title: Kyiv Metro

text: This line first appeared in plans in 1980, when a new plan of Kyiv Metro development appeared. The section between Voskresenka (2 km south of Troieshchyna) and Vokzalna (through Chervona Ploshcha (now Kontraktova Ploshcha station), instead of today's plan to direct it via Tarasa Shevchenka), was planned to be open by 2000. Due to protests over the passage of the line through the historical neighborhood of Podil, the line was rerouted.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: Construction started in 1993, from the Podilsko-Voskresensky bridge. It was later stopped due to financial difficulties. This remains the only built section of the line. A second attempt was made in 2004, and it was expected that the bridge would be opened three years later, but work was again halted due to the fact that the bridge had to pass through Rusanivski Sady, where the houses were to be demolished without compensation, which resulted in protest from residents. Other factors that contributed to suspension of the project included problems with construction and the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Work on the bridge was only restarted in mid-2017, and it was forecasted to be opened by the end of 2021.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: The feasibility of the line has been subject to discussion, and alternative projects have been proposed, such as the construction of light rail or light metro instead. Nevertheless, as of 6 July 2017, the subway option is still preferred, despite the route being altered from plan to plan.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: In May 2017, the Kyiv City Council signed a memorandum with a Chinese consortium (which includes the China Railway International Group and the China Pacific Construction Group) to assess the current advancement of the project and, eventually, to finally construct the line. The first segments of the line (colloquially called "metro to Troieshchyna") are planned to be finished by 2025, while further construction will most probably end after 2030.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: The northern end of the fifth line of the system exists already as part of the Kyiv tram. However, it will require conversion and, according to some projects, will be temporarily operated as a branch of the Podilsko-Vyhurivska line (4th line). Eventually, a southwards extension will commence that will follow along the eastern bank of the Dnieper to the Southern Osokorky district. This is the last Metro project that is envisioned in the present expansion plan and is not expected to be completed until the end of the 2030s.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: In 2009, it was planned that the first stage of this line will be launched in 2019. As of 6 July 2021, however, no section of the line has been open.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: This is a proposed line in the Kyiv underground. Currently, it is under planning. The line is expected to be built in the distant future—as of 2012, any construction was predicted to start only after 2025. However, shortly after the announcement of such proposal, the project has been resigned from.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: One potential long-term extension of the M1 line is to the town of Brovary, to the east of Kyiv. A much more feasible short-term extension is to Novobilychi station, with a depot. In 2011, Volodymyr Fedorenko, then-head of the Kyiv Metro communal enterprise, said it was possible that this extension be constructed by 2020. However, this construction has not happened, as the Line 4 construction is currently the absolute priority; moreover, Novobilychi station's location will not bring the line to any significant residential area (Bilychi, the nearest area, is already west of Akademmistechko station). As of 5 May 2021, no tenders have taken place.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: A planned extension of the M2 line will feature a side branch: the side branch will go to the Teremky bus station, opened in December 2016, and will serve the Teremky-2 and Teremky-3 residential areas, while the main line is expected to go further southwest to Odeska station. For the moment, this extension is not a priority.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: Several extension proposals for the M3 line have been made. In the 2005 general plan, the line was supposed to turn sharply from Chevony Khutir to Darnytsia railway station, with a subsequent extension to Livoberezhna. Presumably, the proposal was declined, as later plans do not include any lines' prolongation beyond Chervony Khutir. In April 2017, Kyiv's Mayor Vitaliy Klychko and Ukraine's Minister of Infrastructure, Volodymyr Omelyan, announced they "were talking about the project of subway extension from Boryspilska metro station to Boryspil airport with the help of private financing", although the project's approximately extension is unlikely to happen in the near future.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: The northward extension to Vynohradar has been a long-planned event, with first maps appearing in the newspaper "Vechirniy Kyiv" in August 1970.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: In February 2017, an article suggested that the plans were already given for analysis, and that construction had to start by late 2017. The article mentions that the project will feature an engineering feat not made before in Kyiv: instead of parallel tunnels, one tunnel will be on top of another. On 6 July 2017, the Chinese Machinery Engineering Corporation said it was ready to invest and to build the line to Vynohradar. In February 2017, the line's extension and two stations—Mostytska and Prospekt Pravdy (earlier known as Vynohradar)—were scheduled for opening in late-2019. In November 2018, Kyiv Metro signed a contract for the construction of the Mostytska and Prospekt Pravdy subway stations and a branch line toward the Vynohradar station; the deadline for completion was set for 2021. In the contract, it was agreed that the Chamber of Commerce would judge on possible justifiable force majeure that would slow down the work. Early September 2021, the Chamber of Commerce judged there was such, and the expiration of the contract with the Kyiv Metro was to be postponed from November 2021 to May 2023.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: Further plans feature another extension to Marshala Hrechka station (earlier known as Synioozerna) with Vynohradar depot built as well.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: When the Metro was opened in 1960, although many workers and all technical level documents used Russian, all the signs and announcements used Ukrainian exclusively. One local story suggests that Yivga Kuznetsova, then a student of Kyiv university, forced the local city council to make all the announcements in Ukrainian only. The lexical similarity of the languages allowed every station to have a Russian translation, and these were often given in Russian language literature and media. However, some Ukrainian names for stations were different from Russian ones, and to signify this, those stations were sometimes semi-translated into Russian, effectively blending Ukrainian words into Russian grammar. Examples of this include the station names "Ploshcha" Z"hovtnevoi Revolutsii", "Zhovtneva", and "Chervonoarmiyska" (later renamed to Maidan Nezalezhnosti, Beresteiska, and Palats Ukraina, respectively) which when translated into Russian would become "Oktyabrskaya" and "Krasnoarmeiskaya." The names were instead given as "Zhovtnevaya" and "Chervonoarmeiskaya." (If the semi-translation continued today, Chervony Khutir, which, when translated into Russian would become "Krasnyi Khutor", would be instead given as "Chervonyi Khutor").


title: Kyiv Metro

text: In the early to mid-1980s, due in part to both Shcherbytsky's gradual Russification campaign and Kyiv becoming increasingly Russophonic, the metro started to change as well. Although the stations retained their original Ukrainian titles on the vestibules, Russian appeared together with Ukrainian on the walls, and replaced Ukrainian in signs and voice announcements. Stations that were opened during this period still had Ukrainian names appearing along with Russian ones on the walls, but now all the decorations where slogans were included, became bilingual. Also during this time, the unique practice of blending Ukrainian into Russian was dropped, and those selected stations were named in standard Russian translation.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: During Perestroika in the late 1980s, bilingualism was gradually introduced in signs and in voice announcements in the trains. Prior to 1991, this was done with Ukrainian following Russian, but after the republic's proclamation of independence in August 1991, the order was changed to Ukrainian preceding Russian. After the fall of the Soviet Union in late 1991, both signs and voice announcements were changed from bilingual to just Ukrainian due to the Ukrainianization policy. However, the Russian names are still used in Russian-language literature and some documentation, and some of the decorations still feature bilingual inscriptions.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: The usage of English in stations started before the Euro-2012 football tournament, and all Kyiv's underground stations now feature Latin transliteration on signs and official maps.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: Some of Kyiv's underground stations have been renamed before and (to a greater extent) after they were completed. The only station to be renamed during the Soviet period occurred in 1977, when the name of "Ploshcha Kalinina" was changed to "Ploshcha Zhovtnevoi Revolutsii" for the upcoming 60th anniversary of the October Revolution.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: During the 1990s, more changes occurred, mostly relating to stations with names connected to Communism. On 15 October 1990, "Chervona Ploshcha" became "Kontraktova Ploshcha", and "Prospekt Korniychuka" became "Obolon". A half-built station, due to be called "Artema", was renamed as "Lukyanivska". On 26 August 1991, following Ukraine's declaration of independence, "Ploshcha Zhovtnevoi Revolutsii" became known as "Maidan Nezalezhnosti". In 1993, nine stations, most of which bore communist symbolism in their name, were given politically neutral names:


title: Kyiv Metro

text: In 2011, "Respublikansky Stadion" became "Olimpiiska", in honour of the forthcoming Euro-2012 football tournament. In 2018, "Petrivka" (named after the Soviet politician Grigory Petrovsky) was re-designated as "Pochaina" after the river that once flowed nearby, to comply with 2015 decommunization laws.


title: Kyiv Metro

text: In 2022, as part of derussification efforts following the Russia's invasion of Ukraine, five stations were renamed: Beresteiska ("Brest") to Buchanska ("Bucha"), Minska ("Minsk") to Varshavskа ("Warsaw"), Heroiv Dnipra ("Heroes of the Dnipro") to Heroiv Ukrainy ("Heroes of Ukraine"), Ploshcha Lva Tolstoho ("Leo Tolstoy Square") to Vasylіа Stusа ("Vasyl Stus"), and Druzhby Narodiv ("Friendship of Nations") to Botanichna ("Botanical"). The new names were all selected by voters.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Fluorescence "in situ" hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only particular parts of a nucleic acid sequence with a high degree of sequence complementarity. It was developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. Fluorescence microscopy can be used to find out where the fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes. FISH is often used for finding specific features in DNA for use in genetic counseling, medicine, and species identification. FISH can also be used to detect and localize specific RNA targets (mRNA, lncRNA and miRNA) in cells, circulating tumor cells, and tissue samples. In this context, it can help define the spatial-temporal patterns of gene expression within cells and tissues.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: In biology, a probe is a single strand of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence of interest.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: RNA probes can be designed for any gene or any sequence within a gene for visualization of mRNA, lncRNA and miRNA in tissues and cells. FISH is used by examining the cellular reproduction cycle, specifically interphase of the nuclei for any chromosomal abnormalities. FISH allows the analysis of a large series of archival cases much easier to identify the pinpointed chromosome by creating a probe with an artificial chromosomal foundation that will attract similar chromosomes. The hybridization signals for each probe when a nucleic abnormality is detected. Each probe for the detection of mRNA and lncRNA is composed of ~20-50 oligonucleotide pairs, each pair covering a space of 40–50 bp. The specifics depend on the specific FISH technique used. For miRNA detection, the probes use proprietary chemistry for specific detection of miRNA and cover the entire miRNA sequence.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Probes are often derived from fragments of DNA that were isolated, purified, and amplified for use in the Human Genome Project. The size of the human genome is so large, compared to the length that could be sequenced directly, that it was necessary to divide the genome into fragments. (In the eventual analysis, these fragments were put into order by digesting a copy of each fragment into still smaller fragments using sequence-specific endonucleases, measuring the size of each small fragment using size-exclusion chromatography, and using that information to determine where the large fragments overlapped one another.) To preserve the fragments with their individual DNA sequences, the fragments were added into a system of continually replicating bacteria populations. Clonal populations of bacteria, each population maintaining a single artificial chromosome, are stored in various laboratories around the world. The artificial chromosomes (BAC) can be grown, extracted, and labeled, in any lab containing a library. Genomic libraries are often named after the institution in which they were developed. An example being the RPCI-11 library, which is named after Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (formerly known as Roswell Park Cancer Institute) in Buffalo, New York. These fragments are on the order of 100 thousand base-pairs, and are the basis for most FISH probes.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: The purpose of using RNA FISH is to detect target mRNA transcripts in cells, tissue sections, or even whole-mounts. The process is done in 3 main procedures: tissue preparation (pre-hybridization), hybridization, and washing (post-hybridization).


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: The tissue preparation starts by collecting the appropriate tissue sections to perform RNA FISH. First, cells, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), or frozen tissue sections are fixed. Some commonly used fixatives are 4% formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde (PFA) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). FISH has also been successfully done on unfixed cells. After fixation, samples are permeabilized to allow the penetration of hybridization reagents. The use of detergents at a 0.1% concentration is commonly used to enhance the tissue permeability such as Tween-20 or Triton X-100.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: It is critical for the hybridization process to have all optimal conditions to have a successful in situ result, including temperature, pH, salt concentration, and time of the hybridization reaction. After checking all the necessary conditions, hybridization steps can be started by first adding a target-specific probe, composed of 20 oligonucleotide pairs, hybridizes to the target RNA(s). Separate but compatible signal amplification systems enable the multiplex assay (up to two targets per assay). Signal amplification is achieved via series of sequential hybridization steps.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: After the hybridization steps, washing steps are performed. These steps aim to remove nonspecific hybrids and get rid of unbound probe molecules from the samples to reduce any background signaling. The use of ethanol washes are typically used at this stage to reduce autofluorescence in tissues or cells. At the end of the assay the tissue samples are visualized under a fluorescence microscope such as the confocal fluorescence microscope and the Keyence microscope.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: First, a probe is constructed. The probe must be large enough to hybridize specifically with its target but not so large as to impede the hybridization process. The probe is tagged directly with fluorophores, with targets for antibodies or with biotin. Tagging can be done in various ways, such as nick translation, or polymerase chain reaction using tagged nucleotides.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Then, an interphase or metaphase chromosome preparation is produced. The chromosomes are firmly attached to a substrate, usually glass. Repetitive DNA sequences must be blocked by adding short fragments of DNA to the sample. The probe is then applied to the chromosome DNA and incubated for approximately 12 hours while hybridizing. Several wash steps remove all unhybridized or partially hybridized probes. The results are then visualized and quantified using a microscope that is capable of exciting the dye and recording images.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: If the fluorescent signal is weak, amplification of the signal may be necessary in order to exceed the detection threshold of the microscope. Fluorescent signal strength depends on many factors such as probe labeling efficiency, the type of probe, and the type of dye. Fluorescently tagged antibodies or streptavidin are bound to the dye molecule. These secondary components are selected so that they have a strong signal.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: FISH is a very general technique. The differences between the various FISH techniques are usually due to variations in the sequence and labeling of the probes; and how they are used in combination. Probes are divided into two generic categories: cellular and acellular. In fluorescent "in situ" hybridization refers to the cellular placement of the probe


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Probe size is important because shorter probes hybridize less specifically than longer probes, so that long enough strands of DNA or RNA (often 10–25 nucleotides) which are complementary to a given target sequence are often used to locate a target. The overlap defines the resolution of detectable features. For example, if the goal of an experiment is to detect the breakpoint of a translocation, then the overlap of the probes — the degree to which one DNA sequence is contained in the adjacent probes — defines the minimum window in which the breakpoint may be detected.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: The mixture of probe sequences determines the type of feature the probe can detect. Probes that hybridize along an entire chromosome are used to count the number of a certain chromosome, show translocations, or identify extra-chromosomal fragments of chromatin. This is often called "whole-chromosome painting." If every possible probe is used, every chromosome, (the whole genome) would be marked fluorescently, which would not be particularly useful for determining features of individual sequences. However, it is possible to create a mixture of smaller probes that are specific to a particular region (locus) of DNA; these mixtures are used to detect deletion mutations. When combined with a specific color, a locus-specific probe mixture is used to detect very specific translocations. Special locus-specific probe mixtures are often used to count chromosomes, by binding to the centromeric regions of chromosomes, which are distinctive enough to identify each chromosome (with the exception of Chromosome 13, 14, 21, 22.)


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: A variety of other techniques uses mixtures of differently colored probes. A range of colors in mixtures of fluorescent dyes can be detected, so each human chromosome can be identified by a characteristic color using whole-chromosome probe mixtures and a variety of ratios of colors. Although there are more chromosomes than easily distinguishable fluorescent dye colors, ratios of probe mixtures can be used to create "secondary" colors. Similar to comparative genomic hybridization, the probe mixture for the secondary colors is created by mixing the correct ratio of two sets of differently colored probes for the same chromosome. This technique is sometimes called M-FISH.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: The same physics that make a variety of colors possible for M-FISH can be used for the detection of translocations. That is, colors that are adjacent appear to overlap; a secondary color is observed. Some assays are designed so that the secondary color will be present or absent in cases of interest. An example is the detection of BCR/ABL translocations, where the secondary color indicates disease. This variation is often called double-fusion FISH or D-FISH. In the opposite situation—where the absence of the secondary color is pathological—is illustrated by an assay used to investigate translocations where only one of the breakpoints is known or constant. Locus-specific probes are made for one side of the breakpoint and the other intact chromosome. In normal cells, the secondary color is observed, but only the primary colors are observed when the translocation occurs. This technique is sometimes called "break-apart FISH".


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Single-molecule RNA FISH, also known as Stellaris® RNA FISH or smFISH, is a method of detecting and quantifying mRNA and other long RNA molecules in a thin layer of tissue sample. Targets can be reliably imaged through the application of multiple short singly labeled oligonucleotide probes. The binding of up to 48 fluorescent labeled oligos to a single molecule of mRNA provides sufficient fluorescence to accurately detect and localize each target mRNA in a wide-field fluorescent microscopy image. Probes not binding to the intended sequence do not achieve sufficient localized fluorescence to be distinguished from background.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Single-molecule RNA FISH assays can be performed in simplex or multiplex, and can be used as a follow-up experiment to quantitative PCR, or imaged simultaneously with a fluorescent antibody assay. The technology has potential applications in cancer diagnosis, neuroscience, gene expression analysis, and companion diagnostics.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: In an alternative technique to interphase or metaphase preparations, fiber FISH, interphase chromosomes are attached to a slide in such a way that they are stretched out in a straight line, rather than being tightly coiled, as in conventional FISH, or adopting a chromosome territory conformation, as in interphase FISH. This is accomplished by applying mechanical shear along the length of the slide, either to cells that have been fixed to the slide and then lysed, or to a solution of purified DNA. A technique known as chromosome combing is increasingly used for this purpose. The extended conformation of the chromosomes allows dramatically higher resolution – even down to a few kilobases. The preparation of fiber FISH samples, although conceptually simple, is a rather skilled art, and only specialized laboratories use the technique routinely.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Q-FISH combines FISH with PNAs and computer software to quantify fluorescence intensity. This technique is used routinely in telomere length research.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Flow-FISH uses flow cytometry to perform FISH automatically using per-cell fluorescence measurements.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Microfluidics-assisted FISH (MA-FISH) uses a microfluidic flow to increase DNA hybridization efficiency, decreasing expensive FISH probe consumption and reduce the hybridization time. MA-FISH is applied for detecting the "HER2" gene in breast cancer tissues.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Microautoradiography FISH is a technique to combine radio-labeled substrates with conventional FISH to detect phylogenetic groups and metabolic activities simultaneously.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Hybrid Fusion FISH (HF-FISH) uses primary additive excitation/emission combination of fluorophores to generate additional spectra through a labeling process known as dynamic optical transmission (DOT). Three primary fluorophores are able to generate a total of 7 readily detectable emission spectra as a result of combinatorial labeling using DOT. Hybrid Fusion FISH enables highly multiplexed FISH applications that are targeted within clinical oncology panels. The technology offers faster scoring with efficient probesets that can be readily detected with traditional fluorescent microscopes.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization is a highly multiplexed version of smFISH. It uses combinatorial labeling, followed by imaging, and then error-resistant encoding to capture a high number of RNA molecules and spatial localization within the cell. The capture of a large number of RNA molecules enables elucidation of gene regulatory networks, prediction of function of unannotated genes, and identification of RNA molecule distribution patterns, which correlate with their associated proteins.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Starfish is a set of software tools developed in 2019 by a consortium of scientists to analyze data from nine different variations of FISH, since all variations produce the same set of data—gene expression values mapped to x and y coordinates in a cell. The software, created for all scientists, not just bioinformaticians, reads a set of images, removes noise, and identifies RNA molecules. This approach has set out to define a standard analysis scheme of FISH datasets in a similar way to single-cell transcriptomics analysis.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Often parents of children with a developmental disability want to know more about their child's conditions before choosing to have another child. These concerns can be addressed by analysis of the parents' and child's DNA. In cases where the child's developmental disability is not understood, the cause of it can potentially be determined using FISH and cytogenetic techniques. Examples of diseases that are diagnosed using FISH include Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, 22q13 deletion syndrome, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Cri-du-chat, Velocardiofacial syndrome, and Down syndrome. FISH on sperm cells is indicated for men with an abnormal somatic or meiotic karyotype as well as those with oligozoospermia, since approximately 50% of oligozoospermic men have an increased rate of sperm chromosome abnormalities. The analysis of chromosomes 21, X, and Y is enough to identify oligozoospermic individuals at risk.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: In medicine, FISH can be used to form a diagnosis, to evaluate prognosis, or to evaluate remission of a disease, such as cancer. Treatment can then be specifically tailored. A traditional exam involving metaphase chromosome analysis is often unable to identify features that distinguish one disease from another, due to subtle chromosomal features; FISH can elucidate these differences. FISH can also be used to detect diseased cells more easily than standard Cytogenetic methods, which require dividing cells and requires labor and time-intensive manual preparation and analysis of the slides by a technologist. FISH, on the other hand, does not require living cells and can be quantified automatically, a computer counts the fluorescent dots present. However, a trained technologist is required to distinguish subtle differences in banding patterns on bent and twisted metaphase chromosomes. FISH can be incorporated into Lab-on-a-chip microfluidic device. This technology is still in a developmental stage but, like other lab on a chip methods, it may lead to more portable diagnostic techniques.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: FISH has been extensively studied as a diagnostic technique for the identification of pathogens in the field of medical microbiology. Although it has been proven to be a useful and applicable technique, it is still not widely applied in diagnostic laboratories. The short time to diagnosis (less than 2 hours) has been a major advantage compared with biochemical differentiation, but this advantage is challenged by MALDI-TOF-MS which allows the identification of a wider range of pathogens compared with biochemical differentiation techniques. Using FISH for diagnostic purposes has found its purpose when immediate species identification is needed, specifically for the investigation of blood cultures for which FISH is a cheap and easy technique for preliminary rapid diagnosis.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: FISH can also be used to compare the genomes of two biological species, to deduce evolutionary relationships. A similar hybridization technique is called a zoo blot. Bacterial FISH probes are often primers for the 16s rRNA region.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: FISH is widely used in the field of microbial ecology, to identify microorganisms. Biofilms, for example, are composed of complex (often) multi-species bacterial organizations. Preparing DNA probes for one species and performing FISH with this probe allows one to visualize the distribution of this specific species within the biofilm. Preparing probes (in two different colors) for two species allows researchers to visualize/study co-localization of these two species in the biofilm and can be useful in determining the fine architecture of the biofilm.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Comparative genomic hybridization can be described as a method that uses FISH in a parallel manner with the comparison of the hybridization strength to recall any major disruptions in the duplication process of the DNA sequences in the genome of the nucleus.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Virtual karyotyping is another cost-effective, clinically available alternative to FISH panels using thousands to millions of probes on a single array to detect copy number changes, genome-wide, at unprecedented resolution. Currently, this type of analysis will only detect gains and losses of chromosomal material and will not detect balanced rearrangements, such as translocations and inversions which are hallmark aberrations seen in many types of leukemia and lymphoma.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: Spectral karyotyping is an image of colored chromosomes. Spectral karyotyping involves FISH using multiple forms of many types of probes with the result to see each chromosome labeled through its metaphase stage. This type of karyotyping is used specifically when seeking out chromosome arrangements.


title: Fluorescence in situ hybridization

text: FISH can be used to study the evolution of chromosomes. Species that are related have similar chromosomes. This homology can be detected by gene or genome sequencing but also by FISH. For instance, human and chimpanzee chromosomes are very similar and FISH can demonstrate that two chimpanzee chromosomes fused to result in one human chromosome. Similarly, species that are more distantly related, have similar chromosomes but with increasing distance chromosomes tend to break and fuse and thus result in mosaic chromosomes. This can be impressively demonstrated by FISH (see figure).


title: The Gun Club

text: The Gun Club were an American rock band from Los Angeles, California, United States, which existed from 1979 to 1996. It was formed and led by singer-songwriter and guitarist Jeffrey Lee Pierce.


title: The Gun Club

text: The Gun Club were formed by Jeffrey Lee Pierce (guitar and vocals) with friend, chief of the Ramones fan club and fellow music enthusiast Brian Tristan, also known as Kid Congo Powers. Pierce was the former head of the Blondie fan club in Los Angeles and previously a member of the Red Lights, the E-Types, the Individuals, Phast Phreddie & Thee Precisions, and the Cyclones.


title: The Gun Club

text: The Gun Club's precursor band, The Creeping Ritual, formed in late 1979. Along with Pierce (lead vocals and guitar), the first lineup consisted of Brian Tristan (lead guitar); Don Snowden (bass), who was at the time a music critic for the "Los Angeles Times"; and Brad Dunning (drums), now a prominent designer and writer. In April 1980, they changed their name to “The Gun Club” on a suggestion by Pierce's roommate, Circle Jerks singer Keith Morris. Kid Congo commented that the early Gun Club incarnation were "too arty for rock people, far too rock for arty people, too cuckoo for the blues crowd and too American for punk". Snowden and Dunning departed in June 1980, replaced by two ex-members of the Bags, Rob Ritter and Terry Graham, respectively. Ritter was temporarily replaced on bass by Anna Statman for two months in the fall of 1980. Kid Congo Powers then left, on amicable terms, to join The Cramps in November 1980 and was replaced by lead and slide guitarist Ward Dotson (ex-Der Stab) who had initially hoped to join The Cramps. During this period, the Gun Club often opened for X, the Bags, Circle Jerks and the Blasters.


title: The Gun Club

text: Securing a record deal with Ruby Records, a division of Slash, the group released their debut album, "Fire of Love", on August 31, 1981. The album was produced by Tito Larriva (of the Plugz) and Chris D. (frontman of the Flesh Eaters). Critic Stevo Olende wrote that the "album's lyrical imagery is plundered from voodoo, '50s EC Comics and the blues", while Thom Jurek of AllMusic noted that "nobody has heard music like this before or since". "Fire of Love" sold well and received strong reviews upon release. Billy Persons of the Weirdos temporarily replaced Ritter for several shows in late 1981.


title: The Gun Club

text: In April 1982, the Gun Club signed to Blondie guitarist Chris Stein's Animal Records, a subsidiary of Chrysalis Records. The band temporarily relocated to New York City to record their follow-up album, 1982's "Miami". This album featured not only Stein as producer, but Blondie's Debbie Harry singing backup vocals on several tracks. Ritter left in June 1982 to concentrate on his other band, 45 Grave, and changed his name to Rob Graves. Before leaving, Ritter taught the bass parts to his former Bags bandmate Patricia Morrison (also ex-Legal Weapon) and trained her as his replacement. For their West Coast shows in August 1982, Annie Ungar was added as a second guitarist. Upon the release of "Miami" on September 20, 1982, the album received good reviews but has been criticised for Stein's thin production. Due to increasingly frequent arguments, Pierce dismissed Graham and Dotson in December 1982.


title: The Gun Club

text: In January 1983, Graham and Dotson were replaced by guitarist Jim Duckworth (formerly of Tav Falco's Panther Burns) and drummer Dee Pop (formerly of the New York band Bush Tetras). A spare recording session, originally booked for another band, led to the impromptu recording of the "Death Party" EP with bassist Jimmy Joe Uliana quickly filling in for Morrison and Linda 'Texacala' Jones on backing vocals. Released April 13, 1983 by Animal, it was the only recording of the short-lived lineup featuring Duckworth and Pop. During this time Pierce refrained from playing guitar, focusing solely on singing. After eight months Graham returned, replacing Pop, and on the eve of the October 1983 Australian tour, both Duckworth and Graham quit, refusing to board the plane. Arriving minus half the band, Pierce recruited drummer Billy Pommer Jr. and guitarist Spencer P. Jones from support act the Johnnys to fill in on the tour, while former member Powers also flew over to play guitar. When they returned to the US in November, Graham resumed his place on drums.


title: The Gun Club

text: Pierce returned to guitar playing during this lineup, and both he and Powers are credited with guitar on their third album, "The Las Vegas Story" (the Blasters' Dave Alvin also played lead guitar on a handful of tracks). Released on June 25, 1984, this album marked a significant change for the band; it represented a shift away from the punk rock of "Fire of Love" and "Miami" and a step towards a more polished alternative rock sound. After US gigs supporting Siouxsie and the Banshees, in September the band embarked on a European tour in support of the album, but after five weeks Graham again departed after a gig in Paris. The band carried on and he was replaced with former roadie Peter Kablean, known as Desi Desperate, despite having no rehearsal. The Gun Club broke up in January 1985, Pierce remaining in London with then-girlfriend Romi Mori, who he had met during the final December 10–11 shows at Dingwalls, London.


title: The Gun Club

text: After the break-up, Powers, Morrison and Desperate formed a band called Fur Bible (Morrison later joined the Sisters of Mercy and the Damned), while Pierce embarked on a solo career. Pierce assembled a band, the Jeffrey Lee Pierce Quartet, consisting of former members of the Cure and Roxy Music, and released "Wildweed" in 1985. He organized a new band to tour in support of the album, including Mori on guitar and Nick Sanderson of Clock DVA on drums.


title: The Gun Club

text: After a short stint doing spoken word performances, Pierce decided to reform a new version of the band in October 1986. Powers, who had also been recruited into Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds at this time, resumed his place at guitar, with Mori switching to bass and Sanderson retaining his spot on drums. This lineup of the Gun Club recorded a handful of albums, including "Mother Juno", released October 19, 1987 on Red Rhino Records. This album, produced by Robin Guthrie of the Cocteau Twins, was a successful comeback, garnering a positive critical reception. After the release of Nick Cave's album "The Good Son", Powers departed the Bad Seeds in May 1990 to focus more on the Gun Club.


title: The Gun Club

text: The band's fifth studio effort, "Pastoral Hide and Seek", which Pierce produced himself, was released October 1, 1990 on the Fire label. Sanderson departed in December 1990 to focus on his other project, World of Twist. Desperate rejoined to record the "Divinity" album, released in August 1991 on New Rose Records, but the band were inactive during the remainder of that year as Pierce was hospitalized during his travels in India and Vietnam. Pierce also recorded with Cypress Grove.


title: The Gun Club

text: Simon Fish, who had previously played with Pierce on one of his solo albums, joined the band in March 1992. At the conclusion of a European tour in May 1992, Powers left the band to focus on his other project, Congo Norvell. In February 1993, the band reconvened as a trio of Pierce, Mori and the returning Sanderson, to record the "Lucky Jim" album. For their spring 1993 European tour, they were joined by guitarist Rainer Lingk of Die Haut. "Lucky Jim" was released September 20, 1993 by Triple X Records, and Robert Marche (formerly of Subway Sect and JoBoxers) joined on guitar in October.


title: The Gun Club

text: In May 1994, Mori and Pierce split up, and she and Sanderson left the Gun Club (Mori and Sanderson formed Freeheat in 1999 with Jim Reid and Ben Lurie of the Jesus and Mary Chain). Sanderson and Marche formed Earl Brutus. In the fall of 1994, Pierce put together a new lineup featuring Marche, bassist Efe and the returning Fish, lasting until November.


title: The Gun Club

text: An increasingly ill Pierce put together a penultimate Gun Club lineup for two shows in Los Angeles in August and September 1995, including guitarists Powers and Mike Martt (ex-Tex & the Horseheads), and the Wayne Kramer rhythm section of bassist Randy Bradbury and drummer Brock Avery. The final lineup of the Gun Club, with bassist Elizabeth Montague replacing Bradbury (who was touring with Pennywise), played only one show, the band's last, at The Palace in Hollywood on December 18, 1995.


title: The Gun Club

text: On March 25, 1996, Pierce was found unconscious at his father's home in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was hospitalized and remained in a coma until his death from a brain hemorrhage on March 31, effectively ending the Gun Club.


title: The Gun Club

text: The Gun Club's musical style was influenced by punk rock, blues, rockabilly and swamp rock. Their music encompassed post-punk, punk blues, blues rock and gothic country. They were also called a "tribal psychobilly blues" band. According to a 2014 profile on the band, Jeffrey Lee Pierce "took Robert Johnson and pre-war acoustic blues and 'punkified' it. Up until then bands were drawing on Iggy & The Stooges and the New York Dolls but he took it back so much further for inspiration."


title: The Gun Club

text: The White Stripes played "For the Love of Ivy" and "Jack on Fire" (both from "Fire of Love") at live shows. That band's vocalist and guitarist, Jack White, said, "'Sex Beat', 'She's Like Heroin to Me', and 'For the Love of Ivy'...why are these songs not taught in schools?"


title: The Gun Club

text: Swedish punk and rock icon Joakim Thåström is a very big fan of the Gun Club and has referenced them and Pierce in several songs like "Ingen sjunger blues som Jeffrey Lee Pierce", "Samarkanda" and "Beväpna dig med vingar".


title: The Gun Club

text: Singer Mark Lanegan included "Miami" among his favorite recordings, and covered Pierce's "Carry Home" on his 1999 album of cover songs, "I'll Take Care of You."


title: The Gun Club

text: Canadian rock band Japandroids included "For the Love of Ivy" on their sophomore album "Celebration Rock". Brian King (vocalist/guitarist) said "the magnitude of discovering The Gun Club cannot be understated."


title: Joe Trohman

text: Joseph Mark Trohman (born September 1, 1984) is an American musician, singer, and record producer. He is best known as the lead guitarist and backing vocalist of the American rock band Fall Out Boy, as well as the lead guitarist for heavy metal supergroup the Damned Things. Fall Out Boy began in 2001 as Trohman and Pete Wentz's side project from the hardcore punk scene they were involved with, and the band has scored four number one albums on the US "Billboard" 200, as well as numerous platinum and multi platinum singles in the US and abroad.


title: Joe Trohman

text: After a three year long hiatus, Fall Out Boy announced a comeback with a new album, tour, and single in February 2013. Since then, the band has released three full-length albums, along with two EPs, a remix album, and a greatest-hits compilation.


title: Joe Trohman

text: The son of a cardiologist, Trohman was born in Hollywood, Florida. He was raised in South Russell, Ohio before his family moved to the Chicago area. His family is Jewish, although he noted to "JVibe", "I think we were more Jewish culturally than we were religiously because after my brother's bar mitzvah, we stopped going to synagogue entirely." Trohman attended New Trier High School in Winnetka, Illinois, and played bass with fellow Fall Out Boy band member Pete Wentz in a band called Arma Angelus.


title: Joe Trohman

text: Trohman became involved with the Chicago hardcore punk scene, with his first band being Voices Still Heard he formed with friends. At the age of fifteen he taught himself how to play guitar, and at age sixteen, he joined local band Arma Angelus and spent a summer touring as the group's bassist. He developed a friendship with the group's singer, Pete Wentz, and the pair discussed forming a more melodic band influenced by groups such as Green Day. Trohman then met Patrick Stump in a Borders bookstore, and recruited him to join the band, which was subsequently named Fall Out Boy.


title: Joe Trohman

text: With bassist Pete Wentz as Fall Out Boy's primary lyricist and vocalist Patrick Stump as the primary composer, Fall Out Boy reached mainstream success with its major label debut, "From Under the Cork Tree". Released in 2005 by Island Records, the album debuted on the US "Billboard" 200 at No. 9, won several awards and achieved triple platinum status after selling more than 3.5 million albums in the United States. The album spawned two top 10 hits; "Sugar, We're Goin Down" which reached No. 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and has sold more than 4.5 million copies in the US as of 2019, as well as "Dance, Dance" which peaked at No. 9 and certified triple platinum. To support the album, the band headlined tours around the world in 2005 and 2006.


title: Joe Trohman

text: In 2007, the band released the follow-up album "Infinity on High", to major chart success, debuting No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200 with first week sales of 260,000. The album was certified platinum one month after its release. "Infinity on High"'s lead single, "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race", reached No. 1 on the defunct-Pop 100, No. 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and later certified platinum. The second single, "Thnks fr th Mmrs", sold more than 2 million copies in the US.


title: Joe Trohman

text: In 2008, the band released their fifth studio album, "Folie à Deux" which debuted at No. 8 on the "Billboard" 200 with 150,000 first week sales and was later certified gold. The band opened for Blink-182's 2009 reunion tour and shortly released their first greatest hits compilation album, "Believers Never Die - Greatest Hits" in November 2009 before announcing an indefinite hiatus. Patrick Stump embarked on a solo career and Pete Wentz created the DJ duo Black Cards. Trohman and his Fall Out Boy bandmate Andy Hurley started a new band, the Damned Things, with Anthrax members Scott Ian and Rob Caggiano and Every Time I Die vocalist Keith Buckley and bassist Josh Newton. They released their debut album in 2010, "Ironiclast". Afterwards, Trohman began work on a new band with Newton and Rob Smith, "With Knives", releasing their debut EP, "Schadenfreude" on April 17, 2012.


title: Joe Trohman

text: On February 4, 2013, Fall Out Boy unexpectedly announced their return with their first single in three years, My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up), the announcement of a new album, "Save Rock and Roll", and dates for a new headlining tour. April 12 of the same year brought the release of "Save Rock And Roll". The band played their first show in over three years on the night of February 4 in Chicago. "Save Rock and Roll" peaked at No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 154,000 copies in its first week, and becoming the band's 4th consecutive top 10 album. The band toured heavily throughout 2013 and 2014 on the album, selling out arenas worldwide with bands like Paramore and Panic! at the Disco. In October 2013, they released an EP titled "PAX AM Days", which was an homage to the classic punk music the band grew up on. The entire EP was recorded in two days with producer Ryan Adams at the PAX AM Studios in Los Angeles.


title: Joe Trohman

text: Their sixth album "American Beauty/American Psycho" was released in January 2015, preceded by the Four-Times-Platinum top 10 single "Centuries". The album's second single, "Uma Thurman", was released to mainstream radio on April 14, 2015, and peaked at 22 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and was certified Double-Platinum. The third single from "American Beauty/American Psycho", "Irresistible", also landed on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and peaked at number 48, while also later being certified platinum in the US. On October 14, 2014, "Immortals" was released as a single, later to be featured on the Disney movie it was written for, "Big Hero 6". The song went on to be added as the tenth track on "American Beauty/American Psycho". On October 30, 2015, Fall Out Boy released an album of remixes titled "Make America Psycho Again", featuring artists such as Wiz Khalifa, Azealia Banks, and Migos.


title: Joe Trohman

text: In April 2017, Fall Out Boy released Young and Menace, the lead single for their seventh studio album, "Mania". The original release date for "Mania" was set in September 2017, but was pushed back in August of that same year due to the fact that, according to a tweet from lead singer Patrick Stump, "The album just really [wasn't] ready, and it felt very rushed". "Mania" was officially released on January 19, 2018 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making it the band's third consecutive number one album, and fourth chart-topping debut overall. Despite the fact that the album had not yet been released, the band embarked on the "Mania Tour" in the fall of 2017, a worldwide tour spanning the end of 2017 and into fall of 2018. This tour included a date at Wrigley Field in the band's hometown of Chicago, marking a milestone in their career as their first headline show at a stadium.


title: Joe Trohman

text: In 2017, Trohman guest starred, with his bandmates, in Cartoon Network's "Teen Titans Go!" playing himself in the first, third and fourth parts of "The Night Begins to Shine". Their cover of the title song from the special was commercially released.


title: Joe Trohman

text: On August 23, 2018, Fall Out Boy surprise-released their third EP, "Lake Effect Kid", which the band describes as their "love letter" to their hometown of Chicago. A demo version of the title track was previously featured on the band's 2008 mixtape "Welcome to the New Administration".


title: Joe Trohman

text: In April 2019, the Damned Things released their second album, "High Crimes", almost nine years after the release of their debut album, "Ironiclast".


title: Joe Trohman

text: On September 10, 2019, Fall Out Boy released "Dear Future Self (Hands Up)" as a single off of their second greatest hits album, "", released on November 15, 2019. The same day, the band announced their co-headlining tour with Green Day and Weezer, The Hella Mega Tour, scheduled to begin in spring of 2020. Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic, all North American dates were rescheduled to the summer of 2021, European dates were rescheduled to the summer of 2022, and Asian and Oceania dates were cancelled.


title: Joe Trohman

text: Trohman collects guitars, and has his own Signature guitar made by Squier Guitars by Fender, the Joe Trohman Telecaster.


title: Joe Trohman

text: Trohman created an animated series in 2020 called "Mondo Trasho 3042" on YouTube. The ten-episode series is about a fictional band in the titular year of 3042. The show's intro explains '“We’re Mondo Trasho. We’re a band. We should break up.”


title: Joe Trohman

text: Trohman has always been open about his struggles with his mental health, specifically how he has dealt with his depression, OCD, and Impostor syndrome throughout his life. On March 10, 2021, Trohman announced his podcast "I Hate Myself", in partnership with Heavy Metal Magazine and Seth Green. The first episode aired a week later, on March 17, 2021. Each episode of the podcast features a guest who joins Trohman and Green to speak about their mental health. "I Hate Myself" currently has one season with six episodes, although Trohman and Green have hinted at the possibility of airing new episodes eventually. Notable guests on "I Hate Myself" include Emma Chamberlain, George C. Romero, and Ryan Simpkins.


title: Joe Trohman

text: In March 2022, the first issue of "The Axe", a comic written by Trohman and Brian Posehn and illustrated by Scott Koblish, was released in Heavy Metal Magazine. "The Axe" is a horror-comedy story about three teenagers who steal a cursed guitar, opening up a portal to Sheol, an alternate dimension.


title: Joe Trohman

text: Trohman's memoir, "None of This Rocks", was released on September 13, 2022. A 4-stop book tour supporting "None of This Rocks" is scheduled to take place beginning September 13, 2022 in Brooklyn, New York and ending on September 20, 2022 in Los Angeles, California.


title: Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables

text: Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables is the debut studio album by the American punk rock band Dead Kennedys. It was first released on September 2, 1980, through Cherry Red Records in the United Kingdom, and I.R.S. Records in the United States. It was later issued by Jello Biafra's own Alternative Tentacles label in the United States. It is the only "Dead Kennedys" studio album to feature drummer Bruce Slesinger and (on one track) guitarist Carlos Cadona.


title: Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables

text: The photo on the front cover, showing several police cars on fire, was taken during the White Night riots of May 21, 1979, that resulted from the light sentence given to former San Francisco City Supervisor Dan White for the murder of Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk. When Biafra ran for mayor, one of his policies had been for a statue to be erected to Dan White, and for eggs, tomatoes and stones to be available nearby for pelting it. In addition, the band's version of "I Fought the Law" has rewritten lyrics making reference to the incident.


title: Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables

text: Among contemporary reviews, Jon Young of "Trouser Press" found that the style and content of the album derived from the Sex Pistols and "will sound dated to the trend-conscious", but concluded that the album "may be the only legitimate companion piece to the Pistols' "Never Mind the Bollocks"." Young concluded that the album "works largely because of Jello Biafra, a distinctive and remarkable singer" who "thrives on extreme attitudes." Andy Gill of "NME" compared the album to music by the British punk group U.K. Subs, writing that Dead Kennedys "hardly come across as anything but smarter, both musically and intellectually ... Despite [the Dead Kennedys'] grasp of dynamics and their highly-ordered arrangements, there's really only one track here which makes effective use of their mannerisms and devices, and that's 'Holiday in Cambodia', already available in single form, and probably the biggest (musical) reason for this album's presence in the charts." Robert Christgau of "The Village Voice" stated that he found Biafra poor as a vocalist, likening his singing to Tiny Tim's.


title: Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables

text: The album was included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". In 2013, "NME" ranked it at number 365 in its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.


title: Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables

text: "Fresh Fruit for Rotting Eyeballs" is the accompanying 55-minute documentary, directed by Eric S. Goodfield, that is included with the "Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables" 25th Anniversary Edition. It features a brief history of Dead Kennedys' early years up to their first UK tour, never before seen live performances, interviews with Klaus Flouride and East Bay Ray, comments by music journalists, and insights from the key people involved with the recording of "Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables". The video omits references to the origins of songs that would include a mention of Jello Biafra, although his 1979 run for mayor is highlighted.


title: Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables

text: In 2010, it was certified diamond by the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe.


title: Dhaka Division

text: Dhaka Division (, "Ḑhaka Bibhag") is an administrative division within Bangladesh. Dhaka serves as the capital city of the Dhaka Division, the Dhaka District and Bangladesh. The division remains a population magnet, covers an area of 20,508.8 km with a population in excess of 44 million, growing at 1.94% rate since prior count, compared with national average of 1.22%. However, national figures may include data skewing expatriation of male labor force as gender ratio is skewed towards females.


title: Dhaka Division

text: Dhaka Division borders every other division in the country except Rangpur Division. It is bounded by Mymensingh Division to the north, Barisal Division to the south, Chittagong Division to the east and south-east, Sylhet Division to the north-east, and Rajshahi Division to the west and Khulna Divisions to the south-west.


title: Dhaka Division

text: Dhaka Division consisted before 2015 of four city corporations, 13 districts, 123 upazilas and 1,248 union parishads. However, four of the most northerly of the 17 districts were removed in 2015 to create the new Mymensingh Division, and another five districts (those situated to the south of the Ganges/Padma River) are in the process of being removed to create a new Faridpur Division.


title: Dhaka Division

text: Note: * revised area and its population after excluding the districts transferred to the new Mymensingh Division.


title: Dhaka Division

text: Census figures for 1991, 2001 and 2011 are from Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Population Census Wing. The 2011 Census figures are based on preliminary results.


title: 2004 NFL season

text: With New England as the defending league champions, regular season play was held from September 9, 2004 to January 2, 2005. Hurricanes forced the rescheduling of two Miami home games: the game against Tennessee was moved up one day to Saturday, September 11 to avoid oncoming Hurricane Ivan, while the game versus Pittsburgh on Sunday, September 26 was moved back 7½ hours to miss the eye of Hurricane Jeanne.


title: 2004 NFL season

text: The playoffs began on January 8, and eventually New England repeated as NFL champions when they defeated Philadelphia in Super Bowl XXXIX at ALLTEL Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida on February 6.


title: 2004 NFL season

text: The 2004 NFL Draft was held from April 24 to 25, 2004 at New York City's Theater at Madison Square Garden. With the first pick, the San Diego Chargers selected quarterback Eli Manning from the University of Mississippi.


title: 2004 NFL season

text: Ron Blum returned to line judge (where he officiated Super Bowl XXIV and Super Bowl XXVI), and Bill Vinovich was promoted to take his place as referee.


title: 2004 NFL season

text: Midway through the season, Johnny Grier, the NFL's first African-American referee, suffered a leg injury that forced him to retire. He was permanently replaced by the back judge on his crew, Scott Green, who had previous experience as a referee in NFL Europe.


title: 2004 NFL season

text: The Miami Dolphins were the first team to be eliminated from the playoff race, having reached a 1–9 record by week 11.


title: 2004 NFL season

text: The Colts led the NFL with 522 points scored. The Colts tallied more points in the first half of each of their games of the 2004 NFL season (277 points) than seven other NFL teams managed in the entire season. Despite throwing for 49 touchdown passes, Peyton Manning attempted fewer than 500 passes for the first time in his NFL career. The San Francisco 49ers' record 420 consecutive scoring games that had started in Week 5 of the 1977 season ended in Week 2 of the season.


title: 2004 NFL season

text: This was the seventh year under the league's eight-year broadcast contracts with ABC, CBS, Fox, and ESPN to televise "Monday Night Football", the AFC package, the NFC package, and "Sunday Night Football", respectively.


title: 2004 NFL season

text: At CBS, Jim Nantz and Greg Gumbel swapped roles. Nantz replaced Gumbel as the network's lead play-by-play announcer while Gumbel took Nantz's hosting duties on "The NFL Today". Shannon Sharpe also joined "The NFL Today" as an analyst, replacing Deion Sanders.


title: 2004 NFL season

text: ESPN play-by-play announcer Mike Patrick missed the first few broadcasts to recover from heart bypass surgery. Pat Summerall filled in those weeks for Patrick.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Lori Grimes is a fictional character from the comic book series "The Walking Dead" and was portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies in the American television series of the same name. Created by writer Robert Kirkman and artist Tony Moore, the character made her debut in "The Walking Dead" #2 in 2003. In both forms of media, she is married to Rick Grimes. They have two children Carl and Judith. The character escapes the zombie apocalypse with Carl, and Rick's partner Shane Walsh. Believing her husband to be dead, she starts a relationship with Shane. But then she finds her husband is alive (Rick Grimes) and breaks it off with Shane.


title: Lori Grimes

text: For her performance as Lori, Callies was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 2010, and was among the cast members of "The Walking Dead "winning the Satellite Award for Best Cast - Television Series in 2012.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Lori Grimes is an average middle-class housewife living in Cynthiana, Kentucky. As the outbreak begins, her son, Carl, and she are evacuated out of the city with help from her husband Rick's best friend and work partner, Shane Walsh, in hopes of getting to where her parents live. During the evacuation, the guilt with which she has been racked over abandoning Rick leads her to have a sexual relationship with Shane, which she deeply regrets afterward. She continually brushes off Shane's attempts at advancing and ignores him even more when Rick miraculously arrives at their campsite.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Lori soon finds out, after counting her missed periods, that she is pregnant; however, she hesitates to tell anybody until after Shane's death and their move back onto the road.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Lori faces typical pregnancy issues such as morning sickness and mood swings throughout the first few months of her term. Lori and everyone else find relative stability at an abandoned prison, with hot showers, supplies, and security. While at the prison, she also begins to deepen her bond with fellow survivor Carol Peletier. Lori is frequently concerned with the well-being of both her family and the rest of the group. After giving birth to an infant girl that Rick and she name Judith, she remains extremely protective over her.


title: Lori Grimes

text: During the final stages of the prison assault led by the Governor, Lilly Caul by orders of the Governor, shoots Lori in the back with a shotgun, and she falls while holding Judith, crushing her.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Lori's death leaves Rick and Carl emotional wrecks. Rick suffers frightening hallucinations, both visual and auditory, at one point even using a phone to have what he believes are actual conversations with his deceased wife. He confides in Michonne, who has also talked to a deceased loved one to help the coping process. Carl frequently blames Rick for Lori and Judith's deaths.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Lori's husband, Rick, is wounded in the line of duty and left in a coma during the outbreak. Lori, believing him to be dead, takes Carl and accompanies Rick's best friend Shane as they head to Atlanta. They befriend Carol and her family while on the road, and later both groups settle with other survivors on the outskirts of Atlanta near an abandoned quarry. Lori, convinced of Rick's death by witnessing the military bomb Atlanta, eventually succumbs to her distraught state and embarks on a sexual relationship with Shane.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Rick eventually wakes from his coma, and makes his way to Atlanta, and is rescued there by members of the quarry group. When Rick is brought back to the camp, Lori and he have a tearful reunion, but Lori comes to feel guilty with her affair with Shane, and abruptly ends it, as well as discouraging Carl from hanging around Shane. The group eventually abandons the quarry to head for the CDC in Atlanta, where its one remaining scientist, Dr. Jenner, allows them in, and they enjoy the relative luxury of the facilities. During the night, a drunken Shane attempts to sexually assault Lori, but she fights him off. The group is forced to evacuate the CDC and continue on.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Rick's group is stalled by a traffic jam of cars on a highway; the RV breaks down and the group searches the traffic jam for parts and supplies. Shane tells Lori that he plans to leave the group, and they get into an argument. A walker herd passes through the area and Carol's daughter Sophia is discovered by two stragglers who chase her into the woods; in the process of killing her pursuers, Rick loses sight of her. He, Carl, and others go searching for her, and eventually split into two groups with Rick, Shane, and Carl in one and Lori, Andrea, Carol, and Daryl in the other. Lori's group is headed back to the highway when they are met by Maggie Greene from a nearby farmstead, asking for Lori, as Carl had accidentally been shot, and is being cared for by her father, Hershel. While Hershel is able to stabilize Carl temporarily, Carl is suffering from internal bleeding and Hershel lacks the equipment to perform surgery to repair the leaking blood vessel. Shane goes with Hershel's farmhand, Otis, to get supplies from a nearby school infested with walkers. Shane shoots Otis deliberately to give himself time to escape, but does not tell this to the others when he returns with the supplies. This leaves him with an emotional scar, and he shaves his head, partially to hide the clump of hair Otis had torn out from it; these actions trouble Lori.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Lori feels some illness as Carl recovers, and discreetly asks Glenn to find a pregnancy test on his next supply run. The test turns up positive, and Lori panics at the prospect of raising a baby in their present circumstances. Again she confides in Glenn, and asks him to get her some "morning after" pills on his next run. Once she has them, she tries to take them, but has last-second thoughts and induces vomiting to bring them back up. Rick discovers the box for the pills and confronts her about it. She admits to being pregnant, and having had an affair with Shane when she had no idea Rick was alive, and fears how they can raise a child in this world. Rick helps her come to terms with the situation, and she decides she will keep the child and they will raise it as their own, regardless of who the father is. News of Lori's pregnancy comes out to the rest of the group, and creates a rift between Shane and Rick over who fathered the child that creates tension throughout the group.


title: Lori Grimes

text: After the shootout at the barn, Rick and Glenn go off to look for Hershel, but do not return after a while. Beth collapses from grief at the loss of her mother and Lori, realizing Beth needs Hershel, leaves the farm in the same direction Rick and Glenn went but gets into an accident. Shane comes and rescues her, falsely claiming Rick had returned to convince Lori to return to the farm. Once back at the farm, Lori talks to Dale, learning that he feels Shane is progressively becoming paranoid and he believes that Shane likely killed Otis at the school. Later, Lori helps Maggie stop Maggie's sister Beth from committing suicide. When Dale is attacked by a walker and the group is forced to euthanize him, Lori apologizes to Shane for how she had been treating him.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Events at the farm lead to a confrontation between Rick and Shane, and Rick eventually stabs Shane to death after Shane promises to kill Rick and take his place in the family. In the aftermath, a horde of walkers, drawn by the gunfire, swarm the farmstead, and Rick's group is forced to abandon it. As they regroup on the highway, Lori learns of the circumstances around Shane's death, and is horrified to learn that Carl put him down after Shane reanimated.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Over the next several months, Lori finds that both Rick and Carl have grown distant from her. Lori is near the end of her pregnancy, and as the group finds an abandoned prison, they decide to clear it out for their own use. They deal with roaming walkers and five living prisoners, two of whom quickly fall into line with the group, but the others they are forced to kill, while Rick leaves the fifth, Andrew, outside in a pack of walkers, though unknown to them, Andrew manages to escape. Lori fears that she may need a repeat Caesarian section as she already had one with Carl, and Carol practices the surgical technique on dispatched walkers. Sometime later, Andrew lures a group of walkers back to the prison to get his revenge. The group is forced to scatter as the walkers flood; the fright causes Lori to enter into labor, and Carl, Maggie, and she take shelter in a boiler room. Lori's fears are affirmed about the birth, and she instructs Maggie to perform an improvised Cesarean section on her, knowing that without painkillers or anesthetic, this will likely be fatal for her. She says her goodbyes to Carl before Maggie starts. Lori's daughter is recovered alive, but as she expected, Lori succumbs to the procedure. Carl insists on being the one to put down Lori before she can reanimate. Maggie and Carl take the baby outside once the walkers have been cleared, and Rick, on seeing the child but not Lori, breaks down. He races to the boiler room, and sees a bloated walker that he believes ate Lori's body, and stabs it over and over. Rick starts having hallucinations of Lori and other survivors who had previously died, leaving him struggling to keep leadership of the group.


title: Lori Grimes

text: As the group deals with attacks from the Governor from the nearby Woodbury community, Rick struggles with continuous visions of Lori, which make him doubt his abilities as a leader. However, he eventually makes a stand against the Governor, reunited his group, and finds that he no longer sees visions of Lori. He accepts her daughter, which Carl named Judith, as his own, despite believing that she may have been fathered by Shane.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Lori Grimes is portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies, who was cast in the series in April 2010. Callies saw an issue of the comic-book series while at a bookstore in Vancouver. "I was looking through for the latest issue that had just come out and the owner of the comic book store came up to me and said, 'I see you're checking out "The Walking Dead"," she stated. "It's amazing.' I said, 'Yeah, I'm a huge fan.' And he said, 'You know they're making a television show for AMC. It's supposed to be really good.' I kind of looked at him and I froze. I just went, 'I'll keep an eye out for it.' And I ran out of the store."


title: Lori Grimes

text: In the comics, Kirkman resolved the love triangle between Lori, Shane, and Rick very quickly, but in the TV show, he decided to spend more time exploring this relationship.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Callies was in favor of Lori dying while in the prison, just like the comic character. In an interview, she stated, "I argued that it was necessary to kill Lori and I feel very strongly that for all of the other deviations we may have from the comic book, killing Lori does something to Rick that is vital for the story and can't be done any other way."


title: Lori Grimes

text: Regarding the television adaptation of the character, Lori received generally negative reviews, with Sarah Wayne Callies' performance receiving a mixed response from critics. Critics were polarized with the characters' reaction to Lori opting for an abortion in the episode "Secrets". Writing for "The A.V. Club", Zack Handlen criticized the character's opposing views on the matter, and stated that their reasoning was invalid. Handlen wrote. "I'm not even sure it would be possible for her to abort the pregnancy at this point, but the show's working on the assumption that having a child in a world where death literally lurks around every corner is an unequivocal good. The only person who’s been anti-pregnancy is Lori, and the show hasn't managed to cast her in a very good light, so it’s not like her arguments hold much water—which is also ridiculous, because ultimately, her opinion is the only one that matters." HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall reflected similar thoughts, and stated that Rick's arguments against Lori's attempts were obsolete.


title: Lori Grimes

text: The love triangle involving Lori, Rick, and Shane, however, was commended. Meslow felt that the interactions between Lori and Rick possessed "as much rawness and honesty as could be hoped for."


title: Lori Grimes

text: Commentators criticized the character development of Lori Grimes in the episode "Nebraska". Eric Goldman for IGN was angry upon viewing the crash sequence, avowing that it stunted any development intended for the scene. He stated, ""The Walking Dead" really needs to work on strengthening its female characters, and it doesn't help when Lori has a major accident for such a stupid reason, getting distracted as she looked at a map while she drove. Yeah, yeah, there was a zombie in the road, but it could have been an animal [...] just as easily, and it really undercut the intended drama of her situation when it just seems so stupid that it happened at all." Zack Handlen for "The A.V. Club" thought that the foundation set up for furthering the storyline progression was contrived, while Aaron Rutkoff of "The Wall Street Journal" said that the premise of the dilemma made no sense.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Critics were divided upon the interaction between Rick and Lori after she discovers Shane had died. Commentators were critical of the performance of Sarah Wayne Callies. Although "The Huffington Post" Maureen Ryan reacted positively to Lincoln's performance, she affirmed that the contradictory nature of Lori almost ruined the scene. Similarly, "New York" Starlee Kine criticized Callies' facial expressions during the sequence. Josh Jackson, who writes for "Paste" wrote, "If that was a challenge from the writers, though, Sarah Wayne Callies has to feel like they're just messing with her at this point. Her character, Lori, basically tells Rick that Shane needs to be put down, and then treats him like a monster when he’s forced to follow through with it."


title: Lori Grimes

text: The fates of Lori and the character of T-Dog in the episode "Killer Within" garnered favorable reviews from television commentators. According to HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall, the moment when Lori and Carl share their goodbyes was the most heartbreaking event since the ending of the second-season episode "Pretty Much Dead Already". "Los Angeles Times" columnist Laura Hudson felt it was a grim departure for a character who endured long bouts of grief for reasons beyond her control. Erik Kain from "Forbes" found Lori's death especially difficult to watch, and was shocked by T-Dog's "sudden" death despite the fact that he "was never as prominent a figure" on the program. "As hard as these deaths were to watch," Kain wrote, "they also give me faith in the show." Though he stated that T-Dog died "a hero's death", Michael Rapoport of the "Wall Street Journal" concluded that Lori's "gut-churning" demise was the more memorable.


title: Lori Grimes

text: Lori's demise was featured in "The Huffington Post" list of "The Biggest 'OMG' TV Moments of 2012", and placed 19th in "Slate" article covering the year's most noteworthy television moments. Journalist Chris Kirk said that the segment was "utterly surprising", and pointed out that the writers beguiled viewers by shedding light onto Lori's crumbled relationship with Rick. In contrast, Zack Handlen of "The A.V. Club" in his review felt the episode "stumble[d]" in how [...] Lori [was] eliminated and in how the Woodbury storyline repeated what was already known. Handlen commented in his B+ review that "killing [...] Lori earned the show an immediate thrill, but it also meant crossing off [a] potential source[...] of drama, [someone] who had a history on the series, however thin or poorly developed that history might have been."


title: Lori Grimes

text: Sarah Wayne Callies' performance in the episode was unanimously praised, however. IGN writer Eric Goldman commended Callies Sepinwall added that Callies "absolutely sold" the portrayal of a mother saying "goodbye to the son who had to grow up much too quickly".


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Martin Heidegger, the 20th-century German philosopher, produced a large body of work that intended a profound change of direction for philosophy. Such was the depth of change that he found it necessary to introduce many neologisms, often connected to idiomatic words and phrases in the German language.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Two of his most basic neologisms, present-at-hand and ready-to-hand, are used to describe various attitudes toward things in the world. For Heidegger, such "attitudes" are prior to, i.e. more basic than, the various sciences of the individual items in the world. Science itself is an attitude, one that attempts a kind of neutral investigation. Other related terms are also explained below.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Heidegger's overall analysis is quite involved, taking in a lot of the history of philosophy. See "Being and Time" for a description of his overall project, and to give some context to these technical terms.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Heidegger's idea of , or disclosure (), was an attempt to make sense of how things in the world appear to human beings as part of an opening in intelligibility, as "unclosedness" or "unconcealedness". (This is Heidegger's usual reading of as , "unconcealment".) It is closely related to the notion of world disclosure, the way in which things get their sense as part of a holistically structured, pre-interpreted background of meaning. Initially, Heidegger wanted to stand for a re-interpreted definition of truth. However, he later corrected the association of with truth.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: An assertion (as opposed to a question, a doubt or a more expressive sense) is "apophantic". It is a statement that covers up meaning and instead gives something present-at-hand. For instance, "The President is on vacation", and, "Salt is Sodium Chloride" are sentences that, because of their apophantic character, can easily be picked up and repeated in news and gossip by 'The They.' However, the real "ready-to-hand" meaning and context may be lost.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Being-in-the-world is Heidegger's replacement for terms such as subject, object, consciousness, and world. For him, the split of things into subject/object, as is found in the Western tradition and even in language, must be overcome, as is indicated by the root structure of Husserl and Brentano's concept of intentionality, i.e., that all consciousness is consciousness of something, that there is no consciousness, as such, cut off from an object (be it the matter of a thought or of a perception). Nor are there objects without some consciousness beholding or being involved with them.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: At the most basic level of "being-in-the-world," Heidegger notes that there is always a mood, a mood that "assails us" in humanity's unreflecting devotion to the world. A mood comes neither from the "outside" nor from the "inside", but arises from being-in-the-world. A person may turn away from a mood but that is only to another mood, as part of facticity. Only with a mood is someone permitted to encounter things in the world. (a co-term for being-in-the-world) has an openness to the world that is constituted by the attunement of a mood or state of mind. As such, is a "thrown" "projection" (), projecting itself onto the possibilities that lie before it or may be hidden, and interpreting and understanding the world in terms of possibilities. Such projecting has nothing to do with comporting oneself toward a plan that has been thought out. It is not a plan, since has, as , already projected itself. always understands itself in terms of possibilities. As projecting, the understanding of is its possibilities possibilities. One can take up the possibilities of "The They" self and merely follow along or make some more authentic understanding (see Hubert Dreyfus's book "Being-in-the-World".)


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Being-toward-death is not an orientation that brings closer to its end, in terms of clinical death, but is rather a way of being. Being-toward-death refers to a process of growing through the world where a certain foresight guides the towards gaining an authentic perspective. It is provided by dread of death. In the analysis of time, it is revealed as a threefold condition of Being. Time, the present, and the notion of the "eternal", are modes of temporality, which is the way humanity views time. For Heidegger, it is very different from the mistaken view of time as being a linear series of past, present and future. Instead he sees it as being an ecstasy, an outside-of-itself, of futural projections (possibilities) and one's place in history as a part of one's generation. Possibilities, then, are integral to understanding of time; projects, or thrown projection in-the-world, are what absorb and direct people. Futurity, as a direction toward the future that always contains the past—the has-been—is a primary mode of 's temporality.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Death is that possibility which is the absolute impossibility of . As such, it cannot be compared to any other kind of ending or "running out" of something. For example, one's death is not an empirical event. For Heidegger, death is "Dasein"s ownmost (it is what illuminates "Dasein" in its individuality), it is non-relational (nobody can take one's death away from one, or die in one's place, and we can not understand our own death through the death of other "Dasein"), and it is not to be outstripped. The "not-yet" of life is always already a part of "Dasein": "as soon as man comes to life, he is at once old enough to die." The threefold condition of death is thus simultaneously one's "ownmost potentiality-for-being, non-relational, and not to be out-stripped". Death is determinate in its inevitability, but an authentic Being-toward-death understands the indeterminate nature of one's own inevitable death—one never knows when or how it is going to come. However, this indeterminacy does not put death in some distant, futural "not-yet"; authentic Being-toward-death understands one's individual death as always already a part of one.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: With average, everyday (normal) discussion of death, all this is concealed. The "they-self" talks about it in a fugitive manner, passes it off as something that occurs at some time but is not yet "present-at-hand" as an "actuality", and hides its character as one's ownmost possibility, presenting it as belonging to no one in particular. It becomes devalued—redefined as a neutral and mundane aspect of existence that merits no authentic consideration. "One dies" is interpreted as a fact, and comes to mean "nobody dies".


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: On the other hand, authenticity takes "Dasein" out of the "They", in part by revealing its place as a part of the They. Heidegger states that "Authentic being-toward-death" calls "Dasein"s individual self out of its "they-self", and frees it to re-evaluate life from the standpoint of finitude. In so doing, "Dasein" opens itself up for "angst", translated alternately as "dread" or as "anxiety". Angst, as opposed to fear, does not have any distinct object for its dread; it is rather anxious in the face of Being-in-the-world in general—that is, it is anxious in the face of 's own self. Angst is a shocking individuation of , when it realizes that it is not at home in the world, or when it comes face to face with its own "uncanny" (German , "not homelike"). In 's individuation, it is open to hearing the "call of conscience" (German ), which comes from 's own Self when it wants to be its Self. This Self is then open to truth, understood as unconcealment (Greek ). In this moment of vision, understands what is hidden as well as hiddenness itself, indicating Heidegger's regular uniting of opposites; in this case, truth and untruth.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: The term "Being-with" refers to an ontological characteristic of the human being, that it is always already with others of its kind. This assertion is to be understood not as a factual statement about an individual, that they are at the moment in spatial proximity to one or more other individuals, but rather a statement about the being of every human, that in the structures of its being-in-the-world one finds an implicit reference to other humans, as one could not live without others. Humans have been called (by others, not by Heidegger) "ultrasocial" and "obligatorily gregarious". Heidegger, from his phenomenological perspective, calls this feature of human life "Being-with" (), and says it is essential to being human, classifying it as inauthentic when a person fails to recognize how much, and in what ways, someone thinks of themself, and how they habitually behave as influenced by our social surroundings. Heidegger classifies it as authentic when someone pays attention to that influence and decides independently whether to go along with it or not. Living entirely without such influence, however, is not an option in the Heideggerian view.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: A fundamental basis of being-in-the-world is, for Heidegger, not matter or spirit but care:Dasein's facticity is such that its Being-in-the-world has always dispersed itself or even split itself up into definite ways of Being-in. The multiplicity of these is indicated by the following examples: having to do with something, producing something, attending to something and looking after it, making use of something, giving something up and letting it go, undertaking, accomplishing, evincing, interrogating, considering, discussing, determining...


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: All these ways of Being-in have concern (, care) as their kind of Being. Just as the scientist might investigate or search, and presume neutrality, it can be seen that beneath this there is the mood, the concern of the scientist to discover, to reveal new ideas or theories and to attempt to level off temporal aspects.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: In German, the word means a clearing, as in, for example, a clearing in the woods. Since its root is the German word for light (), it is sometimes also translated as "lighting", and in Heidegger's work it refers to the necessity of a clearing in which anything at all can appear, the clearing in which some thing or idea can show itself, or be unconcealed. Note the relation that this has to "Aletheia" (see the main article or the entry above) and disclosure.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Beings (), but not Being itself (), stands out as if in a clearing, or physically, as if in a space. Thus, Hubert Dreyfus writes, "things show up in the light of our understanding of being." Thus the clearing makes possible the disclosure of beings (), and also access to Dasein's own being. The clearing is not, itself, an entity that can be known directly, in the sense in which know about the entities of the world. As Heidegger writes in "On the Origin of the Work of Art":In the midst of being as a whole an open place occurs. There is a clearing, a lighting. Thought of in reference to what is, to beings, this clearing is in a greater degree than are beings. This open center is therefore not surrounded by what is; rather, the lighting center itself encircles all that is, like the Nothing which we scarcely know. That which is can only be, as a being, if it stands within and stands out within what is lighted in this clearing. Only this clearing grants and guarantees to us humans a passage to those beings that we ourselves are not, and access to the being that we ourselves are.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Founded in the work of Martin Luther, Heidegger conceptualises philosophy as the task of destroying ontological concepts, including ordinary everyday meanings of words like time, history, being, theory, death, mind, body, matter, logic etc.:When tradition thus becomes master, it does so in such a way that what it 'transmits' is made so inaccessible, proximally and for the most part, that it rather becomes concealed. Tradition takes what has come down to us and delivers it over to self-evidence; it blocks our access to those primordial 'sources' from which the categories and concepts handed down to us have been in part quite genuinely drawn. Indeed it makes us forget that they have had such an origin, and makes us suppose that the necessity of going back to these sources is something which we need not even understand. ("Being and Time", p. 43)


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: If the question of Being is to have its own history made transparent, then this hardened tradition must be loosened up, and the concealments which it has brought about dissolved. We understand this task as one in which by taking the question of Being as our clue we are to destroy the traditional content of ancient ontology until we arrive at those primordial experiences in which we achieved our first ways of determining the nature of Being—the ways which have guided us ever since. ("Being and Time", p. 44)


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: ...it has nothing to do with a vicious relativizing of ontological standpoints. But this destruction is just as far from having the negative sense of shaking off the ontological tradition. We must, on the contrary, stake out the positive possibilities of that tradition, and this means keeping it within its limits; and these in turn are given factically in the way the question is formulated at the time, and in the way the possible field for investigation is thus bounded off. On its negative side, this destruction does not relate itself toward the past; its criticism is aimed at 'today' and at the prevalent way of treating the history of ontology. .. But to bury the past in nullity (Nichtigkeit) is not the purpose of this destruction; its aim is positive; its negative function remains unexpressed and indirect. ("Being and Time", p. 44)


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: In his effort to redefine man, Heidegger introduces a statement: 'the ownmost of Dasein consists in its existence'. Heidegger conceptualises existence around the unique qualities of man, which he considers "its own being is an issue for it". In the Heideggerian view, man defines its own being through its actions and choices, and is able to choose amongst possibilities, actualizing at least one of the possibilities available while closing off others in the process. This grasping of only some possibilities defines man as one kind of self rather than another: a dishonest choice defines a person as dishonest, fixing broken windows defines a person as a glazier, and so on. These choices are made continually and on a daily basis, and so man is able to define itself as it moves along. Therefore, living the life of a person is a matter of constantly taking a stand on one's sense of self, and one's sense of self being defined by taking that stand. As no choice is 'once and for always', man has to continually keep on choosing for his sense of self.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Added to this is that the being of everything else on the planet poses an issue for man, as humanity deals with things as what they are and persons as who they are. Only persons, for example, relate to others as meaningful and fitting meaningfully into and with other things and/or activities. Only man, being that is in the manner of existence, can encounter another entity in its instrumental character. Again, 'to be an issue' means to be concerned about something and to care for something. In other words, being of as existence is so constituted that in its very being it has a caring relationship to its own being. This relationship is not a theoretical or self-reflective one, but rather a pre-theoretical one which Heidegger calls a relation or compartment of understanding. understands itself in its own being or is in the manner that its being is always disclosed to it. It is this disclosure of being that differentiates from all other beings. This manner of being of to which it relates or comports itself is called 'existence'. Further, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the term 'ownmost'. It is the English rendering of the German translated usually as 'essence' (the 'what'ness). The verbal form of German term comes closer to the Indian root , which means dwelling, living, growing, maturing, moving etc. Thus, this verbal dynamic character implied in the word is to be kept in mind to understand the nuance of the Heideggerian usage of 'existence'. If traditionally had been translated as essence in the sense of 'whatness', for Heidegger such a translation is unfit to understand what is uniquely human. Heidegger takes the form of existence from the Latin word (to stand out of itself) with an indication of the unique characteristic of the being of man in terms of a dynamic 'how' as against the traditional conception in terms of 'whatness'. Hence existence for Heidegger means how in its very way of being is always outside itself in a relationship of relating, caring as opposed to a relationship of cognitive understanding to other innerworldly beings. Thereby, it is to differentiate strictly, what is ownmost to from that of other modes of beings that Heidegger uses the term 'existence' for the being of man. For what is ownmost to other modes of beings, he uses the term present-at-hand. The various elements of Existence are called 'existentials' and that of what is present-at-hand are called the 'categories'. According to Heidegger "man alone exists, all other things are (they don't exist)". It is important to understand that this notion of 'existence' as what is ownmost to man is not a static concept to be defined once and for all in terms of a content, but has to be understood in terms of something that is to be enacted that varies from individual to individual and from time to time unlike other beings that have a fixed essence.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: That being whose ownmost is in the manner of existence is called . In German, has a spatial connotation of either being 'there' or 'here'. thus can mean simply "being there or here". In German, it could also refer to the existence (as opposed to the essence) of something, especially that of man. However, Heidegger invests this term with a new ontological meaning. The German term consists of two components: and . In the Heideggerian usage, the suffix stands for the being of man in the manner of existence and stands for a three-fold disclosure. According to Heidegger, the being of man is in the manner of a threefold disclosure. That is, the ontological uniqueness of man consists in the fact that its being becomes the /sphere, where not only its own being, but the being of other non-human beings as well as the phenomenon of world is disclosed to because of which it can encounter the innerworldly beings in their worlding character. Hence, for Heidegger the term is a title for the ontological structure of the ontical human being.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Hubert Dreyfus and Charles Spinosa write that: "According to Heidegger our nature is to be world disclosers. That is, by means of our equipment and coordinated practices we human beings open coherent, distinct contexts or worlds in which we perceive, feel, act, and think."


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Heidegger scholar Nikolas Kompridis writes: "World disclosure refers, with deliberate ambiguity, to a process which actually occurs at two different levels. At one level, it refers to the disclosure of an already interpreted, symbolically structured world; the world, that is, within which we always already find ourselves. At another level, it refers as much to the disclosure of new horizons of meaning as to the disclosure of previously hidden or unthematized dimensions of meaning."


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: The ontological-existential structure of consists of "thrownness" (), "projection" (), and "being-along-with"/"engagement" (). These three basic features of existence are inseparably bound to "discourse" (), understood as the deepest unfolding of language.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: refers to an object in the world with which one has meaningful dealings. A nearly un-translatable term, Heidegger's equipment can be thought of as a collective noun, so that it is never appropriate to call something 'an equipment'. Instead, its use often reflects it to mean a tool, or as an "in-order-to" for . Tools, in this collective sense, and in being "ready-to-hand", always exist in a network of other tools and organizations, e.g., the paper is on a desk in a room at a university. It is inappropriate usually to see such equipment on its own or as something "present-at-hand".


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Another, less prosaic, way of thinking of 'equipment' is as 'stuff one can work with' around us, along with its context. "The paper one can do things with, from the desk, in the university, in the city, on the world, in the universe." 'Equipment' refers to the thing, and its usefulness possibilities, and its context.


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Ereignis appears in Heidegger's later works and is not easily summarized. The most sustained treatment of the theme occurs in the cryptic and difficult "Contributions to Philosophy". In the following quotation he associates it with the fundamental idea of concern from "Being and Time", the English etymology of "con-cern" is similar to that of the German:


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Traditional ontology asks "Why is there anything?", whereas Heidegger's fundamental ontology asks "What does it mean for something to be?". Taylor Carman writes (2003) that Heidegger's "fundamental ontology" is fundamental relative to traditional ontology in that it concerns "what any understanding of entities necessarily presupposes, namely, our understanding of that in virtue of which entities are entities."


title: Heideggerian terminology

text: Often translated as "releasement", Heidegger's concept of has been explained as "the spirit of [availability] before What-Is which permits us simply to let things be in whatever may be their uncertainty and their mystery." Heidegger elaborated the idea of in 1959, with a homonymous volume which includes two texts: a 1955 talk entitled simply , and a 'conversation' () entitled ("Towards an Explication of : From a Conversation on a Country Path about Thinking", or "Toward an Emplacing Discussion [] of Releasement []: From a Country Path Conversation about Thinking"). An English translation of this text was published in 1966 as "Conversation on a Country Path about Thinking". Heidegger borrowed the term from the Christian mystical tradition, proximately from Meister Eckhart.