title: American Brahman

text: The Brahman is reared for the meat industry, particularly in areas where good resistance to hot or tropical conditions is needed. As with other zebuine cattle, the meat is of lower quality than that of specialised European beef cattle breeds. For this reason it is commonly cross-bred with cattle of those breeds, either by raising hybrid calves born to pure-bred parents, or by creating a composite or hybrid breed, of which there are many. Some of them, such as the Brahmousin (Brahman x Limousin), Brangus (Brahman x Angus) and Simbrah (Brahman x Simmental) have acquired breed status in their own right, but many others have not. These include the Brahorn (Brahman x Shorthorn), the Bravon (Brahman x Devon) and South Bravon (Brahman x South Devon), the Bra-Swiss (Brahman x Brown Swiss), the Sabre (Brahman x Sussex) and the Braford (Brahman x Hereford).


title: American Brahman

text: In Oman and Fujairah, Brahman bulls are used in the traditional sport of bull-butting; they may be fed milk and honey to prepare them for the contest.


title: Sibling-in-law

text: A sibling-in-law is the spouse of one's sibling, or the sibling of one's spouse, or the person who is married to the sibling of one's spouse.


title: Sibling-in-law

text: More commonly, a sibling-in-law is referred to as a brother-in-law for a male sibling-in-law, and a sister-in-law for a female one.


title: Sibling-in-law

text: Sibling-in-law also refers to the reciprocal relationship between a person's spouse and their sibling's spouse. In Indian English this can be referred to as a co-sibling (specifically a co-sister, for the wife of one's sibling-in-law, or co-brother, for the husband of one's sibling-in-law).


title: Sibling-in-law

text: Siblings-in-law are related by a type of kinship called "affinity" like all in-law relationships. All of these are relations which do not relate to the person directly by blood.


title: Sibling-in-law

text: Just like the children of one's siblings, the children of one's siblings-in-law are called simply "nieces" and "nephews" – if necessary, specified whether "by marriage", as opposed to "by blood" or "by adoption".


title: Sibling-in-law

text: If one pair of siblings is married to another pair of siblings, the siblings-in-law are thus doubly related, each of the four both through one's spouse and through one's sibling, while the children of the two couples are double cousins.


title: Sibling-in-law

text: One study, examining the issue of envy in the triadic system of sibling, sibling-in-law and spouse, concluded that "The sibling-in-law relationship shared similarities with both spousal and sibling relationships" and that "Relational closeness and satisfaction for all relationships in the triad were correlated."


title: Sibling-in-law

text: In Islamic law (Sharia) and Jewish law ("halakha"), sexual relations between siblings-in-law are prohibited as incestuous, unless the spouse is no longer married. Conversely, in Judaism there was the custom of yibbum, whereby a man had a non-obligatory duty to wed his deceased brother's childless widow, so she might have progeny by him.


title: Dua Saleh

text: Dua Saleh ( ) is a Sudanese-American singer and actor based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Their debut EP "Nūr" was released in January 2019 by the Against Giants record label to critical acclaim, with their second, "Rosetta", released in June the following year.


title: Dua Saleh

text: Saleh, who came to the United States from Sudan as a child, wrote poetry from an early age. While attending Augsburg University, they began to experiment with music, eventually releasing a demo in 2017. Shortly after, they began to work with local producer Psymun and began performing their music live, culminating in their 2019 EP release. Their music has been characterized as rap, pop, and R&B, although they have also been described as defying genres. In addition to writing and recording music, Saleh has also acted in theater in Minneapolis and is known for their recurring role as Cal Bowman in the Netflix series "Sex Education".


title: Dua Saleh

text: Saleh was born in Kassala, Sudan, to a family with Tunjur heritage, who are originally from Chad/Darfur. Saleh's family became refugees of the Second Sudanese Civil War in the 1990s. They fled Sudan when Saleh was five years old and moved several times, first to Eritrea, then to North Dakota, Maine, and Newark, New Jersey, before settling in the Rondo neighborhood of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Saleh attended Saint Paul Central High School and has cited an awareness of danger, systemic oppression, and resistance in their upbringing as a source for their interest in community organizing. After graduating from high school, Saleh studied at Augsburg University where they double-majored in sociology and gender, women's, and sexuality studies. During their time at Augsburg, they led a walkout from their former high school through the St. Paul Youth and Collegiate Branch of the NAACP in protest of the school-to-prison pipeline at Central. Saleh has also been involved with Neighborhoods Organizing for Change, the Pan Afrikan Student Union, the Minnesota Public Interest Research Group, and Augsburg's LGBTQIA Student Services. They graduated from Augsburg in 2017.


title: Dua Saleh

text: Saleh began writing poetry when they were four years old and performed at their first open mic in their senior year of high school. They used poetry to process experiences in their life and continued performing around the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area while in school at Augsburg. Their poem "Pins and Needles" was recorded and shared on Button Poetry's YouTube channel where it garnered tens of thousands of views by 2017 and over one hundred thousand by 2018. They have also performed as part of the Queer Voices series at Intermedia Arts.


title: Dua Saleh

text: While studying at Augsburg and working full-time, Saleh began to find that poetry was not giving them "enough nurturing sustenance". They said of this time that "I was trying to do way too much, and my body was just like, 'No, you need to release something.' The melodies started coming in, and I think that was my body reacting and wanting to heal me, in some ways." Saleh did not consider themself to be a proficient singer but connected via a mutual friend to producer Mike Frey to experiment with recording. In Frey's home studio, he played a four-bar beat that Saleh mumbled over until Saleh announced they were ready to record; Frey expected four or eight bars from Saleh but Saleh ended up performing an entire track in a single take, with Frey manually extending the beat to keep up as Saleh sang. According to Frey, the resulting single take was "such a good performance that we decided this is what we're going to run with"; it was released on May 10, 2017, as "First Take", Saleh's first single, under the stage name Dua.


title: Dua Saleh

text: Following the single's release, Minneapolis producer Psymun reached out to Saleh about working together; this surprised Saleh who was familiar with Psymun's work but thought he was based in the United Kingdom. "First Take" was well-received online and was followed by the release of Saleh's first Psymun-produced single, a performance at the Eaux Claires festival, and a collaboration with Florida rapper Chester Watson ("Void Interlude").


title: Dua Saleh

text: Saleh stated they were not in a rush to put out music but that by October 2018, they had "a lot of fuckin' songs" recorded and intended to release an EP later in the year. Local alternative newspaper "City Pages" listed Saleh at number four that year on their annual Picked to Click list of new artists the publication's writers were excited about. Saleh's debut EP, "Nūr", was released on January 3, 2019, on the Against Giants label under their full name, Dua Saleh. The five-track "Nūr" received positive reviews from "Pitchfork" and Robert Christgau and was supported by a music video release for the song "Warm Pants" that April. They released two more videos that year, for "Sugar Mama" in October and for their new single "Pretty Kitten" in December.


title: Dua Saleh

text: By early 2020, Saleh was noted in the "Minnesota Daily" as having a national following. Saleh characterized their musical success as feeling like an accident to them, and said that they were still in the process of developing their identity as a musician. Their next EP, "Rosetta", was released in June 2020 and their third, "Crossover", came out October 2021.


title: Dua Saleh

text: On May 30, 2020, Saleh released the single "body cast" to address police brutality. Proceeds from the song's download on Bandcamp are being donated to the Minneapolis-based justice organization, Black Visions Collective. The track includes audio clips from a 2019 viral video of Angela Whitehead standing up to police who illegally entered her home. The song's video lists the names of unarmed African Americans killed by the police.


title: Dua Saleh

text: Saleh was cast in the third season of Netflix's comedy-drama "Sex Education" as the recurring character Cal.


title: Dua Saleh

text: Saleh lived what they described as a "super-sheltered" childhood and grew up listening mostly to older Sudanese music and Nancy Ajram. In high school, when they got a laptop, they listened to a great deal of jazz from the 1940s and later turned their attention to 1990s hip hop. Subsequently, Saleh "went through a year or two of finding as many queer artists as [they] could", citing Mykki Blanco, Le1f, and Kilo Kish among the artists during this period who "saved [their] life". They have also cited the music and lives of Sister Rosetta Tharpe and Marie Knight as influences, including naming their second EP after Tharpe.


title: Dua Saleh

text: Saleh said that among other reasons for making music, Sudan, there's a lot of queer, trans and non-binary people who are closeted, so I try to put out as much content that's like, the gay and trans agenda, as possible!" On "Rosetta", Saleh released the track "Smut", sung partially in Arabic, hoping "to break into the Sudani market" and connect with Sudanese listeners.


title: Dua Saleh

text: Saleh's music has been categorized as rap, pop, and R&B. Christgau described Saleh's performance style on "Nūr" as rap-singing while Michelle Kim characterized their vocal performance style as alternating "between deliciously tactile rapping and spellbinding singing". Saleh also been noted for defying genre in their music.


title: Dua Saleh

text: Saleh's first language was Arabic, which they said in 2017 was a "struggle to maintain" because of their immersion in English. Saleh is Muslim, but they do not consider themself "religious in the institutional sense". They have discussed their relationship with traditions of Islamic attire, stating that traditional "attire isn't reflective of [their] personal relationship with the deen, but reflective of the image of a Muslim that [they've] been indoctrinated to believe is socially accepted". In high school, they were elected vice president of Central's gay–straight alliance; when their mother discovered pamphlets for the organization in their backpack, she sent Saleh to Dugsi Academy, an Islamic charter school in Saint Paul.


title: Dua Saleh

text: In addition to writing and performing music and poetry, Saleh has also acted, including in 20% Theatre Company's November 2018 production of "Waafrika 123" in Minneapolis.


title: Dua Saleh

text: Saleh is non-binary and uses "they/them" and "xe/xim/xyr" pronouns. They came out as non-binary while in their second year at Augsburg but have said they "always been on gay shit". They live in Minneapolis.


title: John Muir Trail

text: The John Muir Trail (JMT) (Paiute: Nüümü Poyo, "N-ue-mue Poh-yo") is a long-distance trail in the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California, passing through Yosemite, Kings Canyon and Sequoia National Parks. From the northern terminus at Happy Isles in Yosemite Valley () and the southern terminus located on the summit of Mount Whitney (), the trail's length is , with a total elevation gain of approximately . For almost all of its length, the trail is in the High Sierra backcountry and wilderness areas. For about , the trail follows the same footpath as the longer Pacific Crest Trail. It is named after John Muir, a naturalist.


title: John Muir Trail

text: The vast majority of the trail is situated within designated wilderness. The trail passes through large swaths of alpine and high mountain scenery, and lies almost entirely at or above in elevation. The trail has been described as "America's most famous trail"; the trail sees about 1,500 thru-hiking attempts each year (including Pacific Crest Trail thru-hikers), many fewer than the number of attempts on comparable walks such as the southern portion of Appalachian Trail or the Way of St. James.


title: John Muir Trail

text: Prior to the arrival of European-American settlers, the Paiute people living in the High Sierra region utilized a series of ancestral trails for hunting and trade with neighboring indigenous groups. In an effort to acknowledge the original people who traveled this region, some modern Native American and environmental organizations recognize the JMT as Nüümü Poyo, which translates to "Paiute Road," "Paiute Trail," or "People's Trail."


title: John Muir Trail

text: The idea of a trail along the backbone of the High Sierra originated with Theodore Solomons. Solomons later recalled that the concept originated in his adolescence. "The idea of a crest-parallel trail came to me one day while herding my uncle's cattle in an immense unfenced alfalfa field near Fresno. It was 1884 and I was 14." He began advocating construction of the trail shortly after the Sierra Club was founded in 1892. John Muir was a founding member and first president of the Sierra Club. Solomons explored the area now known as the Evolution Basin, and traveled extensively throughout the High Sierra, exploring possible trail routes. Joseph Nisbet LeConte took up the cause in 1898 and the proposed trail was originally called the "High Sierra Trail", although that name was later given to a different trail, running in the east–west direction. LeConte spent years exploring the canyons and passes of the Kings River and Kern River, and climbing peaks along the proposed trail. Along with James S. Hutchinson and Duncan McDuffie, he pioneered a high mountain route in 1908 from Yosemite National Park to Kings Canyon, roughly along the route of the modern JMT. In 28 days, they completed a trip of 228 miles through the high mountains, including several previously unexplored sections. In 1914, the Sierra Club appointed a committee to cooperate with the State of California to begin construction of the trail. John Muir died later that year, and the proposed trail was renamed in his honor.


title: John Muir Trail

text: Construction of the JMT began in 1915, a year after Muir's death, with a $10,000 appropriation from the California legislature. State Engineer Wilbur F. McClure was responsible for selecting the final route. He secured the cooperation of the United States Forest Service, which managed and supervised much of the actual construction. The California state legislature made additional appropriations of $10,000 each in 1917, 1925, 1927 and 1929.


title: John Muir Trail

text: After the Depression began, assistance from the California state government came to an end, so the remainder of the trail had to be funded by a joint effort between the Forest Service and the National Park Service. At this time, there were still two difficult sections yet to be completed. The first section, the connection from the Kings River to the Kern River over Forester Pass, at an elevation of , was completed in 1932. The Forest Service completed the final section at Palisade Creek (in the Palisade Group) in 1938. This section passes by the headwaters of the Middle Fork of the Kings River and over Mather Pass by the "Golden Staircase" to the headwaters of the South Fork of the Kings River. Shortly after, this section was incorporated into newly created Kings Canyon National Park. The entire project had taken 46 years to complete. William Edward Colby, the first secretary of the Sierra Club, called the finished trail "a most appropriate memorial to John Muir, who spent many of the best years of his life exploring the region which it will make accessible."


title: John Muir Trail

text: The JMT is long. From its northern terminus in Yosemite Valley, the trail runs southeast, passing south of Half Dome and then on to Tuolumne Meadows. From Tuolumne Meadows the trail turns south, running parallel to the main range of the Sierra Nevada, through Yosemite National Park, Inyo and Sierra national forests (including the John Muir Wilderness and Ansel Adams Wilderness), passing through Devils Postpile National Monument, Kings Canyon National Park, and ending on Mount Whitney in Sequoia National Park. From the southern terminus of the JMT at the summit of Mount Whitney, an additional hike on the Mount Whitney Trail is required to reach the nearest trailhead at Whitney Portal, thus making an end-to-end traverse of the JMT effectively .


title: John Muir Trail

text: The trail begins at the Happy Isle bridge near the Happy Isles Nature Center. The trail ascends steeply up a paved incline before crossing another bridge meeting with the junction with the Mist Trail. The trail continues along a cut into Panorama Cliff, called the "Ice Cut". Although broad and well-traveled, hazardous winter conditions and close proximity to civilization (attracting large numbers of day hikers) make this one of the most dangerous parts of the trail.


title: John Muir Trail

text: After some elevation gain via long switchbacks, the trail reaches the top of Nevada Falls. The trail continues into Little Yosemite Valley, past the trail junctions to Half Dome and Cloud's Rest, and then into a subalpine basin and passing the Sunrise High Sierra Camp. The trail then crosses the Cathedral Range at Cathedral Pass before dropping steeply into Tuolumne Meadows, a common resupply point. The trail passes a visitor's center and some campgrounds before linking up with the Pacific Crest Trail. The John Muir Trail/Pacific Crest Trail then turns south, through the mild Lyell Canyon meadow, and crosses the Cathedral Range again and exits the park at Donahue Pass.


title: John Muir Trail

text: At the crest of Donahue Pass, the trail enters Inyo National Forest and the Ansel Adams Wilderness. The trail passes Thousand Island Lake, Garnet Lake, and a number of smaller lakes. The trail continues into Devils Postpile National Monument, where there are a number of opportunities to resupply or exit the trail. Devil's Postpile is located a short distance from the trail.


title: John Muir Trail

text: The John Muir Trail next enters Kings Canyon National Park and Sequoia National Park crossing some spectacular alpine regions, including Evolution Basin, the Golden Staircase, and Forester Pass. The trail ends at the summit of Mount Whitney, the highest point in the contiguous United States. From the summit of Mount Whitney, the closest trailhead is Whitney Portal.


title: John Muir Trail

text: The lowest point on the trail is the northern terminus at Happy Isles in Yosemite Valley, at . The highest point on the trail is the southern terminus, Mount Whitney, at , which is also the highest point in the contiguous United States. The trail stays at high elevations, mostly above and with the exception of the first 7 miles directly south of the trail's northern terminus, it never drops below . A large portion of the trail is more than high, including the entirety of the last . The trail crosses six mountain passes over ; from north to south, Donohue Pass, Muir Pass, Mather Pass, Pinchot Pass, Glen Pass, and Forester Pass. At , Forester Pass is also the highest point along the Pacific Crest Trail.


title: John Muir Trail

text: When the United States Geological Survey calculated the official length of the trail, elevation gain and loss was not taken into consideration. The total amount of ascent of the trail is around . According to Hipcamp and the John Muir Trail Foundation, the total descent of the trail is ; however, Backpacker estimates the total descent as 2,000 feet less, at . This produces a total of about , or almost ; however, this does not mean the total length is increased by . Rather, the triangle inequality implies that the error due to neglecting elevation changes underestimates the true length by no greater than this value.


title: John Muir Trail

text: The primary hiking season is usually from July through September; during this time, most of the snow from the previous year has melted, but new snow hasn't fallen yet. Early season hikers have to contend not only with the snowpack and icy slopes near the passes, but with streams swollen with snowmelt. Trail conditions are less demanding later in the season after the snowmelt concludes, and the weather generally remains pleasant for hiking through September. Weather during the hiking season is generally sunny and dry, but afternoon thunderstorms are not uncommon. The trail is used primarily by backpackers and dayhikers, but also by runners, trail riders, and pack trains. There is a shelter for hikers to stay at on Muir Pass, called the John Muir Hut, which is the only shelter on the trail.


title: John Muir Trail

text: Hikers completing the trail typically take about three weeks. The record for the fastest known time was set by ultrarunner François D'Haene in 2017, who ran from south to north in two days, 19 hours, and 26 minutes. The previous record of three days, seven hours, and 36 minutes was set by Leor Pantilat in 2014. The record for the fastest trip in an unsupported way was set by Aurelien Sanchez in 2018, who ran from south to north in three days, 3 hours, and 55 minutes. The previous record of three days, ten hours, and 59 minutes was set by Andrew Bentz in 2014.


title: John Muir Trail

text: A permit is required to hike the JMT, which can be obtained from the national park or forest where the hiker begins the hike, and is available 168 days in advance. This single permit is valid for the entire hike. Permit reservations can be hard to obtain for JMT thru-hikers, but a portion of permits are reserved for walk-ins. The Whitney Portal end of the JMT has a lottery for wilderness permits, and hikers starting in Yosemite face competition with other backpackers simply wanting to camp overnight while hiking Half Dome or to Tuolumne Meadows. Backpackers entering the Sierra backcountry on multi-day trips are generally required to carry their food in approved hard-sided storage containers known as bear canisters to protect their food and other scented items from theft by black bears, which are common in the region.


title: John Muir Trail

text: About 90-96 percent of hikers hike north to south, from Yosemite Valley to Mt. Whitney. There are advantages to starting in Yosemite Valley and hiking south. Although there is a significant net altitude gain this way, starting at a lower altitude allows the hiker time to acclimate to the elevations of the trail rather than immediately having to tackle a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) climb to the summit of Mount Whitney. In addition, there are several resupply points convenient to the JMT during its northern half (Tuolumne Meadows, Reds Meadow, Vermillion Valley Resort, Muir Trail Ranch), allowing the hiker to carry a lighter food load early in the hike and also to exit the trail easily if problems arise. The southern half of the JMT is more remote and generally higher in elevation, thus making it more appropriate for the second half of the hike when maximum conditioning has been attained.


title: The Mandela Effect (film)

text: The Mandela Effect is a 2019 science fiction horror film written and directed by David Guy Levy, starring Charlie Hofheimer as a father grieving for the loss of his daughter. The character becomes obsessed with facts and events that many people remember incorrectly. Aleksa Palladino plays his also-grieving wife, while Robin Lord Taylor plays his best friend and brother-in-law, and Clarke Peters plays a washed-up scientist.


title: The Mandela Effect (film)

text: "The Mandela Effect" premiered at the Other Worlds Film Festival in October 2019, and was released in the United States in December, by Gravitas Ventures.


title: The Mandela Effect (film)

text: Computer game designer Brendan (Charlie Hofheimer) and his wife, Claire (Aleksa Palladino), are grieving for their daughter Sam (Madeleine McGraw), who drowned trying to retrieve her Curious George doll from the ocean. As they reluctantly rummage through Sam's belongings, Brendan finds a copy of "The Berenstain Bears". To the bewilderment of Brendan and his brother-in-law Matt (Robin Lord Taylor), they remember the title with "Bereinstein," even though they find no evidence that it was ever changed. This leads them to learn about many other examples of the "Mandela Effect," collectively shared "false" memories. Brendan and Claire discover further discrepancies, such as clearly remembering that Sam's doll had a tail when it actually does not.


title: The Mandela Effect (film)

text: Eventually, Brendan concludes that the discrepancies are due to shifts between parallel universes and that Sam is still alive in one of them. Despite objections from Claire and Matt, he tracks down Dr. Roland Fuchs (Clarke Peters), a scientist who has been alienated for holding similar beliefs. Dr. Fuchs's research indicates that the universe is a computer simulation, with the Mandela Effect being the result of reality being rewritten to prevent its inhabitants from exposing it as a simulation. They begin developing a special computer program that, when run on the quantum computer of Dr. Fuchs' old campus, could interrupt the simulation.


title: The Mandela Effect (film)

text: This revelation takes a toll on Brendan's daily life and marriage. He also begins to have visions of Sam, which at first no one else sees, until one day she is inexplicably alive and everyone can perceive her. Disconcerted, Brendan visits Dr. Fuchs, only to be informed that he died by suicide two months ago. Having talked to him mere hours before, Brendan acknowledges the alteration as the simulation's attempt to thwart their plan. He rushes to finish the program, breaks into the college campus and runs it on the quantum computer. Glitches manifest and destabilize reality, prompting Brendan to rush home. As the family hold each other tightly, the simulation crashes.


title: The Mandela Effect (film)

text: The simulation restarts, recreating the history of the universe. The family is shown at the beach again, with this time Brendan asking Sam to leave her Curious George doll —now without a tail— before going to the water. This saves Sam's life and allows the simulation to continue beyond the event that originally led to its discovery and crash.


title: The Mandela Effect (film)

text: "The Mandela Effect" premiered at the Other Worlds Film Festival on October 23, 2019, and was released in the United Kingdom on December 6, 2019, by Gravitas Ventures.


title: The Mandela Effect (film)

text: The film received generally negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of based on reviews from critics, with an average rating of .


title: The Mandela Effect (film)

text: Noah Murray wrote for The Los Angeles Times that "...for the most part this movie is a tightly constructed and sensitively rendered conversation-starter, comparing grief and loss to the sensation of faulty memories. It takes a strange and fascinating meme, and makes it personal."


title: The Mandela Effect (film)

text: Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote: "Infused with enough deadening scientific jargon to lull a graduate student to sleep, the film, which feels much longer than its brief 80-minute running time, never succeeds in effectively dramatizing its outlandish premise."


title: Heartbleed

text: Heartbleed was a security bug in the OpenSSL cryptography library, which is a widely used implementation of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. It was introduced into the software in 2012 and publicly disclosed in April 2014. Heartbleed could be exploited regardless of whether the vulnerable OpenSSL instance is running as a TLS server or client. It resulted from improper input validation (due to a missing bounds check) in the implementation of the TLS heartbeat extension. Thus, the bug's name derived from "heartbeat". The vulnerability was classified as a buffer over-read, a situation where more data can be read than should be allowed.


title: Heartbleed

text: Heartbleed was registered in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures database as . The federal Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre issued a security bulletin advising system administrators about the bug. A fixed version of OpenSSL was released on 7 April 2014, on the same day Heartbleed was publicly disclosed.


title: Heartbleed

text: System administrators were frequently slow to patch their systems. , 1.5% of the 800,000 most popular TLS-enabled websites were still vulnerable to Heartbleed. , 309,197 public web servers remained vulnerable. , according to a report from Shodan, nearly 180,000 internet-connected devices were still vulnerable. , the number had dropped to 144,000, according to a search on shodan.io for "vuln:cve-2014-0160". , Shodan reported that 91,063 devices were vulnerable. The U.S. was first with 21,258 (23%), the top 10 countries had 56,537 (62%), and the remaining countries had 34,526 (38%). The report also broke the devices down by 10 other categories such as organization (the top 3 were wireless companies), product (Apache httpd, Nginx), or service (HTTPS, 81%).


title: Heartbleed

text: TLS implementations other than OpenSSL, such as GnuTLS, Mozilla's Network Security Services, and the Windows platform implementation of TLS, were not affected because the defect existed in the OpenSSL's implementation of TLS rather than in the protocol itself.


title: Heartbleed

text: The Heartbeat Extension for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocols was proposed as a standard in February 2012 by . It provides a way to test and keep alive secure communication links without the need to renegotiate the connection each time. In 2011, one of the RFC's authors, Robin Seggelmann, then a Ph.D. student at the Fachhochschule Münster, implemented the Heartbeat Extension for OpenSSL. Following Seggelmann's request to put the result of his work into OpenSSL, his change was reviewed by Stephen N. Henson, one of OpenSSL's four core developers. Henson failed to notice a bug in Seggelmann's implementation, and introduced the flawed code into OpenSSL's source code repository on 31 December 2011. The defect spread with the release of OpenSSL version 1.0.1 on 14 March 2012. Heartbeat support was enabled by default, causing affected versions to be vulnerable.


title: Heartbleed

text: According to Mark J. Cox of OpenSSL, Neel Mehta of Google's security team privately reported Heartbleed to the OpenSSL team on 1 April 2014 11:09 UTC.


title: Heartbleed

text: The bug was named by an engineer at Synopsys Software Integrity Group, a Finnish cyber security company that also created the bleeding heart logo and launched the domain to explain the bug to the public. While Google's security team reported Heartbleed to OpenSSL first, both Google and Codenomicon discovered it independently at approximately the same time. Codenomicon reports 3 April 2014 as their date of discovery and their date of notification of NCSC for vulnerability coordination.


title: Heartbleed

text: At the time of disclosure, some 17% (around half a million) of the Internet's secure web servers certified by trusted authorities were believed to be vulnerable to the attack, allowing theft of the servers' private keys and users' session cookies and passwords. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, Ars Technica, and Bruce Schneier all deemed the Heartbleed bug "catastrophic". "Forbes" cybersecurity columnist Joseph Steinberg wrote:


title: Heartbleed

text: "The Sydney Morning Herald" published a timeline of the discovery on 15 April 2014, showing that some organizations had been able to patch the bug before its public disclosure. In some cases, it is not clear how they found out.


title: Heartbleed

text: Bodo Möller and Adam Langley of Google prepared the fix for Heartbleed. The resulting patch was added to Red Hat's issue tracker on 21 March 2014. Stephen N. Henson applied the fix to OpenSSL's version control system on 7 April. The first fixed version, 1.0.1g, was released on the same day. , 309,197 public web servers remained vulnerable. , according to a report from Shodan, nearly 180,000 internet-connected devices were still vulnerable. The number had dropped to 144,000 , according to a search on shodan.io for "vuln:cve-2014-0160".


title: Heartbleed

text: According to Netcraft, about 30,000 of the 500,000+ X.509 certificates which could have been compromised due to Heartbleed had been reissued by 11 April 2014, although fewer had been revoked.


title: Heartbleed

text: By 9 May 2014, only 43% of affected web sites had reissued their security certificates. In addition, 7% of the reissued security certificates used the potentially compromised keys. Netcraft stated:


title: Heartbleed

text: The Canada Revenue Agency reported a theft of Social Insurance Numbers belonging to 900 taxpayers, and said that they were accessed through an exploit of the bug during a 6-hour period on 8 April 2014. After the discovery of the attack, the agency shut down its website and extended the taxpayer filing deadline from 30 April to 5 May. The agency said it would provide credit protection services at no cost to anyone affected. On 16 April, the RCMP announced they had charged a computer science student in relation to the theft with "unauthorized use of a computer" and "mischief in relation to data".


title: Heartbleed

text: The UK parenting site Mumsnet had several user accounts hijacked, and its CEO was impersonated. The site later published an explanation of the incident saying it was due to Heartbleed and the technical staff patched it promptly.


title: Heartbleed

text: Anti-malware researchers also exploited Heartbleed to their own advantage in order to access secret forums used by cybercriminals. Studies were also conducted by deliberately setting up vulnerable machines. For example, on 12 April 2014, at least two independent researchers were able to steal private keys from an experimental server intentionally set up for that purpose by CloudFlare. Also, on 15 April 2014, J. Alex Halderman, a professor at University of Michigan, reported that his honeypot server, an intentionally vulnerable server designed to attract attacks in order to study them, had received numerous attacks originating from China. Halderman concluded that because it was a fairly obscure server, these attacks were probably sweeping attacks affecting large areas of the Internet.


title: Heartbleed

text: In August 2014, it was made public that the Heartbleed vulnerability enabled hackers to steal security keys from Community Health Systems, the second-biggest for-profit U.S. hospital chain in the United States, compromising the confidentiality of 4.5 million patient records. The breach happened a week after Heartbleed was first made public.


title: Heartbleed

text: Many major web sites patched the bug or disabled the Heartbeat Extension within days of its announcement, but it is unclear whether potential attackers were aware of it earlier and to what extent it was exploited.


title: Heartbleed

text: Based on examinations of audit logs by researchers, it has been reported that some attackers may have exploited the flaw for at least five months before discovery and announcement. Errata Security pointed out that a widely used non-malicious program called "Masscan", introduced six months before Heartbleed's disclosure, abruptly terminates the connection in the middle of handshaking in the same way as Heartbleed, generating the same server log messages, adding "Two new things producing the same error messages might seem like the two are correlated, but of course, they aren't."


title: Heartbleed

text: According to Bloomberg News, two unnamed insider sources informed it that the United States' National Security Agency had been aware of the flaw since shortly after its appearance butinstead of reporting itkept it secret among other unreported zero-day vulnerabilities in order to exploit it for the NSA's own purposes. The NSA has denied this claim, as has Richard A. Clarke, a member of the National Intelligence Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies that reviewed the United States' electronic surveillance policy; he told Reuters on 11 April 2014 that the NSA had not known of Heartbleed. The allegation prompted the American government to make, for the first time, a public statement on its zero-day vulnerabilities policy, accepting the recommendation of the review group's 2013 report that had asserted "in almost all instances, for widely used code, it is in the national interest to eliminate software vulnerabilities rather than to use them for US intelligence collection", and saying that the decision to withhold should move from the NSA to the White House.


title: Heartbleed

text: The RFC 6520 Heartbeat Extension tests TLS/DTLS secure communication links by allowing a computer at one end of a connection to send a "Heartbeat Request" message, consisting of a payload, typically a text string, along with the payload's length as a 16-bit integer. The receiving computer then must send exactly the same payload back to the sender.


title: Heartbleed

text: The affected versions of OpenSSL allocate a memory buffer for the message to be returned based on the length field in the requesting message, without regard to the actual size of that message's payload. Because of this failure to do proper bounds checking, the message returned consists of the payload, possibly followed by whatever else happened to be in the allocated memory buffer.


title: Heartbleed

text: Heartbleed is therefore exploited by sending a malformed heartbeat request with a small payload and large length field to the vulnerable party (usually a server) in order to elicit the victim's response, permitting attackers to read up to 64 kilobytes of the victim's memory that was likely to have been used previously by OpenSSL. Where a Heartbeat Request might ask a party to "send back the four-letter word 'bird'", resulting in a response of "bird", a "Heartbleed Request" (a malicious heartbeat request) of "send back the 500-letter word 'bird'" would cause the victim to return "bird" followed by whatever 496 subsequent characters the victim happened to have in active memory. Attackers in this way could receive sensitive data, compromising the confidentiality of the victim's communications. Although an attacker has some control over the disclosed memory block's size, it has no control over its location, and therefore cannot choose what content is revealed.


title: Heartbleed

text: The affected versions of OpenSSL are OpenSSL 1.0.1 through 1.0.1f (inclusive). Subsequent versions (1.0.1g and later) and previous versions (1.0.0 branch and older) are "not" vulnerable. Installations of the affected versions are vulnerable unless OpenSSL was compiled with "-DOPENSSL_NO_HEARTBEATS".


title: Heartbleed

text: The vulnerable program source files are t1_lib.c and d1_both.c and the vulnerable functions are tls1_process_heartbeat() and dtls1_process_heartbeat().


title: Heartbleed

text: The problem can be fixed by ignoring Heartbeat Request messages that ask for more data than their payload need.


title: Heartbleed

text: Version 1.0.1g of OpenSSL adds some bounds checks to prevent the buffer over-read. For example, the following test was introduced to determine whether a heartbeat request would trigger Heartbleed; it silently discards malicious requests.


title: Heartbleed

text: The data obtained by a Heartbleed attack may include unencrypted exchanges between TLS parties likely to be confidential, including any form post data in users' requests. Moreover, the confidential data exposed could include authentication secrets such as session cookies and passwords, which might allow attackers to impersonate a user of the service.


title: Heartbleed

text: An attack may also reveal private keys of compromised parties, which would enable attackers to decrypt communications (future or past stored traffic captured via passive eavesdropping, unless perfect forward secrecy is used, in which case only future traffic can be decrypted if intercepted via man-in-the-middle attacks).


title: Heartbleed

text: An attacker having gained authentication material may impersonate the material's owner after the victim has patched Heartbleed, as long as the material is accepted (for example, until the password is changed or the private key revoked). Heartbleed therefore constitutes a critical threat to confidentiality. However, an attacker impersonating a victim may also alter data. Indirectly, Heartbleed's consequences may thus go far beyond a confidentiality breach for many systems.


title: Heartbleed

text: A survey of American adults conducted in April 2014 showed that 60 percent had heard about Heartbleed. Among those using the Internet, 39 percent had protected their online accounts, for example by changing passwords or canceling accounts; 29 percent believed their personal information was put at risk because of the Heartbleed bug; and 6 percent believed their personal information had been stolen.


title: Heartbleed

text: Although the bug received more attention due to the threat it represents for servers, TLS clients using affected OpenSSL instances are also vulnerable. In what "The Guardian" therefore dubbed "Reverse Heartbleed", malicious servers are able to exploit Heartbleed to read data from a vulnerable client's memory. Security researcher Steve Gibson said of Heartbleed that:


title: Heartbleed

text: The stolen data could contain usernames and passwords. Reverse Heartbleed affected millions of application instances. Some of the vulnerable applications are listed in the "Software applications" section below.


title: Heartbleed

text: Cisco Systems has identified 78 of its products as vulnerable, including IP phone systems and telepresence (video conferencing) systems.


title: Heartbleed

text: An analysis posted on GitHub of the most visited websites on 8 April 2014 revealed vulnerabilities in sites including Yahoo!, Imgur, Stack Overflow, Slate, and DuckDuckGo. The following sites have services affected or made announcements recommending that users update passwords in response to the bug:


title: Heartbleed

text: The Canadian federal government temporarily shut online services of the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and several government departments over Heartbleed bug security concerns. Before the CRA online services were shut down, a hacker obtained approximately 900 social insurance numbers. Another Canadian Government agency, Statistics Canada, had its servers compromised due to the bug and also temporarily took its services offline.


title: Heartbleed

text: The servers of LastPass were vulnerable, but due to additional encryption and forward secrecy, potential attacks were not able to exploit this bug. However, LastPass recommended that its users change passwords for vulnerable websites.


title: Heartbleed

text: The Tor Project recommended that Tor relay operators and hidden service operators revoke and generate fresh keys after patching OpenSSL, but noted that Tor relays use two sets of keys and that Tor's multi-hop design minimizes the impact of exploiting a single relay. 586 relays later found to be susceptible to the Heartbleed bug were taken off-line as a precautionary measure.


title: Heartbleed

text: Game-related services including Steam, "Minecraft", Wargaming, "League of Legends", GOG.com, Origin, Sony Online Entertainment, Humble Bundle, and "Path of Exile" were affected and subsequently fixed.


title: Heartbleed

text: Several Linux distributions were affected, including Debian (and derivatives such as Linux Mint and Ubuntu) and Red Hat Enterprise Linux (and derivatives such as CentOS, Oracle Linux 6 and Amazon Linux), as well as the following operating systems and firmware implementations:


title: Heartbleed

text: Several services have been made available to test whether Heartbleed affects a given site. However, many services have been claimed to be ineffective for detecting the bug. The available tools include:


title: Heartbleed

text: Other security tools have added support for finding this bug. For example, Tenable Network Security wrote a plugin for its Nessus vulnerability scanner that can scan for this fault. The Nmap security scanner includes a Heartbleed detection script from version 6.45.


title: Heartbleed

text: Sourcefire has released Snort rules to detect Heartbleed attack traffic and possible Heartbleed response traffic. Open source packet analysis software such as Wireshark and tcpdump can identify Heartbleed packets using specific BPF packet filters that can be used on stored packet captures or live traffic.


title: Heartbleed

text: Vulnerability to Heartbleed is resolved by updating OpenSSL to a patched version (1.0.1g or later). OpenSSL can be used either as a standalone program, a dynamic shared object, or a statically-linked library; therefore, the updating process can require restarting processes loaded with a vulnerable version of OpenSSL as well as re-linking programs and libraries that linked it statically. In practice this means updating packages that link OpenSSL statically, and restarting running programs to remove the in-memory copy of the old, vulnerable OpenSSL code.


title: Heartbleed

text: After the vulnerability is patched, server administrators must address the potential breach of confidentiality. Because Heartbleed allowed attackers to disclose private keys, they must be treated as compromised; key pairs must be regenerated, and certificates that use them must be reissued; the old certificates must be revoked. Heartbleed also had the potential to allow disclosure of other in-memory secrets; therefore, other authentication material (such as passwords) should also be regenerated. It is rarely possible to confirm that a system which was affected has not been compromised, or to determine whether a specific piece of information was leaked.


title: Heartbleed

text: Since it is difficult or impossible to determine when a credential might have been compromised and how it might have been used by an attacker, certain systems may warrant additional remediation work even after patching the vulnerability and replacing credentials. For example, signatures made by keys that were in use with a vulnerable OpenSSL version might well have been made by an attacker; this raises the possibility integrity has been violated, and opens signatures to repudiation. Validation of signatures and the legitimacy of other authentications made with a potentially compromised key (such as client certificate use) must be done with regard to the specific system involved.


title: Heartbleed

text: Since Heartbleed threatened the privacy of private keys, users of a website which was compromised could continue to suffer from Heartbleed's effects until their browser is made aware of the certificate revocation or the compromised certificate expires. For this reason, remediation also depends on users making use of browsers that have up-to-date certificate revocation lists (or OCSP support) and honour certificate revocations.


title: Heartbleed

text: Although evaluating the total cost of Heartbleed is difficult, eWEEK estimated US$500 million as a starting point.


title: Heartbleed

text: David A. Wheeler's paper "How to Prevent the next Heartbleed" analyzes why Heartbleed wasn't discovered earlier, and suggests several techniques which could have led to a faster identification, as well as techniques which could have reduced its impact. According to Wheeler, the most efficient technique which could have prevented Heartbleed is a test suite thoroughly performing robustness testing, i.e. testing that invalid inputs cause failures rather than successes. Wheeler highlights that a single general-purpose test suite could serve as a base for all TLS implementations.


title: Heartbleed

text: According to an article on "The Conversation" written by Robert Merkel, Heartbleed revealed a "massive failure of risk analysis". Merkel thinks OpenSSL gives more importance to performance than to security, which no longer makes sense in his opinion. But Merkel considers that OpenSSL should not be blamed as much as OpenSSL users, who chose to use OpenSSL, without funding better auditing and testing. Merkel explains that two aspects determine the risk that more similar bugs will cause vulnerabilities. One, the library's source code influences the risk of writing bugs with such an impact. Secondly, OpenSSL's processes affect the chances of catching bugs quickly. On the first aspect, Merkel mentions the use of the C programming language as one risk factor which favored Heartbleed's appearance, echoing Wheeler's analysis.


title: Heartbleed

text: On the same aspect, Theo de Raadt, founder and leader of the OpenBSD and OpenSSH projects, has criticized the OpenSSL developers for writing their own memory management routines and thereby, he claims, circumventing OpenBSD C standard library exploit countermeasures, saying "OpenSSL is not developed by a responsible team." Following Heartbleed's disclosure, members of the OpenBSD project forked OpenSSL into LibreSSL.


title: Heartbleed

text: The author of the change which introduced Heartbleed, Robin Seggelmann, stated that he "missed validating a variable containing a length" and denied any intention to submit a flawed implementation. Following Heartbleed's disclosure, Seggelmann suggested focusing on the second aspect, stating that OpenSSL is not reviewed by enough people. Although Seggelmann's work was reviewed by an OpenSSL core developer, the review was also intended to verify functional improvements, a situation making vulnerabilities much easier to miss.


title: Heartbleed

text: OpenSSL core developer Ben Laurie claimed that a security audit of OpenSSL would have caught Heartbleed. Software engineer John Walsh commented: The OpenSSL foundation's president, Steve Marquess, said "The mystery is not that a few overworked volunteers missed this bug; the mystery is why it hasn't happened more often." David A. Wheeler described audits as an excellent way to find vulnerabilities in typical cases, but noted that "OpenSSL uses unnecessarily complex structures, which makes it harder to both humans and machines to review." He wrote:


title: Heartbleed

text: There should be a continuous effort to simplify the code, because otherwise just adding capabilities will slowly increase the software complexity. The code should be refactored over time to make it simple and clear, not just constantly add new features. The goal should be code that is "obviously right", as opposed to code that is so complicated that "I can't see any problems".


title: Heartbleed

text: According to security researcher Dan Kaminsky, Heartbleed is sign of an economic problem which needs to be fixed. Seeing the time taken to catch this simple error in a simple feature from a "critical" dependency, Kaminsky fears numerous future vulnerabilities if nothing is done. When Heartbleed was discovered, OpenSSL was maintained by a handful of volunteers, only one of whom worked full-time. Yearly donations to the OpenSSL project were about US$2,000. The Heartbleed website from Codenomicon advised money donations to the OpenSSL project. After learning about donations for the 2 or 3 days following Heartbleed's disclosure totaling US$841, Kaminsky commented "We are building the most important technologies for the global economy on shockingly underfunded infrastructure." Core developer Ben Laurie has qualified the project as "completely unfunded". Although the OpenSSL Software Foundation has no bug bounty program, the Internet Bug Bounty initiative awarded US$15,000 to Google's Neel Mehta, who discovered Heartbleed, for his responsible disclosure. Mehta later donated his reward to a Freedom of the Press Foundation fundraiser.


title: Heartbleed

text: The industry's collective response to the crisis was the Core Infrastructure Initiative, a multimillion-dollar project announced by the Linux Foundation on 24 April 2014 to provide funds to critical elements of the global information infrastructure. The initiative intends to allow lead developers to work full-time on their projects and to pay for security audits, hardware and software infrastructure, travel, and other expenses. OpenSSL is a candidate to become the first recipient of the initiative's funding.


title: Heartbleed

text: After the discovery Google established Project Zero which is tasked with finding "zero-day vulnerabilities" to help secure the Web and society.


title: Ferrari GTC4Lusso

text: The Ferrari GTC4Lusso (Type F151M) is a four-seat grand tourer produced by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari. The GTC4Lusso is a successor to the Ferrari FF.


title: Ferrari GTC4Lusso

text: Like its predecessor, the GTC4Lusso is a 3-door shooting brake with an all-wheel drive drivetrain, and is powered by a front-mid mounted V12 engine.


title: Ferrari GTC4Lusso

text: The GTC4Lusso's "Ferrari F140" 65° V12 engine is rated at at 8,000 rpm and of torque at 5,750rpm. The increase in output of the engine is due to the compression ratio raised to 13.5:1. Ferrari claims a top speed of , unchanged from the FF, and a acceleration time of 3.4 seconds.


title: Ferrari GTC4Lusso

text: The car uses an improved version (called the "4RM Evo") of Ferrari's patented four-wheel drive system introduced on the FF, integrated with four-wheel steering into the system. Collectively, the system is called "4RM-S".


title: Ferrari GTC4Lusso

text: Unveiled at the 2016 Paris Motor Show, the GTC4Lusso T is a rear wheel drive only version of the GTC4Lusso powered by a V8 engine with lesser displacement, though the "4WS" four-wheel steering system from its V12 variant is retained.


title: Ferrari GTC4Lusso

text: The GTC4Lusso T comes with a "Ferrari F154" twin turbocharged V8 engine rated at at 7,500 rpm and of torque at 3,000–5,250 rpm. According to the manufacturer the car can attain a top speed of over and accelerate from in 3.5 seconds.


title: Ferrari GTC4Lusso

text: On August 31, 2020, Ferrari confirmed the end of production for the GTC4Lusso. No replacement has been announced.


title: Ferrari GTC4Lusso

text: The rear features Ferrari's signature Quad Circular Rear Lights (last seen on the F430 and later seen on the 812 Superfast) and the interior contains a Dual Cockpit Concept Design, separating the Driver Cockpit and the Passenger Cockpit by a central divider. The front of the car has a single grille that provides all the necessary cooling.


title: Ferrari GTC4Lusso

text: The GTC4Lusso is a further refinement of the shooting-brake coupe, reinterpreting the concept with an extremely streamlined, tapered shape that gives it an almost fastback-like silhouette.


title: Ferrari GTC4Lusso

text: The Ferrari BR20 is a one-off model created by Ferrari's Special Projects Programme and based on the V12-engined GTC4Lusso. It features redesigned bodywork that Ferrari says takes inspiration from past V12 Ferrari models such as the 410 Superamerica and 500 Superfast, with the biggest change being a new rear roofline that turns the car from a shooting brake into a fastback coupé. The new bodywork also features changes to the front bumper, rear bumper, exhaust tips, rear diffuser, and headlights, as well as new carbon fiber and chrome trim on the front and sides respectively. The new bodywork increases the overall length by three inches over the standard GTC4Lusso, and the rear seats were removed to accommodate the new sloping roofline. The interior features upholstery in two shades of brown leather, with carbon fiber and oak trim. Mechanically the car reportedly remains unchanged from the standard V12 GTC4Lusso. The price of this car has been not revealed and was developed for a long-standing customer.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: Paul David McShane (born 6 January 1986) is an Irish professional football coach and former player who is currently the Professional Development Phase coach at Premier League side Manchester United.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: Born in Wicklow, Ireland, McShane moved to England when he was 16 to play for Manchester United, with whom he won the 2003 FA Youth Cup. He had loan stints with Walsall and Brighton & Hove Albion before making a permanent move to West Bromwich Albion in 2006. He joined Sunderland a year later, but spent the 2008–09 season on loan to Hull City before making a permanent move there in 2009. He spent six years with Hull, broken up by loan spells with Barnsley and Crystal Palace, before joining Reading in 2015. After four years with Reading, he moved to Rochdale but was released following the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021, when he made a return to Manchester United as a player-coach for the club's under-23s team. He retired from playing at the end of the season, when he took up a youth coaching role full-time.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: McShane represented the Republic of Ireland at every level from Under-15s upwards. He made six appearances for the under-21s before making his debut for the senior team in 2006. He was named in the Ireland squad for UEFA Euro 2012, but did not make an appearance at the tournament. He earned his 33rd and final cap in March 2016, although he was named as a standby player for UEFA Euro 2016.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: Born in Wicklow, County Wicklow, McShane started his career with Greystones United, as well as playing for Newtown Juniors and his secondary school, St. David's. He later joined St Joseph's Boys, a club based in south Dublin.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: In the summer of 2002, he signed for Manchester United. In December 2004, he was loaned to Walsall, where he played four league matches and scored once against Sheffield Wednesday. He played for Manchester United in the final of the 2003 FA Youth Cup in which they defeated Middlesbrough 3–1.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: He played in pre-season friendly matches and was given the squad number 34, but did not make a full debut for Manchester United.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: In August 2005, he moved to Brighton & Hove Albion on an initial five-month loan deal. The loan was later extended for the whole of the 2005–06 season. McShane was voted Player of the Season by the supporters, as well as the away supporters' Player of the Season.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: On 10 August 2006, McShane and fellow 2003 FA Youth Cup winner Luke Steele moved to West Bromwich Albion on a permanent basis in a deal that saw Tomasz Kuszczak join United on a season-long loan with a permanent deal confirmed for the following summer. He made his debut for West Brom in a 3–0 win over Leyton Orient in the League Cup on 24 August 2006. His goal against Leeds United in the FA Cup on 6 January 2007 sent Albion on their way to a 3–1 victory. It was the first of three goals he scored in 42 appearances for the club.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: On 26 July 2007, McShane joined Sunderland for an initial £1.5 million fee. McShane's first match for the Black Cats ended in success – his performance helping Sunderland to a clean sheet and a 1–0 win over Tottenham Hotspur.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: On 29 August 2008, Sunderland accepted a loan offer for McShane from Hull City, who were newly promoted to the Premier League. While playing for Hull, he scored the opening goal at Anfield in a league match versus Liverpool on 13 December 2008. His last match during his loan spell for Hull was an FA Cup victory over Newcastle United on 14 January 2009, as he was recalled to Sunderland by manager Ricky Sbragia.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: On 30 August 2009, McShane rejoined Hull on a permanent transfer for an undisclosed fee. On 16 February 2011, he joined Barnsley on a two-month loan, but Hull were given the option to recall him after 28 days. He scored his first goal for Barnsley in a 4–2 win over Bristol City on 9 April 2011.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: On 13 January 2012, McShane joined Crystal Palace on a one-month loan. McShane's loan at Palace was extended until the end of the 2011–12 season on 31 January 2012.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: The 2012–13 season started more positively for McShane than his previous few seasons at Hull as he enjoyed regular appearances under new manager Steve Bruce, often being deployed as part of Hull's new system of a three-man defence. He scored his first goal in over four years on 1 December 2012, shouldering the ball home to help Hull to a 2–1 victory at Nottingham Forest. More solid performances at the heart of the Tigers' defence followed for McShane in 27 appearances that season, until he was ruled out for the rest of the campaign with ankle ligament damage suffered in a match, again against Nottingham Forest. With his contract running out at the end of the season, this injury put McShane's long-term future at the club in doubt. However, McShane returned to the team unexpectedly before the end of the season. On 4 May 2013, McShane started on the final day of the season in a match against Cardiff City, a match which the Tigers had to win to guarantee promotion to the Premier League. In the 63rd minute of the match, an inswinging corner from Robbie Brady was met by the right foot of McShane, who saw the ball nestle in the corner of the net to give his team the lead. This meant the Irishman had potentially scored the goal to promote Hull (although Watford's subsequent loss to Leeds United meant they achieved this regardless). In the aftermath of the match, Stephen Quinn, talking of his teammate, said "Mac's my age and I want to be like him. I want to structure my life like him. He dedicates his whole life to playing. He's had knock-downs in the past but that's the measure of the man. That's why I like him even more, he comes back from anything like that. He's an almighty man who you want in the trenches wherever you go." Steve Bruce later confirmed that McShane would be offered a new contract for the next season in the top flight. On 8 July 2013, McShane signed a new two-year deal with Hull City.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: McShane's 2013–14 Premier League season started slowly as he was mainly named as a substitute for the opening two months of the campaign, but was finally included in the starting eleven away against Tottenham, a match in which he was successful in keeping the home side out up until a controversial 80th-minute penalty. He started the next match, again away at Tottenham but this time in the League Cup three days later, and put in a similarly impressive performance, scoring a header in the 99th minute past a helpless Brad Friedel. He followed this up next Saturday with another impressive display, earning "the Tigers" a clean sheet in a 1–0 win over Sunderland. On 17 May 2014, he played as a substitute in the 2014 FA Cup Final against Arsenal.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: On 28 May 2015, Hull City released McShane and five other players who were out of contract at the end of the 2014–15 season.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: On 2 July 2015, McShane signed a three-year contract with Reading. He made his first professional appearance for the Royals on 8 August 2015 in a 2–1 defeat away to Birmingham City. McShane's first goal for Reading came during a 3–1 victory against his former club West Bromwich Albion on 20 February 2016, where he scored the equaliser during the FA Cup Fifth Round match at the Madejski Stadium.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: On 10 October 2019, it was announced that McShane had joined League One side Rochdale on a short-term contract until January 2020. This was extended by 18 months in mid-January 2020.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: On 23 July 2021, he returned to former club Manchester United as a player-coach, with the intention of being used as an overage player in under-23s matches while coaching in the youth set-up. He played in the 2021–22 EFL Trophy wearing the number 62, but retired from playing at the end of the season and took up a full-time role as the club's Professional Development Phase coach.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: McShane received his first senior international call-up to the Republic of Ireland squad from manager Steve Staunton on 25 September 2006, for the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers against Cyprus and the Czech Republic. An injury to Andy O'Brien and the suspension of Richard Dunne (the two central defenders that had started the match against Cyprus) meant that McShane was given his first international cap against the Czech Republic on 11 October 2006. The match ended in a 1–1 draw, with McShane being named man of the match. McShane was part of the team that missed out on place at the 2010 FIFA World Cup after being defeated by France in Paris in a play-off, and was the Irish player directly behind Thierry Henry when Henry twice handballed late in extra-time before crossing for William Gallas to score an illegitimate, but accepted, goal.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: On 29 May 2012, he was called in from the international wilderness to the Irish UEFA Euro 2012 squad following an injury to Kevin Foley ahead of the tournament.


title: Paul McShane (footballer)

text: Eamon Dunphy once compared McShane to Spanish international defender Sergio Ramos, labelling Sergio Ramos "...like Paul McShane on steroids".


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, which include: consonant pointing known as ' (), and supplementary diacritics known as ' (). The latter include the vowel marks termed (; singular: , ").


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The Arabic script is a modified abjad, where short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and consonant length are not generally indicated in writing. " is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length. Modern Arabic is always written with the "i‘jām"—consonant pointing, but only religious texts, children's books and works for learners are written with the full "tashkīl"—vowel guides and consonant length. It is however not uncommon for authors to add diacritics to a word or letter when the grammatical case or the meaning is deemed otherwise ambiguous. In addition, classical works and historic documents rendered to the general public are often rendered with the full "tashkīl", to compensate for the gap in understanding resulting from stylistic changes over the centuries.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The literal meaning of ' is 'forming'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of ' (and ") is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation. It serves the same purpose as furigana (also called "ruby") in Japanese or pinyin or zhuyin in Mandarin Chinese for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The bulk of Arabic script is written without ' (or short vowels). However, they are commonly used in texts that demand strict adherence to exact pronunciation. This is true, primarily, of the Qur'an (') and poetry. It is also quite common to add ' to hadiths ('; plural: ') and the Bible. Another use is in children's literature. Moreover, ' are used in ordinary texts in individual words when an ambiguity of pronunciation cannot easily be resolved from context alone. Arabic dictionaries with vowel marks provide information about the correct pronunciation to both native and foreign Arabic speakers. In art and calligraphy, " might be used simply because their writing is considered aesthetically pleasing.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: Some Arabic textbooks for foreigners now use ' as a phonetic guide to make learning reading Arabic easier. The other method used in textbooks is phonetic romanisation of unvocalised texts. Fully vocalised Arabic texts (i.e. Arabic texts with '/diacritics) are sought after by learners of Arabic. Some online bilingual dictionaries also provide "" as a phonetic guide similarly to English dictionaries providing transcription.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The ' , which literally means 'motions', are the short vowel marks. There is some ambiguity as to which ' are also '; the ', for example, are markers for both vowels and consonants.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The is a small diagonal line placed "above" a letter, and represents a short (like the /a/ sound in the English word "cat"). The word "" itself () means "opening" and refers to the opening of the mouth when producing an . For example, with "" (henceforth, the base consonant in the following examples): .


title: Arabic diacritics

text: When a is placed before a plain letter ("") (i.e. one having no hamza or vowel of its own), it represents a long (close to the sound of "a" in the English word "dad", with an open front vowel /æː/, not back /ɑː/ as in "father"). For example: . The ' is not usually written in such cases. When a fathah placed before the letter ⟨⟩ (yā’), it creates an (as in "lie"); and when placed before the letter ⟨⟩ (wāw), it creates an (as in "cow").


title: Arabic diacritics

text: Although paired with a plain letter creates an open front vowel (/a/), often realized as near-open (/æ/), the standard also allows for variations, especially under certain surrounding conditions. Usually, in order to have the more central (/ä/) or back (/ɑ/) pronunciation, the word features a nearby back consonant, such as the emphatics, as well as "", or "". A similar "back" quality is undergone by other vowels as well in the presence of such consonants, however not as drastically realized as in the case of .


title: Arabic diacritics

text: A similar diagonal line "below" a letter is called a and designates a short (as in "me", "be") and its allophones [i, ɪ, e, e̞, ɛ] (as in "Tim", "sit"). For example: .


title: Arabic diacritics

text: When a ' is placed before a plain letter (""), it represents a long (as in the English word "steed"). For example: . The ' is usually not written in such cases, but if "" is pronounced as a diphthong , ' should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation. The word ' means 'breaking'.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The is a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short /u/ (as in "duke", shorter "you") and its allophones [u, ʊ, o, o̞, ɔ] (as in "put", or "bull"). For example: .


title: Arabic diacritics

text: When a is placed before a plain letter ('), it represents a long (like the 'oo' sound in the English word "swoop"). For example: . The ' is usually not written in such cases, but if ' is pronounced as a diphthong , ' should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The word "ḍammah" (ضَمَّة) in this context means "rounding", since it is the only rounded vowel in the vowel inventory of Arabic.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The superscript (or dagger) ' ('), is written as short vertical stroke on top of a consonant. It indicates a long sound for which "" is normally not written. For example: (') or (').


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The dagger ' occurs in only a few words, but they include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts. Most keyboards do not have dagger "." The word Allah () is usually produced automatically by entering "." The word consists of ' + ligature of doubled ' with a ' and a dagger ' above '.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The is a tilde-shaped diacritic, which can only appear on top of an "" (آ) and indicates a glottal stop followed by a long .


title: Arabic diacritics

text: In theory, the same sequence could also be represented by two 's, as in *, where a hamza above the first ' represents the while the second ' represents the . However, consecutive 's are never used in the Arabic orthography. Instead, this sequence must always be written as a single ' with a ' above it, the combination known as an "". For example: .


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The ' , ' or looks like a small letter "" on top of an ' (also indicated by an ' without a '). It means that the ' is not pronounced when its word does not begin a sentence. For example: (""), but ("imshū" not "mshū"). This is because no Arab word can start with a vowel-less consonant (unlike the English "school", or "skateboard"). But when it happens, an "alif" is added to obtain a vowel or a vowelled consonant at the beginning of one's speech. In English that would result in *"ischool", or *"iskateboard".


title: Arabic diacritics

text: It occurs only in the beginning of words, but it can occur after prepositions and the definite article. It is commonly found in imperative verbs, the perfective aspect of verb stems VII to X and their verbal nouns ('). The "alif" of the definite article is considered a '.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: Like the superscript alif, it is not written in fully vocalized scripts, except for sacred texts, like the Quran and Arabized Bible.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The is a circle-shaped diacritic placed above a letter ( ْ). It indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel, i.e., zero-vowel.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: It is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables, which are very common in Arabic. For example: (").


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The may also be used to help represent a diphthong. A ' followed by the letter ("") with a over it () indicates the diphthong ' (IPA ). A ', followed by the letter (') with a "", () indicates .


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The may have also an alternative form of the small high head of ' (), particularly in some Qurans. Other shapes may exist as well (for example, like a small comma above ⟨ʼ⟩ or like a circumflex ⟨ˆ⟩ in ').


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The three vowel diacritics may be doubled at the end of a word to indicate that the vowel is followed by the consonant "n". They may or may not be considered and are known as , or nunation. The signs indicate, from left to right, .


title: Arabic diacritics

text: These endings are used as non-pausal grammatical indefinite case endings in Literary Arabic or classical Arabic (triptotes only). In a vocalised text, they may be written even if they are not pronounced (see pausa). See "" for more details. In many spoken Arabic dialects, the endings are absent. Many Arabic textbooks introduce standard Arabic without these endings. The grammatical endings may not be written in some vocalized Arabic texts, as knowledge of "" varies from country to country, and there is a trend towards simplifying Arabic grammar.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The sign is most commonly written in combination with (""), (""), (alif hamzah) or stand-alone ('). ' should always be written (except for words ending in ' or diptotes) even if ' is not. Grammatical cases and " endings in indefinite triptote forms:


title: Arabic diacritics

text: It is used to indicate gemination (consonant doubling or extra length), which is phonemic in Arabic. It is written above the consonant which is to be doubled. It is the only ' that is commonly used in ordinary spelling to avoid ambiguity. For example: ; ' ('school') vs. "" ('teacher', female).


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The "i‘jām" (sometimes also called "nuqaṭ") are the diacritic points that distinguish various consonants that have the same form (""), such as ب, ت, ث, ن, and ي. Typically "i‘jām" are not considered diacritics but part of the letter.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: Early manuscripts of the "" did not use diacritics either for vowels or to distinguish the different values of the "." Vowel pointing was introduced first, as a red dot placed above, below, or beside the ', and later consonant pointing was introduced, as thin, short black single or multiple dashes placed above or below the "rasm" (image). These "i‘jām" became black dots about the same time as the ' became small black letters or strokes.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: Typically, Egyptians do not use dots under final ' , which looks exactly like ' in handwriting and in print. This practice is also used in copies of the "" (Qurʾān) scribed by . The same unification of ' and ' has happened in Persian, resulting in what the Unicode Standard calls "", that looks exactly the same as ' in initial and medial forms, but exactly the same as ' in final and isolated forms .


title: Arabic diacritics

text: At the time when the "i‘jām" was optional, unpointed letters were ambiguous. To clarify that a letter would lack "i‘jām" in pointed text (i.e. , , , , , , , , ), the letter could be marked with a small v- or seagull-shaped diacritic above, also a superscript semicircle (crescent), a subscript dot (except in the case of ; three dots were used with ), or a subscript miniature of the letter itself. A superscript stroke known as "jarrah", resembling a long "fatħah", was used for a contracted (assimilated) "sin". Thus were all used to indicate that the letter in question was truly and not . These signs, collectively known as "‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl", are still occasionally used in modern Arabic calligraphy, either for their original purpose (i.e. marking letters without "i‘jām"), or often as purely decorative space-fillers. The small above the "kāf" in its final and isolated forms was originally an "‘alāmatu-l-ihmāl" that became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form of "kāf", when that letter was written without the stroke on its ascender. When "kaf" was written without that stroke, it could be mistaken for "lam", thus "kaf" was distinguished with a superscript "kaf" or a small superscript "hamza" ("nabrah"), and "lam" with a superscript "l-a-m" ("lam-alif-mim").


title: Arabic diacritics

text: Although normally a diacritic is not considered a letter of the alphabet, the hamza (', glottal stop), often stands as a separate letter in writing, is written in unpointed texts and is not considered a "." It may appear as a letter by itself or as a diacritic over or under an ', ', or '.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: Consider the following words: ("brother"), ("Ismael"), ("mother"). All three of above words "begin" with a vowel opening the syllable, and in each case, ' is used to designate the initial glottal stop (the "actual" beginning). But if we consider "middle" syllables "beginning" with a vowel: ("origin"), ("hearts"—notice the syllable; singular ), ("heads", singular ), the situation is different, as noted above. See the comprehensive article on ' for more details.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: According to tradition, the first to commission a system of "harakat" was Ali who appointed Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali for the task. Abu al-Aswad devised a system of dots to signal the three short vowels (along with their respective allophones) of Arabic. This system of dots predates the ", dots used to distinguish between different consonants.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: Abu al-Aswad's system of Harakat was different from the system we know today. The system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: A dot above a letter indicated the vowel ', a dot below indicated the vowel ', a dot on the side of a letter stood for the vowel ", and two dots stood for the "".


title: Arabic diacritics

text: However, the early manuscripts of the Qur'an did not use the vowel signs for every letter requiring them, but only for letters where they were necessary for a correct reading.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The precursor to the system we know today is Al Farahidi's system. "" found that the task of writing using two different colours was tedious and impractical. Another complication was that the " had been introduced by then, which, while they were short strokes rather than the round dots seen today, meant that without a color distinction the two could become confused.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: Accordingly, he replaced the " with small superscript letters: small alif, yā’, and wāw for the short vowels corresponding to the long vowels written with those letters, a small "s(h)īn" for "shaddah" (geminate), a small "khā’" for "khafīf" (short consonant; no longer used). His system is essentially the one we know today.


title: Arabic diacritics

text: The process of automatically restoring diacritical marks is called diacritization or diacritic restoration. It is useful to avoid ambiguity in applications such as Arabic machine translation, text-to-speech, and information retrieval. Automatic diacritization algorithms have been developed. For Modern Standard Arabic, the state-of-the-art algorithm has a word error rate (WER) of 4.79%. The most common mistakes are proper nouns and case endings. Similar algorithms exist for other varieties of Arabic.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber (), also translated as The Sword and the Knife, is a wuxia novel by Jin Yong (Louis Cha). It is the third and final installment in the "Condor Trilogy", preceded by "The Legend of the Condor Heroes" and "The Return of the Condor Heroes". It was first serialised from 6 July 1961 to 2 September 1963 in the Hong Kong newspaper "Ming Pao".


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: Jin Yong revised the novel in 1979 with a number of amendments and additions. A second revision was published in early 2005, incorporating later thoughts and a lengthier conclusion. It also introduced many changes to the plot and cleared up some ambiguities in the second edition, such as the origin of the "Nine Yang Manual". As is typical of some of his other novels, Jin Yong included elements of Chinese history in the story, such as featuring historical figures like Hongwu Emperor, Chen Youliang, Chang Yuchun and Zhang Sanfeng. The political and ethnic clash between the Han Chinese rebels and the ruling Mongols is also a prominent theme in the novel.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: Set in China towards the end of the Yuan dynasty, the story revolves around a pair of allegedly unrivalled weapons, the Heaven-Reliant Sword and Dragon-Slaying Saber, which are coveted by many martial artists. Either or both of them are thought to allow their wielder to rule the "wulin" (martial artists' community or "wuxia"), according to a widely circulated mantra. At the start of the novel the Reliant Sword is in possession of the Abbess Miejue 灭绝师太, the leader of the Emei school.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: The protagonist, Zhang Wuji, is of mixed heritage between the orthodox and the "evil" cults. His father, Zhang Cuishan 張翠山, is an apprentice of Zhang Sanfeng, the highly revered leader of the "orthodox" Wudang Sect; his mother, Yin Susu 殷素素, is the daughter of Yin Tianzheng, the chief of the "evil" Heavenly Eagle Cult. He was born on a reclusive volcanic island, where he spent his childhood with only his parents and his godfather, Xie Xun. The Sabre is in the possession of Xie Xun. When he is about 10 years old, his parents brought him back to Wudang 武當派. Along the way Wuji is kidnapped by the Xuanming Elders 玄冥二老. All the various factions of the wuxia descend on Wudang to coerce the couple to reveal the whereabouts of Xie Xun, who possesses the Dragon Slaying Saber. His parents refuse and commit suicide.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: The orphaned Zhang Wuji rescued but he was struck with Xuanming Divine Palm which if untreated will kill him in short order. Through a series of circumstances he would wind up as a wandering orphan. He wanders into an isolated valley by chance and discovers the long-lost "Nine Yang Manual". He masters the inner energy skills described in the book, uses them to heal himself and becomes a formidable martial artist in the process. Later on, he helps to resolve the conflict between the "evil" Ming Cult and the six major "orthodox" sects, which are bent on destroying the cult. He earns the respect of the cult's members and becomes its leader after mastering the skill "Heaven and Earth Great Shift". He reforms the cult and helps to mend its relations with other sects. He becomes a key figure in leading the "wulin" and rebel forces to overthrow the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: Throughout his adventures, Zhang Wuji finds himself entangled in a complex web of love relationships with four maidens. The first, Zhu'er, is a horribly disfigured girl who is actually his maternal cousin. The second, Xiaozhao, is a Chinese-Persian servant girl who understands him very well. Xiaozhao has to leave China after learning that she is destined to return to Persia to lead the Persian Ming Cult.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: The third maiden, Zhou Zhiruo, is Zhang Wuji's childhood friend. She falls in love with him, but has to turn against him as she is bound by an oath she made to her martial arts master, Abbess Miejue, who hates and distrusts Zhang Wuji and anyone related to the Ming Cult. Miejue devises a vicious scheme for Zhou Zhiruo to seize the two weapons by exploiting Zhang Wuji's love for her apprentice. Zhou Zhiruo also turns vicious after Zhang Wuji reneges his promise to marry her and swears vengeance on him.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: The fourth maiden, Zhao Min, is a Mongol princess and Zhang Wuji's former arch-rival. Although Zhao Min and Zhang Wuji were initially on opposing sides, Zhao Min gradually falls in love with Zhang Wuji after their various encounters and eventually turns against her fellow Mongols to help him.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: At the end of the novel, Zhang Wuji decides to retire from the "wulin" after he mistakenly believes that the Ming Cult's members are plotting to betray him. He decides that Zhao Min is his true love and they leave to lead a reclusive life far away from society. The second edition of the novel has an ambiguous ending about Zhang Wuji's relationship with Zhou Zhiruo. Zhang Wuji gave up an opportunity to become a ruler when the Ming Cult is on the verge of overthrowing the Yuan dynasty. Ideally, Zhang Wuji would have become the new emperor. In reality, however, his subordinate Zhu Yuanzhang seizes control of the Ming Cult and unites most of China's rebel forces under his leadership. After capturing Nanjing, Zhu Yuanzhang becomes the new emperor and establishes the Ming dynasty.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: In 2005, Jin Yong published a third edition of the novel, which has a slightly different ending from the earlier versions. In this edition, Zhang Wuji feels disillusioned after failing to save a general's life and addressing Han Lin'er's death. He relinquishes his leadership of the Ming Cult to his deputies, Yang Xiao and Fan Yao, and then leaves the Central Plain with Zhao Min.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: The two titular weapons, the Heaven Reliant Sword () and the Dragon Slaying Saber (), were forged from the Heavy Iron Sword, which Yang Guo wielded in "The Return of the Condor Heroes".


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: The Heavy Iron Sword belonged to Dugu Qiubai, a great swordsman whose skills were unmatched in his time. Yang Guo chanced upon the Heavy Iron Sword while he was recovering from the Love Flower's poison and the loss of his right arm. When Yang Guo and Xiaolongnü departed Xiangyang, they left the sword with the couple Guo Jing and Huang Rong. The sword was melted and special steel material was added and it was then forged into the two weapons.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: In the third edition of the novel, the Heaven Sword was forged from Yang Guo's Gentleman Sword and Xiaolongnü's Lady Sword while the Dragon Saber's origin remained unchanged.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: Hidden in the blade of the Dragon Saber is the military treatise "Book of Wumu" by the Song dynasty general Yue Fei. Similarly, concealed in the blade of the Heaven Sword are two scrolls detailing the Nine Yin Manual and Guo Jing's "Eighteen Subduing Dragon Palms".


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: The Dragon Saber was given to Guo Jing and Huang Rong's son Guo Polu, while their younger daughter Guo Xiang inherited the Heaven Sword.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: The content of the hidden book and scrolls, in addition to the fact that the weapons can only be damaged and broken when used against each other, was the source of the claim that whoever possesses the Dragon Saber will rule the world and yet only the one who possesses the Heaven Sword can stand against the wielder of the Saber.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: The secret of the weapons was passed down only from the leader of each generation of the Emei Sect to her successor. Miejue is succeeded by Zhou Zhiruo and the secret is passed on to the latter. In the novel, Zhou Zhiruo gains possession of both weapons through her cunning and deception and she breaks them to obtain their contents.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: In the latest revision, two halves of an iron-plated map are hidden in the weapons instead of manuals. Once pieced together, the map points out the location of Peach Blossom Island, where the manuals are hidden. Jin Yong reasoned that the change was due to a possibility that the dissection of the weapons will cause the manuals to be burnt, hence two pieces of an iron-plated map would be better substitutes.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: In Chinese culture, the Dragon is a symbol of the emperor or sovereign ruler. The full translated name of the Dragon Saber is "Dragon Slaying Saber", which implies that it is used to "slay the emperor". In this case, the "emperor" refers to Emperor Huizong of the Yuan dynasty.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: Throughout Chinese history, several monarchs have become tyrants, just like when the mythical Dragon goes out of control and becomes a menace. The Heaven Sword's full translated name is "Heaven Reliant Sword" as it embodies Heaven. In Chinese culture, the emperor is respectfully called the "Son of Heaven", which implies that Heaven is the ultimate authority in determining who will be the ruler of China.


title: The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber

text: It can thus be interpreted as such: The secret in the Dragon Slaying Saber can be used to "kill" (dethrone) the (Mongol) emperor and replace him with another (Han Chinese) ruler. Ideally, a brilliant military leader can use the "Book of Wumu" to its full potential by staging a rebellion to overthrow the Yuan dynasty and restore Han Chinese rule. However, if the new emperor turns out to be an incompetent monarch or a tyrant, a martial artist can master the skills from the manuals in the Heaven Reliant Sword, assassinate the emperor and replace him with a wise and benevolent ruler.


title: Abhinaya (actress)

text: Abhinaya is an Indian actress and model who mainly works in Tamil and Telugu films. She is both hearing and speech impaired. She made her acting debut in "Naadodigal" (2009) and then she has appeared in many Tamil and Telugu films.


title: Abhinaya (actress)

text: Abhinaya was spotted by director Samuthirakani from an ad agency's portfolio while he was on the lookout for a fresh face for his movie "Nadodigal". The success of "Naadodigal" and critical acclaim for Abhinaya's performance led him to cast her in the Telugu remake "Shambo Shiva Shambo", while she was signed to play the same role in its Kannada remake "Hudugaru" as well. She won two Filmfare Awards for her performances in "Naadodigal" and "Shambo Shiva Shambo" the following year. She was cast in an important role in "Easan" (2010) directed by Sasikumar. In 2011, A. R. Murugadoss signed her to play a supporting role alongside Suriya in the film "7aam Arivu".


title: Abhinaya (actress)

text: In 2012, she had three Telugu releases. In "Dammu" and "Dhamarukam" she played the sister of Jr. NTR's and Nagarjuna's characters, respectively, while in "Genius" she played a Muslim character. That year she also got her first lead role in the Telugu film "Chandrudu" opposite Krishnudu but the film's release has been delayed. She was seen in minor supporting roles as part of an ensemble cast in the Telugu family drama "Seethamma Vaakitlo Sirimalle Chettu" (2013) and the Tamil action masala films "Veeram" (2014) and Hari's "Poojai". "The Reporter", the first Malayalam film, Abhinaya had signed, released after long delays in 2015. That year also saw her making her Bollywood debut in R. Balki's "Shamitabh" in a short role.


title: Abhinaya (actress)

text: Among her upcoming films are "Vizhithiru", in which she is playing a radio jockey, and "Mela Thalam".


title: Letters to Cleo

text: Letters to Cleo is an American alternative rock band originating from Boston, Massachusetts, best known for the 1994 single, "Here & Now", from their full-length debut album, "Aurora Gory Alice". The band's members are Kay Hanley, Greg McKenna, Michael Eisenstein, Stacy Jones, Scott Riebling, and later, Tom Polce and Joe Klompus.


title: Letters to Cleo

text: The group disbanded in 2000 but reunited for a small tour in 2008. In 2016, the band reunited, and on October 14, 2016, released an EP, titled "Back to Nebraska".


title: Letters to Cleo

text: Guitarist Greg McKenna and singer Kay Hanley formed the band Letters to Cleo in 1990. The band was initially called Rebecca Lula with Tad Bouve on guitar and Ted Garland on drums with several musicians filling in on bass. In its early phase, the band enlisted various guest players, including a brief period with Abe Laboriel, Jr. as drummer in 1993. The band released a 45 single of Here & Now w/Rimshak featuring Abe Laboriel on drums with Brian Karp on bass. The band's definitive lineup of Hanley, McKenna, Michael Eisenstein on guitar, Stacy Jones on drums and Scott Riebling on bass, was established in 1994. The name "Letters to Cleo" is a reference to Hanley's childhood pen pal. Hanley recounts that her "letters to Cleo" were often returned. She rediscovered a box of these letters during the band-naming process, and the band adopted the name.


title: Letters to Cleo

text: Letters to Cleo played gigs in several Boston clubs, including T.T. the Bear's Place and The Rathskellar. They released their first full-length album, "Aurora Gory Alice", on CherryDisc Records in 1993. The album received extensive airplay around the New England region and after a much hyped show at South by Southwest in Austin, Letters to Cleo signed a major label record deal with Giant Records, a Warner Brothers subsidiary, and "Aurora Gory Alice" was re-released worldwide.


title: Letters to Cleo

text: The band had their first big hit single with "Here & Now" which gained greater exposure as part of the "Melrose Place" soundtrack. The song reached No. 10 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Singles chart.


title: Letters to Cleo

text: In 1995, Letters to Cleo released a follow-up album, "Wholesale Meats and Fish". Its release was followed by extensive tours with Our Lady Peace, Sponge, Ned's Atomic Dustbin and others. The single "Awake" achieved moderate rotation on alternative radio. The band also recorded a cover of The Cars song "Dangerous Type" for the major motion picture "The Craft".


title: Letters to Cleo

text: In 1997, Stacy Jones left the band to join Veruca Salt and was replaced by Tom Polce. That same year, the band released their third album "Go!". After a short tour, Polce left the band and was replaced by drummer Jason Sutter. In late 1997, Letters to Cleo parted ways with their record label Giant/Revolution.


title: Letters to Cleo

text: 1998 saw the release of some early demos and B-sides in the form of the "Sister" album released originally by Wicked Disc.


title: Letters to Cleo

text: Letters to Cleo appeared in the 1999 film "10 Things I Hate about You" as a favorite band of the character portrayed by Julia Stiles. They contributed four songs to the soundtrack for the film, which included a Cheap Trick cover ("I Want You to Want Me"), and a Nick Lowe & Ian Gomm cover ("Cruel to Be Kind"). Also included were two original tracks, "Come On", and the beginning of "Co-Pilot" (which can be heard at the end of the scene of their performance at a local club). Whereas the covers appeared on the film's soundtrack, "Come On" was released as an MP3 download on the band's website. "Co-Pilot" was also not on the film's soundtrack, but it appeared on Letters To Cleo's album "Go!". In the closing credits, they were mistakenly credited as Letter to Cleo.


title: Letters to Cleo

text: During that same year, the band opened for Cheap Trick at The Paradise Club in Boston. The band then recorded 13 new original songs for the Kids' WB cartoon, "Generation O!", which aired from 2000 to 2001.


title: Letters to Cleo

text: The band played its last show for the next seven years on May 4, 2000, a benefit for their friend and longtime local supporter, Mikey D. They announced their disbandment the following month.


title: Letters to Cleo

text: In December 2007, an impromptu reunion occurred when four of the original band members appeared at a benefit for longtime supporter Jeanne Connolly, at TT the Bear's Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The members reunited officially for a series of shows a year later in Los Angeles, Boston and New York City. More dates followed in 2009 with shows in New Orleans, Dallas, Houston, and Austin. Bassist Scott Reibling did not participate in these shows but gave his blessing. Longtime friend of the band Joe Klompus replaced Reibling.


title: Letters to Cleo

text: In the "Parks and Recreation" Season 4 episode entitled "The Comeback Kid", the character Ben Wyatt is seen wearing a Letters to Cleo shirt (show star Amy Poehler attended Boston College during the band's early years). This resulted in Letters to Cleo being a trending topic on Twitter. The band reunited to play a fictional concert on the sixth season finale of "Parks and Recreation".