title: Bologna massacre

text: On appeal, Fachini, Fioravanti, Mambro, Picciafuoco, Rinani and Signorelli were acquitted of murder on 18 July 1990. Cavallini, Fioravanti, Mambro and Giuliani were convicted of forming an armed gang. Belmonte and Musumeci were convicted of defamation, and the other defendants were acquitted.


title: Bologna massacre

text: On 12 February 1992, the Supreme Court of Cassation acquitted Rinani and Signorelli of murder; Signorelli was also acquitted of forming an armed gang and subversive association. The court also acquitted other defendants, canceled the judgment and ordered a new trial because the sentences were "illogical, incoherent, not assessing proofs and evidence in good terms, not taking into account the facts preceding and following the event, unmotivated or poorly motivated, in some parts the judges supporting unlikely arguments that not even the defense had argued".


title: Bologna massacre

text: The new trial began on 11 October 1993. Massimiliano Fachini, Valerio Fioravanti, Francesca Mambro and Sergio Picciafuoco were charged with murder; Gilberto Cavallini, Massimiliano Fachini, Egidio Giuliani, Valerio Fioravanti, Francesca Mambro, Sergio Picciafuoco and Roberto Rinani were charged with forming an armed gang, and Giuseppe Belmonte, Licio Gelli, Pietro Musumeci, and Francesco Pazienza were charged with defamation. On 16 May 1994, Fioravanti, Mambro and Picciafuoco were sentenced to life imprisonment; Fachini was acquitted.


title: Bologna massacre

text: Cavallini, Fioravanti, Giuliani, Mambro and Picciafuoco were convicted of forming an armed gang; Fachini and Rinani were acquitted.


title: Bologna massacre

text: On 23 November 1995: The Supreme Court upheld Fioravanti, Mambro, Gelli, Pazienza, Musumeci and Belmonte's convictions, ordering a new trial for Picciafuoco (who was acquitted by the Appeals Court in Florence on 18 June 1996, a verdict upheld by the Supreme Court on 15 April 1997). In April 1998, Mambro was given home confinement and allowed to leave prison during the day.


title: Bologna massacre

text: In June 2000, Massimo Carminati (NAR member), Ivano Bongiovanni (far-right sympathizer) and Federigo Manucci Benincasa (SISMI officer) were convicted of obstruction. Carminati and Manucci Benincasa were acquitted for lack of evidence in December 2001, and Bongiovanni's conviction was upheld. On 30 January 2003, the Court of Cassation finally acquitted Carminati and Manucci Benincasa.


title: Bologna massacre

text: In an article written by Alfio Bernabei for the British anti-fascist "Searchlight" magazine in April 2022, it was reported that "In a significant step in search for the truth behind the bombing at Bologna railway station that killed 85 people and wounded 200 on 2 August 1980 the far-right militant Paolo Bellini has been found guilty of direct involvement in the massacre. He has been sentenced to life imprisonment. The hearings at Bologna law Court began in April 2021 presided over by Judge Francesco Caruso with a number of lawyers acting on behalf of the Association of the Families of the Victims. Bellini, now 69-year-old, belonged to the far-right organisation Avanguardia Nazionale on whose instigation he killed a young left wing militant, Alceste Campanile, in 1975. In 1999 he confessed to this killing adding that he had also killed a number of people on behalf of mafia bosses. But he denied any involvement in the Bologna massacre."


title: Bologna massacre

text: As a result of protracted legal procedures and false leads, a number of theories were proposed during the years after the attack. Involvement by Italian Secret Service officials was suggested.


title: Bologna massacre

text: Between 1999 and 2006, during sessions of the parliamentary commission established to probe terrorism in Italy and the failure to identify those responsible for the massacre and a commission investigating the Mitrokhin dossier and Italian intelligence activity, new information emerged on international terrorist networks and Italian intelligence in the former Soviet bloc and Arab countries such as Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Yemen and Iraq. Secret agreements with the Palestinian leadership tied to arms trafficking between the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and Italy and a warning to the Italian anti-terrorist secret service three weeks before the massacre were discovered. Thomas Kram, member of a German terrorist group linked to Carlos the Jackal and the Palestinians, was in Bologna on the day of the massacre. On 17 November 2005, the Bologna prosecutor opened a case (Dossier 7823/2005 RG) against unknown persons. According to media reports in 2004 and 2007, Francesco Cossiga suggested Palestinian involvement in a letter to Enzo Fragalà of the Mitrokhin Commission.


title: Bologna massacre

text: In 2005, Carlos the Jackal said that "the Mitrokhin Commission attempts to falsify history" and "they were the CIA and the Mossad to hit in Bologna" with the intent to punish Italy for its relationship with the PLO. After the 2006 arrest of former Argentine Triple A member Rodolfo Almirón, Spanish lawyer José Angel Pérez Nievas declared that it was "probable that Almirón participated—along with Stefano Delle Chiaie and Augusto Cauchi—in the 1980 bombing in Bologna's train station". In 1998, the Supreme Court of Argentina refused to extradite Cauchi to Italy.


title: Bologna massacre

text: During a 2008 BBC interview, former Italian president Francesco Cossiga reaffirmed his belief that the massacre was attributable to Palestinian resistance groups operating in Italy (rather than fascist ) and in the innocence of Francesca Mambro and Valerio Fioravanti. The PFLP has always denied responsibility. On 19 August 2011, the Bologna prosecutor began an investigation of two German terrorists: Thomas Kram and Christa Margot Fröhlich, both linked to Carlos the Jackal's group and in Bologna on the day of the attack.


title: Bologna massacre

text: Relatives of the victims formed the "Associazione dei familiari delle vittime della strage alla stazione di Bologna del 2 agosto 1980" on 1 June 1981 to raise and maintain awareness of the bombing. The group, which began with 44 members, grew to 300. On 6 April 1983, the association and victims' associations of victims of the Piazza Fontana, Piazza della Loggia and Italicus Express bombings formed the Union of Relatives of Victims to Massacres (Unione dei Familiari delle Vittime per Stragi) in Milan.


title: Bologna massacre

text: Bologna and the "Associazione tra i familiari delle vittime della strage alla stazione di Bologna del 2 agosto 1980" sponsor an annual international composition competition which ends with a concert in Piazza Maggiore on 2 August, a national memorial day for all terrorist massacres. Although the damaged part of the station has been mostly reconstructed, the original floor tile pierced by the detonation has been left in place and a deep crack (covered by a glass panel) has been left in the reconstructed main wall. The station clock was stopped at 10:25, the time of the explosion, in 1996.


title: Bologna massacre

text: In February and July 2020, the Italian weekly "L'Espresso" published a reportage that demonstrated the couple Licio Gelli-Umberto Ortolani financed the terrorists of the slaughter and subsequently took care of the necessary red herrings thanks to the support of Federico Umberto D'Amato.


title: Bologna massacre

text: The bombing is the backdrop of a chapter of Laurent Binet's "". The 2017 French novel, which satirizes late-20th-century Parisian intellectual and political life, involves two detectives investigating what they assume to be the murder of the philosopher Roland Barthes. The detectives, who travel to Bologna to interview Umberto Eco, narrowly escape injury in the attack.


title: Bologna massacre

text: The bombing is a topic of conversation in the 2021 novel, "Lady In Red", by Jackie Hemingway. News reports about the bombing are broadcast over the radio as the main protagonist, Jack Hemingway, purchases a book in a Liverpool, England, bookstore. Later an Italian intelligence agent meets with Hemingway in a bar where Hemingway slips the Italian agent a list of names in a newspaper that turn out to be of possible conspirators in the bombing.


title: The Dead Zone (TV series)

text: The Dead Zone, also known as Stephen King's The Dead Zone (in the USA) is a science fiction drama television series starring Anthony Michael Hall as Johnny Smith, who discovers he has developed psychic abilities after a coma. The show, credited as "based on characters" from Stephen King's 1979 novel of the same name, first aired in 2002, and was produced by Lionsgate Television and Paramount Network Television (later CBS Paramount Network Television) for the USA Network.


title: The Dead Zone (TV series)

text: The show was originally commissioned for UPN, but the network dropped the show and it was picked up by USA. The series was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada for its first five seasons. The sixth and last season was billed as "The season that changes everything" and production was moved to Montreal.


title: The Dead Zone (TV series)

text: "The Dead Zone" was expected to be renewed for a seventh season but due to financial concerns and fear of low ratings on the part of the producers, the series was canceled on a major cliffhanger in December 2007 without a series finale. It was rumored Syfy would pick up the series after it was canceled by USA, but no plans came to fruition.


title: The Dead Zone (TV series)

text: Small-town teacher Johnny Smith is involved in a car accident that leaves him comatose for approximately six years. After regaining consciousness, Johnny begins having visions of the past and future triggered by touching items or people; doctors attribute the visions to activity in a previously unused "dead zone" of his brain that is attempting to compensate for the impaired function of the portions injured in the accident. Johnny also learns that his fiancée, Sarah, gave birth to his son in the interim following the accident, but has since married another man.


title: The Dead Zone (TV series)

text: With the help of Sarah, her husband (and town sheriff) Walt Bannerman, and physical therapist Bruce, Johnny begins using his abilities to help solve crimes. However, his attempts to do good are complicated by intermittent visions of apocalyptic events brought about following the future election of congressional candidate Greg Stillson.


title: The Dead Zone (TV series)

text: Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released all 6 seasons of "The Dead Zone" on DVD in Region 1, while CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount) has also released all 6 seasons in Region 2.


title: The Dead Zone (TV series)

text: On June 26, 2012, Lionsgate Home Entertainment released a complete series set on DVD in Canada only, while Paramount also released it in Europe.


title: The Dead Zone (TV series)

text: In Australia, all 6 seasons have been released on DVD from 2006 to 2009. Madman Entertainment/Via Vision Entertainment has obtained the rights to the series and released a complete series box set on January 6, 2021.


title: The Dead Zone (TV series)

text: The series on DVD has the episode order based on the production order rather than the order in which the episodes were aired on tv.


title: The Dead Zone (TV series)

text: The first season averaged 6.4 million viewers while season four averaged 3.4 million and season six averaged 2.1 million. The series premiere scored 6.4 million viewers, holding the record for highest premiere on USA Network, until bested by "The 4400" premiere which drew 7.4 million viewers.


title: Ambareesh

text: Malavalli Huchchegowda Amarnath (29 May 1952 – 24 November 2018), known by his screen name Ambareesh, was an Indian actor, media personality, politician from the state of Karnataka. Alongside Rajkumar and Vishnuvardhan, he is counted in Kannada cinema's "triumvirate" as its most celebrated actor.


title: Ambareesh

text: With his debut in Puttanna Kanagal's "Naagarahaavu" (1972), Ambareesh's acting career commenced with a brief phase of portraying antagonistic and supporting characters. After establishing himself as a lead actor portraying rebellious characters on screen in several commercially successful films, he earned the moniker "rebel star". He also earned the nickname "Mandyada Gandu" ( Man of Mandya) and continues to hold a matinee idol status in the popular culture of Karnataka.


title: Ambareesh

text: After entering politics in 1994, Ambareesh became a three-time member of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament representing Mandya, first from Janata Dal and the latter two times from the Indian National Congress, a member of which he remained till his death. During the third term, he briefly served as the Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting, between October 2006 and February 2007, as part of the First Manmohan Singh ministry. Between 2013 and 2016, he was a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly and served as the Minister of Housing during the time as part of the Siddaramaiah cabinet.


title: Ambareesh

text: Besides winning many State Film Awards and Filmfare Awards South during his acting career, Ambareesh was honoured with the honorary doctorate by the Karnatak University in 2013. He is also a recipient of NTR National Award, Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South and Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award, all awarded recognizing lifetime achievements and contribution to cinema. Having suffered from a breathing problem in 2014, Ambareesh died four years later.


title: Ambareesh

text: Ambareesh was born on 29 May 1952 in Doddarasinakere village of Mandya district in the erstwhile Mysore State (now Karnataka). He was named "Malavalli Huchchegowda Amarnath", and was the sixth of seven children to Hucchegowda and Padmamma. His granduncle was the violinist, Chowdiah. Ambareesh completed his schooling in Mandya before moving to Mysore for higher studies.


title: Ambareesh

text: While the eminent Kannada film director Puttanna Kanagal was in search of a new face to play a brief antagonist role for his upcoming film, one of Ambareesh's close friends, Sangram Singh, suggested his name for the screen test much against his wishes. At his screen test, he was asked to walk in a certain fashion, utter a dialogue and toss a cigarette in his mouth. Impressed, Kanagal cast him in his 1972 film "Naagarahaavu". The film also saw the debut of Vishnuvardhan, another actor who would go on to become one of Kannada cinema's most popular actors.


title: Ambareesh

text: Ambareesh appeared in about 208 films, including other films of Kanagal such as "Paduvaaralli Pandavaru", "Shubhamangala", "Masanada Hoovu" and "Ranganayaki" (1981). , Ambareesh had acted in most films as lead in Kannada films, surpassing Rajkumar's record of 206 films as a lead actor and Vishnuvardhan's record of 230 films (including Kannada, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam films) as a lead actor. The record has not been broken yet. He also was a supporting actor many times at the beginning of their careers.


title: Ambareesh

text: Ambareesh played the angry young man of the 1980s, and several films were tailor-made accordingly. The earliest of them was the political satire "Antha" (1981), directed by Rajendra Singh Babu and remade into Hindi and Tamil. This controversial film was the first in India to depict politicians and government officials as corrupt and villainous. "Chakravyuha" and "New Delhi" were made on the same lines, the first remade into Hindi as "Inquilaab", starring Amitabh Bachchan and the second a remake of the Malayalam hit of the same name. His other notable films include "Ranganayaki", "Tony", "Rani Maharani", "Olavina Udugore", "Hrudaya Haadithu", "Hongkongnalli Agent Amar", "Mannina Doni" and "Odahuttidavaru". His performance in "Masanada Hoovu", "Elu Suttina Kote" and Sreekumaran Thampi's Malayalam film "Gaanam" (1982) received critical acclaim. Thampi cast Ambareesh after being impressed with his performance in "Ranganayaki". Despite turning out to be a commercial failure, the film went on to win the Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value.


title: Ambareesh

text: Ambareesh also showed great performance in Mamateya Madilu, Hrudaya Haadithu, Elu Sutinaa Kote and Mouna Raga. He also acted with legend Rajkumar. He is well known as Mandyada Gandu, Kaliyuga Karna (for his generosity), and Rebel Star. He was awarded the State award for best actor for Antha and best supporting role for Masanada Hoovu, NTR Award by Andhra Pradesh Government, Film Fare best actor award for "Olavina Udugore" and Film Fare Award (lifetime achievement award). He was the first Kannada actor to inaugurate the world-famous "Mysore Dasara" festival organized by the government of Karnataka. He also won the Karnataka Government's Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award in 2011.


title: Ambareesh

text: Ambareesh joined the Indian National Congress (INC) ahead of the assembly election in 1994. He campaigned for the party in the election after having been "too late to be given a ticket". However, he was met with a lukewarm reception from the public having been "greeted with slippers and rotten vegetables at a couple of public meetings." He quit the party two years later after being denied a ticket to contest the 1996 general election. Ambareesh subsequently joined the Janata Dal and contested the 1998 general election from Mandya. He won the seat upon polling 431,439 votes against 250,916 for the INC candidate.


title: Ambareesh

text: In 1999, Ambareesh rejoined the INC and contested in five elections since. He served as minister of state for Information and Broadcasting in the 14th Lok Sabha, but resigned over his dissatisfaction with the Cauvery Dispute Tribunal award, though the resignation was not formally accepted. He was defeated in the May 2009 General Elections. He helped in elections for H.D. Kumaraswamy (in Kanakapura parliament election in the 1990s), S.M. Krishna (1999) and K.R. Pete Krishna.


title: Ambareesh

text: Ambareesh developed a friendship with actress Sumalatha after they first met at the sets of the Kannada film "Aahuti" in 1984. They grew closer during 1987 when they worked together again with "New Delhi". After he proposed marriage to her two years later, they married on 8 December 1991. Their only child, Abhishek Gowda, is an actor.


title: Ambareesh

text: Ambareesh was noted for his friendship, mostly with his contemporaries of the 1980s and across film industries of South India. They included Rajinikanth, Mammootty, Mohanlal, Suhasini Maniratnam, Chiranjeevi, Venkatesh Daggubati, R. Sarathkumar, Raadhika, Jayaram, Naresh, Arjun Sarja, Ramesh Aravind among others. Calling themselves the "Class of the '80s", Ambareesh hosted their third reunion in 2017. He also maintained a close relationship with Vishnuvardhan ever since they made their debuts together in films with "Naagarahaavu" in 1972, till the latter's death in 2009.


title: Ambareesh

text: Ambareesh developed breathing problems in 2014 and was hospitalized frequently. In March that year, he was taken to Singapore's Mount Elizabeth Hospital for treatment. On 24 November 2018, he was taken to a private hospital in Bangalore after he suffered from a cardiac arrest at his residence. Efforts to revive him failed and was pronounced dead at 10:15 p.m. (IST). Following his death, Ambareesh's remains were taken to Sree Kanteerava Stadium where political leaders, members of the film industry and fans were allowed to pay homage the following day. It attracted a total of around 100,000 people. The remains were airlifted to Sir M. Visvesvaraya Stadium in Mandya at 5 p.m. (IST) that day. After having briefly kept for public viewing there, they were flown back to Bangalore on 26 November and carried in a cortege on a procession from Sree Kanteerava Stadium to Kanteerava Studios, for a distance of , where his funeral was held. Ambareesh was cremated with full state honours and also received a 21-gun salute. The final rites were performed by his son, Abhishek, at 5:55 p.m. (IST) that evening. Ambareesh was cremated next to the memorial of his contemporary and friend, Rajkumar.


title: Ambareesh

text: Ambareesh's death was met with an outpouring of grief from politicians, members of the South Indian film industry and fans from Karnataka. The Government of Karnataka declared a three-day mourning period as a mark of respect. Prime Minister Narendra Modi condoled his death and said, "[Ambareesh was] a strong voice for Karnataka's welfare, at the state and central level". Chief Minister of Karnataka H. D. Kumaraswamy termed that his death ended "an era of love and affection in Kannada film industry" while adding that "[Ambareesh] was a rebel who was loved by all. He has carved a unique place in both politics and films". Other politicians who expressed grief included former Chief Ministers of Karnataka, Siddaramaiah and B. S. Yeddyurappa, State cabinet ministers, R. V. Deshpande and U. T. Khader, and former colleagues at the INC, G. Parameshwara, Dinesh Gundu Rao and Ramya among others.


title: Ambareesh

text: Actor Rajinikanth remarked, "My friendship with Ambareesh is of over 40 years and deeply saddened by his death. Everyone will have a few close friends. But Ambareesh, I think, had over 100 close friends. He lived like a king till the day he died and all he earned were people." Mammootty recalled Ambareesh as "one of [his] first real friends" while condoling his death. Mohanlal termed his death "heartbreaking". Kamal Haasan offered "heartfelt condolences" and called Ambareesh his "friend for 42 years". Other film personalities who expressed grief included Amitabh Bachchan, R. Sarathkumar, Khushbu Sundar, Rajendra Singh Babu, Shiva Rajkumar, Sudeep, Darshan and Yogaraj Bhat among others.


title: The Century of the Self

text: The Century of the Self is a 2002 British television documentary series by filmmaker Adam Curtis. It focuses on the work of psychoanalysts Sigmund Freud and Anna Freud, and PR consultant Edward Bernays. In episode one, Curtis says, "This series is about how those in power have used Freud's theories to try and control the dangerous crowd in an age of mass democracy."


title: The Century of the Self

text: Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, changed our perception of the mind and its workings. The documentary explores the various ways that governments, global organizations and corporations have used Freud's theories. Freud and his nephew Edward Bernays, who was the first to use psychological techniques in public relations, are discussed in part one. His daughter Anna Freud, a pioneer of child psychology, is mentioned in part two. Wilhelm Reich, an opponent of Freud's theories, is discussed in part three.


title: The Century of the Self

text: Along these lines, "The Century of the Self" asks deeper questions about the roots and methods of consumerism and commodification and their implications. It also questions the modern way people see themselves, the attitudes to fashion, and superficiality.


title: The Century of the Self

text: The business and political worlds use psychological techniques to read, create and fulfill the desires of the public, and to make their products and speeches as pleasing as possible to consumers and voters. Curtis questions the intentions and origins of this relatively new approach to engaging the public.


title: The Century of the Self

text: Where once the political process was about engaging people's rational, conscious minds, as well as facilitating their needs as a group, Stuart Ewen, a historian of public relations, argues that politicians now appeal to primitive impulses that have little bearing on issues outside the narrow self-interests of a consumer society.


title: The Century of the Self

text: The words of Paul Mazur, a leading Wall Street banker working for Lehman Brothers in 1927, are cited: "We must shift America from a needs- to a desires-culture. People must be trained to desire, to want new things, even before the old have been entirely consumed. [...] Man's desires must overshadow his needs."


title: The Century of the Self

text: In part four the main subjects are Philip Gould, a political strategist, and Matthew Freud, a PR consultant and the great-grandson of Sigmund Freud. In the 1990s, they were instrumental to bringing the Democratic Party in the US and New Labour in the United Kingdom back into power through use of the focus group, originally invented by psychoanalysts employed by US corporations to allow consumers to express their feelings and needs, just as patients do in psychotherapy.


title: The Century of the Self

text: Curtis ends by saying that, "Although we feel we are free, in reality, we—like the politicians—have become the slaves of our own desires," and compares Britain and America to 'Democracity', an exhibit at the 1939 New York World's Fair created by Edward Bernays.


title: Ajna

text: Ajna (, IAST: , ), brow or third eye chakra, is the sixth primary chakra in the body according to Hindu tradition and signifies the unconscious mind, the direct link to Brahman (ultimate reality). The third eye is said to connect people to their intuition, give them the ability to communicate with the world, or help them receive messages from the past and the future.


title: Ajna

text: The Ajna chakra is located in the center of the forehead between the eyebrows. It is not a part of the physical body but considered to be the part of pranic system. The location makes it a sacred spot where Hindus apply a tilak bindi to show reverence for it.


title: Ajna

text: The Ajna chakra is described as "a diamond-like lotus of two petals, presided by Hamsa Devata, and Susumna Sakti. It corresponds to the Vijñāna state and Anupama Vak, and to the half matra of the Pranava."


title: Ajna

text: It is said to represent the nadis (psychic channels) Ida and Pingala, which meet the central Sushumna nadi before rising to the crown chakra, Sahasrara. The letter "ham" (हं) is written in white on the left petal and represents Shiva, while the letter "ksham" (क्षं) is written in white on the right petal and represents Shakti.


title: Ajna

text: Inside the pericarp of the flower is the Hakini shakti. It is depicted with a white moon, six faces, and six arms holding a book, a skull, a drum, and a rosary, while making the gestures associated with granting boons and dispelling fears. The downward-pointing triangle above her contains a white lingam. This triangle, along with the lotus flower, can represent wisdom.


title: Ajna

text: The seed syllables of Ajna are "ksham" and the more well-known "Om" or "Aum", which is believed to be the basic sound of the world and contains all other sounds. It is considered the supreme sound of the universe. The mantras are monosyllabic seed sounds ("bija") which, when spoken aloud, activate the energy of the respective chakras in order to purify and balance the mind and body. The energy resonates in the chakra associated with the mantra.


title: Ajna

text: Ajna translates as "authority" or "command" (or "perceive"). It is considered the eye of intuition and intellect. Its associated sense organ is the mind.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: Between November 1944 and April 1945, the Japanese launched about 9,300 balloons from sites on Honshu, of which about 300 were found or observed in the U.S., with some in Canada and Mexico. The balloons traveled on high-altitude and high-speed currents over the Pacific Ocean, today known as the jet stream, and used a sophisticated ballast system to control altitude on their three-day flight. Despite high hopes for the operation, the bombs were largely ineffective due to damp conditions and malfunctions, causing only minor damage and six deaths (from a single civilian incident in Oregon in May 1945). The Fu-Go balloon bomb was the first weapon to possess intercontinental range, with its flights being the longest-ranged attacks in the history of warfare at the time.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: The balloon bomb concept was a brainchild of the Imperial Japanese Army's Number Nine Research Laboratory, also known as the Noborito Laboratory, founded in 1927. In 1933, Lieutenant General Reikichi Tada began an experimental balloon bomb program at Noborito, designated Fu-Go, which proposed a hydrogen balloon in diameter equipped with a time fuse and capable of delivering bombs up to . The project was stopped by 1935 and never completed.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: After the Doolittle Raid in April 1942, in which American planes bombed the Japanese mainland, the Imperial General Headquarters directed Noborito to develop a retaliatory bombing capability against the U.S. In summer 1942, Noborito investigated several proposals, including long-range bombers that could make one-way sorties from Japan to cities on the U.S. West Coast, and small bomb-laden seaplanes that could be launched from submarines. On September 9, 1942, the latter was tested in the Lookout Air Raid, in which a Yokosuka E14Y seaplane was launched from a submarine off the Oregon coast. Warrant Officer Nobuo Fujita dropped two large incendiary bombs in Siskiyou National Forest in the hopes of starting a forest fire and safely returned to the submarine; however, response crews spotted the plane and contained the small blazes. The program was cancelled by the Navy.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: Also in September 1942, Major General Sueki Kusaba, who had served in the original balloon bomb program under Tada, was assigned to Noborito and revived the Fu-Go project with a focus on longer flights. While the Oregon air raid had not achieved its strategic objectives, it had demonstrated the potential of using unmanned balloons at a lower cost and risk to ignite large-scale forest fires.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: By March 1943, Kusaba's team developed a prototype capable of flying at for more than 30 hours. The balloons were constructed from five thin layers of "washi", a durable paper derived from the paper mulberry ("kōzo") bush, which were glued together with "konnyaku" (Japanese potato) paste. The Army mobilized thousands of teenage girls at high schools across the country to laminate and glue the sheets together, with final assembly and inflation tests at large indoor arenas including the Nichigeki Music Hall and Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo hall in Tokyo. The original proposal called for night launches from submarines located off the U.S. coast, a distance the balloons could cover in 10 hours. A timer would release a incendiary bomb at the end of the flight. Two submarines ("I-34" and "I-35") were prepared and two hundred balloons were produced by August 1943, but attack missions were postponed due the need for submarines as weapons and food transports.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: Engineers next investigated the feasibility of balloon launches against the United States from the Japanese mainland, a distance of at least . Engineers sought to make use of strong seasonal air currents discovered flowing from west to east at high altitude and speed over Japan, today known as the jet stream. The currents had been investigated by Japanese scientist Wasaburo Oishi in the 1920s; in late 1943, the Army consulted Hidetoshi Arakawa of the Central Meteorological Observatory, who used Oishi's data to extrapolate the air currents across the Pacific Ocean and estimate that a balloon released in winter and that maintained an altitude of could reach the North American continent in 30 to 100 hours. Arakawa further found that the strongest winds blew from November to March at speeds approaching .


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: Changing pressure levels in a fixed-volume balloon posed technical challenges. During the day, heat from the sun increased pressure, risking the balloon rising above the air currents or bursting. A relief valve was added to allow gas to escape when the envelope's internal pressure rose above a set level. At night, cool temperatures risked the balloon falling below the currents, an issue that worsened as gas was released. To resolve this, engineers developed a sophisticated ballast system with 32 sandbags mounted around a cast aluminum wheel, with each sandbag connected to gunpowder blowout plugs. The plugs were connected to three redundant aneroid barometers calibrated for an altitude between , below which one sandbag was released; the next plug was armed two minutes after the previous plug was blown. A separate altimeter set between controlled the later release of the bombs. A one-hour activating fuse for the altimeters was ignited at launch, allowing the balloon time to ascend above these two thresholds. Tests of the design in August 1944 indicated success, with several balloons releasing radiosonde signals for up to 80 hours (the maximum time allowed by the batteries). A self-destruct system was added; a three-minute fuse triggered by the release of the last bomb would detonate a block of picric acid and destroy the carriage, followed by an 82-minute fuse that would ignite the hydrogen and destroy the envelope.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: In late 1942, the Imperial General Headquarters had directed the Navy to begin its own balloon bomb program in parallel with the Army project. Lieutenant Commander Kiyoshi Tanaka led a project that developed a rubberized silk balloon, designated the B-Type (in contrast to the Army's A-Type). The silk material was an effort to create a flexible envelope that could withstand pressure changes. The design was tested in August 1944, but the balloons burst immediately after reaching altitude, determined to be the result of faulty rubberized seams. The Navy program was subsequently consolidated under Army control, in part due to the declining availability of rubber as the war continued. The B-Type balloons were later equipped with a version of the A-Type's ballast system and tested on November 2, 1944; one of these balloons, which was not loaded with bombs, became the first to be recovered by Americans after being spotted in the water off San Pedro, California, on November 4.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: The final A-Type design was in diameter and had a volume of of gas at operating altitude. The bombs most commonly carried by the balloons were:


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: A balloon launch organization of three battalions was formed. The first battalion included headquarters and three squadrons totaling 1,500 men in Ibaraki Prefecture with nine launch stations at Ōtsu. The second battalion of 700 men in three squadrons operated six launch stations at Ichinomiya, Chiba; and the third battalion of 600 men in two squadrons operated six launch stations at Nakoso, Fukushima. The Ōtsu site featured its own hydrogen plant, while the second and third battalions used hydrogen gas manufactured at factories near Tokyo. The combined launching capacity of the sites was about 200 balloons per day, with 15,000 launches planned through March.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: Each launch pad consisted of anchor screws drilled into the ground and arranged in a circle the same diameter as the balloons. After laying out a deflated envelope, hoses were used to fill the envelope with hydrogen before it was tied down with guide ropes and detached from the anchors. The carriage was attached and the guide ropes were disconnected. Each launch took between thirty minutes and an hour, depending on the presence of surface winds that made releases difficult. The best time to launch was just after the passing of a high-pressure front, and wind conditions were most suitable for several hours prior to the onshore breezes at sunrise. Suitable launch conditions were expected for only about fifty days through the winter period of maximum jet stream velocity.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: The first balloons were launched at 0500 on November 3, 1944. Some carriages carried radiosonde equipment rather than bombs, and were tracked by direction finding stations in Ichinomiya, at Iwanuma, Miyagi, at Misawa, Aomori, and on Sakhalin to estimate the progress of the balloons across the Pacific Ocean.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: Two weeks after the discovery of the balloon off San Pedro, another was found in the ocean off Kailua, Hawaii, on November 14. More balloons were found in Thermopolis, Wyoming, on December 6 (along with a crater) and in Kalispell, Montana, on December 11, followed by finds in Marshall, Alaska, and Estacada, Oregon, later in the month. National and state agencies were placed on heightened alert, and forest rangers were ordered to report any balloon sightings and finds. On January 4, 1945, the Office of Censorship requested that newspaper editors and radio broadcasters give no publicity to balloon incidents; this voluntary censorship was highly effective, with the Japanese military only learning of the Wyoming find. The balloons continued to be discovered all over North America, with sightings and partial or full recoveries in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan (the easternmost finds), Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming; as well as in Canada in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and the Northwest and Yukon Territories; in northern Mexico; and at sea. On February 17, 1945, a Japanese propaganda broadcast falsely announced great fires and an American public in panic, declaring casualties in the hundreds to thousands.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: American authorities concluded the greatest danger from the balloons would be wildfires in the coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest during dry months. The Fourth Air Force, Western Defense Command, and Ninth Service Command organized the "Firefly Project" with a number of Stinson L-5 Sentinel and Douglas C-47 Skytrain aircraft and 2,700 troops, including 200 paratroopers of the 555th Parachute Infantry Battalion, who were stationed at critical points for use in firefighting missions. Through Firefly, the military used the United States Forest Service as a proxy, unifying fire suppression communications among federal and state agencies and modernizing the Forest Service through the influx of military personnel, equipment, and tactics. In the "Lightning Project", health and agricultural officers, veterinarians, and 4-H clubs were instructed to report any strange new diseases in crops or livestock that could be spread by potential biological warfare. Stocks of decontamination chemicals, ultimately unused, were shipped to strategic points in the western states.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: Army Air Forces and Navy fighters were scrambled on several occasions to intercept balloons, but they had little success due to inaccurate sighting reports, bad weather, and the very high altitude at which the balloons traveled. Overall, less than 20 of the balloons were shot down. Experiments conducted on recovered balloons to determine their radar reflectivity had little success. In the "Sunset Project" initiated in early April 1945, the Fourth Air Force attempted to detect the radio signals sent by transmitter balloons using sites in coastal Washington; 95 suspected signals were detected, but were of little use due to the relatively low percentage of balloons with transmitters, and observed fading of the signals as they approached the coast.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: Few American officials believed at first that the balloons could have come directly from Japan. Early U.S. theories speculated that they were launched from German prisoner of war camps or from Japanese-American internment centers. After bombs of Japanese origin were found, it was believed that the balloons were launched from coastal submarines. Sand from the sandbags was studied by the Military Geology Unit of the United States Geological Survey, revealing mineral and diatom compositions that corresponded to Ichinomiya. Aerial reconnaissance later located two nearby hydrogen production facilities, which were destroyed by B-29 bombing raids in April 1945.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: With little evidence of any effect, General Kusaba was ordered to cease operations in April 1945, believing that the mission had been a total fiasco. In total, about 9,300 balloons were launched (approximately 700 in November 1944, 1,200 in December, 2,000 in January 1945, 2,500 in February, 2,500 in March, and 400 in April), of which about 300 were discovered in North America. This was roughly in line with the Japanese estimate that 10 percent of balloons would survive the journey, and the American estimate by the Office of Scientific Research and Development that 7 percent had done so. The Fu-Go balloon bomb was the first weapon to possess intercontinental range, with its flights being the longest-ranged attacks in the history of warfare at the time.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: No wildfires were positively identified as being caused by balloon bombs. The most tactically successful attack took place on March 10, 1945, when one of the balloons descended near Toppenish, Washington, and caused a short circuit in power lines supplying the Manhattan Project's production facility at the Hanford Engineer Works. Backup devices quickly restored power at the site, but it took three days for its nuclear reactors to be brought to full capacity; plutonium produced in the reactors was later used in Fat Man, the bomb dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: Many of the balloons recovered in the U.S. had a high number of unexploded blowout plugs, accountable either to a failure of the battery or fuses. The winter and spring launch dates had limited the chances of the incendiary bombs starting forest fires due to the higher levels of precipitation in the Pacific Northwest; forests were generally snow-covered or too damp to catch fire easily. Furthermore, many targeted regions received disproportionately more precipitation in 1945 than in any other year in the decade, with some areas receiving of precipitation more than normal.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: On May 5, 1945, six civilians were killed near Bly, Oregon, when they discovered one of the balloon bombs in Fremont National Forest, becoming the only fatalities from enemy action in the continental U.S. during the war.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: Reverend Archie Mitchell and his pregnant wife Elsie (age 26) drove to Gearhart Mountain that day with five of their Sunday school students for a picnic. While Archie was moving the car, Elsie and the children found the balloon lying on the ground. A large explosion occurred; the four boys (Edward Engen, 13; Jay Gifford, 13; Dick Patzke, 14; and Sherman Shoemaker, 11) were killed instantly, while Joan Patzke (13) and Elsie died several minutes later. A bomb disposal expert guessed that the bomb had been kicked. Military personnel who arrived on the scene saw that the balloon still had snow beneath it while the surrounding area did not. They concluded that the balloon had drifted to the ground several weeks earlier, and had lain there undisturbed until found by the group. The press blackout in the U.S. was lifted on May 22 to ensure that others were warned of the threat.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: A memorial, the Mitchell Monument, is located at the point of the explosion, northeast of Klamath Falls in the Mitchell Recreation Area. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. Several Japanese civilians have visited the monument to offer their apologies for the deaths that took place here, and cherry trees have been planted around the monument as a symbol of peace.


title: Fu-Go balloon bomb

text: The remains of balloons have continued to be discovered after the war. At least eight were found in the 1940s, three in the 1950s, two in the 1960s, and one in the 1970s. A device with a live bomb was found near Lumby, British Columbia, in 2014 and detonated by a Royal Canadian Navy ordnance disposal team. Remains of another balloon were found near McBride, British Columbia, in 2019. Many war museums in the U.S. and Canada exhibit Fu-Go fragments, including the National Air and Space Museum and Canadian War Museum.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: The crew suffered acute radiation syndrome (ARS) for a number of weeks after the Bravo test in March. All recovered except for Kuboyama Aikichi, the boat's chief radioman, who died on September 23, 1954, from complications of radiation sickness. Kuboyama is considered the first victim of the hydrogen bomb and of test shot Castle Bravo.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Built in March 1947 and launched from Koza, Wakayama, the boat was originally named . It was a bonito boat and moored in Misaki Fishing Harbor, Kanagawa Prefecture. It was later remodeled into a tuna fishing boat. In 1953, it moved to Yaizu Port, Shizuoka Prefecture, with a new name, "Daigo Fukuryū Maru", translated as "Lucky Dragon No. 5" or the "Fifth Lucky Dragon".


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: The "Lucky Dragon No. 5" took five ocean voyages, the last of which began on January 22, 1954, and ended on March 14 of that year. The crew set off to go fishing in the Midway Sea near Midway Atoll, but when they lost most of their trawl nets to the sea, they altered their course southward near the Marshall Islands and encountered fallout from the Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll on March 1.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: A map of the varying location of the boat in the days leading up to and after the day of the explosion is available. On March 1, the map depicts the vessel very near to the border of the US Navy issued "danger zone notice" dated October 10, 1953. Following March 1, the vessel charted a practically straight geodesic course back to its home port of Yaizu, passing the same latitude as Wake Island between March 4 and 6 and arriving at Yaizu on March 14.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: The source of the map does not state how the map was created, that is, it does not state that the ship's log was consulted in the creation of the map, nor does it provide the navigator's measurements with the compass and sextant of the period. The exact position of the ship on the day of the explosion is therefore uncertain. Contemporary references give a figure of "80 miles (130 km) east of Bikini Atoll" without stating the method by which the distance was computed. According to a 1997 paper by Martha Smith-Norris, the ship was operating "14 miles" outside the 57,000 square mile "Danger Area", and it was not detected by radar or visual spotter planes.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: The "Daigo Fukuryū Maru" ("Lucky Dragon No. 5") encountered the fallout from the U.S. Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll, near the Marshall Islands, on March 1, 1954. When the test was held, the "Daigo Fukuryū Maru" was catching fish outside the danger zone that the U.S. government had declared in advance. However, the test was more than twice as powerful as predicted, and changes in weather patterns blew nuclear fallout, in the form of a fine ash, outside the danger zone. On that day, the sky in the west lit up like a sunset. The "Daigo Fukuryū Maru" was not damaged by the shock wave from the blast. However, several hours later white, radioactive dust made up of radioactive particles of coral and sand fell upon the ship. The fishermen attempted to escape from the area, but they took almost 6 hours to retrieve fishing gear from the sea and process fish (mainly shark and tuna) caught on the lines, exposing themselves to the radioactive fallout. The fishermen scooped the highly radioactive dust into bags with their bare hands. One fisherman, Oishi Matashichi, reported that he "took a lick" of the dust that fell on his ship, likening the falling material to 粉雪 ("powdered snow") and describing it as gritty but with no taste. The dust stuck to their bodies and the ship, entering their nasal passages and ears, irritating their eyes and collecting inside their underwear. Radiation sickness symptoms appeared later that day. Due to this, the fishermen called the white ash "shi no hai" (死の灰, death ash). The ash that fell upon the ship carried strontium-90, cesium-137, selenium-141, and uranium-237.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: During their return, the crew began showing symptoms of radiation poisoning as early as the evening after exposure. They experienced pain, headaches, nausea, dizziness, and diarrhea. Their eyes began to turn red and developed an itchy mucus. One crewman decided to keep some of the ash in order to have it analysed on their arrival home, but it was kept in a pouch hung from one of the bunks and was therefore in close proximity to the sleeping men for the duration of their return. Later analysis of the sample by, among others, Tokyo University determined that the ash was caused by a hydrogen bomb. The announcement of this news came as a large surprise to the Americans as they had persistently kept their nuclear experimentation secret.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: By the third day, the men began to develop small blisters on their bodies that had been touched by the radioactive ash. Their faces also began to turn dark. A week into their return journey, their hair began to fall out. On March 11, the ship encountered rough seas causing them to dock late on March 14. This late arrival fortunately caused the contaminated fish to stay within the ship until the next morning. Thus, they were able to throw away much of the tuna once they discovered the radiation.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: After their arrival, the men went to the Yaizu Public Hospital where the surgeon, Oi Toshiaki applied a zinc ointment to their faces and sent them home. On March 15, 1954, engineer Yamamoto, deckhand Masuda and 5 others which were said to make up the "elderly" members of the crew were sent to the Tokyo University Hospital for treatment. There, they tested Masuda's bone marrow and found his white blood cell count at half the normal level. Japanese biophysicist Nishiwaki Yasushi immediately traveled from Osaka to Yaizu to examine the crew and their boat. He quickly concluded that they had been exposed to radioactive fallout and wrote a letter to the chief of the US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) asking for more information on how to treat the crew. The crew members, suffering from nausea, headaches, burns, pain in the eyes, bleeding from the gums, and other symptoms, were diagnosed with acute radiation syndrome. The US did not respond to Nishiwaki's letter or to letters from other Japanese scientists requesting information and help, although the United States did dispatch two medical scientists to Japan to study the effects of fallout on the ship's crew and to assist their doctors. The remaining crew members were quarantined in Yaizu North Hospital with all of their clothes and belongings buried on the property. High levels of radiation were found in the men's hair and nails, and so the hospital was forced to cut off the rest of their hair.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: There is a hint of criticism from one of crewmembers, Oishi Matashichi, aimed at the then Japanese Foreign Minister Katsuo Okazaki in his book, citing the fact that despite the lingering resentment towards the US over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, and the suspicion that US officials were only interested in research rather than attempting to cure anyone of their subsequent bombing-related ailments, Foreign Minister Okazaki is said to have spoken frequently to the crew about the need for the Americans to be present during treatment. Indeed, Oishi goes as far as to say "The Foreign Minister usually stood on the American side, and it appeared that he was the American Foreign Minister (rather than our own)".


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: The men were all transferred to the Tokyo University Hospital. There they would remain for fourteen months or more in some cases. They were subjected to daily examinations and multiple blood samples. Bone marrow was also drawn from different areas on the men. Their red and white blood cells had dropped significantly, causing internal bleeding and bloody stools. They had constant high fevers, bled from their noses and gums, and had persistent diarrhea. Their sperm counts also fell to low numbers or in some cases, to none at all. For their treatment, the men were prescribed bed rest and given large quantities of antibiotics and blood transfusions. Dr. Morita Hisao reported that the men had developed acute panmyelosis, a disease that attacked their bone marrow destroying its ability to generate blood.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Around August 20, condition deteriorated. By August 29, he fell into critical condition after developing meningitis. He became delirious and violent, having to be tied to a bed on the floor. Kuboyama soon fell into a coma and developed pneumonia. On September 23, he became the first member of the crew to die from complications of radiation sickness. The remaining twenty-two crew members were released from the hospital on May 20, 1955 after fourteen months. They received yearly checkups to monitor the toll of long-term radiation sickness complications.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Like the hibakusha, survivors of atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, the "Daigo Fukuryū Maru" crew were stigmatized because of the Japanese public’s fear of those exposed to radiation (it was commonly believed to be contagious). The crew tried to stay quiet about their exposure for decades, beginning with their discharge from hospital. Some crew members moved away from their homes to make a fresh start. However, unlike the hibakusha, the "Lucky Dragon No. 5" crew did not qualify for medical care benefits that the survivors of the atom bomb were given.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Former crew member Susumu Misaki opened a tofu shop after the incident. He died of lung cancer in Shizuoka Prefecture at the age of 92.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Another crew member, Masayoshi Kawashima (川島正義), tried to earn a living making pouches after his release from the hospital but it failed. Issues in his personal life led to a divorce. Kawashima returned to fishing but died soon after aged 47.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Crew member Sanjirō Masuda (増田三次郎) died aged 54 after contracting various illnesses and diseases including cirrhosis of the liver, sepsis, stomach ulcers and diabetes.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Crew member Yūichi Masuda (増田祐一) died aged 55 after collapsing suddenly in the field in which he was working and died less than 10 days later. Again cirrhosis of the liver was cited as a cause.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Crew member Shinzō Suzuki (鈴木慎三) died on 18 June 1982 aged 57 on the Meishin Expressway (名神高速公路) after the truck he was driving was involved in a rear-end collision, and burned to death in the wreckage. When Oishi Matashichi contacted his widow (the accident happened 4 years before he discovered the fact because they had lost contact), she told him that her husband had suffered from general weakness, and cirrhosis of the liver was once again mentioned.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Crew member Hiroshi Kozuka (小塚博) was diagnosed with stomach cancer in March 1986. He, like some of the other crew, had been regularly attending annual check-ups which began in 1957 at the National Institute of Radiological Science (放射線医学総合研究所) in Chiba (千葉市). Despite having, just a couple of weeks before, his regular check-up the cancer was diagnosed by a local doctor shortly after stomach pains began and didn't subside. He underwent surgery and had two-thirds of his stomach removed. Apparently recovering well, he was diagnosed with pneumonia just a week later.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Chief engineer Chūji Yamamoto (山本忠司) was admitted to a hospital in Gamagori (蒲郡) the day before he was due to undergo his latest annual check-up in 1987. He was diagnosed with liver, colon and lung cancer. Oishi Matashichi made a visit to Yamamoto in hospital along with another crew member Tsutsui (筒井) on 21 February 1987, only for Yamamoto to succumb to his cancer 13 days later on 6 March 1987 aged 60.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Crew member Kaneshige Takagi (高木兼重) succumbed to liver cancer aged 66 - the news filtered through from Hoto Island (保戸島, part of Kyūshū) to Oishi Matashichi in December 1989.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: During the phone call received from the wife of Takagi, she mentioned that an employee at the crematorium told her that the bones of Takagi after cremation were the most thin and fragile that they'd ever seen.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: After being released from the hospital, Oishi Matashichi left his hometown to open a dry cleaning business. Beginning in the 1980s, he frequently gave talks advocating nuclear disarmament. His first child was stillborn, which Oishi attributed to his own exposure to radiation. In 1992, Oishi developed cirrhosis of the liver but recovered after successful surgery. In 2011, he published a book titled, "The Day the Sun Rose in the West: Bikini, the Lucky Dragon and I" in English. The book combines his personal story, the story of the "Daigo Fukuryū Maru", and declassified documents between the Japanese and American governments about the fallout's damage.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: The US government refused to disclose the fallout's composition due to "national security", as the fallout's isotopic ratios—namely a percentage of uranium-237—could reveal the design of the Castle Bravo device through radio-chemical analysis. For instance, Joseph Rotblat may have deduced the staging nature of the device by studying the ratio and presence of tell-tale isotopes present in the fallout. As of 1954, the Soviet Union had not yet been successful with thermonuclear staging and such information could have assisted in their development of a thermonuclear weapon. Lewis Strauss, the head of the AEC, issued several denials that claimed the United States were not to blame. He also hypothesized that the lesions on the fishermen's bodies were not caused by radiation but by the chemical action of the caustic burnt lime that is produced when coral is calcined, and that they were inside the danger zone. He told President Eisenhower's press secretary that the "Daigo Fukuryū Maru" may have been a "red spy outfit", commanded by a Soviet agent intentionally exposing the ship's crew and catch to embarrass the USA and gain intelligence on the test's device.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Later, the United States expanded the danger zone and it was revealed that in addition to the "Daigo Fukuryū Maru", many other fishing boats were in the expanded zone at the time. It is estimated that about one hundred fishing boats were contaminated to some degree by fallout from the test. Despite denials by Lewis Strauss concerning the extent of the claimed contamination of the fish caught by "Daigo Fukuryu Maru" and other ships, the FDA later imposed rigid restrictions on tuna imports.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: At first, the US claimed that the extent of the "Lucky Dragon" incident contamination was trivial. Later, the United States paid Kuboyama's widow and children the equivalent in yen of about $2,800 ($26,700 in 2020). The tragedy of the "Daigo Fukuryū Maru" gave rise to a fierce anti-nuclear movement in Japan, rising especially from the fear that the contaminated fish had entered the market. The Japanese and U.S. governments negotiated a compensation settlement, with the transfer to Japan of a compensation of $15,300,000, of which the fishery received a compensation of $2 million, with the surviving crew receiving about ¥ 2 million each, ($5,550 in 1954, $52,800 in 2020). It was also agreed that the victims would not be given "hibakusha" status. The Japanese government pledged that it would not pursue further reparations from the U.S. government.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: In the 1990s, Oishi Matashichi worked to erect a memorial for the tuna impacted by the fallout. He gathered small donations and raised enough to erect a stone memorial called "The Tuna Epitaph" at the Tsukiji market. While the stone was being moved they erected a metal plaque within the market.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: When it was first docked at the fish market in Yaizu, the ship gave off radiation that could be detected 100 feet from the ship. A Geiger counter detected 120 milliroentgens on the deck of the ship. These high numbers caused Dr. Shiokawa to order the ship moved to Yaizu's north pier and guarded by police. The various items aboard the ship, from cabbage leaves to dead cockroaches, were tested and showed high levels of radiation.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: On March 22, the future of the ship became a debate between the U.S. military, the Japanese government and scientists. The United States military proposed moving the ship to their base at Yokosuka to be disposed of. Minister without portfolio Ando Masazumi argued that the ship should be kept for three months, parts saved for scientific research, and the rest of the ship scuttled. Professor Nakaizumi of Tokyo University argued that the Japanese government should purchase the ship for residual radiation research. On August 22, the ship was purchased by the Japanese government and towed to the Tokyo University of Fisheries. In 1956, the ship was refitted and renamed as "Hayabusa Maru" and put to use as a training vessel.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: The public outcry against the government's handling of the "Daigo Fukuryū Maru", its crew, and the lack of information about fallout kindled an anti-nuclear and anti-American movement. After the ship docked and received national attention, municipal, prefecture and national assemblies passed resolutions in support of limiting or banning nuclear testing. After the death of Kuboyama, the movement expanded. In Tokyo, the National Council for a Petition Movement to Ban Atomic and Hydrogen bombs was founded. This group began an annual ban-the-bomb convention in 1955. At the first World Conference, a new organization called the Japan Council Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs formed to expand the movement and moved to include the hibakusha. The anti-nuclear movement eventually culminated in demonstrations against the United States-Japan Security Treaty in 1960.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: On June 11, 1970, the Lucky Dragon No.5 received media attention as it still sat in garbage within the canal. The area was cleaned up and made into a park. The ship was pulled from the water and put on public display as a symbol of opposition to nuclear weapons in an exhibit hall in Tokyo.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: The "Daigo Fukuryū Maru" was deemed safe for public viewing and was preserved in 1976. It is now on display in Tokyo at the Tokyo Metropolitan Daigo Fukuryū Maru Exhibition Hall.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: The 1954 Toho film "Godzilla" was inspired in part by this event. The ship itself appears on a poster in the 2001 film "", which also features Godzilla coming ashore and wreaking havoc in the Yaizu area.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: A poem, "Japon Balıkçısı" (The Japanese Fishermen), was written in 1956 by Turkish poet Nâzım Hikmet Ran about the events.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: A short novel, "Ash of Bikini" by Lev Petrov and Arkady Strugatsky, closely following the incident, was published in 1956 in Russian. Part of it was republished in a tutorial for schoolchildren nine years later.


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: Ralph Lapp wrote "The Voyage of the Lucky Dragon", which was published in 1958. It was reviewed on the front page of "The New York Times Book Review".


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: A film version of the events, "Daigo Fukuryū Maru" (1959), was directed and screenwritten by Kaneto Shindo, and produced by Kindai Eiga Kyokai and "Shin Seiki Eiga".


title: Daigo Fukuryū Maru

text: The artist Tarō Okamoto, created the painting "Moeru hito" (Burning People) in response to the "Lucky Dragon No. 5." The painting was displayed in the Fifth World Conference Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs in 1959. He also included the ship in his mural "Myth of Tomorrow" in Shibuya railway station.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Dr. Lance Sweets, Ph.D., Psy.D., is a fictional character in the American television series "Bones". He was portrayed by John Francis Daley.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Daley first made three guest appearances as Sweets during the first eight episodes of Season 3, first appearing in "The Secret in the Soil". He was promoted to a series regular and appeared in the opening credits beginning with the episode "The Santa in the Slush". He also guest-starred on the spin-off "The Finder". The character is killed off in the first episode of the show's tenth season, "The Conspiracy in the Corpse", making him the first main character of "Bones" to die, after Vincent Nigel-Murray.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Little is revealed about Sweets' birth parents. In "Double Trouble In The Panhandle", Sweets reveals that his birth mother was a psychic working in a circus in South Florida; upon reaching the age of majority he attempted to track her down, but could gain no information from the insular circus community. Before being adopted he was in foster care. He lived in four foster homes by the time he was adopted at age six by the Finleys. He mentioned that he was beaten by a foster dad "for sport" and the whip scars are still visible on his back. His loving, but elderly, adoptive parents died shortly before Dr. Sweets began working with Booth and Brennan, leaving him without a family. Sweets' relationship with his adoptive parents, however, left him with the belief that broken people can be saved by people with good hearts, inspiring him to become a psychologist. Most of this was uncovered by Dr. Gordon Wyatt in reading Sweets' manuscript on Booth and Brennan's working relationship, stating that works like his often reveal more about the writer than the subject matter. He correctly deduces that Sweets was adopted as a child and suffered some sort of abuse. Details about his life as a teenager are few; but the episode "Mayhem on a Cross" reveals that he had been a fan of death metal as a teenager, which he still listens to after a bad day.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Sweets is highly educated and intelligent despite his youth, holding two doctorates despite only being 22 years old when he made his first appearance in the show. He completed his undergraduate degree at the University of Toronto and has a master's degree in Abnormal Psychology from Temple University and two doctorates (Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Analysis) from Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania. To have reached this level of education, Sweets must have begun college at age 14 or 15, attending for three years before obtaining his master's degree in (roughly one or two years) and then his doctorates within three years. This has led some members of the team to doubt his degrees' validity, and Sweets has admitted to Brennan that he earned money for graduate school by teaching psychological techniques to car salesmen — a fact that he is not proud of.


title: Lance Sweets

text: It is not known when Sweets officially joined the FBI or what his previous occupation, if any, was prior to joining the Bureau. He did mention that he was an intern at a mental health facility in Philadelphia, possibly coinciding with his time as a graduate student at Temple University or the University of Pennsylvania. Like his colleague FBI agent Seeley Booth, he is based at the J. Edgar Hoover Building and can be usually found in his consultation room. He occasionally accompanies Booth to interview victims' family members or analyze a crime scene for insight into a suspect.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Sweets' young age and youthful appearance has posed a problem for him at work as other agents sometimes do not take him seriously. When they first met each other Booth conjectured that the worst thing that had ever happened to Sweets was that he "lost at Mortal Kombat". He is usually known to other agents, including Booth, as "the shrink". When he and Booth first worked together, Booth often treated him in a condescending manner and would refer to or address him as "The Shrink", amongst other humorous variations, instead of his actual name. Likewise, Agent Olivia Sparling, a rookie agent he was paired with when Booth was unavailable, viewed him with disdain upon their first meeting but was also won over by his skill. On occasion Booth will pull rank and trick Sweets into doing an interrogation or unwanted tasks (mostly paperwork, going over documents or speaking to annoying suspects) for him, much to Sweets' chagrin. After Sweets received his badge in season 7, Booth still introduced him as "Dr. Sweets" so that the latter would be taken seriously.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Sweets appears to be formally trained as a psychoanalytic psychologist, often referencing Freudian theories and approaches, even describing the psychosexual stages of childhood development to Booth. Ironically, Dr. Wyatt notes that "Freud has been largely discredited" in "Mayhem on a Cross", but still shows a great amount of respect and support towards Sweets. Despite his age, Sweets' expertise is recognized and, often grudgingly, appreciated by Booth and the team. In more complicated cases or when dealing with difficult suspects he has been the only one able to offer any insight or get through to the suspect. He was also the first to correctly deduce murderer Christopher Pelant's real motives after the Jeffersonian team kept hitting dead ends with the physical evidence.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Sweets began seeing Brennan and Booth in "The Secret in the Soil". Through Fox Online Special Features, it is implied Booth and Brennan continue to see Dr. Wyatt through "The Soccer Mom and the Mini-Van" before seeing Sweets solely. Initially, the pair do not regard Sweets seriously, Booth for his youth and Brennan for his profession. Over time, however, they recognize his skill in profiling and even develop a friendship with him, comforting him after his girlfriend April breaks up with him and later recognizing that Sweets wishes to continue studying them because he likes them. The relationship of Booth and Bones with Sweets continued to grow, and he developed a father/son relationship with Booth. He becomes closer to Booth and Brennan after a moment during "Mayhem on a Cross" when they share their traumatic pasts, eventually becoming a surrogate family and hiding their emotional bond with banter. Sweets has also started appearing more frequently in the field; notably, undercover as Angela's aspiring-fireman-husband-with-a-bad-back, to gain information on a suspect without a warrant.


title: Lance Sweets

text: During his study of Booth and Brennan, Sweets began to write a book about them. In the episode "Mayhem on a Cross", Dr. Sweets received a review by Dr. Gordon Wyatt of his book on the relationship between Booth and Brennan. Dr. Wyatt explained that he felt Sweets had misinterpreted the relationship between Booth and Brennan by looking on a somewhat superficial level. The work primarily focused how Booth and Brennan are opposites and that their sexual attraction is limited because their primary responsibility is to their careers. Dr. Wyatt explains he feels Booth and Brennan are much more similar than Sweets understands and that one of the two is, in fact, aware of the underlying sexual tension between them and struggles with it daily. After learning about Booth and Brennan's backgrounds, he concludes that Sweets' "near obsession" with them and writing the book was a way of finding his place in the world and that he has created his emotional connection with them as a way of finding a family, something Brennan compares to "imprinting" like a baby duck. It is revealed in "The Dwarf in the Dirt" that Sweets has not published his book, because he fears how Booth and Brennan would respond to the book's conclusion that they are in love with each other. He asks Wyatt, now a chef, if he has the right to publish his book when Booth and Brennan cannot even admit to themselves that they are in love, but Wyatt tells him he left psychiatry so he would not have to deal with a dilemma like this.


title: Lance Sweets

text: During the time frame between Seasons 5 and 6 Sweets takes a sabbatical from the FBI while Dr. Brennan and Daisy went to the Maluku Islands, Booth was deployed to Afghanistan and Angela and Hodgins traveled to Paris. He was reluctant to return after calling off his engagement with Daisy but prosecutor Caroline Julian tricked him into returning by calling him up saying that Booth had returned with "posttraumatic stress syndrome" and needed psychological help (which was not true).


title: Lance Sweets

text: In Season 9 he takes a brief sabbatical but returns in several episodes to assist with Booth's cases. After Booth kills Pelant, Sweets returns permanently, only to find that the department has acquired a new computerized profiling system called VAL and linked it to Dr. Camille Saroyan's office at the Jeffersonian. Throughout the episode "The Lady on the List", he makes his displeasure known to Booth and Cam, who comments to Sweets that he "may as well hate a transistor radio". Booth eventually shuts his VAL down when physical evidence disproved its analysis, stating that he still prefers Sweets to a computer.


title: Lance Sweets

text: In Season 7, Sweets decided to earn his firearms qualifications, which likely meant that he was not a sworn special agent as FBI regulations require special agents to be armed. He stated that he wanted to back Booth up in light of the number of violent suspects Booth has to deal with on a regular basis and the fact that he also regularly accompanies Booth out into the field. At first Booth was skeptical and told Bones, "it's crazy for [Sweets] to own a gun". Unable to dissuade him, Booth "called in a favor" to take over as range master for Sweets' test stating that since Sweets wants to back him up, he needed to see for himself that he could trust Sweets with his back. Sweets was grazed by a bullet during the test but passed. In Season 9 he makes his first arrest, indicating that he has special agent status even though he is never addressed as such.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Sweets had a relationship with Daisy Wick, an intern at the Jeffersonian. He asked her to marry him and later they broke up. At the beginning of the program's tenth season, Sweets is revealed to have impregnated Wick sometime prior to the first episode.


title: Lance Sweets

text: As a psychologist, Sweets' initial relationships with the main cast are as that of an advisor and he often tries to help others, even when his aid is unwanted. Despite this, all of the main characters have gone to him for advice, usually more than once and have developed some sort of friendship with him, although some (particularly Hodgins and Booth) view him as annoying. Sweets confesses that he had a secret thing for Angela at one point, mentioning in Booth's coma about Daisy, but Hodgins misinterprets it as love for Angela and replies: "Angela? You don't have a chance with Angela" but, after being intimidated by her father in "The Science in the Physicist" he loses interest.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Despite his aptitude for behavioral analysis, he believed for a time that all the members of the team hated him and found him annoying due to their behavior toward him. However, all of them have come to him for advice at least once, a fact reaffirmed by Cam.


title: Lance Sweets

text: After Zack Addy was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for committing a murder, Sweets became his therapist and until his death, saw him on a regular basis. Initially, Sweets believes that Zack does not feel guilty enough about murder and that he should feel less guilty about being taken in by Gormogon's rhetoric. However, in "The Perfect Pieces in the Purple Pond", Zack reveals that he is innocent of murder and simply provided Gormogon with information. Although Sweets wishes to reveal this to Brennan and Booth, Zack invokes patient confidentiality, knowing that he would be prosecuted as an accessory to murder and believes that he would not fare well in prison.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Although Booth is initially disrespectful of Sweets due to his youth, the two eventually develop a friendship, albeit one that is, for a time, pressed by Sweets' interest in Booth's past as an abused child and Booth's dismissive treatment of Sweets. Booth does, however, recognize Sweets' skill as a profiler and often takes Sweets along to conduct interrogations and analyze a victim or suspect's personal effects for some insight. Throughout the fourth season, the two develop a father/son relationship, something that is especially obvious when Sweets turns to Booth for advice about his girlfriend in "The Cinderella in the Cardboard". This is again apparent when Sweets doubts Booth's trust in him when Booth consults Dr. Wyatt over himself when he discovers that, following his operation, he is no longer the expert marksman he once was. However, Wyatt points out that Booth taking Sweets into interrogations was evidence of Booth's implicit trust in him, while Booth merely avoided discussing his potentially work-related issue with Sweets because Sweets' first loyalty would be to the FBI and he did not want to create a conflict of interest for him because he was too fond of him. In "The Critic in the Cabernet" when Booth is in the hospital, Sweets is visibly upset and emotional about Booth's predicament.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Booth also seems to have a grudging respect for Sweets's skill as a psychologist. Although Booth is unenthusiastic about their regular appointments, he occasionally seeks Sweets's advice and even asked him for help with Parker. On other occasions, Booth has asked for Sweets's help during investigations, even explicitly recommending him to Cam on one occasion. In the beginning of the fifth season, Sweets observes that Booth is in love with Brennan, but Sweets intervenes, believing that his attraction is a by-product of the alternate world he experienced during his coma. He warns Booth that the attraction may not be real and that he should not act on his feelings as he may later fall out of love and hurt Brennan. Although Booth initially disregards him, he later seems to realize the validity of his advice and ultimately decides not to tell Brennan that he is in love with her.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Sweets has a good friendship with Brennan, despite her disdain for his profession. When Brennan sees Sweets' girlfriend, Daisy, trying on a bridal gown with another man, Brennan states that she likes Sweets and can't bring herself to lie to him because she thinks she can spare him some emotional pain. Later, after learning that Sweets was abused as a child, she shares a part of her own pained childhood with him in an attempt to connect with him. Prior to this, Sweets has made his own attempts to develop a friendship with Brennan, even asking on one occasion to call her "Bones" after she protects him from an attacker, although his request is promptly denied as the moniker was reserved exclusively for Booth. Later on, during "The Night in the Bones Museum", Brennan agrees to rehire Daisy when Sweets says he would take it as a personal favor, possibly as a result of her affection for him.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Brennan's dislike of psychology does, however, occasionally cause friction in their relationship. Like Booth, she eventually, and grudgingly, developed a respect for Sweets' profession. In "The Beaver in the Otter", Sweets notices three frat boys that were feigning their grief for their late frat brother. When Brennan learns he used psychology to deduce this, she says that he had simply 'guessed', upsetting Sweets. At the end of the episode, Sweets is able to uncover the killer, but when Brennan again asks him how, he simply says that Brennan won't believe him and that he 'guessed', revealing that her words had hurt him. On occasion, however, Brennan will admit to the uses of psychology, such as when she asked Sweets to help her learn to read people the same way Booth does. Additionally, in the episode "The Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood", Sweets attempts to understand why three people killed their neighbor. He explains that, although it is not necessary to the case, he wants that insight into the human mind, something that Brennan accepts and respects. There is, however, one aspect of Sweets' psychological training that Brennan seems to continually respect: his ability to discern lies, acknowledging that physical reactions can indicate dishonesty. Her respect for this ability is most apparent at the end of "The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken", when she suggests using Sweets as a "human polygraph test" in Booth's place when they realize that Booth's own ability to detect dishonesty has been compromised since his coma. When Booth tells Brennan that his marksmanship skill has fallen since his coma, she immediately suggests talking to Sweets and later tells Sweets of the many discrepancies in Booth's behavior since the coma.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Brennan continued to see Sweets as a family friend even after starting a family with Booth. He stayed with them for several months after he broke up with Daisy and when he was about to move into his new apartment, Brennan expressed her sadness that Sweets would no longer be there to help babysit Christine or share his recipes. When Booth was wrongfully imprisoned after the season 9 finale, Sweets took over Booth's fatherly duties and regularly took Christine to the park and also helped Brennan move into the new house.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Sweets has developed a friendly relationship with Dr. Gordon Wyatt, who in turn mentors Sweets and offers him guidance at times. Gordon has shown great respect for Sweets and his skill as a psychologist. Gordon also seems to be fairly protective of Sweets, particularly during "Mayhem on a Cross". Through Sweets' manuscript, Gordon was able to deduce that Sweets himself had been abused as a child and was adopted by an elderly couple who had recently died. He tells Sweets that he has a good heart and a genuine desire to help others that makes psychology his true calling, something that Gordon himself does not have. Later in the episode, while he is preparing a dinner for Brennan and Booth, he tells them of Sweets' past and encourages them to include him in their surrogate family.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Sweets begins dating one of Dr. Temperance Brennan's interns, Daisy Wick, after meeting her during a case. He is initially drawn to her by the fact that she minored in psychology and later, after Booth and Brennan avoid another therapy session, calls her. At the end of "The Skull in the Sculpture", Sweets insists on personally breaking the news to her when Cam decides to fire her, telling Daisy that the upside of it is that they no longer must be discreet about their relationship. When Daisy confesses she thought that Sweets was ashamed of her, he kisses her in front of the entire team, surprising them all greatly.


title: Lance Sweets

text: In "The Cinderella In The Cardboard", Daisy is viewed fitting a wedding dress with an unknown male by Booth and Brennan. After much deliberation, Sweets confronts her, at which point they quickly resolve the fact that Daisy is not having an affair, and she was simply fitting the dress for her cousin, and the unknown male was her cousin's fiancé. At that point, Daisy closes the blinds to Sweets's office and they begin disrobing as the camera pans to another point of view.


title: Lance Sweets

text: In "Night in the Bones Museum", Sweets intercedes on Daisy's behalf and persuades Dr Brennan to offer Daisy another chance at the internship although she has been fired twice already; although not from lack of ability but rather the fact that she is "annoying". He teaches her breathing techniques to make her less so, but she begins to resent his constant presence at the lab. He realizes that his trying to change her was insulting, and resolves that if she ever fails in future, he will just "give [her] a hug". Daisy and Sweets then have sex in the Egyptology department.


title: Lance Sweets

text: In "The Bones On The Blue Line", Sweets proposes to Daisy, and she accepts. Though when she decides to go to the Maluku Islands on a year-long anthropological dig, they break up when he refuses to join her.


title: Lance Sweets

text: However, in the episode "The Shallow in the Deep", Daisy and Sweets are revealed to have been having casual sex; Booth and Brennan accidentally stumbled on them having sex in Sweets' office as Booth needed Sweets to sign his ready-for-duty form. Sweets realizes that he wants a stable relationship, and he and Daisy reconnect in a bar by realizing that they are not so different after all. They are shown near the end of the episode kissing. Later on in the season it is revealed that Sweets is planning on proposing to Daisy again.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Daisy's nickname for Lance is her "Sweet Lancelot", a reference to his name, Lance Sweets, and to the romantic character, Lancelot, of Arthurian myth. Sweets also sometimes refers to Daisy as "Miss Daisy", also using the phrase "What are you driving at, Miss Daisy?" in reference to the film, "Driving Miss Daisy".


title: Lance Sweets

text: In the Season 8 episode "The Gunk in the Garage", Sweets turns down a fellow FBI agent, Olivia Sparling, who is obviously interested in him, citing his serious relationship with Daisy; however, in the following episode, "The Tiger in the Tale", he and Daisy encounter trouble in their relationship.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Sweets and Daisy plan to finally move in together and rent an apartment. Though both are excited about this at first, after talking with both Angela and Booth, Sweets begins to second-guess living with Daisy, realizing that, though she wants to eventually get married, and even someday start a family; all the things he wasn't entirely sure about yet. As a result, Sweets, despite feeling bad, breaks off their relationship, and allows Daisy to keep the apartment. Though the two had a moment of reminiscing, they remained friends. Before the end of the season, Sweets actually thought Daisy missed him. She was flattered and admitted she missed him and the sex, a little.


title: Lance Sweets

text: In the Season 10 premiere, it is revealed that he and Daisy reconnected over the past year. The reconciliation of their relationship resulted in her pregnancy. She's seen approximately 5 months pregnant with their son; whom she calls "Little Lance" affectionately. Sweets is killed later in the episode. One of his last thoughts was of Daisy and he requested Dr. Brennan to tell her "not to worry", stating she worried too much. Prior to his death, Sweets and Daisy ask Booth to be their unborn son's godfather, and Sweets even wanted to name the baby 'Seeley'.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Lance Sweets is brought into the series early in the third season ("The Secret in the Soil") as a psychologist to Seeley Booth and Temperance Brennan. The FBI forced them to seek therapy because Booth had arrested Brennan's father and the FBI was considering severing their partnership. Sweets' presence provides a bit of comic relief, as he is often the target of insults from both his clients, though they do show sympathy for him on occasion. His youth (according to Angela, Sweets needs to show his ID at bars to drink) and inexperience with police work also prove to be a challenge for him in the series, as many don't take him seriously, although his psychological analysis of Booth and Brennan is typically quite accurate. Booth is very suspicious of his ability to predict behavior using psychoanalysis, calling it "Jedi mind tricks". Also, while able to quickly recognize when someone is lying (Booth has described him as a "portable polygraph"), he himself does not appear to be very good at lying; when he lied about his personal life in "Double Trouble in the Panhandle", both Booth and Brennan were able to tell easily.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Sweets is characterized as extremely intelligent and he has often been able to provide much-needed insight into a case when the Jeffersonian team hit a dead end with physical evidence. He is generally well-liked and valued by the "squints" despite Brennan's dislike of psychology and Hodgins' incessant jibes about his youthful appearance. Hodgins, Angela and Cam have all asked him for advice at least once in the show.


title: Lance Sweets

text: Besides his academic intellect and skill as a profiler, Sweets has various interests outside of psychology. A skilled chess player, he was also one of the youngest chessmasters in the federation which he was a member of during his college days. He is musically-inclined and plays the piano (as does actor John Francis Daley); in during the time frame between Seasons 5 and 6 he takes a sabbatical when Booth, Brennan, Angela, Hodgins and Daisy leave Washington DC for a year and becomes a freelance pianist. He is also well-read and familiar with William Shakespeare.


title: Lance Sweets

text: In the season 4 finale, "The End in the Beginning", he is presented as a bartender ("practically a psychologist") and the lead singer and keyboardist of a band called "Gormogon", a reference to a character in a previous story arc. He states he is not Gormogon and that it is simply a name; this may be a nod to a belief that many fans held that Sweets was, in fact, Gormogon. Even in this alternate world, Booth is still a father figure to Sweets, giving him the opportunity to audition at the nightclub, and Sweets is still in a relationship with Daisy. He is also protective of Brennan, having burnt evidence that he thought would implicate her.


title: Lance Sweets

text: In the final moments of the premiere episode of season 10, "The Conspiracy in the Corpse", Booth and Bones arrive to a parking garage after Booth received a distress call from junior FBI agent James Aubrey. They arrive to find Sweets lying on the ground and bleeding out with massive internal trauma. Also on the scene is Aubrey, who arrived moments after the incident, after hearing the shots Sweets fired at his assailant. After Booth and Bones seek to keep a delirious and fading Sweets from expiring, he finally succumbs to his wounds and dies as an ambulance is heard arriving in the background. His last words to Brennan and Booth, are "The world is a lot better than you think it is. It's…"


title: Maybelle Carter

text: "Mother" Maybelle Carter (born Maybelle Addington; May 10, 1909 – October 23, 1978) was an American country musician and "among the first" to use the Carter scratch, with which she "helped to turn the guitar into a lead instrument". It was named after her. She was a member of the original Carter Family act from the late 1920s until the early 1940s, and was a member of the Carter Sisters and Mother Maybelle.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: She was born Maybelle Addington on May 10, 1909, in Nickelsville, Virginia, the daughter of Margaret Elizabeth (née Kilgore; 1879–1960) and Hugh Jackson Addington (1877–1929).


title: Maybelle Carter

text: She was a member of the Carter Family, formed in 1927 by her brother-in-law A. P. Carter, who was married to her cousin Sara, also a part of the trio. The Carter Family was one of the first commercial rural country music groups. Maybelle helped create the group's unique sound with her innovative style of guitar playing, using her thumb to play melody on the bass strings, and her index finger to fill out the rhythm. Her technique, sometimes known as the Carter Scratch, influenced the guitar's shift from rhythm to lead instrument.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: She was widely respected in the Grand Ole Opry community of the early 1950s, a matriarchal figure in country music circles who was popularly known as "Mother Maybelle" although only in her forties at the time. Maybelle and her daughters toured from the 1940s through the 1960s as "The Carter Sisters and Mother Maybelle", but after the death of A. P. Carter in 1960 the group revived the name "The Carter Family". They frequently toured with Johnny Cash, her son-in-law from 1968 on; the group were regular performers on Cash's weekly network variety show from 1969 to 1971. She briefly reunited with former Carter Family member Sara Carter during the 1960s folk music craze, with Sara singing lead and Maybelle providing harmony as before.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: Carter made occasional solo recordings during the 1960s and 1970s, usually full-length albums. Her final such work, a two-record set released on Columbia Records, placed on "Billboard"'s best-selling country albums chart in 1973 when she was 64. Maybelle was also featured on The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's 1972 recording "Will the Circle Be Unbroken".


title: Maybelle Carter

text: Carter died in 1978 after a few years of poor health, and was interred next to her husband, Ezra, in Hendersonville Memory Gardens in Hendersonville, Tennessee. Two of their daughters – Helen and Anita – are buried nearby.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: According to statements made by Carter during a transcribed public performance, she began studying guitar at age 13 when she acquired an instrument. She is often cited as a pioneering musician, being both an early female guitarist with national exposure and one of the first to use the guitar as a lead instrument in country music.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: Writers have identified at least three or four styles played by Maybelle Carter. She often tuned her guitar down, sometimes as many as five frets, but sometimes used a capo to increase the instrument's range. Her most famous and widely recorded style is sometimes called "the Carter Scratch", or "thumb-lead style". This technique involved playing a melody on the instrument's three bass strings while simultaneously strumming the three treble strings for rhythm. She used thumb and finger picks while playing.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: Another style, later popularized by other musicians, was essentially the reverse of the thumb-lead style. In this style, Carter finger-picked a melody on the three treble strings while brushing a rhythm on the bass strings with her thumb. It is often said that she first saw this style being played by African American musician Lesley Riddle. A third style of Carter's guitar playing involved rapid flatpicking in a country-blues rhythm. Her most obscure style was utilized on a few recordings by the Original Carter Family in the 1920s and early 1930s. It may be described as a Hawaiian-influenced slide technique that sometimes sounded like a modern dobro. Finally, if other musicians were playing a lead instrument, Maybelle would often strum chords on the guitar to accompany them. Maybelle once filled in for Jimmie Rodgers during a recording session, perfectly mimicking his guitar playing style, in 1932. Rodgers was ill with tuberculosis at that time and had waning stamina during the session.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: Carter recorded her signature guitar piece, "Wildwood Flower," on numerous occasions, beginning with the original 1928 version. "The Cannon Ball," recorded with the Original Carter Family in 1930, is a good illustration of Carter's fingerpicking style with thumb/bass fill. Her final recording in the slide guitar style was "My Old Cottage Home" in 1931. "Coal Miner's Blues", recorded for Decca, is an excellent flat-picking illustration.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: Examples of guitar use by Carter on recordings she made with the Carter Sisters include "Fourteen Karat Nothing", "I'm Working on a Building", "Take Good Care of Him" — a rapid-tempo re-recording of "Waves on the Sea" — as well as a contemporary-sounding revision of "I'll Be All Smiles Tonight". She also played the guitar on many of her solo recordings. "Cumberland Gap," "Victory Rag", "Red Wing", and "Sweet Allie Lee" are good instrumental examples from her various solo albums.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: In the earliest days of recorded country music the autoharp was quite obscure. The Original Carter Family often used the instrument for rhythm, but it was played by Maybelle Carter's cousin and bandmate, Sara Carter, in her own intricate style. To the degree that the autoharp is currently played in country and roots music, Maybelle Carter is widely credited with its popularity. The autoharp was actually Maybelle's first instrument. She began tinkering with it as early as the age of four but did not turn a serious focus toward the instrument until around 1940.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: Traditionally the autoharp was strummed as a rhythm instrument. Maybelle developed (alone or perhaps independently of other musicians who did the same) a "pinch and pluck" technique that forms the basis of most modern autoharp playing styles. This technique allows for playing melodic lead notes on the instrument. Carter's style later evolved to add fill-in rhythm, similar to her guitar technique. While playing the autoharp, Maybelle would often press cord bars between notes. The effect was a sort of note slurring, a sound similar to that produced by a guitar hammer-on. It has been said that pianist Floyd Cramer was especially interested in these embellishments to Maybelle's playing and that they helped to shape his piano technique.


title: Maybelle Carter

text: As she began to feature the autoharp more and more in concerts and radio work, Carter became frustrated with trying to steady the instrument close enough to a microphone that was often shared by others. She utilized tables and music stands at first, but later got the idea of holding the instrument upside down, across her chest and playing along what was essentially the head of the harp (nearest the tuning pegs). Before then, musicians played below the cord bars at the opposite end. She discovered that this technique allowed more space for her complicated playing style and that it produced a sweeter tone. During at least one public performance Maybelle stated that autoharps began to be manufactured differently to accommodate the playing style she popularized.