraft caps are based on the Venturi effect, solving downdraft problems by increasing the updraft constantly resulting in much higher fuel consumption.


title: Chimney

text: A chimney damper is a metal plate that can be positioned to close off the chimney when not in use and prevent outside air from entering the interior space, and can be opened to permit hot gases to exhaust when a fire is burning. A "top damper" or "cap damper" is a metal spring door placed at the top of the chimney with a long metal chain that allows one to open and close the damper from the fireplace. A "throat damper" is a metal plate at the base of the chimney, just above the firebox, that can be opened and closed by a lever, gear, or chain to seal off the fireplace from the chimney. The advantage of a top damper is the tight weatherproof seal that it provides when closed, which prevents cold outside air from flowing down the chimney and into the living space—a feature that can rarely be matched by the metal-on-metal seal afforded by a throat damper. Additionally, because the throat damper is subjected to intense heat from the fire directly below, it is common for the metal to become warped over time, thus further degrading the ability of the throat damper to seal. However, the advantage of a throat damper is that it seals off the living space from the air mass in the chimney, which, especially for chimneys positioned on an outside of wall of the home, is generally very cold. It is possible in practice to use both a top damper and a throat damper to obtain the benefits of both. The two top damper designs currently on the market are the Lyemance (pivoting door) and the Lock Top (translating door).


title: Chimney

text: In the late Middle Ages in Western Europe the design of stepped gables arose to allow maintenance access to the chimney top, especially for tall structures such as castles and great manor houses.


title: Chimney

text: When coal, oil, natural gas, wood, or any other fuel is combusted in a stove, oven, fireplace, hot water boiler, or industrial furnace, the hot combustion product gases that are formed are called flue gases. Those gases are generally exhausted to the ambient outside air through chimneys or industrial flue-gas stacks (sometimes referred to as smokestacks).


title: Chimney

text: The combustion flue gases inside the chimneys or stacks are much hotter than the ambient outside air and therefore less dense than the ambient air. That causes the bottom of the vertical column of hot flue gas to have a lower pressure than the pressure at the bottom of a corresponding column of outside air. That higher pressure outside the chimney is the driving force that moves the required combustion air into the combustion zone and also moves the flue gas up and out of the chimney. That movement or flow of combustion air and flue gas is called "natural draught/draft", "natural ventilation", "chimney effect", or "stack effect". The taller the stack, the more draught or draft is created. There can be cases of diminishing returns: if a stack is overly tall in relation to the heat being sent out of the stack, the flue gases may cool before reaching the top of the chimney. This condition can result in poor drafting, and in the case of wood burning appliances, the cooling of the gases before emission can cause creosote to condense near the top of the chimney. The creosote can restrict the exit of flue gases and may pose a fire hazard.


title: Chimney

text: Designing chimneys and stacks to provide the correct amount of natural draft involves a number of design factors, many of which require iterative trial-and-error methods.


title: Chimney

text: As a "first guess" approximation, the following equation can be used to estimate the natural draught/draft flow rate by assuming that the molecular mass (i.e., molecular weight) of the flue gas and the external air are equal and that the frictional pressure and heat losses are negligible:


title: Chimney

text: Combining two flows into chimney: "A"+"A"<"A", where "A"=7.1 inch is the minimum required flow area from water heater tank and "A"=19.6 inch is the minimum flow area from a furnace of a central heating system.


title: Chimney

text: Gas fired appliances must have a draft hood to cool combustion products entering the chimney and prevent updrafts or downdrafts.


title: Chimney

text: A characteristic problem of chimneys is they develop deposits of creosote on the walls of the structure when used with wood as a fuel. Deposits of this substance can interfere with the airflow and more importantly, they are combustible and can cause dangerous chimney fires if the deposits ignite in the chimney.


title: Chimney

text: Heaters that burn natural gas drastically reduce the amount of creosote buildup due to natural gas burning much cleaner and more efficiently than traditional solid fuels. While in most cases there is no need to clean a gas chimney on an annual basis that does not mean that other parts of the chimney cannot fall into disrepair. Disconnected or loose chimney fittings caused by corrosion over time can pose serious dangers for residents due to leakage of carbon monoxide into the home. Thus, it is recommended—and in some countries even mandatory—that chimneys be inspected annually and cleaned on a regular basis to prevent these problems. The workers who perform this task are called chimney sweeps or steeplejacks. This work used to be done largely by child labour and, as such, features in Victorian literature. In the Middle Ages in some parts of Europe, a stepped gable design was developed, partly to provide access to chimneys without use of ladders.


title: Chimney

text: Masonry (brick) chimneys have also proven to be particularly prone to crumbling during earthquakes. Government housing authorities in cities prone to earthquakes such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego now recommend building new homes with stud-framed chimneys around a metal flue. Bracing or strapping old masonry chimneys has not proven to be very effective in preventing damage or injury from earthquakes. It is now possible to buy "faux-brick" facades to cover these modern chimney structures.


title: Chimney

text: Some very high chimneys are used for carrying antennas of mobile phone services and low power FM/TV-transmitters. Special attention must be paid to possible corrosion problems if these antennas are near the exhaust of the chimney.


title: Chimney

text: In some cases the chimneys of power stations are used also as pylons. However this type of construction, which is used at several power stations in the former Soviet Union, is not very common, because of corrosion problems of conductor cables.


title: Chimney

text: At some power stations, which are equipped with plants for the removal of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, it is possible to use the cooling tower as a chimney. Such cooling towers can be seen in Germany at the Großkrotzenburg Power Station and at the Rostock Power Station. At power stations that are not equipped for removing sulfur dioxide, such usage of cooling towers could result in serious corrosion problems which are not easy to prevent.


title: Amy Spanger

text: Spanger made her Broadway debut in 1995 in the musical "Sunset Boulevard", following a half-year run in the pre-Broadway national tour of "Jekyll & Hyde". She originated the role of Lois Lane (Bianca) in the Broadway revival of "Kiss Me, Kate". In "Chicago" she played Roxie Hart, and in "Urinetown", Hope Cladwell. In 2006, she originated the role of Holly in "The Wedding Singer".


title: Amy Spanger

text: Spanger also appeared in the national touring companies of "Rent" and "Chicago". She originated the role of Susan in the off-Broadway production of the Jonathan Larson musical "tick, tick... BOOM!". Other stage credits include: "Lunch", and "Feeling Electric", which later became "Next to Normal", in which she co-starred with actor Anthony Rapp.


title: Amy Spanger

text: She originated the role of Sherrie in the Broadway musical "Rock of Ages" but took an extended leave from the production in early June 2009, for vocal rest, before permanently departing the production on June 29 for "personal reasons". She more recently originated the role of Jovie in the stage musical adaptation of Will Ferrell's Christmas comedy "Elf", that ran on Broadway for nine weeks at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre and closed on January 2, 2011. On September 8, 2015, Spanger joined the Broadway cast of "Matilda the Musical" as Mrs. Wormwood.


title: Amy Spanger

text: Spanger's television credits include: "Ed", "Becker", "Egg: The Arts Show", "Six Feet Under", "", "Michael & Michael Have Issues", and "Bored to Death". She also starred in the Showtime original movie musical "Reefer Madness" (2005), as the promiscuous Sally. She also appeared in "Synecdoche, New York" (2008), written and directed by Charlie Kaufman.


title: Amy Spanger

text: May 1, 2002, actor Michael C. Hall and Spanger married; he played Billy Flynn opposite her Roxie Hart in the Broadway musical "Chicago", the summer after their wedding. The couple separated in 2005 and filed for divorce in 2006.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Kieron Courtney Dyer (born 29 December 1978) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He was recently the U23s manager at Ipswich Town.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Born in Ipswich, Dyer played youth football for his home club Ipswich Town before going on to make nearly 100 league appearances for the club's first team. He was sold to Newcastle United for £6 million, at the time the highest fee paid for an Ipswich player, and made nearly 200 appearances for Newcastle between 1999 and 2007. A move for the same fee to West Ham United followed, but Dyer suffered from various injuries, restricting him to 30 league appearances in four seasons. After a short loan back to Ipswich in March 2011, he signed for newly promoted club Queens Park Rangers ahead of their 2011–12 Premier League season. However, his time at QPR was again blighted by injuries and he made just eight appearances for the club before being released in January 2013, spending the rest of the season at Middlesbrough before retiring.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer represented England on 33 occasions between 1999 and 2007. He was a member of the England squads which reached the quarter-finals at the 2002 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2004.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer was born in Ipswich, to an Antiguan father and English mother. Dyer's career began with his hometown team, Ipswich Town, whom he signed for as a 17-year-old trainee in 1996. He broke into the Ipswich first team during his first season at the club, and quickly established a reputation as one of the top youngsters in English football outside of the Premier League. He had spent three years at Portman Road when he requested a transfer in order to further his international prospects following Ipswich's failure to gain promotion to the Premier League through the play-offs in 1999.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer was sold to Newcastle United in July 1999 for a fee of £6 million, which stood as the record transfer fee received by Ipswich Town until Connor Wickham was sold to Sunderland. He was the only English player signed by Ruud Gullit during his spell as Newcastle's manager. Dyer opened his Newcastle goalscoring account at home to local rivals Sunderland, but the match ended in a 2–1 defeat, which saw Gullit resign shortly afterwards.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Under Gullit's replacement, Bobby Robson, Dyer was a key player in the Newcastle team which finished fourth, third and fifth in the 2001–02, 2002–03 and 2003–04 Premier League seasons respectively.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: On 2 April 2005, Dyer was involved in an on-pitch brawl with teammate Lee Bowyer in Newcastle's Premier League match with Aston Villa, and both had to be pulled apart and separated by their teammates and Villa players. This resulted in Dyer and Bowyer receiving red cards, leaving Newcastle with eight men as Steven Taylor had already been sent-off for a deliberate handball. Dyer was handed a three-match ban by the FA for the sending-off; Bowyer received a four-match ban from the FA and was fined more than six weeks' wages – about £200,000 – by Newcastle. Later in April, The FA increased Bowyer's ban by three more matches and fined him £30,000. In 2006 the Newcastle Magistrates' court fined Bowyer £600 and ordered him to pay £1,000 costs after he pleaded guilty to sparking the brawl.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: At the start of the 2005–06 season, Dyer was once again on the injured list, this time with a hamstring injury, preventing his selection for club or country. This followed a close-season in which Newcastle manager Graeme Souness signed a number of other midfield players, including Emre Belözoğlu, Scott Parker, Albert Luque and Nolberto Solano.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer returned to first-team action on 4 February 2006 against Portsmouth, Newcastle's first match following the departure of Souness. Dyer marked his first start of the season since the opening day against Arsenal with a goal in a FA Cup fifth round match against Southampton on 18 February 2006.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer became the first Newcastle United player to score at the Emirates Stadium in a 1–1 draw with Arsenal on 18 November 2006. In what was his first start in seven months, Dyer opened the match's scoring after 30 minutes with his first league goal for Newcastle in over 20 months. He continued his rich vein of form, also scoring against Tottenham Hotspur, Bolton Wanderers, Birmingham City, Aston Villa, AZ and Watford. Following his return from injury, Dyer showed his versatility by playing in central midfield, right midfield and as an attacking midfielder, supporting Obafemi Martins.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer was given permission to speak to West Ham United in August 2007 after both clubs agreed an undisclosed transfer fee. On 4 August, West Ham confirmed the deal had fallen through due to Newcastle's pulling out of the deal. However, the deal was rectified with Dyer finalising a move to Upton Park.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer completed a move to West Ham on 16 August 2007 for £6 million, signing a four-year deal. He made his debut for West Ham in a 1–0 away win at Birmingham City on 18 August 2007. However, this was one of the few positives in Dyer's time at West Ham as he was thereafter blighted by injury. Just ten days after his debut, he was stretchered off after a tackle by Joe Jacobson in a League Cup match against Bristol Rovers that resulted in his right leg being broken in two places. Dyer subsequently missed the rest of the 2007–08 season. His injury was re-assessed in August 2008, when it was decided that a six-week specialist rehabilitation programme was required before he began pre-season training.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: During this time, Dyer's slow recovery from his injury sparked widespread speculation that his career may be over.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: On 3 January 2009, Dyer made his comeback for West Ham after 17 months out, coming on as a second-half substitute against Barnsley in the FA Cup third round tie at the Boleyn Ground. Dyer's injuries continued in May 2009 when he was ruled out with a hamstring injury. He played in West Ham's first match of the 2009–10 season against Wolverhampton Wanderers, but had problems with injuries after the match. He managed only one more match, away to Blackburn Rovers, before hamstring problems hit again. He returned for two further matches before another injury in September kept him out until returning in a reserve match against Stoke City in November when he scored two goals.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: After taking over West Ham in January 2010, David Sullivan revealed the full extent of the club's debts, which totalled £110 million. Shortly afterwards, in addition to the swingeing cuts being made by vice-chairman Karren Brady, Sullivan suggested that Dyer should follow Dean Ashton into retirement; Sullivan expressed the club's frustration that Dyer, who was earning £60,000 "per" week, had only played 18 matches in three years. Dyer's hometown club Ipswich Town had expressed an interest in re-signing Dyer, but the move stalled amid reports Dyer had demanded a £1 million pay-off from West Ham; the media had also speculated about whether Dyer could actually pass a medical.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: In May 2010, figures in "The Daily Telegraph" stated that Dyer, who had made only 22 appearances and had never played a full 90 minutes for West Ham, was the club's top earner on £83,000-a-week. His deal included £424,000-a-season for image rights and £100,000 in loyalty fees. Dyer was released by West Ham at the end of the 2010–11 season, after costing the club around £450,000 for every match he played in.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: On 11 March 2011, Dyer returned to his first club, Ipswich Town, on a month-long loan. He was handed the number 30 shirt. He made his second debut for Ipswich at Elland Road against Leeds United on 12 March before being substituted in the second half in a 0–0 draw.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: In April 2011, West Ham manager Avram Grant refused a request by Ipswich to retain Dyer until the end of the 2010–11 season, and he returned to West Ham after having made four appearances for Ipswich.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: In July 2011, Dyer signed a one-year contract with Queens Park Rangers. He made his debut on 13 August 2011, the opening day of the Premier League season, against Bolton Wanderers, but after just three minutes, he was stretchered off with an injured foot. During his recovery, he sustained ligament damage to his foot in a reserve match. This injury required surgery and he was ruled out for the remainder of the season. Because of his injury, Dyer was omitted from QPR's 25-man squad for the second half of the 2011–12 Premier League season. Despite only playing seven minutes of the 2011–12 season, Dyer signed a one-year contract extension with QPR to keep him at the club until the end of the 2012–13 season. Dyer scored his only goal for the club, in stoppage time, on 5 January 2013, in an FA Cup third round tie against West Bromwich Albion to finish the match 1–1, his first goal in almost six years. Just three days later, he was released from QPR by manager Harry Redknapp, who said, "[Dyer] wasn't in my plans."


title: Kieron Dyer

text: In January 2013, after his release, Dyer began training with Ipswich Town to maintain fitness while looking for a new club.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer had returned to Ipswich following his release from QPR and had returned to training with the Championship side in January 2013.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: On 31 January 2013, Dyer signed a "short-term" contract with Championship club Middlesbrough. Dyer's Middlesbrough debut came on 2 February away at one of his previous clubs, Ipswich Town, with Boro losing 4–0. On 2 March, Dyer scored his first goal in a 2–1 home win over league leaders Cardiff City, his first league goal since 2007. On 16 April, in a 1–0 home win over Nottingham Forest, Dyer lasted the 90 minutes for the first time since he joined QPR back in 2010. At the end of his contract, Dyer was not offered an extension, and he left the club.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer returned to Ipswich as an academy coach following his departure from Middlesbrough. He confirmed he had been back training with the first team during the close of the 2012–13 season. There was speculation in the local press at the time that he would soon rejoin for Ipswich, however he was not offered a contract and subsequently retired from playing – but remained at the club as an academy coach.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: After representing England at Youth, Under 21 and "B" level, Dyer's debut for the senior team came on 4 September 1999 when he started in England's 6–0 win against Luxembourg. He was deployed out of position at right back, and was replaced by Gary Neville at half-time after injuring himself while setting up Alan Shearer's third goal of the match. The injury was not serious and he was able to make his second England appearance four days later, coming on as a late substitute for Steve McManaman in a 0–0 draw with Poland. England qualified for the Euro 2000 competition but Dyer was not selected for the squad for the tournament, though he had recovered from injury and taken part in pre-tournament friendlies against Argentina and Ukraine. Along with a number of other young players who failed to make the squad – including Rio Ferdinand, Frank Lampard, Michael Duberry, Jody Morris and Jonathan Woodgate – Dyer took a drunken holiday to the Cypriot resort of Ayia Napa. The holiday hit the headlines when a video of Dyer, Ferdinand and Lampard having sex with a number of women was leaked to "The News of the World". Shortly after the story broke, it was revealed that Dyer had spent a night in hospital after being glassed in the face during a fight in an Ipswich night club.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer returned to the England squad for the first game after Euro 2000 for the first qualifier for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, against Germany, the last football match at the original Wembley Stadium. England lost 1–0, after which manager Kevin Keegan resigned.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Despite having played only 45 minutes of football under new manager Sven-Göran Eriksson, Dyer was named in the squad for the 2002 World Cup. Two days after the squad was announced, Dyer suffered knee ligament damage after being tackled by Tahar El Khalej in a league game against Southampton. However, he recovered just in time to remain in the squad. He made three appearances, all as a substitute, in the tournament until England were eliminated in the quarter-finals by eventual champions Brazil.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: Dyer played in several of Euro 2004 qualifiers but only had seven minutes on the pitch at Euro 2004, coming on as a late replacement for Wayne Rooney in England's second group match, against Switzerland. After making some appearances during England's FIFA World Cup 2006 qualifying Dyer's run in the England squad was ended by the recurrence of a hamstring injury while playing against Middlesbrough.


title: Kieron Dyer

text: After almost two years without making an appearance for England, Dyer's form for Newcastle earned him a call up to Steve McClaren's England starting line-up for a friendly against Spain in February 2007. His most recent, and subsequently final, appearance for England came in a 2–1 friendly defeat to Germany in August 2007, Dyer replacing Alan Smith in the second half.