title: You Rock My World

text: "You Rock My World" was commercially successful, generally charting within the top ten on music charts worldwide. The song was one of Jackson's last hit singles in the United States in the final years of his career. "You Rock My World" charted in the top twenty on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on September 15, 2001. The following week, the song charted at its peak position, number ten. It became Jackson's highest-charting single since his 1995 number-one single, "You Are Not Alone". "You Rock My World" also charted at number seven and thirteen on "Billboard"s Pop chart and R&B/Hip-Hop Songs respectively. Notably, these chart positions were attained based on airplay alone, as no commercial single was issued in the United States. Fred Bronson, Billboard's chart expert at the time, remarked, "Certainly, if a commercial single had been available, it would have peaked higher - perhaps even at no.1". The song also peaked at number two on the Canadian "RPM" Hot 100 chart.


title: You Rock My World

text: "You Rock My World" debuted on the United Kingdom Singles Chart at number two, which was its peak position in the country, on October 20. The song remained within the top twenty on the chart for four consecutive weeks, and remained within the top 100 for fifteen consecutive weeks from October 20, 2001, to January 26, 2002. "You Rock My World" debuted on the French Singles Chart on October 13, 2001, at number one. The song remained at number one on the chart for three consecutive weeks, and remained within the top twenty for ten consecutive weeks. The song debuted on the Dutch Singles Charts at number four on October 20, and the following week, charted at its peak position, number two. "You Rock My World" debuted on the Finnish Singles Chart on the forty first week of 2001, at its peak position, number two. After three weeks, the song fell off the charts.


title: You Rock My World

text: The song debuted at its peak position, number two, in Norway in the 42nd second week of 2001. The song remained on the chart for six consecutive weeks, charting within the top twenty. "You Rock My World" entered New Zealand charts on September 16, at number thirty one. After seven weeks, the song charted at its peak position, number thirteen, and remained on the chart for twelve weeks in 2001. "You Rock My World" debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at its peak position, number four. After the song charted within the top fifty for five consecutive weeks, it fell off the chart, and re-entered two weeks later at number thirty seven, and fell off the chart for the second time on January 6, 2002. "You Rock My World" debuted on the Italian Singles Chart on November 11, at its peak position number three, and remained within the top ten for four weeks in 2001. The song peaked at number two and four on the Belgium Flanders and Walonia charts in 2001. On the Austrian Singles Chart, the song debuted at its peak position, number nine, on October 21, and it remained on the chart for a total of eight weeks.


title: You Rock My World

text: After Jackson's death in June 2009, "You Rock My World" re-entered music charts worldwide and re-entered "Billboard" charts for the first time in almost eight years. The song also peaked at number sixty two on "Billboard"s Digital Songs chart on July 11, 2009. The song re-entered the United Kingdom Singles Chart on July 4, charting at number ninety-seven. The following week the song charted at its peak position, number sixty, and charted out of the top 100 after spending three weeks on the chart. "You Rock My World" re-entered the Australian Singles Chart for the third time on July 19, at number fifty. The song remained on the chart for only one week.


title: You Rock My World

text: In late August 2001, Jackson and Sony Music began a promotional campaign for "You Rock My World". As part of promotion for the single, as well as the album, Jackson made a public appearance by celebrating his 43rd birthday—one day late—by presiding over the NASDAQ market opening ceremony in Times Square on Thursday morning, on August 30, 2001. Jackson only performed "You Rock My World" twice. The only performances of "You Rock My World" was during two concerts in early September 2001, which was to celebrate Jackson's 30th year as solo artist, at Madison Square Garden. Tucker, who is part of the song's dialogue and video, was part of the live performance. Footage of the second concert on September 10 was shown in a two-hour television special, titled , which was aired on CBS in November of the same year.


title: You Rock My World

text: The music video for "You Rock My World" was directed by Paul Hunter and produced by Rubin Mendoza. The video was filmed from August 13 to August 21, 2001, in Los Angeles, California, and was also released in 2001. The video, which is over thirteen minutes long, was described as being a short film. The dance performed during the video consists of fragments from the canceled "Dangerous" music video.


title: You Rock My World

text: The video consists of Jackson's and Tucker's characters trying to gain the affection of a woman (Kishaya Dudley) by subsequently following her around the neighborhood. Ultimately, a fight breaks out between Jackson and the gang members in a bar, who are ordered by their leader (Michael Madsen) to get rid of Jackson. Jackson, who had begun to perform before the woman, walks up the stage where his backup dancers have arrived. The gang leader causes a disruption by smashing a bottle across the counter, and proceeds to taunt Jackson, challenging him. A dance scene begins, as a man lights his lighter and one of the gang members uses a knife on Jackson, but Jackson tosses him down. Jackson then punches the leader in the face, who knocks over a lamp, starting a fire. As the fire spreads, Jackson screams for Tucker, who had been dancing to the song, and he knocks out some of the gang members. During the escape, the woman who met Jackson approaches him outside the bar. The two share a kiss, and Tucker quickly rolls in with a low rider, signaling for Jackson and his new lover to escape, leaving the bar which is consumed in flames.


title: You Rock My World

text: The video for "You Rock My World" was thought to be the last music video to feature any participation from Jackson before the video for "One More Chance" was unearthed (his following videos would consist of archive footage of himself and others).


title: You Rock My World

text: The video has been compared to Jackson's previous 1980s music videos for his singles, "Smooth Criminal" (1987), "Bad" (1987), and "The Way You Make Me Feel" (1987), all from his 1987 studio album, "Bad". In the video, Jackson can be seen wearing a blazer and his traditional hat. The video features appearances from Marlon Brando, Michael Madsen and Billy Drago.


title: You Rock My World

text: The video won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video at the award show's 2002 ceremony. In several instances in the video, Tucker's character makes several references to previous songs by Michael Jackson, such as "Beat It", "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)", "The Girl Is Mine", "Bad" ,"Dangerous", and "Billie Jean".


title: You Rock My World

text: The short version of the music video appears on "Number Ones", and the long version appears on "Michael Jackson's Vision".


title: You Rock My World

text: A remix to the song produced by the Trackmasters was included on Jay Z's 2003 S. Carter Collection mixtape.


title: You Rock My World

text: "You Rock My World" was performed twice live during the , which took place in late 2001. In the second concert, he was joined by Usher and Chris Tucker at the end, who danced with him. It was the only full song from "Invincible" that Jackson had performed live.


title: Emigration

text: Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country). Conversely, immigration describes the movement of people into one country from another (to permanently move to a country). A migrant "emigrates" from their old country, and "immigrates" to their new country. Thus, both emigration and immigration describe migration, but from different countries' perspectives.


title: Emigration

text: Demographers examine push and pull factors for people to be pushed out of one place and attracted to another. There can be a desire to escape negative circumstances such as shortages of land or jobs, or unfair treatment. People can be pulled to the opportunities available elsewhere. Fleeing from oppressive conditions, being a refugee and seeking asylum to get refugee status in a foreign country, may lead to permanent emigration.


title: Emigration

text: Forced displacement refers to groups that are forced to abandon their native country, such as by enforced population transfer or the threat of ethnic cleansing. Refugees and asylum seekers in this sense are the most marginalized extreme cases of migration, facing multiple hurdles in their journey and efforts to integrate into the new settings. Scholars in this sense have called for cross-sector engagement from businesses, non-governmental organizations, educational institutions, and other stakeholders within the receiving communities.


title: Emigration

text: Patterns of emigration have been shaped by numerous economic, social, and political changes throughout the world in the last few hundred years. For instance, millions of individuals fled poverty, violence, and political turmoil in Europe to settle in the Americas and Oceania during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. Likewise, millions left South China in the Chinese diaspora during the 19th and early 20th centuries.


title: Emigration

text: Demographers distinguish factors at the origin that push people out, versus those at the destination that pull them in. Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away, known as "pull" factors, or circumstances encouraging a person to leave. Diversity of push and pull factors inform management scholarship in their efforts to understand migrant movement.


title: Emigration

text: Some scholars criticize the "push-pull" approach to understanding international migration. Regarding lists of positive or negative factors about a place, Jose C. Moya writes "one could easily compile similar lists for periods and places where no migration took place."


title: Emigration

text: Unlike immigration, in many countries few if any records have been recorded or maintained in regard to persons leaving a country either on a temporary or permanent basis. Therefore, estimates on emigration must be derived from secondary sources such as immigration records of the receiving country or records from other administrative agencies.


title: Emigration

text: In Armenia, for example, the migration is calculated by counting people arriving or leaving the country via airplane, train, railway or other means of transportation. Here, the emigration index is high: 1.5% of population leaves the country annually. In fact, it is one of the countries, where emigration has become a part of culture since 20th century. For example, between 1990 and 2005 approximately 700,000-1,300,000 Armenians left the country. The highly rising numbers of emigration are a direct response to socio-political and economic areas of the country. The internal migration (migration in country) is big (28.7%), while international migration is 71.3% of the total migration by people aging 15 and above. It is important to understand the reasons for both types of migration and the availability of the options. For example, in Armenia, everything is localized in the capital city Yerevan, thus, internal migration is from the villages and small cities to the biggest city of the country. The reason for the migration can be work or study. International migration follows the same reasoning of migration: work or study. The main destinations for it are Russia, France and US.


title: Emigration

text: Some countries restrict the ability of their citizens to emigrate to other countries. After 1668, the Qing Emperor banned Han Chinese migration to Manchuria. In 1681, the emperor ordered construction of the Willow Palisade, a barrier beyond which the Chinese were prohibited from encroaching on Manchu and Mongol lands.


title: Emigration

text: The Soviet Socialist Republics of the later Soviet Union began such restrictions in 1918, with laws and borders tightening until even illegal emigration was nearly impossible by 1928. To strengthen this, they set up internal passport controls and individual city Propiska ("place of residence") permits, along with internal freedom of movement restrictions often called the 101st kilometre, rules which greatly restricted mobility within even small areas.


title: Emigration

text: At the end of World War II in 1945, the Soviet Union occupied several Central European countries, together called the Eastern Bloc, with the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas aspiring to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave. Before 1950, over 15 million people emigrated from the Soviet-occupied eastern European countries and immigrated into the west in the five years immediately following World War II. By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Restrictions implemented in the Eastern Bloc stopped most east–west migration, with only 13.3 million migrations westward between 1950 and 1990. However, hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually immigrated to West Germany through a "loophole" in the system that existed between East and West Berlin, where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement. The emigration resulted in massive "brain drain" from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals, such that nearly 20% of East Germany's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961. In 1961, East Germany erected a barbed-wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall, effectively closing the loophole. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, followed by German reunification and within two years the dissolution of the Soviet Union.


title: Emigration

text: By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to controlling international movement was also emulated by China, Mongolia, and North Korea. North Korea still tightly restricts emigration, and maintains one of the strictest emigration bans in the world, although some North Koreans still manage to illegally emigrate to China. Other countries with tight emigration restrictions at one time or another included Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Somalia, Afghanistan, Burma, Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia from 1975 to 1979), Laos, North Vietnam, Iraq, South Yemen and Cuba.


title: Moombahton

text: Moombahton (, ) is an electronic dance music genre, derived from house music and reggaeton, that was created by American DJ and producer Dave Nada in Washington, D.C., in 2009. Nada coined the name as a portmanteau of "Moombah" (a track by Surinamese house DJ Chuckie and Dutch producer/DJ Silvio Ecomo) and reggaeton (itself a neologism combining reggae with the Spanish suffix "-ton", signifying big).


title: Moombahton

text: Identifying characteristics of moombahton include a thick and spread-out bass line, dramatic builds, and a two-step pulse with quick drum fills. Occasionally moombahton includes rave music synthesizers and a cappella rap samples. Musically, moombahton mixes the rhythmic origins of Dutch house or house music, the slow tempo of reggaeton, usually between 100-110bpm, accompanied by bouncy percussions from reggaeton.


title: Moombahton

text: Moombahton was created by Dave Nada in late 2009 while DJing his cousin's high school cut party in Washington, D.C. He blended the house and club music which he had planned to play with the reggaeton and bachata the guests were previously listening to by slowing down Afrojack's remix of Silvio Ecomo and Chuckie's song "Moombah!" from 128 bpm to 108 bpm, to create the basis of the genre.


title: Moombahton

text: Between late 2009 and early 2010, Nada worked on a five track extended play of moombahton that was released in March 2010, with the support of the DJ Ayres and the DJ Tittsworth at T&A Records.


title: Moombahton

text: Moombahcore is a derivation of moombahton with dubstep influences, also incorporating elements of newstyle hardcore, breakcore, and techstep. Moombahcore fused dubstep drums and moombahton tempo (100-115 BPM), incorporating elements such as wobble bass, FM synths, distorted basslines, and complex percussion patterns.


title: Moombahton

text: Moombahsoul is a subgenre of moombahton with deep house influences. It combines the elements of soul, lofi, deep house and chill with moombahton backed drums and textures. David Heartbreak put together one of the genres first compilations in 2011 entitled 'HEARTBREAK presents MOOMBAHSOUL'. The 15 track compilation included tracks by Munchi, Heartbreak, DJ Theory & More.


title: Liana

text: A liana is a long-stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word "liana" does not refer to a taxonomic grouping, but rather a habit of plant growth – much like "tree" or "shrub". It comes from standard French "liane", itself from an Antilles French dialect word meaning to sheave.


title: Liana

text: Lianas are characteristic of tropical moist broadleaf forests (especially seasonal forests), but may be found in temperate rainforests and temperate deciduous forests. There are also temperate lianas, for example the members of the "Clematis" or "Vitis" (wild grape) genera. Lianas can form bridges amidst the forest canopy, providing arboreal animals with paths across the forest. These bridges can protect weaker trees from strong winds. Lianas compete with forest trees for sunlight, water and nutrients from the soil. Forests without lianas grow 150% more fruit; trees with lianas have twice the probability of dying.


title: Liana

text: Lianas may be found in many different plant families. One way of distinguishing lianas from trees and shrubs is based on the stiffness, specifically, the Young's modulus of various parts of the stem. Trees and shrubs have young twigs and smaller branches which are quite flexible and older growth such as trunks and large branches which are stiffer. A liana often has stiff young growths and older, more flexible growth at the base of the stem.


title: Liana

text: Lianas compete intensely with trees, greatly reducing tree growth and tree reproduction, greatly increasing tree mortality, preventing tree seedlings from establishing, altering the course of regeneration in forests, and ultimately affecting tree population growth rates. Lianas also provide access routes in the forest canopy for many arboreal animals, including ants and many other invertebrates, lizards, rodents, sloths, monkeys, and lemurs. For example, in the Eastern tropical forests of Madagascar, many lemurs achieve higher mobility from the web of lianas draped amongst the vertical tree species. Many lemurs prefer trees with lianas for their roost sites. Lianas also provide support for trees when strong winds blow. However, they may be destructive in that when one tree falls, the connections made by the lianas may cause many other trees to fall.


title: Liana

text: As noted by Charles Darwin, because lianas are supported by other plants, they may conserve resources that other plants must allocate to the development of structure and use them instead for growth and reproduction. In general, lianas are detrimental to the trees that support them. Growth rates are lower for trees with lianas; they directly damage hosts by mechanical abrasion and strangulation, render hosts more susceptible to ice and wind damage, and increase the probability that the host tree falls. Lianas also make the canopy of trees more accessible to animals which eat leaves. Because of these negative effects, trees which remain free of lianas are at an advantage; some species have evolved characteristics which help them avoid or shed lianas.


title: Brewster's angle

text: Brewster's angle (also known as the polarization angle) is an angle of incidence at which light with a particular polarization is perfectly transmitted through a transparent dielectric surface, with "no reflection". When "unpolarized" light is incident at this angle, the light that is reflected from the surface is therefore perfectly polarized. This special angle of incidence is named after the Scottish physicist Sir David Brewster (1781–1868).


title: Brewster's angle

text: When light encounters a boundary between two media with different refractive indices, some of it is usually reflected as shown in the figure above. The fraction that is reflected is described by the Fresnel equations, and depends on the incoming light's polarization and angle of incidence.


title: Brewster's angle

text: The Fresnel equations predict that light with the "p" polarization (electric field polarized in the same plane as the incident ray and the surface normal at the point of incidence) will not be reflected if the angle of incidence is


title: Brewster's angle

text: where "n" is the refractive index of the initial medium through which the light propagates (the "incident medium"), and "n" is the index of the other medium. This equation is known as Brewster's law, and the angle defined by it is Brewster's angle.


title: Brewster's angle

text: The physical mechanism for this can be qualitatively understood from the manner in which electric dipoles in the media respond to "p"-polarized light. One can imagine that light incident on the surface is absorbed, and then re-radiated by oscillating electric dipoles at the interface between the two media. The polarization of freely propagating light is always perpendicular to the direction in which the light is travelling. The dipoles that produce the transmitted (refracted) light oscillate in the polarization direction of that light. These same oscillating dipoles also generate the reflected light. However, dipoles do not radiate any energy in the direction of the dipole moment. If the refracted light is "p"-polarized and propagates exactly perpendicular to the direction in which the light is predicted to be specularly reflected, the dipoles point along the specular reflection direction and therefore no light can be reflected. (See diagram, above)


title: Brewster's angle

text: For a glass medium () in air (), Brewster's angle for visible light is approximately 56°, while for an air-water interface (), it is approximately 53°. Since the refractive index for a given medium changes depending on the wavelength of light, Brewster's angle will also vary with wavelength.


title: Brewster's angle

text: The phenomenon of light being polarized by reflection from a surface at a particular angle was first observed by Étienne-Louis Malus in 1808. He attempted to relate the polarizing angle to the refractive index of the material, but was frustrated by the inconsistent quality of glasses available at that time. In 1815, Brewster experimented with higher-quality materials and showed that this angle was a function of the refractive index, defining Brewster's law.


title: Brewster's angle

text: Brewster's angle is often referred to as the "polarizing angle", because light that reflects from a surface at this angle is entirely polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence (""s"-polarized"). A glass plate or a stack of plates placed at Brewster's angle in a light beam can, thus, be used as a polarizer. The concept of a polarizing angle can be extended to the concept of a Brewster wavenumber to cover planar interfaces between two linear bianisotropic materials. In the case of reflection at Brewster's angle, the reflected and refracted rays are mutually perpendicular.


title: Brewster's angle

text: For magnetic materials, Brewster's angle can exist for only one of the incident wave polarizations, as determined by the relative strengths of the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability. This has implications for the existence of generalized Brewster angles for dielectric metasurfaces.


title: Brewster's angle

text: While at the Brewster angle there is "no" reflection of the "p" polarization, at yet greater angles the reflection coefficient of the "p" polarization is always less than that of the "s" polarization, almost up to 90° incidence where the reflectivity of each rises towards unity. Thus reflected light from horizontal surfaces (such as the surface of a road) at a distance much greater than ones height (so that the incidence angle of specularly reflected light is near, or usually well beyond the Brewster angle) is strongly "s"-polarized. Polarized sunglasses use a sheet of polarizing material to block horizontally-polarized light and thus reduce glare in such situations. These are most effective with smooth surfaces where specular reflection (thus from light whose angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflection defined by the angle observed from) is dominant, but even diffuse reflections from roads for instance, are also significantly reduced.


title: Brewster's angle

text: Photographers also use polarizing filters to remove reflections from water so that they can photograph objects beneath the surface. Using a polarizing camera attachment which can be rotated, such a filter can be adjusted to reduce reflections from objects other than horizontal surfaces, such as seen in the accompanying photograph (right) where the "s" polarization (approximately vertical) has been eliminated using such a filter.


title: Brewster's angle

text: When recording a classical hologram, the bright reference beam is typically arranged to strike the film in the "p" polarization at Brewster's angle. By thus eliminating reflection of the reference beam at the transparent back surface of the holographic film, unwanted interference effects in the resulting hologram are avoided.


title: Brewster's angle

text: Entrance windows or prisms with their surfaces at the Brewster angle are commonly used in optics and laser physics in particular. The polarized laser light enters the prism at Brewster's angle without any reflective losses.


title: Brewster's angle

text: In surface science, Brewster angle microscopes are used to image layers of particles or molecules at air-liquid interfaces. Using illumination by a laser at Brewster's angle to the interface and observation at the angle of reflection, the uniform liquid does not reflect, appearing black in the image. However any molecular layers or artifacts at the surface, whose refractive index or physical structure contrasts with the liquid, allows for some reflection against that black background which is captured by a camera.


title: Brewster's angle

text: Gas lasers using an external cavity (reflection by one or both mirrors "outside" the gain medium) generally seal the tube using windows tilted at Brewster's angle. This prevents light in the intended polarization from being lost through reflection (and reducing the round-trip gain of the laser) which is critical in lasers having a low round-trip gain. On the other hand it "does" remove "s" polarized light, increasing the round trip loss for that polarization, and insuring the laser only oscillates in one linear polarization, as is usually desired. And many sealed-tube lasers (which don't even need windows) have a glass plate inserted within the tube at the Brewster angle, simply for the purpose of allowing lasing in only one polarization.


title: Brewster's angle

text: When the reflecting surface is absorbing, reflectivity at parallel polarization ("p") goes through a non-zero minimum at the so-called pseudo-Brewster's angle.


title: Slow Jamz

text: "Slow Jamz" is a song by American rapper Twista featuring fellow American musicians Jamie Foxx and Kanye West. Produced by the latter, it was released in 2003, through Atlantic and Roc-A-Fella Records, as the lead single from Twista's fourth studio album "Kamikaze" (2004), and the second single from West's debut studio album "The College Dropout" (2004). The song was written by Twista and West, with additional writing credits going to Burt Bacharach and Hal David for the sampling of Luther Vandross' cover of Dionne Warwick's 1964 song "A House Is Not A Home". Containing genres of hip hop, pop rap, R&B, and soul, the song's lyrics reference slow jam artists and describes the role of lovermen.


title: Slow Jamz

text: Upon release, "Slow Jamz" peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, which was the first number one song for Twista, West, and Foxx. The song was positioned at number 16 on the 2004 year-end chart in the United States. It also peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart, and placed at number 47 on the 2004 year-end chart in the country. The song received a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). "Slow Jamz" received a nomination for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards in 2005, and was nominated for Best Collaboration at the 4th BET Awards in 2004.


title: Slow Jamz

text: While hosting a party which included Sean Combs, Missy Elliott, the Neptunes, and Jay-Z, Jamie Foxx first encountered Kanye West, who was recovering from a car crash which shattered his jaw. West performed a freestyle rap which impressed Foxx, and later invited him to his recording studio to record "Slow Jamz". Foxx originally belted the song's hook which consisted of the lyrics, "She said she want some Marvin Gaye, some Luther Vandross". West ridiculed his singing by insisting that the song was hip hop instead of R&B, while Foxx scoffed at his chances of success in the music industry. In a 2017 interview with Power 106, Foxx noted that his desperation to crossover to music led him to host parties with musicians he invited, hoping they would eventually collaborate.


title: Slow Jamz

text: Despite breaking a world record for the fastest rap on the "Guinness World Records" in 1992 by pronouncing 598 syllables in 55 seconds, Twista questioned the future of his rap career when various rappers began mimicking his "fast-paced style", such as the Poor Righteous Teachers and Fu-Schnickens. The imitation of other rappers, as well as struggles in his own career, forced him to take a job in telemarketing and feature in several guest appearances. In early 2003, Gee Roberson received a job at Atlantic Records. He originally established the company venture Hip Hop Since 1978 with Roc-A-Fella Records before leaving for Atlantic, with West being the first artist signed. As an artist signed to Atlantic, Twista needed a single, which allowed Roberson to include West's song "Slow Jamz" on both Twista's fourth studio album "Kamikaze" (2004), and West's debut studio album "The College Dropout" (2004).


title: Slow Jamz

text: "Slow Jamz" is a pop rap, R&B, hip hop and soul song, which pays tribute to previous old-school R&B productions. It samples Vandross' 1981 cover of Dionne Warwick's 1964 ballad "A House Is Not a Home", with its sped-up use in the song being described as "chipmunk soul". The song utilizes a "silky smooth" string accompaniment, in addition to Twista's "lightning-fast" rap. Two versions of the song were released; the version included on "The College Dropout" added two verses by Foxx. American singer Tracie Spencer is credited as a backing vocalist on the song.


title: Slow Jamz

text: Foxx croons in the chorus over a "speedy drum". After West's verse concluded, American actress Aisha Tyler appeared on the track to convince him to "do it faster, baby, do it faster!" over a speaker. West responded with the self-deprecating sentence, "Damn, baby, I can't do it that fast, but I know someone who can… Twista!", which segues to the latter's verse. Twista frenetically rhymes with "humorous lyrics" on top of a "laid-back groove", as he name-dropped several artists with a staccato delivery. Within six beats and six seconds, he rapped the lyric, "No matter how much of a thug you see / I still spit it like it's R&B / Come to the club with me / And with some Luther come on / I hope you're feelin me / You'll still-a be in love with me". Writing for "The Village Voice", Jon Caramanica noted that West's slow rap allowed Twista's fast rap to complete the song's "narrative arc". The lyrics allude to several lovermen who are "supreme in their seduction means", and reference past slow jam artists such as Gaye, Vandross and Anita Baker, in addition to R&B groups from the 1980s through puns.


title: Slow Jamz

text: "Barrie Examiner" staff writers stated that "Slow Jamz" is a "tribute to old-school R&B love songs", and highlighted West's line as an instant classic, "She got a light-skinned friend look like Michael Jackson / got a dark-skinned friend look like Michael Jackson". Caramanica praised the audacious execution of the "low-concept" song, stating that Foxx's inclusion on the hook should have been a car crash on paper, but was assisted by West's "keen ear for melody and near perfect sample selection". In a review of "Kamikaze", "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" writers called it a "hilarious bedroom song". Writing for "PopMatters", Matt Cibula commended "Slow Jamz" for being "one of the finest rap singles in many years". He described West's verse as "swagger", and was impressed with how Twista added more syllables in his verse than other rappers such as Lyrics Born and Busta Rhymes. Soren Baker of "Houston Chronicle" stated that the song is a "crowning moment for Twista", and acknowledged that it "showcases his stunning delivery and flow patterns". He also referred to Foxx's chorus as "charmingly nostalgic".


title: Slow Jamz

text: Baker additionally wrote in the "Los Angeles Times" that West's verse was "playful but unremarkable", but compared Twista's verse to a "lyrical tornado". However, "Pitchfork" staff writer Sean Fennessey criticized Twista's involvement in a review of "Kamikaze", stating that West overshadowed him on the song. Writing for the same publication while reviewing "The College Dropout", Rob Mitchum berated the song's extended version, which he described Foxx as "overkill" and Twista as "depleted". Mitchum concluded that it "[remained] the best getting-it-on song ever written about getting-it-on songs".


title: Slow Jamz

text: Writing for Cleveland.com, Troy L. Smith ranked "Slow Jamz" on his list of 100 greatest rap songs since 2000 at number 74. He praised West's creative process of sampling the song, allowing Foxx to "go all out on the hook", and combining Twista's rhymes to create a "hip-hop soul masterpiece". "Pitchfork" staff ranked the song at number 12 on its Top 50 Singles of 2004 list, writing that it was "the reverse Midas track of 2004" and a "choice musical meta-fiction". "Blender" ranked "Slow Jamz" at number 327 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born, stating that it was "an old school celebration of [...] gettin' that booty!".


title: Slow Jamz

text: "Slow Jamz" received several awards and nominations including; Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards, R&B/Rap Collaboration of the Year at the 2004 Source Awards, Best Collaboration at the 2004 MOBO Awards, Best Collaboration at the 2004 BET Awards, and Coolest Collabo at the 2004 Vibe Awards.


title: Slow Jamz

text: In the United States, "Slow Jamz" peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated February 21, 2004, where it remained for 22 weeks. It was the first number one song on the chart for Twista, West, and Foxx, the seventh for songwriter Burt Bacharach, and the fourth for songwriter Hal David. The song debuted at the number three peak on the UK Singles Chart dated April 4, 2004, where it charted for 13 non-consecutive weeks. It received a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), for sales of over 200,000 equivalent-units in the United Kingdom. In Australia, "Slow Jamz" debuted at number 32 on the ARIA Singles Chart dated April 4, 2004. It peaked at number 26 on the chart dated May 9, 2004, and remained for 10 weeks. The song peaked at number 9 on the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart.


title: Slow Jamz

text: The music video shows a party; at first Jamie Foxx is seen buying records for the party, then it goes to the party where Kanye West and Twista are. It includes cameo appearances by Consequence, Aisha Tyler, John Legend, Mike Epps, and Common. While the video was being filmed, Twista stated that Foxx "kept the whole place live". A second version of the music video was filmed in South Side, Chicago, but was unreleased.


title: Slow Jamz

text: British actor Riz Ahmed performed Twista's verse on the sixth season's first episode of American comedy-drama "Girls" on February 13, 2017. Writing for "NME", Sam Moore described his rendition as "near-flawless".


title: Misty Knight

text: Mercedes "Misty" Knight is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Tony Isabella and Arvell Jones, Knight was first mentioned (by name) in "Marvel Premiere" #20 (Jan. 1975) and appeared in the next issue.


title: Misty Knight

text: Within the context of the Marvel Universe, Knight is a former NYPD police officer, whose arm was amputated following a bomb attack. After receiving a bionic prosthetic from Tony Stark, she started a private-investigation agency with close friend, Colleen Wing. The two would later form the crime-fighting duo Daughters of the Dragon. As private investigators, Knight and Wing frequently worked with the Heroes for Hire duo Luke Cage and Iron Fist; Knight is often seen in a romantic relationship with the latter. In 2013, Knight became co-leader of the Valkyrior with Valkyrie in "The Fearless Defenders" #1 by Cullen Bunn and Will Sliney.


title: Misty Knight

text: Simone Missick portrayed the character in the Netflix television series "Luke Cage" (2016–2018), "The Defenders" (2017), and the second season of "Iron Fist" (2018), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).


title: Misty Knight

text: Misty Knight was first mentioned in "Marvel Premiere" #20 (Jan. 1975) and was created by writer Tony Isabella with artist Arvell Jones. A later retcon in "Marvel Team-Up" #64 by Chris Claremont and John Byrne would reveal she had previously appeared as an unnamed character in "Marvel Team-Up" #1 (March 1972), written by Roy Thomas and penciled by Ross Andru. Comics in which Knight and Colleen Wing have starred include a storyline first printed in "Deadly Hands of Kung-Fu" #32–33 (Jan.—Feb. 1977) and "Bizarre Adventures" #25 (March 1981) by writer Chris Claremont and penciller Marshall Rogers. The original depictions of Knight, a bionically enhanced black female detective with martial arts skills, were strongly influenced by the blaxploitation and Kung Fu crazes of the 1970s. Misty Knight and Iron Fist had the first interracial kiss between super heroes in mainstream comics in 1977.


title: Misty Knight

text: She was a longtime supporting character in comic books such as X-Men and "Power Man and Iron Fist"; she also had a major role in the "Deathlok" story arc 'Souls of Cyber-Folk' that ran from issue 2–5 of the 1991 "Deathlok" vol. 2 series. The character, alongside her partner Colleen Wing, starred in "Daughters of the Dragon", a 2005 six-issue limited series by writers Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti and penciller Khari Evans. Knight is one of the stars of the 2006 "Heroes for Hire" series as well as a supporting character in the ongoing series "The Immortal Iron Fist".


title: Misty Knight

text: In 2010, Knight appears in the crossover event "Shadowland", and is the central character in the spin-off title "Shadowland: Blood on the Street". She then goes on to star in the new version of "Heroes for Hire". Knight appears in the 2013 series "Fearless Defenders", by Cullen Bunn and Will Sliney. She was included in 2017 in "Black Panther & The Crew", a comic book starring a group of black characters. It was cancelled after six issues for low sales.


title: Misty Knight

text: Misty Knight was a rising star with the NYPD when she was seriously injured preventing a bomb attack that forced the amputation of her right arm. Rather than take a desk job, she resigned from the police force, though she remained good friends with her long-time partner on the force Rafael Scarfe. Tony Stark provided her a bionic arm that endowed her superhuman strength. Soon after that, she met Spider-Man and then Iron Fist. Misty roomed with X-Men member Marvel Girl until Marvel Girl returned to her life as an X-Man.


title: Misty Knight

text: Misty teamed with her friend Colleen Wing in fighting the criminal Emil Vachon in the Hong Kong area. She saved Colleen from an attempted beating. She then set up a private detective agency with Colleen entitled: "Knightwing Restorations Ltd".


title: Misty Knight

text: Soon after she first met Iron Fist, the two crimefighters fell in love. Misty conducted undercover work against the crime lord John Bushmaster. She aided Iron Fist, Spider-Man, and Colleen Wing against Davos, the Steel Serpent. She then first met and fought Luke Cage, Power Man. Misty's "Knightwing Restorations Ltd" detective agency would go on to help Power Man and Iron Fist's Heroes for Hire agency on numerous cases. Misty aided Iron Fist and Power Man in rescuing captives of John Bushmaster and procured a videotape clearing Cage of crimes. Misty was then captured and nearly killed by Nightshade. She then helped the X-Men, Colleen Wing, and Sunfire against Moses Magnum in Japan. She fought Sabretooth, and then fought Constrictor and Sabretooth together, and was rescued by El Aguila. She escaped captivity and captured Ward Meachum. Colleen Wing later broke off her friendship with Misty due to Misty's relationship with Tyrone King. Misty rescued Iron Fist from drowning, reconciled with him, and ended her relationship with Tyrone King. Later, when Iron Fist broke up with her, Misty began a short romance with Power Man. This episode was a source of tension between Power Man and Iron Fist for a brief period.


title: Misty Knight

text: Misty later learned of Iron Fist's apparent demise. Iron Fist was presumed dead for an extended period until Misty saw the Super-Skrull impersonate Danny Rand (Iron Fist) on television. She confronted the Super-Skrull in his guise as Danny Rand. Misty assisted Namor the Sub-Mariner in finding and saving the hero. They went to the Savage Land, where they learned that the Super-Skrull had been posing as Iron Fist, and Misty aided Namor and Namorita against the Super-Skrull. She and Danny Rand were ultimately reunited and renewed their relationship.


title: Misty Knight

text: During the 2006 "Civil War" storyline, Misty Knight and Colleen Wing were contacted by Iron Man, Reed Richards, and Spider-Man to re-form Heroes for Hire in order to track down superhumans who refused to register. Initially hesitant, the pair eventually agree creating a team including Shang-Chi, Humbug, Orka, Black Cat, Paladin, and a new Tarantula. Misty was identified as one of the 142 registered superheroes who was part of the Initiative.


title: Misty Knight

text: After the Civil War between the superheroes ended, Iron Fist was shocked to find that Misty had sided with the Initiative as he had joined the New Avengers. Nevertheless when the Steel Serpent and HYDRA plotted to kill Iron Fist and destroy the seven cities of heaven (the latter unbeknownst to Steel Serpent), Misty and Colleen rushed with Luke Cage to Danny's aid. Later, the three helped Danny stop a terrorist attack by HYDRA on the mystical city of K'un L'un where Danny told Misty, "I love you, Misty... but I make a lousy boyfriend". Though Danny said this, they continued a sexual relationship and finally committed to each other on his birthday, despite their disagreement over the Superhuman Registration Act.


title: Misty Knight

text: Returning from a mission to capture Moon-Boy during the "World War Hulk" storyline, Heroes for Hire arrive in New York to see that it has been taken over by the Hulk. After being captured by Warbound, Colleen Wing and Tarantula were offered to No-Name the Brood Queen by their possessed teammate Humbug. Misty makes a deal with Paladin to take Moon-Boy (whom Colleen had become attached to) in order to find both Colleen and Tarantula after their capture. When Misty and the other heroes come to save them, Colleen is in traumatic shock from the torture she endured; she is further agitated when Moon-Boy is taken into custody by Paladin. Colleen, deeply upset by her friend's actions, leaves the group as a result. Heroes for Hire itself has disbanded permanently in the aftermath of this. Misty becomes depressed due to her actions that led to the breakup of the group. Iron Man later comes to her to enlist her aid in stopping the Hulk's remaining robots; through this, she was able to move past her mistakes.


title: Misty Knight

text: Misty and Danny move in with each other in Harlem. Danny proposes to Misty and she accepts, after that she tells him that she is pregnant with his child. They have since found out that this was a false pregnancy, causing a strain on their relationship. They decide to move out of their apartment and live separately, but continue their relationship.


title: Misty Knight

text: During the 2010 "Shadowland" storyline, Misty, Colleen Wing, Iron Fist, Luke Cage, and Shang-Chi confront Daredevil in an attempt to stop him without violence. After a commotion happens elsewhere in his castle, he attacks the group, believing they are responsible.


title: Misty Knight

text: Misty teams up with Paladin, Silver Sable and the Shroud to discover who is framing the Hand for the murder of a number of New York's mobsters.


title: Misty Knight

text: Following the events of the "Shadowland" storyline, Misty revamps the Heroes for Hire concept by basing herself as 'control' and utilizing various street heroes based on their powers and abilities in exchange for money or information. At the end of the first issue, it is revealed that Misty is being manipulated by the Puppet Master. Misty is later freed from mind control with help from Iron Fist and Paladin. After being freed, Paladin approaches Misty to continue the operation Puppet Master set in place, but on her terms.


title: Misty Knight

text: As part of the Marvel NOW! initiative, Misty Knight showcases in the comic book alongside Valkyrie where she is one of the members of the Fearless Defenders.


title: Misty Knight

text: Misty Knight appears during the 2015–17 All-New, All-Different Marvel promotion as a supporting character to Sam Wilson, the new Captain America, who is uneasy now that his friend Steve Rogers has regained his original moniker. Though the two men opt to share the name, many civilians in the Marvel Universe feel that Sam Wilson is undeserving of the title. Misty helps him deal with his doubts and is revealed to be in a sexual relationship with him as well. She then helps clear the names of female heroes and villains, who fell victim to a scandal over embarrassing sex videos posted on the internet.


title: Misty Knight

text: During the "Hunt for Wolverine" storyline, Misty Knight has left the NYPD for an unknown reason. She is approached by Daredevil and Nur who enlist her to help find Wolverine after his body goes missing from its unmarked grave. She takes them to an information broker that she knows who turns out to be Cypher. When Nur hands him a smartphone, Cypher makes use of it and tells Daredevil, Misty Knight, and Nur about the different Wolverine sightings in the past sixty days. Using an Attilan Security Force Skycharger that was "borrowed" from the Inhumans, Daredevil, Misty Knight, Nur, and Cypher investigate the sightings of Wolverine in Manhattan, Phoenix, and Chicago. Misty Knight and Nur arrive at McCarthy Medical Institute in Manhattan where Jane Foster was enrolled and learned that an unnamed man delivered flowers. The security footage revealed that it was by someone that resembled Wolverine. In Chicago, Misty Knight learns from a security guard that he deleted a post when he thought he saw Wolverine. When it came to Saskatchewan, they hear that Ranger Outpost Nine in Meadowlake Provincial Park was attacked by a man with claws. When they arrive, Daredevil, Misty Knight, and Nur find the males dead and the female missing as they head into the forest to investigate. When they find Cypher on the ground with a slit throat, Nur works to heal Cypher as Daredevil and Misty Knight discover that the attacker is Albert as they fight him. When Albert grabs Daredevil by the neck and demands to know what he did to Elsie-Dee, Misty Knight combines her bionic arm's attacks with Nur's gun and a recovered Cypher's laser to deactivate Albert as they leave an anonymous tip for the Canadian authorities to come to pick him up. Upon returning to Chicago, Daredevil, Misty Knight, and Nur visit the security guard she questioned again only to find him dead and a bomb nearby as it goes off. Misty Knight's cybernetic arm manifested a shield big enough to protect her, Daredevil, and Nur from the explosion. Then they worked to evacuate those who couldn't get out of the burning building. Nur reveals to Misty Knight that his eyes also work as a camera flash as he analyzed the apartment before it blew up. His analysis revealed that the security guard worked for a group called Soteira which was listed as an asset management company. Daredevil, Misty Knight, and Nur head to one of their offices in Chicago where Daredevil's radar detects the people inside purging their records. As the group crashes through the window, Nur holds the workers at gunpoint as Cypher works to see if he can stop whatever they were doing on the computer. Misty Knight works to protect Cypher who retrieves the data as the four of them escape from the Level Four Killteam. When Misty Knight asks what to do next, Daredevil states that he is grateful for their help as this is no longer a missing persons case. As Nur asks what he plans to do with the drive after getting him, Misty Knight, and Cypher back to New York, Daredevil says that he is giving it to Kitty Pryde while informing her on who else is looking for Wolverine and what they are walking into. Nur recaps his wife leaving him following his Terrigenesis and tells Misty Knight that he looks forward to working with her again.


title: Misty Knight

text: Misty Knight is a highly skilled combatant who, in addition to her police-combat training, is proficient in martial arts and possesses near-perfect aim with firearms. She is a superb detective, having graduated at the top of her class at the police academy and earned a degree in criminology from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Her bionic arm is superhumanly strong, and she can punch a target with incredible force, or crush objects as tough as steel in her vise-like grip. Since the rest of her body is not cybernetically enhanced, she cannot lift objects heavier than her back, shoulders, and legs can physically support. Her arm's advantages as a weapon are limited to kinetic crushing and impact forces.


title: Misty Knight

text: Her original bionic right arm was constructed from steel, and designed by Stark International. Her new arm was built by Stark Industries and is an alloy of Antarctic vibranium and diamond; at close range it can liquefy all known metals, including adamantium. It is now able to generate a wide anti-gravity repulsor field similar to Iron Man's armor. It can apparently release a concentrated beam of cryogenic energy, which can cover a target in a blanket of ice from a distance. This cold seems to make the target much more fragile, allowing otherwise durable materials to be broken or rended when frozen. Iron Man revealed the arm also displays technopathic capabilities, teaching Misty how to control a horde of robots. Following her "pregnancy", Danny Rand spent money on additional features to the arm, including magnetism and a concussive blast.


title: Misty Knight

text: A couple of new upgrades given to her bionics were shown during her hunt across the world for the recently resurrected Wolverine. Showcasing an energy shield to ward off incoming assaults with, a force field which she can expand over a marginal radius to help protect multiple people if need be. It even has a deployed grapple line within the forearm for use as an extension to reach and grab objects a good distance away. Often useful for latching onto and swinging from place to place with or to escape deadly falls from great heights.


title: Misty Knight

text: In the "Age of Apocalypse" reality, Misty was one of many 'flatscans'- non-mutants- forced underground by Apocalypse. When her friends were attacked by a Brood, that had come to Earth, Misty escaped with the aid of Scott and Alex Summers, only to subsequently die fighting the reanimated corpses of her former friends.


title: Misty Knight

text: In the alternate future of the MC2 universe, Misty eventually settled down and married Iron Fist. Unfortunately, at some point in the past, she died of cancer. Because of this Iron Fist gave up crime-fighting, and began to live as a simple martial arts trainer.


title: Misty Knight

text: The Ultimate Marvel Universe version of Misty Knight has appeared in the 2006 limited series "Ultimate Extinction" which was written by Warren Ellis and drawn by Brandon Peterson. She appears to have the same origin story as before, with an artificial arm created by Tony Stark. While investigating a "Paul Maitreya", a cult leader who resembles the Silver Surfer, she encounters a bald-headed woman who shoots Paul and his cult before escaping Misty. This woman appears to be one of an army of genetic clones of Heather Douglas a.k.a. Moondragon.


title: Misty Knight

text: In "Ultimate Mystery", Misty Knight later became a scientist and appears as a member of Roxxon Brain Trust.


title: Misty Knight

text: In the alternate timeline of the 2005 "House of M" storyline, Misty Knight is part of Luke Cage's resistance and is killed when a Sentinel attacks their base and Cloak fails to teleport her out. It was revealed within the past that Misty was originally placed in Luke Cage's Avengers as an NYPD spy operating under Thunderbird (John Proudstar), but defected to the Avengers after refusing Proudstar's order to kill Cage. Misty eventually became Luke's lover, after some time has passed since the Taskmaster's murder of Tigra. It was Misty who realized that Luke's Avengers were inspiring non-mutants to fight for their rights as "Sapien" and tried to convince Cage to think beyond protecting Sapien Town.


title: Misty Knight

text: In "newuniversal: Shockfront" #1, Knight appears as a detective assigned to apprehend John Tensen. She is partnered with Jean DeWolff.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: Dajuan Marquett Wagner Sr. (born February 4, 1983) is an American former professional basketball player. He is the son of former University of Louisville and National Basketball Association (NBA) player Milt Wagner and left the NBA early into his career because of debilitating health problems. He was drafted 6th overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2002 NBA draft.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: Wagner attended Camden High School, where he played with the varsity team freshman year. He debuted on December 19, 1997 against Highland High School, scoring 12 points. He went on to play in 27 games his first season, averaging 27.3 points and recording a season-high of 45 points against Red Bank on February 13, 1998, and at the end of the season he received the Freshman of the Year award from ESPN. In his sophomore year, Dajuan played in 17 games and had a new career-high of 57 points against Pennsauken Tech on January 26. He finished the season averaging 35.3 points per game, and won the ESPN Sophomore of the Year award.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: The following year he played in 28 games. On January 31, 2000 he scored 80 points (24 of which in the fourth quarter) in a 122–66 win against Pennsauken Tech. In his junior year he was already considered one of the top players of his class. At the end of the season he had an average of 31.9 points per game. For his senior year he debuted on December 15 scoring 36 points against Eastern, followed by a 50-points performance against Bishop Eustace.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: On January 16, 2001 he scored 100 points against Camden County Tech. He converted 42 of his 61 field goals (with 10 3-pointers) and 6 free throws: he scored 25 points in the first quarter, 21 in the second, 26 in the third and 28 in the fourth. He went on to score 50 or more points 4 more times during the season, and averaged 42.5 points in 29 games played as a senior. He scored 3,462 points in high school (the most in New Jersey high school history, breaking former high school star John Somogyi's scoring record of 3,451 points; when Somogyi played there was no 3-point shot), and scored 25 points in the McDonald's All-American Game. Wagner is considered by many to be the greatest high school basketball player in New Jersey history.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: Wagner considered offers from Connecticut, Kentucky, Louisville, Memphis and Miami (FL), and signed with Memphis in June 2000.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: He played one year of college basketball at the University of Memphis. He scored a season-high 32 points against Old Dominion on November 14, 2001 in his 2nd game with Memphis, and tied his season high on March 26, 2002 against Temple during the NIT semifinal. He contributed with 16 points in the title game against South Carolina and at the end of the season he earned several NIT and conference honors, including the MVP award of the 2002 NIT. He also broke the record for points in a single season for Memphis with 762.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: His coach, John Calipari, revoked Wagner's scholarship after his freshman year to force him to enter the NBA, because Calipari believed that Wagner should not avoid the money he would receive as a first-round draft pick.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: Wagner was chosen with the sixth overall pick of the 2002 NBA draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers. In his rookie season he averaged 13.4 points per game and shot 36.9% from the field.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: Wagner was hampered by injuries and health problems thereafter. He averaged a career-low 4.0 points in 11 games played during the 2004–05 season, and was hospitalized for ulcerative colitis. The Cavaliers did not exercise their option on his contract for the 2005–06 season and subsequently Wagner was out of the league.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: Wagner's colitis condition was not amenable to medication and, after consulting with New York Knicks head coach Larry Brown, who referred him to a New York medical expert, he underwent surgery to remove half his colon on October 25, 2005, at Mount Sinai Hospital.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: On September 22, 2006, Wagner signed a two-year $1.6 million contract with the Golden State Warriors. On November 20, two months after he recovered from a serious illness to make an NBA comeback, the Warriors bought out his contract after he had played one game for the team. That one game that Wagner played with Golden State ended up being the only game he played in the 2006 - 2007 season and the final game of his NBA career. The game was played on November 11, 2006 with the Warriors defeating the Detroit Pistons 111 - 79. Wagner recorded 4 points and 1 assist.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: On August 31, 2007, Wagner signed a one-year contract with Prokom Trefl Sopot in Poland. Averaging 8.3 points in six games, he returned to South Jersey after hurting his hip and reinjuring his knee in Poland.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: On October 12, 2015, he attempted to return to basketball and planned to sign with the AmeriLeague. However, the league folded days later, after it was discovered that the founder was a con artist.


title: Dajuan Wagner

text: Wagner's son, Dajuan Wagner Jr., was ranked the No. 1 basketball recruit in the country for the class of 2023, according to 247Sports.


title: Tova Borgnine

text: Tova Traesnaes Borgnine (born Tove Traesnaes; November 17, 1941 – February 26, 2022) was a Norwegian-born American businesswoman. She was the founder of Beauty by Tova cosmetics and the widow of Hollywood actor Ernest Borgnine.


title: Tova Borgnine

text: Tova was born in Oslo, Norway; her father was a graphic artist and her mother was a translator at the U.S. Embassy. Following her parents' separation, she moved to the United States with her mother, at around age 8; though she did not speak English at the time.


title: Tova Borgnine

text: Tova studied acting in Manhattan, but she developed a fondness for applying makeup. After marrying a New Jersey businessman in 1965, she opened a makeup center. When the marriage failed, she moved her business to Las Vegas to be near her mother.


title: Tova Borgnine

text: In Las Vegas, in 1975, Tova learned of a cactus-based face cream made from a formula by a Mexican family and bought worldwide distribution rights. By 1977, the revenues for her company, then called Tova9, were about $500,000; by 1981, they were nearly $2 million. In 1984, she published "The Tova Difference: A Promise of Lasting Beauty", with Elaine Trebek.


title: Tova Borgnine

text: Her perfume, Tova Signature, has been produced since 1983, and sold on QVC since 1990. By 1984, her firm had 47 employees at her offices in Beverly Hills, California, and factory in nearby Arcadia. By 1987, she had 65 skincare products and 80 employees.


title: Tova Borgnine

text: According to QVC, as of 2001 her perfumes made her "a steady presence at QVC and its biggest fragrance vendor".


title: Tova Borgnine

text: In 2002, QVC bought the Tova brand for a seven-figure sum. As of 2008, Tova Signature was QVC’s top-selling perfume.


title: Tova Borgnine

text: She was awarded the FiFi Award for the Women's Fragrance Star of the Year (Non-Store Venues) in 1998. Her fragrance, Tova Signature, was nominated for the 2008 Fragrance Hall of Fame FiFi Award.


title: Tova Borgnine

text: In June 2009, she received the Retailer of the Year award from the Fragrance Foundation, both for her innovative use of direct marketing to sell her products and for her longevity in the fragrance industry.


title: Tova Borgnine

text: Borgnine was married twice. Her first husband was Louis A. Littleton of Point Pleasant, New Jersey. The marriage ended in divorce in 1972 after seven years. She had one son born out of wedlock. She married actor Ernest Borgnine on February 24, 1973. Their marriage lasted for 39 years until his death at age 95 on July 8, 2012.


title: Geri and Freki

text: In Norse mythology, Geri and Freki are two wolves which are said to accompany the god Odin. They are attested in the "Poetic Edda", a collection of epic poetry compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, in the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the poetry of skalds. The pair has been compared to similar figures found in Greek, Roman and Vedic mythology, and may also be connected to beliefs surrounding the Germanic "wolf-warrior bands", the Úlfhéðnar.


title: Geri and Freki

text: The names "Geri" and "Freki" have been interpreted as meaning either "the greedy one" or "the ravenous one". The name "Geri" can be traced back to the Proto-Germanic adjective , attested in Burgundian "girs", Old Norse , Old High German or and Old Dutch , all of which mean "greedy".


title: Geri and Freki

text: The name "Freki" can be traced back to the Proto-Germanic adjective , attested in Gothic () "covetous, avaricious", Old Norse "greedy", Old English "desirous, greedy, gluttonous, audacious" and Old High German "greedy". John Lindow interprets both Old Norse names as nominalized adjectives. Bruce Lincoln further traces "Geri" back to a Proto-Indo-European stem *"", which is the same as that found in , a name referring to the hound closely associated with the events of .


title: Geri and Freki

text: In the "Poetic Edda" poem "Grímnismál", the god Odin (disguised as "Grímnir") provides the young Agnarr with information about Odin's companions. Agnarr is told that Odin feeds Geri and Freki while the god himself consumes only wine:


title: Geri and Freki

text: The pair is also alluded to via the kenning "Viðrir's (Odin's) hounds" in "Helgakviða Hundingsbana I", verse 13, where it is related that they roam the field "greedy for the corpses of those who have fallen in battle".


title: Geri and Freki

text: In the "Prose Edda" book "Gylfaginning" (chapter 38), the enthroned figure of High explains that Odin gives all of the food on his table to his wolves Geri and Freki and that Odin requires no food, for wine is to him both meat and drink. High then quotes the above-mentioned stanza from the poem "Grímnismál" in support. In chapter 75 of the "Prose Edda" book "Skáldskaparmál" a list of names for wargs and wolves is provided that includes both Geri and Freki.


title: Geri and Freki

text: In skaldic poetry "Geri" and "Freki" are used as common nouns for "wolf" in chapter 58 of "Skáldskaparmál" (quoted in works by the skalds Þjóðólfr of Hvinir and Egill Skallagrímsson) and "Geri" is again used as a common noun for "wolf" in chapter 64 of the "Prose Edda" book "Háttatal". Geri is referenced in kennings for "blood" in chapter 58 of "Skáldskaparmál" ("Geri's ales" in a work by the skald Þórðr Sjáreksson) and in for "carrion" in chapter 60 ("Geri's morsel" in a work by the skald Einarr Skúlason). "Freki" is also used in a kenning for "carrion" ("Freki's meal") in a work by Þórðr Sjáreksson in chapter 58 of "Skáldskaparmál".


title: Geri and Freki

text: If the rider on horseback on the image on the Böksta Runestone has been correctly identified as Odin, then Geri and Freki are shown taking part in hunting an elk.


title: Geri and Freki

text: "Freki" is also a name applied to the monstrous wolf Fenrir in the "Poetic Edda" poem "Völuspá". Folklorist John Lindow sees irony in the fact that Odin feeds one Freki at his dinner table and another—Fenrir—with his flesh during the events of Ragnarök.


title: Geri and Freki

text: Historian Michael Spiedel connects Geri and Freki with archaeological finds depicting figures wearing wolf-pelts and frequently found wolf-related names among the Germanic peoples, including Wulfhroc ("Wolf-Frock"), Wolfhetan ("Wolf-Hide"), Isangrim ("Grey-Mask"), Scrutolf ("Garb-Wolf"), Wolfram ("Wolf (and) Raven"), Wolfgang ("Wolf-Gait"), Wolfdregil ("Wolf-Runner"), and Vulfolaic ("Wolf-Dancer") and myths regarding wolf warriors from Norse mythology (such as the Úlfhéðnar). Michael Speidel believes this to point to the pan-Germanic wolf-warrior band cult centered on Odin that waned away after Christianization.


title: Geri and Freki

text: Scholars have also noted Indo-European parallels to the wolves Geri and Freki as companions of a divinity. 19th century scholar Jacob Grimm observed a connection between this aspect of Odin's character and the Greek Apollo, to whom both the wolf and the raven are sacred. Philologist Maurice Bloomfield further connected the pair with the two dogs of Yama in Vedic mythology, and saw them as a Germanic counterpart to a more general and widespread Indo-European "Cerberus"-theme. Speidel finds similar parallels in the Vedic Rudra and the Roman Mars. Elaborating on the connection between wolves and figures of great power, he writes: "This is why Geri and Freki, the wolves at Woden's side, also glowered on the throne of the Anglo-Saxon kings. Wolf-warriors, like Geri and Freki, were not mere animals but mythical beings: as Woden's followers they bodied forth his might, and so did wolf-warriors."


title: Geri and Freki

text: Bernd Heinrich theorizes that Geri and Freki, along with Odin and his ravens Huginn and Muninn, reflect a symbiosis observed in the natural world among ravens, wolves, and humans on the hunt:


title: Sobolev space

text: In mathematics, a Sobolev space is a vector space of functions equipped with a norm that is a combination of "L"-norms of the function together with its derivatives up to a given order. The derivatives are understood in a suitable weak sense to make the space complete, i.e. a Banach space. Intuitively, a Sobolev space is a space of functions possessing sufficiently many derivatives for some application domain, such as partial differential equations, and equipped with a norm that measures both the size and regularity of a function.


title: Sobolev space

text: Sobolev spaces are named after the Russian mathematician Sergei Sobolev. Their importance comes from the fact that weak solutions of some important partial differential equations exist in appropriate Sobolev spaces, even when there are no strong solutions in spaces of continuous functions with the derivatives understood in the classical sense.


title: Sobolev space

text: There are many criteria for smoothness of mathematical functions. The most basic criterion may be that of continuity. A stronger notion of smoothness is that of differentiability (because functions that are differentiable are also continuous) and a yet stronger notion of smoothness is that the derivative also be continuous (these functions are said to be of class formula_3 — see Differentiability classes). Differentiable functions are important in many areas, and in particular for differential equations. In the twentieth century, however, it was observed that the space formula_3 (or formula_5, etc.) was not exactly the right space to study solutions of differential equations. The Sobolev spaces are the modern replacement for these spaces in which to look for solutions of partial differential equations.


title: Sobolev space

text: Quantities or properties of the underlying model of the differential equation are usually expressed in terms of integral norms, rather than the uniform norm. A typical example is measuring the energy of a temperature or velocity distribution by an formula_6-norm. It is therefore important to develop a tool for differentiating Lebesgue space functions.


title: Sobolev space

text: The integration by parts formula yields that for every formula_7, where formula_8 is a natural number, and for all infinitely differentiable functions with compact support formula_9


title: Sobolev space

text: The left-hand side of this equation still makes sense if we only assume formula_14 to be locally integrable. If there exists a locally integrable function formula_15, such that


title: Sobolev space

text: then we call formula_15 the weak formula_11-th partial derivative of formula_14. If there exists a weak formula_11-th partial derivative of formula_14, then it is uniquely defined almost everywhere, and thus it is uniquely determined as an element of a Lebesgue space. On the other hand, if formula_7, then the classical and the weak derivative coincide. Thus, if formula_15 is a weak formula_11-th partial derivative of formula_14, we may denote it by formula_26.


title: Sobolev space

text: satisfies the definition for being the weak derivative of formula_29 which then qualifies as being in the Sobolev space formula_30 (for any allowed formula_31, see definition below).


title: Sobolev space

text: In the one-dimensional case the Sobolev space formula_33 for formula_34 is defined as the subset of functions formula_35 in formula_36 such that formula_35 and its weak derivatives up to order formula_8 have a finite norm. As mentioned above, some care must be taken to define derivatives in the proper sense. In the one-dimensional problem it is enough to assume that the formula_39-th derivative formula_40 is differentiable almost everywhere and is equal almost everywhere to the Lebesgue integral of its derivative (this excludes irrelevant examples such as Cantor's function).


title: Sobolev space

text: One can extend this to the case formula_42, with the norm then defined using the essential supremum by


title: Sobolev space

text: Equipped with the norm formula_44 becomes a Banach space. It turns out that it is enough to take only the first and last in the sequence, i.e., the norm defined by


title: Sobolev space

text: Sobolev spaces with are especially important because of their connection with Fourier series and because they form a Hilbert space. A special notation has arisen to cover this case, since the space is a Hilbert space:


title: Sobolev space

text: The space formula_47 can be defined naturally in terms of Fourier series whose coefficients decay sufficiently rapidly, namely,


title: Sobolev space

text: where formula_49 is the Fourier series of formula_50 and formula_51 denotes the 1-torus. As above, one can use the equivalent norm


title: Sobolev space

text: Both representations follow easily from Parseval's theorem and the fact that differentiation is equivalent to multiplying the Fourier coefficient by "in".


title: Sobolev space

text: Furthermore, the space formula_47 admits an inner product, like the space formula_54 In fact, the formula_47 inner product is defined in terms of the formula_6 inner product:


title: Sobolev space

text: In one dimension, some other Sobolev spaces permit a simpler description. For example, formula_59 is the space of absolutely continuous functions on (or rather, equivalence classes of functions that are equal almost everywhere to such), while formula_60 is the space of bounded Lipschitz functions on , for every interval . However, these properties are lost or not as simple for functions of more than one variable.


title: Sobolev space

text: All spaces formula_61 are (normed) algebras, i.e. the product of two elements is once again a function of this Sobolev space, which is not the case for formula_62 (E.g., functions behaving like |"x"| at the origin are in formula_63 but the product of two such functions is not in formula_6).


title: Sobolev space

text: The transition to multiple dimensions brings more difficulties, starting from the very definition. The requirement that formula_40 be the integral of formula_66 does not generalize, and the simplest solution is to consider derivatives in the sense of distribution theory.


title: Sobolev space

text: A formal definition now follows. Let formula_67 The Sobolev space formula_32 is defined to be the set of all functions formula_35 on formula_1 such that for every multi-index formula_11 with formula_72 the mixed partial derivative


title: Sobolev space

text: There are several choices for a norm for formula_79 The following two are common and are equivalent in the sense of equivalence of norms:


title: Sobolev space

text: With respect to either of these norms, formula_32 is a Banach space. For formula_84 is also a separable space. It is conventional to denote formula_85 by formula_86 for it is a Hilbert space with the norm formula_87.


title: Sobolev space

text: It is rather hard to work with Sobolev spaces relying only on their definition. It is therefore interesting to know that by the Meyers–Serrin theorem a function formula_88 can be approximated by smooth functions. This fact often allows us to translate properties of smooth functions to Sobolev functions. If formula_31 is finite and formula_1 is open, then there exists for any formula_88 an approximating sequence of functions formula_92 such that:


title: Sobolev space

text: If formula_1 has Lipschitz boundary, we may even assume that the formula_95 are the restriction of smooth functions with compact support on all of formula_2


title: Sobolev space

text: In higher dimensions, it is no longer true that, for example, formula_97 contains only continuous functions. For example, formula_98 where formula_99 is the unit ball in three dimensions. For "k" > "n"/"p" the space formula_32 will contain only continuous functions, but for which "k" this is already true depends both on "p" and on the dimension. For example, as can be easily checked using spherical polar coordinates for the function formula_101 defined on the "n"-dimensional ball we have:


title: Sobolev space

text: Intuitively, the blow-up of "f" at 0 "counts for less" when "n" is large since the unit ball has "more outside and less inside" in higher dimensions.


title: Sobolev space

text: Let formula_103 If a function is in formula_104 then, possibly after modifying the function on a set of measure zero, the restriction to almost every line parallel to the coordinate directions in formula_105 is absolutely continuous; what's more, the classical derivative along the lines that are parallel to the coordinate directions are in formula_106 Conversely, if the restriction of formula_35 to almost every line parallel to the coordinate directions is absolutely continuous, then the pointwise gradient formula_108 exists almost everywhere, and formula_35 is in formula_110 provided formula_111 In particular, in this case the weak partial derivatives of formula_35 and pointwise partial derivatives of formula_35 agree almost everywhere. The ACL characterization of the Sobolev spaces was established by Otto M. Nikodym (1933); see .


title: Sobolev space

text: A stronger result holds when formula_114 A function in formula_110 is, after modifying on a set of measure zero, Hölder continuous of exponent formula_116 by Morrey's inequality. In particular, if formula_117 and formula_1 has Lipschitz boundary, then the function is Lipschitz continuous.


title: Sobolev space

text: The Sobolev space formula_119 is also denoted by formula_120 It is a Hilbert space, with an important subspace formula_121 defined to be the closure of the infinitely differentiable functions compactly supported in formula_1 in formula_120 The Sobolev norm defined above reduces here to


title: Sobolev space

text: When formula_1 has a regular boundary, formula_121 can be described as the space of functions in formula_127 that vanish at the boundary, in the sense of traces (see below). When formula_128 if formula_129 is a bounded interval, then formula_130 consists of continuous functions on formula_131 of the form


title: Sobolev space

text: where the generalized derivative formula_133 is in formula_134 and has 0 integral, so that formula_135


title: Sobolev space

text: When formula_1 is bounded, the Poincaré inequality states that there is a constant formula_137 such that:


title: Sobolev space

text: When formula_1 is bounded, the injection from formula_121 to formula_141 is compact. This fact plays a role in the study of the Dirichlet problem, and in the fact that there exists an orthonormal basis of formula_142 consisting of eigenvectors of the Laplace operator (with Dirichlet boundary condition).


title: Sobolev space

text: Sobolev spaces are often considered when investigating partial differential equations. It is essential to consider boundary values of Sobolev functions. If formula_143, those boundary values are described by the restriction formula_144. However, it is not clear how to describe values at the boundary for formula_145, as the "n"-dimensional measure of the boundary is zero. The following theorem resolves the problem:


title: Sobolev space

text: "Tu" is called the trace of "u". Roughly speaking, this theorem extends the restriction operator to the Sobolev space formula_110 for well-behaved Ω. Note that the trace operator "T" is in general not surjective, but for 1 < "p" < ∞ it maps continuously onto the Sobolev–Slobodeckij space formula_147


title: Sobolev space

text: Intuitively, taking the trace costs 1/"p" of a derivative. The functions "u" in "W"(Ω) with zero trace, i.e. "Tu" = 0, can be characterized by the equality


title: Sobolev space

text: In other words, for Ω bounded with Lipschitz boundary, trace-zero functions in formula_110 can be approximated by smooth functions with compact support.


title: Sobolev space

text: For a natural number "k" and one can show (by using Fourier multipliers) that the space formula_151 can equivalently be defined as


title: Sobolev space

text: This motivates Sobolev spaces with non-integer order since in the above definition we can replace "k" by any real number "s". The resulting spaces


title: Sobolev space

text: are called Bessel potential spaces (named after Friedrich Bessel). They are Banach spaces in general and Hilbert spaces in the special case "p" = 2.


title: Sobolev space

text: Using extension theorems for Sobolev spaces, it can be shown that also "W"(Ω) = "H"(Ω) holds in the sense of equivalent norms, if Ω is domain with uniform "C"-boundary, "k" a natural number and . By the embeddings


title: Sobolev space

text: the Bessel potential spaces formula_156 form a continuous scale between the Sobolev spaces formula_160 From an abstract point of view, the Bessel potential spaces occur as complex interpolation spaces of Sobolev spaces, i.e. in the sense of equivalent norms it holds that


title: Sobolev space

text: Another approach to define fractional order Sobolev spaces arises from the idea to generalize the Hölder condition to the "L"-setting. For formula_163 and formula_164 the Slobodeckij seminorm (roughly analogous to the Hölder seminorm) is defined by


title: Sobolev space

text: Let be not an integer and set formula_166. Using the same idea as for the Hölder spaces, the Sobolev–Slobodeckij space formula_167 is defined as


title: Sobolev space

text: If formula_1 is suitably regular in the sense that there exist certain extension operators, then also the Sobolev–Slobodeckij spaces form a scale of Banach spaces, i.e. one has the continuous injections or embeddings


title: Sobolev space

text: There are examples of irregular Ω such that formula_110 is not even a vector subspace of formula_167 for 0 < "s" < 1 (see Example 9.1 of )


title: Sobolev space

text: From an abstract point of view, the spaces formula_167 coincide with the real interpolation spaces of Sobolev spaces, i.e. in the sense of equivalent norms the following holds:


title: Sobolev space

text: Sobolev–Slobodeckij spaces play an important role in the study of traces of Sobolev functions. They are special cases of Besov spaces.


title: Sobolev space

text: If formula_1 is a domain whose boundary is not too poorly behaved (e.g., if its boundary is a manifold, or satisfies the more permissive "cone condition") then there is an operator "A" mapping functions of formula_1 to functions of formula_105 such that:


title: Sobolev space

text: Extension operators are the most natural way to define formula_182 for non-integer "s" (we cannot work directly on formula_1 since taking Fourier transform is a global operation). We define formula_182 by saying that formula_185 if and only if formula_186 Equivalently, complex interpolation yields the same formula_182 spaces so long as formula_1 has an extension operator. If formula_1 does not have an extension operator, complex interpolation is the only way to obtain the formula_182 spaces.


title: Sobolev space

text: Like above, we define formula_191 to be the closure in formula_182 of the space formula_193 of infinitely differentiable compactly supported functions. Given the definition of a trace, above, we may state the following


title: Sobolev space

text: In the case of the Sobolev space "W"(Ω) for , extending a function "u" by zero will not necessarily yield an element of formula_200 But if Ω is bounded with Lipschitz boundary (e.g. ∂Ω is "C"), then for any bounded open set O such that Ω⊂⊂O (i.e. Ω is compactly contained in O), there exists a bounded linear operator


title: Sobolev space

text: such that for each formula_202 a.e. on Ω, "Eu" has compact support within O, and there exists a constant "C" depending only on "p", Ω, O and the dimension "n", such that


title: Sobolev space

text: It is a natural question to ask if a Sobolev function is continuous or even continuously differentiable. Roughly speaking, sufficiently many weak derivatives (i.e. large "k") result in a classical derivative. This idea is generalized and made precise in the Sobolev embedding theorem.


title: Sobolev space

text: Write formula_207 for the Sobolev space of some compact Riemannian manifold of dimension "n". Here "k" can be any real number, and 1 ≤ "p" ≤ ∞. (For "p" = ∞ the Sobolev space formula_61 is defined to be the Hölder space "C" where "k" = "n" + α and 0 < α ≤ 1.) The Sobolev embedding theorem states that if formula_209 and formula_210 then


title: Sobolev space

text: and the embedding is continuous. Moreover, if formula_212 and formula_213 then the embedding is completely continuous (this is sometimes called Kondrachov's theorem or the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem). Functions in formula_214 have all derivatives of order less than "m" continuous, so in particular this gives conditions on Sobolev spaces for various derivatives to be continuous. Informally these embeddings say that to convert an "L" estimate to a boundedness estimate costs 1/"p" derivatives per dimension.


title: Sobolev space

text: There are similar variations of the embedding theorem for non-compact manifolds such as formula_105 . Sobolev embeddings on formula_105 that are not compact often have a related, but weaker, property of cocompactness.


title: Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)

text: Bigg Boss is an Indian Malayalam-language non-scripted reality television game show produced by Endemol Shine India, now owned by Banijay, and broadcast on Asianet. It is an adaptation of the reality TV franchise of the same name, which is an adaptation of the Dutch reality TV franchise "Big Brother" developed by Endemol in the Netherlands. "Bigg Boss" premiered on Asianet in 2018, marking the channel's 25th anniversary. Mohanlal has been hosting the show since the first season began on June 24, 2018. The series is available on Disney+ Hotstar around the clock.


title: Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)

text: Season 1 concluded on September 30, 2018, with Sabumon Abdusamad being declared the winner. Season 2 premiered on January 5, 2020, but after 75 days, the season was suspended on March 20, 2020, as a result of COVID-19 pandemic in India, and all participants were sent home without a season winner. Season 3 of Bigg Boss premiered on February 14, 2021, but was halted again on May 20, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The finale, however, was shot independently days after the show was cancelled, and Manikkuttan was announced as the season's winner. Season 4 of Bigg Boss premiered on March 27, 2022 and concluded on July 3, 2022. Dilsha Prasannan was declared the winner, becoming the first female title holder in Bigg Boss Malayalam history. The house is in Film City, Mumbai.


title: Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)

text: "Bigg Boss" is a Malayalam-language version of the reality TV franchise "Bigg Boss", which is based on the original Dutch "Big Brother" format developed by John de Mol Jr. The show follows selected number of contestants, known as housemates, who are isolated from the outside world for 100 days (or 15 weeks) in a custom-built house. The housemates are continuously monitored during their stay in the house by live television cameras as well as personal audio microphones. They are dictated to by an omnipresent entity named Bigg Boss. Each week, one or more of the housemates are evicted by a public vote (Bigg boss sponsored contestants are exempted from the public vote, It is Bigg boss interest to protect the sponsored contestants by putting them in a secret room or by giving re-entry to ensure the chances of winning.). Several contestants (known as "housemates") live in a purpose-built house and are isolated from the rest of the world. Each week, housemates nominate two of their fellow housemates for eviction, and the housemates who receive the most nominations would face a public vote. Eventually, one housemate would leave after being "evicted" from the House. In the final week, there will be five housemates remaining, and the public will vote for who they wanted to win. Unlike other versions of Big Brother, the Malayalam version uses celebrities as housemates, not members of the general public.


title: Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)

text: The house is well-furnished and decorated. It has various modern amenities, but just two bedrooms, a living area, kitchen, storeroom, smoking room, and four toilet bathrooms. There is a garden, pool, activity area, and gym in the House. There is also a Confession Room, where the housemates may be called in by Bigg Boss for any kind of conversation, and the nomination process. The House has no TV connection, no telephones, and no Internet connection.


title: Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)

text: They are not supposed to tamper with any of the electronic equipment or any other thing in the House. They are not allowed to write using paper, books, or anything else in the house. They cannot leave the House premises at any time except when they are permitted to. They cannot discuss the nomination process with anyone. They cannot sleep in the daytime, are required to wear their mic all the time, and speak only in Malayalam.


title: Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)

text: Sometimes, the housemates may be nominated for other reasons, such as nomination by a person who has achieved special privileges (via tasks or other things), for breaking rules, or something else. If something very serious happens, a contestant may be evicted immediately. All the rules have never been told to the audience, however, the most prominent ones are seen. The housemates are not permitted to speak in any other language except Malayalam.


title: Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)

text: "Bigg Boss" is aired on Asianet. Every day's episodes contain the main happenings of the previous day. Every weekend episodes(Saturday and Sunday) mainly show the discussion of the Host (MohanLal) with other housemates and about the previous week, following a discussion about elimination.


title: Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series)

text: Contestants are nominated every week by their housemates. Viewers cast their vote in favor of the contestants they would like to save from eviction. The contestant with the fewest votes is evicted from the house.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: The fifth USS "Independence" (CV/CVA-62) was an aircraft carrier of the United States Navy. She was the fourth and final member of the of conventionally powered supercarriers. She entered service in 1959, with much of her early years spent in the Mediterranean Fleet.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: "Independence" was decommissioned in 1998 after 39 years of active service. Stored in recent years at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, the ex-"Independence" was towed beginning on 10 March 2017 to Brownsville, Texas for scrapping. She arrived on 1 June 2017 and dismantling was completed by early 2019.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: The s were designed in the early 1950s as a smaller version of the cancelled "United States"-class "supercarriers". Unlike the "United States" class, they were to operate in both the nuclear strike and conventional roles, and were therefore intended to carry a mixed fleet of fighters, light attack and heavy attack aircraft, all of which were to be jets. The carriers were designed around the large new Douglas A3D Skywarrior bomber, with four deck-edge aircraft elevators large enough to handle the new bomber. As jet aircraft needed much more fuel than piston-engined aircraft, the "Forrestal" class had a much greater aviation fuel capacity than existing carriers, with of Avgas and of jetfuel, more than double that carried in the s.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: "Independence" was built with an angled flight deck with four C-7 steam catapults, two on the bow and two on the angled deck. She was fitted with AN/SPS-37 long-range search radar and AN/SPS-8B height finding radar. Defensive armament consisted of eight 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 guns mounted on sponsons jutting out from the sides of the ship so they did not interfere with the flight deck. The initial air wing of the "Forrestal"-class carriers was about 90 aircraft, although this varied with the composition of the airwing.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: The contract to build "Independence", the fourth "Forrestal"-class carrier was awarded to the Brooklyn Navy Yard on 2 July 1954, with the ship being laid down on 1 July 1955. She was launched on 6 June 1958 by the wife of Thomas S. Gates, the Secretary of the Navy, and commissioned on 10 January 1959.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: "Independence" conducted shakedown training under her first captain, Captain R. Y. McElroy, with the first landing-on being carried out by a Grumman Trader carrier onboard delivery aircraft on 2 March 1959. She arrived at her new homeport of Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia on 30 June 1959, and then carried out a ten-week training cruise in the Caribbean. During these trials, while carrying out compatibility tests aboard the new carrier, a Douglas A3D Skywarrior was catapulted off "Independence" at a gross weight of 84,000 pounds (38,000 kg), the heaviest aircraft to take off from a carrier at the time.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: "Independence" operated off the Virginia Capes for the next year on training maneuvers, and departed 4 August 1960 for her first cruise to the Mediterranean. There, she added her great strength to the peace-keeping power of the 6th Fleet in that troubled region, remaining in the eastern Mediterranean until her return to Norfolk 3 March 1961. On 4 August 1961, she departed again for the Mediterranean to join the US 6th fleet for another cruise and returned on 19 December 1961 to Norfolk.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: "Independence" sailed on 19 April 1962 for Sixth Fleet duty in support of President John F. Kennedy's firm stand on Berlin during a recurrence of stress in a critical area. She returned to Norfolk 27 August and sailed 11 October for the Caribbean Sea. Called on by President Kennedy on 24 October during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, "Independence" provided a strong, visible reminder of U.S. determination and resolve while she acted as a key participant in the U.S. naval blockade of Cuba. She arrived off Puerto Rico in response to the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba and took part in the quarantine operations which finally forced withdrawal of those missiles. She then returned to Norfolk on 25 November for readiness exercises along the eastern seaboard, overhaul in the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, and refresher training out of Guantanamo Bay.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: "Independence" departed Norfolk on 6 August 1963 to take part in combined readiness exercises in the Bay of Biscay with sea-air units of the United Kingdom and France then entered the Mediterranean on 21 August for further duty with the Sixth Fleet. Cruising throughout the Mediterranean, she gained much valuable experience during combined NATO exercises, including close air support to Turkish paratroops, reconnaissance, communications, and convoy strike support. President Makarios of Cyprus paid her a visit on 7 October 1963, after which she took part in bilateral U.S.-Italian exercises in the Adriatic with Italian patrol torpedo boats, and U.S.-French exercises, which pitted her aircraft against French interceptors and a surface action with the French cruiser . She returned to Norfolk on 4 March 1964.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: Following training exercises, ranging north to New York and south to Naval Station Mayport, Florida, "Independence" departed Norfolk 8 September 1964 for NATO Teamwork exercises in the Norwegian Sea and off the coast of France, then to Gibraltar. She returned to Norfolk 5 November 1964 and entered the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for overhaul.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: On 10 May 1965, "Independence" deployed for more than seven months, including 100 days in the South China Sea, off the coast of Vietnam, the first Atlantic Fleet carrier to do so. She also was the fifth U.S. carrier to operate off Vietnam. "Independence" and her embarked Carrier Air Wing 7 received the Navy Unit Commendation for exceptionally meritorious service from 5 June to 21 November 1965. The carrier's air group participated in the first major series of coordinated strikes against vital enemy supply lines north of the Hanoi-Haiphong complex, successfully evading the first massive surface-to-air missile barrage in aviation history while attacking assigned targets, and executing, with daring and precision, the first successful attack on an enemy surface-to-air missile installation. The carrier launched more than 7,000 sorties, sustaining an exceptional pace of day and night strike operations against military and logistic supply facilities in North Vietnam. "The superior team spirit, courage, professional competence, and devotion to duty displayed by the officers and men of "Independence" and embarked Attack Carrier Air Wing Seven reflect great credit upon themselves and the United States Naval Service."


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: "Independence" returned to her homeport, Norfolk, arriving 13 December 1965. During the first half of 1966, she operated off Norfolk, replenishing and training air groups. On 4 May 1966, she participated in Operation Strikex. The carrier departed Norfolk 13 June for European operations with the Sixth Fleet. "Independence" was involved with unit and NATO exercises from July into December. She then continued her Sixth Fleet deployment returning to CONUS in early 1967. After a few months of local operations, she underwent an extensive overhaul at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. The drydock portion of the overhaul was interrupted when "Independence" had to leave drydock early to make way for the fire-damaged on 19 September 1967.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: On 30 April 1968, "Independence" steamed to the Mediterranean Sea for a nine-month deployment. She returned to Pier 12 NOB Norfolk, Virginia on 27 January 1969. On 3 September 1969, the Independence departed Norfolk to participate in NATO exercises in the North Atlantic, (NORLANT), where she participated in testing the Hawker Siddeley Harrier in flight deck operations, returning home on 9 October 1969. "Independence" was again deployed to the Mediterranean on 23 June 1970, returning to Pier 12 on 31 January 1971. It was during this cruise that the ship was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation in support of actions against the PLO during the Jordanian crisis.


title: USS Independence (CV-62)

text: On 25 September 1970, the news was received that Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of the United Arab Republic had died; an event that might plunge the Middle East into a crisis. "Independence", along with , , and seven other U.S. Navy ships were put on standby in case U.S. military protection was needed for the evacuation of U.S. citizens and as a counterbalance to the Soviet Union's Mediterranean fleet.